Article 1 
Scope 1. This Directive applies to any airport located in the territory of a Member State, subject to the provisions of the Treaty, and open to commercial traffic in the following circumstances: (a) The provisions of Article 7 (1) relating to categories of ground-handling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2) shall apply to any airport regardless of its volume of traffic as from 1 January 1998. (b) The provisions relating to the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2) shall apply as from 1 January 1998 to airports whose annual traffic is not less than 1 million passenger movements or 25 000 tonnes of freight. (c) The provisions relating to the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 shall apply as from 1 January 1999 to airports: — whose annual traffic is not less than 3 million passenger movements or 75 000 tonnes of freight; or — whose traffic has been not less than 2 million passenger movements or 50 000 tonnes of freight during the six-month period prior to 1 April or 1 October of the preceding year. (c) The provisions relating to the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 shall apply as from 1 January 1999 to airports: — whose annual traffic is not less than 3 million passenger movements or 75 000 tonnes of freight; or — whose traffic has been not less than 2 million passenger movements or 50 000 tonnes of freight during the six-month period prior to 1 April or 1 October of the preceding year. — whose annual traffic is not less than 3 million passenger movements or 75 000 tonnes of freight; or — whose traffic has been not less than 2 million passenger movements or 50 000 tonnes of freight during the six-month period prior to 1 April or 1 October of the preceding year. 2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1, the provisions of this Directive shall apply as from 1 January 2001 to any airport located in the territory of a Member State, subject to the provisions of the Treaty, and open to commercial traffic, whose annual traffic is not less than 2 million passenger movements or 50 000 tonnes of freight. 3. Where an airport reaches one of the freight traffic thresholds referred to in this Article without reaching the corresponding passenger movement threshold, the provisions of this Directive shall not apply to categories of groundhandling services reserved exclusively for passengers. 4. The Commission shall publish, for information, in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the airports referred to in this Article. The list shall first be published within three months following the entry into force of this Directive, and thereafter annually. Member States shall, before 1 July of each year, forward to the Commission the data required to compile the list. 5. Application of this Directive to the airport of Gibraltar is understood to be without prejudice to the respective legal positions of the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom with regard to the dispute over sovereignty over the territory in which the airport is situated. 6. Application of this Directive to Gibraltar airport shall be suspended until the arrangements in the joint declaration made by the Foreign Ministers of the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom on 2 December 1987 have come into operation. The Governments of Spain and the United Kingdom will so inform the Council on that date. Article 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Directive: (a) ‘airport’ means any area of land especially adapted for the landing, taking-off and manoeuvres of aircraft, including the ancillary installations which these operations may involve for the requirements of aircraft traffic and services including the installations needed to assist commercial air services; (b) ‘airport system’ means two or more airports grouped together to serve the same city or conurbation, as referred to in Annex II to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 of 23 July 1992 on access for Community air carriers to intra-Community air routes; (c) ‘managing body of the airport’ means a body which, in conjuntion with other activities or not as the case may be, has as its objective under national law or regulation the administration and management of the airport infrastructures, and the coordination and control of the activities of the different operators present in the airport or airport system concerned; (d) ‘airport user’ means any natural or legal person responsible for the carriage of passengers, mail and/or freight by air from, or to the airport in question; (e) ‘groundhandling’ means the services provided to airport users at airports as described in the Annex; (f) ‘self-handling’ means a situation in which an airport user directly provides for himself one or more categories of groundhandling services and concludes no contract of any description with a third party for the provision of such services; for the purposes of this definition, among themselves airport users shall not be deemed to be third parties where: — one holds a majority holding in the other; or — a single body has a majority holding in each; (f) ‘self-handling’ means a situation in which an airport user directly provides for himself one or more categories of groundhandling services and concludes no contract of any description with a third party for the provision of such services; for the purposes of this definition, among themselves airport users shall not be deemed to be third parties where: — one holds a majority holding in the other; or — a single body has a majority holding in each; — one holds a majority holding in the other; or — a single body has a majority holding in each; (g) ‘supplier of groundhandling services’ means any natural or legal person supplying third parties with one or more categories of groundhandling services. Article 3 Managing body of the airport 1. Where an airport or airport system is managed and operated not by a single body but by several separate bodies, each of these bodies shall be considered part of the managing body of the airport for the purposes of this Directive. 