Hoa thuong (gian the: 火枪; phon the: 火槍; binh am: huo qiang) la mot tu ban đau chi vu khi thuoc sung xuat hien o Trung Quoc lan đau tien vao the ky thu 10, đac biet noi bat trong trong chien tranh Kim-Tong sau nay. No bat đau nhu mot thiet bi phao hoa nho gan voi vu khi khac nhu mot cay thuong chang han, đuoc su dung đe đat đuoc loi the ap đao ngay khi bat đau can chien. Khi thuoc sung đuoc cai thien, luong chat no đuoc tang len va cac manh vun hoac đan vien đuoc them vao, mang lai cho no mot so hieu ung cua sung phun lua va sung đan ghem ket hop, nhung chung co tam ban rat ngan (3 met tro xuong) va chi mot phat (mot so đuoc thiet ke cho hai phat). Trong viec su dung hoa luc lon hon va manh hon sau đo cua hoa thuong, viec dung thuong đa bi loai bo, vi cac phien ban đau tien nay qua kho su dung trong can chien. Chung tro thanh sung ngan, tien than cua sung than cong va la to tien cua tat ca cac loai sung. Hoa thuong qua lon đoi voi mot nguoi linh duy nhat co the nam giu nen chung đuoc đat tren mat đat trong mot khung đo; vi vay chung co the đuoc coi la mot khau sung than cong.


Thiet ke Nhung hoa thuong đau tien bao gom mot ong, thuong la ong bang tre, chua thuoc sung va mot que diem chay cham, đuoc buoc vao mot ngon giao hoac vu khi khac. Mot khi đuoc đot chay, ong thuoc sung se phat no, giai phong ra mot luong lua theo huong xac đinh. Cac ten lua boc đong voi cac vien sat hoac manh gom sau đo đa đuoc them vao thuoc sung. Khi khai hoa, luong thuoc sung phat no ban ra cac vien đan cung voi ngon lua.
Cac thung hoa thuong bang kim loai xuat hien vao khoang giua the ky 13 va chung bat đau đuoc su dung đoc lap voi cay thuong. Nong kim loai đoc lap đuoc biet đen nhu mot "thiet bi phun" va tro thanh tien than cua sung than cong.


Lich su Bang chung đau tien ve hoa thuong xuat hien o Trung Quoc vao nam 950 va hoa thuong cung đuoc đe cap trong van ban quan su Vo kinh tong yeu nam 1044. Tuy nhien, viec su dung hoa thuong trong chien tranh khong đuoc đe cap cho đen nam 1132 khi quan Tong su dung chung trong Tran cong ham Đuc An, o An Luc, Ho Bac ngay nay, khi cac đoi quan hoa thuong tien phong trong mot cuoc phong ve chong lai quan bao loan.
Vao nam 1163, hoa thuong đa đuoc gan vao nhung chien xa chien tranh đuoc goi la "Nhu y ma xa" (如意戰車) đuoc su dung đe bao ve may ban đa lua di đong.
Vao cuoi nhung nam 1100, nhung manh đan nhu manh su va vien sat nho đa đuoc them vao ong thuoc sung. Tai mot so thoi điem, hoa thuong đa loai bo hoan toan ngon thuong va chi dua vao hoa luc cua chung.
Đen nam 1232, quan Kim cung su dung hoa thuong, nhung voi kieu thung chua đuoc cai tien bao gom vat lieu giay. Theo Kim su, loai hoa thuong nay co tam ban khoang ba met:

