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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Bahrain%20%281783%E2%80%931971%29

History of Bahrain (1783–1971)

The History of Bahrain (1783–1971) covers the history of Bahrain since the invasion of Al Khalifa until the independence from the British Empire. Bahrain was a dependency of the Persian Empire when in 1783, the Bani Utbah tribe led by Al Khalifa invaded it from their base in Al Zubarah (British Protectorate of Qatar). The ruler of Al Khalifa was Ahmed bin Muhammad who became known as the conqueror. His successors faced many challenges over the next 75 years, yet they managed to keep Bahrain under their control. Externally, the island was under continuous threats from Oman and Wahhabis, both of which controlled it for short periods. Persians and Ottomans also made several claims over the country. In 1820 and later in 1861, Britain signed peace treaties with Bahrain and acknowledged Al Khalifa as its rulers. In 1867, a war erupted between Bahrain and Qatar, leading to British intervention and independence of Qatar from Bahrain. The British appointed a new Al Khalifa ruler, Isa bin Ali. During Isa's reign (1869–1923), there were no external challenges to the country as Britain defended it. He and his family enjoyed absolute powers, ruling over people as subjects and controlling much of the country as feudal estates. The public revenue of the country, collected then mostly as taxes and rents was the ruler's private income. The ruler used a special militant group to execute his orders via physical coercion. The backbone of the economy was palm cultivation, fishing and pearl diving. Palm cultivation, which the Shia practiced, was tightly controlled by Al Khalifa. Control over pearl diving on the other hands was relaxed, as it was controlled by the Sunni tribes who kept a high level of autonomy and resisted intervention. The Shia power came from their jurists who had strong social power combined with large assets. In the end of the nineteenth century, Britain placed Bahrain under its protection and by the end of the First World War tightened its grip on the island. Starting from 1919, successive British political agents began implementing reform plans. The reforms of the twenties as they became known were administrative in nature. The Shia supported them, while the Sunni tribes and parts of the ruling family opposed them. Many petitions and counter petitions were submitted to various British officials. The country was divided and violence erupted from the opposing faction. The British intervened and replaced the ruler with his elder son, Hamad bin Isa, who supported the reforms. The reforms included the pearl industry, private properties, judicial system, policing system and education. In 1932, oil was discovered, leading to significant economical and social changes in the island. Pearl industry and palm cultivation were soon wiped out due to oil growing industry. Rise of Al Khalifa Al Khalifa, a Sunni family allied under the Bani Utbah tribe, settled in Al Zubarah (Qatar) in 1766 after moving to it from Kuwait. Originally, their ancestors were expelled from Umm Qasr in Iraq by the Ottomans due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trading ships in the Shatt al-Arab waterway. The Turks exiled them to Kuwait in 1716 where they remained until 1766. Around the 1760s, Al Khalifa migrated to Zubarah in modern-day Qatar. The Al Jalahma family, allied under the Bani Utbah tribe, soon joined Al Khalifa in Al Zubara, leaving Al Sabah as the sole proprietors of Kuwait. However, they disagreed later on the distribution of revenues, leading Al Jalahma to move to Reveish just east of Al Zubara. Al Khalifa attacked them there and killed their chief Jaber Al Jalahma. Rule of Al Khalifa (1783–1869) Ahmed reign (1783–96) was stable and peaceful during which pearl production and trade grew significantly. However, during the next 75 years, Al Khalifa rule in Bahrain faced serious external and internal threats. Nonetheless, by allying with their enemies against each other, they managed to keep the island under their control. External challenges In 1796, Wahhabis occupied Al Zubara following their capture of Al-Hasa the year earlier. The defeated Salman bin Ahmed who succeeded his father moved to Jaww in the eastern coast of Bahrain, later moving to Riffa where he built an impressive fort. In 1799, ruler of Muscat, Oman launched an attack on Bahrain, but failed to control it. The next year he launched another attack, this time successful and appointed his son to supervise the island. In 1801, Al Khalifa, who fled to Al Zubara retook control over Bahrain, taking advantage of Omani fleet absence. The Omanis retaliated the next year, only to get defeated. Wahhabis, who supported Al Khalifa against Oman, placed Bahrain under their protection between 1803 and 1809 and direct control in 1810. As soon as the Wahhabis were weakened by the Egyptian advance in 1811, Al Khalifa announced their alliance with Oman and paid tribute to it for two years. Then, when Oman was weakened after their defeat by Al Qawasim, Al Khalifa announced their autonomy. Al Jalahma's leader Rahmah bin Jabir, based in Khur Hassan opposed Al Khalifa who he held a deep grudge against. He pirated their ships and supported their enemies until he was killed in 1826 in a dramatic battle. In 1820, Britain then the dominant power in the region signed "General Treaty of Peace" with tribal chiefs including Al Khalifa. By singing this treaty, Britain recognized Al Khalifa as "legitimate" rulers of Bahrain, however Britain also gave Persians a claim over Bahrain, which they kept invoking until Bahrain's independence in 1971. During that period Oman, not Persia was the main external threat to Bahrain; between 1816 and 1828 they launched four military campaigns to Bahrain, all failed with the last costing them devastating loses. During the reign of Muhammad bin Khalifa (1843–68), threats to Bahrain came from the Wahhabis, Ottomans and Persians. Muhammad tried to appease both the Ottomans and Persians by pretending to support both of them simultaneously. For the Wahhabis, he used military action, which Britain opposed and offered in secret to defend Bahrain. When Muhammad refused to stop his campaign, Britain directly intervened, besieging his war fleet and forcing him to call off the attack. The British blockage ended with the signing of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship in 1861, by which the ruler of Bahrain was not to engage in "prosecution of war, piracy and slavery at sea" and Britain was to provide protection. Britain then eliminated all external threats against Bahrain; they bombarded Wahhabis in Dammam, and used diplomacy to neutralize Persian and Ottoman ambitions. Internal challenges Al Khalifa held Bahrain as feudal estates and an occupied territory; they imposed taxes on local population to collect as much revenue as possible, with special focus on the Shia population. Al Khalifa initiated a series of land and property confiscation, and destruction of local sources of strength that lasted to the early 1930s. The Shia, who claim to be the indigenous population of Bahrain speak of an ideal past before invasion of Al Khalifa in which an assembly of Shia jurists would elect a smaller assembly which would in turn elect a council of three. Khuri (1980) mentions that it is very hard to either support or reject their assertion regarding the council of jurists, because documentation is lacking, but argues that it could be a "mythical reaction to their physical and social agonies during and after the conquest [of Al Khalifa]". Once external threats were reduced in 1828 following Oman's heavy loss, the Al Khalifa became engaged in a series of internal conflicts among themselves. These conflicts caused more damage to Bahrain economy and society than that of external invasions, the Shia suffered most of which. Soon after Al Khalifa arrived to Bahrain, they became divided into two factions, one led by Salman bin Ahmed based in Bahrain mainland and the other led by his brother Abdulla based in Muharraq Island. Gradually, Muharraq became almost independent, having its own tribal administration. Khalifa bin Salman succeeded his father in 1826. Khalifa's death in 1834 escalated the internal conflict as his uncle, Abdulla became the sole ruler of Bahrain. Abdulla's reign (1834–43) was full of conflicts and wars that caused much chaos for Bahrain; its trade declined to half and many locals, especially the Shia were forced to emigrate to other ports such as Al-Muhammarah due to the oppressive extortion and looting they were subjected to. In 1835, Abdulla ruthlessly crushed an uprising in Qatar led by one of his sons and supported by Al Bin Ali and Al Buainain. In 1842, he entered a conflict with his grand nephew, Muhammad bin Khalifa who fled to Riyad following his defeat. Muhammad, now supported by Wahhabis moved to Al Zubara where he made allies with Al Jalahma and Al Bin Ali. With his brother Ali in Manama, they defeated Abdulla who then fled to Dammam. Between 1844 and 1846, Abdulla launched three failed attempts to reclaim the throne from various locations, before finally leaving to Muscat where he died in 1849. In 1867, an uprising erupted in Wakra and Doha in Qatar. Muhammad, seeking to gain time invited Jassim Al Thani of Doha to Bahrain for negotiations, but arrested him upon his arrival. In October of the same year, he declared war on Qatar. The British considered this a violation of Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship and sent their troops to Bahrain. Muhammad fled to Qatar, leaving his brother Ali as ruler of Bahrain, who then surrendered to British demands of giving up their war vessels and paying a fine of $100,000. In addition, Al Khalifa had to renounce claims of sovereignty of Qatar, which was recognized by Britain as a separate entity. Muhammad returned to Bahrain after his brother convinced the British to allow him in, however they soon deported him to Kuwait after accusing him of engaging in conspiracies. Muhammad made his way to Qatif, and with the help of Nasir bin Mubarak bin Abdulla and Muhammad bin Abdulla they were able to place the latter as ruler after Ali bin Khalifa was killed in battle. Two months later, in November 1869, the British navy intervened, under the command of Colonel Lewis Pelly, and took control of the island. Ringleaders, except for one were exiled to Mumbai (previously known as Bombay). The British then, after talks with chiefs of Al Khalifa, appointed the 21 years old Isa bin Ali as the ruler of Bahrain, a position he would hold until 1923. From this point till independence, security and foreign relations of Bahrain were in complete control of the British. Economy and administration during reign of Isa bin Ali (1869–1923) The management of economic resources as well as government and tribal sovereignty was in the hand of tribal councils (), which were not regulated by standardized law or procedures. Social and personal affairs were managed by religious courts (). Each council power was derived from the economic resources which it controlled. During the period, the economy of Bahrain depended on pearl diving, fishing and palm cultivation. These settings existed long before the reign of Isa bin Ali, however they were well represented during it. World War I disrupted elements of Bahrain's politics, society, economy and trans-regional networks. Ruler's authority Unlike regular tribal councils, the ruler had a supreme council known as diwan and used physical coercion to collect tax or whatever they wanted from people. In the words of Khuri (1980) the ruler was "the 'government' without offices, the 'administration' without bureaucracy [and] the 'state' without public delegation or consent, standardized law or equity." The autonomy of the ruler was not much different in terms of quality from that of other sheikhs (members of Al Khalifa family) who controlled an estate, except that he had higher quantity of resources and assets. The Ruler controlled all ports and markets, and many estates including Manama and Muharraq, the two largest cities of the country. The administration apparatus at Manama and Muharraq was headed by a high ranking fidawi known as emir and composed of thirty other fidawis. In Riffa, where Sunni Arab tribes lived, the emir was an Al Khalifa member. There was no distinction between the ruler's private income and public revenue, instead all public revenues including taxes and rentals were considered private earnings of the ruler. Much of the revenue was spent on ruler's retinue and so little or none at all on infrastructure such as schools and roads, and when it occurred, it was thought of as a personal act of charity. Distant relatives of the ruler were assigned to manage his estates and his brothers and sons were given their own estates in order to avoid internal conflicts. Government-related jobs were exclusive to the Sunnis whereas market-related were confined to the Shia and foreigners. The ruler and most sheikhs lived in Muharraq city and none lived in the Shia villages. Their fidawis and council members followed them wherever they lived. Fidawis were the military arm of the authority; their main job was to execute sheikhs orders via physical coercion. They were composed of Baluchis, African slaves and Sunni Arabs whose tribal origin could not be traced. They had sticks and were authorized to interrogate, arrest and punish those deemed wrongdoers. Fidawis arbitrary way of handling law and order was complained about by Bahrainis. Fidawis were also responsible for claiming forced labor, known as sukhra () in which they would round up a random group of adult males from public places such as the market and then assign them using force to a specific task. The men would not be freed until they complete the task, which usually did not require skillful labor and could be finished in no more than two days (e.g. construction). Palm cultivation and estate administration Most cultivation in Bahrain was confined to palm trees; vegetables and fodder were only grown in small amounts. Palms were mainly located in the northern shores which compromised the cultivable land in the island. Unlike the pastoral nomads of central Arabia who lived off the camel, Bahrainis lived off the palms; its dates were a basic in their diet, branches used for construction of houses and fish traps, flowers and buds for medicine and leaves for making baskets. Local culture was also deeply affected by palms; many stories, songs, myths and even classification of persons revolved around them. Cultivation of palms required full-day work during all sessions of the year. Most cultivators were Shia who engaged all members of their families in the job: children and adults, male and female. It was their only source of subsistence. Palm cultivation was tightly controlled by the ruling family, who also served as landlords; on one hand, the lands they directly administered were farmed out as fiefs and on the other they collected taxes on private lands, and confiscated the property of those who failed to pay. Only Shia had to pay taxes, as they were not a part of the army, despite never being invited to join it. Land was divided into a number of estates which were administered by sheikhs, mostly brothers and sons of the ruler. The size of each estate was not fixed; it increased or decreased based on the power and influence of its owner; the closer relation to ruler's line of descent, the more power and thus larger estates. For instance, when a ruler died, management of estates would shift from his brothers and sons to the brothers and sons of the new ruler, and the new ruler's cousins would not inherit their fathers' (brothers of the previous ruler). Mothers also played an important factor, especially if they belonged to the ruling family. Sheikhs who controlled an estate enjoyed a high level of autonomy within it, almost as high as the ruler himself; they imposed taxes, resolved disputes and protected their subjects against outsiders, including members of Al Khalifa family. They did not interact with farmers directly, rather they had a wazir who would rent palm gardens via some middlemen, then to individual farmers. A wazir, which means minister in Arabic, is a Shia trusted by the sheikh. Sometimes wazirs would act as special advisers of the sheikh. As well as wazirs, sheikhs' administration included kikhda and fidawis. Kikhda were Shia assigned to collect taxes. Due to the nature of their job, wazirs and kikhda, who lived in Shia villages, had a leading position in society, but in villages that were heavily taxed such as Bani Jamra and Diraz, they were so hated that they escaped to Manama following reforms of the 1920s. In total, there were two to five individuals between the sheikh and the farmer. Contracts were oral before the reforms of the 1920s, after which they were written down. Rents were dependent on yield, increasing and decreasing with it, which meant farmers were always left with no more than the essentials of survival. Fishing Bahrain waters are rich in fish of various types. Fish had no capital value (not imported or exported), thus fishing traps, the main method of fishing in the island were not controlled by Al Khalifa. Most Bahrainis had one thing or another to do with fishing and sea, which they knew about as much as northern Arabs knew about camel and desert. Specialized fishermen known as rassamin built fishing traps and rented them for U.S. $150 to $5000 a year with the most expensive in Sitra island. The ruling family owned a small percentage of fishing traps, while Shia owned most of them. Pearl diving Pearl diving in the region was well known for thousands of years, however it only achieved economic consequences in the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. In 1876, pearl diving in Bahrain produced about £180,000 annually and by 1900 it rose to £1,000,000, accounting for over half value of all exports. However, in 1925 it only produced about £14,500. Pearls were shipped to Mumbai and from there to the rest of the world. Indian merchants, known as Banyan became active in exporting pearls from Bahrain to Mumbai. At the end of the nineteenth century, Bahraini and European merchants took the role of Banyans, but instead exported pearls directly to Europe. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, pearl diving became very important for the sustenance of thousands of Bahrainis, with almost half of adult males working in pearl diving. Stretching from May to October, the official pearl diving season was known as al-ghaws (). Gradually, few rich merchants known as "kings of pearl" were able to control the pearl industry, because boats supplies were expensive and good divers required high amount of money to recruit. Boat crew was divided into six categories: the pilot (nukhada; ), his assistant, divers, pullers, apprentices and servants. While in the sea, the pilot who was usually of tribal origin and owned the boat had the authority to try and punish wrongdoers and to resolve disputes. Unless they were beyond his knowledge, crimes on boat were dealt with on the basis of "eye for eye and tooth for tooth", otherwise they were dealt with after returning to land. The rest of crew were southern Persians, Baluchis or slaves and only few of them were native Shia. Divers and pullers worked as a team; divers stayed at bottom of sea collecting pearl oysters until they were short of breath, after which they would pull the rope attached to them and the more numbered pullers would pull them back to boat. Good divers lasted longer underwater and could make 100 dives a day. They had more prestige than pullers, but were also exposed to hazards such as eardrum rupture and blindness. Although pearl diving yielded a lot of money, divers and pullers share was small, while pilots and merchants got most of it. Disputes over shares and loans were normally taken to Islamic courts, but whenever it was about pearls, it was taken instead to a special court known as the salifa which was biased to merchants and pilots as its judge was always of tribal origin. In almost the same system as in palm cultivation, interests on loans increased with pearl catch, thus divers and pullers were almost always in loan to the pilot who in turn was in loan to the merchant. Skillful divers were given bigger loans, which meant they were more in debt and thus had to continue working with same pilot as they could not pay the loan and its high interests (up to 50 percent) on their own, especially that loans were hereditary from fathers to sons. They could take another loan from another pilot to pay the first, but they would still be stuck in the system. Only few divers were compensated as reward for their loyalty and hard work. Pearl diving was controlled by Sunni Arab tribesmen, who enjoyed high autonomy within their estates; they resolved disputes and held their own courts, but stopped short of collecting taxes. Each tribe had control over specific pearl banks. The power of each tribe was derived from their overall power in the Gulf and Arabia. The most powerful tribe was Al Dawasir who lived in Budaiya and Zallaq; they were wealthy, numerous and could mobilize many allies in Arabia. In order to attract as many pearl tribes as possible, Al Khalifa did not interfere with pearl diving, nor did they impose taxes on boats or catches. This increased volume of exports and thus increased taxes on them. It also increased local trade and rents. Interfering in tribes affairs had negative consciences, as they threatened to emigrate, which meant decline in trade and an implicit threat of war. This was the case of Al Bin Ali in 1895 and Al Dawasir in 1923 both of which emigrated from the island. Khuri (1980) argues that Al Khalifa tight control over palm cultivation and relaxed measures with regard to pearl diving does not mean their purpose was to favor Sunnis and oppress Shia, instead he says their purpose was to increase their revenues as much as possible from both groups; Sunni tribesmen strongly resisted any interference in their affairs and had better production in relaxed atmosphere. Religious courts Religious courts at the time followed Sharia (Islamic law) which itself is derived from the Qur'an and Hadith. There were four different juristic groups in Bahrain at the time: Urban Hawala (Sunni) who followed Shafi'i law, urban Najdi (Sunni) community who followed Hanbali law, tribal Arab Sunni community which followed Maliki law and the Shia community which followed Ja'fari jurisprudence. During the entire reign of Isa bin Ali, Jassim al-Mihza was the sole jurist that served the Sunni community. Appointed by the ruler, al-Mihza ruled over personal and family matters such as divorce and inheritance, but loans associated with pearl diving were excluded as Sharia speaks clearly against loan interests. Instead, the aforementioned loans were taken to the tribal salifa court. The Shia courts on the other hand were numerous and independent of the ruler. They were not appointed nor inheritors, but attained their position by charisma and intrinsic properties. They used ijtihad (interpretation) instead of qiyas (analogy). Shia jurists had more social power than their Sunni counterparts, because they were independent of the government and religion had more social influence on Shia as they believed in taqlid, which stands for religious imitation. In addition, Shia jurists controlled the redistribution of income of Shia endowment properties, which included land, fish traps, houses, shrines and more. The Shia endowment properties were much more than the Sunni, and were run in a similar way to tribal councils, except that principles of Islam were followed. Thus Shia jurists represented an alternative to the government; they were looked upon by their followers as the "legitimate" authority, whereas the ruler treated them as religious leaders. British Protectorate The British signed two further treaties with Al Khalifa in 1880 and 1892, putting the defense and foreign relations of Bahrain in the control of Britain and turning Bahrain into a British colonial protectorate. Following an incident in 1904, in which a relative of the ruler attacked Persians and Germans, the ruler agreed to place foreigner affairs in British hands. The term "foreigner" was vague, because Bahrain had no naturalization policy, population census or emigration office. This and the rapidly growing number of foreigners as a result of the pearl boom created a dual authority system, one led by the British agent and the other by the Al Khalifa ruler (Isa bin Ali). During the First World War, Bahrain was threatened again by Wahhabis, who re-occupied the eastern part of Arabia, Ottomans and Persian, both of which did not drop their claims over the island. Britain responded to tightening its hold over Bahrain. Bahrainis were not sympathetic with the allies, which the British attributed to their lack of attention toward Shia oppression and enforcement of reforms. When war ended, Britain changed its policy in Bahrain from being cautious and giving advises to the ruler, to directly implementing reforms. Administrative reforms The administrative reforms took place between 1919 and 1927. The nature of the reforms, sometimes referred to as "reforms of the twenties" was administrative, not political as they did not involve the issue of government legitimacy or any form of public representation. Instead they were more focused on reshuffling of public offices and economic resources. These reforms were not a result of British intervention only, as other factors such as Bahrain social order and its tribal regime had a considerable weight. The main result of these reforms was the establishment of a modern bureaucracy. Starting from 1919, H. R. P. Dickson, then the British political agent began reforming schools, courts, municipalities and other institutions of the country. In 1919, a joint court headed by Dickson and Abdulla bin Isa, the son of the ruler was established to deal with cases of foreigners against Bahrainis. The next year, fidawis were abolished after a Municipal Council was formed. All council members were appointed, half of them by ruler and half by British, and were tasked with civil responsibilities. In 1923, the salifa court was abolished and replaced by the Customary Council. The council was formed in 1920 with its members appointed the same way as in the Municipal Council, but it was given rule over trade, including pearl industry. During the same year a Shia jurist was appointed in the government. These reforms were rejected by Al Khalifa and their allies, who sent many petition to Mumbai government against Dickson's reforms. Challenges to reforms Dickson was replaced with Major C. K. Daly (1920–26), who unlike his predecessor used tough and uncompromising measures to introduce reforms. He started by undermining the influence of Abdulla bin Isa, who strongly opposed the reforms and strengthening his elder brother and the heir apparent, Hamad bin Isa. By 1921, the country was divided into two camps, the first supporting the reforms composed of Hamad bin Isa, the British political agent and the Shia (who at time composed about half of population), and the second opposing reforms composed of the ruler, his son Abdulla and tribesmen. A series of pro and anti reform petition were submitted by the two factions to different British officials including the Foreign Office. The Shia, so desperate to get rid of the tribal regime, demanded in one of their many petitions to Daly that Bahrain is placed under formal British protection. The latter, who supported their demands, wrote a letter to a higher official in which he mentioned the mismanagement and corruption of Al Khalifa as well as the "atrocities and oppressions" they had committed, especially by Abdulla bin Isa. The other faction, mainly the tribal chiefs and pearl merchants, rejected the reforms on the basis that equity and standardization of law would remove their advantages such as exemption from taxes and sovereignty over estates. The Bombay government was cautious and moved slowly; 1922 ended without implementing reform plans. This encouraged Al Khalifa and Al Dawasir, who perceived themselves as biggest losers, to use violence. The latter called for help from Wahhabis who controlled Al-Hasa and wanted to annex Bahrain to their newly formed theocratic state. Full scale violence erupted in 1923 after smaller incidents the earlier year. It took a socio-ethnic pattern as urban Najdi Sunnis fought against urban Persian Shias and tribal Sunnis against Shia villagers. Al Dawasir of Budaiya and some members of Al Khalifa attacked Shia villages of Barbar, A'ali and Sitra, and riots erupted in Manama between Najdis and Persians. These resulted in twelve people killed, dozens wounded and women raped as well as destruction of properties. The violence settled after the British fleet arrived in Bahrain and after that ruler Isa bin Ali was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Hamad. The petitions and political crisis, however continued to the reign of Hamad. Hamad began his reign (1923–42) by setting up a criminal court to try those involved in the violence; Al Dawasir and sons of Khalid bin Ali Al Khalifa. Al Dawasir intimidated and killed some Shia witnesses and killed two Shia notables who encouraged others to witness against them. This time, Al Dawasir were taken to courts where they were forced to pay fines. This marked the first time in Bahrain's history they were subjected to public law. Soon after, about two thirds of Al Dawasir left for Dammam and the rest remained, only to follow them shortly after the ruler had given them a deadline to either return or leave altogether. Although the Wahhabi emir of Najd promised to exempt Al Dawasir from taxes, he later demanded it from them. This coupled with the loss of half of their fleet during emigration, the confiscation of their properties in Budaiya and blockage from diving in Bahrain pearl banks, resulted in weakening them economically and politically, and eventually led them in 1926 to plead to ruler of Bahrain to allow them back. In 1927, the ruler allowed them to return, but only as regular subjects, which only a small part of them accepted and returned. The other part of the opposition faction was composed of sons of Khalid Al Khalifa, the ruler's cousins who attacked Sitra. The ruler was put in a dilemma between his tribal alignment and public law, and so he exiled his cousins, but paid their expenses. His cousins, however held deep grudge against residents of Sitra island who witnessed against them, and in 1924 attacked the island before their exile, killing several Shia men, women and children. Sons of Khalid Al Khalifa were sentenced to death following major Shia protests and a lengthy trial, but luckily for the ruler, they managed to escape before the sentence was carried out. Implementation of reforms A failed assassination was attempted on the ruler by one of his cousins in 1926, but aside from that, the rest of his reign was without major disturbances and he proceeded to implement the administration reforms. In 1926, a new "adviser" position was created to deal with internal affairs of Bahrain. From its creation and until 1957, it was occupied by Charles Belgrave, who became known locally as "the adviser". Pearl industry The reforms in pearl industry, which took place between 1921 and 1923 were the "testing point" for the whole reform process as they were met with the strongest resistance from tribes. Once this tribal resistance was broken, the way was open for other reforms to take place. These reforms focused on protecting divers interests and limiting merchants monopoly on the pearl industry. They included separating commercial activities from pearl diving and requiring pilots to write down an account for every diver in a book held by the diver. In the 1930s, the pearl industry lost its momentum due to a number of factors including production of cultured pearls and discovery of oil. Private properties and public rights Starting from early twenties, a decade-long intensive cadastral survey was carried out to register private properties by an Indian team. Those who occupied a land for ten years or more, or had the ruler-issued "gift declarations" were given ownership of the land. Difficulties soon aroused within the ruling family over distribution of former estates, but a deal in 1932 was reached that included abolishing forced labor and tax collection, and establishment of a "family court" to deal with intra-Al Khalifa disputes. In total, the ruling family owned 23% of palm gardens making them the second largest landowning category after private landholders. Land renting was put under government supervision, with parties to it having to write out and submit to authorities the terms and conditions of contracts. With taxes and forced labor abolished, there was no need for wazirs and kikhdas and so these positions were abolished as well. A lighter state taxation system was introduced, it only contributed to a small percent of state budget, while the biggest part was through customs, especially those on pearl industry. The ruling family received much of the budget; in 1930 half of it was allocated to them either as allowances or salaries. Judicial system Having no standardized penal code, the Joint Court established in 1919 used Indian, British or Sudanese code as appropriate with local customs. Before the establishment of Bahrain Court in 1926, cases were taken to the Joint Court, Sharia courts or the Customary Council. Bahrain Court served as the lowest and highest in the country until a Bahrain Lower Court was established in 1927 and an appeal court in 1939. It was headed by the adviser and a member of Al Khalifa. Religious courts were integrated into a central judicial system, but were subsidiary to the Bahrain Court, which resulted in weakening the power of Shia jurists. Policing system The fidawis were replaced by municipal police in 1920. In 1922, Persians composed most of the police, but in 1924 one hundred Baluchis were recruited. The Baluchis were disbanded later after several incidents of incompetence and indiscipline, and were replaced by retired Indian Army Punjabis that served until 1932. The policy of recruiting from "minority cultures" continued and due to this Bahrainis avoided joining police that they only constituted 20% of it by the 1960s, the rest being foreigners (Balushis, Yemenis, Omanis, etc.). Bahrain army was founded in 1968 and adopted the style of the Jordanian army. Bahrainis, especially those of tribal origin (Sunnis) composed the majority of its recruits, while villagers (Shia) only composed a small percentage within the noncombat departments. In general, Sunnis of tribal origin dominated the authoritative departments such as justice, interior, military and emigration, while the Shia dominated the technically based such as water, health, finance and electricity. Education The first school in Bahrain was the American Missionary School (now known as Al Raja School), built in early nineteenth century. It only attracted Christians and Jews initially, and Bahrainis only started sending their children to it in the 1940s and 1950s. The first two Arabic schools in Bahrain were divided by sectarian lines; al-Hidaya built in 1919 in Muharraq was for Sunnis, while al-Ja'fariyah built in 1929 in Manama was for Shia. The Al Khalifa saw this sectarian division as a threat to their authority, and in 1932-33 both schools were opened to public with their names changed to Muharraq and Manama primary schools respectively. In the following years more public schools were opened and an education department was founded. Discovery of oil A survey of the geology of the Persian Gulf region was conducted in 1912, believed to be the region's first. In 1914, Bahrain's ruler granted to the British that he would not order the exploitation of oil nor grant any oil concessions without their prior approval. The first oil concession was given to the Bahrain Petroleum Company in 1928. Oil was later discovered in Bahrain in 1931, with the first shipment exported in a year. Few years later, an oil refinery was built in Sitra to process and refine Bahrain's 80,000 daily barrels in addition to 120,000 barrels from Dammam in neighboring Saudi Arabia connected to it via a pipeline. In the following decades, oil royalties increased significantly; from $16,750 in 1934, to $6.25 million in 1954 and to $225 million in 1974. The discovery and production of oil brought several economical and social changes to the island. Economically, pearl diving and palm cultivation, then the backbones of the Bahraini economy were almost wiped out. Pearling boats reduced from 2,000 in the 1930s, to 192 in 1945 and to none in the 1960s. Oil production provided stable work opportunities, not only in Bahrain, but in the whole Persian Gulf region to which many Bahrainis emigrated to. This in addition to emigration of pearl tribes reduced the number of divers, leading to the eventual decline of pearl diving. Palm cultivation decline shared the same reasons, but was more gradual, dropping sharply only in the 1960s and after. Instead of farming palms, vegetable cultivation emerged and the first became a luxury venture. Further reading Mahdi Abdalla Al-Tajir (1987). Bahrain, 1920–1945: Britain, the Shaikh, and the Administration. Talal Toufic Farah (1986). Protection and Politics in Bahrain, 1869–1915 Emile A Nakhleh (1976). Bahrain: Political development in a modernizing society. Andrew Wheatcroft (1995). The Life and Times of Shaikh Salman Bin Hamad Al-Khalifa : Ruler of Bahrain 1942–1961. Fred H. Lawson (1989). Bahrain: The Modernization of Autocracy. Mohammed Ghanim Al-Rumaihi (1975). Bahrain: A study on social and political changes since the First World War. University of Kuwait. Abdulla, Khalid M. 1999. "The State in Oil Rentier Economies: The Case of Bahrain." In Change and Development in the Gulf, ed. Abbas Abdelkarim: 51–78. New York: St. Martin's Press. Curtis E. Larsen. 1984. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University of Chicago Press. References Footnotes Bibliography History of Bahrain 18th century in Bahrain 19th century in Bahrain 20th century in Bahrain Former polities of the Cold War

