نظرية الحقل الكمومي
Quantum field theory has been developed to describe the elementary particles. However, in the mid 1970s it was found out that this theory predicts one more class of stable compact objects: non-topological solitons (NTS). The NTS represents an unusual coherent state of matter, called also bulk matter. Models were suggested for the NTS to exist in forms of stars, quasars, the dark matter and nuclear matter.