A: I don't know if that 's actually true
A: but I 'm just throwing that out there .
F: Hmm .
D: It 's interesting .
C: Huh .
D: I don't know .
F: Huh .
A: Kind of an interesting research project .
F: Yeah ,
F: it seems like it 's it 's related to this production idea .
F: How you you internalize what you 're externalizing in a way ,
F: but .
D: Yeah .
F: Yeah .
D: Yeah , but it definitely got much better when that change happened .
C: Oh yeah ,
C: it was so ea it it became much easier .
D: Mm - hmm .
C: Um ,
C: you know .
F: In the prev
F: You 've also gone through F: They 've <comment> been here since the beginning .
F: You 've also gone through the use the int in in introduction of the pre - segmentation , and that kind of thing .
D: Oh , yeah .
C: Right .
F: So initially they had to actually mark all the time bins themselves as well .
B: Wow .
A: Oh .
E: Oh , wow .
C: Right .
D: That took a l
C: Which wasn't as hard .
F: Yeah .
C: I mean , it took time .
D: E No . <comment> It just took time . Yeah .
C: It took time .
E: Yeah .
F: Mm - hmm .
B: Hmm .
C: Um , I find that I have to adjust the time bins a lot anyway .
F: Mm - hmm .
D: Me too ,
A: Me too .
D: yeah . Yeah .
E: Yeah ,
C: Um E: I always adjust the time bins .
B: Yeah .
C: Um , not for the end of the utterance but for the beginning .
D: Yeah .
C: Sometimes the beginning the person started to say something ,
A: Yeah .
F: I see .
B: Really ?
C: it 's a very slight difference ,
C: and then the time bin starts .
F: Mm - hmm .
D: Yeah , that happens a lot .
E: Yeah right .
B: Hmm .
A: Right .
C: Um , so you have to just move it back a little bit .
C: And besi and I think you <comment> mentioned at some point that you wanted a little pad of time anyway .
E: Mm - hmm .
F: It doesn't hurt to have a pad .
F: It 's it 's nicer to have a pad than not ,
C: Yeah .
D: Then to have it be cut off .
F: d but s don't have to be really Yeah , don't doesn't have to be E: Yeah .
C: Don't have it just start ,
C: yeah .
E: I always wonder about the , um , time bins .
D: I thought C: Um , so .
E: I mean , I usually ended adjusting them a little bit F: Yeah .
E: I mean ,
E: definitely when something 's cut off at the beginning or the end
E: but also sometimes there 's just like huge pads of , you know , air before and or after , um , that I don't really feel is necessary for that segment ,
F: Mm - hmm .
E: and I usually , um , you know , shrink it a bit
B: Hmm .
D: Shrink in them or whatever ,
C: Mm - hmm .
D: yeah .
F: Nice .
E: and make it a little bit B: Seems like I always have to cut off pads at the end .
F: Nice .
B: I don't have so much problem at the beginning ,
B: but .
D: Of breath or of uh nothing ?
B: No , of n just nothing .
E: Just nothing ,
B: Yeah .
D: Hmm , yeah .
E: yeah .
C: Yeah , there 's nothing going on .
A: At the beginning it seems to happen when , um , voicing occurs later D: Yeah .
D: Yeah .
A: l you know , like D: With fricatives a lot .
A: Yeah , with fricatives and with like , uh B: Mmm .
A: I mean , like i it doesn't happen with , uh , like " buh " <comment> so much
A: because you 've got the pre - voicing before the consonant actually begins .
D: Although I found one in actually I was just working right before this meeting , <comment> one where someone said , " great "
D: and
D: the the G it was pronounced as a K
D: so it was unvoiced
D: and then part of the R was cut off in the beginning .
A: Oh .
D: And then
D: you It sounded like " great "
D: if you just listened to that time bin it still sounded like " great " .
E: Uh - huh .
D: But if you listened to right before it you could hear a little the the K or whatever and a little bit of the R .
A: Mm - hmm .
D: So D: I don't know .
A: That 's kind of interesting .
D: Usually it 's not D: usually that doesn't happen
D: but this time it did .
C: So for the non - linguists , what 's a fricative ?
F: I F: Ah .
A: Oh .
A: Uh , it 's like " fff " , " sss " .
D: Or " sss " .
D: Or E: Yeah .
C: Oh , OK .
E: Or " thh " .
A: " Shh " .
E: It 's a sound that A: It 's like the noisy , uh , um , like airflow ones where you 've got like a a stoppage in your mouth
A: like , uh , like your tongue D: But it 's not completely blocking the airflow .
C: Oh , I see .
E: Yeah ,
E: and you can sort of you can sort of keep it going a little bit .
A: Right .
C: Oh , I see .
