King Wen of Zhou
The "Zuozhuan" () uses "gu" in a story that in the 7th century BCE, Ziyuan , the chief minister of Chu, "wished to seduce the widow" of his brother King Wen of Zhou. The "Mozi" () uses "gu" to criticize Confucius, who "dresses elaborately and puts on adornments to mislead the people." The "Erya" (1B/49, cf. 2.5 above) defines "gu" , "chan" "doubt; flatter", and "er" "double-hearted; doubtful" as "yi" "doubt; suspect; fear; hesitate". Guo Pu's commentary suggests this refers to "gu" meaning "deceive; seduce".