Theodore the Studite
Many Protestants follow the French reformer John Calvin in rejecting the canons of the council, which they believe promoted idolatry. He rejected the distinction between veneration ("douleia", "proskynesis") and adoration ("latreia") as unbiblical "sophistry" and condemned even the decorative use of images. In subsequent editions of the "Institutes", he cited an influential Carolingian source, now ascribed to Theodulf of Orleans, which reacts negatively to a poor Latin translation of the council's acts. Calvin did not engage the apologetic arguments of John of Damascus or Theodore the Studite, apparently because he was unaware of them.