Dong Qichang
Master Kuwayama Gyokushū (1746–1799) was the acutest theorist on Japanese literati painting. In his three books – "Gyokushū gashu" (Collected works of Gyokushū, 1790), "Gaen higen" (A Modest Commentary on Painting, 1795) and "Kaiji higen" (Humble Words on Matters of Painting, 1799) – invited all Japanese literati painters to apply the theories and literati ideals of Dong Qichang (J: Tō Kishō, 1555–1636). According to the scholar Meccarelli, Kuwayama may be considered the ‘Japanese Dong Qichang’, but he mixed both the polychromatic landscapes typical of professional painters and the monochromatic landscapes of literati styles, and he applied a new and more flexible criteria for classification.