만주어
The Qing dynasty referred to the Manchu language in various Chinese titles such as "Qingwen" , or "Qingyu" ("Qing language") and Guoyu ("national language"), which was used by previous non-Han dynasties to refer to their languages. The term "national" was also applied to the Manchu writing as in "Guowen" in addition to "Guoyu" . In the Manchu-language version of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the term "Chinese language" ("Dulimbai gurun i bithe") referred to all three Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, not just one language. "Guoyu" now refers to Standard Chinese.