Wilhelm Richard Wagner (phat am /ˈrɪtʃərd ˈvɑːɡnər/, phat am tieng Đuc: [ˈʁicaʁt ˈvaɡnɐ]; sinh ngay 22 thang 5 nam 1813 tai Leipzig, nuoc Đuc – mat ngay 13 thang 2 nam 1883 tai Venice, nuoc Y) la nha soan nhac kiem nhac truong, đao dien kich va nha ly luan am nhac nguoi Đuc noi tieng boi cac tac pham opera (hay nhac kich theo cach goi sau nay). Khong nhu nhieu soan gia lon khac ong tu viet loi lan phan canh cho cac tac pham cua minh. Am nhac cua ong nhat la thoi ki sau nay tru danh boi cau truc đoi am (contrapuntal), phong phu chat nua cung (chromatism) lan giai đieu va hoa am, trau chuot theo mot mo-tip nen nhac luon thich hop voi tung nhan vat, tung phan canh trong nhac pham. Ong la nguoi tien phong dung nhung ki thuat rat kho trong am nhac nhu chat nua cung nghiem ngat, chuyen đoi am vuc rat nhanh va do đo đa tao anh huong sau rong đen su phat trien cua nen am nhac co đien tai chau Au.
Ong dien đat tu tuong am nhac cua ban than trong tac pham tong hop cac the loai am nhac, kich nghe, thi ca mang ten Gesamtkunstwerk (nghia la "hop tuyen"); chung đuoc co đong lai trong bon vo opera tieu bieu đuoc tom lai thanh tap Der Ring des Nibelungen nam 1876. Ong đa tu xay dung nha hat rieng Bayreuth Festspielhaus đe trinh dien tac pham minh nhu ong van hinh dung.


Tieu su = Thieu thoi =
Richard Wagner sinh tai Leipzig, so 3, Bruhl, la nguoi con thu 9 cua Carl Friedrich Wagner. Cha ong la mot thu ky trong so canh sat Leipzig va me ong, Johanna Rosine (nee Paetz), la con gai cua mot tho lam banh. Cha cua Wagner mat do benh sot phat ban 6 thang sau khi sinh Richard, sau đo Johanna bat đau song voi ban cua Carl, dien vien va la nha viet kich Ludwig Geyer. Vao thang 8 nam 1814 Johanna va Geyer co the đa cuoi nhau mac du khong co giay to ve viec nay o noi đang ky ket hon tai nha thoi Leipzig. Ba cung gia đinh doi đen noi o cua Geyer tai Dresden. Cho đen khi 14 tuoi, Wagner đuoc goi la Wilhelm Richard Geyer. Ong hau nhu nghi chac chac rang Geyer la cha đe cua minh.
Richard Wagner hoc am nhac kha muon, khi đa 15 tuoi.


= Thoi thanh nien =
Trong cac nam 1834-1839, Richard Wagner la nha soan nhac va nhac truong cua cac nha hat tai Magdeburg, Koenigsberg va Riga. Trong khoang thoi gian tu nam 1839 đen nam 1842, Wagner song trong kho cuc. Sau đo, ong tro ve Dresden va tro thanh nhac truong cua nha hat cua vua xu Saxony. 


= Tuoi trung nien =
Tuy nhien, su nghiep cua ong co phan gian đoan boi ong tham gia vao Cach mang Đuc, cu the la ong tham gia vao cuoc khoi nghia thang 5 nam 1849. Cuoc khoi nghia nay khong đi đen thanh cong, Wagner phai song luu vong tai Thuy Si, Y va Phap trong 10 nam lien va chi tro ve khi co lenh an xa. Tro ve Đuc, ong đat chan đen Munich. Sau đo, ong tiep tuc sinh song tai Vien. Wagner co nhung buoi luu dien tai Nga. 