2. Similarly, where only a single managing body is set up for several airports or airport systems, each of those airports or airport systems shall be considered separately for the purposes of this Directive. 3. If the managing bodies of airports are subject to the supervision or control of a national public authority, that authority shall be obliged, in the context of the legal obligations devolving upon it, to ensure that this Directive is applied. Article 4 Separation of accounts 1. Where the managing body of an airport, the airport user or the supplier of groundhandling services provide groundhandling services, they must rigorously separate the accounts of their groundhandling activities from the accounts of their other activities, in accordance with current commercial practice. 2. An independent examiner appointed by the Member State must check that this separation of accounts is carried out. The examiner shall also check the absence of financial flows between the activity of the managing body as airport authority and its groundhandling activity. Article 5 Airport Users' Committee 1. Twelve months at the latest following the entry into force of this Directive, Member States shall ensure that, for each of the airports concerned, a committee of representatives of airport users or organizations representing airport users is set up. 2. All airport users shall have the right to be on this committee, or, if they so wish, to be represented on it by an organization appointed to that effect. Article 6 Groundhandling for third parties 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure free access by suppliers of groundhandling services to the market for the provision of groundhandling services to third parties. Member States shall have the right to require that suppliers of groundhandling services be established within the Community. 2. Member States may limit the number of suppliers authorized to provide the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft. They may not, however, limit this number to fewer than two for each category of groundhandling service. 3. Moreover, as from 1 January 2001 at least one of the authorized suppliers may not be directly or indirectly controlled by: — the managing body of the airport, — any airport user who has carried more than 25 % of the passengers or freight recorded at the airport during the year preceding that in which those suppliers were selected, — a body controlling or controlled directly or indirectly by that managing body or any such user. However at 1 July 2000, a Member State may request that the obligation in this paragraph be deferred until 31 December 2002. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall examine such request and may, having regard to the evolution of the sector and, in particular, the situation at airports comparable in terms of traffic volume and pattern, decide to grant the said request. 4. Where pursuant to paragraph 2 they restrict the number of authorized suppliers, Member States may not prevent an airport user, whatever part of the airport is allocated to him, from having, in respect of each category of groundhandling service subject to restriction, an effective choice between at least two suppliers of groundhandling services, under the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3. Article 7 Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 2 
Definitions For the purposes of this Directive: (a) ‘airport’ means any area of land especially adapted for the landing, taking-off and manoeuvres of aircraft, including the ancillary installations which these operations may involve for the requirements of aircraft traffic and services including the installations needed to assist commercial air services; (b) ‘airport system’ means two or more airports grouped together to serve the same city or conurbation, as referred to in Annex II to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 of 23 July 1992 on access for Community air carriers to intra-Community air routes; (c) ‘managing body of the airport’ means a body which, in conjuntion with other activities or not as the case may be, has as its objective under national law or regulation the administration and management of the airport infrastructures, and the coordination and control of the activities of the different operators present in the airport or airport system concerned; (d) ‘airport user’ means any natural or legal person responsible for the carriage of passengers, mail and/or freight by air from, or to the airport in question; (e) ‘groundhandling’ means the services provided to airport users at airports as described in the Annex; (f) ‘self-handling’ means a situation in which an airport user directly provides for himself one or more categories of groundhandling services and concludes no contract of any description with a third party for the provision of such services; for the purposes of this definition, among themselves airport users shall not be deemed to be third parties where: — one holds a majority holding in the other; or — a single body has a majority holding in each; (f) ‘self-handling’ means a situation in which an airport user directly provides for himself one or more categories of groundhandling services and concludes no contract of any description with a third party for the provision of such services; for the purposes of this definition, among themselves airport users shall not be deemed to be third parties where: — one holds a majority holding in the other; or — a single body has a majority holding in each; — one holds a majority holding in the other; or — a single body has a majority holding in each; (g) ‘supplier of groundhandling services’ means any natural or legal person supplying third parties with one or more categories of groundhandling services. Article 3 Managing body of the airport 1. Where an airport or airport system is managed and operated not by a single body but by several separate bodies, each of these bodies shall be considered part of the managing body of the airport for the purposes of this Directive. 