Kapitan Cina
Seremban and Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley). Each of the mining communities were governed by a Kapitan Cina with duties and privileges similar to those in the "Kangchu system" of Johor. The huge influx of Chinese migration was directly caused by the poverty in rural China and massive employment opportunities in the British colonial or protectorate territories, with an estimated 5 million Chinese having entered by the 19th century. Despite their economic success following the migration, there was disorder within the newly-formed Chinese communities as they split into different secret societies. This exacerbated the political unrest among the Malay aristocracy which was simultaneously fighting to lead each side in enlisting help from the different secret societies. The state of local Malay politics at the time was described by observers as plagued with anarchy and civil war between people of the same backgrounds, prompting alliances between highly-placed Malay political leaders and officials from China and Europe tasked with protecting their investments.