= Luc gia =
Vao nam 1872, Wagner đinh cu o Bayreuth. Noi đay, ong nhan đuoc su ho tro tu vua Ludwig II cua Bayern. Nho co su giup đo nay, cong them so tien ong tich cop đuoc trong qua trinh bieu dien truoc đay, Wagner đa xay dung đuoc nha hat chuyen bieu dien nhung vo opera cua rieng ong. Thang 8 nam 1876, nha hat nay đuoc khanh thanh voi bo tu vo opera Der Ring des Nibelungen.


= Qua đoi =
Tu nam 1878, Wagner bat đau hung chiu nhung con đau tim đot ngot. Richard Wagner qua đoi vao ngay 13 thang 2 nam 1883 tai thanh pho Venice, Y, huong tho 69 tuoi.


Phong cach am nhac Richard Wagner đi vao lich su am nhac nhu la mot trong nhung nha soan nhac vi đai nhat va nha cai cach opera lon nhat. Muc đich cua Wagner khi tien hanh cai cach opera la sang lap mot loai tac pham thanh nhac-giao huong hoanh trang, co tieu đe, duoi hinh thuc mot vo kich, đe thay the moi kieu opera va giao huong đa co. Theo y tuong cua ong, the loai nay la mot vo nhac kich ma trong đo am nhac đuoc phat trien theo mot he thong nhung Leitmotif (am hinh chu đao) mieu ta khong nhung tinh cach cua cac nhan vat ma ca tinh cam cua ho. Am nhac o đay la mot dong chay lien tuc, lien ket moi tinh huong kich trong mot the thong nhat. Vi the, se khong con nhung tiet muc tron ven tach roi, vi du nhu aria di capo nhu cac vo opera truoc đay, ma la nhung đoan hat noi co giai đieu, bam sat tinh cam trong loi ca. Ngoai ra, opera cua Wagner con co nhung đoan chen đoc lap cua dan nhac giao huong. Đo la nhung đong gop cua Wagner cho am nhac giao huong the gioi.


Chu thich Tham khao Đoc them Beckett, Lucy, Richard Wagner: Parsifal, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Borchmeyer, Dieter 2003, "Drama and the World of Richard Wagner", Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11497-2
Burbidge, Peter and Sutton, Richard(eds.) 1979, "The Wagner Companion", Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29657-1
Carr, Jonathan The Wagner Clan: The Saga of Germany's Most Illustrious and Infamous Family. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2007. ISBN 0-87113-975-8
Dahlhaus, Carl (Mary Whittall trans.) 1979, Richard Wagner's Music Dramas, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22397-3
Dallas, Ian 1990, The New Wagnerian, Freiburg Books. ISBN 978-84-404-7475-9
Deathridge, John 2008 Wagner Beyond Good and Evil, Berkeley ISBN 978-0-520-25453-4
Gregor-Dellin, Martin 1983, Richard Wagner — His Life, His Work, His Century, Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-177151-6
Grey, Thomas S. 2008 The Cambridge Companion to Wagner, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6
Gutman, Robert W. 1990, Wagner — The Man, His Mind and His Music, Harvest Books. ISBN 978-0-15-677615-8
Katz, Jacob The Darker Side of Genius: Richard Wagner's Anti-Semitism, Hanover and London, 1986 ISBN 0-87451-368-5
Kershaw, Ian (1999), Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris, Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028898-8
Lee, M. Owen 1998, Wagner: The Terrible Man and His Truthful Art, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4721-2
Magee, Bryan 2001, The Tristan Chord: Wagner and Philosophy, Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7189-4
Magee, Bryan 1988, Aspects of Wagner, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284012-7
May, Thomas 2004, Decoding Wagner, Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-097-4
Millington, Barry (Ed.) (1992). The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. ISBN 0-02-871359-1
Newman, Ernest 1933, The Life of Richard Wagner, 4 vols. ISBN 978-0-685-14824-2 (the classic biography, superseded by newer research but still full of many valuable insights)
Nicholson, Christopher 2007, "Richard and Adolf: Did Richard Wagner incite Adolf Hitler to commit the Holocaust?", Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-360-2
Rose, Paul Lawrence, Wagner:Race and Revolution, London 1996 ISBN 0-571-17888-X
Runciman, J.F. 1913, Wagner, Project Gutenberg edition. here [1].
Salmi, Hannu 2005, Wagner and Wagnerism in Nineteenth-Century Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic Provinces: Reception, Enthusiasm, Cult, Eastman Studies in Music. University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-207-5
Salmi, Hannu 2000, Imagined Germany. Richard Wagner's National Utopia, Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8204-4416-1
Scruton, Roger 2003, Death-Devoted Heart: Sex and the Sacred in Wagner's 'Tristan and Isolde', Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516691-0
Shaw, George Bernard 1898, The Perfect Wagnerite
Spencer, Stewart 2000, Wagner Remembered, Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-19653-1
Stone, M. 1997, The Ring Disc: An Interactive Guide to Wagner's Ring Cycle, Media Cafe. ISBN 978-0-9657357-0-4
Tanner, M. 1995, Wagner, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10290-0
Wagner, Cosima (Geoffrey Skelton trans.), Diaries, 2 vols. ISBN 978-0-15-122635-1
Wagner, Richard (ed. and trans. Stewart Spencer and Barry Millington), Selected Letters of Richard Wagner, Dent, 1987. ISBN 0-460-04643-8; W. W. Norton and Company, 1987. ISBN 978-0-393-02500-2
Wagner, Richard (Andrew Gray trans.) 1992, My Life, Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80481-6 (Wagner's often unreliable autobiography, covering his life to 1864, written between 1865 and 1880 and first published privately in German in a small edition between 1870 and 1880. The first (edited) public edition appeared in 1911. Gray's translation is the most comprehensive available.)
Wagner's Ring Motifs, An Audio Guide. Translated by Stewart Spencer. Auricula, ISBN 978-3-936196-05-4


