توباك أمارو
Almost before the celebrations in Lima in honour of his arrival had ended, he had to confront the insurrection of Túpac Amaru II (José Gabriel Condorcanqui). Túpac Amaru was a direct descendant of the earlier Túpac Amaru, the last Inca (Emperor) of Vilcabamba, who had been beheaded on the orders of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. Túpac Amaru II was cacique of Tungasuca, Surimana and Pampamarca, and enjoyed properties, businesses and prestige in the region of Cusco. He was 40 years old when he led the rebellion, tired of the abuses of the "corregidores" and merchants and of the reforms of "Visitador" José Antonio de Areche (customs, taxes, tributes).