南滿洲鐵道
The southern branch of the CER, known as the Japanese South Manchuria Railway from 1906, became a locus and partial "casus belli" for the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the 1929 Sino-Soviet Conflict, and the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945. The Soviet Union returned the Chinese Eastern Railway to the People's Republic of China in 1952.