Hoi giao Shia (tieng A Rap: شيعة Shi‘ah, thuong đoc la Shi'a), la giao phai lon thu hai cua đao Hoi, sau Hoi giao Sunni. 
"Shia" la ten rut gon cua mot thanh ngu lich su Shi‘atu ‘Ali (شيعة علي), nghia la nguoi theo Ali, con re cua Muhammad, nguoi đuoc nguoi Shia tin la nguoi ke tuc Muhammad.
Hoi giao Shia đuoc dua theo kinh Quran va thong điep cua nha tien tri Muhammad chung thuc trong hadith đuoc ghi nhan boi Shia, va cac quyen sach đuoc coi la thieng lieng đoi voi Shia (Nahj al-Balagha). Nguoc lai voi cac dong Hoi giao khac, Shia tin rang chi co Thien Chua co quyen chon nguoi đai dien đe bao ve Hoi Giao, Quran va sharia. Do đo, Shia xem Ali, con trai nuoi cua Muhammad, đuoc xem la nguoi đuoc kinh trong va đuoc bo nhiem thieng lieng, la nguoi ke thua hop phap cua Muhammad, va la Imam đau tien. Trong nhieu the ky sau khi Muhammad chet, Shia đa mo rong hoc thuyet "Imami" nay đoi voi gia đinh Muhammad, Ahl al-Bayt ("the People of the House"), va nhung ca nhan nhat đinh trong so hau due cua ong, đuoc goi la Imams, nhung nguoi ma ho tin rang co quyen ve tinh than va chinh tri trong cong đong, khong the sai lam, va nhung đac điem gan nhu than thanh khac.
Mac du co vo so phan nhanh cua Shia, Hoi giao Shia hien đai đuoc chia thanh 3 nhom chinh: Twelver, Ismaili va Zaidiyyah. Twelver Shia (Ithna'ashariyyah) la chi nhanh lon nhat cua Hoi giao Shia, va tu Shia thuong đuoc dung ngam đinh đe chi Twelvers Shia. Tinh đen nam 2009 nguoi Hoi giao Shia chiem 10-13% dan so Hoi giao tren the gioi, nguoi Shia gom 11-14% dan so Hoi giao o khu vuc Trung Đong-Bac Phi, va tu 68% đen 80% cua nguoi Shia sinh song o bon nuoc: Iran, Pakistan, An Đo va Iraq.


Tu nguyen Tu Shia (tieng A Rap: شيعة shiʻah /ˈʃiːʕa/) nghia la nhung nguoi đi theo va la dang tu rut gon cua cum tu lich su shiʻatu ʻAli (شيعة علي /ˈʃiːʕatu ˈʕaliː/), nghia la "nhung nguoi theo Ali", "phe cua Ali", hoac "phe phai cua Ali".
Tu Shia co nghia la "giao phai" hay "phe". Cac tu so nhieu la شيع, va so it la شايع, Shaih, tu đuoc Winston Churchill su dung trong mot cuoc thao luan ve cac hinh thuc ton giao cua Iraq ngay nay.
Hien nay, tu Shia dung đe chi nhung nguoi Hoi giao tin vao su lanh đao cua cong đong thoi hau Muhammad thuoc ve Ali va nhung nguoi ke nhiem ong. Nawbakhti cho rang Shia dung đe chi mot nhom nguoi Hoi giao ma tai thoi điem Mohammad va sau đo coi Ali la Imam va Caliph. Al-Shahrastani cho rang Shia đe cap đen nhung nguoi tin rang Ali đuoc Mohammad chi đinh nhu la nguoi thua ke, Imam va Caliph.


Niem tin = Ali la nguoi ke tuc =
Nguoi Hoi giao Shia tin rang chi la mot vi tien tri đuoc Thien Chua chi đinh, chi co Chua moi co đac quyen bo nhiem nguoi ke vi tien tri cua minh. Ho tin rang Thien Chua đa chon Ali la nguoi ke nhiem cua Muhammad, lam khalip đau tien (Khalifa, nguoi đung đau nha nuoc) cua đao Hoi. Nhung nguoi Hoi giao Shia tin rang, Mohammad chi đinh Ali lam nguoi ke nhiem theo lenh cua Thien Chua.
Ali la em ho đau tien cua Muhammad va la nguoi than can nhat cua ong. Ali cung đa ket hon voi con gai cua Muhammad (Fatimah). Ali cuoi cung tro thanh caliph Hoi giao (Sunni) thu tu.
Sau cuoc hanh huong chia tay, Muhammad đa ra lenh tap hop nguoi Hoi giao tai ho Khumm va đo la noi nguoi Hoi giao Shia tin rang Muhammad đe cu Ali la nguoi ke nhiem ong. Buoi dien thuyet tai ho Khumm đuoc thuat lai vao ngay 18 cua Dhu al-Hijjah 10 AH theo lich Hoi giao (10 thang 3 632 AD) tai mot noi goi la Ghadir Khumm, nam gan thanh pho al-Juhfah, A Rap Xe Ut.


