Industrial music
Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the genre was first named in 1942 when "The Musical Quarterly" called Dmitri Shostakovich's 1927 Symphony No. 2 "the high tide of 'industrial music'." Similarly, in 1972 "The New York Times" described works by Ferde Grofé (especially 1935's "A Symphony in Steel") as a part of "his 'industrial music' genre [that] called on such instruments as four pairs of shoes, two brooms, a locomotive bell, a pneumatric drill and a compressed-air tank". Though these compositions are not directly tied to what the genre would become, they are early examples of music designed to mimic machinery noise and factory atmosphere. Early examples of industrial music proper arefound in Pierre Schaeffer's 1940s musique concrète and the tape music of Halim El-Dabh, at least the former of which more closely approximates the aesthetics of the 70s era industrial music.