European emission standards
In 2011, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre published a report which found that all tested diesel vehicles emitted 0.93 ± 0.39 g/km and that the tested [[European emission standards#Toxic emission: stages and legal framework|Euro 5]] diesel vehicles emitted 0.62 ± 0.19 g/km, which substantially exceeded the respective Euro 3–5 emission limit. In 2013, the research center then warned: