A Life for the Tsar
It became a popular ballroom dance in Vienna ("Krakauer") and Paris ("Cracovienne") where, with the "polonaise" and the "mazurka", it signalled a Romantic sensibility of sympathy towards a picturesque, distant and oppressed nation. In Russia a krakowiak was featured in Mikhail Glinka's "A Life for the Tsar" (1836) and, ever since, became an identifiable symbol of Poles and Polish culture in the Russian Empire, especially due to the rogatywka hat.