Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
Upon his return to Mount Lebanon, he resumed control of Sidon-Beirut and Safed. By 1622 he gained from Yusuf Sayfa Byblos, Batroun, and Bsharri, all mountain subdistricts dominated by Maronites, a community with whom the Emir had established close relations. In 1623 he routed a coalition led by the governor of Damascus at the Battle of Anjar and consequently extended his control, with Damascene recognition, to the Beqaa Valley and Baalbek, both strongholds of his rivals, the Harfush dynasty. In the following years, Fakhr al-Din captured the fortresses of Safita, Hama, Homs and Salamiyah, gained practical control of Tripoli and its eyalet, and acquired tax farms as far north as Jableh and Latakia. The vast territory, large professional army, and thirty fortresses under his command perturbed the imperial government, with a near-contemporary historian remarking that "the only thing left for him to do was to claim the Sultanate". Although he frequently attained government favor by forwarding tax revenue on time, bribing officials, and using opportunities of mutual interest to eliminate local rivals, his outsized power and autonomous behavior were viewed as a rebellion by the state. The Ottomans moved against Fakhr al-Din in 1633. In the ensuing siege of his Chouf hideout, he surrendered to the commander Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha and was executed in Constantinople two years later. The Ma'ns continued to wield influence in the Chouf and Fakhr al-Din's grandnephew was awarded a tax farm spanning southern Mount Lebanon in 1697. This tax farm was inherited and gradually expanded by the Ma'ns' marital relatives, the Shihab dynasty, in 1711 and became the precursor of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate in 1861, paving the way for the establishment of the Lebanese Republic.