岩窟の聖母
Art historians place the work within Leonardo's first Milanese period (), due to similarities with other works from this time, including stylistic resemblances to the "Lady with an Ermine" found via X-ray testing, as well as the treatment of chiaroscuro in the Louvre "Virgin of the Rocks", and his sketches for a bronze horse sculpture. Older sources dated the work to the middle of this period, with dates of 1485–1490 and 1490 given.