Rus' Khaganate
According to the "Hustyn Chronicle" (, "Hustyns'kyi litopys"), Askold and Dir (Haskuldr and Dyri) ruled the Rus' Khaganate at least in 842. They were Varangian princes, probably of Swedish origin, but not Rurikids. According to the Annals of St. Bertin (Annales Bertiniani) for the year 839, Louis the Pious, the Holy Roman Emperor, came to the conclusion that the people called Rhos ("qui se, id est gentem suum, Rhos vocari dicebant") belonged to the gens of the Swedes ("eos gentis esse Sueonum").