брать (бер–) — to take беру, берёшь, берёт, берём ,берёте, берут вести (вед–) — to lead веду, ведёшь, ведёт, ведём, ведёте, ведут жить (жив–) — to live живу, живёшь, живёт, живём, живёте, живут звать (зов–) — to call зову, зовёшь, зовёт, зовём, зовёте, зовут давать (да–) — to give даю, даёшь, даёт, даём, даёте, дают идти (ид–) — to go иду, идёшь, идёт, идём, идёте, идут писать (пиш-) — to write (notice the с becomes a ш) пишу, пишешь, пишет, пишем, пишете, пишут The following verbs endings do not conform to the first or second conjugations. дать — to give дам, дашь, даст, дадим, дадите, дадут есть — to eat ем, ешь, ест, едим, едите, едят The following verbs are irregular in the first person. Notice the д becomes ж in the first person. This is a common irregularity on stems ending with д. ходить (ход–) — to walk хожу, ходишь, ходит, ходим, ходите, ходят ездить (езд–) — to travel езжу, ездишь, ездит, ездим, ездите, ездят видеть (вид–) — to see вижу, видишь, видит, видим, видите, видят Word formation Russian has on hand a set of prefixes, prepositional and adverbial in nature, as well as diminutive, augmentative, and frequentative suffixes and infixes. All of these can be stacked one upon the other, to produce multiple derivatives of a given word. Participles and other inflexional forms may also have a special connotation. For example: мысль"thought"мыслишка"a petty, cute or a silly thought"мыслища"a thought of fundamental import"мышление"thought; abstract thinking, ratiocination"мыслить"to think (as to cogitate)"смысл"meaning"осмыслить "to comprehend; to rationalize"переосмыслить"to reassess"переосмысливать"to be in the process of reassessing (something)"переосмысливаемый"(something) in the process of being considered in a new light"бессмыслица"nonsense"обессмыслить"to render meaningless"бессмысленный"meaningless"обессмысленный"rendered meaningless"необессмысленный"not rendered meaningless" Russian has also proved friendly to agglutinative compounds. As an extreme case: металлоломообеспечение"provision of scrap iron"металлоломообеспеченный"well supplied with scrap iron" Purists (as Dmitry Ushakov in the preface to his dictionary) frown on such words. But here is the name of a street in St. Petersburg: Каменноостровский проспект"Stone Island Avenue" Some linguists have suggested that Russian agglutination stems from Church Slavonic. In the twentieth century, abbreviated components appeared in the compound: управдом=управляющий домом"residence manager" Syntax The basic word order, both in conversation and the written language, is Subject Verb Object in transitive clauses, and free word order in intransitive clauses. However, because the relations are marked by inflection, considerable latitude in word order is allowed even in transitive clauses, and all the permutations can be used. For example, the words in the phrase "я пошёл в магазин" (I went to the shop) can be arranged Я пошёл в магазин. Я в магазин пошёл. Пошёл я в магазин. Пошёл в магазин я. В магазин я пошёл. В магазин пошёл я. while maintaining grammatical correctness. The word order expresses the logical stress, and the degree of definiteness. Primary emphasis tends to be initial, with a slightly weaker emphasis at the end. Negation Like most other languages but unlike English, multiple negatives are compulsory in Russian, as in никто никогда никому ничего не прощает "No-one ever forgives anyone for anything" (literally, "no-one never to no-one nothing does not forgive"). Coordination The most common types of coordination expressed by compound sentences in Russian are conjoining (Соединительные отношения), oppositional (Противительные отношения), and separative (Разделительные отношения). Additionally, the Russian grammar considers comparative (сопоставительные), complemental (присоединительные), and clarifying (пояснительные). Other flavors of the meanings may also be distinguished. Conjoining coordinations are formed with the help of the conjunctions "и", "да", "ни...ни" (simultaneous negation), также, тоже (the latter two have complemental flavor). Most commonly the conjoining coordination expresses enumeration, simultaneity or immediate sequence. They may also have a cause-effect flavor. Oppositional coordinations are formed with the help of the oppositional conjunctions а, но, да, однако, зато, же, etc. They express the semantic relations of opposition, comparison, incompatibility, restriction, or compensation. Separative coordinations are formed with the help of the separative conjunctions или, либо, ли...ли, то...то, etc., and are used to express alternation or incompatibility of things expressed in the coordinated sentences. Complemental and clarifying coordination expresses additional, but not subordinated, information related to the first sentence. Comparative coordination is a semantical flavor of the oppositional one. Common coordinating conjunctions include: и "and", enumerative, complemental; а "and", comparative, tending to "but"; но "but", oppositional; ибо "for", clarifying. The distinction between и and а is important. И implies a following complemental state that does not oppose the antecedent. А implies a following state that acts in opposition to the antecedent, but more weakly than но "but". они уехали,и мы уезжаемthey have departedand we are departingони уехали,а мы уезжаемthey have departed,while (but) we are (still) departingони уехали,но мы приезжаемthey have departed,but we are arriving The distinction between и and а developed after the medieval period; originally, и and а were closer in meaning. The unpunctuated ending of the Song of Igor illustrates the potential confusion. The final five words in modern spelling, князьям слава а дружине аминь can be understood either as "Glory to the princes and to their host! Amen." or "Glory to the princes, and amen (R.I.P.) to their troops". Although majority opinion is definitely with the first interpretation, there is no full consensus. The psychological difference between the two is quite obvious. Subordination Complementizers (subordinating conjunctions, adverbs, or adverbial phrases) include: если if; потому что , так как because чтобы in order to после того, как after хотя although In general, there are fewer subordinate clauses than in English, because the participles (причастие ) and adverbial participles (деепричастие ) often take the place of a relative pronoun/verb combination. For example: Вот человек,потерявший надежду.Here (is) a manwho has lost (all) hope.[lit. having lost hope]Гуляя по городу, всегдаостанавливаюсь у Ростральных колонн.When I go for a walk in the city, I alwayspause by the Rostral Columns.[lit. Walking in the city, I...] Absolute construction Despite the inflexional nature of Russian there is no equivalent in the modern language to the English nominative absolute or the Latin ablative absolute construction. The old language had an absolute construction, with the noun put into the dative. Like so many other archaisms, it is retained in Church Slavonic. Among the last known examples in literary Russian occurs in Radishchev's Journey from Petersburg to Moscow (Путешествие из Петербурга в Москву ), 1790: Едущу мне из Едрова, Анюта из мысли моей не выходила. "As I was leaving Yedrovo village, I could not stop thinking about Aniuta." References See also List of Russian language topics Reduplication in Russian language External links Interactive On-line Reference Grammar of Russian Wikibooks Russian Gramota.ru - dictionaries Wiktionary has word entries in Cyrillic with meanings and grammatical analysis in English Russian Wiktionary gives word meanings and grammatical analysis in Russian Online Russian grammar Russian grammar overview with practice tests Over 400 links to Russian Grammar articles around the Net Category:ဘာသာစကား Category:စာပေ။