2. Similarly, where only a single managing body is set up for several airports or airport systems, each of those airports or airport systems shall be considered separately for the purposes of this Directive. 3. If the managing bodies of airports are subject to the supervision or control of a national public authority, that authority shall be obliged, in the context of the legal obligations devolving upon it, to ensure that this Directive is applied. Article 4 Separation of accounts 1. Where the managing body of an airport, the airport user or the supplier of groundhandling services provide groundhandling services, they must rigorously separate the accounts of their groundhandling activities from the accounts of their other activities, in accordance with current commercial practice. 2. An independent examiner appointed by the Member State must check that this separation of accounts is carried out. The examiner shall also check the absence of financial flows between the activity of the managing body as airport authority and its groundhandling activity. Article 5 Airport Users' Committee 1. Twelve months at the latest following the entry into force of this Directive, Member States shall ensure that, for each of the airports concerned, a committee of representatives of airport users or organizations representing airport users is set up. 2. All airport users shall have the right to be on this committee, or, if they so wish, to be represented on it by an organization appointed to that effect. Article 6 Groundhandling for third parties 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure free access by suppliers of groundhandling services to the market for the provision of groundhandling services to third parties. Member States shall have the right to require that suppliers of groundhandling services be established within the Community. 2. Member States may limit the number of suppliers authorized to provide the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft. They may not, however, limit this number to fewer than two for each category of groundhandling service. 3. Moreover, as from 1 January 2001 at least one of the authorized suppliers may not be directly or indirectly controlled by: — the managing body of the airport, — any airport user who has carried more than 25 % of the passengers or freight recorded at the airport during the year preceding that in which those suppliers were selected, — a body controlling or controlled directly or indirectly by that managing body or any such user. However at 1 July 2000, a Member State may request that the obligation in this paragraph be deferred until 31 December 2002. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall examine such request and may, having regard to the evolution of the sector and, in particular, the situation at airports comparable in terms of traffic volume and pattern, decide to grant the said request. 4. Where pursuant to paragraph 2 they restrict the number of authorized suppliers, Member States may not prevent an airport user, whatever part of the airport is allocated to him, from having, in respect of each category of groundhandling service subject to restriction, an effective choice between at least two suppliers of groundhandling services, under the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3. Article 7 Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 3 
Managing body of the airport 1. Where an airport or airport system is managed and operated not by a single body but by several separate bodies, each of these bodies shall be considered part of the managing body of the airport for the purposes of this Directive. 2. Similarly, where only a single managing body is set up for several airports or airport systems, each of those airports or airport systems shall be considered separately for the purposes of this Directive. 3. If the managing bodies of airports are subject to the supervision or control of a national public authority, that authority shall be obliged, in the context of the legal obligations devolving upon it, to ensure that this Directive is applied. Article 4 Separation of accounts 1. Where the managing body of an airport, the airport user or the supplier of groundhandling services provide groundhandling services, they must rigorously separate the accounts of their groundhandling activities from the accounts of their other activities, in accordance with current commercial practice. 2. An independent examiner appointed by the Member State must check that this separation of accounts is carried out. The examiner shall also check the absence of financial flows between the activity of the managing body as airport authority and its groundhandling activity. Article 5 Airport Users' Committee 1. Twelve months at the latest following the entry into force of this Directive, Member States shall ensure that, for each of the airports concerned, a committee of representatives of airport users or organizations representing airport users is set up. 2. All airport users shall have the right to be on this committee, or, if they so wish, to be represented on it by an organization appointed to that effect. Article 6 Groundhandling for third parties 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure free access by suppliers of groundhandling services to the market for the provision of groundhandling services to third parties. Member States shall have the right to require that suppliers of groundhandling services be established within the Community. 2. Member States may limit the number of suppliers authorized to provide the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft. They may not, however, limit this number to fewer than two for each category of groundhandling service. 