Vien Bao tang Orsay la mot vien bao tang nghe thuat nam o Quan 7, thanh pho Paris. Toa lac ben bo song Seine, thuoc khu vuc trung tam cua thanh pho, toa nha vien bao tang Orsay von la nha ga cu đuoc xay dung nhan dip Trien lam the gioi nam 1900. Đen thap nien 1970, cong trinh đuoc tu sua lai va ngay 1 thang 12 nam 1986, Tong thong Francois Mitterrand khanh thanh bao tang moi, chinh thuc mo cua cho cong chung tu 9 thang 12 nam 1986.
Ngay nay, Orsay la mot trong nhung vien bao tang quan trong nhat cua Paris, so huu cac tac pham noi tieng cua nghe thuat phuong Tay the ky 19 va đau the ky 20. Voi cac khong gian danh cho hoi hoa, đieu khac, hoa hinh, kien truc, nhiep anh va nghe thuat trang tri, bao tang trung bay mot trong nhung bo suu tap gia tri nhat cua hai truong phai an tuong va hau an tuong, tac pham cua nhung nghe si danh tieng nhu Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Paul Cezanne, Auguste Rodin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh... Bao tang Orsay la mot trong nhung điem du lich quan trong va thu hut du khach nhat thanh pho.
Nam 2021, bao tang co mot trieu luot khach tham quan, tang 30% so voi luong nguoi tham du vao nam 2020, nhung thua xa nhung nam truoc đo do đai dich COVID-19. Mac du bi tut hang, no van xep thu muoi lam trong danh sach cac bao tang nghe thuat đuoc ghe tham nhieu nhat vao nam 2020.


Lich su = Đia điem =

Vi tri cua bao tang Orsay von la pho Lille, truc chinh khu vuon cu cua hoang hau Marguerite cua Phap. Sau khi hoang hau mat vao nam 1615, khu đat đuoc chia lo va nhieu dinh thu quy toc đuoc xay dung doc theo bo song Seine, gan ben cang mang ten Grenouilliere. Ke song Orsay, bat đau tu nam 1708 va hoan thanh duoi thoi Đe nhat Đe che Phap. Tu nam 1782 toi nam 1788, dinh thu Salm, ngay nay la đien Bac đau boi tinh, đuoc xay dung.
The ky 19, tren vi tri nha ga Orsay sau nay la hai cong trinh: doanh trai ky binh va cung đien Orsay - cong trinh đuoc xay trong khoang nam 1810 toi nam 1838 boi cac kien truc su Jean-Charles Bonnard va Jacques Lacornee. Cung đien Orsay tung la tru so cua Bo Ngoai giao, Toa an roi Hoi đong nha nuoc. Vao thoi Cong xa Paris, khu pho nay bi thieu trui. Trong vong 30 nam sau đo, cac buc tuong chay đen cua cung đien Orsay la dau tich cua cuoc noi chien.


= Nha ga Orsay =
Truoc Trien lam the gioi 1900, Nha nuoc nhuong lai khu vuc nay cho Cong ty Đuong sat Orleans, danh cho du an xay dung nha ga moi trong trung tam thanh pho. Nam 1897, cong ty Đuong sat bat đau xem xet đe an xay dung ga Orsay giua khu pho sang trong. Đen nam 1898, kien truc su đuoc chon la Victor Laloux.
Nha ga va khach san đa đuoc khanh thanh vao 14 thang 7 nam 1900, dip Trien lam the gioi. Phia ben ngoai, Victor Laloux che giau ket cau thep bang mot lop trang tri đa theo phong cach chiet trung. Ben trong, Orsay la mot nha ga hien đai, đuoc trang bi cau thang may, cac bang chuyen hanh ly, voi 16 đuong ray ngam, cac dich vu tiep đon tren tang tret. Đai sanh cua nha ga cao 32 met, rong 40 met doc theo ke tau.
Tu nam 1900 toi nam 1939, nha ga Orsay giu vai tro ga cuoi cua tuyen đuong sat Tay Nam nuoc Phap. Khach san Orsay khong chi đon tiep cac du khach ma con danh cho tru so cac to chuc, đang phai chinh tri, noi to chuc nhieu tiec chieu đai. Nhung tu nam 1939, ga Orsay chi con phuc vu cho cac tuyen ra ngoai o. Co so nha ga khong con phu hop khi cac đoan tau dan đuoc đien khi hoa. Nha ga sau đo đuoc su dung lam trung tam gui hanh ly cac tu nhan trong chien tranh, roi tro thanh trung tam tiep đon tu nhan sau giai phong. Toi ngay 1 thang 1 nam 1973, khach san Orsay đong cua.