12675178

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20Requirements%20Directives

Capital Requirements Directives

The Capital Requirements Directives (CRD) for the financial services industry have introduced a supervisory framework in the European Union which reflects the Basel II and Basel III rules on capital measurement and capital standards. Member States have progressively transposed, and firms of the financial service industry thus have had to apply, the CRD from 1 January 2007. Institutions were allowed to choose between the initial basic indicator approach, which increases the minimum capital requirement in Basel I approach from 8% to 15% and the standardised approach, which evaluates the business lines as a medium sophistication approaches of the new framework. The most sophisticated approaches, Advanced IRB approach and AMA or advanced measurement approach for operational risk were available from January 2008. From this date, all concerned EU firms had to comply with Basel II. The new CRD IV package entered into force on 17 July 2013: this updated CRD simply transposes into EU law the latest global standards on bank capital adequacy commonly known as Basel III, which builds on and expands the existing Basel II regulatory base. CRD IV commonly refers to both the EU Directive 2013/36/EU and the EU Regulation 575/2013. The Capital Requirements Directives superseded the EU's earlier Capital Adequacy Directive that was first issued in 1993. Previous CRD packages CRD I In 2000, seven Banking Directives and their amending Directives were replaced by one single Banking Directive (2000/12/EC), which aimed to improve the clarity and transparency of the EU legislation and to create a kind of "European Banking Act". The adoption of the Basel II guidelines in 2004 was followed at EU level by a recast of the Banking Directive on the one hand (Directive 2006/48/EC) and the Capital Adequacy Directive (Directive 93/6/EEC) on the other hand (Directive 2006/49/EC). These two Directives were officially adopted on 14 June 2006 and published in the Official Journal on 30 June 2006. Both Directives entered into force on 20 July 2006. CRD II On 16 September 2009, the Council and the European Parliament officially adopted Directive 2009/111/EC, which is part, together with Directives 2009/27/EC and 2009/83/EC, of the second legislative package aimed at ensuring the financial soundness of banks and investment firms. CRD III On 24 November 2010, the Council and the European Parliament officially adopted Directive 2010/76/EU on capital requirements for the trading book and for re-securitisations and the supervisory review of remuneration policies. Directive 2010/76/EU was to be implemented in two phases. The first, which affects the remuneration provisions, as well as a number of other ones dealing with the extension of some pre-existing minimum capital requirements, had to be implemented by 1 January 2011. The remaining provisions had to be implemented by 31 December 2011. CRD IV On 17 July 2013, the CRD IV package was transposed —via a Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms (CRR)) and a Directive (Directive 2013/36/EU on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms)— the new global standards on bank capital (the Basel III agreement) into EU law, entered into force. This is the current legislation on banking prudential requirements. Assessment and criticism Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have argued that European powers such as France and Germany pushed dogmatically and naively for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD). In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself, to rely more than ever on the standardised assessments of "credit risk" marketed aggressively by two US credit rating agencies—Moody's and S&P—thus using public policy and ultimately taxpayers' money to strengthen anti-competitive duopolistic practices akin to exclusive dealing. European governments have abdicated most of their regulatory authority in favour of a non-European, highly deregulated, private cartel. See also European Union banking union References Sources https://web.archive.org/web/20060711060130/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/bank/regcapital/index_en.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20130627202127/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/bank/regcapital/legislation_in_force_en.htm External links Directive 2013/36/EU of 26 June 2013 on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms (CRD IV) (as amended) Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms (CRR) (as amended) Bank regulation European Union directives 2006 in law 2006 in the European Union Banking in the European Union Capital requirement

57689605

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Hashmi

Abdul Hashmi

Abdul Hashmi (born 4 September 1997) is a Danish cricketer. In September 2016, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2016 ICC World Cricket League Division Four tournament in USA. He played in Denmark's last match of the tournament, against Bermuda. In September 2018, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament in Oman. In May 2019, he was named in Denmark's squad for a five-match series against Leinster Lightning in Ireland, in preparation for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier tournament in Guernsey. The same month, he was named in Denmark's squad for the Regional Finals qualification tournament. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut for Denmark, against Jersey, on 16 June 2019. In August 2019, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2019 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A tournament. He made his List A debut for Denmark, against Malaysia, in the Cricket World Cup Challenge League A tournament on 16 September 2019. References External links 1997 births Living people Danish cricketers Denmark Twenty20 International cricketers Place of birth missing (living people) Danish people of Pakistani descent

59703096

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20J.%20Buck

David J. Buck

David J. Buck is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force. Prior to his retirement on February 1, 2018, Buck served as the commander of the 14th Air Force, Air Force Space Command, and the Joint Force Space Component at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Air Force career David Buck graduated summa cum laude with a degree in business administration from Kansas Newman College. In 1986, he graduated from Air Force Officer Training School, and commissioned as a second lieutenant. From 1986 to 1991, he served as a missile combat crew commander at Ellsworth Air Force Base. He then served in the 576th Flight Test Squadron at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Headquarters Air Force Space Command at Peterson Air Force Base, and attended the College of Naval Command and Staff. He commanded the 1st Space Launch Squadron at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and the 821st Air Base Group at Thule Air Base. He then served as the vice commander of the 30th Space Wing and the commander of the 50th Space Wing. In 2010, Buck deployed for a year to direct Air Force Central Command space forces in southwest Asia. After serving as the vice command of the Air Force Warfare Center at Nellis Air Force Base, he served as the Director of Operation and the Vice Commander for Air Force Space Command. In August 2015, he assumed command of the 14th Air Force, Air Force Space Command, and the Joint Force Space Component. He retired on February 1, 2018. Awards and decorations Effective dates of promotion References Living people United States Air Force generals Year of birth missing (living people)

45220400

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUAY-FM

QUAY-FM

QUAY-FM is a VHF-FM broadcasting station on the island of Alderney. It holds the only Community Radio licence in the Channel Islands which was granted in 2014 to the Alderney Broadcasting Company (a non-profit organisation, limited by guarantee). The scheme under which community radio stations were established in the United Kingdom by Ofcom originally did not apply to the Channel Islands, each of which has separate legal systems. Further legislation was needed in order to enable the establishment of community radio stations in the Islands. After representations from the QUAY-FM volunteers who had been operating an twice-yearly RSL and from the Government of Alderney, this was enabled by the extension, by Order-in-Council of the relevant parts of the UK's Communications Act, 2003 to the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Applications were invited by Ofcom in December 2013 and closed in March the following year. This application round resulted in a licence being granted to the Alderney Broadcasting Company Limited, a non-profit company incorporated in Alderney, limited by guarantee (company number 1899) which was the only applicant within the Bailiwick, no applications having been received from either Guernsey or Sark. History The station was founded in the summer of 2000 by a number of volunteers, several of whom had backgrounds in BBC Radio, independent local radio (ILR) in the UK, and university radio. The station was originally authorised to transmit on 87.7 MHz FM under a Restricted Service Licence (RSL) issued by the UK's Radio Authority. It broadcast only during the peak summer vacation period, including Alderney Week. In 2004, a regular Christmas broadcast period was added. The station equipment was kept available to be activated in times of civil emergency, which happened once during extreme weather conditions in the winter of 2010 (which was nicknamed "SNOW FM" locally, although the familiar QUAY-FM name was used on-air). Since the start of 2015, QUAY-FM has broadcast year-round under a Community Radio Licence issued by Ofcom (successor licensing body to the Radio Authority). Live, year-round transmissions were commenced at 7:00 a.m. on 12 February 2015 with the first transmission being made by Tim Butler (who was one of the original presenters on the very first RSL broadcasts in August 2000) presenting the Early Morning Show. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021, QUAY-FM became a vitally important part of the Island's contingency measures, with President Tate making daily broadcasts to update islanders on the situation during the emergency powers lockdown and in the period during which restrictions were eased. Started broadcasting on the Channel Island DAB+ local multiplex on 1 August 2021 although the local transmitter is not due to start until later in the summer. References External links Companies of Alderney Radio stations in Guernsey Community radio stations in the United Kingdom

13400463

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20transport%20undertakings%20transferred%20to%20the%20London%20Passenger%20Transport%20Board

List of transport undertakings transferred to the London Passenger Transport Board

The following is a list of the transport undertakings transferred to the London Passenger Transport Board under the terms of the London Passenger Transport Act 1933. The transfer took a number of months as agreement had to be reached between the various operators and the board. 1 July 1933 Undertakings owned by the Underground Group: The London Electric Railway Company The Metropolitan District Railway Company The Central London Railway Company The City & South London Railway Company The Lots Road Power House Joint Committee The London General Omnibus Company, Limited London General Country Services, Limited Overground, Limited The Tramways (M.E.T.) Omnibus Company, Limited The Metropolitan Electric Tramways, Limited The London United Tramways, Limited The Union Surplus Lands Company, Limited The Union Construction and Finance Company, Limited Morden Station Garage, Limited Acme Pullman Services, Limited Bucks Expresses (Watford), Limited Green Line Coaches, Limited. Skylark Motor Coach Company, Limited South Metropolitan Electric Tramways and Lighting Company, Limited (tramway and light railway undertaking only) The Metropolitan Railway Company, (excluding the undertaking of the Surplus Lands Committee) The following local authorities' tramway, light railway or trolley vehicle undertakings: The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Barking The Bexley Urban District Council The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the County Borough of Croydon The mayor and commonalty and citizens of the City of London The Dartford Urban District Council The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the County Borough of East Ham The Erith Urban District Council The Hertfordshire County Council The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Ilford The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Leyton The London County Council The Middlesex County Council The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Walthamstow The mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the County Borough of West Ham Thomas Tilling, Limited Tilling and British Automobile Traction Company Limited 1 October 1933 Thomas Tilling Limited Lewis Omnibus Company Limited 31 October 1933 Cardinal Omnibus Company, Limited Chariot Omnibus Services, Limited Filkins & Ainsworth, Limited. Glen Omnibus Company (London), Limited F. W. Hayes F. J. C. Kirk. Nelson Omnibus Company, Limited A. H. Raper Ryan Omnibus Company F. Steer Supreme Motor Omnibus Company, Limited United Omnibus Company, Limited 9 November 1933 Convey and Clayton Eagle Omnibus Company, Limited Essex Omnibus Company, Limited E. G. Hope A. Mills C. H. Pickup Pro Bono Publico, Limited Renown Traction Company, Limited Charles Russett and Son 23 November 1933 Amersham and District Motor Bus and Haulage Company, Limited Earl Motor Omnibus Company, Limited E. Puttergill, Limited F. A. Rasey A. G. Summerskill, Limited Triumph Motor Omnibus Company Woolvett and Carswell 4 December 1933 G. H. Allitt and Sons, Limited E. Brickwood, Limited Cleveland Omnibus Company, Limited Enterprise Transport Company, Limited Holliday and Bangs Peraeque Transport Company, Limited Pioneer Omnibus Company 14 December 1933 B.B.P. Omnibus Company, Limited Gordon Omnibus Company, Limited Powell and Whybrow 20 December 1933 Premier Omnibus Company, Limited Premier Line, Limited 1 February 1934 Empress Motors, Limited 14 February 1934 Red Rover Omnibus, Limited 21 February 1934 Birch Brothers, Limited 13 June 1934 Paterson Omnibus Company, Limited 11 July 1934 Westminster Omnibus Company, Limited 18 July 1934 St. George Omnibus Company, Limited 10 August 1934 Chocolate Express Omnibus Company, Limited 29 August 1934 Ambassador Bus Company, Limited Sphere Omnibus Company, Limited Miller Traction Company, Limited Perkins Omnibus Company, Limited 7 November 1934 City Motor Omnibus Company, Limited Reliance Omnibus Company, Limited Victory Omnibus Company, Limited 5 December 1934 Prince Omnibus Company, Limited References History of transport in London Passenger Transport Board

25954906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplophysa%20hialmari

Triplophysa hialmari

Triplophysa hialmari is a species of stone loach endemic to China. Its type locality is "Ba-tshu River", a tributary of the Yangtze River near Yushu City, Qinghai. References hialmari Freshwater fish of China Endemic fauna of China Taxa named by Artem Mikhailovich Prokofiev Fish described in 2001

15809291

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Luce

Sainte-Luce

Sainte-Luce may refer to the following places: Sainte-Luce, Martinique, a commune in the Martinique department, overseas France Sainte-Luce, Isère, a commune in the Isère department, France Sainte-Luce, Quebec, a municipality in Quebec, Canada Sainte-Luce, Madagascar, a fokontany in the District of Fort-Dauphin, Anosy Region, Madagascar

10578084

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Courtney

Richard Courtney

Richard Courtney, drama teacher, theatre scholar and international expert in children's drama, was born in Newmarket, England on 4 June 1927 and was educated at Culford School and the University of Leeds. Between 1948 and 1952 Courtney studied at Leeds with Shakespeare scholar G. Wilson Knight and Pirandello scholar and translator Frederick May. While there, he directed and appeared in a number of theatre productions and upon graduation continued this endeavor with the Arts Theatre in Leeds and the Rep Theatre in Yorkshire. On 21 December 1953, he married Rosemary Gale. From 1956 to 1960, he played various roles on BBC radio. Between 1952 and 1959 he taught drama at schools in England before becoming Senior Lecturer in Drama at Trent Park College of Education in 1959, a position he would retain until 1967. From 1968 to 1971, he was Associate Professor of Theatre at the University of Victoria, British Columbia and was Professor of Drama from 1971 to 1974 at the University of Calgary. While in Calgary, Courtney also directed theatre and served as President of the Canadian Child and Youth Drama Association as well as being an advisor to the Minister of Culture, Andre Fortier. In 1974, he was appointed Professor of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and the University of Toronto Graduate Centre for Drama. At the latter he worked with Peter McLaren, one of the leading architects of critical pedagogy. He maintained these positions until his retirement in 1995. In 1975, he traveled to New Mexico to research the dramatic rituals of the Hopi and the Navajo Nations. He visited the University of Melbourne in 1970 and 1974 and was a Visiting Fellow in the Spring of 1979 at the Melbourne State College, Victoria. Courtney was a drama theorist. He wrote extensively on the subject and has roughly one hundred published works to his name. In addition, he was also responsible for numerous reports and journal articles touching on such subjects as educational drama, drama therapy, arts education, criticism and the history of drama. Courtney lectured in Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. He was President of the Canadian Conference of the Arts, 1973-1976 and Chairman of the National Inquiry into Arts and Education in Canada, 1975-1979. Courtney died on Saltspring Island, British Columbia on 16 August 1997. Selected published works External links Richard Courtney archives at the Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University Libraries, Toronto, Ontario 1927 births 1997 deaths Canadian educational theorists People from Newmarket, Suffolk University of Toronto faculty People educated at Culford School Drama teachers British emigrants to Canada

31553711

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition%20of%20Ibn%20Abi%20Al-Awja%20Al-Sulami

Expedition of Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami

Expedition of Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami to Banu Sulaym took place in April 629 AD, 12th Month 8AH-1st Month 9AH, of the Islamic Calendar. Expedition During the summer, many expeditions took place, some of them ending disastrously. A month after Muhammad returned from the pilgrimage (1st Umrah), he dispatched Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami a group of 50 Muslims fighters to Banu Sulaym, demanding their allegiance to Islam. Banu Sulaym were a sister tribe of Banu Hawazin and inhabited the area of Najran and Turbah. When Ibn Abi Al-Awja arrived in the Banu Sulaym area, he called them to convert to Islam. When the tribe refused, fighting erupted. Banu Sulaym fought back, and showered the Muslims with arrows and killed many of them. Ibn Abi Al-Awja was wounded and escaped to Medina with great difficulty. However, a year later, the Banu Sulaym embraced Islam and sent an embassy to submit themselves, as Muhammad was increasing his power. See also Military career of Muhammad List of expeditions of Muhammad Notes 629 Campaigns ordered by Muhammad Banu Sulaym

2703781

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture24

Culture24

Culture24, originally the 24 Hour Museum, is a British charity which publishes websites, weareculture24, Museum Crush and Show Me, about visual culture and heritage in the United Kingdom, as well as supplying data and support services to other cultural websites including Engaging Places. It operates independently, and receives government funding. Organisation Culture24 is based in Brighton, southern England, and has ten employees. The Culture24 Director is Jane Finnis, who contributed a chapter to Learning to Live: Museums, young people and education and in March 2010 was named as one of 50 "Women to Watch" in the United Kingdom cultural and creative sectors by the Cultural Leadership Programme. The Culture24 chairman is John Newbigin, who was named as one of Wired Magazine's top 100 people shaping the digital world in May 2010. The charity was founded in 2001 as the 24 Hour Museum, when the website of the same name became an independent company. The organisation changed its name to Culture24 in November 2007, and the website followed suit on 11 February 2009. Culture24 is a registered charity and is funded by the UK government through Arts Council England (ACE). Purpose The (now defunct) Museums, Libraries and Archives Council was working with Culture24 as one of its partners in furthering the council's digital agenda, specifically helping to deliver: Culture24 also administers Museums at Night (UK), the annual weekend of late openings at museums, galleries and heritage sites. Websites The main Culture24 website is a guide to museums, public galleries, libraries, archives, heritage sites and science centres. It has a database of over 5,000 cultural institutions, who are able to update the information about their activities. It features daily arts, museum, history and heritage news, and exhibition reviews. News stories are available as RSS newsfeed. Culture24 also runs a site for children, Show Me, which has online activities related to UK museums and galleries, including interactive games, quizzes and competitions. A section of the site contains guidance for parents and teachers about using online resources from museums and galleries. In 2009, Culture24 was runner-up in the Nominet Trust Best Practice Challenge. The Culture24 suite of websites won the 2010 "best of the web" award (long lived category) at the Museums and the Web Conference. Culture24 is also listed as one of the Guardian's top 100 essential websites, and one of the Sunday Times' top 10 museum websites. References External links Culture24 website Show Me children's website Engaging Places website Organizations established in 2001 Organisations based in Brighton and Hove Virtual museums Culture24 Charities based in East Sussex Museum organizations

38161886

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaleh-ye%20Shir%20Khan

Qaleh-ye Shir Khan

Qaleh-ye Shir Khan (, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Shīr Khān and Qal‘eh Shīr Khān) is a village in Qareh Chay Rural District, in the Central District of Saveh County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 438, in 85 families. References Populated places in Saveh County

65272504

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck%20Vandecasteele

Franck Vandecasteele

Franck Vandecasteele (born 7 November 1967) is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward. Career Vandecasteele is a product of the Paris Saint-Germain Academy. On 28 May 1985, he played his first and only game for the senior team, a 6–1 league loss to Nancy. After loan spells with Alès and Abbeville, Vandecasteele joined Laval, where he had the period with the most appearances as a footballer. Vandecasteele continued his career; he went on to play for Bastia, Nice, Sochaux, and Stade Bordelais before retiring in 2003. After football After retiring from football, Vandecasteele was hired by Peugeot. He worked in the Gironde department of France, where the city of Bordeaux is located. Career statistics Honours Bastia Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: References Living people 1967 births People from Rueil-Malmaison Association football forwards French footballers Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players Olympique Alès players SC Abbeville players Stade Lavallois players SC Bastia players OGC Nice players FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players Stade Bordelais (football) players Ligue 1 players Ligue 2 players French Division 3 (1971–1993) players Championnat National 3 players

