張格爾
Burhan ad-Din, a Khoja of the White Mountain faction, was the grandfather of Jahangir. Before rebellion broke out in May 1826 and during a fortuitously timed earthquake that destroyed most towns in the Ferghana Valley, Jahangir Khoja managed to flee to Kashgar from Kokand, where he had been held in prison in accordance with a secret agreement concluded between the Khanate of Kokand and Qing dynasty China concerning descendants of Appak Khoja. Among Jahangir's troops were Kirghiz, Tajiks and White Mountain fighters. After appearing in Kashgar with only several hundred of his followers, he quickly increased his force with volunteers and within several months had collected about 200,000 troops under his banner. Jahingir overthrew Qing power in Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan and Yangihissar, having annihilated the Qing garrisons in these cities. This led to an increase in slavery in China due to Jahangir's practice of enslaving captives. His forces captured several hundred Chinese Muslims (Dungan or Hui), who were taken to Kokand. Tajiks bought two Chinese slaves from Shaanxi whom they enslaved for a year before Tajik Beg Ku-bu-te returned them to China. All Chinese captured—including merchants and 300 soldiers Janhangir captured in Kashgar—had their queues cut off when brought to Kokand and Central Asia as prisoners. It was reported that many of the Chinese Muslim merchant captives became slaves themselves, with accounts of Chinese Muslim slavery in Central Asia increasing. The queues were removed from Chinese Muslim prisoners and then sold or given to various owners; one of them, Nian, ended up as a slave to Prince Batur Khan of Bukhara. Omar Khan ended up owning Liu Qifeng and Wu Erqi. The others—Zhu, Tian Li and Ma Tianxi—ended up with various owners but plotted an escape. The Russians record an incident in which they rescued the Chinese Muslim merchants who had escaped after they were sold by Jahangir's army in Central Asia and sent them back to China.