Vua Arthur (tieng Anh: King Arthur, tieng Cymru: Brenin Arthur, Latin: Rex Arturus) la mot nhan vat huyen thoai tai Au chau trung đai, đuoc cho la nguoi bao ho Anh Quoc chong lai su xam lang cua nguoi Saxon đau the ky VI. Nhung tri thuc ve nhan vat Arthur phan lon đuoc tong hop tu van hoc dan gian, va viec ong co thuc su ton tai trong lich su hay khong van la mot van đe gay tranh cai boi cac su gia hien đai. Nguon goc xuat xu cua vua Arthur đuoc luom lat tu nhieu nguon khac nhau, bao gom cac cuon Annales Cambriae, Historia Brittonum, va cac ban bien chep cua linh muc Gildas. Ten vua Arthur cung xuat hien trong cac tap tho nhu Y Gododdin.
Ong đuoc coi la mot nha lanh đao huyen thoai nguoi Anh, theo lich su va cac tich truyen anh hung hiep si thoi Trung co, đa lanh đao cuoc chien ve quoc cua vuong quoc Anh chong lai su xam lang cua nguoi Saxon vao cuoi the ky thu 5 va đau the ky thu 6. Cac chi tiet trong cau chuyen ve Arthur chu yeu toi tu van hoc dan gian va sang tao van hoc, va su ton tai lich su cua ong van la mot van đe gay tranh cai giua cac nha su hoc hien đai. Nguon goc xuat xu thua thot cua Arthur đuoc luom lat tu nhieu nguon khac nhau, bao gom cac cuon Annales Cambriae, Historia Brittonum, va cac ban bien chep cua linh muc Gildas. Ten cua vua Arthur cung xuat hien trong cac nguon thi ca som hon nhu Y Gododdin.
Arthur la mot nhan vat trung tam trong cac huyen thoai tao nen Chu đe Van hoc Anh Trung co. Nhan vat Arthur huyen thoai đa phat trien toi tam mot nhan vat đuoc quan tam o muc đo quoc te, chu yeu thong qua su noi tieng cua Historia Regum Britanniae (Lich su cac vi vua cua Vuong quoc Anh), cuon bien nien su gia hieu ki ao va giau tri tuong tuong vao the ky 12 cua Geoffrey xu Monmouth. Trong mot vai cau chuyen va tho ca xu Wales va Breton co tu truoc tac pham nay, Arthur xuat hien voi tu cach la mot chien binh vi đai bao ve nuoc Anh khoi nhung ke thu la con nguoi va cac the luc sieu nhien, hoac la mot nhan vat huyen thoai cua van hoa dan gian, đoi khi gan lien voi the gioi ben kia cua xu Wales la Annwn. Nguoi ta khong biet đuoc muc đo ma Historia (hoan thanh nam 1138) đuoc phong theo cac nguon van hoc truoc đo la bao nhieu, thay vi đuoc sang tao boi chinh Geoffrey.
Mac du cac chu đe, su kien va nhan vat cua truyen thuyet ve Arthur rat đa dang va khong co phien ban kinh đien nao, phien ban su kien cua Geoffrey thuong đuoc dung lam điem khoi đau cho nhung cau chuyen sau nay. Geoffrey mieu ta Arthur la mot vi vua cua nuoc Anh đa đanh bai nguoi Saxon va thanh lap mot đe che rong lon. Nhieu yeu to va su co hien la mot phan khong the thieu cua cau chuyen ve Arthur xuat hien trong cuon Historia cua Geoffrey, bao gom cha cua Arthur, Uther Pendragon, phu thuy Merlin, vo cua Arthur, Guinevere, thanh kiem Excalibur, khai niem ve Arthur tai Tintagel, tran chien cuoi cung cua ong voi Mordred tai Camlann, va lan duong thuong cuoi cung o Avalon. Nha van nguoi Phap the ky 12 Chretien de Troyes, nguoi đa them Lancelot va Chen Thanh vao cau chuyen, đa khoi xuong the loai van hoc ki si Arthur, ma sau nay tro thanh mot bo phan quan trong cua van hoc Trung co. Trong nhung cau chuyen Phap nay, trong tam tuong thuat thuong chuyen tu ban than Vua Arthur sang cac nhan vat khac, chang han nhu cac Hiep si Ban tron khac nhau.
Van hoc chu đe Arthur phat trien manh trong thoi Trung co nhung suy yeu trong cac the ky tiep theo cho đen khi no trai qua mot su hoi sinh lon trong the ky 19. Trong the ky 21, huyen thoai ve vi vua nay van đuoc duy tri, khong chi trong van hoc ma con trong cac tac pham chuyen the cho nha hat, phim anh, truyen hinh, truyen tranh va cac phuong tien truyen thong khac.


