Sapa Inca
The Inca Empire spread across the north western parts of South America between 1438 and 1533, ruled over by a monarch addressed as the "Sapa Inca", "Sapa", or "Apu". The Inca civilization emerged in the Kingdom of Cusco, and expanded to become the "Ttahuantin-suyu", or "land of the four sections", each ruled by a governor or viceroy called "Apu-cuna", under the leadership of the central "Sapa Inca". The Inca Empire eventually fell to the Spanish in 1533, when the last "Sapa Inca" of the empire, Atahualpa, was captured and executed on 29 August. The conquerors installed other "Sapa Inca" beginning with Atahualpa's brother, Túpac Huallpa. Manco Inca Yupanqui, originally also a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards, rebelled and founded the small independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, and the line continued until the death of Túpac Amaru in 1572.