Edward Granville Browne
The "Bahar" journal was a sixty-four-page monthly published in two periods; from April 1910– October 1911 and from April 1921–December 1922. As noted in the first issue, the purpose of "Bahar" was “to provide a … forum for various significant topics of scientific, literary, ethical, historical, and artistic interest to people of understanding, and to acquaint the public with valuable information.” Most of the journal's material was written or translated by Yussef Etessami, and a large part devoted to Western culture. To Edward Granville Browne (1928, 489) "Bahar" appeared “very modern and European in tone;” and in "Encyclopaedia Iranica", Heshmat Moayyad points out its “liberal and humanistic” orientation.