The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through KO2 cylinders, which absorb most of the CO2 and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and LiOH cylinders which absorb leftover CO2. The vehicle is protected during launch by a nose fairing, which is jettisoned after passing through the atmosphere. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control. ဂြိုဟ်ပတ်မော်ဂျူး ဆိုယုဇ်အာကာသယာဉ်၏အဆင်းမော်ဂျူးပုံ အဆင်းမော်ဂျူး (ရုရှဘာသာအားဖြင့်: спускаемый аппарат (СА); Spuskaemyi apparat (SA)) is used for launch and the journey back to Earth. Half of the reentry module is covered by a heat-resistant covering to protect it during re-entry; this half faces the Earth during re-entry. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere, then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the heat shield are fired to give a soft landing. One of the design requirements for the reentry module was for it to have the highest possible volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for this is a sphere, but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely ballistic reentry. Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high deceleration and cannot be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it was decided to go with the "headlight" shape that the Soyuz uses—a hemispherical forward area joined by a barely angled conical section (seven degrees) to a classic spherical section heat shield. This shape allows a small amount of lift to be generated due to the unequal weight distribution. The nickname was thought up at a time when nearly every headlight was circular. Small dimensions of the reentry module led to it having only two-man crews after the death of the Soyuz 11 crew. The later Soyuz T spacecraft solved this issue. Internal volume of Soyuz SA is 4 m³; 2.5 m³ is usable for crew (living space). အထိန်းမော်ဂျူး ဆိုယုဒ် ဇယားပုံစံ Thermal Control System—Sistema Obespecheniya Teplovogo Rezhima, SOTR Life Support System—Kompleks Sredstv Obespecheniya Zhiznideyatelnosti, KSOZh Power Supply System—Sistema Elektropitaniya, SEP Communication and Tracking Systems—Rassvet (Dawn) radio communications system, Onboard Measurement System (SBI), Kvant-V spacecraft control, Klyost-M television system, Orbit Radio Tracking (RKO) Onboard Complex Control System—Sistema Upravleniya Bortovym Kompleksom, SUBK Combined Propulsion System—Kompleksnaya Dvigatelnaya Ustanovka, KDU Chaika-3 Motion Control System (SUD) 'Optical/Visual Devices (OVP)—VSK-4 (Vizir Spetsialniy Kosmicheskiy-4),Night Vision Device (VNUK-K, Visir Nochnogo Upravleniya po Kursu), Docking light, Pilot's Sight (VP-1, Vizir Pilota-1), Laser Range Finder (LPR-1, Lazerniy Dalnomer-1) Kurs rendezvous system Docking System—Sistema Stykovki i Vnutrennego Perekhoda, SSVP Teleoperator Control Mode—Teleoperatorniy Rezhim Upravleniya, TORU Entry Actuators System—Sistema Ispolnitelnikh Organov Spuska, SIO-S Landing Aids Kit—Kompleks Sredstv Prizemleniya, KSP Portable Survival Kit—Nosimiy Avariyniy Zapas, NAZ, containing a TP-82 or other pistol Soyuz Launch Escape System—Sistema Avariynogo Spaseniya, SAS 600px|center ဆိုယုဇ်အာကာသယာဉ် ဂြိုဟ်ပတ်မော်ဂျူး (A) 1 ဆိုက်ကပ်စက်ပိုင်းများ 2 ကားစ်အင်တင်နာ 4 ကားစ်အင်တင်နာ 3 ရုပ်သံထုတ်လွှင့်သည့်အင်တင်နာ 5 ကင်မရာ 6 နောက်ဖုံး အဆင်းမော်ဂျူး(B) 7 လေထီးခန်း 8ပယ်ရီစကုပ် 9 ချောင်းကြည့်ပေါက် 11 အပူကာဒိုင်း အထိန်းမော်းဂျူး (C) 10 and 18 အမြင့်ထိန်းအင်ဂျင်များ 21 အောက်ဆီဂျင်အိုး 12 ကမ္ဘာအာရုံခံကိရိယာ 13 နေအာရုံခံကိရိယာ 14 နေရောင်ဖမ်းပြားချိတ်ရန်ငုတ်များ 16 ကားစ်အင်တင်နာ 15 အပူအာရုံခံကိရိယာ 17 ပင်မတွန်းကန်အား 20 လောင်စာအိုး 19 ဆက်သွယ်ရေးအင်တင်နာ Variants Soyuz 7K manned spacecraft concept (1963). Korolyov initially promoted the Soyuz A-B-V circumlunar complex (7K-9K-11K) concept (also known as L1) in which a two-man craft Soyuz 7K would rendezvous with other components (9K and 11K) in Earth orbit to assemble a lunar excursion vehicle, the components being delivered by the proven R-7 rocket. ပထမမျိုးဆက် Soyuz 7K-OKS for Salyut space stations. The manned Soyuz spacecraft can be classified into design generations. Soyuz 1 through Soyuz 11 (1967–1971) were first-generation vehicles, carrying a crew of up to three without spacesuits and distinguished from those following by their bent solar panels and their use of the Igla automatic docking navigation system, which required special radar