Cac cong đong Shia = Nhan khau hoc =

Theo thong ke, 10-20% tin đo Hoi giao la nguoi theo Shi'a, đen 200 trieu tin đo Hoi giao Shi'a tren toan cau nam 2009. Ho song chu yeu o cac quoc gia Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan va Bahrain Ho chiem 36,3% toan bo dan so đia phuong va 38,6% dan so theo đao Hoi o Trung Đong.
Hoi giao Shia chiem 30% dan so Lebanon, hon 45% dan so Yemen, 30%-40% cu dan Kuwait (khong co con so ve nhung nguoi khong phai cu dan Kuwait), hon 20% o Tho Nhi Ky, 10–20% dan so Pakistan, va 10-19% dan so Afghanistan.
A Rap Xe Ut co nhieu cong đong Shia rieng biet bao gom Twelver Baharna o tinh Đong va Nakhawila cua Medina, va Ismaili Sulaymani va Zaidiyyah cua Najran. Uoc tinh so cong dan Shia vao khoang 2 - 4 trieu, chiem khoang 15% dan so đia phuong.
Cac cong đong Shia đang ke o cac vung ven bien cua Tay Sumatra va Aceh o Indonesia (xem Tabuik). Su hien dien cua nguoi theo Shia la khong đang ke o Đong Nam A, noi ma nguoi theo đao Hoi chu yeu la Sunni.
Cong đong Shia thieu so đang ke co mat o Nigeria, hinh thanh ky nguyen hien đai chuyen đoi thanh phong trao Shia tap trung quanh cac bang Kano va Sokoto. Nhieu quoc gia chau Phi nhu Kenya, Nam Phi, Somalia, vv. cung co nhung cong đong dan cu nho cua cac dong Shia khac nhau, chu yeu la nhung nguoi di cu tu Nam A trong thoi ky thuoc đia nhu Khoja.
Theo nguoi Hoi giao Shia, mot trong nhung ton tai trong viec uoc tinh dan so nguoi Shia la tru khi Shia hinh thanh mot cong đong thieu so đang ke o cac quoc gia Hoi Giao, toan bo dan so thuong chi liet ke la Sunni. Tuy nhien, viec tinh loai tru la khong đung thuc chat, va khong chinh xac đoi voi kich thuc cua moi dong. Vi du, 1926 su troi day cua Nha Saud o A Rap tao ra phan biet đoi xu voi Shia.


= Danh sach dan so theo Shia =
Bang ben duoi trong 3 cot đau dua theo so lieu thang 10 nam 2009.


= Đan ap =
Lich su quan he giua Sunni-Shia tung dien ra bao luc, ke tu khi su phat trien canh tranh cua hai nhanh nay. Quan su đuoc thanh lap va giu quyen kiem soat chinh phu Umayyad, nhieu lanh đao Sunni đa đan ap Shia nhu la moi đe doa ve ca quyen luc chinh tri va ton giao.
Cac lanh tu Sunni duoi Umayyad tim cach cach ly nhom thieu so Shia, va sau đo Abbasid tro mat voi đong minh Shia cua ho va cam tu, đan ap, va giet ho. Su đan ap Shia dien ra trong suot lich su cua nguoi đong ton giao Sunni tung đuoc the hien qua cac tan bao va diet chung. Chiem chi khoang 10–15% toan dan so Hoi giao, nhu Shia van la cong đong chiu thiet thoi cho đen ngay nay tai nhieu quoc gia đa so la nguoi Hoi giao Sunni A Rap ma khong co quyen hanh ton giao va to chuc cua ho.
Vao nhieu thoi điem khac nhau cac nhom Shia phai đoi mat voi su đan ap. Nam 1514, sultan, Selim I cua Ottoman đa ra lenh tham sat 40.000 Shia Anatolia. Theo Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, "Sultan Selim I đa thuc hien nhung đieu nay khong lau sau khi ong thong bao giet hai mot nguoi Shiite se co thuong nhu giet chet 70 nguoi Cong giao." Nam 1801, quan đoi Al Saud-Wahhabi đa tan cong va sa thai Karbala, mot đen tho Shia o mien đong Iraq tho cai chet cua Husayn.
Thang 3 nam 2011, chinh phu Malaysia đa tuyen bo Shia la "ta giao" va cam ho thuc đay niem tin cua ho đoi voi cac nguoi Hoi giao khac, nhung đe ho tu do thuc hien niem tin cua ho.


