国粋主義
Hiromi Shibata, a PhD student at the [[University of São Paulo]], wrote the dissertation "As escolas japonesas paulistas (1915–1945)", published in 1997. Jeff Lesser, author of "Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil", wrote that the author "suggests" that the Japanese schools in São Paulo "were as much an affirmation of Nipo-Brazilian identity as they were of Japanese nationalism."