Dardic languages
Virtually all Dardic languages have experienced a partial or complete loss of voiced aspirated consonants. Khowar uses the word "buum" for 'earth' (Sanskrit: "bhumi"), Pashai uses the word "duum" for 'smoke' (Hindi: "dhuan", Sanskrit: "dhum") and Kashmiri uses the word "dod" for 'milk' (Sanskrit: "dugdha", Hindi: "dūdh"). Tonality has developed in some (but not all) Dardic languages, such as Khowar and Pashai, as a compensation. Punjabi and Western Pahari languages similarly lost aspiration but have virtually all developed tonality to partially compensate (e.g. Punjabi "kar" for 'house', compare with Hindi "ghar").