3. Moreover, as from 1 January 2001 at least one of the authorized suppliers may not be directly or indirectly controlled by: — the managing body of the airport, — any airport user who has carried more than 25 % of the passengers or freight recorded at the airport during the year preceding that in which those suppliers were selected, — a body controlling or controlled directly or indirectly by that managing body or any such user. However at 1 July 2000, a Member State may request that the obligation in this paragraph be deferred until 31 December 2002. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall examine such request and may, having regard to the evolution of the sector and, in particular, the situation at airports comparable in terms of traffic volume and pattern, decide to grant the said request. 4. Where pursuant to paragraph 2 they restrict the number of authorized suppliers, Member States may not prevent an airport user, whatever part of the airport is allocated to him, from having, in respect of each category of groundhandling service subject to restriction, an effective choice between at least two suppliers of groundhandling services, under the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3. Article 7 Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 4 
Separation of accounts 1. Where the managing body of an airport, the airport user or the supplier of groundhandling services provide groundhandling services, they must rigorously separate the accounts of their groundhandling activities from the accounts of their other activities, in accordance with current commercial practice. 2. An independent examiner appointed by the Member State must check that this separation of accounts is carried out. The examiner shall also check the absence of financial flows between the activity of the managing body as airport authority and its groundhandling activity. Article 5 Airport Users' Committee 1. Twelve months at the latest following the entry into force of this Directive, Member States shall ensure that, for each of the airports concerned, a committee of representatives of airport users or organizations representing airport users is set up. 2. All airport users shall have the right to be on this committee, or, if they so wish, to be represented on it by an organization appointed to that effect. Article 6 Groundhandling for third parties 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure free access by suppliers of groundhandling services to the market for the provision of groundhandling services to third parties. Member States shall have the right to require that suppliers of groundhandling services be established within the Community. 2. Member States may limit the number of suppliers authorized to provide the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft. They may not, however, limit this number to fewer than two for each category of groundhandling service. 3. Moreover, as from 1 January 2001 at least one of the authorized suppliers may not be directly or indirectly controlled by: — the managing body of the airport, — any airport user who has carried more than 25 % of the passengers or freight recorded at the airport during the year preceding that in which those suppliers were selected, — a body controlling or controlled directly or indirectly by that managing body or any such user. However at 1 July 2000, a Member State may request that the obligation in this paragraph be deferred until 31 December 2002. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall examine such request and may, having regard to the evolution of the sector and, in particular, the situation at airports comparable in terms of traffic volume and pattern, decide to grant the said request. 4. Where pursuant to paragraph 2 they restrict the number of authorized suppliers, Member States may not prevent an airport user, whatever part of the airport is allocated to him, from having, in respect of each category of groundhandling service subject to restriction, an effective choice between at least two suppliers of groundhandling services, under the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3. Article 7 Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 5 
Airport Users' Committee 1. Twelve months at the latest following the entry into force of this Directive, Member States shall ensure that, for each of the airports concerned, a committee of representatives of airport users or organizations representing airport users is set up. 2. All airport users shall have the right to be on this committee, or, if they so wish, to be represented on it by an organization appointed to that effect. Article 6 Groundhandling for third parties 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure free access by suppliers of groundhandling services to the market for the provision of groundhandling services to third parties. Member States shall have the right to require that suppliers of groundhandling services be established within the Community. 2. Member States may limit the number of suppliers authorized to provide the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft. They may not, however, limit this number to fewer than two for each category of groundhandling service. 3. Moreover, as from 1 January 2001 at least one of the authorized suppliers may not be directly or indirectly controlled by: — the managing body of the airport, — any airport user who has carried more than 25 % of the passengers or freight recorded at the airport during the year preceding that in which those suppliers were selected, — a body controlling or controlled directly or indirectly by that managing body or any such user. However at 1 July 2000, a Member State may request that the obligation in this paragraph be deferred until 31 December 2002. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall examine such request and may, having regard to the evolution of the sector and, in particular, the situation at airports comparable in terms of traffic volume and pattern, decide to grant the said request. 4. Where pursuant to paragraph 2 they restrict the number of authorized suppliers, Member States may not prevent an airport user, whatever part of the airport is allocated to him, from having, in respect of each category of groundhandling service subject to restriction, an effective choice between at least two suppliers of groundhandling services, under the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3. Article 7 Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 6 
