詹姆斯·查德威克
A graduate of McGill University, he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory, where he studied the atomic nucleus under Sir Ernest Rutherford and James Chadwick. A 1921 paper with Chadwick has been hailed as "marking the birth of the strong interactions". In his doctoral thesis, Biéler explored the strong interaction, and showed that it varied with the fourth power of the distance.