فضاء هيلبرت
Quantum mechanics is mathematically formulated in Hilbert space or projective Hilbert space. The pure states of a quantum system correspond to the one-dimensional subspaces of the corresponding Hilbert space (or the "points" of the projective Hilbert space). For a two-dimensional Hilbert space, the space of all such states is the complex projective line formula_1 This is the Bloch sphere, also known to mathematicians as the Riemann sphere.