63487961

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Akinjo

James Akinjo

James Akinjo (born November 27, 2000) is an American college basketball player for the Baylor Bears of the Big 12 Conference. He previously played for the Georgetown Hoyas and the Arizona Wildcats. Early life and high school career Akinjo grew up in the crime-ridden Las Deltas Housing projects in North Richmond, California. He was raised by his grandmother, Roberta Stevenson, because his mother, Monique Divers, died from leukemia when he was a toddler. When Akinjo was 13 years old, his brother died. Many of his friends were also murdered. His father, who is only 16 years older than him, and his uncle were imprisoned or jailed during his childhood. From a young age, Akinjo aspired to become a basketball player and drew inspiration from Chris Paul. At age 11, he was featured in the East Bay Times, who touted him as a "basketball prodigy." Akinjo played for Salesian College Preparatory in Richmond, California, where he was coached by Bill Mellis. As a freshman, he stood 5'8 but had a growth spurt. At the 2017 MLK Classic, Akinjo scored 29 points in a 45–36 win over St. John Bosco-Bellflower. As a senior, he averaged 20.7 points and 5.2 assists per game, leading his team to a 30–2 record and the CIF North Coast Section Division III title. Recruiting A four-star recruit, he originally committed to UConn but after the firing of head coach Kevin Ollie switched his commitment to Georgetown. College career On November 19, 2018, Akinjo earned his first Big East Conference Freshman of the Week honors after averaging 14.3 points and 4.7 assists per game in three games. He made a three-pointer with 4.9 seconds left in regulation to force overtime in a 76–73 win over South Florida. On December 22, Akinjo scored a season-high 25 points in a 102–94 victory over Arkansas–Little Rock. He matched his career-high on March 9, 2019, scoring 25 points with five three-pointers in an 86–84 win over 16th-ranked Marquette. At the end of the regular season, Akinjo was named Big East Freshman of the Year and was a unanimous pick for the Big East All-Freshman Team. As a freshman, he averaged 13.4 points, 5.2 assists, 2.9 rebounds and 1.1 steals per game. Akinjo made his sophomore debut on November 6, 2019, scoring 20 points, including 17 in the second half, in an 81–68 win over Mount St. Mary's. On December 2, it was announced that Akinjo had left Georgetown and was entering the transfer portal along with several other Georgetown players. In seven games, he averaged 13.4 points, 4.4 assists and three rebounds per game. On January 1, 2020, Akinjo committed to Arizona. He was granted a waiver for immediate eligibility on September 1. As a junior, he averaged 15.6 points and 5.4 assists per game, earning First Team All-Pac-12 honors. On March 31, 2021, Akinjo declared for the 2021 NBA draft with the possibility of returning to school. He transferred to Baylor. On December 28, 2021, Akinjo scored a career-high 27 points and had nine assists in a 104-68 win against Northwestern State. He missed a game against West Virginia on January 18, 2022, due to an injured tailbone. Career statistics College |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19 | style="text-align:left;"| Georgetown | 33 || 32 || 31.6 || .365 || .391 || .812 || 2.9 || 5.2 || 1.1 || .0 || 13.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20 | style="text-align:left;"| Georgetown | 7 || 7 || 30.7 || .337 || .242 || .813 || 3.0 || 4.4 || 2.0 || .0 || 13.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2020–21 | style="text-align:left;"| Arizona | 26 || 26 || 34.9 || .379 || .408 || .819 || 2.3 || 5.4 || 1.4 || .0 || 15.6 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 66 || 65 || 32.8 || .368 || .382 || .815 || 2.7 || 5.2 || 1.3 || .0 || 14.3 Personal life Akinjo's father played basketball for McClymonds High School in Oakland, California in the late 1990s. References External links Baylor Bears bio Arizona Wildcats bio Georgetown Hoyas bio 2000 births Living people American men's basketball players Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players Basketball players from Oakland, California Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players Point guards

66168711

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bexit

Québexit

Québexit is a 2020 Canadian political comedy film, directed by Joshua Demers. The film's plot centres on the aftermath of a successful Quebec sovereignty referendum, focusing on conflicts at the new international Quebec-New Brunswick border between the Canadian Armed Forces, the new army of Quebec, and a pair of indigenous women whose ancestral land rights mean that they cannot be stopped from crossing the border at will. The film's cast includes Gail Maurice, Xavier Yuvens, Alison Louder, Nicole Joy-Fraser, Daniel Gravelle, Alexandre Côté, Mélanie Bray, Voytek Skrzeta, Inderpal Saluja, Valérie Descheneaux, Andrew White-Martin, Emmanuel Kabongo, Nathalie Nadon, Florian François, Pierre Simpson, Kyle McDonald, Keenan Grom, Samantha Brown and Jennifer Vallance. It features dialogue in English, French and Cree; despite being set on the Quebec-New Brunswick border, the film was shot principally in Pickering, Ontario. The film premiered at the Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival in September 2020. In December it was screened at the Whistler Film Festival, where Maurice, Yuvens and Demers won the Borsos Competition award for Best Screenplay in a Canadian Film. References External links 2020 films 2020 comedy films Canadian films Canadian comedy films Films shot in Ontario Films set in New Brunswick Films set in Quebec First Nations films

11254435

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Abu%20Dhabi%20Series

2007 Abu Dhabi Series

The Abu Dhabi Series, also known as the Warid Cricket Series, was a cricket tournament, contested between Pakistan and Sri Lanka, from 18 to 22 May 2007. It was hosted on neutral soil, all 3 ODIs being played at the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It will be the first matches played by either side since the conclusion of the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Pakistan went on to win the series 2-1, only losing the final match of the series. All 3 matches were Day/Night matches. Squad lists Squad changes Pakistan Following the retirement of Inzamam-ul-Haq after Pakistan's shock World Cup Group Stage exit, Pakistan named Shoaib Malik as ul-Haq's successor as captain. Younis Khan and Shoaib Akhtar were both dropped - Akhtar for his fitness, whilst Khan is playing English county cricket with Yorkshire County Cricket Club. Salman Butt was recalled to the team after 9 months out of the side. Sri Lanka Only nine of the fifteen players in the Sri Lankan squad who were present for their 2007 World Cup campaign are in the squad for the Abu Dhabi Series - Russel Arnold retired following the World Cup, whilst Muttiah Muralitharan, Kumar Sangakkara and Chaminda Vaas were all rested in order to be given the opportunity to play for their respective English county cricket teams. Young bowler Nuwan Kulasekara was dropped from the side, as well as former captain Marvan Atapattu, with Sri Lanka Cricket explaining they wanted to give experience to younger players, such as Malinda Warnapura who had earlier impressed for Sri Lanka A. Coaches Both teams had experienced recent changes in coaches: Pakistan's coach Bob Woolmer died in the West Indies following the team's exit from the World Cup - the investigation into his death, amidst claims of murder, is still ongoing. No full-time coach had been named before the series, although there has been speculation as to current Bangladesh coach Dav Whatmore taking over once he steps down at the end of India's tour of Bangladesh. Sri Lanka's coach Tom Moody announced his intention to leave Sri Lanka and return to Australia to coach the Western Warriors following the series. ODI series 1st ODI 2nd ODI 3rd ODI References External links CricketArchive Tour Homepage Cricinfo Tour Homepage Cricket in the United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Series, 2007 International cricket competitions in 2007

42090809

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20flavescens

A. flavescens

A. flavescens may refer to: Acacia flavescens, a tree native to eastern Australia Acanthoscelides flavescens, a bean weevil Acromyrmex flavescens, a leaf-cutter ant Adelotopus flavescens, a ground beetle Adelpherupa flavescens, a grass moth Aedes flavescens, a mosquito that carries heartworm Agathis flavescens, a conifer endemic to Peninsular Malaysia Agave flavescens, a Mexican plant Aglaia flavescens, an Oceanian plant Alternanthera flavescens, a flowering plant Alyxia flavescens, an Australasian dogbane Amaranthus flavescens, an annual plant Anoectochilus flavescens, a jewel orchid Anoteropsis flavescens, a wolf spider Antennaria flavescens, a daisy native to western North America Anthenea flavescens, a sea star Anthericum flavescens, a flowering plant Anthurium flavescens, a flamingo flower Antigonon flavescens, an American buckwheat Aphnaeus flavescens, an African butterfly Apoctena flavescens, a tortrix moth Apotomus flavescens, a ground beetle Apriona flavescens, a longhorn beetle Aquilegia flavescens, a North American wildflower Arcyria flavescens, an amoeboid protozoan Argostemma flavescens, a flowering plant Argulus flavescens, a carp louse Argyrodes flavescens, an Asian spider Ariteus flavescens, a bat endemic to Jamaica Aspergillus flavescens, a saprotrophic mold Astragalus flavescens, a plant native to the Northern Hemisphere Asura flavescens, an Asian moth Atelopus flavescens, a toad endemic to French Guiana Austrostipa flavescens, a true grass

40066931

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%20of%20Love%20%28book%29

Prisoner of Love (book)

Prisoner of Love is Jean Genet's final book, which was posthumously published from manuscripts he was working on at the time of his death. Under its French title, Un Captif Amoureux, the book was first published in Paris by Gallimard in May 1986. Translated into English by Barbara Bray and with an introduction by Edmund White it was published by Picador. Prisoner of Love was subsequently published in 2003 by New York Review Books. with a new lengthy introduction by Ahdaf Soueif. The book is a memoir of Genet's encounters with Palestinian fighters and Black Panthers. Starting in 1970, he had spent two years in the Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. Visiting Beirut in September 1982, he found himself in the midst of the Israeli invasion of the city. He was one of the first foreigners to enter Shatila refugee camp after the massacre of hundreds of its inhabitants. Reception According to Edmund White, "For a book about one of the most ideologically heated conflicts of modern times, Prisoner of Love is curiously cool and unpolemical." As described by Publishers Weekly, "Part anti-Zionist tract, part memoir and philosophical discourse, this uninhibited cascade of images and associations is less a political document than a map of Genet's mental landscape." Edward Said in The Observer called it "one of the strangest and most extraordinary books of the decade", and the Washington Post Book World review said: "Written with pain’s steel nib, it is a product of long incubation, tender and philosophical and almost Proustian." For the Los Angeles Reader, it is "An undeniable masterpiece, written with assurance and the fine white heat of lifelong rage." Stage adaptation 1995 Prisoner of Love was staged as a performance piece by JoAnne Akalaitis at the New York Theatre Workshop from 12 May to 25 June 1995, with an original score composed by Philip Glass. References External links Martin Kramer, "Prisoner of Hate: Jean Genet and Palestine". Review of Edmund White, Genet: A Biography, published in Commentary, July 1994, pp. 46–49. Works by Jean Genet 1986 non-fiction books Books about Palestinians Éditions Gallimard books French memoirs

68689432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Clarke%20%28academic%29

Robert Clarke (academic)

Robert Clarke is a Northern Irish oncology researcher and academic administrator. He is the executive director of The Hormel Institute, a professor of biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics at the University of Minnesota, and ab Adjunct Professor of Oncology at Georgetown University. With his work focused in breast cancer research, Clarke studies how hormones (endogenous and exogenous) and related factors affect breast cancer. He has authored over 340 publications, and has 5 patents awarded. His research primarily focuses on determining an individual patient’s prognosis and the likelihood that they will respond to specific systemic therapies. His laboratory also studies drug resistance and the role of cell-cell communication in affecting dormancy and responsiveness to endocrine therapies breast cancers that express the estrogen receptor. Clarke is an elected Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Royal Society of Medicine, and the Royal Society of Biology. He is a Senior Editor for the journal Cancer Research. Education Clarke studied at the University of Ulster, and received his bachelor's degree in biological sciences in 1980. He then enrolled at Queen’s University of Belfast, and earned a M.Sc. in 1982, a Ph.D. in 1986, and a D.Sc. in 1999 (each in biochemistry). He completed his postdoctoral training at the Medical Breast Section of the National Cancer Institute in 1988. Career Following his postdoctoral training, Clarke joined Georgetown University School of Medicine as an assistant professor of physiology and biophysics, and was promoted to associate professor of oncology in 1995, and to professor in 1999. In 2020, he held an appointment at Georgetown University as an adjunct professor of oncology. Clarke also held several administrative appointments in his career. He served as secretary/treasurer of the Georgetown University Senate from 2004 till 2007, as associate vice president of GUMC and director of Biomedical Graduate Research Organization from 2007 till 2019, as co-leader of Breast Cancer Program 2006 till 2020, and as dean for research 2011 till 2019 at Georgetown University. Since 2020 he serves as executive director of The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota. Research Clarke's work is focused on how hormones (endogenous and exogenous) and related factors affect breast cancer. He initially focused on the interactions of hormones and anticancer drugs, and then expanded the work into studies of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain how breast cancers become resistant to hormone and cytotoxic therapies. He and his colleagues have developed a series of hormone resistant breast cancer models that are now used in the field. Breast cancer Clarke’s research team and collaborators discovered a new signaling network and control mechanism that contributes to the hormonal regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation and cell death in response to estrogens, aromatase inhibitors, and antiestrogens This signaling includes communication between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and reflects novel interactions within the unfolded protein response. His group has also identified interferon regulatory factor-1 as a breast cancer suppressor gene, and worked on the development and application of genomic and novel bioinformatic methods in translational breast cancer studies Aspects of Acquired Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer Clarke identified some of the first non-nuclear activities of endocrine therapies including the effects of Tamoxifen and high dose estrogens on membrane fluidity. In his studies regarding drug resistance and MDR1/P-glycoprotein, he published the first statistical meta-analysis of the role of MDR1 in breast cancer, and defined novel mechanisms of resistance to Taxanes. He was among the pioneers to implicate the unfolded protein response (UPR) in acquired endocrine resistance and in regulating involution in the normal mammary gland. In addition, his research team was among the first to implicate key BCL2 family members, interferon regulatory factor-1 and NFκB in the endocrine resistant phenotype, and to define basic interactions among the UPR, autophagy and apoptosis, regulation of immune markers, and the role for epigenetic changes in terms of determining trans-generational effects on endocrine responsiveness. In his studies on the endocrine-mediated regulation of breast cancer progression and cell fate, he explored the concept that the final cell-fate decision is based on integrated signaling that flows through the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and nucleus. Together, this signaling is represented in a modular network that regulates and executes five key cell function modules (autophagy, cell death, metabolism, proliferation, and UPR). Awards and honors 2012 - Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer, National Cancer Institute 2019 - Fellow, the American Association for the Advancement of Science Bibliography Clarke, R., Brünner, N., Katzenellenbogen, B.S., Thompson E.W., Norman, M.J., Koppi, C., Paik, S., Lippman, M.E. & Dickson, R.B. (1989). Progression from hormone dependent to hormone independent growth in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 86(10), 3649–3653. Trock, B. J., Leonessa, F., & Clarke, R. (1997). Multidrug resistance in breast cancer: a meta-analysis of MDR1/gp170 expression and its possible functional significance. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89(13), 917–931. Trock, B. J., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., & Clarke, R. (2006). Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98(7), 459–471. Clarke, R., Ressom, H. W., Wang, A., Xuan, J., Liu, M. C., Gehan, E. A., & Wang, Y. (2008). The properties of high-dimensional data spaces: implications for exploring gene and protein expression data. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(1), 37–49. Tyson, J.J., Baumann, W.T., Chen, C., Verdugo, A., Tavassoly, I., Wang, Y., Weiner, L.M. & Clarke, R. (2011). Dynamic modelling of estrogen signaling and cell fate in breast cancer cells. Nature Reviews Cancer, 11(7): 523–532. References Living people People from Northern Ireland Georgetown University faculty University of Minnesota faculty Oncologists Academic administrators Year of birth missing (living people)

6885645

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Carlos%20d%27Assump%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Park

Dr. Carlos d'Assumpção Park

Dr. Carlos d'Assumpção Park (; ) is a water-side park in Sé, Macau, China. It is located on Avenida Dr. Carlos d'Assumpção. The park features: Kun Lam statue arbor playground fountains ponds promenade along the Outer Harbour See also List of tourist attractions in Macau Sé, Macau Urban public parks in Macau

57282346

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacodes

Sacodes

Sacodes is a genus of marsh beetles in the family Scirtidae. There are about seven described species in Sacodes. Species These seven species belong to the genus Sacodes: Sacodes elongata Yoshitomi, 2012 g Sacodes fuscipennis (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) i c g b Sacodes humeralis (Yoshitomi & Sato, 1996) g Sacodes leei Yoshitomi & Satô, 2004 g Sacodes pulchella (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) i c g b (beautiful marsh beetle) Sacodes taiwanensis (Yoshitomi & Sato, 1996) g Sacodes thoracica (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) i c g b Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net References Further reading External links Scirtoidea Articles created by Qbugbot

20801685

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic%20beverages%20in%20Oregon

Alcoholic beverages in Oregon

The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, dating back to 1844. It has been an alcoholic beverage control state, with the Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages, since Prohibition. Today, there are thriving industries producing beer, wine, and liquor in the state. Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m for consumption at the premise it was sold at, or between 6 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. if it is bought and taken off premise. In 2020, Oregon began allowing the sale of alcohol via home delivery services. As of 2007, consumption of spirits was on the rise while beer consumption held steady. That same year, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in-state, the highest figure in the United States. Oregon wine production began in the mid-19th century, before it was a state. By 1919, the industry had collapsed due to prohibition, and after prohibition ended fruit wines dominated the industry. The modern era of Oregon wine began in 1961, and the industry cemented its reputation in 1975 by winning a French award. In 2007, wine making was a $207.8 million business. Beer production began in 1852 with Henry Saxer's liberty brewing in Portland. In 1862 Henry Weinhard's bought the Liberty brewery. The company is now a part of the Miller Brewing Company, but it helped Portland to become the microbrewing capital of the world. Portland hosts North America's largest beerfest, and Oregon has produced a number of national and international award winning beers. In 1844, the Oregon territories voted to prohibit alcoholic beverages. This was repealed in 1845, but prohibition was reinstated in 1915, four years before the national alcohol prohibition. When national prohibition was repealed in 1933, the Oregon Liquor Control Commission (OLCC) was created. The agency changed its name in 2021 to the Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission. Unlike states that allow liquor sales in grocery stores, liquor in Oregon is sold only in OLCC run liquor stores and establishments that have liquor licenses, and the OLCC has strict guidelines and training to ensure that all licensed venues understand how to safely sell and serve alcoholic beverages. Alcohol and alcoholism are also studied by the state at the Portland Alcohol Research Center. Consumption Alcohol laws in Oregon permit the sale of beer, wine, and liquor, for on- or off-premises consumption, between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. In 2004, Oregonians consumed of distilled spirits, of wine, and of beer, ranking it 27th, 19th, and 27th respectively of US states. Oregon had an estimated population of 3,594,586 in 2004, ranking it 27th among US states. In 2007, sales of spirits increased 9% over the previous year. Whiskey and vodka were the top sellers, while tequila had the largest percentage increase. Oregonians' top buy was Jack Daniel's, with 412,000 bottles sold. This was during a national spirits trend where manufacturers introduced new products and advertising aimed at young drinkers. Again in 2007, Oregon's 2.6 million adults on average drank 32 gallons of beer each, versus 4 gallons of wine and 2 gallons of spirits, but sales of beer hadn't increased like sales of spirits. The Oregon Department of Human Services reported that while drinking among 8th–11th graders has fallen nationally, it has increased in Oregon. The number of DUI offenses dropped between 2002 and 2005, from 25,342 to 23,455. Beer consumption The following table lists the amount of beer consumed in Oregon for the years 1997–2004 as reported in the 2005 Beer Handbook. The scale is in 1,000s of cases of beer. A case of beer is 24 12-ounce beers, for a total of 2.25 gallons per case. Production Wine Wine grapes were planted in Oregon in the Willamette Valley starting in 1847. A census in 1860 revealed that Oregon's wine production was 2,600 gallons. In the 1880s and 1890s, German immigrants began planting wine grapes in Southern Oregon. In the 1880s, Ernest Reuter garnered a reputation for his Klevner wines, grown in the Willamette Valley, west of Forest Grove. By 1919, the Oregon wine industry had collapsed due to the temperance movement and resulting prohibition. Fruit wines dominated Oregon's wine industry post-prohibition, and by 1938 there were 28 bonded wineries, producing wines based on berries, Concord grapes, and other American hybrids. Oregon's modern wine industry dates to 1961 when Hillcrest Vineyard in Roseburg began planting Riesling and small amounts of other grapes. In 1965, Oregon pinot noir was established when The Eyrie Vineyards planted grapes near Corvallis. Oregon's wine reputation was made in 1979 when a French magazine ranked The Eyrie's 1975 Pinot noir third among 330 wines of the world. By 2007, Oregon wineries were producing 1.7 million cases of wine for a total of $207.8 million in sales. There are several official American Viticultural Areas entirely within the state, including the Willamette Valley, Southern Oregon, Umpqua Valley, and Rogue Valley AVAs. Parts of the Columbia Gorge, Walla Walla Valley, and Snake River Valley AVAs lie within Oregon. Pinot noir and Pinot gris are the top two grapes grown. Beer In 1862, German immigrant Henry Weinhard founded a brewery in Portland. By the early 1880s it had become the Northwest's largest brewery. Weinhard once attempted to pump free beer through Portland's Skidmore Fountain. He died in 1904, but the company continued to do well, making it through prohibition by brewing soft drinks and merging with Arnold Blitz, a local competitor. Blitz-Weinhard was sold to the Pabst Brewing Company in 1979, and then again to the Miller Brewing Company in 1999. The company helped prepare Oregon beer drinkers for the arrival of microbrewing. Portland, Oregon is considered to be the nation's microbrew capital. A microbrewery is defined as one that produces less than 15,000 barrels a year. Portland hosts the Oregon Brewers Festival, North America's largest beer festival. The microbrewery industry began in 1979 when President Jimmy Carter legalized home brewing. In 2006, 14 beers from eight Oregon breweries won medals at the Great American Beer Festival, out of 2,800 entries. Also in 2006, Oregon won 11 times at the World Beer Cup, in a field of 2,200 beers. In 2007, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in-state, the highest figure in the United States. According to the Oregon Hop Commission, in 2007, Oregon was also the second largest U.S. hops producer, after Washington. Spirits As of 2008, Oregon contains 12 of the nation's 142 craft distilleries, up from six in 2006. In 2007, a law was approved allowing tasting rooms and direct sales to the public. Jim Dodge, purchasing manager for the OLCC, believes that the distilleries are an outgrowth of the microbrew industry, instead of the wine industry, as well as a societal change. Dodge explained that "there's been a recent shift from beer, and to some degree wine, to distilled spirits as the alcohol of choice." In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined that absinthe was legal, though it had been understood to be illegal for about 80 years. Portland distillery Integrity Spirits responded by releasing the second American-made absinthe, which was in high demand immediately upon its release. Legislative history Oregon has been regulating alcohol through its laws for over 150 years. In 1844, the Oregon Territory voted to prohibit alcoholic beverages. This is often referred to as the first prohibition in the United States. The law was repealed in 1845. From 1845 to 1915, various local laws governing alcohol were passed: in 1908, Portland Councilman George Cellars restricted establishments that could serve alcohol to restaurants greater than and when a meal was ordered, which caused saloons to simply change their name. Councilman Rushlight amended it to and required a food purchase but not a full meal, but this was vetoed by Mayor Harry Lane. Prohibition Using Oregon's local initiative system, the Anti-Saloon League helped focus the movement into passing the Local Option Act by initiative in 1904, allowing individual cities to go dry. Hood River, Oregon became the first dry city in 1905. The ASL and other temperance organizations spent years organizing, and finally passed Initiative 334 in 1914. This initiative required the state legislature to pass prohibition laws, which they did in 1915, preceding national alcohol prohibition by four years. Accompanying legislation banning liquor advertising in the state resulted in at least some out-of-state newspapers cancelling subscriptions in Oregon. Liquor was imported into Oregon on the Southern Pacific Railroad from other West Coast states. The smuggling ring was led by the Pullman porters and supplied smuggled liquor to Portland through the 1950s. In 1933, national prohibition ended with a repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Oregon's governor, Julius Meier, appointed Dr. William S. Knox to study the situation. Knox recommended adopting the Canadian system of sales of alcohol by the state. The reasoning was that this would provide revenue and lower alcohol abuse. The Oregon Legislative Assembly held a special session and the OLCC was created days after the repeal of national prohibition. Eighteen states in total chose to regulate alcohol. Oregon Revised Statutes Chapters 471, 472, 473 and 474 were the commission's enabling statutes. OAR Chapter 845 governed its administrative rules. The OLCC's mission is "to effectively regulate the sale, distribution, and responsible use of alcoholic beverages in order to protect Oregon's public health, safety and community livability." However, under these laws bootlegging in Oregon was rife and Portland became infamous as a center of corruption. Post-Prohibition licensing In 1939, the advertising of hard liquor on billboards and in newspapers was voluntarily discontinued. Also, in 1939, a "club bill" was passed by the Legislative Assembly. The bill gave regulatory power to the OLCC over hotels, restaurants and private clubs where liquor was served. Lobbyists then succeeded in having the bill referred to the voters in 1940. Voters passed the bill in 1940. In 1944, the "Burke Bill" became law: wines with more than 14% alcohol could only be sold by Commission stores and agencies. Also in the 1940s, a "service bars" license was established. This restricted liquor licenses to establishments serving food. In 1949, the Legislative Assembly approved a method where establishments that sold liquor could ask for proof of age from patrons they thought were under the age of 21. Measure 15—passed in 1952—amended the Constitution (Article I, section 39) to regulate the sale of liquor by the individual glass. Five more types of licenses were created in the 1950s, dealing with liquor-by-the-drink operations, industry agents, salesmen, out-of-state manufacturers of malt beverages, and conventions, group meetings, etc. In 1960, establishments were required to have food sales equal to 25% of their total sales. In the 1970s, the OLCC began enforcing the Oregon Bottle Bill and wines of up to 20% alcohol became allowed with certain licenses. In the 1980s, the number of OLCC commissioners was changed from three to five, to reflect the number of congressional districts. The 1990s saw a flurry of laws passed governing the OLCC's oversight of the newly numerous Oregon wineries and microbreweries. House Bill 4028–passed in 2002–allowed liquor stores to operate on Sunday; they had previously been restricted to six days a week. Ballot measures relating to alcohol The following ballot measures changed state policy on alcohol: Measure 3 (1904), a "local option" law, passed. Measure 17 (1914), Prohibition Constitutional Amendment: passed 57.7% Measure 9 (1916), Prohibition Amendment Forbidding Importation of Intoxicating Liquors for Beverage Purposes: passed with 51.2%. Measure 7 (1932), Bill to Repeal State Prohibition Law of Oregon: passed 59.8% Measure 7 (1944), Burke Bill; Only State Selling Liquor over 14 Hundredths Alcohol: passed 55.95% Measure 15 (1952), Constitutional Amendment Authorizing Alcoholic Liquor Sale by Individual Glass: passed 56.4% The following alcohol-related ballot measures have failed: Measure 3 (1906), Amendment to local option law giving anti-prohibitionists and prohibitionists equal privileges: failed with 43.9% support. Measure 22 (1910), Prohibiting Liquor Traffic: failed 41.6%. Measure 23 (1910), Prohibiting the Sale of Liquors and Regulating Shipments of Same, and Providing for Search for Liquor: failed 40.2%. Measure 8 (1916), Permitting Manufacture and Regulating Sale 4 Percent Malt Liquors: failed with 38% support. Measure 11 (1938), Bill Regulating Sale of Alcoholic Liquor for Beverage Purposes: failed 34.7% Measure 6 (1940), Bill to Further Regulate Sale and Use of Alcoholic Liquor: failed 40.2% Measure 9 (1950), Making Sale of Promotively Advertised Alcoholic Beverage Unlawful: failed 23.1% Measure 5 (1988), Finances Intercollegiate Athletic Fund by Increasing Malt Beverage, Cigarette Taxes Research The Portland Alcohol Research Center is a NIH-established effort funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. About 20 scientists and 60 people, mostly at OHSU, are investigating science organized around ten components: Dependency using mice. Molecular genetics responses affecting alcohol withdrawal and preference. Quantitative trait locus which relates gene expression to genotypes. Genetic analysis of gene expression. Characterization of ethanol response on chromosome 11. Massive search strategy for ethanol-related genes. Genetic models of variation in impulsivity and alcoholism. Genetics of alcohol-associated traits in monkeys. A dedicated section (Pilot projects) launches 2 to 4 projects annually. Educational outreach with three aims: K-12 schools, scientific education, and publication. Additional themes and focuses include: Genetic contributions to alcohol sensitivity Permit is needed to make Alcohol. Behavioral predispositions to the drug, such as impulse effects and dependency. The center has trained medical students in alcohol-related issues for more than 30 years and has published more than 380 papers and articles since 1996. See also Alcohol laws of the United States by state Drug policy of Oregon Cannabis in Oregon Fern Hobbs, West's personal secretary Oregon Bottle Bill Oswald West, former Governor and noted prohibitionist Woman's Christian Temperance Union References External links Oregon Liquor Control Commission National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Prohibition in Oregon, from the Oregon State Archives Portland Beer Wiki Oregon Controlled substances in Oregon History of Oregon Oregon law Food and drink in Oregon

