Emergens

Indenfor filosofi, systemteori, videnskab og kunst er emergens processen hvorved større entiteter, helheder, mønstre og regulariteter opstår gennem vekselvirkning mellem mindre eller simplere entiteter, selvom disse ikke selv udviser eller besidder sådanne egenskaber.

Emergens er central i teorier af integrationsniveauer og af komplekse systemer. Fx bliver fænomenet liv studeret i biologi almindeligvis opfatter som et emergent egenskab af interagerende molekyler, som studeres i kemi - og molekylers fænomener skyldes interaktioner mellem elementarpartikler, som igen modelleres i partikelfysik. Neurobiologiske fænomener bliver ofte opfattet som grundlag for psykologiske fænomener, som økonomiske fænomener derfor baserer sig på.

Indenfor filosofi refererer emergens typisk til emergentisme. Næsten alle former for emergentisme omfatter en form for epistemisk eller ontologisk irreducibilitet til de lavere niveauer.

Definitioner 
Ideen om emergens har eksisteret siden i hvert fald Aristoteles.
John Stuart Mill
og Julian Huxley
er to af mange videnskabsfolk og filosoffer, som har skrevet om begrebet.

Termen "emergens" blev navngivet af filosoffen G. H. Lewes, som skrev:

"Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference."

Økonomen Jeffrey Goldstein gav den nuværende definition af emergens i tidskriftet Emergence.
Goldstein definerede oprindeligt emergens som: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".

Goldstein's definition kan yderligere udvide detajleringsgraden i beskrivelsen:

"The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived)." For good measure, Goldstein throws in supervenience.

System videnskabsmanden Peter Corning siger at levende systemer ikke kan reduceres til de underliggende fysiklove:

Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact “generate” anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict “history” — i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the “system” involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, “purposeful” activity.

Se også

Kilder/referencer

Bibliografi

Yderligere læsning 

 Alexander, V. N. (2011). The Biologist’s Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature and Nature. Litchfield Park AZ: Emergent Publications.
 
 
 
 
 
 Bedau, Mark A. (1997)."Weak Emergence" .
 Blitz, David. (1992). Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
 
 Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf  Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) The Re-Emergence of Emergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Philip Clayton (2005). Mind and Emergence: From Quantum to Consciousness Oxford: OUP, 
 Philip Clayton & Paul Davies (eds.) (2006). The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Corning, Peter A. (2005). "Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution." Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 
 Felipe Cucker and Stephen Smale (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, The Mathematics of Emergence 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Haag, James W. (2008). Emergent Freedom: Naturalizing Free Will Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 
 
 
 
 Holman, Peggy. (2010). Engaging Emergence: Turning upheaval into opportunity. San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler. 
 
 Hopper, P. 1998. Emergent Grammar. In: Tomasello, M. eds. 1998. The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure. Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum, pp. 155–176.
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ignazio Licata & Ammar Sakaji (eds) (2008). Physics of Emergence and Organization , , World Scientific and Imperial College Press.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (2008), Cucker–Smale Flocking Emergence under Hierarchical Leadership In: SIAM J. Applied Math., 68:3,
 
 
 Solé, Ricard and Goodwin, Brian (2000) Signs of life: how complexity pervades biology, Basic Books, New York.

Eksterne henvisninger 

 The Emergent Universe : An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena, from ant colonies to Alzheimer's.
 Exploring Emergence : An introduction to emergence using CA and Conway's Game of Life from the MIT Media Lab
 ISCE group : Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
 Towards modeling of emergence : lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology
 Biomimetic Architecture - Emergence applied to building and construction