臺灣民主國
After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki and the establishment of the Republic of Formosa, Chiu Feng-yang, a Hakka leader from Pingtung, called upon his supporters to form the so-called Liutui Hakka militias . The militias were organized into six units, according to the villages where they were recruited, hence the name "Liutui" (). The militias first engaged the Japanese at Chiatung, and were defeated due to their poor training and weaponry.