Tupi-Sprache
When these areas of large Tupi influence started to be integrated into the market economy, Brazilian society gradually started to lose its Tupi characteristics. The Portuguese language became dominant and Língua Geral virtually disappeared. The rustic Indian techniques of production were replaced by European ones, in order to elevate the capacity of exportation. Brazilian Portuguese absorbed many words from Tupi. Some examples of Portuguese words that came from Tupi are: "mingau, mirim, soco, cutucar, tiquinho, perereca, tatu". The names of several local fauna – such as "arara" ("macaw"), "jacaré" ("South American alligator"), "tucano" ("toucan") – and flora – e.g. "mandioca" ("manioc") and "abacaxi" ("pineapple") – are also derived from the Tupi language. A number of places and cities in modern Brazil are named in Tupi ("Itaquaquecetuba," "Pindamonhangaba," "Caruaru", "Ipanema"). Anthroponyms include "Ubirajara", "Ubiratã", "Moema", "Jussara", "Jurema", "Janaína". Tupi surnames do exist, but they do not imply any real Tupi ancestry; rather they were adopted as a manner to display Brazilian nationalism.