Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
Influential medieval Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyyah was known to condemn "Rāfiḍa" as generally diabolical -- "the worst of those who follow desires, ignorance and oppression". Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi Movement and a devout follower of Ibn Taymiyyah, titled one of his books "Al-Radd 'ala al-Rafidah" (The Refutation of the Rejectionists), though it was claimed by Natana J. Delong-Bas in one of her works that Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab was referring to an extremist "sect" of Shi'i Islam when talking about "Rāfiḍa", not the Shi'a in general.