عبد الرحمن الناصر لدين الله
Al-Andalus coincided with "La Convivencia", an era of religious tolerance (as far as Christians and Jews peacefully accept submission to Muslims, as well as being reduced to the condition of tax-paying serfs) and with the Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula (912, the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III. to 1066, Granada massacre).