八旗制度
Between 1637 and 1642, the Old Han Army, mostly made up of Liaodong natives who had surrendered at Yongping, Fushun, Dalinghe, etc., were organized into the Han Chinese Eight Banners (Manchu: "nikan cooha" or "ujen cooha"; ). The original Eight Banners were thereafter referred to as the Manchu Eight Banners (Manchu: , "manju gūsa"; ). Although still called the "Eight Banners" in name, there were now effectively twenty-four banner armies, eight for each of the three main ethnic groups (Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese).