黑胡椒
Cubeb ("P. cubeba") has been used in folk medicine and herbalism as well as, particularly in the early 20th century, as a cigarette flavoring. "P. darienense" is used medically by the Kuna people of the Panama-Colombia border region, and elsewhere it is used to intoxicate fish which then can be easily caught. Spiked pepper, often called "matico" appears to have strong disinfectant and antibiotic properties. Black pepper ("P. nigrum") essential oil is sometimes used in herbalism, and long pepper ("P. longum") is similarly employed in Ayurveda, where it was an ingredient of "Triphala Guggulu" and (together with black pepper) of "Trikatu" pills, used for "rasayana" (rejuvenating and detoxifying) purposes.