Les Temps modernes
In the early 1960s he had work published in the literary journals "Les Temps modernes" and "Présence Africaine". His first novel, "The Crossing", published in 1964 was favourably reviewed, described by Lillian Smith in "The Saturday Review" as "a brilliant, mind-smacking account of a young man's journey from nowhere to hell...a fresh way of looking at the multileveled agony of the walled-in young."