Thanh đieu (tieng Anh: tone) la viec su dung cao đo trong ngon ngu đe phan biet nghia tu vung hoac ngu phap—đo la, đe phan biet hoac bien to tu. Tat ca ngon ngu noi su dung cao đo đe boc lo cam xuc va thong tin ngon ngu hoc phu khac va truyen đat su nhan manh, đo tuong phan va cac đac điem khac nhu vay trong cai đuoc goi la ngu đieu, nhung khong phai tat ca ngon ngu cung su dung thanh đieu đe phan biet tu va bien to cua chung, tuong tu voi phu am va nguyen am. Nhung ngon ngu co đac điem nay đuoc goi la ngon ngu thanh đieu; cac mau thanh đieu khac biet cua mot ngon ngu nhu vay thuong đuoc goi la thanh vi,, bang cach tuong tu voi am vi. Cac ngon ngu thanh đieu la pho bien o Đong va Đong Nam A, chau Phi, cac chau My va Thai Binh Duong.
Ngon ngu thanh đieu khac voi ngon ngu giong cao đo o cho cac ngon ngu thanh đieu co the co moi am tiet voi mot thanh đieu đoc lap trong khi cac ngon ngu giong cao đo co the co mot am tiet trong mot tu hoac hinh vi noi bat hon cac am tiet khac.


Chuc nang Nhieu ngon ngu su dung cao đo nhu la ngu đieu đe truyen đat ngon đieu va ngu dung, nhung đieu nay khong bien chung thanh ngon ngu thanh đieu. Trong cac ngon ngu thanh đieu, moi am tiet co mot đuong vien cao đo von co, va do đo ton tai cac cap tu toi thieu (hoac tap hop toi thieu lon hon) giua cac am tiet co cung đac điem phan đoan (phu am va nguyen am) nhung thanh đieu khac nhau. Tieng Viet va tieng Trung Quoc đa nghien cuu nhieu ve he thong thanh đieu, cung nhu giua cac phuong ngu khac nhau cua chung.
Duoi đay la bang sau thanh đieu tieng Viet va giong thanh đieu hoac dau phu tuong ung cua chung:


Cac ngon ngu co thanh đieu Hau het cac ngon ngu o chau Phi can Sahara đeu co thanh đieu, ngoai tru tieng Swahili o phia đong va tieng Wolof, tieng Fulani o phia tay. Nhom ngon ngu Tchad, nhom ngon ngu Omo va mot so nhanh mo rong cua nhom ngon ngu Cushit thuoc ngu he Phi-A la nhung ngon ngu co thanh đieu  trong khi cac ngon ngu chi em cua chung nhu nhom ngon ngu Semit, nhom ngon ngu Berber va tieng Ai Cap thi khong co thanh đieu.
Mot so ngon ngu o Đong A va Đong Nam A co thanh đieu, bao gom tat ca ngon ngu tai Trung Quoc , tieng Viet, tieng Thai va tieng Lao. Mot so ngon ngu Đong A nhu tieng Myanma, tieng Han va tieng Nhat co he thong thanh đieu đon gian hon. Tuy nhien, mot so ngon ngu trong vung nay hoan toan khong co thanh đieu nhu tieng Mong Co, tieng Khmer va tieng Ma Lai. Trong so nhom ngon ngu Tay Tang, tieng Trung Tang (gom cac phuong ngu o thu phu Lhasa) va tieng Tang Kham thi co thanh đieu, nguoc lai tieng Tang Amdo va teng Ladakh thi khong co.
Mot so ngon ngu ban đia o Bac My va Nam My co thanh đieu, nhu nhom ngon ngu Athabaska o Alaska va đong nam Hoa Ky (bao gom tieng Navajo), va đac biet la ngu he Oto-Mangue o Mexico. Ngu he Maya hau het khong co thanh đieu, tru tieng Maya Yucatec (co so nguoi noi lon nhat), tieng Uspantek va mot phuong ngu cua tieng Tzotzil co he thong thanh đieu đon gian.
Tai chau Au, tieng Na Uy, tieng Thuy Đien, tieng Latvia, tieng Litva, tieng Serbo-Croatia, mot so phuong ngu cua tieng Slovenia va tieng Limburg co he thong thanh đieu đon gian. Cac ngon ngu An-Au co thanh đieu khac, đuoc noi o tieu luc đia An Đo la tieng Punjab, tieng Lahnda, va nhom ngon ngu Tay Pahar.
Cac ngon ngu co thanh đieu bao gom:

Mot so ngon ngu Han-Tang, trong đo hau het la nhung ngon ngu quan trong. Mot so dang tieng Trung co thanh đieu phuc tap (ngoai tru tieng Thuong Hai); trong khi mot so ngon ngu Tang nhu tieng Tang Lhasa chuan, va tieng Bhutan co thanh đieu đon gian. Tuy nhien, tieng Nepal Bhasa, ngon ngu goc o Kathmandu, thi khong co thanh đieu, giong nhu mot so phuong ngu Tay Tang va nhieu ngon ngu Tang-Mien khac.
Trong Ngu he Nam A, tieng Viet va ngon ngu khac trong ngu chi Viet thi co he thong thanh đieu phuc tap. Cac ngon ngu khac cua ngu he nay nhu tieng Mon, tieng Khmer va cac ngon ngu Munda thi khong co thanh đieu.
Toan ngu he Tai-Kradai, đuoc su dung chu yeu o Trung Quoc, Viet Nam, Thai Lan va Lao, thi co he thong thanh đieu phuc tap.
Ngu he H'Mong-Mien co he thong thanh đieu phuc tap.
Nhieu ngon ngu Phi-A thuoc nhom ngon ngu Tchad, Cushit va Omo co he thong thanh đieu đon gian, nhu tieng Hausa o Tchad. Nhieu ngon ngu Omo kha phuc tap ve thanh đieu. Tuy nhien nhieu ngon ngu trong cac ngon ngon ngu neu tren nhu tieng Somali cua nhom ngon ngu Cushit khong co thanh đieu.
Đa phan ngu he Niger-Congo nhu tieng Ewe, tieng Igbo, tieng Lingala, tieng Maninka, tieng Yoruba va tieng Zulu, co he thong thanh đieu đon gian. Nhom ngon ngu Kru co he thong thanh đieu kin. Cac ngon ngu Niger-Congo khong thanh đieu đang chu y gom tieng Swahili, tieng Fula va tieng Wolof.
Hau nhu tat ca ngon ngu Nin-Sahara co he thong thanh đieu đon gian.
Tat ca cac ngon ngu Khoisan o Nam Phi co he thong thanh đieu kin.
Gan mot nua nhom ngon ngu Athabaska, nhu tieng Navajo, co he thong thanh đieu đon gian (cac ngon ngu o California, Oregon, mot so o Alaska)
Ngu he Iroquois co thanh đieu, nhu tieng Mohawk co ba thanh.
Tat ca cac ngon ngu Oto-Manguea co thanh đieu.
Tieng Viet su dung bang chu cai Latin va co sau thanh đieu đuoc ghi bang cac dau thanh đat tren hoac duoi nguyen am chinh: huyen, nga, hoi, sac, nang va khong dau (tuc khong co dau nao ca). Viec đat dau thanh đoi voi cac tu su dung am đem w ket hop voi nguyen am i (đuoc viet la uy) đong thoi khong co phu am cuoi hien đang con gay tranh cai.


Tham khao Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Đuc Thieu, Hoang Trong Phien, Co so ngon ngu hoc va tieng Viet, 2006
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Chu thich Lien ket ngoai World map of tone languages The World Atlas of Language Structures Online


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