Van đe hu thuc Nen tang lich su cua hinh tuong Vua Arthur tu lau đa tro thanh chu đe tranh luan cua cac hoc gia. Mot truong phai tu tuong, trich dan cac muc trong Historia Brittonum (Lich su nuoc Anh) va Annales Cambriae (Bien nien su xu Wales), xem Arthur nhu mot nhan vat lich su co thuc, mot lanh đao nguoi Anh thoi La Ma xam luoc tung chien đau chong lai đoi quan nguoi Anglo-Saxon xam luoc trong khoang thoi gian tu cuoi the ky thu 5 toi đau the ky thu 6. Historia Brittonum, mot tai lieu tong hop lich su Latin the ky thu 9 trong cac ban thao tim thay sau nay cho rang ong chinh la mot giao si xu Wales ten la Nennius, co đe cap đen du kien đau tien ve Vua Arthur, liet ke muoi hai tran chien ma Arthur đa tham gia. Trong nhung tran chien nay, đat đinh cao nhat co the ke đen Tran Mons Badonicus, noi ong đuoc cho la mot minh ha guc 960 nguoi. Tuy nhien, cac nghien cuu gan đay đat nghi van ve đo tin cay cua Historia Brittonum.
Mot van ban khac co ve ung ho truong hop ton tai trong lich su cua Arthur la Annales Cambriae, ra đoi vao the ky 10, cung lien ket Arthur voi Tran Mons Badonicus. Annales xac đinh thoi đien dien ra tran chien nay roi vao khoang 516–518, va cung nhac toi Tran Camlann, ma o đo Arthur va Medraut (Mordred) đeu bi giet, roi vao khoang nam 537–539. Nhung chi tiet nay thuong đuoc su dung đe cung co niem tin vao mo ta trong Historia, va xac nhan rang Arthur that su đa tham gia tran chien o Badon. Tuy nhien, nhieu van đe đa đuoc chi ra, voi viec su dung nguon tu lieu nay đe ung ho mo ta trong Historia Brittonum. Nghien cuu moi nhat chi ra rang Annales Cambriae đuoc dua tren mot cuon bien nien su đuoc bat đau ghi chep vao cuoi the ky thu 8 o Wales. Ngoai ra, lich su nguyen van phuc tap cua Annales Cambriae loai bo kha nang bien nien su ve Arthur đa đuoc them vao ngay tu đau. Chung co nhieu kha nang đuoc them vao o mot vai thoi điem trong the ky thu 10 va co the chua tung ton tai trong bat ky bo bien nien su nao truoc đo. Muc ve Badon trong cuon sach co le bat nguon tu Historia Brittonum.
Su thieu bang chung thuyet phuc tu thoi so khai nay la li do ma nhieu nha su hoc hien tai loai bo Arthur khoi cac mo ta cua ho ve thoi ky Anh quoc tieu La Ma. Duoi goc nhin cua nha su hoc Thomas Charles-Edwards, "o giai đoan đieu tra nay, nguoi ta chi co the noi rang co the co mot Arthur trong lich su [nhung...] nha su hoc hien chua the noi gi ve gia tri cua ong ta". Nhung thua nhan rang co su thieu hieu biet nhu the nay trong thoi điem hien tai la mot xu huong co lien quan gan đay; cac the he nha su hoc truoc đo thuong it hoai nghi hon ve đieu đo. Nha su hoc John Morris cho rang trieu đai gia đinh cua Arthur chinh la nguyen tac to chuc cua lich su Anh va Ireland thoi tieu La Ma trong cuon The Age of Arthur (Thoi đai Arthur,1973). Ke ca nhu vay, ong khong tim thay du kien nao đu suc nang đe noi rang co ton tai mot Arthur trong lich su.
Mot phan toi tu viec phan ung lai voi cac ly thuyet nhu vay, mot truong phai tu tuong khac xuat hien lap luan rang chua tung co su xuat hien nao cua Arthur trong lich su. Cuon sach Age of Arthur cua Morris đa khien cho nha khao co hoc Nowell Myres đua ra nhan xet rang "khong co nhan vat ngoai ria lich su va huyen tich nao ton nhieu thoi gian cua cac nha su hoc đen vay". Cuoc but chien xay ra vao the ky thu sau cua Gildas trong De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (Ve su đieu tan va chinh phat nuoc Anh), đuoc viet bang nhung ki uc khi song o Badon, co nhac đen cuoc chien, nhung khong he nhac toi Arthur. Arthur khong đuoc nhac đen trong cuon Bien nien su Anglo-Saxon, hay đuoc nhac ten trong bat ki ban thao nao con ton tai đuoc viet trong khoang tu nam 400 toi 820. Ong vang mat trong cuon Lich su Giao hoi cua nguoi Anh vao đau the ky thu 8 cua Bede, mot nguon tu lieu lon khac thuo so khai tu lich su hau La Ma co nhac toi Badon. Nha su hoc David Dumville viet: "Toi nghi rang chung ta co the loai bo ong ta [Arthur], ngan gon la nhu vay. Ong ta chiu on vi tri cua minh trong cac cuon sach lich su cua chung ta boi mot truong phai tu tuong 'khong co lua lam sao co khoi' ... Su that cua van đe o đay la khong he co chung cu lich su nao ve Arthur; chung ta phai loai ong khoi lich su cua chung ta, va, tren het, la khoi cac tua sach cua chung ta."
Mot so hoc gia cho rang Arthur ban đau von la mot anh hung hu cau cua dan gian—hoac tham chi la mot vi than gan nhu đa bi lang quen cua nguoi Celt—nguoi đa đuoc ghi danh voi nhung chien cong thuc su trong qua khu xa xoi. Ho trich dan nhung su tuong đong voi cac nhan vat nhu Hengist va Horsa nguoi Kent, nhung vi co the la than voi hinh dang ngua đuoc luu tren totem, ma sau nay đuoc lich su hoa. Bede gan cho nhung nhan vat huyen thoai nay mot vai tro lich su trong cuoc chinh phat mien Đong nuoc Anh cua nguoi Anglo-Saxon vao the ky thu 5. Trong cac van ban thuo so khai, nguoi ta tham chi con khong the chac chan rang Arthur đuoc coi la mot vi vua. Ca Historia va Annales đeu khong goi ong la "rex": quyen sach đau thay vao đo goi ong la  "dux bellorum" (lanh đao chien tran) va "miles" (linh).
Cac tai lieu lich su ve thoi ky hau La Ma rat khan hiem, vi vay viec ton tai mot cau tra loi dut khoat cho cau hoi ve viec co hay khong su ton tai trong lich su cua Arthur la khong kha thi. Nhieu vi tri va đia điem đa đuoc đinh nghia la "co lien quan đen Arthur" tu the ky thu 12, nhung khao co hoc co the tu tin kham pha ra nhung cai ten chi tu cac chu khac đuoc tim thay trong nhung boi canh chac chan. Vat đuoc goi la "hon đa Arthur", đuoc tim thay vao nam 1998 trong so nhung tan tich cua Lau đai Tintagel o Cornwall trong pham vi thoi gian chac chan tu the ky thu 6, đa thu hut đoi chut su chu y nhung khong co su lien quan nao. Cac bang chung bang chu khac khac ve Arthur, bao gom thap gia Glastonbury, gap phai nhung cao buoc gia mao.
Mot vai nhan vat lich su đuoc đe xuat la co so đe xay dung nen hinh tuong Arthur, trai dai tu Lucius Artorius Castus, mot chi huy quan đoi La Ma đong quan o Anh trong the ky thu 2 hoac thu 3, cho toi nhung nguoi cai tri Anh quoc thoi tieu La Ma nhu Riotamus, Ambrosius Aurelianus, Owain Ddantgwyn, va Athrwys ap Meurig. Tuy nhien, nguoi ta khong tim thay bang chung thuyet phuc nao cho nhung nhan dien nay.


Danh hieu Nguon goc ten goi bang tieng Wales "Arthur" van con la mot van đe đuoc tranh luan. Tu nguyen đuoc chap nhan rong rai nhat bat nguon tu nomen gentile (ten ho) Artorius co trong tieng La Ma. Ban than Artorius co tu goc toi nghia va gay tranh cai, nhung co the co goc tu tieng Messapia hoac Etrusca. Nha ngon ngu hoc Stephan Zimmer goi y rang Artorius co the co nguon goc tu tieng Celt, la dang Latin hoa cua mot ten gia thuyet *Artorijos, ten nay toi tu mot ten đat theo ho cha co đai *Arto-rig-ios, nghia la "con trai cua vua gau/vua chien binh". Ten đat theo ho cha nay khong đuoc kiem chung, nhung tu goc, *arto-rig, "vua gau/vua chien binh", la goc cua ten rieng trong tieng Ireland co đai Artri. Mot so hoc gia cho rang no co lien quan đen cuoc tranh luan nay rang ten cua vi Vua Arthur huyen thoai nay chi đuoc ghi la Arthur hoac Arturus trong cac van ban tieng Latin đau tien ve Arthur, chua bao gio co dang Artorius (mac du tu tieng Latin co đien Artorius bi bien đoi tro thanh Arturius trong mot so phuong ngu Latin thong dung). Tuy nhien, đieu nay co the khong noi len bat cu đieu gi ve nguon goc cua ten goi Arthur, khi Artorius thuong se đuoc chuyen thanh Art(h)ur khi đuoc muon sang tieng Wales.
Mot dan xuat khac ve Arthur thuong đuoc đe xuat tu tieng Wales arth "gau" + (g)wr "nguoi" (truoc đo la *Arto-uiros trong cac thu tieng Celt goc Anh, hay Brittonic) khong đuoc chap nhan boi cac hoc gia hien đai vi cac ly do ve am vi hoc va chinh ta. Đang chu y, mot ten ghep Brittonic *Arto-uiros nen tao nen tieng Wales co *Artgur (voi u đai dien cho nguyen am ngan /u/) va tieng Wales trung đai/hien đai *Arthwr, chu khong phai Arthur (voi u la nguyen am dai /ʉː/). Trong tho ca bang tieng Wales, ten goi nay thuong đuoc ghi la Arthur, va chi đuoc gieo van bang nhung tu ket thuc bang chu -ur—chua bao gio cac tu ket thuc bang -wr—xac nhan rang am tiet thu hai khong the la [g]wr "nguoi".
Mot gia thuyet thay the, chi đuoc chap thuan mot cac han che giua cac hoc gia chuyen nghiep, cho rang ten goi Arthur bat nguon tu Arcturus, ngoi sao sang nhat trong chom sao Bootes (Muc Phu), gan sao Đai Hung (Gau Lon). Tu Arcturus trong tieng Latin co đien cung co the tro thanh Art(h)ur khi đuoc muon qua tieng Wales, va đo sang va vi tri cua no tren bau troi khien moi nguoi coi no la "nguoi giu gau" (la nghia cua ten goi nay trong tieng Hy Lap co đai) va la "thu linh" cua cac ngoi sao khac trong chom Muc Phu.


Lich su Mot so tai lieu cho rang nhan vat Arthur Rong Chua (Anh ngu trung đai: Arthur Pendragon) thuc su đa ton tai o khoang cuoi the ki thu V đau the ki thu VI, truyen thuyet rang, sau khi vua Uther Pendragon mat, toan bo nuoc Anh tro nen loan lac, cac hiep si trong vuong quoc cau xe lan nhau tranh gianh quyen luc do nha vua khong co con noi doi, roi phap su Merlin xuat hien va ban bac voi cac giam muc vung Canterbury xem ai rut đuoc thanh guom ma vi than ban tang tren phien đa truoc nha tho thi nguoi đo se la vua nuoc Anh... Tat ca cac hiep si đuoc moi đen đeu khong rut đuoc thanh guom tren phien đa ra. Arthur luc bay gio chi la mot chang trai tre - đuoc Hau tuoc Ector nhan lam con nuoi. Truoc đo khi chua ai rut đuoc thanh guom bau ra khoi đa thi cac hiep si đa nhat tri rang vao ngay đau nam ho se to chuc mot cuoc tranh tai va hiep si nao cung co quyen đuoc đang ki du thi. Kay - con đe cua hau tuoc Ector cung đen du va anh nhan ra la minh đa bo quen kiem o nha. Anh nho Arthur ve nha lay thanh kiem cho minh, do cua nha đa bi khoa nen Arthur đanh "muon tam" thanh kiem cam o tang đa nha tho đe đua cho Kay va tinh co Arthur đa tro thanh vua, khi len ngoi vua, ong đa thong nhat nuoc Anh. Sau khi chien tranh ket thuc, ong quyet đinh tra lai cay kiem bang cach nem xuong ho, nhung đuoc than ho ban tang cay kiem khac.


= Đua con hoang =
Uther Pendragon, vua cua nuoc Anh, yeu say đam Igrayne, phu nhan cua cong tuoc Gorlois xu Cornwall nhung nang đa tu choi tinh cam nay do lo so toi van su cua hai nuoc. Uther than tho khi bi tu choi đam đo benh mot thoi gian dai... Khap vuong quoc Anh chi co mot nguoi co the giai tru đuoc đieu nay la Merlin, bac thay phu thuy voi quyen nang phep thuat sieu pham khong ai co the sanh đuoc luc đo. Ngai đa đuoc trieu tap toi lau đai noi tri vi cua Uther đe chua benh cho nha vua.
Merlin giup Uther hoa than thanh chinh Gorlois (phu quan cua Igrayne) va an nam voi nang. Chang bao lau sau Igrayne sinh ha ra mot đua con vua "bat hop phap". Lo so truoc su viec nay se gay moi thu han giua cac vuong quoc va đua con khong chinh thuc cua minh se bi sat hai, Uther đa lenh cho phu thuy Merlin đua đua be vua ha sinh va giao cho vo chong Ector cham soc. Đua be đo đuoc đat ten la Arthur.


= Thanh guom trong đa =
Thoi gian troi đi, vi vua Uther đay quyen luc cua nuoc Anh bat đau gia yeu va benh tat. Đa đen luc Anh quoc can mot vi vua tre hon, tai gioi hon va co tam huyet hon. Truoc khi ngai bang ha, Uther đe lai di chieu voi cac nam tuoc đang te tuu xung quanh minh rang Arthur, con trai cua nguoi se ke ke vi ngoi vua. Arthur la ai? Sao chua tung ai biet hay nghe thay cai ten đo bao gio?... Rat nhieu cau hoi ngon ngang trong đau moi nguoi khi chi vua kip noi xong cai ten ke ke vi, Uther buong thong hai tay xuong. Ngai đa ve Nuoc Chua.
Mot ngay no, nguoi ta phat hien thay co mot thanh kiem bi an xuat hien o ngay gan nha tho, cam sau tren mot tang đa khac hang chu:

Thanh guom la nay đa lam day len long tham ve quyen luc cua rat nhieu nguoi. Cac nguoi quy toc tu khap noi quy tu ve voi tham vong co the tro thanh vua cua vuong quoc Anh hung manh. Ho dung het suc manh cua minh đe nhac đuoc thanh guom len, khong tu bo moi thu đoan, suc nguoi, suc vat... Nhung khong mot ai co the khien thanh guom di chuyen du chi mot tac.
Roi chang trai tre đo xuat hien. Mot con nguoi binh di, song duoi su che tro yeu thuong cua Ector. Artorigus tre tuoi cua chung ta, trong mat cac quy toc chi la mot chang trai thuong dan khong hon khong kem, hoan toan khong co huyet thong hoang gia. Chang cung đen thu "van may" nhu bao nguoi binh di khac. Va Arthur đa rut đuoc thanh guom ra khoi tang đa trong su bang hoang, nghi ngo va đo ki cua tat ca nguoi xung quanh.
Moi nguoi ban tin ban nghi ve Arthur cung nhu nguon goc thanh kiem, tham chi con co ke phi bang, cao buoc rang Artorigus su dung ta phep nao đo yem bua len thanh kiem. Bau khong khi tro nen cang thang tot đo... Co nhung ke đa san sang lam le am sat Arthur, va chi voi nguoi cha duong Ector va mot vai toan linh thi kho co the bao ve Arthur luc nay. Bong tu giua khoang khong buoc ra phu thuy Merlin. Xuat hien giua đam đong, Merlin - con nguoi đuoc tin tuong bac nhat bay lau nay tai nuoc Anh, lien tran an moi nguoi va tiet lo than phan that cua chang tre:

Moi than dan moi tho phao nhe nhom va mung ro an tam vi nuoc Anh đa tim đuoc mot vi vua tre tuoi xung đang. Sir Ector, nguoi cham duong Arthur bay lau cung con trai cua minh, Sir Kay, ho vui mung sung suong tot đo va the trung thanh voi tan vuong Arthur.
Nhung khong phai ai cung vui mung truoc su kien nay. Con đo 11 vi vua vi đo ki thu ghet ma khong chap nhan Arthur la lanh tu hop phap cua Anh Quoc, ho chuan bi san mot ke hoach đong binh day loan. Biet đuoc tin nay, Arthur gui loi moi giup đo toi Vua Ban va Vua Bohort (can phan biet Bors the Elder đe am chi cha cua Borz, nguoi ve sau cung tro thanh mot trong nhung hiep si Ban Tron). Khong mot chut ngan ngai, Vua Bohort, Vua Ban (anh trai cua Vua Bohort) va con trai cua ong - Lancelot - hop suc Arthur đanh bai đuoc bon tao phan. Ke tu đo, Arthur tro thanh vua chinh thuc cua Anh Quoc.


= Mam tai ach =
Morgana co mot lai lich kha phuc tap. Ba la ai nu cua cong tuoc Gorlois va Igrayne (nguoi đa bi Uther Pendragon thong dam va sinh ha Arthur). Ba ket hon voi vua Lot va sinh đuoc bon đua con: Gawayn, Agravain, Gaheris va Gareth. Vi the, ba la chi cung me khac cha cua Arthur.
Sau cai chet cua phu quan trong cuoc tranh đau tao phan Arthur, Morgana xin kien dien nha vua đe đua tin, nhung thuc ra đe do tham cung đien cua ong. Sau đem ai an cung nhau, Arthur đa co mot đua con trai voi Morgana, ten la Modred.
Su ra đoi cua Mordred khong qua mat đuoc lao phu thuy Merlin. Ong đa nhin thay truoc đuoc tuong lai u am cua vua Arthur bao quanh su hien dien cua đua be nay. Ong tien tri rang vua đa co con voi chinh chi minh, va khi lon len đua be đo se huy diet Anh Quoc. Arthur dan cam thay kinh hai. Theo loi khuyen cua Merlin, Arthur ha lenh giet tat ca tre con đuoc sinh ngay 1 thang 5 trong cuong tho cua minh voi hi vong co the giet đuoc Mordred. Tat ca đeu chet vi đam thuyen, tru Mordred.


= Excalibur =

Sau mot cuoc chien quyet liet voi Sir Pellynore, vua Arthur chiu thua va bi đanh gay thanh guom trong đa. Ong vo cung đau kho va that vong. Mot lan nua, Merlin lai ra tay yem tro. Merlin dan Arthur đi đen mot khu rung, cang đi quang canh cang tinh lang va đay suong mu. Arthur khong biet rang minh đuoc dan đi đau, chi cam giac đuoc rang minh đang đi dan xuong, cho đen khi nuoc bat đau dang len tu tu, truoc mat Arthur thay la mot ho nuoc - hay bien ca - khong biet đuoc, chi thay no dai vo tan.
Arthur hoi Merlin: "Đay la chon nao ?". "Đay la ho nuoc vo tan", Merlin noi: "Ngai se đen noi nay them lan nua, khi ngai chet". Noi xong, Merlin chi tay ra mat ho. Arthur nhin theo va thay mot ban tay, mac gam trang, cam mot thanh guom đep ruc ro đang troi giua dong. Bong co mot a voi khuon mat yeu kieu ma đay sau bi đa trong chiec be xuat hien tu luc nao. Merlin noi rang đo la nu than ho, hay hoi thang than, ba se trao cho ngai thanh guom kia. Arthur that tha hoi ba rang minh co the xin thanh guom khong, than đap:

Arthur ung thuan va đon lay guom bau. "Ten no la Excalibur", noi xong nu than khuat dan sau lan suong. Excalibur hien nay cung la mot trong nhung thanh kiem huyen thoai.