= Bao tang =
Nam 1973, ban giao đoc cac bao tang nuoc Phap bat đau xem xet viec tu sua lai nha ga cho mot bao tang moi ve nghe thuat chau Au tu nua cuoi the ky 19 đen đau the ky 20. Toi ngay 20 thang 10 nam 1973, Tong thong Valery Giscard d'Estaing ky quyet đinh chinh thuc thanh lap bao tang Orsay. Nam 1978, co quan bao tang Orsay đuoc thanh lap va cong ty xay dung Bouygues bat đau cong viec tu sua cong trinh cho chuc nang moi. Ngay 1 thang 12 nam 1986, Tong thong Francois Mitterrand khanh thanh bao tang va toi ngay 9 thang 12, Orsay bat đau mo cua cho cong chung.


= Kien truc =

Bao tang Orsay nam ben bo song Seine, thuoc Quan 7, khong xa cac cong trinh quan trong khac nhu Palais Bourbon, đien Invalides, Louvre... Toa nha bao tang dai 188 met nam doc theo song, chieu rong 75 met. Van mang dang dap cua nha ga đuong sat, mat ngoai va sanh chinh cua bao tang Orsay đuoc trang tri cac đong ho lon.
Vao nam 1900, hoa si Edouard Detaille tung viet: "Nha ga nay that tuyet voi va co khong khi cua mot cung my thuat" (La gare est superbe, elle a l’air d’un palais des Beaux-Arts). Nam 1979, khi quyet đinh sua nha ga thanh bao tang, đa co sau thiet ke đuoc xem xet. Cuoi cung, ban thiet ke đuoc chon la cua nhom kien truc su ACT-Architecture. Cac kien truc su Renaud Bardon, Pierre Colboc va Jean-Paul Philippon đa ton trong kien truc cu cua Victor Laloux, lam noi bat gian giua nhu mot truc chinh va su dung mai che lop kinh.
Cac phong trung bay cua bao tang Orsay nam tren ba tang. Tang tret gom sanh lon o giua va cac phong hai ben. Tang thu hai, hanh lang chay vong, mot phia cho phep nhin xuong sanh, phia con lai la loi vao cac phong trung bay. Tang tren cung, cac phong trung bay nam doc ben phia song Seine va phia pho Legion d'Honneur. Ngoai ra, bao tang Orsay con co cac khong gian danh cho nha hang, quan ca phe, hieu sach va phong nghe nhin.


= To chuc hanh chinh va cac hoat đong =
Ve mat hanh chinh, ke tu 1 thang 1 nam 2004, bao tang Orsay la mot co quan hanh chinh cong cong, quan ly ca bao tang Hebert o so 85, pho Cherche-Midi, Quan 6. Ben canh chuc nang bao tang, Orsay con thuong xuyen to chuc cac cuoc trien lam, tai bao tang va đoi khi o đia điem khac. Đau nam 2008, Orsay to chuc tai Kyoto va Tokyo cuoc trien lam ve Pierre-Auguste Renoir va con trai, Jean Renoir. Ngoai ra, Orsay con co cac cuoc hoi thao, gap go cung nhu nhung hoat đong nghien cuu ve nghe thuat.


