アーノルド・J・トインビー
During the Battle of Bergama, the Greek army committed a massacre against Turkish civilians in Menemen killing 200 and injuring 200 people. Some Turkish sources claim that the death count of the Menemen massacre was 1000. On 24 June 1921, a massacre occurred in İzmit killing more than 300 Turkish civilians according to Arnold J. Toynbee.