Economic sanctions
Economic sanctions are the most frequently used the foreign policy instruments by the United States today Thus, it is not surprising to see that economic sanctions are also used as counter policies against cyberattacks. According to Onder (2021), economic sanctions are also information gathering mechanisms for the sanctioning states about the capabilities of the sanctioned states. From this perspective, it is expected to see targeted (smart) economic sanctions as part of the American cyberwarfare doctrine in the near future.