Book of Wei
Early Turkic speakers, such as the Tiele (also known as Gaoche 高車, lit. "High Carts"), may be related to Xiongnu and Dingling. According to the "Book of Wei", the Tiele people were the remnants of the Chidi (赤狄), the red Di people competing with the Jin in the Spring and Autumn period. Historically they were established after the 6th century BCE.