精油
Ibn al-Bayṭār provides detailed chemical information on the Rosewater and Orangewater production. He mentions: The scented "Shurub" (Syrup) was often extracted from flowers and rare leaves, by means of using hot oils and fat, they were later cooled in cinnamon oil. The oils used were also extracted from sesame and olives. Essential oil was produced by joining various retorts, the steam from these retorts condensed, combined and its scented droplets were used as perfume and mixed to produce the most costly medicines.