Article 1 Scope
This Regulation lays down a temporary set of measures governing air transport between the Union and the United Kingdom following the expiry of the transition period provided for in Article 126 of the Withdrawal Agreement.
Article 2 Exercise of competence
1. The exercise of Union competence pursuant to this Regulation shall be limited to the period of application of this Regulation as defined in Article 15(4). After the end of that period, the Union shall immediately cease to exercise that competence pursuant to this Regulation and the Member States shall be in the same position with regard to the exercise of their competence in accordance with Article 2(2) TFEU as they would have been had the Regulation not been adopted. 2. The exercise of Union competence pursuant to this Regulation shall be without prejudice to the competence of the Member States concerning traffic rights in any ongoing or future negotiations, signature, or conclusion of international agreements related to air services with any other third country, and with the United Kingdom with respect to the period after this Regulation has ceased to apply. 3. The exercise of competence by the Union as referred to in paragraph 1 only covers the elements governed by this Regulation. 4. This Regulation is without prejudice to the respective competences of the Union and the Member States in the area of air transport with regard to elements other than those governed by this Regulation. It is also without prejudice to Decision (EU, Euratom) 2020/266 authorising the opening of negotiations with the United Kingdom for a new partnership agreement.
Article 3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Regulation the following definitions apply: (1) ‘air transport’ means the carriage by aircraft of passengers, baggage, cargo, and mail, separately or in combination, held out to the public for remuneration or hire, including scheduled and non-scheduled air services; (2) ‘international air transport’ means air transport that passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one State; (3) ‘Union air carrier’ means an air carrier with a valid operating licence granted by a competent licensing authority in accordance with Chapter II of Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008; (4) ‘UK air carrier’ means an air carrier which: (a) has its principal place of business in the United Kingdom; and (b) fulfils one of the following two conditions: (i) the United Kingdom and/or nationals of the United Kingdom own more than 50 % of the undertaking and effectively control it, whether directly or indirectly through one or more intermediate undertakings; or (ii) Union Member States and/or nationals of Union Member States and/or other Member States of the European Economic Area and/or nationals of such States, in any combination, whether alone or together with the United Kingdom and/or nationals of the United Kingdom, own more than 50 % of the undertaking and effectively control it, whether directly or indirectly through one or more intermediate undertakings; (c) in the case referred to in point (b)(ii), held a valid operating licence in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 on the day before the first day of application of this Regulation as referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 15(2); (5) ‘effective control’ means a relationship constituted by rights, contracts or any other means which, either separately or jointly and having regard to the considerations of fact or law involved, confer the possibility of directly or indirectly exercising a decisive influence on an undertaking, in particular by: (a) the right to use all or part of the assets of an undertaking; (b) rights or contracts which confer a decisive influence on the composition, voting or decisions of the bodies of an undertaking or otherwise confer a decisive influence on the running of the business of the undertaking; (6) ‘competition law’ means law which addresses the following conduct, where it may affect air transport services: (a) conduct that consists of: (i) agreements between air carriers, decisions by associations of air carriers and concerted practices which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition; (ii) abuses by one or more air carriers of a dominant position; (iii) measures taken or maintained in force by the United Kingdom in the case of public undertakings and undertakings to which the United Kingdom grants special or exclusive rights and which are contrary to point (i) or (ii); (b) concentrations between air carriers which significantly impede effective competition, in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening of a dominant position; (7) ‘subsidy’ means any financial contribution granted to an air carrier or an airport by the government or any other public body at any level, conferring a benefit, and including: (a) the direct transfer of funds, such as grants, loans or equity infusion, the potential direct transfer of funds, or the assumption of liabilities, such as loan guarantees, capital injections, ownership, protection against bankruptcy or insurance; (b) the foregoing or non-collection of revenue that is otherwise due; (c) the provision of goods or services other than general infrastructure, or the purchase of goods or services; (d) the making of payments to a funding mechanism or entrustment or direction to a private body to carry out one or more of the functions mentioned under points (a), (b) and (c) which would normally be vested in the government or other public body and the practice in no real sense differs from practices normally followed by governments; No benefit is deemed to be conferred by a financial contribution carried out by a government or other public body if a private market operator solely driven by profitability prospects, in the same situation as the public body in question, would have carried out the same financial contribution; (8) ‘independent competition authority’ means an authority which is in charge of the application and enforcement of competition law, as well as the control of subsidies, and fulfils the following conditions: (a) the