First East Turkestan Republic
In the early 1930s a series of rebellions among the mostly Muslim population of Xinjiang deprived the Republic of China of control of the region. Several short-lived Islamic states were founded, including the First East Turkestan Republic (commonly called the ETR) and the Khotan Emirate. The ETR sought international recognition but was opposed by all powers with influence in the region: China, Afghanistan, Japan, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom.