Tieng Han Quoc, Tieng Han hay Han ngu (tieng Han: 한국어; Hanja: 韓國語; Romaja: Hangugeo; Han-Viet: Han Quoc ngu - cach goi cua Han Quoc) hoac Tieng Trieu Tien hay Trieu Tien ngu (tieng Trieu Tien: 조선어; Hancha: 朝鮮語; McCune–Reischauer: Chosono; Han-Viet: Trieu Tien tieng - cach goi cua Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Trieu Tien) la mot loai ngon ngu Đong A. Đay la ngon ngu pho dung nhat tai Đai Han Dan Quoc va Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Trieu Tien, đong thoi la ngon ngu chinh thuc cua ca hai mien Bac va Nam tren ban đao Trieu Tien. Tieng Han Quoc-Trieu Tien cung đuoc su dung rong rai o Dien Bien, Truong Bach - noi co đong đao cong đong nguoi goc Trieu Tien sinh song; cung mot so khu vuc khac cua Trung Quoc.
Viec phan loai pha he cho tieng Han Quoc-Trieu Tien hien van con đang gay ra nhieu tranh cai. Cac nha ngon ngu hoc cho rang ngon ngu nay thuoc ngu he Altai, mac du mot so khac thi lai cho rang đay la mot ngon ngu tach biet. Tieng Han Quoc ve ban chat la mot ngon ngu chap dinh ve mat hinh thai, co dang "chu-tan-đong" ve mat cu phap. Hien nay, tieng Han Quoc-Trieu Tien la bo phan quan trong hang đau trong qua trinh phat trien va su toan cau hoa cua bo mon Trieu Tien hoc cung nhu Đong A hoc.


Ten goi = Khai quat chung =
Ten goi cua ngon ngu nay hien đang đuoc đat co ban theo ten goi tai quoc gia ma no đuoc su dung, o Trieu Tien hoac Han Quoc, bang cach ghep đon gian "quoc gia + ngu/tieng" theo nguyen tac chu Han. Trong đo quoc gia la Han Quoc (한국 / 韓國 / Hanguk) hoac Trieu Tien (조선 / 朝鮮 / Choson) va ngu (trong tu ngon ngu, 어 / 語 / eo) hoac tieng (trong tu thuan Trieu Tien 말 / mal). Cac to hop ten goi đuoc tao lap mang đu y nghia bieu trung gom: Han Quoc ngu (한국어 / 韓國語 / Hangugeo), Han Quoc tieng (한국말 / 韓國말 / Hangukmal), Trieu Tien ngu (조선어 / 朝鮮語 / Chosono) va Trieu Tien tieng (조선말 / 朝鮮말 / Chosonmal).

Tai CHDCND Trieu Tien va CHND Trung Hoa (Dien Bien, Truong Bach), ngon ngu nay đuoc goi chinh thuc la Chosonmal co lien quan đen viec han che su dung va han che tam anh huong cua van hoa Trung Hoa thong qua chu Han. CHDCND Trieu Tien chon phuong ngu Binh An lam tieu chuan phat am, goi la Munhwao (문화어 / 文化語 / van hoa ngu, tuc "ngu đieu the hien van hoa").
Tai Han Quoc, ten goi pho quat la Hangugeo va lay phuong ngu Seoul lam phat am tieu chuan quoc gia, đat ten Pyojun-eo (표준어 / 標準語 / tieu chuan ngu).
Mot so ten goi khac đuoc chap nhan va van xuat hien pho bien trong giao tiep, nhu Gugeo (국어 / 國語 / Quoc ngu), Gungmun (국문 / 國文 / Quoc van), Urimal (우리말, "tieng cua chung ta"). Ngoai ra, nhung nguoi Trieu Tien di cu song tai Nga lai goi ngon ngu nay la Goryeomal (고려말 / 高麗말 / Cao Ly tieng).


= Tai Viet Nam =
Viet Nam đa thiet lap quan he ngoai giao voi hai quoc gia tren ban đao Trieu Tien o hai thoi điem khac nhau. Tuy chi moi gan đay nhung so voi CHDCND Trieu Tien von mang tinh huu nghi cong san thi quan he ngoai giao Viet Nam – Han Quoc đa phat trien manh me, sau rong, thiet thuc va phong phu hon rat nhieu, trai dai trong cac linh vuc tu van hoa, chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi cho đen thuong mai, an ninh, quoc phong va đac biet la trong giao duc. Do vay o Viet Nam, ngon ngu nay thuong đuoc goi la "tieng Han Quoc" hay "tieng Han" nhieu hon va pho bien hon so voi cach goi "tieng Trieu Tien".


= Su tuong đong =
Ca tieng Tamil va tieng Han đeu su dung rat nhieu kinh ngu va ngon ngu ton trong. Ca tieng Tamil va tieng Han đeu su dung trat tu tu chu ngu-tan ngu-đong tu. Jung Nam Kim, Chu tich Hiep hoi Nghien cuu Tamil Han Quoc, nguoi noi tieng Tamil, tuyen bo ong đa tim thay 500 tu giong nhau giua hai ngon ngu, chang han nhu “toi” la “naan” trong tieng Tamil va trong tieng Han, tuong tu “ban” la “ nee” trong ca hai. Ngoai nhung tu đo, nhung tu nhu amma (me), appa (bo), irrukke (nhu the nay, theo cach nay), v.v. cung co am tiet giong nhau o ca hai nen van hoa.


Phan loai va cac ngon ngu lien quan Viec phan loai tieng Trieu Tien van con nhieu tranh cai. Nhieu nha ngon ngu hoc Trieu Tien va phuong Tay nhan thay moi quan he ho hang voi ngu he Altai. Tuy nhien, đieu nay van chua đuoc chung minh ro rang, va nhieu nguoi van xem tieng Trieu Tien la mot ngon ngu biet lap (Language Isolate). Mot so khac lai cho rang co moi quan he gan gui giua tieng Nhat va tieng Trieu Tien.
Moi quan he cua tieng Trieu Tien voi cac ngon ngu Altai va ngon ngu Altai nguyen thuy đa đuoc đua ra, nhung gia thuyet nay nay đa phan bi bac bo. Tieng Trieu Tien giong voi cac ngon ngu Altai o cho chung đeu thieu mot so thanh phan ngu phap, bao gom so, giong, cac mao tu, su hinh thanh cau truc cac tu (fusional morphology), the va đai tu lien ket (Kim Namkil). Tieng Trieu Tien đac biet giong ve su hinh thanh cau truc tu voi mot so ngon ngu thuoc nhanh phia Đong cua nhom ngon ngu Turk trong he Altai, đac biet la tieng Yakut.
Kha nang ve quan ngu he giua tieng Trieu Tien va tieng Nhat la mot van đe nhay cam vi moi quan he lich su phuc tap giua hai nuoc nay. Kha nang ve quan ngu he giua Bach Te (百濟/백제/Baekje) va Nhat Ban đa đuoc nghien cuu, va cac nha ngon ngu hoc Trieu Tien chi ra moi giong nhau ve he thong am vi, bao gom viec mot so am khong co phu am cuoi. Ngoai ra, co rat nhieu tu giong nhau giua ngon ngu cua Bach Te va tieng Nhat, nhu mir va mi đeu đuoc dung đe chi "so 3".
Tieng Cao Cau Ly (高句麗/고구려/Koguryo) va tieng Bach Te đuoc xem la co lien he voi nhau, co the đeu cung xuat phat tu vuong quoc Co Trieu Tien (Kochoson) nhung trong co su cua Trieu Tien, Cao Cau Ly va Bach Te o mot phia va cac ngon ngu cua hai vuong quoc Tam Han (Samhan) va Tan La (新羅/신라/Silla) o phia kia, tuy vay nhieu hoc gia Trieu Tien tin rang chung co cung goc va la co so nen tang cho tieng Trieu Tien hien đai.


Phan bo đia ly Hau het cu dan noi ngon ngu nay song o CHDCND Trieu Tien va Han Quoc. Tuy nhien ngay nay, co mot bo phan nguoi Trieu Tien va nguoi Han Quoc đang lam viec va sinh song o Trung Quoc, Uc, Nga, Nhat Ban, Brasil, Canada, chau Au va My.