34374179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuku%20Nyak%20Arif

Teuku Nyak Arif

Teungku Nyak Arif (17 July 1899 – 4 May 1946) was an Acehnese nationalist and National Hero of Indonesia. He has been given the nickname Rencong of Aceh, after the traditional Acehnese weapon, for his bravery. Biography Early life Nyak Arif was born in Ulèë Lheuë, Banda Aceh, Aceh, on 17 July 1899. He was the third of five siblings born to Chief of Sagi XXVII Mukim Teuku Nyak Banta and Cut Nyak Rayeuh; he also had five siblings from his father's two other wives. After graduating from elementary school in Banda Aceh, he moved to Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, to study at the teacher's college () there. In 1911 he was chosen as the new leader of Sagi XXVI Mukim, but due to his age Nyak Arif was represented by his father. Upon finishing his studies in Bukittinggi, Nyak Arif went to the leadership school for native Indonesians () in Banten on the island of Java. While at school, he demonstrated a dislike of the Dutch colonial government and their programs, at times disobeying commands from his teachers and refusing to take the allowance allocated to every Acehnese student outside of Aceh. After graduating in 1915, he returned to Aceh. Entry to politics Nyak Arif became active in politics beginning in 1919, when he joined the Nationaal Indische Party, a continuation of the original Indische Party founded by Ernest Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and Ki Hajar Dewantara; he became the party's head in Aceh. He also founded the Acehnese Society () and led the Aceh branches of the Islamic Youth Group () and Sumatran Youth Group (). Beginning in this period he became an ardent supporter of the Taman Siswa and Muhammadiyah social organisations, which continued until his death. On 16 May 1927, Nyak Arif was selected to join the People's Council of Aceh () in addition to his duties as Chief of Sagi XXVII Mukim. As a member of the council he would consistently criticise Dutch policies which he found to go against the interests of the Acehnese people; in another speech he said that the Aceh War was far from over. On 27 January 1930, he joined the National Fraction (), led by Mohammad Husni Thamrin. Nyak Arif left the council in 1931. In 1935 Nyak Arif became the head of the Acehnese Football Association (). With the nationalist movement gaining steam and the Dutch occupied with Adolf Hitler's movements in Europe, Nyak Arif delivered a speech at a memorial service for Soetomo in 1938, which ended with the lines "By Allah, with Allah, for Allah. I promise to be faithful to my homeland, people, and religion, and to never betray the struggle." This oath was taken by other attendees as well, including Daud Bereueh. Japanese occupation With Japanese forces approaching, on 8 March 1942 Nyak Arif joined several other Acehnese leaders in demanding self-determination. Three days later, eight of the leaders were arrested by Dutch forces by command of Colonel George Gosenson; Gosenson searched for Nyak Arif, but the latter was able to escape detection. The following day, on 12 March 1942, the Japanese forces landed at Sabang; this was followed on 28 March with the surrender of the Dutch troops. Nyak Arif was chosen by the Acehnese people to lead the Government Committee of Aceh, and reluctantly collaborated with the Japanese forces; he later said of the period, "we had driven out dogs only to have pigs come." He was once arrested on the suspicion of leading an underground resistance force, but later released. When the Japanese formed their own people's representative council for Aceh, Nyak Arif was chosen as its head. In 1943 he went to Japan with 14 other Sumatran leaders and brought before Emperor of Japan Hirohito; he reportedly refused to bow before the emperor in the Japanese tradition, although he did agree to nod. Upon returning to Aceh, he and Teuku Hasan delivered a speech permeated with subtle sarcasm about the greatness of the Empire of Japan. In 1944 Nyak Arif was chosen to be deputy chief of the People's Representative Council of Sumatra. Independence After the Japanese surrender to the Allies and Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, on 3 October Nyak Arif was chosen to be the first resident of Aceh. In this position he oversaw the Japanese withdrawal from Aceh after refusing the Allies the right to do so; despite clashes with some Japanese troops in Bireuën, they were eventually all disarmed and returned to their homeland. On 17 January 1946 he was declared a titular major general while he served as a staff member to the Sumatran military commander. During the Cumbok Affair—a power struggle between the ulama (religious leaders) and ulèëbalang (feudalists)—Nyak Arif agreed to surrender himself to the ulama to prevent further bloodshed. He died on 4 April of the same year as from complications from diabetes in Takengon and was buried in Lam Nyong family cemetery. Accolades and honours On 9 November 1974 Nyak Arif was declared a National Hero of Indonesia by President Suharto through Presidential Decree 071/TK/1974. Personal life Nyak Arif's first marriage was to the daughter of Teuku Maharaja, the chief of Lhokseumawe; the couple divorced before they had any children. His second marriage was to Jauhari, daughter of a Minang police officer named Yazid. Together they had two sons and a daughter. Notes References Footnotes Bibliography 1899 births 1946 deaths Acehnese people Indonesian Muslims Governors of Aceh Deaths from diabetes National Heroes of Indonesia

53453376

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankoa

Bankoa

Bankoa is a traditional Spanish bank founded in 1975 and located in San Sebastián. The original name was the Banco Industrial de Guipúzcoa and worked as an industrial bank. In 1997 it was acquired by the Crédit Agricole, the name was changed to Bankoa and it became a universal bank. References External links Homepage Banks of Spain Crédit Agricole subsidiaries Banks established in 1975 1975 establishments in Spain

56292152

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Sports%20Complex

University Sports Complex

The University Sports Complex or The Den is a 500-seat multi-purpose arena in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, on the campus of Loyola University New Orleans. It was formerly called the Recreational Sports Complex or Rec Plex. History The facility opened in 1987 and was paid for with a donation from Freeport-McMoRan. The complex is located on the fifth and sixth floors of the Freret Street parking garage structure. It was built on the same site as the former Loyola Field House. In 2017, the facility went through a major renovation, including new floor paint, new grandstands and more. Athletic teams It is home to the Loyola Wolf Pack men's basketball, women's basketball, men's swimming, women's swimming and women's volleyball teams. The facility offers both men's and women's locker rooms for the teams. The facility also houses the offices for the Wolf Pack Athletics Department. Recreational sports The University Sports Complex also serves as the student recreation center. The facility offers multi-purpose courts used for badminton, basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball. It also has a racquetball court, a six-lane Olympic-style pool, a suspended track, a weightlifting/conditioning area, a whirlpool, sauna and steam room. See also Loyola Wolf Pack Loyola University New Orleans References External links Official website College basketball venues in the United States College swimming venues in the United States College volleyball venues in the United States Athletics (track and field) venues in New Orleans Basketball venues in New Orleans Indoor arenas in New Orleans Indoor track and field venues in Louisiana Swimming venues in New Orleans Volleyball venues in New Orleans Loyola University New Orleans Loyola Wolf Pack Loyola Wolf Pack men's basketball Sports venues completed in 1987 1987 establishments in Louisiana

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare%20Verazzi

Baldassare Verazzi

Baldassare Verazzi (6 January 1819 – 18 January 1886) was an Italian painter. Life Verazzi was born in Caprezzo, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Piedmont. He studied at the Academy of Brera at Milan from 1833 to 1842, then under the Venetian Romantic painter Francesco Hayez (1791–1882) in 1851, and participated in several exhibitions in Turin and Milan. He took his inspiration from history (painting a fresco on The life of Leonardo da Vinci) and religion (The Holy Family in Egypt, the 1851 The parable of the Samaritan and the 1854 Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino presented by Bramante to Pope Julius II). His masterpiece (now at the Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan) is considered to be Episodio delle Cinque Giornate (Combattimento a Palazzo Litta) - known in English as Episode from the Five Days (Fighting at Palazzo Litta). Heavily involved in the Risorgimento, he was hunted down by the Austrian authorities in 1848 and forced to live under severe proscriptions. He left for Argentina in 1856, where he taught (the Argentine painter Cándido López was his student) and painted local personalities, scenes of everyday life and history paintings of political or military events. He also decorated the original Teatro Colón. He returned to Italy and installed himself near Lake Maggiore, and the landscape of that area proved a new source of inspiration for paintings that he then produced with his son Serafino (1875–1945). He died in Lesa, aged 67. References Bibliography Tullio Manacorda, Los pintores del Museo Historico. Baltasar Verazzi, in ”Revista Historica", tomo X, n. 28, 1922. Ezio Brambilla, Baldassare Verazzi, in ”Le Vie d`Italia e dell`America Latina", 1929. Fabio Copiatti et Valerio Cirio, Baldassare & Serafino Verazzi, Pittori del lago Maggiore Due vite tra Verbano, Milano e America Latina, Alberti Libraio - Magazzeno Storico Verbanese - La Compagnia de' Bindoni, 2006 Valerio Cirio et Fabio Copiatti, Una visita alla casa del pittore Baldassare Verazzi, a Lesa...” (2007), in ”Antiquarium Medionovarese", II (2007), Arona 2007, pp. 429-442. Fabio Copiatti et Valerio Cirio, L’opera di Baldassare Verazzi, pittore verbanese, nella chiesa di San Martino a Malnate'', in ”La Cava 2007" (XIV), Varese, 2007, pp. 7–19. Sources Biography of Baldassare Verazzi on the Magazzeno storico Verbanese site 1819 births 1886 deaths People from the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola 19th-century Italian painters 19th-century Argentine painters Argentine male painters Italian male painters Italian people of the Italian unification Brera Academy alumni 19th-century male artists

