The City of Lost Children
Strong elements of tech-noir also feature in Terry Gilliam's "dystopian satire" "Brazil" (1985) and "The City of Lost Children" (1995), one of two "Gilliamesque" films by Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro that were influenced by Gilliam's work in general and by "Brazil" in particular (the other one being "Delicatessen"). Scholar Jamaluddin Bin Aziz has observed how "the shadow of Philip Marlowe lingers on" in such other "future noir" films as "12 Monkeys" (Gilliam, 1995), "Dark City" (1998), and "Minority Report" (2002). The hero is subject to investigation in "Gattaca" (1997), which fuses film noir motifs with a scenario indebted to "Brave New World". "The Thirteenth Floor" (1999), like "Blade Runner", is an explicit homage to classic noir, in this case involving speculations about virtual reality. Science fiction, noir, and animation are brought together in the Japanese films "Ghost in the Shell" (1995) and "" (2004), both directed by Mamoru Oshii, and in western films such as "Renaissance" (2006) and the Disney "TRON" sequel (2010).