authority is operationally independent and is appropriately equipped with the resources necessary to carry out its tasks; (b) in performing its duties and exercising its powers, the authority has the necessary guarantees of independence from political or other external influence and acts impartially; and (c) the decisions of the authority are subject to judicial review; (9) ‘discrimination’ means differentiation of any kind without objective justification in respect of the supply of goods or services, including public services, employed for the operation of air transport services, or in respect of their treatment by public authorities relevant to such services; (10) ‘scheduled air transport service’ means a series of flights possessing the following characteristics: (a) on each flight seats and/or capacity to transport cargo and/or mail are available for individual purchase by the public (either directly from the air carrier or from its authorised agents); (b) it is operated so as to serve traffic between the same two or more airports, either: (i) according to a published timetable; or (ii) with flights so regular or frequent that they constitute a recognisably systematic series; (11) ‘non-scheduled air transport service’ means a commercial air transport service performed other than as a scheduled air service; (12) ‘territory of the Union’ means the land territory, internal waters and territorial sea of the Member States to which the TEU and the TFEU apply and under the conditions laid down in those Treaties, and the air space above them; (13) ‘territory of the United Kingdom’ means the land territory, internal waters and territorial sea of the United Kingdom and the air space above them; (14) ‘Chicago Convention’ means the Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed in Chicago on 7 December 1944.
Article 4 Traffic rights
1. UK air carriers may, under the conditions laid down in this Regulation: (a) fly across the territory of the Union without landing; (b) make stops in the territory of the Union for non-traffic purposes, within the meaning of the Chicago Convention; (c) perform scheduled and non-scheduled international air transport services for passengers, combination of passengers and cargo and all-cargo services between any pair of points of which one is situated in the territory of the United Kingdom and the other one is situated in the territory of the Union. 2. The Member States shall neither negotiate nor enter into any bilateral agreements or arrangements with the United Kingdom on matters falling within the scope of this Regulation with respect to the period during which this Regulation applies. With respect to that period, they shall not otherwise grant UK air carriers, in connection with air transport, any rights other than those granted by this Regulation. 3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, the Member States may authorise, on an ad hoc basis and in accordance with their national law, the provision of the following in their territory by a UK air carrier: (a) air ambulance services; (b) all-cargo non-scheduled air transport services between points in their territory and points in a third country as part of a service with origin or destination in the United Kingdom to the extent necessary for the transport of medical equipment, vaccines and medicines provided that they do not constitute a disguised form of scheduled air services.
Article 5 Cooperative marketing arrangements
1. Air transport services in accordance with Article 4 may be provided by means of blocked-space or code-sharing arrangements, as follows: (a) the UK air carrier may act as the marketing carrier, with any operating carrier that is a Union air carrier or a UK air carrier, or with any operating carrier of a third country which, under Union law or, as applicable, under the law of the Member State or Member States concerned, enjoys the necessary traffic rights as well as the right for its carriers to exercise those rights by means of the arrangement in question; (b) the UK air carrier may act as the operating carrier, with any marketing carrier which is a Union air carrier or a UK air carrier, or with any marketing carrier of a third country which, under Union law or, as applicable, under the law of the Member State or Member States concerned, enjoys the necessary route rights as well as the right for its carriers to exercise those rights by means of the arrangement in question. 2. In no case shall the rights granted to UK air carriers under paragraph 1 be construed as conferring on air carriers of a third country any rights other than those that they enjoy under Union law or under the law of the Member State or Member States concerned. 3. Recourse to blocked-space or code-sharing arrangements, whether as an operating carrier or as a marketing carrier, shall not result in a UK air carrier exercising rights other than those provided for in Article 4(1). However, the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall not be applied in such a way as to prevent UK carriers from providing air transport services between any pair of points of which one is situated in the territory of the Union and the other is situated in a third country, provided that the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) the UK carrier is acting as the marketing carrier under a blocked-space or a code-sharing arrangement with an operating carrier benefitting, under Union law or the law of the Member State or Member States concerned, from the necessary traffic rights as well as from the right to exercise those rights by means of the arrangement in question; (b) the air transport service in question forms part of a carriage by that UK carrier between a point in the territory of the United Kingdom and the relevant point in the territory of the third country concerned. 4. The Member States concerned shall require the arrangements referred to in this Article to be approved by their competent authorities for the purpose of verifying compliance with the conditions set out in this Article and with the applicable requirements in Union and national law, in particular as regards safety and security.
