勤王運動
The roots of the Vietnamese anarchist movement lay in the early resistance to French colonial rule, organized among various secret societies. Among these were the Heaven and Earth Society, which in 1884 had assassinated a colonial collaborator in Saigon. Other attacks against the French colonial authorities included the Cần Vương movement, which attempted to overthrow the French during the late 1880s, the Hanoi Poison Plot, in which indigenous Vietnamese troops attempted to assassinate the entire French garrison in the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, as well as subsequent anti-colonial uprisings in Cochinchina and Tonkin.