Amami Ōshima
According to Osada Suma (1902–1998), the dialect of Yamatohama, Yamato Village of Amami Ōshima had "yumuta" for 'language', "shimayumuta" for 'island language' (i.e. Amami Ōshima) and "Yamatoguchi" for the language of mainland Japan (i.e. Standard Japanese). Another term, "shimaguchi" , is absent from Osada's dictionary. According to Kurai Norio (b. 1923), a local historian from Amami Ōshima, "shimaguchi" contrasted with "Yamatoguchi", while "shimayumuta" was associated with accentual and intonational differences among various "shima" (villages). Ebara Yoshimori (1905–1988), a folklorist from Naze, Amami Ōshima, conjectured that "shimaguchi" was of relatively recent origin, possibly made through analogy with "Yamatoguchi". He thought that the dialect of one's home community was better referred to as "shimayumuta".