Đe lam cay thuong, su dung giay thuy huong (lam tu cay thuy huong), muoi sau lop cho ong cua no, va lam cho no dai hon 60 centimet. Nhet no bang than lieu, cac manh sat, đau nam cham, luu huynh, asen trang [co le đay la mot nham lan, co nghia la diem tieu] va cac thanh phan khac, va đat thuoc moi đen cuoi. Moi nguoi linh mang theo mot cai noi sat nho đe giu lua [co the la than nong], khi đen luc phai chien đau, ngon lua ban ra phia truoc cay thuong hon ba met, va khi thuoc sung can kiet, ong khong bi pha huy.
Nhung nguoi linh Mong Co voi vu khi ma ho đuoc su dung đe chien đau ro rang la khinh thuong cac loai vu khi cua quan Kim, nhung vo cung so cay hoa thuong. Nhung nguoi linh Kim cung đa su dung chung trong tran chien mo va trong mot truong hop, mot đoi ngu 450 linh hoa thuong đa pha tan mot doanh trai quan Mong Co. 
Vao nam 1259, mot vien đan nhoi trong nong sung đuoc ghi nhan đa đuoc su dung lam đan ban lua, khien no tro thanh vien đan đuoc ghi nhan đau tien trong lich su.
Đen nam 1276, hoa thuong đa chuyen sang kieu thung bang kim loai.
Hoa thuong nong kim loai bat đau đuoc su dung đoc lap voi cay thuong vao khoang giua đen cuoi the ky 13. Nhung khau đai bac nay đa ban ra nhung vien đan đong, đuoc goi la "thiet bi phun", la tien than cua sung than cong.
Đen nam 1280, Trung Đong đa trang bi hoa thuong.
Vao nam 1396, cac hiep si chau Au đa su dung hoa thuong trong đon vi linh hon hop.
Lan su dung hoa thuong cuoi cung đuoc ghi nhan o chau Au xay ra trong tran Bristol nam 1643.


Thu vien anh Xem them Hoa Long Kinh
Khoa hoc va ky thuat thoi Tong


Chu thich Tham khao Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Agoston, Gabor (2008), Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-60391-9
Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH
Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
Arnold, Thomas (2001), The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, ISBN 0-304-35270-5
Benton, Captain James G. (1862). A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery (an ban thu 2). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. ISBN 1-57747-079-6.
Brown, G. I. (1998), The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0.
Buchanan, Brenda J., bien tap (2006), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-5259-9
Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2.
Cocroft, Wayne (2000), Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, ISBN 1-85074-718-0
Cowley, Robert (1993), Experience of War, Laurel.
Cressy, David (2013), Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press
Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79158-8.
Curtis, W. S. (2014), Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen.
Earl, Brian (1978), Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, ISBN 0-904040-13-5.
Easton, S. C. (1952), Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell
Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6
Grant, R.G. (2011), Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare, DK Publishing.
Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on ngay 25 thang 3 nam 2004.
Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830, UCL Press Limited
al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001), "Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources", History of Science and Technology in Islam, truy cap ngay 23 thang 7 nam 2007.
Hobson, John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Norman Gardner. "explosive". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03718-6.
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", Journal of Asian History, 30: 41–5.
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0-8108-5503-8
Kinard, Jeff (2007), Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
Konstam, Angus (2002), Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd..
Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 981-05-5380-3
Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, ISBN 8791114128
Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard", Technology and Culture, 29: 594–605
McLachlan, Sean (2010), Medieval Handgonnes
McNeill, William Hardy (1992), The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press.
Morillo, Stephen (2008), War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9
Needham, Joseph (1980), Science & Civilisation in China, quyen 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08573-X
Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, quyen V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3.
Nicolle, David (1990), The Mongol Warlords: Ghengis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K, quyen 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33733-0
Norris, John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press.
Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons.
Partington, J. R. (1999), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9
Patrick, John Merton (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press.
Pauly, Roger (2004), Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group.
Perrin, Noel (1979), Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879, Boston: David R. Godine, ISBN 0-87923-773-2
Petzal, David E. (2014), The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen.
Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016), The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press
Purton, Peter (2010), A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, ISBN 1-84383-449-9
Robins, Benjamin (1742), New Principles of Gunnery
Rose, Susan (2002), Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500, Routledge
Roy, Kaushik (2015), Warfare in Pre-British India, Routledge
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschutze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Hochstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschutze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Hochstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
Swope, Kenneth M. (2013), The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44 (Asian States and Empires), Routledge.
Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006), Viet Nam Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press.
Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612-1639, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-478-7
Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, quyen III, New York: Pergamon Press.
Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3
Wagner, John A. (2006), The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32736-X
Watson, Peter (2006), Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), ISBN 0-06-093564-2
Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc.


Lien ket ngoai Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance
Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity