Capra pyrenaica
"Erysimum" is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). "Different Erysimum" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) species including the garden carpet ("Xanthorhoe fluctuata"). In addition, some species of weevils, like "Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus", live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some mammalian herbivores, for example mule deer ("Odocoileus hemionus") in North America, argali ("Ovis ammon") in Mongolia, red deer ("Cervus elaphus") in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex ("Capra pyrenaica") in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. "Erysimum crepidifolium" (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.