Caodong school
Another common form of sitting meditation is called "Silent illumination" (Ch. "mòzhào," Jp". mokushō"). This practice was traditionally promoted by the Caodong school of Chinese Chan and is associated with Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091—1157). In Hongzhi's practice of "nondual objectless meditation" the mediator strives to be aware of the totality of phenomena instead of focusing on a single object, without any interference, conceptualizing, grasping, goal seeking, or subject-object duality. This practice is also popular in the major schools of Japanese Zen, but especially Sōtō, where it is more widely known as "Shikantaza (Ch. zhǐguǎn dǎzuò, "Just sitting")."