文明の衝突
Samuel P. Huntington wrote a 1993 essay, "The Clash of Civilizations", in direct response to "The End of History"; he then expanded the essay into a 1996 book, "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order". In the essay and book, Huntington argued that the temporary conflict between ideologies is being replaced by the ancient conflict between civilizations. The dominant civilization decides the form of human government, and these will not be constant. He especially singled out Islam, which he described as having "bloody borders".