Ernest Fenollosa
The first response of the Japanese to Western art forms was open-hearted acceptance, and in 1876 the Technological Art School() was opened, employing Italian instructors to teach Western methods. The second response was a pendulum swing in the opposite direction spearheaded by Okakura Kakuzō and the American Ernest Fenollosa, who encouraged Japanese artists to retain traditional themes and techniques while creating works more in keeping with contemporary taste. This was a strategy that eventually served to extend the influence of Japanese art as far as Calcutta, London, and Boston in the years leading up to World War I. Out of these two poles of artistic theory—derived from Europe and from East Asia respectively—developed "yōga" ("Western-style painting") and Nihonga ("Japanese painting"), categories that have maintained currency.