Tieng Catalunya (catala, phat am [kətəˈla] hay [kataˈla]) la mot ngon ngu Roman, ngon ngu dan toc va la ngon ngu chinh thuc cua Andorra, va la mot ngon ngu đong chinh thuc o nhung cong đong tu tri Tay Ban Nha la Catalunya, quan đao Baleares va cong đong Valencia (noi nguoi ta goi no la Valencia ("tieng Valencia")), cung nhu o thanh pho Alghero tren đao thuoc Y la Sardegna. Ngon ngu nay cung đuoc noi o cong đong tu tri Aragon (o La Franja) va Murcia (o Carche) thuoc Tay Ban Nha, va ve mat chinh thuc cung đuoc cong nhan o mot muc đo nao đo o vung lich su Roussillon phia nam nuoc Phap, gan nhu tuong đuong voi tinh Pyrenees-Orientales (Bac Catalunya).
Tieng Catalunya phat trien tu tieng Latinh binh dan o ca hai phia o khu vuc phia đong day nui Pyrenees (cac hat Rossello, Empuries, Besalu, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars va Ribagorca). Ngon ngu nay co cac đac điem chung voi cac ngon ngu Gallo-Romance, Ibero-Romance, va cac loai ngon ngu noi Gallo-Y o mien Bac Italia.
Do mot he qua cua cac cuoc chinh phuc cua nguoi Aragon va Catalunya vao Al-Andalus (ban đao Iberia thuoc Hoi giao ngay xua) o phia nam va phia tay, ngon ngu nay lan rong đen phan lon khu vuc ngay nay la Catalunya, quan đao Baleares va phan lon cong đong Valencia.
Trong suot the ky 15, trong thoi ky vang son Valencia, tieng Catalunya đa đat đen đinh cao van hoa cua no, mot đinh cao ma sau nay chi đen thoi La Renaixenca ("Phuc Hung"), bon the ky sau moi lai co đuoc.


Lich su Bai khao chung đau tien bang tieng Catalunya viet co tu the ky 9, du bai đau tien đuoc coi la tai lieu van chuong bang tieng Catalunya la Homilies d'Organya tu the ky 13. Tieng Catalunya đuoc mo rong va van hoc phat trien voi tac gia nhu Ramon Llull (the ky 13-14), Ausias March va Joanot Martorell (the ky 15) đen the ky 16 va 17, luc su suy giam bat đau vi su mo rong cua tieng Tay Ban Nha.
Su dung tieng Catalunya trong linh vuc chinh thuc bi cam tai vung Valencia nam 1707, tai Mallorca va Ibiza nam 1715, con tai cong quoc Catalunya ke tu Sac lenh Nueva Planta (nam 1716). O mien Bac cua Catalunya mot quyet đinh tuong tu đa ton tai tu nam 1700 roi. Đao Menorca thi thuoc Anh ke tu nam 1713. Luat cam nay se o lai luon, ngoai tru khoang thoi gian ngan luc Đe nhat va Đe nhi Cong hoa Tay Ban Nha, đen luc lap cong đong tu tri giua nam 1978 va 1983.
Ke tu phan giua the ky 13 đen cuoi the ky 14, co nguoi noi tieng Catalunya tai vuong quoc Murcia, vi co quan đoi thuoc Vuong quoc Aragon va dan cu Catalunya tai đo. Thu tieng nay cung la thu tieng thuong o thanh pho Cagliari tren đao Sardegna đen the ky 18. Vao the ky 19 co mot vai cho co dan cu noi tieng Catalunya tai Saint Augustine, Hoa Ky, va tai Algerie, ma o đo nguoi ta noi tho ngu ten la patuet.
The ky 19 la thoi ky phuc hung ("Renaixenca") cua tieng Catalunya nhu thu tieng cua van hoa, va ke tu luc ay co nhieu su no luc tieu chuan hoa thu tieng, voi mot vai cot moc nhu tac pham cua Pompeu Fabra va vien Institut d'Estudis Catalans ("Vien Nghien cuu ve Catalunya"). Trong the ky 19 nhieu nguoi coi tieng Catalunya la tho ngu thuoc tieng Occitan ma thoi ky Reconquista trai ra huong nam hay luc nguoi Hoi giao tu Septimania rut lai. Friedrich Christian Diez la mot trong nha ngu van hoc đau tien coi tieng Catalunya va tieng Provence la hai ngon ngu khac biet voi nhau.


