Political repression
Following the defeat of the Makhnovist movement and the establishment of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, within the Soviet Union, Ukraine was brought definitively under Communist Party rule. Any remaining remnants of anarchism in Ukraine were suppressed, many anarchists being imprisoned in the Gulag, and the New Economic Policy was implemented, transforming the Ukrainian SSR into a state-capitalist economy. Political repression in Ukraine intensified under the totalitarian rule of Joseph Stalin. The policies of collectivization and dekulakization, as part of the first five-year plan, led to a famine in Ukraine known colloquially as the Holodomor - killing millions of people due to starvation. This was followed by a repressive campaign against the Ukrainian intelligentsia, culminating in the Great Purge of 1937-1938.