和漢三才図会
In the Edo period encyclopedia, "Wakan Sansai Zue" Rokuokubi like creatures from Chinese lore are described. They are written as 飛頭蛮 meaning "flying head barbarians". They use their ears like wings and they eat insects. The ones from China and Japan were believed to be foreigners. The foreigner nukekubi also appears in "Rokurokubi" by Lafcadio Hearn. In his story, the spirits masquerade as a family of woodcutters from the city who kill and eat travelers.