Perry Expedition
After the Shimabara Rebellion, several "daimyōs" adopted certification systems where all the individuals were to be registered to temples and shrines to avoid Christianity. The Danka system (or ) was officially set by Tokugawa shogunate in 1664, and demographic data of individuals registered to temples and shrines (Shūmon Ninbetsu Aratame Chō) were recorded. After decades, Tokugawa Yoshimune decided to survey the total population of Japan and ordered to collect demographic data of all the domains () and shogunate territories (). The first census was surveyed every six years since 1721 and finished in 1846, because the confusion after the Perry Expedition and death of Tokugawa Ieyoshi in 1853 postponed the calculation process of the demographic data collected in 1852, according to edited by (.