= Hoi ban tron =
Khi du hanh toi Camylard, Arthur lan đau tien gap Guinevere - ai nu cua vua Lodegrean. Guinevere la cong chua co nhan sac tuyet tran tua nu than vay. Arthur va Guinevere yeu nhau đam đuoi ngay tu cai nhin đau tien. Nhung them lan nua, Merlin nhin thay nhung điem toi quanh so phan Arthur va canh bao rang sau nay chinh Guinevere la nguyen nhan gay nen su suy vong cua vuong quoc, cung nhu thi roi se phan boi vua. Nhung tinh yeu cua ho qua sau đam va mu quang luc đo khien Arthur bo ngoai tai nhung loi ran đe cua thay phu thuy, quyet đinh cuoi Guinevere va phong lam vuong hau cua Anh Quoc.
Khong con cach nao khac, Merlin đanh chap thuan va sap xep đam cuoi cho ho. Trong cai ngay trong đai, Lodegrean tang qua cuoi cho Arthur va vuong hau la chiec ban tron co 150 cho va them 100 hiep si đe tro giup nha vua. Chiec ban tron đo đuoc xem la bieu tuong cho su đoan ket, toan ven va truong cuu cua Arthur cung cac hiep si cua minh.


Van hoa Tai Au chau, Bac My va Trung Hoa co han dong nghien cuu Arthur va cac huyen tich xoay quanh. Tat ca thuong đuoc goi chung la Thoi đai Arthur hoac Ky nguyen Arthur.
Tai Anh quoc, trung danh cua ba nguoi ke ngoi Charles, William, Louis lay cam hung tu nhan vat huyen huyen nay.