Bo suu tap Bao tang Orsay la mot bao tang quoc gia. Khi thanh lap, cac hien vat cua Orsay xuat phat tu ba nguon chinh: bao tang Louvre, bao tang Jeu de Paume, bao tang Nghe thuat hien đai cua trung tam Georges-Pompidou. Nhung nam tiep theo, bao tang tiep tuc thu thap cac tac pham tu nhieu nguon đa dang khac. Ngay nay, Orsay so huu bo suu tap quan trong bac nhat ve nghe thuat phuong Tay the ky 19, đac biet la Truong phai an tuong va Hau an tuong. Trong so nghe si noi tieng cua bao tang, co the ke toi Paul Cezanne, Gustave Courbet, Edgar Degas, Eugene Delacroix, Antoni Gaudi, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Edouard Manet, Henri Matisse, Jean-Francois Millet, Claude Monet, Nadar, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, Alfred Sisley, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.


= Hoi hoa: Cac hoa si lon va cac tac pham đai dien = ===
Bo suu tap hoi hoa cua Orsay đuoc bat nguon tu bao tang Luxembourg, do vua Louis XVIII thanh lap nam 1818 tap hop tac pham cua nhung nghe si đuong thoi. Nhung phai đen cuoi the ky 19, cac bo suu tap cua nha nuoc moi dan đa dang nho hien tang cua nhung ca nhan, nguoi than cac nghe si. Nam 1890, tac pham Olympia cua Edouard Manet đuoc tang lai cho bao tang Luxembourg. Nam 1894, bo suu tap cua Gustave Caillebotte cung đuoc di tang cho Nha nuoc, gom hon 60 hoa pham cua Degas, Manet, Cezanne, Monet, Renoir, Sisley, Pissarro va Millet. Cung khoang thoi gian nay, Chinh phu Phap bat đau tim mua lai tac pham cua nhung nghe si hien đai hon, nhu Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Henri Fantin-Latour, Eugene Carriere... Nhung nam tiep theo, bo suu tap Truong phai an tuong tiep tuc phong phu nho qua tang cua nhung nguoi thua ke. Ben canh đo, bo suu tap tac pham cac nghe si nuoc ngoai cung phat trien va đuoc lap thanh bao tang Jeu de Paume vao nam 1922. Nam 1929, cac tac pham Truong phai an tuong đuoc chuyen ve bao tang Louvre.
Đen nam 1937, bao tang Luxembourg đuoc thay the bang bao tang Nghe thuat hien đai, nam tai Palais de Tokyo. Nam 1947, bao tang Louvre đuoc to chuc lai va bo suu tap Truong phai an tuong chuyen ve Jeu de Paume. Cac tac pham nay đa thu hut mot luong cong chung qua lon khien Jeu de Paume tro nen chat hep. Bao tang Orsay đuoc thanh lap đa giai quyet ca van đe tuong tu voi bao tang Nghe thuat hien đai trong Trung tam Pompidou. Trong suot khoan thoi gian đo va ca sau nay, bo suu tap hoi hoa van tiep tuc phat trien nho di tang va mua lai.

