개혁개방
In the former Eastern Bloc countries, the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70% to over 90% of total employment. In China a full 100% of employees were employed in the public sector by 1978, the year the Chinese economic reform was launched, after which the rates dropped. Jin Zeng estimates the numbers were 56.4% in 1995 and 32.8% in 2003, while other estimates are higher.