Wujing Zongyao
Gunpowder was attached to fire arrows () and utilized as an incendiary. The "Wujing Zongyao" records that fire arrows were launched from bows or crossbows. The gunpowder used for fire arrows was likely a low-nitrate powder, and the quantity of gunpowder varied according to the type of bow. In the book, the force of gunpowder is said to be enough to launch an arrow, but only when the elasticity of the crossbow is sufficient.