Frederic Bazille – 6 buc tranh bao gom The Family Reunion,  The Improvised Field Hospital, The Pink Dress, Studio in Rue de La Condamine
Cecilia Beaux – Sita and Sarita (Jeune Fille au Chat)
Rosa Bonheur - Ploughing in the Nivernais
Pierre Bonnard – 60 buc tranh bao gom The Chequered Blouse
Eugene Boudin – 33 buc tranh bao gom Trouville Beach
William-Adolphe Bouguereau – 12 buc tranh bao gom The Birth of Venus, La Danse, Dante and Virgil
Louise Catherine Breslau - 4 buc tranh bao gom Portrait of Henry Davison
Alexandre Cabanel – The Birth of Venus, The Death of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta
Gustave Caillebotte – 7 buc tranh bao gom The Floor Scrapers, Vue de toits (Effet de neige)
Eugene Carriere – 86 buc tranh bao gom The Painting Family, The Sick Child, Intimacy
Mary Cassatt – 1 buc tranh
Paul Cezanne – 56 buc tranh bao gom Apples and Oranges, The Hanged Man's House, The Card Players, Portrait of Gustave Geffroy
Theodore Chasseriau  – 5 buc tranh (bo suu tap chinh cac buc tranh cua ong o Louvre)
Pierre Puvis de Chavannes – Young Girls by the Seaside, The Young Mother hay con đuoc biet đen la Charity, View on the Chateau de Versailles and the Orangerie
Gustave Courbet – 48 buc tranh bao gom The Artist's Studio, A Burial at Ornans, Young Man Sitting, L'Origine du monde, Le ruisseau noir, Still-Life with Fruit, The Wave, The Wounded Man
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot – 32 buc tranh (bo suu tap chinh cua cac buc tranh cua ong nam trong Louvre) bao gom A Morning. The Dance of the Nymphs
Henri-Edmond Cross – 10 buc tranh bao gom The Cypresses in Cagnes
Leon Dabo – 1 buc tranh Moore Park
Henri-Camille Danger - Fleau!
Charles-Francois Daubigny - The Harvest
Honore Daumier – 8 buc tranh bao gom The Laundress
Edgar Degas – 43 tac pham bao gom cac buc tranh chang han nhu The Parade, hay con goi la Race Horses in front of the Tribunes, The Bellelli Family, The Tub, Portrait of Edouard Manet, Portraits, At the Stock Exchange, L'Absinthe, va phan mau nhu Cafe-Concert at Les Ambassadeurs va Les Choristes
Eugene Delacroix  – 5 tranh (bo suu tap chinh cac buc tranh cua ong ay o Louvre)
Maurice Denis – Portrait of the Artist Aged Eighteen, Princess Maleine's Minuet or Marthe Playing the Piano, The Green Trees or Beech Trees in Kerduel, October Night (bang trang tri phong con gai), Homage to Cezanne
Andre Derain – Charing Cross Bridge, hay con đuoc biet đen la Westminster Bridge
Edouard Detaille – The Dream
Albert Edelfelt - Pasteur's portrait by Edelfelt
Henri Fantin-Latour - Around the Piano, A Studio at Les Batignolles
Paul Gauguin – 24 buc tranh bao gom Arearea, Tahitian Women on the Beach
Jean-Leon Gerome – Portrait of the Baroness Nathaniel de Rothschild, Reception of Conde in Versailles, La Comtesse de Keller, The Cock Fight, Jerusalem
Vincent van Gogh – 24 buc tranh bao gom L'Arlesienne, Bedroom in Arles, Self Portrait, chan dung cua ban ong Eugene Boch, The Siesta, The Church at Auvers, View from the Chevet, The Italian Woman, Starry Night, Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Doctor Gachet's Garden in Auvers, Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase, Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Remy, Self Portrait
Armand Guillaumin –  44 buc tranh
Ferdinand Hodler – Der Holzfaller (The Woodcutter)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres  – 4 tranh (bo suu tap chinh cac buc tranh cua ong ay o Louvre) bao gom The Source
Eugene Jansson – Proletarian Lodgings
Johan Barthold Jongkind – 9 buc tranh
Gustav Klimt – 1 buc tranh
Maximilien Luce - The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame
Edouard Manet – 34 buc tranh bao gom Olympia, The Balcony, Berthe Morisot With a Bouquet of Violets, The Luncheon on the Grass, The Fifer, The Reading
Henri Matisse - Luxe, Calme et Volupte
Jean-Francois Millet – 27 buc tranh bao gom The Angelus, Spring, The Gleaners
Piet Mondrian – 2 buc tranh
Claude Monet – 86 cac buc tranh (mot bo suu tap tranh chinh khac cua ong nam trong Musee Marmottan Monet) bao gom The Saint-Lazare Station, The Rue Montorgueil in Paris. Celebration of 30 June 1878, Wind Effect, Series of The Poplars, Rouen Cathedral. Harmony in Blue, Blue Water Lilies, Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe, Haystacks, The Magpie, Women in the Garden
Gustave Moreau – 8 buc tranh bao gom L'Apparition
Berthe Morisot  – 9 buc tranh
Henri-Paul Motte - The Fiancee of Belus
Edvard Munch – 1 buc tranh
Henri Ottmann - The Luxembourg Station in Brussels
Camille Pissarro – 46 buc tranh bao gom White Frost
Odilon Redon – 106 buc tranh bao gom Caliban
Pierre-Auguste Renoir – 81 buc tranh bao gom Bal au moulin de la Galette, Montmartre, The Bathers, Dance in the City, Dance in the Country, Frederic Bazille at his Easel, Girls at the Piano, The Swing
Henri Rousseau – 3 buc tranh
Theo van Rysselberghe – 6 buc tranh
Paul Serusier – The Talisman, the Aven River at the Bois d'Amour
Georges Seurat – 19 buc tranh bao gom The Circus
Paul Signac – 16 buc tranh bao gom Women at the Well
Alfred Sisley – 46 buc tranh bao gom Inondation at Port-Marly
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – 18 buc tranh bao gom La Toilette
Felix Vallotton – Misia at Her Dressing Table
Edouard Vuillard – 70 buc tranh
James McNeill Whistler – 3 buc tranh bao gom Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother, hay con đuoc biet đen la Whistler's Mother


