ドイモイ
He graduated from Hanoi University, Faculty of History, in 1960, National Economics University, Planning Faculty, in 1964 and the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Montpellier (Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier) in 1991. He wrote many articles and books about Vietnam's economic history during the French colonization period, South Vietnam, the centrally planned economy period, and more recently on the "Doi Moi" (reform) in Vietnam.