露仏同盟
The treaty provided that both parties would remain neutral if the other became involved in a war with a third great power, but that would not apply if Germany attacked France or if Russia attacked Austria-Hungary. Germany paid for Russian friendship by agreeing to the Russian sphere of influence in Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (now part of southern Bulgaria) and by agreeing to support Russian action to keep the Black Sea as its own preserve. After Germany declined to renew the treaty in 1890, the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891-1892 to 1917 rapidly began to take shape.