Zhang Zhidong
In 1864, prominent figures within the Qing Government, including Prince Luanqi (1832–1898), Zhang Zhidong (1837–1909), Li Hongzhang (1823–1901), Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885), Zeng Guofan (1811–1872) and Feng Guifeng (1809–1874) launched what was known as the ‘Self-strengthening Movement’ in order to redefine the Celestial Empire.