Acer macrophyllum
This species grows in moist woods and forest habitat. It is mostly restricted to lower elevations and is more common on north-facing slopes. It is associated with the forest trees Douglas fir ("Pseudotsuga menziesii"), bigleaf maple ("Acer macrophyllum"), western redcedar ("Thuja plicata"), red alder ("Alnus rubra"), and vine maple ("Acer circinatum"), and other forest plants such as oceanspray ("Holodiscus discolor"), hazelnut ("Corylus cornuta"), sword fern ("Polystichum munitum"), and snowberry ("Symphoricarpos albus"). Alpine enchanter's nightshade "(Circaea alpina)", herb robert "(Geranium robertianum)", and wall lettuce "(Lactuca muralis)" are indicator species for the plant, often growing alongside it. This species can dominate the forest understory where it is common. The plant may be found in old-growth forests. It prefers the shade of dense forests. It can tolerate some breaks in the canopy but not large-scale clearing, such as clearcutting. Some penetrating sunlight is beneficial for the plant during its reproductive season. Animals associated with the species include the mountain beaver ("Aplodontia rufa"), particularly in Canada. Depending on location, pollinators of the plant include bumblebees, other types of bees, beetles, and syrphid flies.