Phan loai va lien he voi ngon ngu nhom Roman khac Theo Pierre Bec, phai phan loai tieng Catalunya nhu vay:

Roman
Y-Tay
Roman phia Tay
Gallia-Iberia
Gallia Roman (cung co the phan loai trong nhom Iberia-Roman)
Occitan-Roman (cung co the phan loai trong nhom Iberia phia đong)
tieng Catalunya


= Lien he voi ngon ngu nhom Roman khac =
Tieng Catalunya co nhieu đac điem chung voi ngon ngu nhom Roman lan can (Y, Sardegna, Occitan va Tay Ban Nha). Tuy nhien, du đa phan cua nguoi noi thu tieng nay co o ban đao Iberia, nhung tieng Catalunya co mot vai su khac biet ro ret voi nhom ngon ngu Iberia-Roman (tieng Tay Ban Nha va Bo Đao Nha) ve mat phat am, ngu phap va tu vung. Ngon ngu gan nhat la tieng Occitan va nhom Gallia-Roman (tieng Phap, Arpitan va Gallia-Y).
Theo Ethnologue, su giong nhau ve tu vung giua tieng Catalunya va ngon ngu thuoc nhom Roman la: 87% voi tieng Y, 85% voi tieng Bo Đao Nha va Tay Ban Nha, 76% voi tieng Ladin, 75% voi tieng Sardegna va 73% voi tieng Romania.

Phan lon cua lich su, va nhat la thoi ky đoc tai Franco (1939–1975), tieng Catalunya hay bi coi la tho ngu thuoc tieng Tay Ban Nha. Quan điem nay tua va suy nghi chinh tri va tu tuong nhung khong co gia tri nao ve ngon ngu hoc. Hai thu tieng nay co su khac biet quan trong ve đac điem am vi, tu vung va ngu phap, đe tieng Catalunya gan tieng Occitan (va Phap) hon ve mot so khia canh.
Co su chung minh rang, it nhat tu the ky 2, tu vung va am vi hoc cua tinh La Ma Tarraconensis khac biet voi vung khac cua xu Hispania thuoc La Ma. Su khac biet nay sinh va tieng Tay Ban Nha, Asturias va tieng Gallia-Bo Đao Nha cung co mot vai tu co ngoai vi (nhu "đun soi": Tay Ban Nha hervir, Asturias/Bo Đao Nha ferver đoi lap voi Catalunya bullir, Occitan bolir) va tu đia phuong cach tan ("bo thien": TBN novillo, Ast nuviellu đoi lap Cat torell, Oc taurel).
Anh huong cua ngon ngu German cung khac biet neu so sanh tieng Catalunya va tieng Tay Ban Nha. Vi du, tu tieng Catalunya fang "bun" va rostir "nuong" co goc German, con tieng Tay Ban Nha lodo va asar co goc Latinh. Tieng Catalunya filosa "guong quay to" va pols "thai duong" co goc Latinh, con tieng Tay Ban Nha rueca va sien co goc German.
Tu muon tu tieng A Rap cung vay. Tu tieng Catalunya alfabia "vai bang đat nung" va rajola "ngoi" co goc A Rap, đoi lap voi tieng Tay Ban Nha tinaja va teja co goc Latinh. Tieng Catalunya oli "dau" va oliva "o liu" co goc Latinh, khac voi tieng Tay Ban Nha aceite va aceituna. Tieng Tay Ban Nha co nhieu tu muon tu tieng A Rap hon nhieu.
Vi vi tri giua hai khoi ngon ngu (Iberia-Roman va Gallia-Roman) nen tieng Catalunya co nhieu tu đoc đao, nhu enyorar "nho", apaivagar "lam yen" va rebutjar "đoan tuyet".


Phan phoi đia ly = Vung noi tieng Catalunya =

Cac khu vuc nay đoi khi đuoc goi la Paisos Catalans ("cac nuoc cua tieng Catalunya").


= Tong so nguoi noi =
So nguoi biet noi tieng Catalunya tuy vao tai lieu. Mot su khao sat nam 2004 uoc tinh tong so la 9–9,5 trieu nguoi. So nay la tong so nguoi biet noi; so nguoi noi tieng Catalunya nhu ngon ngu me đe o vung Catalunya chi la 35,6% tong dan so. Theo Ethnologue an ban thu 17 thi (vao nam 2010) co 7,2 trieu nguoi noi tieng Catalunya nhu ngon ngu me đe va (vao nam 1994) 5 trieu nguoi noi nhu ngon ngu thu hai.
Mot đac điem xa hoi cua tieng Catalunya la noi nao nguoi ta noi tieng Catalunya cung co thu tieng thu hai đuoc su dung: tieng Phap o Bac Catalunya o Phap, tieng Y o Alghero o Y, tieng Phap va tieng Tay Ban Nha o Andorra, tieng Tay Ban Nha o vung noi tieng Catalunya khac.