Tieng đia phuong Tieng Trieu Tien co rat nhieu tieng đia phuong, goi la 方言/방언/bang-eon - "phuong ngon", hay 사투리/saturi.
Tieng Han Quoc tieu chuan (標準語/표준어/Pyojuneo - tieu chuan ngu hay Pyojunmal) cua Han Quoc đuoc tieu chuan hoa dua tren tieng đia phuong cua cac khu vuc xung quanh Seoul, va Tieng Trieu Tien chuan dua tren tieng đia phuong xung quanh Binh Nhuong. Hai phuong ngu nay la nhu nhau (đeu la tieng đia phuong mien trung cua ban đao Trieu Tien) va nguoi Trieu Tien co the hieu đuoc tat ca cac phuong ngu, ngoai tru tho ngu cua đao Jeju. Phuong ngu Jeju đuoc xem nhu la mot thu tieng khac biet boi cac nha ngon ngu hoc Trieu Tien. Mot trong nhung khac biet đe y đuoc giua cac phuong ngu la cach nhan am: nguoi noi giong Seoul rat it khi nhan giong va tieng Han Quoc chuan co ngu am rat ngang; trong khi đo, nhung nguoi dung giong Gyeongsang co mot ngu đieu phat am nghe giong voi tieng chau Au hon đoi voi nhung nguoi phuong Tay.
Co mot lien he mat thiet giua cac tho ngu Trieu Tien nay va cac vung cua Trieu Tien, boi vi ranh gioi cua chung đa so đuoc xac đinh boi cac day nui va bien. Sau đay la liet ke ten cua cac tho ngu truyen thong va cac đia phuong tuong ung:


Phat am = Phu am =

Cac tu vi du cho cac phu am:


= Nguyen am =


Van pham Tieng Trieu Tien la mot ngon ngu chap dinh. Dang co ban cua mot cau trong tieng Trieu Tien la "chu ngu - tan ngu - đong tu" va tu bo nghia đung truoc tu đuoc bo nghia. Chu y la mot cau co the khong tuan thu trat tu "chu-tan-đong", tuy nhien, no phai ket thuc bang đong tu.
Trong tieng Trieu Tien, cac tu "khong can thiet" co the đuoc luoc bo khoi cau khi ma ngu nghia đa đuoc xac đinh. Neu dich sat nghia tung tu mot tu tieng Trieu Tien sang tieng Viet thi mot cuoc đoi thoai bang co dang nhu sau:

H: "가게에 가세요?" (gage-e gaseyo?)
G: "예." (ye.)
H: "cua hang-đen đi?"
G: "U."
trong tieng Viet se la:

H: "Đang đi đen cua hang a?"
G: "U."
Khac voi hau het cac ngon ngu chau Au, tieng Trieu Tien khong chia đong tu theo chu ngu va danh tu khong co giong ngu phap. Thay vao đo, đong tu đuoc chia phu thuoc vao thi va vao moi quan he giua nguoi noi voi nhau. Khi noi voi hay ve ban be, nguoi noi dung mot cach chia nhung voi bo me hay voi nhung nguoi đang kinh trong thi lai dung cach chia khac.


Tu vung Cot loi cua tu vung tieng Trieu Tien la tu cac tu co nguon goc Trieu Tien thuan tuy. Tuy nhien, khoang 70% tu vung, đac biet la cac thuat ngu khoa hoc, la cac tu Han-Trieu muon tu tieng Han. Con so nay gan nhu tuong đuong voi so luong tu Han Viet cua nguoi Viet. Ngoai ra cung co cac tu co goc tu tieng Mong Co, tieng Phan va mot so ngon ngu khac. Ngay nay, co nhieu tu muon tu cac ngon ngu chau Au nhu tieng Đuc va gan đay la tieng Anh.
Cac con so la mot vi du ve su vay muon. Giong nhu tieng Viet va tieng Nhat, tieng Trieu Tien co hai he thong so - mot he so thuan Trieu Tien va mot he so Han-Trieu (Han-Han).


