黄金の自由
Others however criticize the Golden Liberty, pointing out it was limited only to the nobility, excluding peasants or townsfolk and gave no legal system to grant freedom and liberty to the majority of the population, failing them by failing to protect them from the excesses of the nobility, resulting in the slow development of cities and the second serfdom among the peasants. The Commonwealth was called "Noble's Paradise", sometimes—"the Jewish Paradise", but also "Purgatory for the Townsfolk (Burghers)" and "Hell for the Peasants". And even among the nobility ("szlachta"), the Golden Liberty became abused and twisted by the most powerful of them (magnates). However, this "the Jewish Paradise, but also Purgatory for the Townsfolk and Hell for the Peasants" was a statement of social satire, and it should be evaluated whether it reflected the fact of the age. A number of Russian peasants fled from their far more brutal lords to settle in liberal Poland, which might stand out as example of counterevidence to the "Hell for the Peasants" claim.