國語羅馬字
Trained in American structural linguistics, Yuen Ren Chao and Lien-sheng Yang wrote a "Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese" (1947), that emphasized the spoken rather than the written language. Main entries were listed in Gwoyeu Romatzyh, and they distinguished free morphemes from bound morphemes. A hint of non-standard pronunciation was also given, by marking final stops and initial voicing and non-palatalization in non-Mandarin dialects.