Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu was fleeing to India with his men and thousands of refugees from Persia, following the Mongol sacking of several cities, including Bukhara and Samarkand, the latter being the Khwarezmian capital. Jalal al-Din defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ustuva, the Battle of Kendakhar, the Battle of Waliyan, the Battle of Djerdin and the Battle of Parwan, near the city of Ghazni, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu headed for India to seek refuge together with his army of some 3,000 men and several thousand refugees. However, a powerful army under Genghis Khan, numbering 25,000–50,000 cavalry, caught up with him when he was about to cross the Indus River.