Muoi hai Imam ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib (600–661), hay Amiru l-Mu'minin "Commander of the Faithful" in Arabic and in Persian as Shah-e Mardan "King of the Men"
Hasan ibn ‘Ali (625–669), hay Al-Hasan al-Mujtaba
Husayn ibn ‘Ali (626–680), hay Al-Husayn ash-Shaheed
‘Ali ibn Husayn (658–713), hay Ali Zayn-ul-'Abideen
Muhammad ibn ‘Ali (676–743), hay Muhammad al-Baqir
Ja‘far ibn Muhammad (703–765), hay Ja'far as-Sadiq
Musa ibn Ja‘far (745–799), hay Musa al-Kazim
‘Ali ibn Musa (765–818), hay Ali ar-Riza
Muhammad ibn ‘Ali (810–835), hay Muhammad al-Jawad and Muhammad at-Taqi
‘Ali ibn Muhammad (827–868), hay ‘Ali al-Hadi and ‘Ali an-Naqi
Hasan ibn ‘Ali (846–874), hay Hasan al Askari
Muhammad ibn Hasan (868–?), hay al-Hujjat ibn al-Hasan, Mahdi, Imamu l-Asr


Xem them Hoi giao
Hoi giao Sunni


Tham khao Nguon tham khao Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. {{Chu thich bach khoa toan thu}}: |title= trong hay bi thieu (tro giup)
Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1-56859-050-4. {{Chu thich bach khoa toan thu}}: |title= trong hay bi thieu (tro giup)
Martin, Richard C. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-865604-0. {{Chu thich bach khoa toan thu}}: |title= trong hay bi thieu (tro giup)
Corbin, Henry (1993 (original French 1964)). History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. Luan Đon; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0710304161. {{Chu thich sach}}: Kiem tra gia tri ngay thang trong: |year= (tro giup)Quan ly CS1: nam (lien ket)
Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791470334.
Holt, P. M. (1977a). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Bernard Lewis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521291364.
Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (an ban thu 2). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521779333.
Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300035314.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultan Al-ʻadil) in Shiʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0195119150.
Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator). Suny press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.


= Đoc them =
Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and Philip Sherrard. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0710304161.
Halm, Heinz (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748618880.
Halm, Heinz (2007). The Shi'ites: A Short History. Markus Wiener Pub. ISBN 1558764372.
Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1860644341.
Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300034997.
Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815624115.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. Hamid Dabashi. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-843-X.
Rogerson, Barnaby (2007). The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split. Overlook Press. ISBN 1585678961.
Wollaston, Arthur N. (2005). The Sunnis and Shias. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1425479162.
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=189&letter=A


Lien ket ngoai Shii Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
A Shi'i/Sunni debate Luu tru ngay 4 thang 10 nam 2013 tai Wayback Machine
A Shi'ite Encyclopedia
Why they became Shi'a
Shi'ite an article in Encyclopedia Britannica online
Patheos Library - Shi'a Islam
Shi'ite Doctrine Luu tru ngay 31 thang 1 nam 2009 tai Wayback Machine by Mohammed Ali Amir-Moezzi an article in Encyclopedia Iranica
Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project (Twelver)
Shia Source
shia newspaper Luu tru ngay 29 thang 10 nam 2020 tai Wayback Machine
Rafed Network for Cultural Development (Twelver)
Imam Al-Khoei Foundation (Twelver)
Official Website of Nizari Ismaili Luu tru ngay 10 thang 7 nam 2017 tai Wayback Machine (Ismaili)
Official Website of Alavi Bohra (Ismaili)
Dawoodi Bohra (Ismaili)
The Institute of Ismaili Studies Luu tru ngay 26 thang 4 nam 2007 tai Wayback Machine (Ismaili)
Shia tren DMOZ
Institute for Interreligious Dialogue Luu tru ngay 21 thang 2 nam 2008 tai Wayback Machine, Tehran
al-shia.org Aalulbayt Global Informations Center
Roshd Islamic - Shia Website Luu tru ngay 28 thang 8 nam 2008 tai Wayback Machine