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili%20language

Swahili language

Swahili, also known by its native name , is a Bantu language and the native language of the Swahili people. It is one of two official languages (the other being English) of the East African Community (EAC) countries, namely Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. It is a lingua franca of other areas in the African Great Lakes region and East and Southern Africa, including some parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Malawi, Mozambique, the southern tip of Somalia, and Zambia. Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and of the Southern African Development Community. The number of Swahili speakers, be they native or second-language speakers, is estimated to be approximately 200 million. Swahili developed historically by borrowing a number of words from foreign languages, particularly administrative terms from Arabic, but also words from Portuguese, Hindi and German. In relatively more recent times, Swahili has borrowed the most from English. Yet sixteen to twenty percent of the Swahili vocabulary are Arabic loanwords, including the name of the language ( , a plural adjectival form of an Arabic word meaning 'of the coast'). The loanwords date from the contacts of Arabian traders with the Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Africa over the last couple of centuries, which was also when Swahili emerged as a lingua franca. In 2018, South Africa legalized the teaching of Swahili in schools as an optional subject to begin in 2020. Botswana followed in 2020, and Namibia plans to introduce the language as well. Shikomor (or Comorian), an official language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte (), is closely related to Swahili and is sometimes considered a dialect of Swahili, although other authorities consider it a distinct language. Classification Swahili is a Bantu language of the Sabaki branch. In Guthrie's geographic classification, Swahili is in Bantu zone G, whereas the other Sabaki languages are in zone E70, commonly under the name Nyika. Historical linguists do not consider the Arabic influence on Swahili to be significant, since Arabic influence is limited to lexical items, most of which have been borrowed only since 1500, whereas the grammatical and syntactic structure of the language is typically Bantu. History Etymology The origin of the word Swahili is its phonetic equivalent in Arabic: Origin The core of the Swahili language originates in Bantu languages of the coast of East Africa. Much of Swahili's Bantu vocabulary has cognates in the Pokomo, Taita, and Mijikenda languages and, to a lesser extent, other East African Bantu languages. While opinions vary on the specifics, it has been historically purported that about 20% of the Swahili vocabulary is derived from loan words, the vast majority Arabic, but also other contributing languages, including Persian, Hindustani, Portuguese, and Malay. Omani Arabic is the source of most Arabic loanwords in Swahili. In the text "Early Swahili History Reconsidered", however, Thomas Spear noted that Swahili retains a large amount of grammar, vocabulary, and sounds inherited from the Sabaki language. In fact, while taking account of daily vocabulary, using lists of one hundred words, 72–91% were inherited from the Sabaki language (which is reported as a parent language) whereas 4–17% were loan words from other African languages. Only 2–8% were from non-African languages, and Arabic loan words constituted a fraction of that. According to other sources, around 35% of the Swahili vocabulary comes from Arabic. What also remained unconsidered was that a good number of the borrowed terms had native equivalents. The preferred use of Arabic loan words is prevalent along the coast, where natives, in a cultural show of proximity to, or descent from Arab culture, would rather use loan words, whereas the natives in the interior tend to use the native equivalents. It was originally written in Arabic script. The earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in Kilwa, Tanzania, in 1711 in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, India. Colonial period Various colonial powers that ruled on the coast of East Africa played a role in the growth and spread of Swahili. With the arrival of the Arabs in East Africa, they used Swahili as a language of trade as well as for teaching Islam to the local Bantu peoples. This resulted in Swahili first being written in the Arabic alphabet. The later contact with the Portuguese resulted in the increase of vocabulary of the Swahili language. The language was formalised in an institutional level when the Germans took over after the Berlin conference. After seeing there was already a widespread language, the Germans formalised it as the official language to be used in schools. Thus schools in Swahili are called Shule (from German ) in government, trade and the court system. With the Germans controlling the major Swahili-speaking region in East Africa, they changed the alphabet system from Arabic to Latin. After the First World War, Britain took over German East Africa, where they found Swahili rooted in most areas, not just the coastal regions. The British decided to formalise it as the language to be used across the East African region (although in British East Africa [Kenya and Uganda] most areas used English and various Nilotic and other Bantu languages while Swahili was mostly restricted to the coast). In June 1928, an inter-territorial conference attended by representatives of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar took place in Mombasa. The Zanzibar dialect was chosen as standard Swahili for those areas, and the standard orthography for Swahili was adopted. Current status Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions in three African Great Lakes countries (Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania), where it is an official or national language, while being the first language for many people in Tanzania especially in the coastal regions of Tanga, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Mtwara and Lindi. In the inner regions of Tanzania, Swahili is spoken with an accent influenced by local languages and dialects, and as a first language for most people born in the cities, whilst being spoken as a second language in rural areas. Swahili and closely related languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people in Burundi, Comoros, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Rwanda. The language was still understood in the southern ports of the Red Sea in the 20th century. Swahili speakers may number 120 to 150 million in total. Swahili is among the first languages in Africa for which language technology applications have been developed. Arvi Hurskainen is one of the early developers. The applications include a spelling checker, part-of-speech tagging, a language learning software, an analysed Swahili text corpus of 25 million words, an electronic dictionary, and machine translation between Swahili and English. The development of language technology also strengthens the position of Swahili as a modern medium of communication. Tanzania The widespread use of Swahili as a national language in Tanzania came after Tanganyika gained independence in 1961 and the government decided that it would be used as a language to unify the new nation. This saw the use of Swahili in all levels of government, trade, art as well as schools in which primary school children are taught in Swahili, before switching to English (medium of instruction) in Secondary schools (although Swahili is still taught as an independent subject). After Tanganyika and Zanzibar unification in 1964, Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (TUKI, Institute of Swahili Research) was created from the Interterritorial Language Committee. In 1970 TUKI was merged with the University of Dar es salaam, while Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa (BAKITA) was formed. BAKITA is an organisation dedicated to the development and advocacy of Swahili as a means of national integration in Tanzania. Key activities mandated for the organization include creating a healthy atmosphere for the development of Swahili, encouraging use of the language in government and business functions, coordinating activities of other organizations involved with Swahili, standardizing the language. BAKITA vision are: 1.To efficiently manage and coordinate the development and use of Kiswahili in Tanzania 2.To participate fully and effectively in promoting Swahili in East Africa, Africa and the entire world over. Although other bodies and agencies can propose new vocabularies, BAKITA is the only organisation that can approve its usage in the Swahili language. Kenya In Kenya, Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa (CHAKITA) was established in 1998 to research and propose means by which Kiswahili can be integrated to a national language and made compulsory in schools the same year., however, most young people today speak a variety called "Sheng" in their day-to-day conversations and it has become so popular and widespread that the standard variety of Swahili now sounds archaic and literary. Somalia The Swahili language is not widespread in Somalia and has no official status nationally or regionally. It is rarely taught in the education system, the main foreign languages are Arabic and English. Dialects of Swahili are spoken by some ethnic minorities on the Bajuni islands in the form of Kibajuni on the southern tip of the country and in the town of Brava in the form of Chimwiini, both contain a significant amount of Somali and Italian loanwords. Standard Swahili is generally only spoken by Somali nationals who have resided in Kenya and subsequently returned to Somalia. Lastly, a closely related language Mushunguli (also known as Zigula, Zigua, or Chizigua) is spoken by some of the Somali Bantu ethnic minority mostly living in the Jubba Valley. It is classified as a Northeast Coast Bantu language as Swahili is and has some intelligibility with Swahili. Religious and political identity Religion Swahili played a major role in spreading both Christianity and Islam in East Africa. From their arrival in East Africa, Arabs brought Islam and set up madrasas, where they used Swahili to teach Islam to the natives. As the Arab presence grew, more and more natives were converted to Islam and were taught using the Swahili language. From the arrival of Europeans in East Africa, Christianity was introduced in East Africa. While the Arabs were mostly based in the coastal areas, European missionaries went further inland spreading Christianity. But since the first missionary posts in East Africa were in the coastal areas, missionaries picked up Swahili and used it to spread Christianity since it had a lot of similarities with many of the other indigenous languages in the region. Politics During the struggle for Tanganyika independence, the Tanganyika African National Union used Swahili as language of mass organisation and political movement. This included publishing pamphlets and radio broadcasts to rally the people to fight for independence. After independence, Swahili was adopted as the national language of the nation. Till this day, Tanzanians carry a sense of pride when it comes to Swahili especially when it is used to unite over 120 tribes across Tanzania. Swahili was used to strengthen solidarity among the people and a sense of togetherness and for that Swahili remains a key identity of the Tanzanian people. Phonology Vowels Standard Swahili has five vowel phonemes: , , , , and . According to Ellen Contini-Morava, vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress. However, according to Edgar Polomé, these five phonemes can vary in pronunciation. Polomé claims that , , , and are pronounced as such only in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables, as well as before a prenasalized consonant, they are pronounced as , , , and . E is also commonly pronounced as mid-position after w. Polomé claims that is pronounced as such only after w and is pronounced as in other situations, especially after (y). A can be pronounced as in word-final position. Swahili vowels can be long; these are written as two vowels (example: , meaning "sheep"). This is due to a historical process in which the L became deleted between the second last and last vowel of a word ( e.g. "sheep" was originally pronounced kondolo, which survives in certain dialects). However, these long vowels are not considered to be phonemic. A similar process exists in Zulu. Consonants Some dialects of Swahili may also have the aspirated phonemes though they are unmarked in Swahili's orthography. Multiple studies favour classifying prenasalization as consonant clusters, not as separate phonemes. Historically, nasalization has been lost before voiceless consonants, and subsequently the voiced consonants have devoiced, though they are still written mb, nd etc. The /r/ phoneme is realised as either a short trill or more commonly as a single tap by most speakers. exists in free variation with h, and is only distinguished by some speakers. In some Arabic loans (nouns, verbs, adjectives), emphasis or intensity is expressed by reproducing the original emphatic consonants and the uvular , or lengthening a vowel, where aspiration would be used in inherited Bantu words. Orthography Swahili is now written in the Latin alphabet. There are a few digraphs for native sounds, ch, sh, ng and ny; q and x are not used, c is not used apart from the digraph ch, unassimilated English loans and, occasionally, as a substitute for k in advertisements. There are also several digraphs for Arabic sounds, which many speakers outside of ethnic Swahili areas have trouble differentiating. The language used to be written in the Arabic script. Unlike adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages, relatively little accommodation was made for Swahili. There were also differences in orthographic conventions between cities and authors and over the centuries, some quite precise but others different enough to cause difficulties with intelligibility. and , and and were often conflated, but in some spellings, was distinguished from by rotating the kasra 90° and was distinguished from by writing the damma backwards. Several Swahili consonants do not have equivalents in Arabic, and for them, often no special letters were created unlike, for example, Urdu script. Instead, the closest Arabic sound is substituted. Not only did that mean that one letter often stands for more than one sound, but also writers made different choices of which consonant to substitute. Below are some of the equivalents between Arabic Swahili and Roman Swahili: That was the general situation, but conventions from Urdu were adopted by some authors so as to distinguish aspiration and from : 'gazelle', 'roof'. Although it is not found in Standard Swahili today, there is a distinction between dental and alveolar consonants in some dialects, which is reflected in some orthographies, for example in 'to meet' vs. 'to be satisfied'. A k with the dots of y, , was used for ch in some conventions; ky being historically and even contemporaneously a more accurate transcription than Roman ch. In Mombasa, it was common to use the Arabic emphatics for Cw, for example in (standard ) 'we' and (standard ) 'head'. Particles such as are joined to the following noun, and possessives such as and are joined to the preceding noun, but verbs are written as two words, with the subject and tense–aspect–mood morphemes separated from the object and root, as in "he who told me". Grammar Noun classes Swahili nouns are separable into classes, which are roughly analogous to genders in other languages. In Swahili, prefixes mark groups of similar objects: marks single human beings ( 'child'), marks multiple humans ( 'children'), marks abstract nouns ( 'childhood'), and so on. And just as adjectives and pronouns must agree with the gender of nouns in some languages with grammatical gender, so in Swahili adjectives, pronouns and even verbs must agree with nouns. This is a characteristic feature of all the Bantu languages. Semantic motivation The ki-/vi- class historically consisted of two separate genders, artefacts (Bantu class 7/8, utensils and hand tools mostly) and diminutives (Bantu class 12/13), which were conflated at a stage ancestral to Swahili. Examples of the former are kisu "knife", kiti "chair" (from mti "tree, wood"), chombo "vessel" (a contraction of ki-ombo). Examples of the latter are kitoto "infant", from mtoto "child"; kitawi "frond", from tawi "branch"; and chumba (ki-umba) "room", from nyumba "house". It is the diminutive sense that has been furthest extended. An extension common to diminutives in many languages is approximation and resemblance (having a 'little bit' of some characteristic, like -y or -ish in English). For example, there is kijani "green", from jani "leaf" (compare English 'leafy'), kichaka "bush" from chaka "clump", and kivuli "shadow" from uvuli "shade". A 'little bit' of a verb would be an instance of an action, and such instantiations (usually not very active ones) are found: kifo "death", from the verb -fa "to die"; kiota "nest" from -ota "to brood"; chakula "food" from kula "to eat"; kivuko "a ford, a pass" from -vuka "to cross"; and kilimia "the Pleiades", from -limia "to farm with", from its role in guiding planting. A resemblance, or being a bit like something, implies marginal status in a category, so things that are marginal examples of their class may take the ki-/vi- prefixes. One example is chura (ki-ura) "frog", which is only half terrestrial and therefore is marginal as an animal. This extension may account for disabilities as well: kilema "a cripple", kipofu "a blind person", kiziwi "a deaf person". Finally, diminutives often denote contempt, and contempt is sometimes expressed against things that are dangerous. This might be the historical explanation for kifaru "rhinoceros", kingugwa "spotted hyena", and kiboko "hippopotamus" (perhaps originally meaning "stubby legs"). Another class with broad semantic extension is the m-/mi- class (Bantu classes 3/4). This is often called the 'tree' class, because mti, miti "tree(s)" is the prototypical example. However, it seems to cover vital entities neither human nor typical animals: trees and other plants, such as mwitu 'forest' and mtama 'millet' (and from there, things made from plants, like mkeka 'mat'); supernatural and natural forces, such as mwezi 'moon', mlima 'mountain', mto 'river'; active things, such as moto 'fire', including active body parts (moyo 'heart', mkono 'hand, arm'); and human groups, which are vital but not themselves human, such as mji 'village', and, by analogy, mzinga 'beehive/cannon'. From the central idea of tree, which is thin, tall, and spreading, comes an extension to other long or extended things or parts of things, such as mwavuli 'umbrella', moshi 'smoke', msumari 'nail'; and from activity there even come active instantiations of verbs, such as mfuo "metal forging", from -fua "to forge", or mlio "a sound", from -lia "to make a sound". Words may be connected to their class by more than one metaphor. For example, mkono is an active body part, and mto is an active natural force, but they are also both long and thin. Things with a trajectory, such as mpaka 'border' and mwendo 'journey', are classified with long thin things, as in many other languages with noun classes. This may be further extended to anything dealing with time, such as mwaka 'year' and perhaps mshahara 'wages'. Animals exceptional in some way and so not easily fitting in the other classes may be placed in this class. The other classes have foundations that may at first seem similarly counterintuitive. In short, Classes 1–2 include most words for people: kin terms, professions, ethnicities, etc., including translations of most English words ending in -er. They include a couple of generic words for animals: mnyama 'beast', mdudu 'bug'. Classes 5–6 have a broad semantic range of groups, expanses, and augmentatives. Although interrelated, it is easier to illustrate if broken down: Augmentatives, such as joka 'serpent' from nyoka 'snake', lead to titles and other terms of respect (the opposite of diminutives, which lead to terms of contempt): Bwana 'Sir', shangazi 'aunt', fundi 'craftsman', kadhi 'judge' Expanses: ziwa 'lake', bonde 'valley', taifa 'country', anga 'sky' from this, mass nouns: maji 'water', vumbi 'dust' (and other liquids and fine particulates that may cover broad expanses), kaa 'charcoal', mali 'wealth', maridhawa 'abundance' Collectives: kundi 'group', kabila 'language/ethnic group', jeshi 'army', daraja ' stairs', manyoya 'fur, feathers', mapesa 'small change', manyasi 'weeds', jongoo 'millipede' (large set of legs), marimba 'xylophone' (large set of keys) from this, individual things found in groups: jiwe 'stone', tawi 'branch', ua 'flower', tunda 'fruit' (also the names of most fruits), yai 'egg', mapacha 'twins', jino 'tooth', tumbo 'stomach' (cf. English "guts"), and paired body parts such as jicho 'eye', bawa 'wing', etc. also collective or dialogic actions, which occur among groups of people: neno 'a word', from kunena 'to speak' (and by extension, mental verbal processes: wazo 'thought', maana 'meaning'); pigo 'a stroke, blow', from kupiga 'to hit'; gomvi 'a quarrel', shauri 'advice, plan', kosa 'mistake', jambo 'affair', penzi 'love', jibu 'answer', agano 'promise', malipo 'payment' From pairing, reproduction is suggested as another extension (fruit, egg, testicle, flower, twins, etc.), but these generally duplicate one or more of the subcategories above Classes 9–10 are used for most typical animals: ndege 'bird', samaki 'fish', and the specific names of typical beasts, birds, and bugs. However, this is the 'other' class, for words not fitting well elsewhere, and about half of the class 9–10 nouns are foreign loanwords. Loans may be classified as 9–10 because they lack the prefixes inherent in other classes, and most native class 9–10 nouns have no prefix. Thus they do not form a coherent semantic class, though there are still semantic extensions from individual words. Class 11 (which takes class 10 for the plural) are mostly nouns with an "extended outline shape", in either one dimension or two: mass nouns that are generally localized rather than covering vast expanses: uji 'porridge', wali 'cooked rice' broad: ukuta 'wall', ukucha 'fingernail', upande 'side' (≈ ubavu 'rib'), wavu 'net', wayo 'sole, footprint', ua 'fence, yard', uteo 'winnowing basket' long: utambi 'wick', utepe 'stripe', uta 'bow', ubavu 'rib', ufa 'crack', unywele 'a hair' from 'a hair', singulatives of nouns, which are often class 6 ('collectives') in the plural: unyoya 'a feather', uvumbi 'a mote of dust', ushanga 'a bead'. Class 14 are abstractions, such as utoto 'childhood' (from mtoto 'a child') and have no plural. They have the same prefixes and concord as class 11, except optionally for adjectival concord. Class 15 are verbal infinitives. Classes 16–18 are locatives. The Bantu nouns of these classes have been lost; the only permanent member is the Arabic loan mahali 'place(s)', but in Mombasa Swahili, the old prefixes survive: pahali 'place', mwahali 'places'. However, any noun with the locative suffix -ni takes class 16–18 agreement. The distinction between them is that class 16 agreement is used if the location is intended to be definite ("at"), class 17 if indefinite ("around") or involves motion ("to, toward"), and class 18 if it involves containment ("within"): mahali pazuri 'a good spot', mahali kuzuri 'a nice area', mahali muzuri (it's nice in there). Borrowing Borrowings may or may not be given a prefix corresponding to the semantic class they fall in. For example, Arabic dūd ("bug, insect") was borrowed as mdudu, plural wadudu, with the class 1/2 prefixes m- and wa-, but Arabic fulūs ("fish scales", plural of fals) and English sloth were borrowed as simply fulusi ("mahi-mahi" fish) and slothi ("sloth"), with no prefix associated with animals (whether those of class 9/10 or 1/2). In the process of naturalization of borrowings within Swahili, loanwords are often reinterpreted, or reanalysed, as if they already contain a Swahili class prefix. In such cases the interpreted prefix is changed with the usual rules. Consider the following loanwords from Arabic: The Swahili word for "book", kitabu, is borrowed from Arabic kitāb(un) "book" (plural kutub; from the Arabic root k.t.b. "write"). However, the Swahili plural form of this word ("books") is vitabu, following Bantu grammar in which the ki- of kitabu is reanalysed (reinterpreted) as a nominal class prefix whose plural is vi- (class 7/8). Arabic muʿallim(un) ("teacher", plural muʿallimīna) was interpreted as having the mw- prefix of class 1, and so became mwalimu, plural walimu. Arabic madrasa school, even though it is singular in Arabic (with plural madāris), was reinterpreted as a class 6 plural madarasa, receiving the singular form darasa. Similarly, English wire and Arabic waqt ("time") were interpreted as having the class 11 prevocalic prefix w-, and became waya and wakati with plural nyaya and nyakati respectively. Agreement Swahili phrases agree with nouns in a system of concord but, if the noun refers to a human, they accord with noun classes 1–2 regardless of their noun class. Verbs agree with the noun class of their subjects and objects; adjectives, prepositions and demonstratives agree with the noun class of their nouns. In Standard Swahili (Kiswahili sanifu), based on the dialect spoken in Zanzibar, the system is rather complex; however, it is drastically simplified in many local variants where Swahili is not a native language, such as in Nairobi. In non-native Swahili, concord reflects only animacy: human subjects and objects trigger a-, wa- and m-, wa- in verbal concord, while non-human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger i-, zi-. Infinitives vary between standard ku- and reduced i-. ("Of" is animate wa and inanimate ya, za.) In Standard Swahili, human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger animacy concord in a-, wa- and m-, wa-, and non-human subjects and objects trigger a variety of gender-concord prefixes. Dialects and closely related languages This list is based on Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history. Dialects Modern standard Swahili is based on Kiunguja, the dialect spoken in Zanzibar Town, but there are numerous dialects of Swahili, some of which are mutually unintelligible, such as the following: Old dialects Maho (2009) considers these to be distinct languages: Kimwani is spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique. Chimwiini is spoken by the ethnic minorities in and around the town of Barawa on the southern coast of Somalia. Kibajuni is spoken by the Bajuni minority ethnic group on the coast and islands on both sides of the Somali–Kenyan border and in the Bajuni Islands (the northern part of the Lamu archipelago) and is also called Kitikuu and Kigunya. Socotra Swahili (extinct) Sidi, in Gujarat (extinct) The rest of the dialects are divided by him into two groups: Mombasa–Lamu Swahili Lamu Kiamu is spoken in and around the island of Lamu (Amu). Kipate is a local dialect of Pate Island, considered to be closest to the original dialect of Kingozi. Kingozi is an ancient dialect spoken on the Indian Ocean coast between Lamu and Somalia and is sometimes still used in poetry. It is often considered the source of Swahili. Mombasa Chijomvu is a subdialect of the Mombasa area. Kimvita is the major dialect of Mombasa (also known as "Mvita", which means "war", in reference to the many wars which were fought over it), the other major dialect alongside Kiunguja. Kingare is the subdialect of the Mombasa area. Kimrima is spoken around Pangani, Vanga, Dar es Salaam, Rufiji and Mafia Island. Kiunguja is spoken in Zanzibar City and environs on Unguja (Zanzibar) Island. Kitumbatu (Pemba) dialects occupy the bulk of the island. Mambrui, Malindi Chichifundi, a dialect of the southern Kenya coast. Chwaka Kivumba, a dialect of the southern Kenya coast. Nosse Be (Madagascar) Pemba Swahili Kipemba is a local dialect of the Pemba Island. Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi are the countryside dialects of the island of Zanzibar. Kimakunduchi is a recent renaming of "Kihadimu"; the old name means "serf" and so is considered pejorative. Makunduchi Mafia, Mbwera Kilwa (extinct) Kimgao used to be spoken around Kilwa District and to the south. Maho includes the various Comorian dialects as a third group. Most other authorities consider Comorian to be a Sabaki language, distinct from Swahili. Other regions In Somalia, where the Afroasiatic Somali language predominates, a variant of Swahili referred to as Chimwiini (also known as Chimbalazi) is spoken along the Benadir coast by the Bravanese people. Another Swahili dialect known as Kibajuni also serves as the mother tongue of the Bajuni minority ethnic group, which lives in the tiny Bajuni Islands as well as the southern Kismayo region. In Oman, there are an estimated 22,000 people who speak Swahili. Most are descendants of those repatriated after the fall of the Sultanate of Zanzibar. Swahili poets Shaaban bin Robert (1909-1962), Tanzanian poet, author, and essayist Euphrase Kezilahabi (1944-2020), Tanzanian novelist, poet, and scholar Mathias E. Mnyampala (1917-1969), Tanzanian writer, lawyer, and poet Tumi Molekane (b. 1981), South African rapper and poet Fadhy Mtanga (b. 1981), Tanzanian creative writer, photographer, graphic designer Christopher Mwashinga (b. 1965), Tanzanian author and poet Swahili sayings Two sayings with the same meaning of Where elephants fight, the grass is trampled: See also Mandombe script Swahili literature UCLA Language Materials Project Languages of Africa References Sources Ashton, E. O. Swahili Grammar: Including intonation. Longman House. Essex 1947. . Irele, Abiola and Biodun Jeyifo. The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought, Volume 1. Oxford University Press US. New York City. 2010. Blommaert, Jan: Situating language rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania revisited (sociolinguistic developments in Tanzanian Swahili) – Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies, paper 23, Ghent University 2003 Chiraghdin, Shihabuddin and Mathias E. Mnyampala. Historia ya Kiswahili. Oxford University Press. Eastern Africa. 1977. Contini-Morava, Ellen. Noun Classification in Swahili. 1994. Lambert, H.E. 1956. Chi-Chifundi: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast. (Kampala) Lambert, H.E. 1957. Ki-Vumba: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast. (Kampala) Lambert, H.E. 1958. Chi-Jomvu and ki-Ngare: Subdialects of the Mombasa Area. (Kampala) Marshad, Hassan A. Kiswahili au Kiingereza (Nchini Kenya). Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Nairobi 1993. . Nurse, Derek, and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history. 1993. Series: University of California Publications in Linguistics, v. 121. Ogechi, Nathan Oyori: "On language rights in Kenya (on the legal position of Swahili in Kenya)", in: Nordic Journal of African Studies 12(3): 277–295 (2003) Prins, A.H.J. 1961. "The Swahili-Speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast (Arabs, Shirazi and Swahili)". Ethnographic Survey of Africa, edited by Daryll Forde. London: International African Institute. Prins, A.H.J. 1970. A Swahili Nautical Dictionary. Preliminary Studies in Swahili Lexicon – 1. Dar es Salaam. Sakai, Yuko. 2020. Swahili Syntax Tree Diagram: Based on Universal Sentence Structure. Createspace. Whiteley, Wilfred. 1969. Swahili: the rise of a national language. London: Methuen. Series: Studies in African History. External links UCLA report on Swahili John Ogwana (2001) Swahili Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Factors of Its Development and Expansion List of Swahili Dictionaries Kiswahili Grammar Notes (textbook for learners) at Swahili culture Languages written in Latin script Northeast Coast Bantu languages Non-tonal languages in tonal families Agglutinative languages Languages of Kenya Languages of Burundi Languages of Uganda Languages of Tanzania Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Languages of the African diaspora

55775542

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20State%20Route%20308

Tennessee State Route 308

State Route 308 (SR 308) is a secondary state route located in northern Bradley County, Tennessee that serves the city of Charleston. The route is long and is located entirely in Bradley County. Route description SR 308 begins at a bearing intersection with SR 306 (Eureka Road, Lower River Road) in northwestern Bradley County. SR 306 continues south to the community of Hopewell northwest of Cleveland, and turns northwest to Meigs County and SR 58. The route continues north as Lower River Road, taking its name from its parallel of the Hiwassee River, and crosses the Chickamauga Lake impoundment where Candies Creek runs into the river. Approximately one mile later, the road turns sharp east, crossing Candies Creek Ridge a short distance later before coming to an intersection with Old Lower River Road, the former route of SR 308, almost two miles later. The route then turns sharp south and runs straight for another mile, before turning east once again, and coming to an interchange with I-75. The route then becomes known as Lauderdale Memorial Highway. The route continues for another mile, passing through the southern edge of an industrial area, and crosses South Mouse Creek, before entering farmland and passing Walker Valley High School. A short distance later, the road comes to a four-way intersection with Walker Valley Road, and begins its descent over a ridge. Approximately one mile later, it meets its eastern terminus in southern Charleston with US 11 (North Lee Highway/Hiwassee Street/SR 2). History The route originally continued to Charleston along the Hiwassee on what is now Old Lower River Road. This route is very curvy, and contains a one-lane bridge across Mouse Creek. For this reason, part of the highway was moved to its current location in the late 1960s and early 1970s when the interstate was built. The new section between I-75 and US 11 was named Lauderdale Memorial Highway in memory of a superintendent of the Bradley County Road Department who died months before its completion and had lobbied for its construction. The northern edge of the industrial area traversed by SR 308 is located on this route, which includes such industries as Wacker Polysilicon and Olin Corporation. Major intersections References 308 Transportation in Bradley County, Tennessee

65838172

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwosari%20railway%20station

Purwosari railway station

Purwosari Station (PWS) () is a large class type C railway station located in Purwosari, Laweyan, Surakarta. The station which is located at an altitude of +98 m is included in the Operational Area VI Yogyakarta and only serves economy class trains across south and local or commuter. This station is a railroad branch station between the directions Surabaya and Wonogiri. The route to Surabaya is the main route, while the one to Wonogiri is a cross-branch route. As far as Sangkrah Station, this secondary route is unique because it is one of the active railways in Indonesia that is lined up or side by side with the main road, in addition to branching to the Pertamina Madiun Depot. In the past, along the Purwosari–Sangkrah route, there were eight small stops, namely Pesanggrahan, Ngadisuran, Bando, Ngapeman, Pasarpon, Cayudan, Kauman, and Lojiwetan. The bus stops are no longer there. History Purwosari Station is the second oldest train station in Surakarta. In the map of the Samarang – Vorstenlanden line published in 1869, the collection of the Dutch Universiteit Leiden, this station is not mentioned at all. The Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) plan to build a railway line (NIS) is Solo Station (Solo Balapan Station) and Solo-Rivier Station, which are located in the Bengawan Solo valley. However, on maps drawn in 1878, the station's name began to be called (but under the wrong name, Poerwodadie). It is estimated that the addition of this station will be carried out together with the finishing of the railway line and also opened together with the official opening of the Ceper – Solo NIS segment line on 27 March 1871. Since 1907, this station has used an architecture similar to that of Kedungjati and Willem I Ambarawa Stations. The station which was originally a side platform later became an island station. The size of this station building is smaller than Kedungjati or Purwosari because the roof span is only 13 meters, while Kedungjati is 14.65 meters and Ambarawa is 21.75 meters. This building consists of a canopy that covers the main building and a path that flanks it. Building and layout Initially Purwosari Station had eight train lines with line 2 being a straight line. After the double track crossing Solo - Yogyakarta was operated in 2007, line 2 was used as a straight line towards Solo Balapan and line 3 was used as a straight line towards Yogyakarta. Line 1-5 is often used to welcome arrivals as well as to cross directly the train, line 6-8 to park freight cars, and two additional lines to the locomotive depot and cement warehouse. Although this station has undergone renovations in the form of an overcapping roof since the Eid homecoming season in October 2010, the original station building has been preserved and made a cultural heritage. This station used to be unique because in the middle of the rail yard that had been given overcapping there was a wesel and an intersection that was connected to line 3 to line 4. The intersection crossed the platforms on the two lines. However, since the station's signaling system was replaced with an electric signaling system made by PT Len Industri Indonesia (Persero) in December 2015, line 4, wesel, as well as the intersection was dismantled to widen the platform so that the station only has seven lines. To the east from line 1 there is a fork towards Wonogiri. From this station there is also a fork that goes to Boyolali through Kartasura which has now been deactivated. This line also has branches in Tegalsari towards Colomadu. Until now some parts of the remnants of this route can still be seen. Formerly Purwosari Station had a locomotive depot; There is still a water tower on the north side of the station as a legacy as a locomotive depot. Currently, the depot is still operating, but it is not a locomotive depot, but a mechanical dispenser. The loading and unloading of cement is also carried out at this station. This station was last renovated in 2017, by replacing the floor of the station, which was originally known as the NIS tile, with marble floors. This tile, produced by Alfred Regout & Co., Maastricht, Netherlands, has a size of 20 × 20 cm with an uneven texture to facilitate airflow. This tile is strong, sturdy, and durable considering the original function of this station as a goods station. Services The following is a list of train services at the Purwosari Station. Passenger services Mixed class Singasari, to via -- and to via (executive-economy plus) Gaya Baru Malam Selatan, to via -- and to via - (executive-economy plus) Logawa, to via and to to continue via - (business-economy) Plus economy class Jaka Tingkir, from and to via -- Economy class Kahuripan, to via - and to via Pasundan, to via - and to via Sri Tanjung, to and to via - Bengawan, from and to via -- Economy commuter KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo, to and to Bathara Kresna, from and to Airport Rail Link Adisumarmo Airport Rail Link, to and to Adisoemarmo International Airport (airport executive) Tourist train Sepur Kluthuk Jaladara, to Freight services Over Night Services Parcel, destination to: via - and to via - via - and to via - References External links Buildings and structures in Surakarta Railway stations in Central Java

68429851

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20D%C3%ADaz

Roberto Díaz

Roberto Díaz can refer to: Roberto Díaz (footballer) Roberto Díaz (golfer) Roberto Díaz (violist) Roberto Díaz Herrera