Groundhandling for third parties 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure free access by suppliers of groundhandling services to the market for the provision of groundhandling services to third parties. Member States shall have the right to require that suppliers of groundhandling services be established within the Community. 2. Member States may limit the number of suppliers authorized to provide the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft. They may not, however, limit this number to fewer than two for each category of groundhandling service. 3. Moreover, as from 1 January 2001 at least one of the authorized suppliers may not be directly or indirectly controlled by: — the managing body of the airport, — any airport user who has carried more than 25 % of the passengers or freight recorded at the airport during the year preceding that in which those suppliers were selected, — a body controlling or controlled directly or indirectly by that managing body or any such user. However at 1 July 2000, a Member State may request that the obligation in this paragraph be deferred until 31 December 2002. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall examine such request and may, having regard to the evolution of the sector and, in particular, the situation at airports comparable in terms of traffic volume and pattern, decide to grant the said request. 4. Where pursuant to paragraph 2 they restrict the number of authorized suppliers, Member States may not prevent an airport user, whatever part of the airport is allocated to him, from having, in respect of each category of groundhandling service subject to restriction, an effective choice between at least two suppliers of groundhandling services, under the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3. Article 7 Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 7 
Self-handling 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures in accordance with the arrangements laid down in Article 1 to ensure the freedom to self-handle. 2. However, for the following categories of groundhandling services: — baggage handling, — ramp handling, — fuel and oil handling, — freight and mail handling as regards the physical handling of freight and mail, whether incoming, outgoing or being transferred, between the air terminal and the aircraft, Member States may reserve the right to self-handle to no fewer than two airport users, provided they are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 8 Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Article 8 
Centralized infrastructures 1. Notwithstanding the application of Articles 6 and 7, Member States may reserve for the managing body of the airport or for another body the management of the centralized infrastructures used for the supply of groundhandling services whose complexity, cost or environmental impact does not allow of division or duplication, such as baggage sorting, de-icing, water purification and fuel-distribution systems. They may make it compulsory for suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users to use these infrastructures. 2. Member States shall ensure that the management of these infrastructures is transparent, objective and non-discriminatory and, in particular, that it does not hinder the access of suppliers of groundhandling services or self-handling airport users within the limits provided for in this Directive. Article 9 Exemptions 1. Where at an airport, specific constraints of available space or capacity, arising in particular from congestion and area utilization rate, make it impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive, the Member State in question may decide: (a) to limit the number of suppliers for one or more categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 6 (2) in all or part of the airport; in this case the provisions of Article 6 (2) and (3) shall apply; (b) to reserve to a single supplier one or more of the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 6 (2); (c) to reserve self-handling to a limited number of airport users for categories of groundhandling services other than those referred to in Article 7 (2), provided that those users are chosen on the basis of relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria; (d) to ban self-handling or to restrict it to a single airport user for the categories of groundhandling services referred to in Article 7 (2). 2. All exemptions decided pursuant to paragraph 1 must: (a) specify the category or categories of groundhandling services for which the exemption is granted and the specific constraints of available space or capacity which justify it; (b) be accompanied by a plan of appropriate measures to overcome the constraints. Moreover, exemptions must not: (i) unduly prejudice the aims of this Directive; (ii) give rise to distortions of competition between suppliers of groundhandling services and/or self-handling airport users; (iii) extend further than necessary. 3. Member States shall notify the Commission, at least three months before they enter into force, of any exemptions they grant on the basis of paragraph 1 and of the grounds which justify them. The Commission shall publish a summary of the decisions of which it is notified in the Official Journal of the European Communities and shall invite interested parties to submit comments. 4. The Commission shall examine closely exemption decisions submitted by Member States. To that end the Commission shall make a detailed analysis of the situation and a study of the appropriate measures submitted by the Member State to check that the alleged constraints exist and that it is impossible to open up the market and/or implement self-handling to the degree provided for in this Directive. 