アブドゥルマリク
The "barid" operated from Umayyad times, with credit for its development being given to the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (r. 661–680). Mu'awiyah's successor Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705) strengthened the organization, making additional improvements to it after the end of the Second Fitna. The Umayyads created a "diwan" or government department to manage the system and a separate budget was allocated for its costs.