岡倉天心
Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan; they include "" by Nitobe Inazō (1900), concerning "samurai" ethics, and "The Book of Tea" by Okakura Kakuzō (1906), which deals with the philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony. Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success; one of the most well-known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict's "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword" (1946).