Kapitan Cina
Many ethnic-Chinese allies and officials of the Dutch colonial authorities held office (see: "Kapitan Cina"), and owned landed estates ("particuliere landerijen") in the historic Tangerang area. The historian Mona Lohanda, herself a Benteng Chinese, goes so far as to say that "Tangerang was practically a Chinese private domain" (p. 258). These landlords and bureaucrats also sponsored a large-scale migration of Chinese indentured laborers, who played a crucial role in the agricultural and economic development of the region.