= Đieu khac =
Tuong tu bo suu tap hoi hoa, mot phan nhung tac pham đieu khac cua Orsay cung bat nguon tu bao tang Luxembourg. Nhung so voi hoi hoa, so luong bo suu tap đieu khac cua bao tang Luxembourg it hon, vao nam 1852 moi chi co 25 tac pham. Nam 1875, sau khi Antoine-Louis Barye mat, bao tang co them mot so tac pham gang va ban mau bang sap cua nha đieu khac nay. Cuoi the ky 19, đau the ky 20, bao tang Luxembourg dan nhan đuoc nhieu tac pham quan trong khac cua Auguste Rodin, Honore Daumier, Antoine Bourdelle...
Trong mot thoi gian dai, bao tang Luxembourg đa bo quen cac nha đieu khac nuoc ngoai. Nam 1923, bao tang Truong phai ngoai quoc đuoc thanh lap o Jeu de Paume va mo cua toi 1940. Nam 1947, bao tang Jeu de Paume đuoc mo cua tro lai, nhung bo suu tap đieu khac đong vai tro thu yeu sau bo suu tap hoi hoa, đac biet la cac tac pham hoi hoa An tuong. Nam 1939, bao tang Luxembourg đong cua, cac tac pham phan tan ve Louvre, trung tam Pompidou, Palais de Tokyo va ca thanh pho khac.
Khi bao tang Orsay đuoc thanh lap, noi đay tro thanh mot khong gian ly tuong cho cac tac pham đieu khac. Mot so tac pham tu cac bao tang khac nua cung đuoc chuyen ve Orsay nhu La Pensee va La porte de l'Enfer tu bao tang Rodin, La Nature se devoilant a la Science cua Ernest Barrias tu Conservatoire des arts et metiers. Orsay cung nhan đuoc cac tac pham tu thanh pho khac va mot so tuong đai o cac cong trinh kien truc. Nhung nam đau mo cua, Hoi nhung nguoi ban Orsay con thu thap đuoc them 200 tac pham đieu khac. Tu nam 1986, đe đa dang hoa bo suu tap đieu khac, bao tang mua them cac tac pham cua nhung nghe si nuoc ngoai nhu Medardo Rosso, Max Klinger... cung nhu mot bo suu tap quan trong cua Camille Claudel.
Hien nay, bao tang Orsay so huu hon 2.200 tac pham đieu khac.
Cac nha đieu khac chinh đai dien trong bo suu tap bao gom Alfred Barye, Francois Rude, Jules Cavelier, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Emile-Coriolan Guillemin, Auguste Rodin, Paul Gauguin, Camille Claudel, Sarah Bernhardt va Honore Daumier.