1.^  So nguoi hieu tieng Catalunya gom co nhung nguoi ma biet noi.
2.^  So nay la so nguoi bay to minh biet noi, khong chi la nguoi ban xu.


Ngon ngu đia phuong Cac ngon ngu đia phuong cua tieng Catalunya kha thong nhat — nhat la neu so sanh voi ngon ngu Roman khac — ca ve tu vung, ngu nghia hoc, cu phap, hinh thai hoc va am vi hoc. Trinh đo nguoi đia phuong khac biet voi nhau se hieu nhau rat la cao, đuoc uoc tinh la giua 90% va 95%. Ngoai le duy nhat la tho ngu đac tinh co lap la tieng Alghero.
Tieng Catalunya bao gom hai khoi đia phuong chinh: tieng Catalunya phia đong va tieng Catalunya phia tay. Su khac biet chinh la cach phat am cua am a va e neu khong mang trong am: ca hai đuoc phap am /ə/ trong tho ngu mien đong, nhung van la /a/ va /e/ trong tho ngu mien tay. Cung co them mot vai su khac biet ve cach phat am, hinh thai đong tu va tu vung.
Khoi tieng Catalunya phia tay bao gom hai ngon ngu đia phuong la tieng Catalunya tay bac va tieng Valencia. Khoi phia đong bao gom bon ngon ngu đia phuong: tieng Catalunya mien trung, tieng Baleares, tieng Catalunya phia bac (tieng Roussillon) va tieng Alghero. Cac ngon ngu đia phuong co the đuoc chia thanh ngon ngu đia phuong con.


= Phat am =
Tieng Catalunya thua ke he thong tieu bieu cua tieng Latinh binh dan, bao gom bay am vi nguyen am co trong am: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/. Tieng Baleares cung co am /ə/ co the mang trong am. Cac ngon ngu đia phuong khong đong nhat ve quy trinh rut gon nguyen am, va su phan phoi cua cap đoi /ɛ e/.
Trong tieng Catalunya phia đong (ngoai tru Mallorca), nguyen am khong mang trong am bi rut gon lam ba cai: [ə i u]. Tieng Mallorca rut gon nguyen am lam bon cai: [ə i o u]. Tieng Catalunya phia tay thi co nam nguyen am khong trong am: [a e i o u]. Tieng Y va Bo Đao Nha cung co cach rut gon nguyen am tuong tu, thua ke tu tieng Roman nguyen thuy.
Tieng Catalunya mien trung, tay va Baleares cung phan pho hai am /e/ va /ɛ/ mang trong am mot cach khac biet voi nhau. Noi chung, tu nao co /ɛ/ o mien trung se co /ə/ trong tieng Baleares va /e/ trong tieng Catalunya phia tay.


= Hinh thai =
Trong đong tu, hau tu cua ngoi thu nhat thi hien tai trinh bay co the la -o, -i hay khong gi, tuy vao đia phuong va lop chia đong tu.


= Tu vung =
Du kha thong nhat ve tu vung, nhung hai khoi đong va tay van co mot vai su khac biet. Binh thuong tieng Catalunya mien trung la tho ngu co tu vung cach tan.


