أروى بنت أحمد
The plaintiffs contacted Professor Devin J. Stewart, Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Emory University, for his opinion on their claims. He submitted his opinions in an affidavit on 15 July as PW3. His testimony took place from 29 November to 5 December 2019. Stewart was asked around 80 questions on the topic of Imamate and "nass". He stated that the "nass" of the 12th Imam, and 20th Imam took place without any witnesses, and in the case of Arwa al-Sulayhi, she is considered a witness because she received a letter informing her about the appointment. He reiterated the plaintiff's stance that "nass" is irrevocable and requires no witnesses.