For nouns ending in ие in the nominative singular, и is written. After a consonant use ь otherwise use й. Second declension - feminine nouns (primarily) SingularPlural Nominative -а -я -ия -ы1 -и -ииAccusative -у -ю -ию N1 or GGenitive -ы1 -и -ии - -ь -ийDative -е -е -ии -ам -ям -иямPrepositional -е -е -ии -ах -ях -ияхInstrumental -ой2 -ей3 -ией -ами -ями -иями After a sibilant or a velar (г, к, or х) consonant, и is written. After a sibilant, о is written when stressed; е when unstressed. After a soft consonant, ё is written when stressed; е when unstressed. Third declension SingularPlural Feminine Neuter Feminine Neuter Nominative -ь -мя -и -менаAccusative -ь -мя N or G -менаGenitive -и -мени -ей -мёнDative -и -мени -ям -менамPrepositional -и -мени -ях -менахInstrumental -ью -менем -ями -менами Adjectives Russian adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Declension SingularPlural Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative -ый -ая -ое -ыеAccusative N or G -ую -ое N or GGenitive -ого -ой -ого -ыхDative -ому -ой -ому -ымPrepositional -ом -ой -ом -ыхInstrumental -ым -ой -ым -ыми After a sibilant or velar consonant, и, instead of ы, is written. When a masculine adjectives ends in -ой, the -ой is stressed Russian differentiates between hard-stem (as above) and soft-stem adjectives. Note the following: Masculine adjectives ending in the nominative in ий and neuters in ее are declined as follows: его, ему, им, and ем. Feminine adjectives in яя are declined ей and юю. Plural adjectives in ие are declined их, им, ими and их. Pronouns Personal pronouns SingularPlural1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rdMasc.Fem.Neut. (English) I you (singular) he she it we you (plural) they Nominative я ты он она́ оно́ мы вы они́ Accusative меня́ тебя́ его́ её его́ нас вас их Genitive меня́ тебя́ его́ её его́ нас вас их Dative мне тебе́ ему́ ей ему́ нам вам им Prepositional обо мне о тебе́ о нём о ней о нём о наc о вас о них Instrumental мной тобой́ им ей им на́ми ва́ми и́ми Russian is subject to T-V distinction. The respectful form of the singular you is the same as the plural form, but beginning with a capital letter: Вы, Вас, Вам etc. Compare the distinction between du, sie and Sie in German. When a preposition is used directly before a 3rd-person pronoun, н- is prefixed: у него, с неё, etc. Because the prepositional case always occurs after a preposition, the third person prepositional always starts with an н-. Demonstrative pronouns этот "this" and тот "that" masculine neuter feminine plural masculine neuter feminine plural Nominative э́тот это э́та э́ти тот то та те Accusative N or G э́то э́ту N or G N or G то ту N or G Genitive э́того э́того э́той э́тих того́ того́ той тех Dative э́тому э́тому э́той э́тим тому́ тому́ той тем Prepositional об э́том об э́том об э́той об э́тих о том о том о той о тех Instrumental э́тим э́тим э́той э́тими тем тем той те́ми Possessive pronouns мой "my" and твой "your (sing.)" masculine neuter feminine plural masculine neuter feminine plural Nominative мой моё моя мои твой твоё твоя твои Accusative N or G моё мою N or G N or G твоё твою N or G Genitive моего моего моей моих твоего твоего твоей твоих Dative моему моему моей моим твоему твоему твоей твоим Prepositional о моём о моём о моей о моих о твоём о твоём о твоей о твоих Instrumental моим моим моей моими твоим твоим твоей твоими наш "our" and ваш "your (plur.)" masculine neuter feminine plural masculine neuter feminine plural Nominative наш наше наша наши ваш ваше ваша ваши Accusative N or G наше нашу N or G N or G ваше вашу N or G Genitive нашего нашего нашей наших вашего вашего вашей ваших Dative нашему нашему нашей нашим вашему вашему вашей вашим Prepositional о нашем о нашем о нашей о наших о вашем о вашем о вашей о ваших Instrumental нашим нашим нашей нашими вашим вашим вашей вашими The third person possessive pronouns его (masc./neut. sing.), её (fem. sing.) and их (plural) are invariant genitive forms. Interrogative pronouns кто "who" and что "what" кточто Nominative кто что Accusative кого что Genitive кого чего Dative кому чему Prepositional о ком о чём Instrumental кем чем чей "whose" masculine neuter feminine plural Nominative чей чьё чья чьи Accusative N or G чьё чью N or G Genitive чьего чьего чьей чьих Dative чьему чьему чьей чьим Prepositional о чьём о чьём о чьей о чьих Instrumental чьим чьим чьей чьими Numbers အရေအတွက်ပြ ဂဏာန်းများ 0 ноль or нуль သုံည 1 один одна одно (раз is used when counting) တစ် 2 два (m., n.), две (f.) နှစ် 3 три သုံး 4 четыре လေး 5 пять ငါး 6 шесть ခြောက် 7 семь ခုနှစ် 8 восемь ရှစ် 9 девять ကိုး 10 десять တစ်ဆယ် အဆင့်ပြ ဂဏာန်းများ Nominative case, အထီး ပုံစံ 1st первый ပထမ 2nd второй ဒုတိယ 3rd третий တတိယ 4th четвëртый စတုတ္ထ 5th пятый ပဥ္စမ 6th шестой ဆဌမ 7th