Cần Vương movement
The Cần Vương movement was one of firsts and lasts. It was the first resistance movement which saw all strata of Vietnamese society—royalty, scholar-gentry, and peasantry—working together against the French. However, this massive, spontaneous support was to prove its weakness as well. Although there were some 50 resistance groups, there was a lack of collaboration and unifying military authority. Though the Cần Vương edict was spread to every part of the country, actions taken by the resistance were never national in scope, instead being restricted to the areas where the scholar-gentry were familiar with and with these actions being undertaken independently of each other.