Đe Tam Cong hoa Phap (tieng Phap: la Troisieme Republique, đoi khi con đuoc viet la la IIIe Republique) la Chinh the cong hoa cua Phap ton tai tu cuoi Đe Nhi Đe quoc Phap đuoc thanh lap sau that bai cua Louis-Napoleon trong Chien tranh Phap - Pho nam 1870 đen khi xuat hien Che đo Vichy tren đat Phap sau cuoc xam luoc Phap cua Đuc Quoc xa nam 1940.
Adolphe Thiers, đuoc xem la le Liberateur du Territoire (nguoi giai phong lanh tho) va đi theo nen Cong hoa vao thap nien 1870, đa goi nen cong hoa vao thap nien 1870 la "hinh thuc chinh phu it chia re nuoc Phap nhat". Đe Tam Cong hoa la che đo keo dai lau nhat ke tu Cach mang Phap 1789.


Boi canh Nam 1852, Napoleon III theo chan nguoi chu Napoleon I, tro thanh Hoang đe Phap va thanh lap Đe Nhi Đe che Phap. Tuy nhien, su troi day cua Đe quoc Đuc đa thay đoi can can quyen luc o chau Au va Đe che thu hai chi ton tai 18 nam. Thu tuong Pho Otto von Bismarck đa dan dat Pho tro thanh lanh đao cua Lien bang Đuc. Đe kich thich tinh cam quoc gia o khu vuc Đuc, mot nha nuoc Đuc thong nhat đa đuoc thanh lap, Bismarck đa gia vo nhu lo ra nhung tuyen bo cua Phap ve Pho qua su kien Mat đien Ems (tieng Đuc: Emser Depesche), gay ra kich đong xa hoi o ca 2 nuoc dan đen cuoc chien tranh Phap-Pho. Thang 9 nam 1870, trong tran Sedan, Napoleon III bi bat lam tu binh, Đe Nhi Đe che Phap sup đo. Ngay 4 thang 9, mot cuoc đao chinh khong đo mau đa xay ra o Phap, Đe Tam Cong hoa Phap đuoc thanh lap. Su sup đo cua che đo Napoleon III đa chinh thuc cham dut che đo quan chu nuoc Phap, đong thoi cham dut su thong tri cua nha Napoleon đoi voi chinh tri Phap ke tu Cach mang Phap nam 1789.
Sau khi che đo Napoleon III sup đo nam 1870, mot so đang Cong hoa canh ta cuc đoan đa xong vao Paris va kiem soat cac co quan chinh phu. Cong xa Paris đuoc thanh lap vao đau nam 1871, tro thanh che đo vo san đau tien, nhung no đa som bi quan đoi chinh phu tu san đan ap.


Lich su Nhung ngay đau cua nen Đe tam Cong hoa bi chi phoi boi nhung bat on chinh tri gay ra boi Chien tranh Phap-Pho nam 1870-1871, noi đat nuoc van chim trong cuoc chien ngay ca sau khi hoang đe Napoleon III bi phe truat vao nam 1870. Nguoi Pho đa chien thang va đoi tra thu. va sap nhap cac lanh tho Alsace va Lorraine cua Phap. Nhung mat mat nay dan đen su hon loan chinh tri xa hoi va thanh lap Cong xa Paris. Ban đau, no đa co gang thiet lap lai che đo quan chu, nhung tranh chap ve he thong quan chu va ai se la ngai vang cuoi cung đa khien y tuong nay khong the thuc hien đuoc. Do đo, mot nen cong hoa moi (thu ba trong lich su cua đat nuoc) đa đuoc tuyen bo, ban đau voi y đinh la tam thoi nhung ngay sau đo đuoc thanh lap nhu mot chinh phu chinh thuc va thuong truc.
Sau đo, no đa đuoc viet Hien phap Phap nam 1875 xac đinh cac thong so cua Đe tam cong hoa. No đa đuoc ky ket voi mot co quan lap phap tu tri, đuoc chia thanh Ha vien (Chambre des deputes) va Thuong vien (Senat), va tong thong (President de la republique), tung la lanh đao đieu hanh. Hai tong thong đau tien, Adolphe Thiers va Patrice de Mac-Mahon, đa phai tap trung chinh quyen cua minh vao viec bao ton nen cong hoa va thao luan ve cac van đe chinh tri khac, nhu co the khoi phuc che đo quan chu, mot y tuong đa tung bi loai bo khi chinh phu đat đuoc su on đinh chinh tri va gianh đuoc su ung ho pho bien.
O trong nuoc, mot trong nhung điem chinh cua Cong hoa moi la van đe tach Nha nuoc, lam giam anh huong cua Giao hoi Cong giao trong đoi song chinh tri. Su on đinh noi bo đa dan đen mot thoi ky phat trien kinh te va thinh vuong moi, khong chi trong linh vuc tai chinh ma ca khu vuc van hoa va xa hoi (Belle Epoque). Mac du truoc trong chinh tri cap tien, đang Bao thu chiem uu the trong đoi song chinh tri trong nhung nam đau the ky XX cho đen khi chu nghia xa hoi lay lai suc manh trong cuoc bau cu giua hai cuoc chien giai đoan. Cac đang chinh la Republicains Moderes (Cong hoa vua phai, trung tam), Alliance democratique (Dan chu Cong hoa Lien minh, cac trung huu) va Radical-socialiste (đang cap tien, canh ta).
Cac nha lanh đao đau tien it chu y đen chinh sach đoi ngoai, thich tap trung vao cac van đe noi bo, ngay ca sau that bai cua Pho trong cuoc chien nam 1870. Tuy nhien, voi su thong nhat cua Đuc va su troi day cua mot cuong quoc quan su va kinh te o chau Au, cac tong thong va thu tuong Phap bat đau chu y hon đen cac van đe luc đia va toan cau. Nhung nam 1880 - 90 bi thong tri boi Sat Chau Phi, nhung cuoi cung, Đe tam Cong hoa đa chung kien ​​su banh truong cua Đe quoc Thuc dan Phap, voi viec thiet lap tai san cua minh o Đong Duong thuoc Phap, Madagascar va Polynesia va, tren quy mo lon hon, o Tay Phi.
Cuoi cung, su troi day cua quyen luc Đuc tren luc đia chau Au đa khien nguoi Phap bat đau moi quan he voi đoi thu cu cua ho, Anh. Vao thang 4 nam 1904, đai dien cua Đe tam Cong hoa va chinh phu Anh đa ky mot loat thoa thuan chinh tri - quan su, thanh lap mot lien minh moi (Entente Cordiale). Do đo, vao nam 1914, nguoi Anh va nguoi Phap đa chien đau cung nhau tren cac mat tran khac nhau chien tranh the gioi thu nhat chong lai Đe quoc Đuc. Bon nam sau, nguoi Đuc se chap nhan that bai va ky Hiep uoc Versailles, cap cac lanh tho cho Phap (nhu su tra lai Alsace va Lorraine) va cam ket tra tien boi thuong. Chien thang đen voi chi phi cao, voi hon mot trieu linh Phap chet trong chien đau va bon trieu nguoi khac bi thuong, cung nhu tinh hinh kinh te xau đi (voi no cong tang gap ba va lam phat tang len đen muc cat co). Tai ban đam phan, trong khi Vuong quoc Anh, Hoa Ky va hau het cac đong minh muon "duy tri hoa binh" trong thoi hau chien Phap đoi tra thu chong lai Đuc bang cach đat chung duoi ap luc kinh te to lon, ma se gay kho chiu cho dan chung Đuc va se khien ho chuyen sang cac nhom dan toc chu nghia ngoai cung ben phai, giong nhu Đuc Quoc Xa.
Thoi ky giua chien tranh đa chung kien ​​su phan cuc chinh tri giua Lien minh Cong hoa Dan chu va Xa hoi Chu nghia. Mac du nen kinh te Phap phai chiu đung trong Chien tranh the gioi thu nhat va sau cuoc khung hoang nam 1929, đat nuoc nay đa hoi phuc vao giua nhung nam 1930, do cong nghiep nang va san xuat keo. Cong hoa thu ba vao nam 1938 ung ho chinh sach xoa diu cua chinh phu Anh nham xoa diu tham vong cua Đuc Quoc Xa, do Adolf Hitler lanh đao, nhung cuoc xung đot đa khong tranh khoi va vao thang 9 nam 1939, Phap tuyen chien voi Đuc. Vao thang 5 nam 1940, nguoi Đuc đa xam chiem Phap tu phia đong va vao thang 6, Wehrmacht (quan đoi Đuc Quoc Xa) tuan hanh tai Paris. Nguoi Phap đon gian la khong the ngan chan cuoc chien chop nhoang cua Đuc va sau đo keu goi ngung ban. Vao ngay 22 thang 6 nam 1940, muoi thang sau khi chien tranh the gioi thu hai bat đau, chinh phu Phap đa ky mot hiep đinh đinh chien voi nguoi Đuc. Đieu nay đanh dau su ket thuc cua nen Đe tam Cong hoa. Sau đo, Đuc chiem đong quan su o phia bac lanh tho Phap, trong khi mien nam van nam duoi su kiem soat cua chinh quyen bu nhin Vichy (goi la France Vichy, hay L'Etat francais), duoi su lanh đao cua cuu Thong che Philippe Petain (anh hung cua cuoc chien truoc). Mot so nha lanh đao chinh tri va quan su Phap bac bo chinh phu ap đat boi nguoi Đuc va tuyen bo tu do Phap (La France libre) mot chinh phu song song luu vong duoi su lanh đao cua Charles de Gaulle. Đuc chi roi khoi lanh tho Phap vao cuoi nam 1944 va mot chinh phu lam thoi moi đuoc ky ket, cho đen nam 1946, Cong hoa thu tu đuoc tuyen bo.
Chinh khach Adolphe Thiers (nguoi tung la tong thong thu hai cua Phap) noi rang chu nghia cong hoa, vao nhung nam 1870, la "hinh thuc chinh phu it chia cat đat nuoc nhat"; tuy nhien, chinh tri trong thoi ky Đe Tam Cong hoa bi phan cuc cao. Canh ta, ngay cang cuc đoan hon, tu xung la nguoi thua ke cua Cach mang Phap. Quyen, tu xung la mot nha vo đich cua giai cap nong dan, tan tinh chu nghia đoc đoan, va bao ve loi ich cua Giao hoi Cong giao va Quan đoi. Mac du khac nhau phan chia tu tuong va cu tri (ngay ca nhung no luc đao chinh), Đe tam Cong hoa van song sot va bay muoi nam, lam cho Troisieme Republique Chinh phu Phap đa co them thoi gian keo dai ke tu khi che đo quan chu cu sup đo (Ancien Regime) vao nam 1789.


Xem them Đe quoc thuc dan Phap
Nhung cuoc bau Tong thong duoi nen Đe Tam Cong hoa
Khung hoang ngay 6 thang 2 nam 1934
Khung hoang ngay 16 thang 5 nam 1877
Vu Dreyfus


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