седьмой သတ္တမ 8th восьмой အဌမ 9th девятый နဝမ 10th десятый ဒဿမ ကြိယာ Grammatical conjugation is subject to three persons in two numbers and two simple tenses (present/future and past), with periphrastic forms for the future and subjunctive, as well as imperative forms and present/past participles, distinguished by adjectival and adverbial usage (see adjectival participle and adverbial participle). There are two voices, active and middle/passive, which is constructed by the addition of a reflexive suffix -ся/сь/- to the active form. An interesting feature is that the past tense is actually made to agree in gender with the subject, for it is the participle in an originally periphrastic perfect tense formed with the present of быть (like the perfect passive tense in Latin), "to be", which is now omitted except for rare archaic effect, usually in set phrases (откуда есть пошла русская земля , "whence is come the Russian land", the opening of the Primary Chronicle in modern spelling). Verbal inflection today is considerably simpler than in Old Russian. The ancient aorist, imperfect, and (periphrastic) pluperfect tenses have been lost, though the aorist sporadically occurs in secular literature as late as the second half of the eighteenth century, and survives as an odd form in direct narration (а он пойди да скажи , etc., exactly equivalent to the English colloquial "so he goes and says"), recategorized as a usage of the imperative. The loss of three of the former six tenses has been offset by the development, as in other Slavic languages, of verbal aspect. Most verbs come in pairs, one with imperfective or continuous connotation, the other with perfective or completed, usually formed with a (prepositional) prefix, but occasionally using a different root. E.g., спать (to sleep) is imperfective; поспать (to take a nap) is perfective. The present tense of the verb быть is today normally used only in the third-person singular form, which is often used for all the persons and numbers. As late as the nineteenth century, the full conjugation, which today is never used, was somewhat more natural: forms occur in the Synodal Bible, in Dostoevsky and in the bylinas (былины ) or oral folk-epics, which were transcribed at that time. The paradigm shows as well as anything else the Indo-European affinity of Russian: အင်္ဂလိပ်ရုရှားIPAလက်တင်Classical ဂရိ "I am"(есмь)sumeimi"you are" (sing.)(еси)esei"he, she, it is"естьestesti"we are"(есмы)sumusesmen"you are" (plur.)(есте)estiseste"they are"сутьsunteisi Present-future tense There are two forms used to conjugate the present tense of imperfective verbs and the future tense of perfective verbs. The first conjugation (I) is used in verb stems ending in a consonant, -у, or -о, or in -а when not preceded by a sibilant: -у/-ю, -ешь, -ет, -ем, -ете, -ут/-ют -у/-ут is used after a hard consonant, a vowel or ш, щ or ч; otherwise -ю/-ют is used. A mutating ultimate consonant may cause ending change. е becomes ё when stressed. The second conjugation (II) is used in verb stems ending in -и or -е, or in -а when preceded by a sibilant: -у/-ю, -ишь, -ит, -им, -ите, -ат/ят -у/-ат is used after a hard consonant, a vowel or ш, щ or ч; otherwise -ю/-ят is used. Similar to the conjugation I, a mutating ultimate consonant may change an ending.Example: попро-сить — попро-шу, попро-сят (to have solicited — [I, they] will have solicited). Past tense The Russian past tense is gender specific: –л for masculine singular subjects, –ла for feminine singular subjects, –ло for neuter singular subjects, and –ли for plural subjects. This gender specificity applies to all persons; thus, to say "I slept", a male speaker would say я спал, while a female speaker would say я спала. Examples First conjugation вернуть — to return [something] (stem: верн–) я верну I will returnты вернёшь you will returnон, она, оно вернёт he, she, it will returnмы вернём we will returnвы вернёте you will returnони вернут they will return читать — to read (stem: чита–) я читаю I read (am reading, do read)ты читаешь you read (are reading, do read)он, она, оно читает he, she, it reads (is reading, does read)мы читаем we read (are reading, do read)вы читаете you (plural/formal) read (are reading, do read)они читают they read (are reading, do read) Second conjugation говорить — to speak (stem: говор–) я говорю I speak (am speaking, do speak)ты говоришь you speak (are speaking, do speak)он, она, оно говорит he, she, it speaks (is speaking, does speak)мы говорим we speak (are speaking, do speak)вы говорите you (plural/formal) speak (are speaking, do speak)они говорят they speak (are speaking, do speak) ပုံမှန် မဟုတ်သော ကြိယာများ The following verbs have a stem change. The stem part of the verb is in the parentheses. ပုံမှန် အဆုံးစကားလုံးများ ဖြစ်သည်။