Roger Caillois
Frasca draws links to the game-type categorisations established by Roger Caillois in Man, Play and Games (1961). Specifically, he engages with concepts of ludus and paidia; that is, play and game, or the rule based structures of games. Frasca expands on Caillois' original definitions, and positions them in relation to narratology, ludology and contemporary games. According to Frasca, "ludus" is associated with more linear, narrative oriented with clearly defined goals and grounded in a set of rules. "Paidia", while also based in a system of rules, is more abstract. Players are able to create their own goals within the game world in the style of emergent gameplay.