C: Oh , OK .
B: Unlike like a " tuh " or a " kuh " that just stops .
D: Yeah .
D: Yeah .
C: Right .
C: Got it .
A: Sorry .
F: Have you C: I guess I 'm the only non - linguist .
F: Well , I 'm I 'm sort of a hybrid ,
F: so I I you know , I I appreciate having them do this ,
E: Mm - hmm .
C: Oh , right ,
C: yeah , oh you F: yeah .
C: Yeah .
F: So , um , in did you have you run into places F: I 've run into a couple where actually the word was totally different when you adjusted the time bin .
F: Have you had that happen ?
D: Mmm , yeah .
E: Oh , yeah .
A: Yeah .
F: That 's fascinating .
E: Yeah .
E: I like that .
A: Yeah .
F: Oh , it 's really a kick .
E: I think that 's fun .
C: Yeah .
A: And it sometimes changes the entire utterance , too .
D: Oh it does .
E: Yeah .
F: Yeah .
D: Completely .
D: Yeah ,
D: I I don't remember the words exactly .
D: It 's a shame .
D: There was one that was a whole sentence was broken up in the middle , and there was a little like millisecond of break in the middle .
D: And
D: if you connected it all together , it completely changed what was right before it and what was right after <nonvocalsound> it .
D: It was written as something else ,
D: and then it became a word together from what was before and after
D: and then with this little tiny millisecond pause .
D: So I guess I don't know . I mean , I guess when we talk in between different segments of the word maybe , <comment> there 's pauses somehow ,
D: I guess C: Hmm .
D: or the you can A: We stop voicing sometimes .
D: Yeah ,
D: or something like that .
D: It 's probably like inaudible for us
D: but D: And maybe the pause was just so short that it made up a pause .
D: I don't is it That doesn't make any sense ,
D: but .
F: There are some times when there have been words that they just pause right in the middle of .
D: Mm - hmm .
F: You 're F: i it 's h
D: On purpose , though .
D: Or not .
F: Well ,
F: it ge u I 'm sure sometimes on purpose ,
F: but sometimes it 'd just be s saying something and especially people who have really lo elongation in their style ,
D: Mm - hmm .
F: and they say , " That 's really fascinating "
B: Mm - hmm .
F: It 's not a great example ,
F: but you know ?
D: Mm - hmm .
A: Sh
F: And F: Yeah .
F: Uh there 's F: it 's it 's funny how , um ,
F: i it 's funny to me that th something like that , you just change one little boundary and suddenly the whole meaning changes
F: and I 've run across that also .
C: Mm - hmm .
E: Mm - hmm .
C: Yeah .
D: Yeah , that is true .
E: Hmm . Would you want , um , uh , a transcription of something like that ,
E: of a big pause in between in the middle of a word ?
E: Or just leave it as , " fascinating " ?
F: What I 've done I 've F: It 's very rare . I mean , when I 've run across it .
E: Mm - hmm .
F: And , you know , maybe there are times that I haven't detected it
F: and I 'm not @ @ you know , fin I haven't looked at everything .
F: I 've looked at I 've probably looked at per uh s at least eighty percent of the data ,
F: you know , all the way through e every meeting  for about eighty percent of the stuff that I 've cleared so far .
E: Oh !
F: And , um ,
F: i it s You guys are getting so good that it 's like I 'm I I i I can get through them faster , and I 'm getting to the point where I maybe don't have to go through them all the way ,
F: you know ,
D: Mm - hmm .
F: so it 's like it 's just we 've gotten to a level , it 's just really great , <comment> of , um , of of pre precision that um , it takes a lot of a load off of me .
E: Mmm .
F: And , um F: and so I 'm not gonna be checking them all I don't think in the @ @ <comment> for throughout the whole rest of the project .
F: But , um F: Certainly have spot checking .
F: But , um , hhh , <comment> those that I have found that way , <comment> to me , I think f f the most sensible way to handle it from my perspective was to treat it as a pronunciation situation .
D: Mm - hmm .
F: So just do a you know , a mark , then " fascinating " , and then put " PRN " and uh " interrupted by a pause " or , you know , some kind of other gloss like that , you know .
A: Mm - hmm ,
A: mm - hmm .
A: PRN .
D: How it was really pronounced ?
E: Mm - hmm .
D: Mm - hmm .
E: Right .
C: Mmm , oh right .
C: Uh - huh .
F: You know , " P R dot dot fascinating " , whatever it is .
D: I always get confused with the pronunciation convention .
F: Sorry , what was this ?
D: I get confused with pronunciation , like when there 's a strange pronunciation that I wanna mark .
F: OK .
D: Because I think w
D: m may di in the beginning did we do the strange pronunciation and then write PRN and what it really was meant to be ?
