Kampf der Kulturen
Colonial era historians (Robert Sewell, Jonathan Scott et al.) drawing from the accounts of Firishta and later, historians (Aluru Venkata Rao, B. A. Saletore, S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri et al.) lensed the battle as a Clash of Civilizations wherein the "Ramrajya" of Vijayanagara, a "Hindu bulwark" state fell to "Muhammedan" conquests driven by religious bigotry.