22554971

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Yehuling

Battle of Yehuling

The Battle of Yehuling, literally the Battle of Wild Fox Ridge, was a major decisive battle fought between the Mongol Empire and Jurchen-led Jin dynasty during the first stage of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The battle was fought between August and October 1211 at Yehuling (野狐嶺; lit. "Wild Fox Ridge"), which is located northwest of present-day Wanquan District, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. The battle concluded with a total Mongol victory that allowed them to overrun and conquer the northern part of the Jin. It also hastened the weakening and decline of the Jin dynasty. Background In 1206, Temüjin had united all the tribes in Mongolia under his rule and received the title "Genghis Khan". The Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in northern China became a major obstacle to the Mongol Empire's quest for world domination. In the past, the Jin dynasty had adopted a divide-and-rule strategy to break up the various Mongol tribes and keep them under control. However, after realising that this strategy no longer worked, they began to actively prepare for war with the aim of eliminating the Mongol threat in a single campaign. Starting in the reign of Emperor Zhangzong, the Jin dynasty had constructed a line of structural defences about 300 kilometres long along its northern border; this line is sometimes loosely referred to as the "Jin dynasty's Great Wall". Earlier in 1204, Genghis Khan had subdued the Ongud, a Mongol tribe helping the Jin dynasty guard its northern border. At the same time, Genghis Khan also formed an alliance with the Ongud by marrying his daughter to the Ongud chief's son. The Mongols controlled the area north of the Yin Mountains and started stockpiling resources in preparation for a military campaign against the Jin dynasty. Moreover, the Mongols had also been actively luring and inducing some Jurchens to defect or surrender. The Jin emperor Xingsheng underestimated the Mongol threat and had been gradually neglecting the defences against the Mongols. He was also delusional in his belief that the Jin dynasty was far more powerful than the Mongols. In 1210, Genghis Khan insulted Emperor Xingsheng of the Jin by publicly stating that he was cowardly and unfit to be a leader. He also added, "The emperor should be a man from the sky like me." When the Jin emperor received news of this, he was so enraged that he executed the Mongol ambassador. Tensions between the Mongols and Jin dynasty started to escalate. In March 1211, the Mongols rallied 100,000 troops for a campaign against the Jin dynasty, leaving behind only about 2,000 men to guard their base in Mongolia. This meant that well over 90% of the Mongol forces had been mobilized for the campaign. Before embarking, Genghis Khan prayed to the sky deity Tengri along the Kherlen River to bless the Mongols with victory, and made a symbolic vow to avenge his ancestor, Ambaghai, who was executed by crucifixion in 1146 at the order of Emperor Xizong of the Jin dynasty. Prelude The Mongol horse army led by Genghis Khan, with their preparations for war now complete, sped out towards the Great Wall by late March 1211, which was the border between the Mongol Empire and Jin China, finally beginning the Mongol war of conquest against the Jin. The Great Wall, backed up with numerous castles and towers, was defended by nearly a million Jin imperial soldiers which was composed of 800,000 infantry and 150,000 elite cavalry whom Emperor Xingsheng earlier sent as a defensive measure to counter the Mongol threat. The Jin general Wanyan Chenyu, sent by the Jin emperor under direct orders to stop and if possible crush the Mongol incursion, was the one leading the Jin army in the Great Wall. Although the Jin imperial army outnumbered the invading Mongol forces nearly ten times its own, Wanyan Chenyu ordered them to be spread out throughout the Wall in an attempt to block the Mongol approach, meaning in any one place several sections and ramparts of the wall have only a few defenders on them. The Wall itself is not a continuous defensive wall but a system of fortifications with many walls not connected towards each other but are supported and reinforced by castles and fortresses. This is a fact that Genghis Khan recognized, having his scouts keep watch on much of the Wall before he could engage his forces. Having gained intelligence from his scouts, he thus recognized that the least defended portion of the Wall's defensive system was at the Wusha Fortress, which leads to a desert ridge called Yehuling, inhabited by wild foxes hence the name of the area which in Chinese literally means the "Wild Fox Ridge". The ridge of Yehuling is northwest of the Juyong Pass, which was the gateway towards the Jin capital of Zhongdu (中都, lit. "central capital"; present-day Beijing); it was also at the plain at the foot of the ridge that the main force of the Jin army, numbering 400,000 troops, was also encamped. Campaign The battle was fought in three stages between March and October 1211, as soon as the Mongol army went past through the Great Wall with little opposition. Battle of Wusha Fortress The Jin chancellor, Duji Sizhong (獨吉思忠), led the bulk of the Jin army to the northwestern frontline. The Jin could not match the numbers of Mongol horsemen, and had only 30,000–50,000 troops. The chancellor sent troops to reinforce the defenses along the Jin dynasty's Great Wall and prevent the Mongols from advancing further south. Genghis Khan ordered his third son, Ögedei to lead a separate force to attack the Jin western capital, Xijing (西京; present-day Datong, Shanxi), and block enemy reinforcements. The Khan himself led the main Mongol army to attack Wusha Fortress (烏沙堡) and capture Wuyue Camp (烏月營), thus destroying the Jin army's defence lines. Duji Sizhong was killed in action and most of the Jin army was wiped out. This battle took place between March and the end of June 1211. The Mongols then rested for about a month before moving towards Yehuling and sending an ambassador to meet the Jin imperial court. Battle of Yehuling and Huan'erzui Wanyan Chengyu (完顏承裕), who succeeded Duji Sizhong as chancellor, was put in charge of the Jin army. He ordered his men to abandon the three cities of Hengzhou (恆州; in present-day Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia, Changzhou (昌州; north of present-day Jiuliancheng Town, Guyuan County, Hebei), Fuzhou (撫州; present-day Zhangbei County, Hebei), and move towards Yehuling. His aim was to make use of the mountainous terrain in Yehuling to obstruct the Mongol cavalry. Mountainous terrain was a challenge for the Mongolian cavalry. However it was also a difficult area to fight in for the bigger Jin forces. The vast Jin forces were scattered among the mountains and the valley choke points. The difficult terrain and far distances made communication and coordination of troops difficult. This would prove fatal for the Jin forces, when the Mongols executed a focused and concentrated attack. The Jin imperial court sent Shimo Ming'an (石抹明安), an official of Khitan descent, to meet Genghis Khan and start peace negotiations. However, Genghis Khan managed to induce Shimo Ming'an to surrender and defect to his side. Shimo Ming'an even provided the Mongols with military intelligence about the Jin army. Genghis Khan sent his general Muqali to lead the Balu Unit (八魯營) to launch a surprise cavalry charge on the enemy via a passage at Huan'erzui (獾兒嘴; lit. "Badger Mouth"). Before the battle, Muqali promised Genghis Khan, "I will not return alive if I do not defeat the Jin army!" The Mongol army's morale surged. Because of the mountainous terrain, the Mongols were unable to deploy their superior cavalry to its full advantage, hence they dismounted and fought on foot. High on morale, the Mongols defeated the central Jin forces and fought their way towards Wanyan Chengyu's main camp. Due to poor communications, the Jin forces on the sides were not able to reinforce the central Jin positions. Eventually, the Jin army became disorganized, lost its morale, and started to break. The Jin army's field commander, Wanyan Jiujin (完顏九斤), was killed in action. With the collapse of the central Jin forces, the other Jin forces nearby soon routed and a massacre followed. The entire Jin army was destroyed, leaving dead corpses for over a hundred miles. This battle took place in August 1211. Battle of Huihe Fortress Wanyan Chengyu managed to rally the scattered Jin forces after the Battle of Huan'erzui and Yehuling and gather at Huihe Fortress (澮河堡). However, they soon came under attack by pursuing Mongol forces around October 1211. The Mongols swiftly surrounded the Jin forces and engaged them in fierce battle for three days. Genghis Khan then personally led 3,000 horsemen on a cavalry charge towards the enemy while the remaining Mongol forces followed behind. The entire Jin army was destroyed while Wanyan Chengyu barely escaped alive. Wanyan Chengyu was replaced by Tushan Yi (徒單鎰) as chancellor. Aftermath After the battle, Emperor Xingsheng of the Jin was assassinated in the central capital, Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing), by one of his generals, Hushahu (胡沙虎), who then took control of the city. The Mongols pressed on and besieged Zhongdu for about four years. During the siege, the residents of Zhongdu were forced to resort to cannibalism to survive, before they finally decided to surrender. The Mongols allowed the Jin dynasty to retain control of Zhongdu but forced them to pay a tribute of 500 men, 500 women, and 3,000 horses. In the summer of 1212, Emperor Xuanzong of the Jin dynasty abandoned Zhongdu and relocated the capital to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan) in the south. This display of weakness and fear only encouraged the Mongols to continue their attack to conquer the rest of Jin. The forces of the Jin dynasty were defeated in detail in the Yehuling Campaign. Roughly ten Jin cities were plundered by the Mongols. While the Jin dynasty managed to retain power for the next two decades or so, its core was severely weakened. In spite of the defeat, the Jin dynasty prioritised conquering the Southern Song dynasty in southern China over defending its borders against future Mongol incursions and invasions. This led to increasing enmity between the Southern Song dynasty and the Jin dynasty. Eventually, the Southern Song dynasty allied with the Mongols against the Jin dynasty and destroyed the latter in 1234. See also Tumu Crisis Battle of Mohi Battle of Legnica References Mongol conquest of Jin China Battles involving the Mongol Empire Conflicts in 1211 1211 in the Mongol Empire

27278048

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Four%20%28band%29

Big Four (band)

The Big Four is an all-male Hong Kong musical group formed by Dicky Cheung, Andy Hui, William So, and Edmond Leung in 2009. They released their first self-titled single in 2009, in which the single topped most of Hong Kong's music charts. Their next single, "Unable to Love" (愛莫能助) in 2010, was also topped charts and received consistent airplay for many weeks. The Big Four held their first concert, The Big Four World Tour, for five days in the Hong Kong Coliseum from March 11 to 15. The Big Four held their second concert, The Big Four World Tour Live in Hong Kong 2013, for six days in the Hong Kong Coliseum from February 9 to 14. The first television program hosted by them and named as "Big Four大四喜" was also released in May 2010. The Big Hits Big Four (2010) Big Four - Big Four 愛莫能助 ("Unable to Help") - Big Four 男人最痛 ("Man's Most Painful") - Andy Hui 紅顏知己 ("Confidante") - William So 七友 ("Seven Friends") - Edmond Leung 你愛我像誰 ("Who Do You Love Me As") - Dicky Cheung 男人不該讓女人流淚 ("Men Should Not Make Women Cry") - William So 纏綿遊戲 ("Touchy Game") - Edmond Leung 誰是個小丑 ("Who is the Clown") - Dicky Cheung 你傷風我感冒 ("You Catch a Cold, I Catch the Flu") - Andy Hui 傷了三個心 ("Have Hurt Three Hearts")- Edmond Leung 身體健康 ("Healthy Body") - Dicky Cheung 戀愛片段 ("A Strip of Loving") - Andy Hui 黑色禮服 ("Formal Blackwear") - Wiliam So 傾心傾意傾神 ("Heart, Attention, God") - Dicky Cheung 爛泥 ("Mud") - Andy Hui 來夜方長 ("A Long Time") - William So (featuring Kit Chan) 艦隊 ("Fleet") - Edmond Leung Music charts References Cantopop musical groups Cantonese-language singers Hong Kong boy bands Musical quartets

33669902

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20bank%20%28disambiguation%29

Bridge bank (disambiguation)

A bridge bank is a bank created by a national regulator or deposit insurance corporation to allow the uninterrupted operation of a defunct or failed bank until its assets may be sold. Bridge bank may also refer to: Bridge bank (Nigeria) Bridge bank (United States)

47265613

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20%28judge%20royal%29

Gabriel (judge royal)

Gabriel (; died after 1164) was a nobleman in the Kingdom of Hungary, who served as Judge royal () between 1162 and 1164, during the reign of Stephen III of Hungary. In 1148, he held the position of Master of the stewards ( [sic] ) thus he was the first noble who undoubtedly bore the office according to an authentic charter. Gabriel was mentioned as ispán among the great barons in 1157. When the civil war broke out between Stephen III and his uncles (Ladislaus and Stephen IV) in 1162, he supported the young king. In 1163, Anti-king Stephen IV of Hungary appointed a rival Judge royal Brocca who contested Gabriel's legitimacy. Following the wars and intervention of the Byzantine Empire, in order to compromise the peace treaty, Gabriel also agreed to send Duke Béla, younger brother of Stephen III, to Constantinople and his betrothal to Maria Komnene, and also to allow the Byzantines to take possession of Béla's duchy. References Sources Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. . Markó, László: A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig – Életrajzi Lexikon (The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia) (2nd edition); Helikon Kiadó Kft., 2006, Budapest; . Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. Judges royal 12th-century Hungarian people Masters of the stewards

9240206

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things%20as%20They%20Are%3F

Things as They Are?

Things As They Are? is a short story collection by Guy Vanderhaeghe, published in 1992 by McClelland and Stewart. Like his previous short story collections, Man Descending and The Trouble With Heroes, Things As They Are? deals with themes of masculinity and small-town life in Saskatchewan. References 1992 short story collections Short story collections by Guy Vanderhaeghe McClelland & Stewart books

63202491

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlend%20Blikra

Erlend Blikra

Erlend Blikra (born 11 January 1997) is a Norwegian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam . Major results 2013 1st Time trial, European Youth Summer Olympic Festival 2014 1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 1st Overall Le Trophée Centre Morbihan 1st Points classification 1st Young rider classification 1st Stages 1 & 2 (ITT) 1st Stage 2b Course de la Paix Juniors 4th Overall Tour of Istria 1st Young rider classification 2018 1st Criterium, National Road Championships 2019 Dookola Mazowsza 1st Prologue, Stages 1 & 2 2020 1st International Rhodes Grand Prix 1st Stage 2 International Tour of Rhodes 2021 1st Stage 3 Tour de la Mirabelle 8th Overall A Travers les Hauts de France References External links 1997 births Living people Norwegian male cyclists Sportspeople from Stavanger

1470056

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Reserve%20Corps

Medical Reserve Corps

The Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) is a network in the U.S. of community-based units initiated and established by local organizations to meet the public health needs of their communities. It is sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) in the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The MRC consists of medical and non-medical volunteers who contribute to local health initiatives, such as activities meeting the Surgeon General's priorities for public health, and supplement existing response capabilities in time of emergency. The MRC provides the structure necessary to pre-identify, credential, train, and activate medical and public health volunteers. The Medical Reserve Corps Program (MRC PO) is the national "clearinghouse for information and guidance to help communities establish, implement, and sustain MRC units nationwide." As of January 2020, there are 839local MRC units and 175,283 volunteers. MRC units are present in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., Guam, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. History Following the September 11th attacks in 2001, President George W. Bush called for the establishment of the USA Freedom Corps, a "Coordinating Council... working to strengthen our culture of service and help find opportunities for every American to start volunteering". The Freedom Corps was to have three components: responding to crisis, rebuilding communities, and sharing compassion with the world. The Medical Reserve Corps was created as an extension of the Freedom Corps. As of 2017, there are 957 active MRC units. Affiliations The MRC is a partner program of Citizen Corps, a national network of volunteers dedicated to ensuring hometown security. Citizen Corps, along with the Corporation for National and Community Service and the Peace Corps, are part of the President's USA Freedom Corps. The MRC PO also has a cooperative agreement with the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO). This agreement enables NACCHO to assist the ASPR's Medical Reserve Corps Program Office in enhancing MRC units' ability to meet local, state, and national needs through collaboration, coordination, and capacity-building activities. These activities include: Coordinating the distribution of grant funding Developing a national marketing strategy Publishing a quarterly national newsletter Assisting in the planning of regional and national meetings Developing materials, resources, and tools to strengthen the knowledge and skills of MRC members In addition, NACCHO's relationship with almost 3,000 local health departments further serves as an avenue to promote the MRC program at the local level. Local and national organization Locally, each MRC unit is led by an MRC Unit Director and/or Coordinator, who matches community needs with volunteer capabilities. Local MRC leaders are also responsible for building partnerships, ensuring the sustainability of the local unit, and managing resources. Partnerships typically include local public health and emergency response agencies, community businesses, and neighboring MRC's. Local MRC units are typically housed under Health Departments or other local governmental organizations. Nationally, the MRC is guided by the Medical Reserve Corps Program Office, which is housed in the HHS ASPR Office of Emergency Management. The MRC Program Office serves as a clearinghouse for information and best practices to help communities establish, implement, and maintain MRC units nationwide. It is authorized by the Public Health Service Act, Sec. 2813 42 U.S.C. 300hh-15, and its budget has been $6 million per year, proposed to be cut to $3.9 million in FY 2020 and FY 2021. It sponsors an annual leadership conference, hosts a Web site, and coordinates with local, state, regional, and national organizations and agencies to help communities' preparedness. There are also Regional Coordinators (RCs) in all ten of the Department of Health and Human Services regions. Many states have appointed State MRC Coordinators to help plan, organize and integrate MRC activities within the State. The MRC Program Office staff and the RCs collaborate with the State Coordinators to better integrate with local and state planning and response activities. All local MRC units are encouraged to collaborate with State Coordinators. Skills and training Members include doctors, nurses, mental health counselors, health educators, and other medically trained people, as well as people without medical training, including administrators, chaplains, drivers, interpreters, logistics specialists, radio operators, trainers, etc. Members receive free training in emergency response, and decide how many hours they are willing to volunteer each year. Local chapters can verify credentials to be ready for emergencies, or use the Emergency System for Advanced Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals. Liability insurance varies by state. Local activities Members do activities and training on their own time, which may be outside working hours, or time off work arranged with their employer. Activities include, but are not limited to: Supporting local public health, while advancing the priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General, which are to promote disease prevention, improve health literacy, eliminate health disparities, and enhance public health preparedness Emergency Sheltering Disaster Medical Support and Mass-Casualty Incidents Assisting local hospitals, clinics, and health departments with surge personnel needs Participating in mass prophylaxis and vaccination exercises and community disaster drills Training with local emergency response partners Providing First Aid services for fundraising and other events References External links National Medical Reserve Corps Web Site Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Medical volunteerism

12349533

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalesia%20cordata

Scalesia cordata

Scalesia cordata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in Ecuador. It is threatened by habitat loss. References cordata Flora of Ecuador Endangered plants Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

24472972

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T.M.%20Zahirul%20Alam

A.T.M. Zahirul Alam

Abu Tayeb Muhammad Zahirul Alam, rcds, psc, is a retired lieutenant general of Bangladesh Army. He served as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). He was the first officer in Bangladesh army to achieve such high post in the UN Peacekeeping Mission.Previously he was the commandant of the National Defence College, Bangladesh. He is serving as a chairman of Hamdard Public College's governing body. Personal life and education He was born in 1952 in Boalkhali, Bangladesh. He is married and has two children. Alam obtained his master's degree in War Studies from King's College London in 1993 where he was a Chevening Scholar, and has studied at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kingdom. Career In Army He joined the army in 1975 and has served in various capacities. From 1998 to 2000, he was Director of Military Training at the Army headquarters. During 2001–2003, he served as Division Commander. Prior to his appointment as Force Commander of UNMIL (UNMIL), he was serving as Commandant of the National Defence College, from 04 Jan 2004 to 12 Jun 2008. UN mission From 1994 to 1996, he commanded a mechanized infantry battalion within the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM). He was appointed as Force commander of UNMIL by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in October 2008. Post retirement After retirement Zahirul joined as president of seven member executive committee of Chevening Society of Bangladesh. He served as Chairman of Audit Committee of United Commercial Bank. He was chef de mission of Bangladesh contingent for Rio Olympics. References External links UN Biography, Lieutenant General A.T.M. Zahirul Alam 1952 births Living people Alumni of King's College London Bangladesh Army generals

37435596

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals%20in%20medicine

Metals in medicine

Metals in medicine are used in organic systems for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Inorganic elements are also essential for organic life as cofactors in enzymes called metalloproteins. When metals are scarce or high quantities, equilibrium is set out of balance and must be returned to its natural state via interventional and natural methods. Toxic metals Metals can be toxic in high quantities. Either ingestion or faulty metabolic pathways can lead to metal poisoning. Sources of toxic metals include cadmium from tobacco, arsenic from agriculture and mercury from volcanoes and forest fires. Nature, in the form of trees and plants, is able to trap many toxins and can bring abnormally high levels back into equilibrium. Toxic metal poisoning is usually treated with some type of chelating agent. Heavy metal poisoning, e.g., Hg, Cd, Pb, are particularly pernicious. Examples of specific types of toxic metals include: Copper: copper toxicity usually presents itself as a side effect of low levels of the protein ceruloplasmin, which normally is involved in copper storage. This is referred to as Wilson’s disease. Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder whose mutation causes the ATPase that transports copper into bile and ultimately incorporates it into ceruloplasmin to malfunction. Plutonium: ever since the nuclear age, plutonium poisoning is a potential danger, especially among nuclear reactor employees; inhalation of Pu dust is particularly dangerous due to its intense alpha particle emission. There have been very few cases of plutonium poisoning. Mercury: mercury is usually ingested from agricultural sources or other environmental sources. Mercury poisoning can lead to neurological disease and kidney failure if left untreated. Iron: iron toxicity, iron poisoning, or iron overload is well known. Iron does test only very weakly positive for the Ames test for cancer, however, since it is such a strong catalyst and essential for the production of ATP and consequently DNA production, any excess soluble iron is toxic especially over time. Too much iron deposited in tissues or high levels in the blood stream has been successfully linked to a vast majority of human diseases from Alzheimer's to Malaria. In Botany, iron is a severe problem for the irrigation of plants like rice, maize, or wheat in Sub-Saharan Africa whose subterranean water contains excessive amounts of iron which then poisons these crops. Lead and cadmium: lead and cadmium poisoning can lead to gastrointestinal, kidney, and neurological dysfunction. The use of unleaded paints and gas has successfully decreased the number of cases of lead heavy metal poisoning. Nickel, chromium, and cadmium: via metal-DNA interactions, these metals can be carcinogenic. Nickel: allergies to nickel, particularly from skin to metal contact via jewelry, are common. Zinc, cadmium, magnesium, chromium: metal fume fever can be caused by ingestion of the fumes of these metals and leads to flu-like symptoms. Metal anemia Humans need a certain amount of certain metals to function normally. Most metals are used as cofactors or prosthetics in enzymes, catalyzing specific reactions and serving essential roles. The essential metals for humans are: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, Molybdenum, and Cadmium. Anemia symptoms are caused by lack of a certain essential metal. Anemia can be associated with malnourishment or faulty metabolic processes, usually caused by a genetic defect. Examples of specific types of metal anemia include: Iron: common simple anemia (iron deficiency), results in the loss of functional heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc.), which are responsible for oxygen transport or utilization of oxygen. Pernicious anemia comes from a lack of vitamin B-12 (which contains a cobalt complex called cobalamin), which then in turn interferes with the function of red blood cells. Zinc: Zinc anemia is mostly due to diet can result in growth retardation. Copper: Copper anemia in infants results from infants with a poor diet and can cause heart disease. Metals in diagnosis Metal ions are often used for diagnostic medical imaging. Metal complexes can be used either for radioisotope imaging (from their emitted radiation) or as contrast agents, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Such imaging can be enhanced by manipulation of the ligands in a complex to create specificity so that the complex will be taken up by a certain cell or organ type. Examples of metals used for diagnosis include: Technetium. 99mTc is the most commonly used radioisotope agent for imaging purposes. It has a short half-life, emits only gamma ray photons, and does not emit beta or alpha particles (which are more damaging to surrounding cells), and thus is particularly suitable as an imaging radioisotope. Gadolinium(III), Iron(III), Manganese(II): For MRI imaging paramagnetic metals are needed for contrast imaging. Gadolinium(III), Iron(III), and Manganese(II) are all paramagnetic metals that are able to alter the tissue relaxation times and produce a contrast image. Gallium-68 is useful as a positron source for Positron emission tomography. Cobalt(III): 57Cobalt(III) is used with the compound bleomycin (BLM) (Figure 1), which is an antibiotic, to selectively be taken up by tumor cells. The use of cobalt results in the best blood-to-tumor distribution ratio, but its half-life is too long to be conducive for imaging purposes. A solution has been proposed to attach an EDTA moiety to the terminal thiazole ring of bleomycin, radiolabeled so that the entire complex can then be traceable. This system could provide tumor locations accurately, leading to earlier detection and more non-invasive procedures in the future. Metals in treatment Metals have been used in treatments since ancient times. The Ebers Papyrus from 1500BC is the first written account of the use of metals for treatment and describes the use of Copper to reduce inflammation and the use of iron to treat anemia. Sodium vanadate has been used since the early 20th century to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Recently metals have been used to treat cancer, by specifically attacking cancer cells and interacting directly with DNA. The positive charge on most metals can interact with the negative charge of the phosphate backbone of DNA. Some drugs developed that include metals interact directly with other metals already present in protein active sites, while other drugs can use metals to interact with amino acids with the highest reduction potential. Examples of Metals used in treatment include: Platinum: Platinum based compounds have been shown to specifically effect head and neck tumors. These coordination complexes are thought to act to cross-link DNA in tumor cells (Figure 2). Gold: Gold salt complexes have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (Figure 3). The gold salts are believed to interact with albumin and eventually be taken up by immune cells, triggering anti-mitochondrial effects and eventually cell apoptosis. This is an indirect treatment of arthritis, mitigating the immune response. Lithium: Li2CO3 can be used to treat prophylaxis of manic depressive disorder. Zinc: Zinc can be used topically to heal wounds. Zn2+ can be used to treat the herpes virus. Silver: Silver has been used to prevent infection at the burn site for burn wound patients. Platinum, Titanium, Vanadium, Iron: cis DDP (cis-diaminedichoroplatinum), titanium, vanadium, and iron have been shown to react with DNA specifically in tumor cells to treat patients with cancer. Gold, Silver, Copper: Phosphine ligand compounds containing gold, silver, and copper have anti-cancer properties. Lanthanum: Lanthanum Carbonate often used under the trade-name Fosrenol is used as a phosphate binder in patients suffering from Chronic Kidney disease. Bismuth: Bismuth subsalicylate is used as an antacid. See also Titanium biocompatibility Biometal References Biomaterials Metals Chemicals in medicine

37375366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanrewaju

Olanrewaju

Olanrewaju may refer to: Lanre Oyebanjo (born 1990), footballer Olanrewaju Durodola (born 1977), Nigerian boxer

188550

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Otis

William Otis

William Smith Otis (September 20, 1813 – November 13, 1839) was an American inventor of the steam shovel. Otis received a patent for his creation on February 24, 1839. In 1839 William Smith Otis, civil engineer of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was issued a US patent for the steam shovel (No. 1,089) for excavating and (removing earth). Officially the patent drawing is missing but a drawing exists which is said to be the one from the patent and this shows the crane mounted on a railroad car. A load of earth could be lifted by the bucket, raised by the crane and turned to be dumped, such as in railcars. The patent described how a steam engine of a type then in ordinary use, was installed with a power control mechanism for the crane, and a system of pulleys to move its arms and bucket. It could move about 380 cubic meters of earth a day, with its 1.1 cubic meter capacity shovel and 180° slewing wooden jib. It was first used on the Western Railroad in Massachusetts. Otis was born on September 20, 1813, in Pelham, Massachusetts. He was a cousin of Elisha Otis of elevator fame. At an early age, William was interested in earthworks and mechanics. At the age of 22, he had shown an uncommon mechanical ingenuity and created the first steam powered mechanical excavator. Using materials obtained in vicinity of Canton, Massachusetts, William created the machine in 1835 which was used building railroad lines between Norwich and Worcester. Working with the company, ”Carmichael and Fairbanks”, William Smith Otis devised an apparatus carrying out the same actions as the person with a shovel. Otis moved to Philadelphia and enlisted the talents of engineer and inventor Joseph Harrison Jr. to help construct a prototype. Harrison operated the company ”Garrett and Eastwick," and fabricated a pre-production model in 1836. On June 15, 1836, William Smith Otis received the patent for the invention; however during a fire, the engineering specifications had been destroyed. On February 24, 1839, the patent behind number 1089 officially entered validity, and called “Crane-Excavator for Excavating and Removing Earth”. Otis died of typhoid fever on November 13, 1839 at the age of 26. See also Boston's Back Bay: The Story of America's Greatest Nineteenth-century Landfill, by William A. Newman and Wilfred E. Holton, Northeastern University Press, Boston, published by University Press of New England, 2006. See Chapter 4, Locomotives and Steam Shovels, Pg. 79. Marion Steam Shovel Osgood Company References 1813 births 1839 deaths People from Pelham, Massachusetts 19th-century American inventors

