Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
Following the massacre of thousands of Christian civilians during the 1860 Lebanon conflict, and under growing European pressure, mainly from France, an Ottoman edict issued in 1861 transformed "Al Kaimaqumyateen" or the Twin/Double Qaymakamate, the former regime based on religious rule that led to civil war, into the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, governed by a "mutasarrıf" who, according to law, had to be a non-Lebanese Christian.