Lien ket ngoai The Best of Wagner


= Opera =
Richard Wagner Opera, Richard Wagner operas, Wagner Interviews, CDs, DVDs, Wagner Calender, Bayreuth Festival
Wagner Operas, site featuring photographs, video, MIDI files, scores, libretti, and commentary
RWagner.net Luu tru ngay 15 thang 12 nam 2007 tai Wayback Machine, contains libretti of his operas, with English translations
Wagner website Luu tru ngay 9 thang 11 nam 2006 tai Wayback Machine, assortment of articles on Wagner and his operas
Photo of Wagner's manuscript for the Bridal Chorus Luu tru ngay 11 thang 11 nam 2005 tai Wayback Machine
The Wagnerian Romances by Gertrude Hall


= Tac pham viet =
The Wagner Library Luu tru ngay 21 thang 2 nam 2011 tai Wayback Machine. English translations of Wagner's prose works, including some of Wagner's more notable essays.
Cac tac pham cua Richard Wagner tai Du an Gutenberg
My Life at Project Gutenberg [2], an early, incomplete, and not always accurate translation


= Hinh anh =
The Richard Wagner Postcard-Gallery. A gallery of historic postcards with motives from Richard Wagner's operas.
1869 Caricature of Richard Wagner by Andre Gill
gallica.bnf.fr Pictures of Richard Wagner and his family.


= Am nhac =

Free scores by Richard Wagner trong Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
KylesProject.com Luu tru ngay 27 thang 1 nam 2009 tai Wayback Machine, music of Wagner including his complete opera scores
Ban nhac mien phi boi Wagner tai Du an Thu vien Ban nhac Quoc te (IMSLP)
Ban mau:IckingArchive


= Khac =
The BBC Wagner profile
Bayreuth Festival
The National Archive of the Richard Wagner Foundation
'A Vulture is almost An Eagle' — the Jewishness of Richard Wagner Luu tru ngay 5 thang 2 nam 2007 tai Wayback Machine
The humanities.music.composers.wagner FAQ.
Richard Wagner Museum Luu tru ngay 27 thang 9 nam 2007 tai Wayback Machine in the country manor Triebschen beside Lucerne, Switzerland where he and Cosima lived and worked from 1866 to 1872.
Better to know by Edward Said, Le Monde diplomatique
The Wagner Tuba