Kingdom of Tungning
Amid the conquest of the Qing dynasty, the Ming partisan Koxinga invaded Dutch Formosa to use as a base for assaults along China's coast. After his successful siege of Ft Zeelandia, he had accomplished this but his rule caused the Qing to revive the sea bans and cut off maritime trade in a bid to weaken him. His dynasty ruled Taiwan as the independent Kingdom of Tungning, establishing land distribution systems in order to efficiently supply food for their army. British Empire and Japan continued to trade with Taiwan as an independent state. The English East India Company even established a commercial treaty with the Kingdom of Tungning.