Xem them Mabinogi
Tristan va Iseut
Chua te nhung chiec nhan
Lam Son thuc luc


Tham khao = Tai lieu =

"Arthur (king)". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Arthur (king)" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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= Tu lieu =
Historic Basis for King Arthur Luu tru ngay 1 thang 12 nam 2017 tai Wayback Machine
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Bromwich, Rachel; Evans, D. Simon (1992), Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 978-0-7083-1127-1.
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Burns, E. Jane (1985), Arthurian Fictions: Re-reading the Vulgate Cycle, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8142-0387-3.
Carey, John (1999), "The Finding of Arthur's Grave: A Story from Clonmacnoise?", trong Carey, John; Koch, John T.; Lambert, Pierre-Yves (bien tap), Ildanach Ildirech. A Festschrift for Proinsias Mac Cana, Andover: Celtic Studies Publications, tr. 1–14, ISBN 978-1-891271-01-4.
Carley, J. P. (1984), "Polydore Vergil and John Leland on King Arthur: The Battle of the Books", Arthurian Interpretations (15): 86–100.
Chambers, Edmund Kerchever (1964), Arthur of Britain, Speculum Historiale.
Charles-Edwards, Thomas M. (1991), "The Arthur of History", trong Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (bien tap), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, tr. 15–32, ISBN 978-0-7083-1107-3.
Coe, John B.; Young, Simon (1995), The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend, Felinfach, Lampeter: Llanerch, ISBN 978-1-897853-83-2.
Crick, Julia C. (1989), The "Historia regum Britanniae" of Geoffrey of Monmouth. 3: A Summary Catalogue of the Manuscripts, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-85991-213-6.
Dumville, D. N. (1977), "Sub-Roman Britain: History and Legend", History, 62 (62): 173–92, doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1977.tb02335.x.
Dumville, D. N. (1986), "The Historical Value of the Historia Brittonum", Arthurian Literature (6): 1–26.
Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1949), The Waste Land and Other Poems, London: Faber and Faber, OCLC 56866661.
Field, P. J. C. (1993), The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-585-16570-7.
Field, P. J. C. (1998), Malory: Texts and Sources, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-85991-536-6.
Ford, P. K. (1983), "On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (30): 268–73.
Forbush, William Byron; Forbush, Dascomb (1915), The Knights of King Arthur: How To Begin and What To Do, The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester, Ban goc luu tru ngay 10 thang 5 nam 2008, truy cap ngay 22 thang 5 nam 2008.
Gamerschlag, K. (1983), "Tom Thumb und Konig Arthur; oder: Der Daumling als Maßstab der Welt. Beobachtungen zu dreihundertfunfzig Jahren gemeinsamer Geschichte", Anglia (bang tieng Đuc) (101): 361–91.
Gilbert, Adrian; Wilson, Alan; Blackett, Baram (1998), The Holy Kingdom, London: Corgi, ISBN 978-0-552-14489-6.
Green, Thomas (1998), "The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur", Thomas Green's Arthurian Resources, truy cap ngay 22 thang 5 nam 2008.
Green, Thomas (ngay 31 thang 7 nam 2007), "Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant Killer: Two Arthurian Fairytales?", Folklore, 118 (2): 123–40, doi:10.1080/00155870701337296. (EBSCO subscription required.)
Green, Thomas (2007b), Concepts of Arthur, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 978-0-7524-4461-1.
Haycock, M. (1983–84), "Preiddeu Annwn and the Figure of Taliesin", Studia Celtica' (18/19): 52–78.
Haycock, M. (2007), Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin, Aberystwyth: CMCS, ISBN 978-0-9527478-9-5.
Hardy, Thomas (1923), The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse: A New Version of an Old Story Arranged as a Play for Mummers, in One Act, Requiring No Theatre or Scenery, London: Macmillan, OCLC 1124753.
Harty, Kevin J. (1996), "Films", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 152–155, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Harty, Kevin J. (1997), "Arthurian Film", Arthuriana/Camelot Project Bibliography, Ban goc luu tru ngay 24 thang 5 nam 2008, truy cap ngay 22 thang 5 nam 2008.
Heroic Age (Spring–Summer 1999), "Early Medieval Tintagel: An Interview with Archaeologists Rachel Harry and Kevin Brady", The Heroic Age (1), Ban goc luu tru ngay 21 thang 8 nam 2014, truy cap ngay 20 thang 3 nam 2017.
Higham, N. J. (2002), King Arthur, Myth-Making and History, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-21305-9.
Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas, bien tap (1949), The Mabinogion, London: Dent, OCLC 17884380.
Johnson, Flint (2002), The British Sources of the Abduction and Grail Romances, University Press of America.
Kibler, William; Carroll, Carleton W., bien tap (1991), Chretien de Troyes: Arthurian Romances, London: Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-044521-3.
Koch, John T. (1996), "The Celtic Lands", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research, New York: Garland, tr. 239–322, ISBN 978-0-8153-2160-6.
Koch, John T.; Carey, John (1994), The Celtic Heroic Age: Literary Sources for Ancient Celtic Europe and Early Ireland and Wales, Malden, MA: Celtic Studies Publications, ISBN 978-0-9642446-2-7.
Lacy, Norris J. (1992–96), Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, New York: Garland, ISBN 978-0-8153-0757-0. 5 vols.
Lacy, Norris J. (1996a), "Character of Arthur", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 16–17, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Lacy, Norris J. (1996b), "Chretien de Troyes", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 88–91, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Lacy, Norris J. (1996c), "Nine Worthies", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 344, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Lacy, Norris J. (1996d), "Popular Culture", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 363–64, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Lagorio, V. M. (1996), "Bradley, Marion Zimmer", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 57, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Lanier, Sidney, bien tap (1881), The Boy's Mabinogion: being the earliest Welsh tales of King Arthur in the famous Red Book of Hergest, Illustrated by Alfred Fredericks, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Lanier, Sidney, bien tap (1922), The Boy's King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory's History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table, Illustrated by N.C. Wyeth, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Littleton, C. Scott; Malcor, Linda A. (1994), From Scythia to Camelot: A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail, New York: Garland, ISBN 978-0-8153-1496-7.
Loomis, Roger Sherman (1956), "The Arthurian Legend before 1139", trong Loomis, Roger Sherman (bien tap), Wales and the Arthurian Legend, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, tr. 179–220, OCLC 2792376.
Lupack, Alan; Lupack, Barbara (1991), King Arthur in America, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, ISBN 978-0-85991-543-4.
Lupack, Alan (2002), "Preface", trong Sklar, Elizabeth Sherr; Hoffman, Donald L. (bien tap), King Arthur in Popular Culture, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, tr. 1–3, ISBN 978-0-7864-1257-0.
Malone, Kemp (thang 5 nam 1925), "Artorius", Modern Philology, 22 (4): 367–74, doi:10.1086/387553, JSTOR 433555. (JSTOR subscription required.)
Mancoff, Debra N. (1990), The Arthurian Revival in Victorian Art, New York: Garland, ISBN 978-0-8240-7040-3.
Masefield, John (1927), Tristan and Isolt: A Play in Verse, London: Heinemann, OCLC 4787138.
Merriman, James Douglas (1973), The Flower of Kings: A Study of the Arthurian Legend in England Between 1485 and 1835, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, ISBN 978-0-7006-0102-8.
Morris, John (1973), The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650, New York: Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-13313-3.
