Tupi-Sprache
Many Macro-Jê languages have been in contact with various languages of the Tupí-Guaraní family, which resulted in lexical borrowings. For instance, Ribeiro (2012) finds a number of Apyãwa loanwords in Karajá (such as "bèhyra" ‘carrying basket’, "kòmỹdawyra" ‘"andu" beans’, "hãrara" ‘macaw (sp.)’, "tarawè" ‘parakeet (sp.)’, "txakohi" ‘Txakohi ceremonial mask’, "hyty" ‘garbage (Javaé dialect)’) as well as several Karajá loans in Apyãwa ("tãtã" ‘banana’, "tori" ‘White man’, "marara" ‘turtle stew’, "irãwore" ‘Irabure ceremonial mask’), Parakanã, and Asuriní of Trocará ("sata" ‘banana’, "toria" ‘White man’). Loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties (Língua Geral Paulista or Língua Geral Amazônica) have been found in Karajá ("jykyra" ‘salt’, "mỹkawa" ‘firearm’, "brùrè" ‘hoe’, "kòmỹta" ‘beans’, "mabèra" ‘paper (Xambioá dialect)’, "ĩtajuwa" ‘money (dated)’), Maxakalí ("ãmãnex" ‘priest’, "tãyũmak" ‘money’, "kãmãnok" ‘horse’, "tapayõg" ‘Black man’), Ritual Maxakalí ("kõnõmĩy" ‘boy’, "kõyãg" ‘woman’, "petup" ‘tobacco’, "pakõm" ‘banana’, "tapuux" ‘foreigner’, "xetukxeka" ‘potato’), and Krenak ("tuŋ" ‘flea’, "krai" ‘non-Indigenous person, foreigner’). Chiquitano has borrowed extensively from an unidentified Tupí-Guaraní variety; one example is Chiquitano "takones" [takoˈnɛs] ‘sugarcane’, borrowed from a form close to Paraguayan Guaraní "takuare'ẽ" ‘sugarcane’.