Gottebenbildlichkeit
A seminal influence on the Christian Identity movement's views on pre-Adamism was Charles Carroll's 1900 book "The Negro a Beast or In the Image of God?" In the book Carroll sought to revive the ideas previously presented by Buckner H. Payne, describing the Negro as a literal ape rather than human. He claimed the pre-Adamite races such as blacks did not have souls and that race mixing was an insult to God because it spoiled His racial plan of creation. According to Carroll, the mixing of races had also led to the errors of atheism and evolutionism.