= Chuan =

Tieng Catalunya chuan dua vao tieng Catalunya mien đong, la loai tieng Catalunya pho biet nhat. Tuy nhien, cac ngon ngu chuan cua Valencia va quan đao Baleares chap nhan dang tu khac ma o mien đong cua Catalunya nguoi ta khong dung.
Su khac biet đang ke nhat giua cac ngon ngu chuan la dau tren mot va chu cai ⟨e⟩ mang trong am, nhu frances, angles (Catalunya) – frances, angles (Valencia) (nghia la "thuoc Phap, thuoc Anh"). Tuy nhien, ngon ngu chuan cua Valencia cua vien AVL giu dau huyen ⟨e⟩ voi phat am /e/ trong mot vai tu nhu que ("cai gi") hay Valencia. Su khac biet khac la su dung ⟨tl⟩ (tai Valencia) tai vi ⟨tll⟩ trong mot vai tu nhu ametla/ametlla ("qua hanh"), espatla/espatlla ("lung"), su dung tu chi đinh luot (este "nay", eixe "ay") thay vi tu chi đinh gia cuong (aquest, aqueix) va su dung dang đong tu pho bien o Valencia va mien tay Catalunya nhu su dung hau to -e thay vi -o trong ngoi thu nhat hien tai trinh bay cua đong tu lop -ar: jo compre thay vi jo compro ("toi mua").
Trong quan đao Baleares, ngon ngu chuan cua Catalunya đuoc chap nhan, nhung do bo phan Ngu van cua Đai hoc Quan đao Baleares sua đoi cho hop voi ngon ngu đia phuong Baleares. Vi du, vien IEC cua Catalunya bao rang co the viet cantem ("(chung toi/ta) hat") thanh cantam, con trong quan đao Baleares luon phai viet cantam. Mot đac điem khac cua ngon ngu chuan Baleares la hau to khong trong ngoi thu nhat hien tai trinh bay: jo compr ("toi mua"), jo tem ("toi so"), jo dorm ("toi ngu").
Đoi voi Alghero thi vien sua ngon ngu chuan cho hop voi tieng Alghero hon. Trong chuan nay co mao tu han đinh lo thay vi el, đai tu va tu chi đinh so huu đac biet nhu lo tou/ta tua ("cai cua ban"), luon su dung -v- /v/ trong thi qua khu chua hoan thanh (cantava, creixiva, llegiva, "đa hat, lon len, đoc"), su dung nhieu tu co xua (manco thay vi menys "it hon", calqui u thay vi algu "ai đo") va đai tu yeu khac biet.


= Đia vi cua tieng Valencia =

Cac nha ngon ngu hoc, bao gom nha ngon ngu hoc Valencia, coi tieng Catalunya va Valencia la mot thu tieng, va nguoi noi tieng Catalunya mien trung va tieng Valencia se hieu 90% đen 95% cua ngon ngu đia phuong cua nhau. Vien Academia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) tuyen bo rang tieng Valencia va Catalunya la mot.
Tuy nhien, cuoc tham do đuoc to chuc giua nam 2001 va 2004 chi ra rang đa phan cua nguoi Valencia coi tieng Valencia khac biet voi tieng Catalunya. Su khong đong nhat nay gay nhieu tranh luan. Vi du, luc hien phap cua Lien minh chau Au đuoc phac thao, chinh phu Tay Ban Nho cho Lien minh chau Au ban dich cua bai sang tieng Basque, Galicia, Catalunya va Valencia, nhung bai bang tieng Catalunya va Valencia giong het nhau.


Am vi He thong am vi cua tieng Catalunya tuy vao đia phuong. Mot vai đac điem la:

Mot su đoi chieu ro giua cap nguyen am /ɛ e/ va /ɔ o/, nhu trong nhung ngon ngu thuoc nhanh phia tay nhom Roman khac, ngoai tru tieng Tay Ban Nha.
Khong co nguyen am mui hoa, khac biet voi tieng Bo Đao Nha hoac Phap.
Khong am đoi hoa nguyen am ngan e, o cua tieng Latinh, nhu tieng Galicia va Bo Đao Nha, va khac voi tieng Phap, Tay Ban Nha va Y.
Nhieu nguyen am đoi chua /w/, nhu tieng Galicia va Bo Đao Nha.
Khac voi nhung ngon ngu nhom Roman khac, tieng Catalunya co nhieu tu đon am tiet, va nhieu loai phu am va cum phu am co the co mat o cuoi tu. Them hon nua, tieng Catalunya co hien tuong vo thanh hoa phu am can cuoi, nen co nhieu đoi cap nhu amic "ban nam" đoi voi amiga "ban nu".
Tieng Catalunya mien trung đuoc coi la cach phat am chuan, nen su mo ta ben duoi noi chung mo ta giong nay.


= Nguyen am =

Tieng Catalunya thua ke he thong nguyen am tieu bieu cua tieng Latinh binh dan bao gom bay am vi nguyen am trong am tiet co trong am: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/. He tong nay pho bien trong ngon ngu Roman Tay ngoai tru tieng Tay Ban Nha. Giong cua đao Baleares cung cho phep co am /ə/ trong am tiet co trong am. Cac giong khac biet khong đong nhat ve muc đo giam nguyen am va ve su phan phoi hai nguyen am /ɛ e/.
Trong tieng Catalunya mien Trung nguyen am nao khong co trong am se bi giam đe chi con co ba nguyen am nua: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ van rieng. Nhung giong khac co trinh đo giam nguyen am khac biet.