antennas. This first generation encompassed the original Soyuz 7K-OK and the Soyuz 7K-OKS for docking with the Salyut 1 space station. The probe and drogue docking system permitted internal transfer of cosmonauts from the Soyuz to the station. The Soyuz 7K-L1 was designed to launch a crew from the Earth to circle the moon, and was the primary hope for a Soviet circumlunar flight. It had several test flights in the Zond program from 1967–1970 (Zond 4 to Zond 8), which produced multiple failures in the 7K-L1's re-entry systems. The remaining 7K-L1s were scrapped. The Soyuz 7K-L3 was designed and developed in parallel to the Soyuz 7K-L1, but was also scrapped. Soyuz 1 was plagued with technical issues, and cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov was killed when the spacecraft crashed during its return to Earth. This was the first in-flight fatality in the history of spaceflight. The next manned version of the Soyuz was the Soyuz 7K-OKS. It was designed for space station flights and had a docking port that allowed internal transfer between spacecraft. The Soyuz 7K-OKS had two manned flights, both in 1971. Soyuz 11, the second flight, depressurized upon re-entry, killing its three-man crew. ဒုတိယမျိုးဆက် Soyuz-T spacecraft. The third generation Soyuz-T (T: транспортный, Transportnyi meaning transport) spacecraft (1976–1986) featured solar panels allowing longer missions, a revised Igla rendezvous system and new translation/attitude thruster system on the Service module. It could carry a crew of three, now wearing spacesuits. စတုတ္ထမျိုးဆက် Soyuz-TM (1986-2003) The Soyuz TMA-6 Soyuz TMA (A: антропометрический, Antropometricheskii meaning anthropometric) features several changes to accommodate requirements requested by NASA in order to service the International Space Station, including more latitude in the height and weight of the crew and improved parachute systems. It is also the first expendable vehicle to feature "glass cockpit" technology. Soyuz-TMA looks identical to a Soyuz-TM spacecraft on the outside, but interior differences allow it to accommodate taller occupants with new adjustable crew couches. Soyuz TMA-M (2010/....) In 2004, Russian space officials announced that they intended to replace Soyuz with the new Kliper and Parom spacecraft by early 2011. Since then, Kliper appears to have been indefinitely postponed due to lack of government funding. It has since been announced that the Soyuz will use a new digital interior displays and updated docking equipment. This new version, known as Soyuz TMA-M, debuted on 7 October 2010 with the launch of TMA-01M, carrying the ISS Expedition 25 crew. Soyuz ACTS (2012/....) Soyuz ACTS (Advanced Crew Transportation System), also known as Soyuz-K, is a proposed version of the Soyuz design capable of achieving lunar orbit. The upgrades could include a new habitation module developed by the European Space Agency. A novel, rocket-based precision landing system may also be implemented. Missions could be launched from Baikonur or Guiana Space Centre.Advanced Crew Transportation System, ACTS Related craft The unmanned Progress spacecraft were derived from Soyuz and are used for servicing space stations. While not being direct derivatives of Soyuz, the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft and the Indian Orbital Vehicle follow the same general layout as that pioneered by Soyuz. General Electric published their Apollo D-2 in December 1961 at the American Astronautical Society symposium in Denver, CO. This American design has many similarities to the early Russian spacecraft designs. Operators Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 1966-1991 Russian Federation: 1992 to present အခြားကြည့်ရန် Spacecraft Sokol space suit Space exploration Human spaceflight ဓာတ်ပုံများ ကိုကား ပြင်ပလင့် Russia New Russian spaceship will be able to fly to Moon - space corp RSC Energia: Concept Of Russian Manned Space Navigation Development Mir Hardware Heritage David S. F. Portree, Mir Hardware Heritage , NASA RP-1357, 1995 Mir Hardware Heritage (wikisource) Information on Soyuz spacecraft OMWorld's ASTP Docking Trainer Page NASA - Russian Soyuz TMA Spacecraft Details Space Adventures circum-lunar mission - details Russian space agency video of roll-out and launch. Apollo D-2 Proposal by General Electric, Encyclopedia Astronautica။