エジプト中王国
A city called "Ꜣwšꜣmm" in the Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE) and variously reconstructed as "Rušalim" or "Rôsh-ramen", is usually identified as Jerusalem. Alternatively, the name may be etymologised as "r'š" (head) + "rmm" (exalted), meaning 'the exalted head', and not referring to Jerusalem.