= Phu am =

He phu am cua tieng Catalunya hoi bao thu, va giong he cua đa phan ngon ngu Roman phia Tay hien đai.

/l/ co tha am vi vom mem hoa o vi tri đuoi van trong đa phan cac giong. Tuy nhien, /l/ đuoc vom mem hoa o moi vi tri trong giong phia đong nhu tieng Mallorca va tieng Catalunya phia đong chuan.
/v/ co mat trong tieng Baleares, Alghero, Valencia chuan va mot vai vung o mien nam Catalunya. No bi sap nhap vao /b/ o vung khac.
Phu am can bi vo thanh hoa o vi tri cuoi am tiet: /b/ > [p], /d/ > [t], /ɡ/ > [k].
Phu am tac bi nhuoc hoa thanh am tiep can o vi tri thanh mau sau am lien tuc: /b/ > [β], /d/ > [ð], /ɡ/ > [ɣ]. Ngoai le bao gom vi tri sau am canh, va /b/ ngay sau /f/. O vi tri đuoi van am nay la am tac, ngoai tru mot vai giong Valencia ma cung nhuoc hoa am nay o vi tri đuoi van.
Co chut su lon xon trong tai lieu ve đac trung chinh xac cua /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/. Mot vai tai lieu mo ta chung la am "chan rang sau". Tai lieu khac bao chung la am "chan rang vom sau", ham y rang viet ⟨ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ⟩ se chinh xac hon.
Su phan phoi cua hai am R /r ɾ/ giong su phan phoi cua chung trong tieng Tay Ban Nha. Hai am nay đoi chieu giua hai nguyen am, nhung o vi tri khac chung co su phan phoi bo sung. O thanh mau luon co [r] ngoai tru neu co phu am truoc. Cac tho ngu khong đong nhat ve am R o đuoi van, ma giong phia tay binh thuong co [ɾ] va giong mien trung co [r] rung mot chut ngoai tru ngay truoc tu bat đau bang nguyen am, ma trong truong hop nay se co [ɾ].
Khi noi ky thi nhung am /n m l/ co the sap thanh đoi. Am /ʎ/ đoi cung co the co mat. Mot vai tai lieu phan tich [r] giua hai nguyen am la mot vi am R đoi, theo mot cach phan tich am R cua tieng Tay Ban Nha va Bo Đao Nha pho bien.


Ngu phap Ngu phap cua tieng Catalunya giong ngu phap cua nhung ngon ngu Roman khac. Mot vai đac điem la:

Su dung mao tu han đinh va bat đinh.
Danh tu, tinh tu, đai tu va mao tu chia theo giong (cai hay đuc) va so (it hay nhieu). Cac tu khong chia theo cach, ngoai tru đai tu.
Đong tu chia theo ngoi va so cua chu ngu, thi, thuc, va trang.


= Chia theo giong va so =

Ve chia theo giong thi mot điem đac trung (neu so sanh voi tieng Bo Đao Nha, Tay Ban Nha hay Y) la su bien mat cua hau to giong đuc -o tieu bieu. Vay nen su xen ke hau to -o/-a bi hai hau to ø/-a thay the. Mot vai su xen ke hinh thai co the xay ra, nhu:

Tac sat hoa: boig/boja ("đien") nhung lleig/lletja ("xau")
Mat n: pla/plana ("bang phang") nhung segon/segona ("thu nhi")
Vo thanh hoa phu am can cuoi: sentit/sentida ("cam thay", phan tu qua khu) nhung dit/dita ("noi", phan tu qua khu)


= Tu han đinh =

Chia tu han đinh thi phuc tap, nhat la vi co nhieu dang luoc, nhu trong nhung ngon ngu xung quanh. Tieng Catalunya co nhieu dang gioi tu + mao tu bi rut gon hon tieng Tay Ban Nha, nhu dels ("cua" + mao tu giong đuc so nhieu), nhung khong nhieu bang tieng Y (ma cung co sul, col, nel...).


