John II Casimir Vasa
Beginning in 1532 the Habsburgs pawned the duchy to different rulers including several monarchs of Poland (see Dukes of Opole). After the Swedish invasion of Poland, in 1655 the King of Poland, John II Casimir Vasa, stayed with the entire court in Opole. In Opole in November 1655, the Universal of Opole ("Uniwersał opolski") was issued by the King, calling for Poles to rise against the Swedes, who at that time occupied a large part of Poland.