وج
According to Virgil Vogel, a historian of the indigenous societies of North America, the Ojibwe used blue cohosh ("Caulophyllum thalictroides") as an abortifacient, and the Quinault used thistle for the same purpose. The appendix to Vogel's book lists red cedar ("Juniperus virginiana"), American pennyroyal ("Hedeoma pulegioides"), tansy, Canada wild ginger ("Asarum canadense"), and several other herbs as abortifacients used by various North American Indian tribes. The anthropologist Daniel Moerman wrote that calamus ("Acorus calamus"), which was one of the ten most common medicinal drugs of Native American societies, was used as an abortifacient by the Lenape, Cree, Mohegan, Sioux, and other tribes; and he listed over one hundred substances used as abortifacients by Native Americans.