Article 6 Aircraft leasing
1. In exercising the rights provided for in Article 4(1), a UK air carrier may provide air transport services with its own aircraft and in all the following cases: (a) using aircraft leased without crew from any lessor; (b) using aircraft leased with crew from any other UK air carrier; (c) using aircraft leased with crew from air carriers of any country other than the United Kingdom, provided that the leasing is justified on the basis of exceptional needs, seasonal capacity needs or operational difficulties of the lessee and the leasing does not exceed the duration which is strictly necessary to fulfil those needs or overcome those difficulties. 2. The Member States concerned shall require the arrangements referred to in paragraph 1 to be approved by their competent authorities for the purpose of verifying compliance with the conditions set out therein and with the applicable requirements in Union and national law, in particular as regards safety and security.
Article 7 Equivalence of rights
1. The Commission shall monitor the rights granted by the United Kingdom to Union air carriers and the conditions for their exercise. 2. Where the Commission determines that the rights granted by the United Kingdom to Union air carriers are not, de jure or de facto , equivalent to those granted to UK air carriers under this Regulation, or that those rights are not equally available to all Union carriers, the Commission shall, without delay and in order to restore equivalence, adopt implementing acts to: (a) establish limits to the allowable capacity for scheduled air transport services available to UK air carriers and require the Member States to adapt the operating authorisations of UK air carriers, both existing and newly granted, accordingly; (b) require the Member States to refuse, suspend or revoke the said operating authorisations; or (c) impose financial duties or operational restrictions. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 14(2). They shall be adopted in accordance with the urgency procedure referred to in Article 14(3) where, in duly justified cases of serious lack of equivalence for the purposes of this paragraph, imperative grounds of urgency so require.
Article 8 Fair competition
1. The Commission shall monitor the conditions under which Union air carriers and Union airports compete with UK air carriers and United Kingdom airports for the provision of air transport services covered by this Regulation. 2. Where it determines that, as a result of any of the situations referred to in paragraph 3, those conditions are appreciably less favourable than those enjoyed by UK air carriers, the Commission shall, without delay and in order to remedy that situation, adopt implementing acts to: (a) establish limits to the allowable capacity for scheduled air transport services available to UK air carriers and require the Member States to adapt the operating authorisations of UK air carriers, both existing and newly granted, accordingly; (b) require the Member States to refuse, suspend or revoke the said operating authorisations for some or all UK air carriers; or (c) impose financial duties or operational restrictions. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 14(2). They shall be adopted in accordance with the urgency procedure referred to in Article 14(3) where, in duly justified cases of threat to the economic viability of one or more operations of Union air carriers, imperative grounds of urgency so require. 3. The implementing acts referred to in paragraph 2 shall, subject to the conditions specified in that paragraph, be adopted to remedy the following situations: (a) the granting of subsidies by the United Kingdom; (b) failure, by the United Kingdom to have in place or to effectively apply competition law; (c) failure by the United Kingdom to establish or maintain an independent competition authority; (d) the application by the United Kingdom of standards in the protection of workers, safety, security, the environment, or passenger rights, which are inferior to those laid down in Union law or, in the absence of relevant provisions in Union law, inferior to those applied by all Member States or, in any event, inferior to relevant international standards; (e) any form of discrimination against Union air carriers. 4. For the purposes of paragraph 1, the Commission may request information from the competent authorities of the United Kingdom, UK air carriers or United Kingdom airports. Where the competent authorities of the United Kingdom, the UK air carrier or United Kingdom airport do not provide the information requested within the reasonable period prescribed by the Commission, or provide incomplete information, the Commission may proceed in accordance with paragraph 2. 5. Regulation (EU) 2019/712 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 7 ) shall not apply to matters falling within the scope of this Regulation.
