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In the U.S., the standing landmark opinion on political speech is "Brandenburg v. Ohio" (1969), expressly overruling "Whitney v. California". In "Brandenburg", the U.S. Supreme Court referred to the right even to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms: The opinion in "Brandenburg" discarded the previous test of "clear and present danger" and made the right to freedom of (political) speech protections in the United States almost absolute. Hate speech is also protected by the First Amendment in the United States, as decided in "R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul", (1992) in which the Supreme Court ruled that hate speech is permissible, except in the case of imminent violence. See the First Amendment to the United States Constitution for more detailed information on this decision and its historical background.