معركة عين جالوت
The Battle of Ain Jalut is also notable for being the earliest known battle where explosive hand cannons ("midfa" in Arabic) were used. These explosives were employed by the Mamluk Egyptians in order to frighten the Mongol horses and cavalry and cause disorder in their ranks. The explosive gunpowder compositions of these cannons were later described in Arabic chemical and military manuals in the early 14th century.