Article 9 Operating authorisation
1. Without prejudice to Union and national law in the area of aviation safety, in order to exercise the rights granted to them under Article 4, UK air carriers shall be required to obtain an operating authorisation from each Member State in which they wish to operate. 2. On receipt of an application for an operating authorisation from a UK air carrier, the Member State concerned shall grant the appropriate operating authorisation without undue delay, provided that: (a) the applicant UK air carrier holds a valid operating licence in accordance with the legislation of the United Kingdom; and (b) effective regulatory control over the applicant UK air carrier is exercised and maintained by the United Kingdom, the competent authority is clearly identified and the UK air carrier holds an air operator certificate delivered by the said authority. 3. Without prejudice to the need to allow for sufficient time for the carrying out of the necessary assessments, UK air carriers shall be entitled to submit their applications for operating authorisations from the day of entry into force of this Regulation. The Member States shall have the power to approve those applications as from that day, provided that the conditions for such approval are met. However, any authorisations thus granted shall take effect no earlier than on the first day of application of this Regulation as referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 15(2).
Article 10 Operational plans, programmes and schedules
1. UK air carriers shall submit the operational plans, programmes and schedules for air services to the competent authorities of each Member State concerned, for their approval. Any such submission shall be made at least 30 days prior to the start of the operations. Submissions regarding the provision of air services to take place in January 2021 shall be made at the earliest possible date before the start of the operations. 2. Subject to Article 9, the operational plans, programmes and schedules for the IATA season that is in progress on the first day of application of this Regulation, as referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 15(2), and those for the first season thereafter may be submitted and approved before that date. 3. This Regulation shall not prevent Member States from issuing authorisations for the operation of scheduled air services by Union carriers in the exercise of rights granted to them by the United Kingdom. In respect of those authorisations, Member States shall not discriminate between Union carriers.
Article 11 Refusal, revocation, suspension and limitation of authorisation
1. Member States shall refuse, or as the case may be, revoke or suspend the operating authorisation of a UK air carrier where: (a) the air carrier does not qualify as a UK air carrier under this Regulation; or (b) the conditions laid down in Article 9(2) are not complied with. 2. The Member States shall refuse, revoke, suspend, limit or impose conditions on the operating authorisation of a UK air carrier, or limit or impose conditions on its operations in any of the following circumstances: (a) the applicable safety and security requirements are not complied with; (b) the applicable requirements relating to the admission to, the operation within, or the departure from the territory of the Member State concerned of aircraft engaged in air transport are not complied with; (c) the applicable requirements relating to the admission to, operation within, or departure from the territory of the Member State concerned of passengers, crew, baggage, cargo, and/or mail on aircraft (including regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs and quarantine, or in the case of mail, postal regulations) are not complied with. 3. The Member States shall refuse, revoke, suspend, limit or impose conditions on the operating authorisations of UK air carriers, or limit or impose conditions on their operations, where they are required to do so by the Commission in accordance with Article 7 or 8. 4. The Member States shall inform the Commission and the other Member States of any decisions to refuse or revoke the operating authorisation of a UK air carrier pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2, without undue delay.
Article 12 Certificates and licences
Certificates of airworthiness, certificates of competency and licences issued or rendered valid by the United Kingdom and still in force shall be recognised as valid by the Member States for the purpose of the operation of air transport services by UK air carriers under this Regulation, provided that such certificates or licences were issued or rendered valid pursuant to, and in conformity with, as a minimum, the relevant international standards established under the Chicago Convention.
Article 13 Consultation and cooperation
1. The Member States’ competent authorities shall consult and cooperate with the competent authorities of the United Kingdom as necessary in order to ensure the implementation of this Regulation. 2. Member States shall, upon request, provide the Commission without undue delay with any information obtained pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article or any other information relevant for the implementation of Articles 7 and 8.
Article 14 Committee procedure
1. The Commission shall be assisted by the Committee established by Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011. 2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply. 3. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 8 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011, in conjunction with Article 5 thereof, shall apply.
Article 15 Entry into force and application
1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union . 2. It shall apply from the day following that on which Union law ceases to apply to and in the United Kingdom pursuant to Articles 126 and 127 of the Withdrawal Agreement. However, Articles 9(3) and 10(2) shall apply from the entry into force of this Regulation. 3. This Regulation shall not apply if an agreement governing comprehensively the provision of air transport with the United Kingdom to which the Union is a party has entered into force, or as the case may be, provisionally applies by the date referred to in the first subparagraph of paragraph 2. 4. This Regulation shall cease to apply on the earlier of the following dates: (a) 30 June 2021; (b) the date on which an agreement as referred to in paragraph 3 enters into force, or, as the case may be, the date from which it is provisionally applied.