5. Further to that examination and after consulting the Member State concerned, the Commission may approve the Member State's decision or oppose it if it deems that the alleged constraints have not been proved to exist or that they are not so severe as to justify the exemption. After consulting the Member State concerned the Commission may also require the Member State to amend the extent of the exemption or restrict it to those parts of an airport or airport system where the alleged constraints have been proved to exist. The Commission's decision shall be taken no later than three months after notification by the Member State and shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities . 6. Exemptions granted by Member States pursuant to paragraph 1 may not exceed a duration of three years except for exemptions granted under paragraph 1 (b). Not later than three months before the end of that period the Member State must take a new decision on any request for exemption, which will also be subject to the procedure laid down in this Article. Exemptions under paragraph 1 (b) may not exceed a duration of two years. However, a Member State may on the basis of the provisions of paragraph 1 request that this period be extended by a single period of two years. The Commission, assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 10, shall decide on such request. Article 10 Advisory Committee 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. 2. The Committee shall advise the Commission on the application of Article 9. 3. The Committee may furthermore be consulted on any other matter concerning the application of this Directive. 4. Where reference is made to this Article, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC ( 9 ) shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof. 5. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure. Article 11 Selection of suppliers 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures for the organization of a selection procedure for suppliers authorized to provide groundhandling services at an airport where their number is limited in the cases provided for in Article 6 (2) or Article 9. This procedure must comply with the following principles: (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (a) In cases where Member States require the establishment of standard conditions or technical specifications to be met by the suppliers of groundhandling services, those conditions or specifications shall be established following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee. The selection criteria laid down in the standard conditions or technical specifications must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. After having notified the Commission, the Member State concerned may include among the standard conditions or technical specifications with which suppliers of groundhandling services must comply a public service obligation in respect of airports serving peripheral or developing regions which are part of its territory, which have no commercial interest but which are of vital importance for the Member State concerned. (b) An invitation to tender must be launched and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities , to which any interested supplier of groundhandling services may reply. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (c) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be chosen: (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (i) following consultation with the Airport Users' Committee by the managing body of the airport, provided the latter: — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; — does not provide similar groundhandling services; and — has no direct or indirect control over any undertaking which provides such services; and — has no involvement in any such undertaking; (ii) in all other cases, by competent authorities of the Member States which are independent of the managing body of the airport concerned, and which shall first consult the Airport Users' Committee and that managing body. (d) Suppliers of groundhandling services shall be selected for a maximum period of seven years. (e) Where a supplier of groundhandling services ceases his activity before the end of the period for which he was selected, he shall be replaced on the basis of the same procedure. 2. Where the number of suppliers of groundhandling services is limited in accordance with Article 6 (2) or Article 9, the managing body of the airport may itself provide groundhandling services without being subject to the selection procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Similarly, it may, without submitting it to the said procedure, authorize an undertaking to provide groundhandling services at the airport in question: — if it controls that undertaking directly or indirectly; or — if the undertaking controls it directly or indirectly. 3. The managing body of the airport shall inform the Airport Users' Committee of decisions taken under this Article. Article 12 Island airports In the context of the selection of suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport as provided for in Article 11, a Member State may extend the obligation of public service to other airports in that Member State provided: — those airports are located on islands in the same geographical region; and — such airports each have a traffic volume of no less than 100 000 passenger movements per year; and — such an extension is approved by the Commission with the assistance of the Committee referred to in Article 10. Article 13 Consultations Member States shall see to it that a compulsory consultation procedure relating to the application of this Directive is organized between the managing body of the airport, the Airport Users' Committee and the undertakings providing groundhandling services. This consultation shall cover, inter alia, the price of those groundhandling services for which an exemption has been granted pursuant to Article 9 (1) (b) and the organization of the provision of those services. Such consultation shall be organized at least once a year. Article 14 Approval 1. Member States may make the groundhandling activity of a supplier of groundhandling services or a self-handling user at an airport conditional upon obtaining the approval of a public authority independent of the managing body of the airport. The criteria for such approval must relate to a sound financial situation and sufficient insurance cover, to the security and safety of installations, of aircraft, of equipment and of persons, as well as to environmental protection and compliance with the relevant social legislation. The criteria must comply with the following principles: (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive. These criteria shall be made public and the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user shall be informed in advance of the procedure for obtaining approval. 