Betula alleghaniensis
Hemlock-northern hardwood forests occur in deep coves, moist flats, and ravines. They include sugar maple, yellow birch ("Betula alleghaniensis"), and beech. These trees often form a deciduous canopy, but are sometimes mixed with hemlock ("Tsuga canadensis") or white pine ("Pinus strobus"). Other common trees include oaks (most commonly red oak), tuliptree, black cherry, and sweet birch. In the Northeast, red spruce ("Picea rubens") can be a minor canopy associate. Hophornbeam ("Ostrya virginiana") is frequent but not dominant.