Khanate of Khiva
In Khanate of Khiva, Sarts spoke a highly Oghuz Turkified form of Karluk Turkic. After 1921 the Soviet regime abolished the term "Sart" as derogatory, and decreed that henceforth the entire settled Turkic population of Turkestan would be known as "Uzbeks", even though many had no Uzbek tribal heritage.