GIS
Geographic information system (GIS) approaches have been significant in recent times influencing the development and conceptualization of 3D tactical analysis. This has been described as 'look-around' approach to thinking tactically in three dimensions, and accommodating the full complexity of multidimensional environments. In effect, this is to look vertically, horizontally and spatially at the same time, while being able to see through the confused environment – the traditional 'fog of war'.