Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is treated with surgery up to stage 2A. Local excision via loop cone biopsy is sufficient if detected in the earliest stage. If a patient presents beyond this point, bilateral lymphadenectomy is performed to assess metastasis to pelvic lymph nodes. If lymph nodes are negative, then excision of the uterus is performed. Otherwise, a combination of hysterectomy and radiotherapy is frequently employed. This combination approach may be substituted with chemoradiotherapy alone in some.