Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
Some one million Polish citizens were members of the country's German minority. Following the 1939 invasion, an additional 1,180,000 German-speakers came to occupied Poland, from the Reich ("Reichsdeutsche") or ("Volksdeutsche" going "Heim ins Reich") from the east. Many hundreds of ethnically German men in Poland joined the Nazi "Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz" as well as "Sonderdienst" formations launched in May 1940 by "Gauleiter" Hans Frank stationed in occupied Kraków. Likewise, among some 30,000 Ukrainian nationalists who fled to "polnischen Gebiete", thousands joined the "pokhidny hrupy" as saboteurs, interpreters, and civilian militiamen, trained at the German bases across "Distrikt Krakau".