양자역학
Quantum mechanics has two fundamentally different dynamical principles: the linear and deterministic Schrödinger equation, and the nonlinear and stochastic wave packet reduction postulate. The orthodox interpretation, or Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, posits a wave function collapse every time an observer performs measurement. One thus faces the problem of defining what an “observer” and a “measurement” are. Another issue of quantum mechanics is that it forecasts superpositions of macroscopic objects, which are not observed in Nature (see Schrödinger’s cat paradox). The theory does not tell where the threshold between the microscopic and macroscopic worlds is, that is when quantum mechanics should leave space to classical mechanics. The aforementioned issues constitute the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.