= Nghe thuat trang tri, nhiep anh, hoa hinh, kien truc =

Nghe thuat trang tri: Bao tang Orsay thanh lap đa tap trung mot so luong lon cac tac pham nghe thuat trang tri đang phan tan o nhieu bao tang hay co quan khac, nhu lau đai Fontainebleau, Bo Ngoai giao, bao tang Louvre, bao tang Cluny... Bo suu tap nay gom cac tac pham thuoc giai đoan 1850-1880. Ve thoi ky Art nouveau, Orsay nhan đuoc cac tac pham tu bao tang Nghe thuat trang tri. Nhung nam tiep theo, bao tang mua them va đuoc tang lai nhieu tac pham đa dang khac.
Nhiep anh: Vao nhung nam 1970, khi Orsay đuoc quyet đinh thanh lap, chua mot bao tang Phap nao co phong trung bay rieng cho nhiep anh. Khac voi cac tac pham hoi hoa, đieu khac đuoc thua huong tu bao tang khac, bo suu tap nhiep anh cua Orsay đuoc bat đau bang viec mua lai. Nhung album anh đau tien đuoc mua thuoc thoi ky 1839 toi 1863, giai đoan đuoc xem nhu hoang kim cua nhiep anh Phap va Anh voi cac tac pham cua Gustave Le Gray, Edouard Baldus, Hippolyte Bayard... Tiep theo, mot so tac pham tu cac co quan, vien luu tru cung đuoc chuyen ve Orsay. Nam 1986, bao tang mua đuoc mot bo cac album anh cua Eugene Atget mang ten Documents pour l'histoire du vieux Paris. Nam 1991, bao tang đuoc tang mot bo suu tap cac buc anh cua Felix Nadar. Hien nay, Orsay so huu hon 45 ngan tac pham nhiep anh va van tiep tuc mua lai hoac đuoc tang them.
Hoa hinh: Đuoc tap hop tu cac bao tang khac, cung nhu nho mua lai, tang vat, bao tang Orsay hien nay so huu hon 10 ngan ban ve. Trong so đo co the ke đen cac tac pham cua nhung nghe si noi tieng nhu Les amateurs d'estampes cua Honore Daumier, Sur la plage cua Eugene Boudin, Le pont d'Asnieres cua Paul Signac, Jeune homme assis, etude. Autoportrait dit au chevalet cua Gustave Courbet.
Kien truc: Ngay tu khi đuoc quyet đinh thanh lap, kien truc đa đuoc danh khong gian o bao tang Orsay. Cac ban ve kien truc đuoc chuyen ve tu bao tang Louvre. Trong đo co nhung tac pham cua cac kien truc su noi tieng the ky 19 nhu Victor Baltard, Felix Duban, Charles Garnier, Henri Labrouste, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Phong cach Art nouveau, Orsay co cac tu lieu cua Emile Galle - đuoc chau noi cua Galle tang lai vao thang 5 nam 1986 - va Hector Guimard - do cac sinh vien tim đuoc nam 1968. Nho cac chinh sach suu tam, Orsay tiep tuc thu thap đuoc cac hien vat ve kien truc co cho toi kien truc hien đai. Khu vuc kien truc cung trung bay mo hinh cua cac cong trinh noi tieng, cac quy hoach đo thi...


Nhung bo suu tap noi bat Xem them Danh sach bao tang Paris
Danh sach cac bao tang nghe thuat đuoc ghe tham nhieu nhat


Tham khao Lien ket ngoai Trang chinh thuc cua bao tang
Bao tang Orsay tren trang Insecula
20 nam bao tang Orsay
Hinh anh bao tang Orsay Luu tru ngay 27 thang 12 nam 2009 tai Wayback Machine