Le Rouge et le Noir
The novel's full title, Le Rouge et le Noir: Chronique du XIXe siècle ("The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century"), indicates its twofold literary purpose as both a psychological portrait of the romantic protagonist, Julien Sorel, and an analytic, sociological satire of the French social order under the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30). In English, "Le Rouge et le Noir" is variously translated as "Red and Black", "Scarlet and Black", and "The Red and the Black", without the subtitle.