Razia Sultana
According to Close (2016), the wealthiest woman in the history of capitalism, excluding monarchs, was "L'Oréal" heiress Liliane Bettencourt, whose net worth was $40.7 billion in 2015. Including monarchs, he mentions Empress Wu for Antiquity, Razia Sultana and Isabella of Castile for Middle Ages, and Catherine the Great for modern history.