A more successful standard eventually emerged from the work of the committee of specialists charged with the task of creating the Luxemburger Wörterbuch, published in 5 volumes between 1950 and 1977. The orthographic conventions adopted in this decades-long project, set out in Bruch (1955), provided the basis of the standard orthography that became official on 10 October 1975.Mémorial B no. 68 (16 November 1976), pp. 1365–90: "Arrêté ministériel du 10 octobre 1975 portant réforme du système officiel d'orthographe luxembourgeoise". Modifications to this standard were proposed by the Permanent Council of the Luxembourguish language and adopted officially in the spelling reform of 30 July 1999. A detailed explanation of current practice for Luxembourgish can be found in Schanen & Lulling (2003). Alphabet The Luxembourgish alphabet consists of the 26 Latin letters plus three letters with diacritics: , , and . In loanwords from French and Standard German, other diacritics are usually preserved: French: , , , etc. German: , (from German ), etc. In German loanwords, the digraphs and indicate the diphthong , which does not appear in native words. Orthography of vowels {| class="wikitable" |+ Monophthongs ! Spelling ! IPA ! Example |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | a | | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | | |- | aa | |- | ä | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | e | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | | |- | ë | |- | é | | |- | ee | | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | i | | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | | |- | ii | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | o | | |- | rowspan="2" | | |- | oo | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | u | | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | | |- | uu | |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Diphthongs ! Spelling ! IPA ! Example |- | ai | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | | |- | ei | |- | äi | | |- | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | au | | |- | | |- | éi | | |- | | rowspan="2" | | |- | ier | |- | ou | | |- | ue | rowspan="2" | | |- | uer | |} {| class="wikitable" |+ r-vocalization ! Spelling ! IPA ! Example |- | ar | rowspan="2" | | |- | aar | |- | är | rowspan="2" | | |- | äer | |- | er | | |- | ir | rowspan="2" | | |- | ier | |- | or | rowspan="2" | | |- | oer | |- | ur | rowspan="2" | | |- | uer | |} Eifeler Regel Like many other varieties of Western High German, Luxembourgish has a rule of final n-deletion in certain contexts. The effects of this rule (known as the "Eifel Rule") are indicated in writing, and therefore must be taken into account when spelling words and morphemes ending in or . For example: "when I go", but "when we go" "thirty-five", but "forty-five". Phonology "Moien" ("Hello"): Sculpture (approx. 2 meters high) in the Justus-Lipsius building during the Luxembourgish EU-Presidency, first half of 2005 Note: Words spoken in sound clip do not reflect all words on this list. DutchLuxembourgishStandard GermanEnglish Ja. Jo. Ja.Yes. Nee(n). Nee(n). Nein.No. Misschien, wellicht Vläicht. Vielleicht.Maybe. Hallo. (also moi in the north and east) Moien. Hallo. (also Moin in the north)Hello. Goedemorgen. Gudde Moien. Guten Morgen.Good Morning. Goedendag. or Goedemiddag. Gudde Mëtteg. Guten Tag.Good Afternoon. Goedenavond. Gudden Owend. Guten Abend.Good Evening. Tot ziens. Äddi. Auf Wiedersehen.Goodbye. Dank u. or Merci. (Belgium) Merci. Danke.Thank you. Waarom? or Waarvoor? Firwat? Warum? or Wofür?Why, What for Ik weet het niet. Ech weess net. Ich weiß nicht.I don't know. Ik versta het niet. Ech verstinn net. Ich verstehe nicht.I don't understand. Excuseer mij. or Wablief? (Belgium) Watgelift? or Entschëllegt? Entschuldigung?Excuse me? Slagerszoon. Metzleschjong. Metzgersohn. / Metzgerjunge.Butcher's son. Spreek je Duits/Frans/Engels? Schwätzt dir Däitsch/Franséisch/Englesch? Sprichst du Deutsch/Französisch/Englisch?Do you speak German/French/English? Hoe heet je? Wéi heeschs du? Wie heißt du?What is your name? Hoe gaat het? Wéi geet et? Wie geht's?How are you?, How is it going? Politiek Fatsoen. Politeschen Anstand. Politischer Anstand.Political Decency Zo. Sou. So.So. Vrij. Fräi. Frei.Free. Thuis. Heem. zu Hause. / Heim.Home. Ik. Ech. Ich.I. En. An. Und.And. Mijn. Mäin. Mein.My. Ezel. Iesel. Esel.donkey, ass. Met. Mat. Mit.With. Kind. Kand. Kind.Child, Kid Weg. Wee. Weg.Way. Aardappel. Gromper. Kartoffel/Erdapfel.Potato. Brood. Brout. Brot.Bread. Neologisms Neologisms in Luxembourgish include both entirely new words, and the attachment of new meanings to old words in everyday speech. The most recent neologisms come from the English language in the fields of telecommunications, computer science, and the Internet. Recent neologisms in Luxembourgish include:Lulling, Jérôme. (2002) La créativité lexicale en luxembourgeois, Doctoral thesis, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III direct loans from English: Browser, Spam, CD, Fitness, Come-back, Terminal, Hip, Cool, Tip-top also found in German: Sichmaschinn (search engine, German: Suchmaschine), schwaarzt Lach (black hole, German: Schwarzes Loch), Handy (mobile phone), Websäit (webpage, German: Webseite) native Luxembourgish déck as an emphatic like ganz and voll, e.g. Dëse Kuch ass déck gutt! ("This cake is really good!") recent expressions, used mainly by teenagers: oh mëllen! ("oh crazy"), en décke gelénkt ("you've been tricked") or cassé (French for "(you've been) owned") Academic projects Between 2000 and 2002, Luxembourgish linguist Jérôme Lulling compiled a lexical database of 125,000-word forms as the basis for the first Luxembourgish spellchecker (Projet C.ORT.IN.A). The LaF (Lëtzebuergesch als Friemsprooch – Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language) is a set of four language proficiency certifications for Luxembourgish and follows the ALTE framework of language examination standards. The tests are administered by the Institut National des Langues Luxembourg. The "Centre for Luxembourg Studies" at the University of Sheffield was founded in 1995 on the initiative of Professor Gerald Newton. It is supported by the government of Luxembourg which funds an endowed chair in Luxembourg Studies at the university. The first class of students to study the language outside of the country as undergraduate students began their studies at the 'Centre for Luxembourg Studies' at Sheffield in the academic year 2011–2012. Endangered status claims UNESCO declared Luxembourgish to be an endangered language in 2019, adding it to its Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Additionally, some local media have argued that the Luxembourgish language is at risk of disappearing, and that it should be considered an endangered language. Even though the government claims that more people than ever are able to speak Luxembourgish, these are absolute numbers and often include the many naturalized citizens who have passed the Sproochentest, a language test that certifies the knowledge of merely A.2. in speaking and B.1. in understanding. Luxembourgish language expert and historian Alain Atten argues that not only the absolute number of Luxembourgish speakers should be considered when defining the status of a language, but also the proportion of speakers in a country. Noting that the proportion of native Luxembourgish speakers has decreased in recent decades, Atten believes that Luxembourgish will inevitably disappear, stating: "It is simple math, if there are about 70% foreigners and about 30% Luxembourgers (which is the case in Luxembourg City), then it can impossibly be said that Luxembourgish is thriving. That would be very improbable." Alain Atten also points out that the situation is even more dramatic, since the cited percentages take only the residents of Luxembourg into account, excluding the 200,000 cross-border-workers present in the country on a daily basis. This group plays a major role in the daily use of languages in Luxembourg, thus further lowering the percentage of Luxembourgish speakers present in the country. The following numbers are based on statistics by STATEC (those since 2011) and show that the percentage of the population that is able to speak Luxembourgish has been constantly diminishing for years (Note that the 200,000 cross-border workers are not included in this statistic): + Year ရာခိုင်နှုန်း 1846 99.0% 1900 88.0% 1983 80.6% 2011 70.51% 2012 70.07% 2013 69.65% 2014 69.17% 2015 68.78% 2016 68.35% 2017 67.77% It has also been argued that two very similar languages, Alsatian and Lorraine Franconian, which were very broadly spoken by the local populations at the beginning of the 20th century in Alsace and in Lorraine respectively, have been nearly completely supplanted by French, and that a similar fate could also be possible for Luxembourgish. Another example of the replacement of Luxembourgish by French occurred in Arelerland (historically a part of Luxembourg, today in Belgium), where the vast majority of the local population spoke Luxembourgish as a native language well into the 20th century. Today, Luxembourgish is nearly extinct in this region, having been replaced by French. According to some Luxembourgish news media and members of Actioun Lëtzebuergesch (an association for the preservation and promotion of the language), the biggest threat to the existence of Luxembourgish is indeed French, since French is the predominant language of most official documents and street signs in Luxembourg, thus considerably weakening the possibilitiy for Luxembourgish learners to practice the newly learned language. In most cases this passively forces expats to learn French instead of Luxembourgish. In 2021 it was announced that public announcements in Luxembourgish (and in German as well) at Luxembourg Airport would cease; it would only be using French and English for future public announcements. This will cause Luxembourgish to go disused at Luxembourg Airport after many decades. Actioun Lëtzebuergesch declared itself to be hugely upset by this new governmental measure, citing that other airports in the world seem to have no problems making public announcements in multiple languages. According to a poll conducted by AL, 92.84% of the Luxembourgish population wished to have public announcements to be made in Luxembourgish at Luxembourg Airport. Further fears of Luxembourgish's replacement by French were fueled in 2021 when ASTI (Association de Soutien aux Travailleurs Immigrés) wished to see Luxembourgish removed as the national language of Luxembourg (as written in the constitution), claiming that the national language of Luxembourg should by law be defined as the one that is most used in the local population, hinting that French would be the better choice. According to ADR politician Fred Keup, Luxembourgish is already on its way to complete replacement by French. See also Erna Hennicot-Schoepges Literature of Luxembourg Luxembourgish Swadesh List Multilingualism in Luxembourg Notes and references မှတ်စု ကိုးကား Bibliography Bruch, Robert. (1955) Précis de grammaire luxembourgeoise. Bulletin Linguistique et Ethnologique de l'Institut Grand-Ducal, Luxembourg, Linden. (2nd edition of 1968) Schanen, François and Lulling, Jérôme. (2003) Introduction à l'orthographe luxembourgeoise. (text available in French and Luxembourgish) နောက်ထပ်ဖတ်ရန် In English NEWTON, Gerald (ed.), Luxembourg and Lëtzebuergesch: Language and Communication at the Crossroads of Europe, Oxford, 1996, In French BRAUN, Josy, et al. (en coll. avec Projet Moien), Grammaire de la langue luxembourgeoise. Luxembourg, Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle 2005. SCHANEN, François, Parlons Luxembourgeois, Langue et culture linguistique d'un petit pays au coeur de l'Europe. Paris, L'Harmattan 2004, SCHANEN, François / ZIMMER, Jacqui, 1,2,3 Lëtzebuergesch Grammaire. Band 1: Le groupe verbal. Band 2: Le groupe nominal. Band 3:L'orthographe. Esch-sur-Alzette, éditions Schortgen, 2005 et 2006 SCHANEN, François / ZIMMER, Jacqui, Lëtzebuergesch Grammaire luxembourgeoise. En un volume. Esch-sur-Alzette, éditions Schortgen, 2012. In Luxembourgish SCHANEN, François, Lëtzebuergesch Sproocherubriken. Esch-sur-Alzette, éditions Schortgen, 2013. Meyer, Antoine, E' Schrek ob de' lezeburger Parnassus, Lezeburg (Luxembourg), Lamort, 1829 In German BRUCH, Robert, Grundlegung einer Geschichte des Luxemburgischen, Luxembourg, Publications scientifiques et littéraires du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 1953, vol. I; Das Luxemburgische im westfränkischen Kreis, Luxembourg, Publications scientifiques et littéraires du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 1954, vol. II MOULIN, Claudine and Nübling, Damaris (publisher): Perspektiven einer linguistischen Luxemburgistik. Studien zu Diachronie und Synchronie., Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, 2006. This book has been published with the support of the Fonds National de la Recherche BERG, Guy, Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sin: Soziolinguistische und sprachtypologische Betrachtungen zur luxemburgischen Mehrsprachigkeit., Tübingen, 1993 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 140). (phrasebook) REMUS, Joscha, Lëtzebuergesch Wort für Wort. Kauderwelsch Band 104. Bielefeld, Reise Know-How Verlag 1997. WELSCHBILLIG Myriam, SCHANEN François, Jérôme Lulling, Luxdico Deutsch: Luxemburgisch ↔ Deutsches Wörterbuch, Luxemburg (Éditions Schortgen) 2008, Luxdico Deutsch ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်များ Conseil Permanent de la Langue Luxembourgeoise Spellcheckers and dictionaries Spellcheckers for Luxembourgish: Spellchecker.lu, Spellchecker.lu - Richteg Lëtzebuergesch schreiwen Luxdico online dictionary (24.000 words) Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire (Luxembourgish Online Dictionary) with German, French and Portuguese translations created by the CPLL dico.lu – Dictionnaire Luxembourgeois//Français Luxembourgish Dictionary with pronunciation, translation to and from English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian Luxogramm – Information system for the Luxembourgish grammar (University of Luxembourg, LU) Category:လူဇင်ဘတ်နိုင်ငံ၏ ဘာသာစကားများ Category:ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ၏ ဘာသာစကားများ ကဏ္ဍ:ဘယ်လ်ဂျီယမ်နိုင်ငံ၏ ဘာသာစကားများ။