D: And now we 're doing the normal word and then inside the brackets what it sounded like ?
C: Right .
D: We did a switch , right ?
D: Or not .
D: I don't know if it 's just me that 's confused or if it was swi
F: Well , I 've C: Mm - hmm ,
C: I it it never occurred to me , but now that you 're mentioning it , n yeah , yeah , possibly .
F: There was an adjustment ,
F: and I and I 've switched them all all the way at this point so that
D: OK .
D: OK .
D: So the convention as it stands now is write the word as it is normally conventionally spelled in English with the little apostrophe , or whatever you call it ,
F: Yeah .
F: Yep .
F: Mm - hmm , that 's right .
D: and then " PRN " ,
F: And then in the brackets , what it D: how it 's pronounced .
F: Uh - huh .
F: So i you know , " OK " is a very e easy example .
D: Mm - hmm .
F: A person says , " Mm - kay "
D: Mm - hmm .
F: then ,
B: Oh .
F: it 's " OK " with a ha a little hatch
F: and then , " PRN " and then " m mm - kay " , or whatever it is in quotes .
C: Oh , right .
D: OK .
A: Oh . Right .
C: I think Nelson 's the only one who , uh C: Oh , Morgan .
C: You guys call him Morgan .
F: Yeah , yeah .
C: He 's the only one who ever did that , I think .
C: " Mm - kay . "
D: He does it a lot .
E: " Mm - kay " E: I C: He does it a A: OK .
C: yeah .
E: Yeah ,
E: and some people just say , " Kay . "
C: Um D: Yeah .
C: " Kay " ,
C: yeah , that 's true .
F: Yeah , that 's right .
E: S
A: Yeah .
F: And of course , you know I mean , there 's also this other reduction that w that we 've done in terms of like not capturing every time a person says " and " versus " nnn " <comment> versus , you know , " nd " , whatever D: Mm - hmm .
F: all the different ways of reducing " and " .
C: That 's true .
F: Because you can assume that the speech recognition , um , uh , pronunciation models will handle a certain amount of reductions of these types ,
F: and the same thing for , um , well " the " . " The " <comment> versus " the "
F: that there are those known variants , and D: Mm - hmm .
E: Uh - huh .
D: Or " a " <comment> versus " a " .
F: Exactly .
D: Mm - hmm .
C: Mm - hmm .
F: And that they should be able to handle themselves ,
F: and and that we assume also that for discourse purposes , those distinctions are not really the focus right now ,
F: and those distinctions could be added later if needed
F: but it 's unlikely that they would be .
F: And it 's so time - consuming .
A: Mm - hmm .
F: So we 've made these these simplifying assumptions with that ,
F: and so then you begin to think , " Well what about " OK " ?
F: I mean , maybe " mm - kay " is an appropriate variant for " OK "
F: and it wouldn't be necessary to mark those either ,
F: so it 's <nonvocalsound> it 's definitely there 's a , uh , choice of how far you go with that , and whether " kay " is is enough of a variant C: Mm - hmm .
B: Mmm .
F: you know , it 's th this is a case where , um , I appreciate it when people mark those kinds of things
F: but I I sort of figure that i @ @ <comment> that that 's not as far aw away from " OK " as " mm - kay " is ,
F: so it 's not quite so E: Mm - hmm .
D: Mmm .
F: but I don't change it back if it 's there ,
C: Mm - hmm .
A: I think with like some of them like you know with uh the difference between " the " <comment> and " the " , <comment> you can you can distinguished very , uh , u dif definitively like what context they 're gonna be used in .
F: you know .
F: Yes .
F: Mm - hmm .
D: Mm - hmm .
A: Like um , like you would say " the <comment> apple "
A: because it 's " the " plus then the next word starts with a vowel .
F: Mm - hmm .
A: Or " the cat " because it 's next word starts with a D: Yeah .
D: There 's a study done on when people say " uh " and when people say " um " .
A: Yeah , I 'm sure it 's D: Also , there 's contec in concet contextual variation ,
E: Oh , really ?
D: and it 's predictable apparently ,
B: Hmm .
A: Mm - hmm .
D: I haven't read the E: I was trying to figure that out myself a couple times ,
D: It 's really interesting .
A: But something like E: and I couldn't get anything .
A: Yeah .
D: Yeah .
F: Mm - hmm ,
F: interesting .
E: I kept looking at all the " uh 's " and " um 's " and I was like , " Oh , this would be hard to do . "
D: Yeah .
F: Oh , that 's interesting .
D: You know , what 's On that sort of similar topic , I just thought of something that 's been hard for me sometimes , is you can have a pronunciation of of the word " a " <comment> as " a " .
F: Huh .
F: Yeah .