He thong chu viet Trong lich su thi nguoi Trieu Tien su dung "Hanja" hay Han tu đe ky am cho ngon ngu cua minh. Vao the ky 15, vua Trieu Tien The Tong (世宗/세종) phat minh ra chu Han (조선글 - Choson'gul hay 한글 - Hangul), co the ket hop voi Hanja đe viet cac tu Han-Trieu. Tieng Trieu Tien la mot ngon ngu khong thanh đieu nen khi phat am cac tu Han-Trieu, nguoi Trieu Tien se phat am rat nhieu tu đong am, do vay, đe tranh tinh trang hieu sai nghia va dung sai tu, tai Han Quoc hien nay van day 1800 ky tu Hanja cho tre em, trong khi đo CHDCND Trieu Tien đa huy bo viec su dung chu Han trong he thong van noi va viet nay tu cach đay hang thap ky.
Choson'gul bao gom 24 ky tu - 14 phu am va 10 nguyen am ma chu yeu đuoc viet bang cac khoi am tiet gom 2 đen 5 thanh phan. Khac voi Han tu la chu bieu y, Choson'gul la chu bieu am (giong nhu Kana hay chu Quoc ngu). Đieu đo co nghia la, neu nguoi Viet đoc chu 男 la "nam", viet theo chu Quoc ngu la "n + a + m = nam" thi nguoi Trieu Tien cung phat am la "nam" va viet theo Choson'gul la ㄴ(n) + ㅏ(a) + ㅁ(m) = 남(nam)
Duoi đay la mot bang cac ky hieu cua bang chu cai tieng Trieu Tien va cac gia tri theo chuan bang mau tu phien am quoc te (IPA):

Tieng Trieu Tien hien đai su dung cac khoang trang đe phan biet giua cac tu, đay la mot đac điem khong thay o tieng Trung va tieng Nhat. Cac dau cau trong tieng Trieu Tien hau nhu giong voi cac dau cau o cac ky tu Latinh. Truoc đay, chu Trieu Tien đuoc viet doc theo cot tu tren xuong duoi, phai sang trai (kieu viet truyen thong Đong A, giong nhu nguoi Viet xua viet chu Han chu Nom thoi phong kien), nhung bay gio cung đuoc viet ngang tu trai sang phai, tren xuong duoi giong nhu cach viet chu Latinh cua phuong tay. Cach viet doc chi dung trong mot so truong hop nhu viet thu phap hay bien hieu quang cao doc.
Ngoai ra, đoi voi cac tin đo Hoi giao Han Quoc va nhung nguoi nhap cu goc Hoi giao đen Han Quoc con su dung them 1 bang chu cai nua co nguon goc A Rap, su dung van tu A rap đa đuoc bien đoi lai đe phu hop trong viec ghi am tieng Han, goi la bang chu cai "Kuryan".


Su khac biet ve ngon ngu giua CHDCND Trieu Tien va Han Quoc Tieng Trieu Tien su dung o Trieu Tien va Han Quoc the hien nhung khac biet trong phat am, chinh ta, ngu phap va tu vung.
Cach phat am o cac bang duoi đuoc the hien duoi dang Revised Romanization, McCune–Reischauer va Hangul.


= Phat am =
Mot so tu đuoc viet giong nhau nhung phat am khac nhau:


= Cach viet =
Mot so tu đuoc viet khac nhau giua mien Bac va mien Nam, nhung phat am thi giong nhau:


= Ca phat am va chu viet =

Ngoai ra, cac tu Han-Trieu co ket thuc la ㄷ hoac ㅅ (đeu phat am la /t/ khi o vi tri phu am cuoi) thi tieng tieu chuan mien Nam đoi thanh ㄹ /r/.


= Van pham =
Mot so phan van pham cung khac biet:


Xem them Tieu tu tieng Han
Han tu hon dung
Tu đe đem Trieu Tien


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Lien ket ngoai Tu lieu lien quan toi Korean language tai Wikimedia Commons
English-Korean Dictionary Luu tru ngay 5 thang 8 nam 2004 tai Wayback Machine
Korean - English Dictionary: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
Ethnologue report for Korean
Korea Fan Translated Term Handbook Luu tru ngay 10 thang 12 nam 2005 tai Wayback Machine
Korean Language Institute at Yonsei University
Korean Course at Sogang University
http://www.ickl.or.kr/ Luu tru ngay 10 thang 6 nam 2004 tai Wayback Machine International Circle of Korean Linguistics (ICKL)
International Association for Korean Language Education (IAKLE) Luu tru ngay 2 thang 2 nam 2006 tai Wayback Machine
Korean Language Study on the InterNET Luu tru ngay 1 thang 12 nam 2005 tai Wayback Machine
KOREAN through ENGLISH at Ministry of Culture and Tourism Luu tru ngay 24 thang 11 nam 2005 tai Wayback Machine
Naver dictionary site: Korean <=> Korean / English / Chinese / Japanese, English <=> English and Thesaurus (Collins), a Hanja dictionary, a terminology dictionary and a Korean encyclopaedia