Nogai Horde
The rebel armies mostly consisted of Tatars, Chuvashes, Cheremises, Mordvins, and Udmurts. Some Nogays were also involved in the war. Independent rebel governments formed in Chalem and in Mishatamaq, the khan were invited from the Nogai Horde. Russian troops under Andrey Kurbsky and Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky opposed the "rebels".