古王國時期
The last mention of an Old Kingdom of Egypt Pharaoh, Neuserre of the Fifth Dynasty, was in 2400 BCE Buhen and the desert west of Toshka, and no Egyptian presence occurs by the subsequent Sixth Dynasty. By 2300 BCE, the Early C-Group culture was appearing in Lower Nubia, most likely arriving from Dongola Reach (near Kerma). Thus, by the second millennium BCE, Kerma was the centre of a large kingdom, probably the first in the Eastern Sudan, that rivelled Egypt.