Kingdom of Khotan
In the "Great Tang Records on the Western Regions", Xuanzang reports that at the time of his visit to Balkh in 630 there were about a hundred viharas and 30,000 monks, a large number of stupas and other religious monuments, and that Buddhism was flourishing in the Bactrian portion of the Western Turkic Khaganate. He also described it as having strong links with the Kingdom of Khotan in the Tarim Basin. The temple was led by "Pramukha", Sanskrit for "leader, administrator", who, under the Arabized name of "Barmak", came to be known as the Barmakids).