D: And then you can have " uh " like a pause or whatever as " uh " ,
E: Mm - hmm .
D: and sometimes it 's hard to tell what the person meant .
D: Are did they mean " uh " like they 're pausing
A: Mmm , yeah .
D: or did they mean " a " like " a person " ?
A: Yeah .
F: Yeah .
A: I 've run into that .
E: Really ?
F: Yeah .
A: Yeah .
D: Yeah .
C: Right .
B: Hmm .
F: Once in a while .
D: And
E: I don't usually get con
D: you can kind of tell from the context
D: but sometimes it 's hard ,
F: Yes .
E: Right .
D: yeah .
C: Yeah , that came up a couple of times ,
F: Yeah , I D: Yeah .
E: Huh .
C: yeah .
F: I agree .
F: And and when I when I 'm totally in doubt , if there 's a case where it really could be either , and I could flip a coin , I 'll choose the one that would make syntactically the most sense ,
D: Mm - hmm .
E: Uh - huh .
D: Mm - hmm .
F: give them the benefit of the doubt that they 're being fluent about it .
D: Mm - hmm .
E: Uh - huh .
A: Sometimes I 'll put in like a bracket like uh , you know , the orthographic A slash UH like if I 'm really confused .
D: Like you can't tell ,
F: Mm - hmm .
D: mm - hmm .
A: Yeah ,
A: kinda go " Well there 's two ,
A: so here . "
D: Mm - hmm .
F: It must be really rare though ,
F: I haven't run across that often .
F: Ha - ha h Is it rare ?
C: Mmm - mm .
A: A few times .
D: A few .
D: It 's really D: yeah ,
F: OK .
C: It 's rare .
D: relatively rare .
B: I don't think I ever have .
D: Yeah .
D: Yeah .
D: I mean I can only think of like two or three occasions where I sat and thought about it for a while .
E: Hmm .
D: Other times just you figure you look at it and what 's the context .
D: Yeah .
D: It 's OK ,
D: I don't know .
A: Right .
F: OK . Well , le let 's see now ,
F: there 's another another methodo
F: what I go I wanna ask you at some point , it just occurred to me , <comment> I 'd like to ask you the following question , maybe you can have this in the back of your minds , something like , um , you know , what sorts of hypothesis your hypothesis about the you know , ti trying to find the distributional explanations for some of these things .
C: Huh .
E: Right .
F: What kind of , uh , hypotheses have has this caused you F: uh , I mean , don't wanna have you give away a paper topic that you wanna explore ,
F: but ,
F: you know , if there 's interesting th uh , hypotheses that the that y have been suggested to you by looking at the data .
F: That kinda thing , maybe , uh , at some point .
F: So ,
C: Hnh .
F: and al Oh ! And I also wanna say , that , um , I 'd like to meet again also next week ,
D: Mm - hmm .
F: um , and I don't know if this is a good time frame ,
F: uh , maybe it 'd be good to have it an hour later
F: or I don't know I mean , could do anything
A: This is fine .
D: This time is fine for me .
F: about E: Yeah , this is a good time for me .
F: Good time for you ?
C: It should be .
F: OK .
C: Um , I know I have something in the morning , which I don't normally have .
C: I don't remember off the top of my head when it ends .
C: Um , I 'll let you know if it 's it 'll be a problem
C: but it should be OK .
F: OK .
C: Two - thirty should be late enough .
C: So .
F: OK .
F: Excellent ,
F: cuz we could probably move it one hour later ,
A: In m
F: I mean I think , u unless A: I was just gonna say maybe fifteen minutes later would help me a little bit
A: just cuz I have a class up at Dwinelle b just before this .
F: Oh , I see .
A: That 's why I was a little late today
F: Wow .
F: You did really well .
A: because F: Yeah .
A: Thanks .
A: Well , I took the bus for part of the way .
D: Mm - hmm .
F: Oh , did you ?
F: OK , OK .
A: But um , that might help me just a little bit
A: because then it I you know , I 'm gonna gonna be hobbling a little slowly .
D: Then you don't have to rush .
F: Would anybody be constrained by having it be a full half hour later ?
D: Hnh - nn .
C: No .
E: No .
F: OK .
F: And th the final question i
A: No .
C: Except we 'll miss treat time .
E: Oh !
A: Tea !
F: Oh , that 's right !
F: Oh ! <comment> I thought she said " mistreat time " .
A: Oh no .
C: Maybe we could have like a like a half hour , then take a little break ,
E: Yeah .
D: Mistreat ? Oh !
E: Yeah ,
C: then come back and finish the meet
E: well that 's that 's some good motivation to not start a half hour later .
D: You know what we could do ?
F: Yeah , you know , that 's that 's that 's an interesting