Яковлев, Александр
The party was established in 1991 by Alexander Yakovlev, Arkady Volsky, Anatoly Sobchak, Eduard Shevardnadze and Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov. In the 1993 parliamentary elections it received 4.1% of the proportional representation vote, failing to cross the electoral threshold. However, it won eight constituency seats in the State Duma.