Xu Shuzheng
In 1919 the Mongolian council of Khans were addressed by Xu Shuzheng in a speech which was condescending. In February 1920, Xu presided over a very humiliating ceremony in which Bogd Khan and other leaders were forced to kowtow before him and the Five Races Under One Union flag. This event marked the beginning of active resistance against Chinese rule which coalesced into the Mongolian People's Party.