Ernesto Cardenal Martinez (20 thang 1 nam 1925 - 1 thang 3 nam 2020) la mot linh muc Cong giao, nha tho va chinh tri gia nguoi Nicaragua. Ong la Đan si thuoc Dong Xito nhat phep, la mot nha than hoc va la nguoi sang lap cong đong nghe thuat nguyen thuy o Quan đao Solentiname. Ong tung la bo truong van hoa cua Nicaragua tu nam 1979 đen nam 1987. Ong đa bi Giao hoang Gioan Phaolo II phat va huyen chuc linh muc vao nam 1984, nhung đuoc Giao hoang Phanxico thao va nay vao nam 2019.


Cuoc đoi Ernesto Cardenal sinh ra trong mot gia đinh thuong luu o Granada, Nicaragua. Ong hoc tai Colegio Centro America o Nicaragua. Cardenal hoc van hoc o Managua, tu 1942 đen 1946 tai Mexico, va tu 1947 đen 1949 tai thanh pho New York. Nam 1949 đen 1950, ong song tai Y, Tay Ban Nha va Thuy Si.
Thang 7 nam 1950, ong tro lai Nicaragua va tham gia cuoc đao chinh Cach mang Thang Tu nam 1954 tai Nicaragua đe chong lai che đo cua Anastasio Somoza Garcia. Cuoc đao chinh sau đo that bai va ket thuc voi cai chet cua nhieu cong su cua ong. Nam 1957, Ernesto Cardenal vao du tu tai Tu vien Trappist cua Gethsemani (Kentucky, Hoa Ky). Nam 1959, ong quay ve hoc than hoc o Cuernavaca, Mexico.


= Linh muc =
Ernesto Cardenal đuoc thu phong linh muc vao nam nam 1965 tai Granada.  Ong đen đuoc gui đen Quan đao Solentiname, tai đay ong đa thanh lap mot cong đong Co đoc giao mang ten Cong đong Solentiname voi cac tu si va giao dan chu yeu la nong dan. Tai đay ong đa viet cuon sach noi tieng El Evangelio en Solentiname. Cardenal hop tac chat che voi phe canh ta Mat tran giai phong dan toc Sandino (FSLN) trong cac hoat đong nham lat đo che đo cua Anastasio Somoza Debayle.


= Tham gia Cach mang Nicaragua =

Ernesto Cardenal va nhieu thanh vien cua cong đong Solentiname đa tham gia cuoc cach mang thong qua viec to chuc chien tranh du kich. Nam 1977, ve binh Quoc gia cua Somoza tan cong vao Solentiname đong thoi pha huy toan bo cong đong o đay. Cardenal đa tron thoat va đen Costa Rica.
Ngay 19 thang 7 nam 1979, ngay sau khi Managua đuoc giai phong, Ernesto Cardenal đuoc chinh phu Sandinista moi thanh lap bo nhiem lam Bo truong Bo Van hoa. Ong đa van đong cho mot "cuoc cach mang khong bao thu". Anh trai cua ong la Fernando Cardenal, cung la mot linh muc Cong giao thuoc Dong Ten, đuoc bo nhiem lam Bo truong Bo Giao duc.


= Bi huyen chuc linh muc =
Nam 1983, khi Giao hoang Giao hoang Gioan Phaolo II đen tham Nicaragua vao nam 1983, Giao hoang đa nhac nho Ernesto Cardenal khi ong đang quy goi truoc Giao hoang ngay tren đuong bang san bay Managua: "Usted tiene que arreglar sus asuntos con la Iglesia" (tam dich: Ong phai hoan thanh cac cong viec cua minh voi giao hoi). Ngay 4 thang 2 nam 1984, Giao hoang Gioan Phaolo II đa phat huyen chuc linh muc đoi voi Ernesto Cardenal vi ong đa vi pham giao luat Cong giao ve viec tham gia chinh tri, (theo đieu 285 khoan 3: "Cam cac giao si đam nhan nhung chuc vu cong quyen bao ham su tham gia vao viec hanh su quyen binh dan su"). Linh muc Fernando Cardenal, em trai cua Ernesto Cardenal sau đo cung bi Giao hoang Gioan Phaolo II phat va huyen chuc linh muc voi cung ly do tuong tu vao nam 1985. An phat cua Ernesto Cardenal co hieu luc keo dai suot 35 nam cho đen khi ong đuoc Giao hoang Phanxico thao go vao nam 2019. Cardenal van giu chuc Bo truong Bo Van hoa cho đen nam 1987, khi bo cua ong bi đong cua vi ly do kinh te.


