Chon loc tu nhien la qua trinh phan hoa kha nang song sot va muc thanh đat sinh san cua cac kieu gen khac nhau trong quan the, tu đo dan đen đao thai cac kieu hinh kem thich nghi, đong thoi tang cuong kha nang song sot cua cac dang thich nghi, tao co hoi cho cac kieu gen thich nghi nay đong gop vao von gen cua quan the o the he sau.
Chon loc tu nhien la co che chu chot cua tien hoa. Thuat ngu "chon loc tu nhien" đuoc Charles Darwin đe xuat (nam 1859), đa đuoc khoa hoc chap nhan va pho bien rong rai.
Chon loc tu nhien la nen tang cua sinh hoc hien đai. Khai niem nay do Darwin va Alfred Russel Wallace trinh bay chung trong cac van ban vao nam 1858. Sau đo tong hop lai trong cuon sach mang tinh anh huong cua Darwin nam 1859 la On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Ong mo ta chon loc tu nhien cung tuong tu nhu chon loc nhan tao, la mot qua trinh ma đong vat va thuc vat co nhung đac điem ma cac nha lai tao coi la nen đuoc uu tien sinh san mot cach co he thong. Ban đau khai niem chon loc tu nhien phat trien khi chua co ly thuyet xac đang ve tinh di truyen; nghia la vao thoi điem Darwin viet bai, khoa hoc van chua phat trien cac ly thuyet hien đai ve di truyen hoc. Su ket hop giua thuyet tien hoa Darwin voi nhung kham pha trong nganh di truyen hoc co đien sau nay đa hinh thanh nen thuyet tien hoa tong hop giua the ky 20. Viec bo sung di truyen phan tu đa dan loi cho viec phat trien tien hoa sinh hoc, giai thich qua trinh tien hoa tinh tu cap đo phan tu. Trong khi kieu gen co the thay đoi tu tu dua tren qua trinh troi dat di truyen ngau nhien, thi chon loc tu nhien van la cach giai thich chinh cho qua trinhtien hoa thich nghi.


Lich su phat trien = Cac ly thuyet truoc thoi cua Darwin =

Mot so triet gia cua thoi đai co đien, bao gom ca Empedocles va nguoi ke tuc đay tri tue cua ong la nha tho La Ma Lucretius, bay to y tuong cho rang tu nhien sinh ra nhieu loai sinh vat mot cach ngau nhien, va chi nhung sinh vat co the song sot va sinh san thanh cong moi ton tai lau dai. Trong Quyen II cua sach Physics, Aristotle đa chi trich tu tuong cua Empedocles khi cho rang cac sinh vat hinh thanh hoan toan la do hoat đong ngau nhien cua cac nguyen nhan nhu nong va lanh. Ong đat vi tri muc đich luan vao vi tri cua no, va tin rang hinh thuc nay hoan toan la co muc đich, đong thoi trich dan tinh di truyen đeu đan o cac loai nhu mot bang chung. Tuy nhien, ong thua nhan trong thuyet sinh hoc rang cac loai đong vat moi, quai thai (τερας), co the xuat hien trong nhung truong hop rat hiem (Generation of Animals, Quyen IV). Trich dan trong an ban nam 1872 cua Darwin ve Nguon goc cac loai, Aristotle đa xem xet lieu cac dang khac nhau (vi du, rang) co the đa xuat hien mot cach ngau nhien hay la khong, hay chi nhung dang huu ich moi ton tai:Vay đieu gi can tro cac bo phan khac nhau [cua co the] khoi moi quan he đon thuan la ngau nhien nay trong tu nhien? chang han nhu rang moc len do no la đieu can thiet, rang truoc phai sac nhon, thich hop đe xe, rang ham phang, va co the dung đe nghien nho thuc an; vi chung khong đuoc tao ra vi muc đich nay, ma đo la ket qua cua su ngau nhien. Va theo cach tuong tu nhu đoi voi cac phan khac, ket luan o đay la trong đo duong nhu ton tai mot su thich nghi. Do đo, bat cu noi nao, tat ca moi thu cung nhau (tuc la tat ca cac bo phan cua mot tong the) xay ra nhu the chung đuoc tao ra vi loi ich cua mot cai gi đo, chung đuoc bao ton, cau thanh mot cach thich hop boi tinh tu phat ben trong, va bat ky thu gi khong đuoc cau thanh nhu vay, phai diet vong, va van đang tan lui đi.


Vi du Theo Darwin, cac loai se ong nghien cuu o quan đao Galapagos đeu co chung to tien tu mot loai se song tren đat lien ven bien Ecuador cach quan đao ngot 1000 km. Mot so ca the đau tien phat tan ra quan đao nay song sot, trai qua thoi gian lau dai đa thich nghi voi cac moi truong khac nhau, kieu hinh tuong tu nhau, nhung khac nhau đac biet ve cau tao mo, dan tro thanh cac loai moi, ma nguoi ta goi nhom loai nay la Se Darwin. Đo la ket qua cua chon loc tu nhien tren cung mot đoi tuong, tao thanh nhieu loai khac nhau. 


