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The Battle of Actium was a decisive naval battle during the Last wars of the Roman Republic that were fought between a fleet of Octavian's troops and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. The Battle of Actium took place on 2 September 31 BC, in the Ionian Sea, near the promontory of Actium, in Greece. The battle had been the climax of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and Antony following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.