Morris, Rosemary (1982), The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-8476-7118-2.
Myres, J. N. L. (1986), The English Settlements, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-282235-2.
Neubecker, Ottfried (1998–2002), Wappenkunde (bang tieng Đuc), Munich: Orbis Verlag, tr. 170, ISBN 3-572-01336-4.
Padel, O. J. (1994), "The Nature of Arthur", Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (27): 1–31.
Padel, O. J. (Fall 1995), "Recent Work on the Origins of the Arthurian Legend: A Comment", Arthuriana, 5 (3): 103–14.
Padel, O. J. (2000), Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 978-0-7083-1682-5.
Parins, Marylyn Jackson (1995), Sir Thomas Malory: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-13400-2.
Phillips, Graham; Keatman, Martin (1992), King Arthur: The True Story, London: Century, ISBN 978-0-7126-5580-4.
Potwin, L. S. (1902), "The Source of Tennyson's 'The Lady of Shalott'", Modern Language Notes, 17 (8), Modern Language Notes, Vol. 17, No. 8: 237–239, doi:10.2307/2917812, JSTOR 2917812.
Pryor, Francis (2004), Britain AD: A Quest for England, Arthur, and the Anglo-Saxons, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-00-718186-5.
Pyle, Howard (1903), The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Illustrated by Howard Pyle, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
Rahtz, Philip (1993), English Heritage Book of Glastonbury, London: Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-6865-6.
Reno, Frank D. (1996), The Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-0266-3.
Roach, William, bien tap (1949–83), The Continuations of the Old French 'Perceval' of Chretien de Troyes, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, OCLC 67476613. 5 vols.
Roberts, Brynley F. (1980), Brut Tysilio: darlith agoriadol gan Athro y Gymraeg a'i Llenyddiaeth (bang tieng Welsh), Abertawe: Coleg Prifysgol Abertawe, ISBN 978-0-86076-020-7{{Chu thich}}:  Quan ly CS1: ngon ngu khong ro (lien ket).
Roberts, Brynley F. (1991a), "Culhwch ac Olwen, The Triads, Saints' Lives", trong Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (bien tap), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, tr. 73–95, ISBN 978-0-7083-1107-3.
Roberts, Brynley F. (1991b), "Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae and Brut Y Brenhinedd", trong Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (bien tap), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, tr. 98–116, ISBN 978-0-7083-1107-3.
Rosenberg, John D. (1973), The Fall of Camelot: A Study of Tennyson's 'Idylls of the King', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-29175-1.
Simpson, Roger (1990), Camelot Regained: The Arthurian Revival and Tennyson, 1800–1849, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-85991-300-3.
Sims-Williams, Patrick (1991), "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems", trong Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (bien tap), The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, tr. 33–71, ISBN 978-0-7083-1107-3.
Smith, C.; Thompson, R. H. (1996), "Twain, Mark", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 478, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Staines, D. (1996), "Tennyson, Alfred Lord", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 446–449, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Stokstad, M. (1996), "Modena Archivolt", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 324–326, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Sweet, Rosemary (2004), Antiquaries: The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth-century Britain, London: Continuum, ISBN 1-85285-309-3.
Taylor, Beverly; Brewer, Elisabeth (1983), The Return of King Arthur: British and American Arthurian Literature Since 1800, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-389-20278-3.
Tennyson, Alfred (1868), Enid, Illustrated by Gustave Dore, London: Edward Moxon & Co..
Thomas, Charles (1993), Book of Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology, London: Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-6689-8.
Thompson, R. H. (1996), "English, Arthurian Literature in (Modern)", trong Lacy, Norris J. (bien tap), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, tr. 136–144, ISBN 978-1-56865-432-4.
Thorpe, Lewis, bien tap (1966), Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin, OCLC 3370598.
Tondro, Jason (2002), "Camelot in Comics", trong Sklar, Elizabeth Sherr; Hoffman, Donald L. (bien tap), King Arthur in Popular Culture, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, tr. 169–181, ISBN 978-0-7864-1257-0.
Twain, Mark (1889), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, New York: Webster, OCLC 11267671.
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven (2005) [k. 1194], Lanzelet, Translated by Thomas Kerth, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-12869-8.
Vinaver, Sir Eugene, bien tap (1990), The Works of Sir Thomas Malory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-812346-0. 3rd ed., revised.
Watson, Derek (2002), "Wagner: Tristan und Isolde and Parsifal", trong Barber, Richard (bien tap), King Arthur in Music, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, tr. 23–34, ISBN 978-0-85991-767-4.
Walter, Philippe (2005) [2002], Artu. L'orso e il re [Original French title: Arthur: l'ours et le roi; English: Arthur: The Bear and the King] (bang tieng Y), Translated by M. Faccia, Edizioni Arkeios (Original French publisher: Imago).
White, Terence Hanbury (1958), The Once and Future King, London: Collins, OCLC 547840.
Williams, Sir Ifor, bien tap (1937), Canu Aneirin (bang tieng Welsh), Caerdydd [Cardiff]: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru [University of Wales Press], OCLC 13163081{{Chu thich}}:  Quan ly CS1: ngon ngu khong ro (lien ket).
Wordsworth, William (1835), "The Egyptian Maid, or, The Romance of the Water-Lily", The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester, Ban goc luu tru ngay 5 thang 7 nam 2008, truy cap ngay 22 thang 5 nam 2008.
Workman, L. J. (1994), "Medievalism and Romanticism", Poetica (39–40): 1–44.
Wright, Neil, bien tap (1985), The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth, 1: Bern, Burgerbibliothek, MS. 568, Cambridge: Brewer, ISBN 978-0-85991-211-2.
Zimmer, Stefan (2006), Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage: mit einer vollstandigen Ubersetzung der altesten Artuserzahlung Culhwch und Olwen.
Zimmer, Stefan (2009), "The Name of Arthur — A New Etymology", Journal of Celtic Linguistics, 13 (1), University of Wales Press: 131–136.
Halsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870084-5.
Breeze, Andrew (thang 9 nam 2015). "The Historical Arthur and Sixth-Century Scotland". Northern History. Quyen LII so 2. tr. 158–81.
Breeze, Andrew (thang 9 nam 2016). "Arthur's Battles and the Volcanic Winter of 536-7". Northern History. Quyen LIII so 2. tr. 161–72.
"Arthurian Gwent". Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council. Ban goc luu tru ngay 12 thang 5 nam 2008. Truy cap ngay 22 thang 5 nam 2008.. An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore.
Green, Caitlin. "Arthuriana: Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend".. A detailed and comprehensive academic site, which includes numerous scholarly articles.
Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies, published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University, US. The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend; a good selection of resources and links.
"Celtic Literature Collective".. Provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur.
"Faces of Arthur".. An interesting collection of articles on King Arthur by various Arthurian enthusiasts.
Green, Thomas (thang 10 nam 2012). "John Dee, King Arthur, and the Conquest of the Arctic". The Heroic Age. So 15..
The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester. Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts.
The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe. An online peer-reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles; see especially the first issue.