= Đai tu nhan xung =

Hinh thai cua đai tu tieng Catalunya phuc tap, nhat la ve dang khong mang trong am, ma co nhieu dang nhu vay (13 dang rieng biet, so sanh voi 11 dang trong tieng Tay Ban Nha hay 9 dang trong tieng Y). Đac điem la tu ho khong giong, va tu do lon khi ket hop đai tu khong trong am khac biet voi nhau (65 dang ket hop).
Đai tu nhan xung cua tieng Catalunya co phan biet hai cach xung ho, nhu moi ngon ngu Roman khac (va nhieu ngon ngu chau Au khac). Them hon nua, tieng Catalunya mien trung gan nhu khong dung đai tu so huu khong trong am (mon v.v.) nua, va thay chung bang ket cau mao tu + dang đai tu so huu co trong am (el meu v.v.), nhu trong tieng Y.


= Đong tu =

Nhu trong moi ngon ngu Roman, cach chia đong tu cua tieng Catalunya phuc tap hon cach chia danh tu. Co rat nhieu hau to, con su xen ke hinh thai thi co it. Co su xen ke nguyen am, va cung co trung to va su bo the, nhung chi trong mot vai đong tu bat quy tac (khac voi tieng Tay Ban Nha).
He thong đong tu cua tieng Catalunya rat giong he thong cua moi ngon ngu Roman tay khac. Su khac biet đang chu y nhat la su thay the thi qua khu trinh bay phan tich (bang hau to) bang ket cau dang cua ir ("đi") + dang vo đinh.


= Cu phap =
Cu phap cua tieng Catalunya theo guong cua ngon ngu Roman tay khac. Thu tu tu chinh la chu ngu–đong tu–bo ngu.


Tu vung Du kha thong nhat ve tu vung, nhung hai khoi đia phuong cua tieng Catalunya (đong va tay) co mot vai su khac biet ve tu. Trong van chuong thi co the dung tu cua cac ngon ngu đia phuong khac biet, mac du co mot vai tu rat it pho bien. Tuy nhien, ke tu the ky 19 nguoi ta dung tu cua ngon ngu đia phuong mien bac hon.


= Tu uyen bac tu tieng Latinh va Hy Lap =
Giong nhu nhieu ngon ngu chau Au khac, tieng Catalunya muon nhieu tu uyen bac tu tieng Hy Lap va Latinh. Qua trinh nay bat đau rat som, va co nhieu vi du trong tac pham cua Ramon Llull. Trong the ky 14 va 15, tieng Catalunya co so tu uyen bac tu tieng Latinh va Hy Lap cao hon nhung ngon ngu Roman khac nhieu, nhu co the xem trong tac pham cua Rois de Corella.


= Cau tao tu =
Qua trinh cau tao tu trong tieng Catalunya theo cung nguyen ly voi ngon ngu Roman khac, ma co nhieu su chap dinh. Nhieu khi, mot vai phu to đuoc chap vao tu vi nao đo, va co mot vai su xen ke am co the xay ra, nhu electric [ə'lɛktrik] ("thuoc đien") đoi voi electricitat [ələktrisi'tat] ("đien"). Đong tu co the co tien to, nhu preveure ("du kien truoc").
Qua trinh cau tao tu phuc co quy tac, va co nhieu tu phuc lam.


Chu viet Tieng Catalunya dung chu cai Latinh voi them mot vai ky hieu va chu ghep (hai chu cai lam mot am). Chinh ta cua tieng Catalunya noi chung co he thong va tua vao am vi.


Ghi chu Tham khao Nguon tham khao Academia Valenciana de la Llengua (ngay 9 thang 2 nam 2005), Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominacio i l'entitat del valencia [Bao cao ve nguyen tac va tieu chi đe bao ve su đat ten va thuc the cua tieng Valencia] (bang tieng Catalan){{Chu thich}}:  Quan ly CS1: ngay thang va nam (lien ket)
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Lien ket ngoai = The che =
Consorci per a la Normalitzacio Linguistica
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Academia Valenciana de la Llengua
Secretaria de Politica Linguistica de la Generalitat de Catalunya


= Ve tieng Catalunya =
Gramatica de la Llengua Catalana Luu tru ngay 29 thang 5 nam 2011 tai Wayback Machine (ngu phap)
verbs.cat (chia đong tu)


= Tu đien tieng Catalunya =
Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, cua vien Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana Luu tru ngay 18 thang 5 nam 2016 tai Portuguese Web Archive, thuoc Enciclopedia Catalana
Diccionari Catala-Valencia-Balear d'Alcover i Moll Luu tru ngay 26 thang 8 nam 2004 tai Wayback Machine
Diccionari Valencia online
Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana Multilingue Luu tru ngay 31 thang 5 nam 2014 tai Wayback Machine thuoc Enciclopedia Catalana (Catalunya ↔ Anh, Phap, Đuc, Tay Ban Nha)