生涯規劃
While until the 1970s a strongly normative approach was characterised for theories (e.g. of Donald E. Super's "life-span approach") and practice of career counseling (e.g. concept of "matching"), new models have their starting point in the individual needs and transferable skills of the clients while managing biographical breaks and discontinuities. Career development is no longer viewed as a linear process which reflects a predictable world of work. More consideration is now placed on nonlinear, chance and unplanned influences.