60315892

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Ranaldo

Angelo Ranaldo

Angelo Ranaldo (born 1970) is a Swiss economist. He has been a full professor and chair of finance and systemic risk at the University of St. Gallen in Switerland since April 2012. He is also the board member Swiss Institute of Banking and Finance and School of Finance at St. Gallen. Before joining the HSG, he served as economic advisor at Swiss National Bank. He holds a Ph.D. (2000) in economics and social science from University of Fribourg (Switzerland). He received both his bachelor and master's degrees in economics and finance from the University L. Bocconi (Italy). Angelo Ranaldo is the author of numerous research articles and books. His research area includes foreign exchange market, inter bank repo market, derivative market as well as financial and monetary regulations. Foreign exchange market Ranaldo has published numerous articles of FX market. Mancini, Ranaldo and Wrampelmeyer (2013) provides the first systematic study of liquidity in the FX market. They find significant variation in liquidity across exchange rates, substantial costs due to FX illiquidity, and strong commonality in the liquidities of different currencies. Fischer and Ranaldo (2008) finds strong evidence that trading volume increases in the order of 5% across currency areas on FOMC days during 2003 to 2007. Karnaukh, Ranaldo and Söderlind (2015) shows FX liquidity can be accurately measured with daily and readily available data and a stronger comovements of FX liquidities in distressed markets, especially when funding is constrained, volatility is high, and FX speculators incur losses. Ranaldo and Söderlind (2010) studies high-frequency exchange rate movements over the sample 1993-2006 and documents that the franc, euro, Japanese yen and the pound tend to appreciate against the U.S. dollar when S&P has negative returns; U.S. bond prices increase and when currency markets become more volatile. References 21st-century economists Swiss economists Living people 1970 births Place of birth missing (living people) University of St. Gallen faculty University of Fribourg alumni Bocconi University alumni

42292390

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilarctia%20albicornis

Spilarctia albicornis

Spilarctia albicornis is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Sri Lanka. References Moths described in 1900 albicornis

21261662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycina

Bycina

Bycina (formerly German Bitschen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rudziniec, within Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Rudziniec, north-west of Gliwice, and north-west of the regional capital Katowice. The village has a population of 888. References Bycina

41021414

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seticosta%20coquimbana

Seticosta coquimbana

Seticosta coquimbana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Coquimbo Region, Chile. The wingspan is about 18 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is white, strigulated (finely streaked) with greyish. The markings are dark grey. The hindwings are whitish, suffused with pale brownish postmedially. Etymology The species name refers to the type locality. References Moths described in 2010 Seticosta Moths of South America Taxa named by Józef Razowski Endemic fauna of Chile

55262083

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch%20Te%C3%A0rnait

Loch Teàrnait

Loch Teàrnait, also known as Loch Tearnait or Loch Ternate, is a small, lowland, freshwater loch on the Ardtornish Estate on the Morvern peninsula in the Scottish Highlands. It lies in an east to west direction and is approximately southeast of Loch Arienas and east of Loch Aline. It is long and wide, and is at an altitude of . The average depth is and its maximum depth is . The loch was surveyed on 18 August 1904 by James Murray as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909. In the centre of the loch is a small, circular island which is thought to be the remains of a crannog. It is in diameter, built of timber and stone, and has two small inlets for boats. It is likely to have been occupied since the Middle Ages, and in local tradition it was said to have been used as a sanctuary for fugitives under the protection of the Lords of the Isles. In 2009 the company Hydroplan began construction of a hydroelectricity generating facility at the outflow of the loch. Power generation began in December 2012, and the scheme was officially opened in May 2013. In 2008, prior to construction of the hydro scheme, an archaeological survey was undertaken in and around the loch which documented 31 archaeological sites. The loch holds native wild brown trout and permits are required to fish the loch. References Teàrnait Teàrnait

16658463

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joun

Joun

Joun (also Joon, Djoun in Phoenician, in Arabic جون ) is a Lebanese village sitting on seven hills in the Chouf (in Arabic قضاء الشوف) district of Mount Lebanon at a distance of 13 kilometers from the city of Sidon in Lebanon. Joun means "the corner" in Aramaic, and it is located in between Mount Lebanon and South Lebanon, forming a corner shape. Joun is a village of approximately 7,400 inhabitants, who are mainly Greek Catholic, Shiite, and Maronite. History Joun is an old village located above the temple of the Phoenician god Eshmun near the city of Sidon. In 1887, the Ottomans appointed the first commission of Joun. The members were: Gerges Chamy, Mitri Mousawbaa, Assaad Khoriaty, Mikhael Nab’aa, Youssef Gebran Khoury (Greek Catholics); Hossein Chamseddine, Hossein Saleh (Shiites); Ibrahim Youness, Youssef Estefan (Maronites); and Youssef Koussa (Protestant). Their tasks were to take care of the land of Joun and regulate the environment and day-to-day work, such as agricultural life and water, and also to supervise the local security. By 1898, the commission had its own logo, and each member had his own stamp, used it to sign official statements. In 1903, the Ottoman Empire enacted a law which mandated that municipality members should be elected instead of recruited. Since then, Joun has had elected officials who both take care of local matters and supervise the relationship with the national authority. Notable people Lady Hester Stanhope, British antiquarian and explorer (1776-1839) Nasri Shamseddine, singer and actor Hassan Alaa Eddin, comedy theatre actor, producer, director Ali Chamseddine, physicist Joun today Joun has three churches and one mosque. It also has four schools, two public and two private. Joun is a village rich in olive trees and grapes and is known for its olive oil and soap production. Geography Monastery Saint Savior Monastery of the Savior (in Arabic دير المخلص) of the Melkite Basilian Salvatorian Order was built in the early 18th century on a hill covered with pine and olive trees and grape vines and is located in the east side of Joun, and it constitutes a landmark in the Chouf district. Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope site This site is located on another hill to the north east side of Joun. The site is known as "Dahr El Sitt" (in Arabic ضهر الست). Lady Hester Stanhope settled until her death in the residence at the site, which is on the tip of one of the hills. She said in her memoirs, written by her longtime friend Doctor Charles Lewis Meryon, that the residence has been called by the villagers "Dahr El Sitt" or "Dar El Sitt". He also said that her house on the top of the hill was shaped "like half orange". The house had a garden and a stable and other buildings for storage. He implied that she liked the house because of its strategic location: "...the house on the summit of a conical hill, whence comers and goers might be seen on every side...", noting that the road from Joon to the cities of Sidon, Beirut, and Deir El Qamar all go into lonely mountains full of jackals and wolves. References External links Joun profile, middleeast.com Joun profile, lebarmy.gov.lb Joun profile, Localiban.org Populated places in Chouf District Populated places in Lebanon

6491234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%20School

Bo School

The Bo Government Secondary School commonly known as Bo School is a secondary school located on a property in the center of Bo, the second largest city in Sierra Leone. The school was founded in 1906 at the behest of the British colonial governor, Leslie Probyn, to educate the sons of Paramount Chiefs or nominees of Paramount Chiefs. The school later evolved to became a public school that is open to boys from all backgrounds. Bo school is a boys-only boarding school. The pupils live in the four dormitory buildings (called Towns) on the school's campus. The four dormitories are called Manchester, London, Liverpool, and Paris respectively—the first three are named after famous cities in England, and the last is named after capital of France. Notable pupils Banja Tejan-Sie, Sierra Leonean politician and one of the founding members of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Vice President of Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1986 Julius Maada Bio, President of Sierra Leone since 2018 Albert Joe Demby, Vice President of Sierra Leone from 1996 to 2002 John Amadu Bangura, Chief of the Defence Staff of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces from 1968 to 1970. Salia Jusu-Sheriff, Vice President of Sierra Leone from 1987 to 1991 Sheku Fomba Kutubu, Chief Justice of Sierra Leone from 1987 to 1993 Abdulai Timbo, Chief Justice of Sierra Leone from 2002 to 2004 William Siaffa, Inspector General of the Sierra Leone Police from 1994 to 1996. Hassan Conteh, Chief of Defence Staff of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces from 1996 to 1997. Victor Bockarie Foh, Vice President of Sierra Leone from 2005 to 2018. Kanja Sesay, politician Tamba Lamina, diplomat and politician Ibrahim Inspector Bah, Sierra Leonean football star and former captain of Leone Stars Amadu Wurie, Sierra Leonean educationist and politician Julius Wobay, footballer Aluspah Brewah, footballer Paul Kpaka, footballer References Arthur Abraham. Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule: A Historical Study of Political Change in Sierra Leone, 1890–1937. Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press; distributed by Oxford University Press, New York. 1978. Pp. xiv, 330. $22.00. (1980). The American Historical Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/85.1.184-a Corby, R. A. (1974). AfricaBib | Early years at Bo school. AfricaBib. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://africabib.org/rec.php?RID=185284345&DB=d Corby, R. A. (1981). Bo School and Its Graduates in Colonial Sierra Leone. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 15(2), 323. https://doi.org/10.2307/484417 Corby, R. A. (1990). Educating Africans for inferiority under British rule: Bo School in Sierra Leone. Comparative Education Review, 34(3), 314–349. https://doi.org/10.1086/446950 Corby, R. A., & Abraham, A. (1980). Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule. A Historical Study of Political Change in Sierra Leone 1890–1937. ASA Review of Books, 6, 50. https://doi.org/10.2307/532616 Little, K. (1955). Structural Change in the Sierra Leone Protectorate. Africa, 25(3), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.2307/1157103 Sierra Leone. (2014). Google Books. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en&lr=&id=K0lRBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=bo+school+sierra+leone&ots=BAfDyKD5A6&sig=fO_4YlUS_CjaA-wFg8sFMMopWdU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bo%20school%20sierra%20leone&f=false Wurie, A. (1974). AfricaBib | A history of Bo school. AfricaBib. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=185284329 Buildings and structures in Bo, Sierra Leone Secondary schools in Sierra Leone 1906 establishments in Sierra Leone Educational institutions established in 1906 Boys' schools in Sierra Leone

38101853

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthouse%20%28disambiguation%29

Malthouse (disambiguation)

A malthouse is a building used for the production of malt from cereal grain. Malthouse may also refer to: Christi Malthouse (born 1976), Australian television personality Kit Malthouse (born 1966), English politician and businessman Mick Malthouse (born 1953), Australian rules football player and coach Samuel Malthouse (1857–1931), English cricketer William Malthouse (1890–1961), English cricketer See also Malthouse Broad Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne Malta House, the High Commission of Malta in the United Kingdom Malthous or Halphas, a demon

32004488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halomonas%20titanicae

Halomonas titanicae

Halomonas titanicae is a gram-negative, halophilic species of proteobacteria which was discovered on rusticles recovered from the wreck of the RMS Titanic. Cristina Sánchez-Porro et al. first isolated the bacterium in 2010 from a sample of rusticle obtained from the RMS Titanic in 1991. One of the researchers, Henrietta Mann has estimated that the action of microbes like Halomonas titanicae may bring about the total deterioration of the Titanic by 2030. While the bacteria have been identified as a potential danger to oil rigs and other man-made objects in the deep sea, it also has the potential to be used in bioremediation to accelerate the decomposition of shipwrecks littering the ocean floor. In summer 2016, using neutron diffraction, the facilities of the Institut Laue-Langevin demonstrate that a molecule called ectoine is used by these bacteria to survive the osmotic pressure that salt water causes on their membranes. References External links Type strain of Halomonas titanicae at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Oceanospirillales RMS Titanic Bacteria described in 2010

32949099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood%20%28season%203%29

Parenthood (season 3)

The third season of the NBC comedy-drama series Parenthood premiered on September 13, 2011 and ended on February 28, 2012. This season consisted of 18 episodes. Cast Main cast Peter Krause as Adam Braverman Lauren Graham as Sarah Braverman Dax Shepard as Crosby Braverman Monica Potter as Kristina Braverman Erika Christensen as Julia Braverman-Graham Sam Jaeger as Joel Graham Savannah Paige Rae as Sydney Graham (16 episodes) Sarah Ramos as Haddie Braverman (16 episodes) Max Burkholder as Max Braverman (15 episodes) Joy Bryant as Jasmine Trussell (15 episodes) Tyree Brown as Jabbar Trussell (15 episodes) Miles Heizer as Drew Holt (13 episodes) Mae Whitman as Amber Holt Bonnie Bedelia as Camille Braverman (14 episodes) Craig T. Nelson as Zeek Braverman (15 episodes) Recurring cast Jason Ritter as Mark Cyr Michael B. Jordan as Alex Skyler Day as Amy Ellis John Corbett as Seth Holt D. B. Woodside as Dr. Joseph Prestridge Alexandra Daddario as Rachel Rosa Salazar as Zoe DeHaven Courtney Ford as Lily Tom Maden as Zach Bell Amanda Foreman as Suze Lessing Tina Lifford as Renee Trussell Jonathan Tucker as Bob Little Production Parenthood was renewed for a third season by NBC on May 12, 2011. This season of Parenthood was set to only have 16 episodes. However, on September 29, 2011, NBC ordered two more episodes of Parenthood bringing this seasons total to 18 episodes. Episodes Ratings U.S. Live Ratings References 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Season 3

23862055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVore%20%26%20Sons

DeVore & Sons

DeVore & Sons Inc. Bible Publishers, is a specialist publisher of Catholic and Protestant Bibles. The company was started in 1948 by Floyd DeVore, when he purchased the Chicago-based Bible publisher John A Hertel. In 1968, DeVore relocated to Wichita where it has been located ever since. The company is a family owned business, now run by Ross DeVore. Ross DeVore is the fourth generation of the DeVore family to lead the company. The company publishes and markets Bibles using two brands: Heirloom Bible Publishers and Fireside Catholic Publishing. Its customers are primarily institutional, such as Catholic churches, schools, fraternal lodges and labor unions. "Catholic churches and schools account for a large part of the company's business" DeVore says. Divisions Fireside Publishing: A publisher of Catholic New American Bibles and Douay Rheims Bibles Heirloom Bible Publishers: Publisher of King James Version, Douay Rheims, New American Bible version Bibles. Fireside Publishing In 1970 Fireside was one of the original licensees of the New American Bible Catholic text, which has become the most widely used Catholic Bible in the USA. Fireside was officially the first publisher of the NAB edition, as it was a Fireside New American Bible that was first off the press in 1970. Since starting to publish the New American Bible in 1970, Fireside has become one of the leading publishers of English Catholic Family Bibles in the US, selling to Catholic parishes and schools. "Catholic churches and schools account for a large part of the company's business" DeVore says. They also publish a range of Douay-Rheims Bibles for traditional Catholics and Sagrada Bibles for Spanish speakers. In 2004, Fireside announced that it would launch the Fireside Catholic Youth Bible. A leading competitor, Saint Mary's Press, had published a Catholic Youth Bible since 1999, and this title accounted for a third of its sales when Fireside launched its own version. Saint Mary's Press unsuccessfully sued Fireside Publishing for trademark infringement action, allowing Fireside to continue to publish the Fireside Catholic Youth Bible. Heirloom Bibles Heirloom publishes a variety of Catholic and Protestant Bibles, in Family Bible editions (large presentation formats). The Catholic range of Bibles includes the New American Bible, Douay Rheims and Sagrada translations, while the Protestant Bibles use the KJV translation. References External links DeVore & Sons Inc. Official page Brief History of DeVore & Sons, Inc. Fireside Catholic Publishing. Official website Fireside Bibles. Official website Heirloom Bible Publishers. Official website Full range of Heirloom Bibles Book publishing companies of the United States Christian publishing companies Catholic media Publishing companies established in 1948 Family-owned companies of the United States

32655086

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetkulsky%20District

Yetkulsky District

Yetkulsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Yetkul. Population: 30,165 (2002 Census); The population of Yetkul accounts for 22.0% of the district's total population. References Notes Sources Districts of Chelyabinsk Oblast

36684572

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckwithia

Beckwithia

Beckwithia may refer to: Beckwithia (arthropod), an arthropod genus in the order Aglaspidida Beckwithia (plant), a plant genus in the family Ranunculaceae

22666888

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolabroides

Eolabroides

Eolabroides is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene. See also Prehistoric fish List of prehistoric bony fish References Eocene fish

48322504

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabu-Jaddi

Sabu-Jaddi

The Sabu-Jaddi rock art site in Sudan is a unique cluster of more than 1600 rock drawings from different historical periods expanding for more than 6000 years through different eras of Nubian civilization. however, exactly when the people living in this region began creating these images is still unknown. The site is located 600 km north of Khartoum between the villages of Sabu and Jaddi. The well-preserved drawings include wild and domestic animals, humans and boats. Due to Kajbar Power Station construction plans, the site was included in the 2016 World Monuments Watch List which contains endangered monuments that need attention, promotion, and protection. Geography Located at the downstream end of the third cataract region on the east bank of the Nile, the rock drawings cover the rugged sandstone cliffs along the Nile bend between the villages of Sabu and Jaddi. Additional rock drawings are found along the edges of the narrow wadi Jaddi running inland. Description The drawings depict symbols, a large range of now extinct wild animals in the area like hippopotamus, crocodile, giraffe, leopard, antelope, scorpion and lion as well as domestic animals, mainly cattle and camels. Additionally, there are some human figures, poor in technique. The game animals appear in a none-natural styled manner and are generally pecked over the surface or hammered out and the elephants are displaying both ears. The cattle is represented in a geometrically stylized manner often with distorted corbels. Located on subhorizontal slabs bordering the right bank of the wadi there are groups of rowing boats steered with oars. Two Nile boat types can be distinguished: Curved bottom boats and flat-bottomed boats with erect stern and bow. On some boats, a pilot stands on the roof of the ship's cabin. References Bibliography Neville Chittick: Rock engravings at Sabu, in: Kush 11: Journal of the Sudan Antiquities Service. 10, 1962, pages 328-332. Karl-Heinz Otto; Gisela Buschendorf-Otto: Felsbilder aus dem sudanesischen Nubien, 1993. David N. Edwards: Drawing on rocks, the most enduring monuments of Middle Nubia, in: Sudan & Nubia 10, 2006, pp. 55-63. Hans Alexander Winkler, Sir Robert Mond: Rock-Drawings of southern Upper Egypt I. Sir Robert Mond Desert Expedition Season 1936-1937 Preliminary Report, London 1938. Hans Alexander Winkler, Sir Robert Mond: Rock-Drawings of southern Upper Egypt II. Sir Robert Mond Desert Expedition Season 1937-1938 Preliminary Report, London 1939. Anthony John Arkell: History of the Sudan to 1821, 1954. Saharan rock art Nubia Archaeological sites in Sudan Arts in Sudan Sudanese culture

38656951

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Matschiner

Stefan Matschiner

Stefan Matschiner is a former Austrian track athlete and sports agent, and a convicted enabler of blood doping. After a brief career as a middle-distance runner (competing in the 800 and 1500 metres for the University of Memphis, and in the 1500 metres event at the 2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships), he became a manager for a number of world-class athletes and helped some of them with blood transfusions and, allegedly, supplied them with EPO. He was arrested in 2009 and convicted in 2010. Since then he has published a tell-all book and given interviews about his career as a doping-enabler. Biography Athletics Matschiner was born 14 May 1975 in Laakirchen, Austria, and attended the Höhere Technische Lehranstalt in Vöcklabruck. He was a middle-distance runner at the University of Memphis. He claimed, in a 2011 interview, to have started using performance-enhancing drugs at the age of 25, when he was a 1500 metres runner. He ran in the second heat of the 1500 metres race at the 2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships but did not qualify for the semi-final. Management and doping After he retired as an athlete he worked as a manager and sports agent, founding the "International Sports Agency" in 2003. His first clients were Kenyan runners, with whom he says he discussed doping openly. His name came up in a doping scandal during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin when he was staying at the Turin house of Walter Mayer, a former skier and coach banned from all Olympic events; Matschiner at the time was working with Manfred Kiesl, in whose home doping substances were found in 1997. Doping conviction His agency began managing high-profile clients such as Michael Rasmussen and Bernhard Kohl, and Matschiner helped his athletes by administering blood transfusions in the Austrian village of Steyrermühl between the spring of 2007 and May 2008. Kohl had finished third in the 2008 Tour de France and won the polka dot jersey for best climber, but was later found to have used the performance-enhancing drug EPO (specifically, the class known as CERA) and stripped of his position and jersey. Kohl stated in early 2009 that he had met Matschiner in 2005 and started doping after their first meeting. Matschiner was arrested shortly thereafter, and during the investigation by the special doping task force of the Vienna Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), many other names were turned up and accusations made. At the time of his arrest, his website listed a number of Kenyan athletes as clients; Athletics Kenya chairman Isaiah Kiplagat claimed that Matschiner "is a total stranger to us". Swiss cyclist Markus Zberg was, according to the BKA, given Dynepo by Matschiner on orders of Kohl; Matschiner named Zberg again in his guilty plea in 2010. During the trial, Kohl admitted having discussed doping with Zberg in March or April 2008 and to have given him Matschiner's number. Zberg did not comment in 2009, when the allegations were first made, nor in 2010, when they were repeated, though he hired an attorney. Also named in the investigation and in Matschiner's plea was Austrian triathlete Lisa Hütthaler. Hütthaler's name had been mentioned in early 2009 and she confessed to the Austrian media in March of that year, though Matschiner at that time denied; she stated she had paid Matschiner more than $20,000 for doses of EPO. Matschiner stated he had provided five other athletes with "EPO, testosterone, and growth hormones", but did not name them. Documents uncovered during the investigation incriminated other athletes as well. These included Dutch cyclists Michael Boogerd and Thomas Dekker, and were part of the dossier that led to Dekker's suspension from professional cycling in 2009. In 2010, Matschiner was sentenced by an Austrian court to a 15-month jail term; one month was taken off because he had spent five weeks in jail after his arrest and the rest of the sentence was suspended. During the trial, Matschiner explained in detail how he gave Kohl blood transfusions, though he denied having given Kohl CERA. He was placed on probation for three years. After the trial he showed no remorse, and announced a tell-all book, Borderline, to be published in January 2011. The publication of Matschiner's book (with Riva Verlag) in 2011 led to more media interviews, in which he stated he had no regrets and downplayed the health risks of doping. In an interview with Die Zeit, he said that doping is ubiquitous in all sports in all countries, and that athletes are very much aware of the risks: "only the stupid ones get caught." From 2005 to 2007, he operated a blood bank, Humanplasma, which was responsible for delivering blood to various cycling professionals and other athletes; he claimed he stopped doing that in 2008 when the Austrian authorities enacted stronger anti-doping measures. In February 2013, Matschiner claimed to have given blood to a number of riders from the Dutch Rabobank team (including Denis Menchov, Michael Boogerd, who denied having used doping, and Thomas Dekker). References Living people 1975 births Austrian male middle-distance runners Austrian sportspeople in doping cases Austrian criminals Memphis Tigers men's track and field athletes Doping cases in athletics

39115189

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerwynn%20Williams

Kerwynn Williams

Kerwynn Arthur Logan Williams (born June 9, 1991) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the seventh round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at Utah State. High school career Williams attended Valley High School in Las Vegas, Nevada. He played wide receiver and running back as a junior before providing a serious triple threat element as a quarterback his senior season with the Vikings football team. He earned first-team All-state accolades as well as first-team All-region and first-team All-Northeast League honors, in addition to being selected as the school's MVP. As a senior, he had 188 rushes for 2,002 yards (10.7 ypc/182.0 ypg) with 31 touchdowns while throwing for 707 yards with three scores and adding 700 return yards. In his junior season, in 2007, he had 108 rushes for 549 yards with six touchdowns as well as 18 receptions for 388 yards with five touchdowns, and also had one punt return for a touchdown in each season. He rushed for over 4,000 yards in his career as well as passing for 830 yards with 48 total touchdowns and 1,150 return yards. In addition to being a student athlete, he excelled in the classroom as an International Baccalaureate student and being involved in various extracurriculars. He also excelled in track & field competing in relays. College career Williams attended Utah State University between 2009 and 2012. He spent most of his first three seasons and as a reserve and backup running back. Following the departure of Robert Turbin, he became the starting running back for his senior season. He rushed for 1,512 yards on 218 carries (6.9 ypc) and 15 touchdowns, and caught 45 passes for 697 yards and five touchdowns, earning him first team All-WAC honors. For his collegiate career, he accumulated 2,505 rushing yards on 380 carries (6.6 ypc) and 22 touchdowns, and caught 64 passes for 870 yards and 5 touchdowns. He was an established kick returner early in his career, and Williams would finish his career accumulating 3,408 kick return yards, which ranks first all time in school history, as well as WAC history. He also recorded 6,928 all purpose yards in his career, breaking the old record of 6,659 set by Terance Mathis of New Mexico (1985-1989). Williams graduated from Utah State in December 2012, with a bachelor's degree in marketing from the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business. Professional career Indianapolis Colts Williams was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the seventh round, 230th overall, in the 2013 NFL Draft. During the 2013 preseason, he rushed for 169 yards in 41 attempts, and also had 3 receptions for 6 yards. He survived the final roster cuts, making the 53 man roster. Williams was waived on September 1, 2013, to make room for tight end Jack Doyle. On September 2, 2013, he was signed to the Colts' practice squad. On September 14, 2013, Williams was promoted to the active roster after a season-ending injury to Vick Ballard. The next day, he made his NFL debut in the 24–20 loss to the Miami Dolphins. In the game, he handled one kick return for 28 yards. On September 24, 2013, he was released by the Colts, but was re-signed to their practice squad on September 26, 2013. San Diego Chargers On October 9, 2013, Williams was signed by the San Diego Chargers to their practice squad. The Chargers released Williams on August 25, 2014. Arizona Cardinals Williams signed with the Arizona Cardinals practice squad on September 18, 2014. On December 7, 2014, Williams rushed for his first career 100-yard game in a win against the Kansas City Chiefs. On January 3, 2015, in the Wild Card Round against the Carolina Panthers, he had 23 rushing yards in the 27–16 defeat. On September 5, 2015, he was released by the Cardinals. On September 7, 2015, Williams was brought back to the team and was placed on the practice squad. On September 19, 2015, he was promoted to the Cardinals' active roster. On September 22, 2015, Williams was released by the Cardinals. On September 23, 2015, he was re-signed to the Cardinals' practice squad. On December 1, he was elevated to the active roster. On December 6, against the St. Louis Rams, he had 59 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 27–3 victory. On September 3, 2016, Williams was released by the Cardinals. On October 3, 2016, Williams re-signed with the Cardinals. He was re-signed to cover for injured running back Chris Johnson. He was released by the team on October 6, 2016 and was re-signed on October 11. On December 18, he had 63 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 48–41 loss to the New Orleans Saints. In the regular season finale against the Los Angeles Rams, he had 60 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. On September 10, 2017, in the season opening 35–23 loss to the Detroit Lions, Williams came into the game in relief of injured running back David Johnson. He had five carries for ten yards and a touchdown in the loss. He saw limited time until the last five weeks of the season largely due to the injury of veteran running back Adrian Peterson. He recorded 357 rushing yards over the final five games of the regular season. Kansas City Chiefs On April 15, 2018, Williams signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. He was released on September 1, 2018. Detroit Lions On January 3, 2019, Williams signed a reserve/future contract with the Detroit Lions. He was waived on May 2, 2019. Tampa Bay Buccaneers On May 6, 2019, Williams signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, but was waived a week later. New Orleans Saints Williams signed with the New Orleans Saints on August 8, 2019. He was released during final roster cuts on August 30, 2019. NFL career statistics Source: References External links San Diego Chargers bio Utah State Aggies bio 1991 births Living people Sportspeople from Las Vegas Players of American football from Nevada African-American players of American football American football running backs Utah State Aggies football players Indianapolis Colts players San Diego Chargers players Arizona Cardinals players Kansas City Chiefs players Detroit Lions players Tampa Bay Buccaneers players New Orleans Saints players 21st-century African-American sportspeople

