Sturm und Drang
Nevertheless, relative to the influence of "Sturm und Drang" on literature, the influence on musical composition was limited, and many efforts to label music as conforming to this trend are tenuous at best. Vienna, the center of German/Austrian music, was a cosmopolitan city with an international culture; therefore, melodically innovative and expressive works in minor keys by Haydn or Mozart from this period should generally be considered first in the broader context of musical developments taking place throughout Europe. The clearest musical connections to the self-styled "Sturm und Drang" movement can be found in opera and the early predecessors of program music, such as Haydn's "Farewell" Symphony. Beethoven, Weber, and even Schubert have elements of "Sturm und Drang."