Vai tro Chon loc tu nhien rat quan trong trong qua trinh tien hoa cua cac loai sinh vat.


Tac đong Nhung y tuong cua Darwin, cung voi nhung y tuong cua Adam Smith va Karl Marx, đa co anh huong sau sac đen tu tuong the ky 19, bao gom ca tuyen bo cap tien cua ong cho rang "cac hinh thuc đuoc xay dung cong phu, rat khac nhau va phu thuoc vao nhau theo mot cach rat phuc tap" đa phat trien tu nhung hinh thuc đon gian nhat cua cuoc song bang mot vai nguyen tac đon gian. Đieu nay đa truyen cam hung cho mot so nguoi ung ho nhiet thanh nhat cua Darwin—va kich đong su phan đoi manh me nhat. Theo Stephen Jay Gould, chon loc tu nhien co suc manh đe "truat ngoi mot so thu sau tham va truyen thong nhat cua tu tuong phuong Tay", chang han nhu niem tin ve viec cho rang con nguoi co mot vi tri đac biet tren the gioi.
Theo cach noi cua nha triet hoc Daniel Dennett, "y tuong nguy hiem cua Darwin" ve su tien hoa do chon loc tu nhien la mot loai "axit van nang", khong the bi gioi han trong bat ky binh hay vat chua nao, vi no se som bi ro ri ra ngoai va se ngay cang lan rong ra. Do đo, trong suot nhung thap ky qua, khai niem chon loc tu nhien đa lan rong tu sinh hoc tien hoa sang cac nganh khac, bao gom tinh toan tien hoa, hoc thuyet Darwin luong tu, kinh te hoc tien hoa, nhan thuc luan tien hoa, tam ly hoc tien hoa va chon loc tu nhien vu tru. Kha nang ung dung khong gioi han nay đa đuoc goi la hoc thuyet Darwin pho quat.


Xem them Đot bien sinh hoc


Hinh anh Tham khao = Nguon =
Ariew, Andre (2002). "Platonic and Aristotelian Roots of Teleological Arguments" (PDF). Trong Ariew, Andre; Cummins, Robert; Perlman, Mark (bien tap). Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824103-4. LCCN 2002020184. OCLC 48965141. Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 19 thang 2 nam 2009.
Empedocles (1898). "Empedokles". Trong Fairbanks, Arthur (bien tap). The First Philosophers of Greece. Translation by Arthur Fairbanks. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. LCCN 03031810. OCLC 1376248. The First Philosophers of Greece tren Internet Archive.
Lucretius (1916). "Book V". Trong Leonard, William Ellery (bien tap). De rerum natura. Translated by William Ellery Leonard. Medford/Somerville, MA: Tufts University. OCLC 33233743.
Aristotle. Physics. Translated by R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye. The Internet Classics Archive. OCLC 54350394.
Lear, Jonathan (1988). Aristotle: The Desire to Understand. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34762-4. LCCN 87020284. OCLC 16352317.
Darwin, Charles (1872). The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (an ban thu 6). London: John Murray. OCLC 1185571.


Nghien cuu them Đoi voi đoc gia ky thuat
Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00613-5.
Maynard Smith, John (1993). The Theory of Evolution: Canto Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45128-0.
Popper, Karl (1978) Natural selection and the emergence of mind. Dialectica 32:339-55. See [1] Luu tru ngay 22 thang 4 nam 2021 tai Wayback Machine
Sober, Elliott (1984) The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus. University of Chicago Press.
Williams, George C. (1966) Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Oxford University Press.
Williams George C. (1992) Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges. Oxford University Press.
Đoi voi đoc gia noi chung
Dawkins, Richard (1996) Climbing Mount Improbable. Penguin Books, ISBN 0-670-85018-7.
Dennett, Daniel (1995) Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-684-82471-X.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1997) Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History. Norton, ISBN 0-393-06425-5.
Jones, Steve (2001) Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated. Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-42277-5. Also published in Britain under the title Almost like a whale: the origin of species updated. Doubleday. ISBN 1-86230-025-9.
Lewontin, Richard (1978) Adaptation. Scientific American 239:212-30
Mayr, Ernst (2001) What evolution is. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-60741-3
Weiner, Jonathan (1994) The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. Vintage Books, ISBN 0-679-73337-X.
Su hoc
Zirkle, C (1941). "Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Quyen 84 so 1. tr. 71–123.
Kohm M (2004) A Reason for Everything: Natural Selection and the English Imagination. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22392-3. For review, see [2] van Wyhe J (2005) Human Nature Review 5:1-4


Lien ket ngoai On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin – Chapter 4, Natural Selection
Natural Selection Luu tru ngay 3 thang 7 nam 2008 tai Wayback Machine- Modeling for Understanding in Science Education, University of Wisconsin
Natural Selection Luu tru ngay 15 thang 8 nam 2012 tai Wayback Machine from University of Berkeley education website
T. Ryan Gregory: Understanding Natural Selection: Essential Concepts and Common Misconceptions Evolution: Education and Outreach
ENCODE threads explorer Impact of functional information on understanding variation. Nature (journal)