= Qua đoi =
Ngay 1 thang 3 nam 2020, Cardenal qua đoi do bien chung cua cac van đe lien quan đen tim va than. Tang le cua ong đuoc to chuc tai Nha tho Managua vao ngay 3 thang 3 nam 2020, thanh le đa bi gian đoan boi it nhat 100 nguoi bieu tinh ung ho Ortega, nguoi bieu tinh đa het len "viva Daniel" va "ke phan boi" truoc quan tai phu co Nicaragua cua ong. Đe tranh bi quay roi them, viec chon cat Cardenal đuoc to chuc bi mat. Theo di chuc cua ong, hai cot cua Cardenal đuoc hoa tang va sau đo chon cat tai cong đong ma ong thanh lap tren Quan đao Solentiname.


Tac pham = Sach xuat ban =
The Psalms of Struggle and Liberation, Herder and Herder, 1971.
Homage to the American Indians, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD), 1973.
Apocalypse and Other Poems, (Editor and author of introduction, Robert Pring-Mill), New Directions (New York, NY), 1974.
In Cuba, New Directions (New York, NY), 1974.
Zero Hour and Other Documentary Poems, (Editor, Donald Walsh), New Directions (New York, NY), 1980.
With Walker in Nicaragua and Other Early Poems: 1949-1954, (Translator, Jonathan Cohen), Wesleyan (Middleton, CT), 1984.
Golden UFOs: The Indian Poems: Los ovnis de oro: Poemas indios, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, IN), 1992.
The Doubtful Strait/El estrecho dudoso, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, IN), 1995.
Flights of Victory/Vuelos de victoria, Curbstone Books (Willmantic, CT), 1995.
Cosmic Canticle, Curbstone Books (Willmantic, CT), 2002.
Love: A Glimpse of Eternity, (Translator, Dinah Livingston), Paraclete Press (MA), 2006.
Pluriverse: New and Selected Poems, (Editor, Jonathan Cohen), New Directions, 2009.
The Gospel in Solentiname, Orbis Books (Maryknoll, NY), 2010.
The Origin of Species and Other Poems, (Translator, John Lyons), Texas Tech University Press (Lubbock, TX), 2011.


= Tho =
Gethsemani Ky
Hora 0 ("Zero Hour")
Epigramas ("Epigrams")
Oracion Por Marilyn Monroe ("Prayer for Marilyn Monroe")
El estrecho dudoso ("The Doubtful Strait")
Los ovnis de oro ("Golden UFOs")
Homenaje a los indios americanos ("Homage to the American Indian")
Salmos ("Psalms")
Oraculo sobre Managua ("Oracle on Managua")
Con Walker en Nicaragua ("With Walker in Nicaragua and Other Early Poems")
Cantico Cosmico ("Cosmic Canticle")
El telescopio en la noche oscura ("Telescope in the Dark Night")
Vuelos de la Victoria ("Flights of Victory)
Pluriverse: New and Selected Poems
El Origen de las Especies y otros poemas ("The Origin of the Species")
Un Museo en Kampuchea ("A Museum in Kampuchea")


Xem them Huyen chuc linh muc


Chu thich Lien ket ngoai About Ernesto Cardenal - comprehensive bibliography
Cac cong trinh lien quan hoac cua Ernesto Cardenal tren cac thu vien cua thu muc (WorldCat)
Ernesto Cardenal en MarcaAcme.com
Bishop Geoffrey Rowell on Cardenal Luu tru ngay 12 thang 3 nam 2007 tai archive.today, The Times.
Stock Exchange Of Visions: Visions of Ernesto Cardenal (Video Interviews)
Poem set to music