2. The approval may be withheld or withdrawn only if the supplier of groundhandling services or self-handling airport user does not meet, for reasons of his own doing, the criteria referred to in paragraph 1. The grounds for witholding or withdrawal must be communicated to the supplier or user concerned and to the managing body of the airport. Article 15 Rules of conduct A Member State may, where appropriate on a proposal from the managing body of the airport: — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — prohibit a supplier of groundhandling services or an airport user from supplying groundhandling services or self-handling if that supplier or user fails to comply with the rules imposed upon him to ensure the proper functioning of the airport; — Those rules must comply with the following principles: — (a) they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner to the various suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users; (b) they must relate to the intended objective; (c) they may not, in practice, reduce market access or the freedom to self-handle to a level below that provided for in this Directive; — in particular require suppliers of groundhandling services at an airport to participate in a fair and non-discriminatory manner in carrying out the public service obligations laid down in national laws or rules, including the obligation to ensure continuous service. Article 16 Access to installations 1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users wishing to self-handle have access to airport installations to the extent necessary for them to carry out their activities. If the managing body of the airport or, where appropriate, the public authority or any other body which controls it places conditions upon such access, those conditions must be relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. 2. The space available for groundhandling at an airport must be divided among the various suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users, including new entrants in the field, to the extent necessary for the exercise of their rights and to allow effective and fair competition, on the basis of the relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory rules and criteria. 3. Where access to airport installations gives rise to the collection of a fee, the latter shall be determined according to relevant, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Article 17 Safety and security The provisions of this Directive in no way affect the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of law and order, safety and security at airports. Article 18 Social and environmental protection Without prejudice to the application of this Directive, and subject to the other provisions of Community law, Member States may take the necessary measures to ensure protection of the rights of workers and respect for the environment. Article 19 Compliance with national provisions A supplier of groundhandling services at an airport in a Member State shall be required to comply with the provisions of national law which are compatible with Community law. Article 20 Reciprocity 1. Without prejudice to the international commitments of the Community, whenever it appears that a third country, with respect to access to the groundhandling or self-handling market: (a) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State treatment comparable to that granted by Member States to suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from that country; or (b) does not, de jure or de facto , grant suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State national treatment; or (c) grants suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from other third countries more favourable treatment than suppliers of groundhandling services and self-handling airport users from a Member State; 1. a Member State may wholly or partially suspend the obligations arising from this Directive in respect of suppliers of groundhandling services and airport users from that third country, in accordance with Community law. 2. The Member State concerned shall inform the Commission of any withdrawal or suspension of rights or obligations. Article 21 Right of appeal Member States or, where appropriate, managing bodies of airports shall ensure that any party with a legitimate interest has the right to appeal against the decisions or individual measures taken pursuant to Articles 7 (2) and 11 to 16. It must be possible to bring the appeal before a national court or a public authority other than the managing body of the airport concerned and, where appropriate, independent of the public authority controlling it. Article 22 Information report and revision Member States shall communicate to the Commission the information required by it to draw up a report on the application of this Directive. The report, accompanied by any proposals for revision of the Directive, shall be drawn up not later than 31 December 2001. Article 23 Implementation 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year from the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 24 Entry into force This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities . Article 25 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States.