Pre-Islamic Arabia
This section begins with the Parthian Empire, the conquests of Mithridates I of Parthia, and the Mithridatic Wars with Mithridates VI of Pontus; the next chapter deals with the Sasanian Empire and the continuation of the Roman–Persian Wars, the Hephthalite–Persian Wars; the history of Pre-Islamic Arabia is discussed, followed by an account of Muhammad the Spread of Islam; the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the medieval history of Islam in Spain; finally, this section concludes with an account of Islamic jurisprudence.