2491910

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Rennes%20Bretagne

Radio Rennes Bretagne

Radio Rennes Bretagne (in Breton: Radio Roazon-Breiz) was a radio station based in Rennes, and the first station to have regular Breton language programming. However, it was not powerful enough to broadcast to the Breton-speaking western parts of the peninsular. From November 1940 to June 1944 the station broadcast bilingual programming by switching over to Radio Paris for one hour each week. Established under German patronage during World War II, the station was placed under the care of professor Leo Weisgerber, a linguist from Marburg and Sonderführer of the occupying German army. Acquired under the guise of the Breton cause, it became a vehicle for collaborationist ideas. Roparz Hemon ran the station as Director of Programming. Hemon focused on cultural and intellectual themes, rather than explicitly political issues. Contributors were typically associated with the pre-war journal Gwalarn, which had been set up to promote a literary high culture in Breton. Unlike Radio Paris, Radio Rennes Bretagne never broadcast outright Nazi propaganda. However, racist ideas were subtly inserted into programmes which had high cultural content. Staff Management team: Leo Weisgerber (Director); Roparz Hemon (Programming Director); Abeozen, Jean Trécan (Studio Management) Presenters : Florian Le Roy (French speaker), Abeozen (Breton speaker), André Guellec, Guillaume Berthou, Youenn Drezen, Georges Lemée, Juliette Nizan, Job Jaffré, Yves Levot-Becot, Baillarge, Esnault. References External links 100 ans de radio: Radio Rennes Bretagne Breton nationalism Mass media in Rennes Radio stations in France Radio stations established in 1940 Radio stations disestablished in 1944 Defunct radio stations Defunct mass media in France

458985

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo

Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The national flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo () is a sky blue flag, adorned with a yellow star in the upper left canton and cut diagonally by a red stripe with a yellow fimbriation. It was adopted on 20 February 2006. A new constitution, ratified in December 2005 and which came into effect in February 2006, promoted a return to a flag similar to that flown between 1963 and 1971, with a change from a royal blue to sky blue background. Blue represents peace. Red stands for "the blood of the country's martyrs", yellow the country's wealth; and the star a radiant future for the country. Colours The colours approximation is listed below: Previous flags The previous flag was adopted in 2003. It was similar to the flag used between 1960 and 1963. That flag, in turn, was based on the flag which was originally used by King Leopold's Association Internationale Africaine and was first used in 1877. The 1877 design featured a yellow star on a blue background. The 1877 flag continued as the flag of the Congo Free State after the territory was recognized as an official possession of Leopold II at the Berlin Conference. After gaining independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, the same basic design was maintained. However, six smaller stars were added to the hoist to symbolise the six provinces of the country at the time. This design was used only from 1960 to 1963. The flag of the second Republic of Mobutu Sese Seko became the official banner after Mobutu established his dictatorship. This flag was used from 1966 to 1971 and consisted of the same yellow star, now made smaller, situated in the top corner of the hoist side, with a red, yellow-lined band running diagonally across the center. The red symbolized the people's blood; the yellow symbolized prosperity; the blue symbolized hope; and the star represented unity. The flag changed again when the country was renamed Zaire in 1971. The Zaire flag was created as part of Mobutu's attempted re-Africanization of the nation and was used officially until Mobutu's overthrow in the First Congo War. The flag of Zaire was also used as the political-party flag of the Popular Movement of the Revolution, led by Mobutu. In 1997, when the Mobutu government was overthrown and the country assumed its current designation of Democratic Republic of the Congo, the country reverted to 1960s post-independence design, featuring a single large star and six smaller stars. In 2003, the most recent change before the adoption of the current flag, the flag's color was modified to use a lighter shade of blue. See also Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo References National symbols of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic

4992399

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyel%20Reid

Kyel Reid

Kyel Romane Reid (born 26 November 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Cray Wanderers. Career West Ham Born in South London, Reid joined West Ham United in July 2004 and is a product of the West Ham United academy system. He made his full debut for the club in a 1–0 away win over West Bromwich Albion in May 2006 and made a second appearance against Tottenham Hotspur later in the same month. He joined Barnsley in November 2006 on an initial one-month loan, which was extended to the end of the season, and made 26 appearances, scoring two goals. He returned to West Ham for the start of the 2007–08 season, making four league and cup appearances, before joining Crystal Palace on loan in March 2008. Reid scored his first and only goal for West Ham United in a 4–1 win against Macclesfield Town during a League Cup second round match on 27 August 2008. On 27 November 2008, Reid signed on loan with Blackpool, and made his debut two days later in the Seasiders 2–1 victory over Plymouth Argyle at Home Park. Following Blackpool's 0–0 draw at Nottingham Forest on 13 December, two days later he was named by the Football League in the Championship "Team Of The Week". At the end of his loan spell, on 30 December, Reid returned to West Ham. On 15 January 2009, Reid joined Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan for the remainder of the season, making his debut on 24 January 2009, in a FA Cup 4th Round tie against Middlesbrough. Reid's only goal for Wolves came in a 1–1 draw at Barnsley on 25 April 2009; a goal which secured the 2008–09 championship title for Wolves. Reid did not make the bench for the May fixtures and returned to West Ham after the end of the season. However, he found himself behind Junior Stanislas, Jack Collison and the then-injured Valon Behrami in the pecking order for the wide midfield positions. Sheffield United Reid rejected a new contract offered to him by West Ham after failing to break into their first team on a regular basis. He completed a free transfer to Sheffield United in July 2009 but found it difficult to break into the first team, making only a handful of substitute appearances during his first six months at Bramall Lane. Charlton Athletic In January 2010 Reid was loaned out to former Premier League side Charlton Athletic for the remainder of the League One season. He was given the number 24 shirt; previously worn by Jon Fortune during Charlton's seven year Premier League stay. He scored his first goal for Charlton Athletic in a 2–0 win over Yeovil Town on 20 February 2010. Reid played a part in helping Charlton reach the League One Playoff Semi Finals (Charlton Athletic had finished the season in fourth position; just two points behind Leeds United who achieved automatic promotion as runners-up); scoring four goals in seventeen league appearances during his loan spell. Charlton were eventually knocked out of the playoffs after they lost on penalties to Swindon Town at The Valley; a game in which Reid played 95 mins: being replaced by midfielder Therry Racon in extra time. Reid became very popular with the Charlton fans during his seventeen-game spell at the club; and was recognisable, along with teammates Lloyd Sam and Therry Racon, for his bright coloured boots. On 16 July 2010 it was announced that Charlton Athletic had signed Reid on a free transfer to keep him at The Valley on a permanent basis for the 2010/2011 League One season. Manager Phil Parkinson hailed the transfer as "an important signing" and highlighted Reid's desire to stay at Charlton, reporting that he had turned down offers from Championship clubs. Reid was given the number 11 squad number, vacated after the departure of Charlton youth product Lloyd Sam, ahead of the start of his second season at the club. Reid started the 2010–11 season well with an assist in the opening fixture as Charlton beat AFC Bournemouth 1–0 at The Valley with ten men after Jose Semedo had been dismissed in the second half. In May 2011 it was announced that Reid would not be offered a new contract and would be released at the end of the 2010–11 season. Bradford City On 30 August 2011, newly appointed Bradford manager Phil Parkinson made Reid his first signing, handing him a two-year contract. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Morecambe. His first goal for the club came when he opened the scoring against Crawley Town on 17 September. On 1 October he scored his second goal for the club and got an assist against Burton Albion. He tore his hamstring in a 3–0 win against Crewe and it was projected that he would be out for around 6 weeks. On 18 February 2012 he created a goal for Craig Fagan and scored himself in the space of 3 minutes as Bradford came from behind to beat Torquay United 2–1 at Plainmoor. He scored his next goal two games later in a 4–0 away win against Barnet. After his Man of the Match performance against Gillingham, he was named in the Football League Team of the Week on 26 March 2012. On 28 August 2012, he scored in a 2–1 win against Watford in the Football League Cup. On 18 September he helped Bradford to their best start to a league season at home since 1957, after scoring in a 3–1 win against Morecambe. After tearing his anterior cruciate ligament on 18 January 2014 in a 2–2 draw against Sheffield United, it was announced that Reid would be out for the remainder of the season. Preston North End On 24 June 2014, Reid signed for League One side Preston North End on a two-year deal. He returned to Bradford City on a one-month loan deal in October 2015. Coventry City On 28 July 2016, Kyel Reid signed for Coventry City on a two-year contract following his release from Preston North End. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 loss to Gillingham on 24 September 2016. On 7 August 2017, Reid joined Coventry's League Two rivals Colchester United on loan until January 2018. He made his Colchester debut against Aston Villa in the EFL Cup on 9 August. He scored his first Colchester goal on 26 August against Forest Green Rovers. He was released by Coventry at the end of the 2017–18 season. Chesterfield Reid joined Chesterfield on 16 August 2018, signing a contract until the end of the 2018–19 season. Sutton United On 26 August 2020, Reid left Sutton United at the end of the 2019–20 season. International career Reid has played for the England under-17, under-18 and under-19 teams. Career statistics Honours Preston North End Football League One play-offs: 2015 Coventry City EFL League Two play-offs: 2018 References External links 1987 births Living people Footballers from Deptford English footballers England youth international footballers Association football midfielders West Ham United F.C. players Barnsley F.C. players Crystal Palace F.C. players Blackpool F.C. players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Sheffield United F.C. players Charlton Athletic F.C. players English Football League players Bradford City A.F.C. players Preston North End F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Colchester United F.C. players Chesterfield F.C. players Premier League players Black British sportspeople Billericay Town F.C. players Cray Wanderers F.C. players

20959263

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doddinduvadi

Doddinduvadi

Doddinduvadi is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district. Demographics India census, Doddinduvadi had a population of 5700 with 2890 males and 2810 females. See also Chamarajanagar Districts of Karnataka References External links http://Chamarajanagar.nic.in/ Villages in Chamarajanagar district

40982314

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shir%20Kola%2C%20Neka

Shir Kola, Neka

Shir Kola (, also Romanized as Shīr Kolā and Shīrkalā) is a village in Zarem Rud Rural District, Hezarjarib District, Neka County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 275, in 70 families. References Populated places in Neka County

25971055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20I%20Had%20You%20%28Alabama%20song%29

If I Had You (Alabama song)

"If I Had You" is a song written by Kerry Chater and Danny Mayo, and recorded by American country music group Alabama. It was released in February 1989 as the second single from the album Southern Star. The song was Alabama's twenty-fifth number one on the country chart. The single went number one for one week and spent thirteen weeks on the country chart. The song was covered by Andy Williams on his 1991 album Nashville and Eddy Arnold on his 1993 album Last of the Love Song Singers: Then and Now. Chart performance Year-end charts References 1989 singles Alabama (American band) songs Andy Williams songs Eddy Arnold songs Songs written by Danny Mayo Song recordings produced by Barry Beckett Song recordings produced by Josh Leo RCA Records singles Songs written by Kerry Chater 1989 songs

11997494

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20B.%20Morris

Charles B. Morris

Charles Bedford Morris (December 29, 1931 – August 22, 1996) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Biography Morris joined the Army from Roanoke, Virginia in 1953, and briefly served during the Korean War before serving in Vietnam. By June 29, 1966, he was a Sergeant in Company A, 2d Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173d Airborne Brigade (Separate). During a firefight on that day in the Republic of Vietnam, Morris continued to lead his squad, fight the enemy, and help the wounded despite being wounded himself four separate times. For his actions during the battle he was promoted to Staff Sergeant and, on December 14, 1967, awarded the Medal of Honor. Morris reached the highest enlisted rank, Sergeant Major, before retiring from the Army. He died at age 64 and was buried in Morris Cemetery, Fancy Gap, Virginia. Medal of Honor citation Staff Sergeant Morris' Medal of Honor citation reads: See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War References 1931 births 1996 deaths United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War United States Army Medal of Honor recipients United States Army soldiers People from Carroll County, Virginia Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor

3945345

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%20Elliott

Wade Elliott

Wade Patrick Elliott (born 14 December 1978) is an English former professional footballer who last played for Bristol City. He played mainly as a right midfielder but could also play as a central midfielder. Elliott began playing football as a youth player for Southampton before joining non-league Bashley. He began his professional career at AFC Bournemouth after joining from Bashley for £5,000. After five years he joined Burnley where he won two player of the year awards and scored the only goal in the 2009 play-off final elevating his team to the Premier League. He moved on to Birmingham City in 2011, playing regularly for two seasons. He spent time on loan at Bristol City in 2014, and joined them on a permanent contract after his release from Birmingham at the end of the 2013–14 season. Having achieved promotion from League One to the Championship with Bristol City in the 2014–15 season, Elliott retired from playing in June 2015 in order to take up a coaching role at the club. After leaving Bristol City in June 2016 Elliot played in several pre-season Friendlies for National League side Forest Green Rovers, reportedly in advance of taking a joint role of player and youth team coach. Club career Youth and non-League Elliott was born in Southampton, and began playing football as a youth player at Southampton F.C., during which time he also represented England schoolboys. He was released from the Southampton youth setup when he was 16 and instead went on to do his A-levels. He carried on playing football at non-League Bashley while studying at university – he did two years of a degree course in communications and sociology at Goldsmiths' College and completed the degree via the Open University – and was spotted by former AFC Bournemouth player Jimmy Case who organised a trial match for him at the League One club. He trained with Bournemouth from Christmas 1998, and signed for a fee of £5,000 in February 2000. AFC Bournemouth Elliott scored three goals in the twelve games he played in his first season with Bournemouth. In the following seasons he began to have more and more of an impact, winning the club's Player of the Year award in his first full season. He was out of contract at the end of the 2003–04 season and eventually signed a one-year contract extension. In his last season at the club he played 51 games and scored 5 goals. With his and teammate Garreth O'Connor's contracts due to expire, the pair signed three-year contracts with Burnley, a team which he had impressed in an FA Cup-tie that season. Burnley Elliott's first season at Burnley got off to a slow start; he made just 23 starts for the club and scored 3 goals. However, in his next two seasons, he became one of the club's most influential players, winning Player of the Year awards for two consecutive seasons. In the 2007–08 season, he committed his future to the club by signing a three-year contract extension, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2011 season. In the following season he was instrumental in Burnley's promotion to the Premier League and capped off the season by scoring the only goal in the play-off final. The curling shot captured much media attention with multiple references to him scoring the goal that had the potential to earn Burnley up to £60 million in the Premier League. Elliott began his first Premier League season in the headlines by scoring the only goal in the home win against Everton. On his 200th League appearance for Burnley, he scored the final goal in a 4–1 defeat of Hull City from an inswinging free kick on the far left at the KC Stadium. Birmingham City Elliott joined Championship club Birmingham City on 31 August 2011, the last day of the summer transfer window; he signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his Birmingham debut as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 home victory against Millwall, and scored his first goal for the club against Maribor in the Europa League on 29 September. Elliott's first league goal came in March 2012 in a 3–1 defeat away to Leicester City, scored from the penalty spot after Sol Bamba brought down Nikola Žigić. His third league goal came in a win against Peterborough United in September; the goal was originally credited as an own goal when goalkeeper Bobby Olejnik punched Elliott's free kick into his own net, but was later awarded to Elliott. In June 2013, Elliott signed a one-year contract extension with Birmingham. In October 2013, Elliott was sent off for elbowing an opponent just before half-time with Birmingham a goal down to Premier League Stoke City in the League Cup; the ten men came back to draw 4–4 after extra time but lost the penalty shootout. He returned from the resulting three-match suspension to make his 100th appearance for Birmingham, as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win at Barnsley on 30 November. After a spell on loan at Bristol City, Elliott was released. He finished his Birmingham career at the age of 35, having scored 14 goals in 105 appearances in all competitions. Bristol City After not featuring regularly in Birmingham's starting eleven, Elliott joined League One club Bristol City on 28 January 2014 on a one-month loan. He made his debut the same day, as a half-time substitute at Brentford with his new team already 3–1 behind, and was booked early in the half for a poor tackle. He went on to impress manager Steve Cotterill, who admitted that he had "[thrown] him in too soon after not playing regular first team football since October", and Elliott's loan was extended to the end of the season. After his release from Birmingham, Elliott joined Bristol City on a one-year permanent contract. Cotterill appointed him captain, describing him as "a stand-out candidate" who "offers a great deal of honesty, integrity and leadership." He led his side to the "lower-league double" of the Football League Trophy and League One title, then announced his retirement as a player to take up coaching. Coaching career Elliott took up the post of under-21s manager at Bristol City at the end of the 2014–15 season. In January 2016, after Steve Cotterill was sacked, assistant manager John Pemberton and Elliott were named as an interim management team; their first game in charge was a 1–0 victory over league leaders Middlesbrough. He left the club at the end of the season following a reorganisation of the coaching structure under new manager Lee Johnson. In October 2016, Elliott was announced as the new assistant Academy manager at Forest Green Rovers. Elliott was appointed assistant manager of Stoke City U23s in April 2017. He became manager of the team in January 2018 following the departure of Glyn Hodges, but reverted to assistant to Kevin Russell for the 2018–19 season. Elliot joined Cheltenham Town as a coach in September 2020. Club statistics Playing Honours Burnley Championship (level 2) play-off winners: 2008–09 Bristol City League One (level 3): 2014–15 Football League Trophy: 2014–15 Coaching Honours Cheltenham Town League Two Champions: 2020-21 References External links 1978 births Living people People from Eastleigh English footballers England schools international footballers Association football midfielders Bashley F.C. players AFC Bournemouth players Burnley F.C. players Birmingham City F.C. players Bristol City F.C. players Southern Football League players English Football League players Premier League players Bristol City F.C. non-playing staff Forest Green Rovers F.C. non-playing staff Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London Cheltenham Town F.C. non-playing staff Association football coaches

27586729

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode%C5%BE

Rodež

Rodež (; formerly Sveti Lenart, ) is a village in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The village includes the hamlets of Klenovik and Boriče. Name The name Rodež is derived from the common noun *rodina 'uncultivated land, fallow land', referring to the local geography. It is etymologically related to toponyms such as Rodik, Rodine, and Rodni Vrh. Church The local church is dedicated to Saint Leonard and belongs to the Parish of Šentjurij–Podkum. It has a Romanesque nave dating to the 13th century onto which a new sanctuary was built after 1350. The belfry dates to the 16th century. References External links Rodež on Geopedia Populated places in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi

63871313

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Akron%20Zips%20football%20team

1985 Akron Zips football team

The 1985 Akron Zips football team represented Akron University in the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season as members of the Ohio Valley Conference. They were led by thirteenth-year head coach Jim Dennison, in his final season with the Zips. The Zips played their home games at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio. They finished the season with a record of 8–4 overall and 5–2 in OVC play to tie for second place. Schedule References Akron Akron Zips football seasons Akron Zips football

27612219

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistocypraea%20broderipii

Callistocypraea broderipii

Callistocypraea broderipii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. Description Callistocypraea broderipii are typically between 60mm and 90mm in length. Distribution This species occurs in the Indian Ocean along Madagascar and Mauritius. References Lorenz, F. (2017). Cowries. A guide to the gastropod family Cypraeidae. Volume 1, Biology and systematics. Harxheim: ConchBooks. 644 pp External links Cypraeidae Gastropods described in 1832 Taxa named by John Edward Gray

55784744

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20environmental%20law

Indian environmental law

Indian environmental law concerns the law and policy of India concerning the protection of the environment, measures taken to reverse climate change and achieve a zero carbon economy. Since the sixties concern over the state of environment has grown the world over. There has been substantive decline in environment quality due to increasing pollution, loss of vegetal cover and biological diversity, excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the ambient atmosphere and in food chains, growing risks of environment accidents and threats to life support systems. The Decision which were taken at united nation conference on the human conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in june 1972 were based on the world community's resolve to protect and enhance the environmental concerns. Although several measures had been taken for environmental Protection both before and after the Conference it was found necessary to enact a comprehensive law on the subject to implement the decision of the conference. Accordingly the Environment (Protection) Bill passed was introduced in the Parliament Various different areas of environmental protection have been covered by different laws, drawn up at different times. Some of the areas covered include :- Air pollution Water pollution Forest and wildlife protection Waste management Wild Life As with environmental protection legislation in many countries, the regulations are only effective if they are properly enforced, which hasn't always been the case in India, for a number of reasons, some of which are down to local administrative authorities. Because of the huge population of India, there have been enormous demands placed on the environment, with the regulations not proving to be entirely satisfactory in dealing with the tremendous pressures. History General protection The Environment Protection Act, 1986. is enforced by the Central Pollution Control Board and the numerous State Pollution Control Boards. The National Green Tribunal established under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010 has jurisdiction over all environmental cases dealing with a substantial environmental question and acts covered under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 National Green Tribunal Act Air pollution The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Union Territories) Rules, 1983 Water Legislation to protect water quality include: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 Ganga Action Plan, 1986 National Water Policy Coastal Regulation Zone Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal Interstate River Water Disputes Act Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Forests and wildlife Indian Forest Act, 1927 Wild life protection act, 1972 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 National Forest Policy, 1988 M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997) 1 SCC 388 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, which does not fall within the jurisdiction of the National Green Tribunal. Appeals can be filed in the Supreme Court of India. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 CAMPA bill Waste management Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 Recycled Plastics, Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 Basel Convention on Control of TransboundaryMovements on Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1989 and Its Protocols Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 See also Environmental policy of the European Union Environmental law United Kingdom environmental law United States environmental law Environmental policy in China ASME’s 2019 Advanced Clean Energy Summit - Nuclear Power’s Role in Combating Climate Change Notes References Environmental law Environmental social science Environmental protection Environmental law in India

22834910

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chironitis

Chironitis

Chironitis is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles. References Scarabaeidae genera

54157566

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1tica

Vištica

Vištica (, ) is a village in the municipality of Lipkovo, North Macedonia. Demographics According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 991 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include: Albanians 984 Others 7 References External links Villages in Lipkovo Municipality Albanian communities in North Macedonia

6115400

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian%20Flittie%20Onstad

Kristian Flittie Onstad

Kristian Flittie Onstad (born 9 May 1984) is a Norwegian professional footballer defender who plays for Moss. Career He comes from a little place in Skedsmo, Lahaugmoen. He went to NTG (Norges Toppidrettsgymnas) high school. Kristian started his senior career at Lyn. At Lyn, he made 73 appearances. In 2006, Kristian had a transfer to the Danish elite club Esbjerg FB. In the 2009 season he was loaned out to SK Brann. After a loan spell at SK Brann, he was released from his contract at Esbjerg FB. On 18 January 2010 Kristian signed a three-year deal with Stabæk Fotball. It was terminated in the summer. In August 2010 he joined Raufoss IL. Ahead of the 2011 he joined Ull/Kisa. In April 2013 he signed a contract with Mjøndalen. Onstad has, as of December 2013, joined Moss. References 1984 births Living people People from Skedsmo Norwegian footballers Lyn Fotball players Esbjerg fB players SK Brann players Stabæk Fotball players Raufoss IL players Ullensaker/Kisa IL players Mjøndalen IF players Moss FK players Eliteserien players Danish Superliga players Norwegian First Division players Norwegian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in Denmark Association football defenders

9173329

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet%20Kire%C3%A7%C3%A7i

Ahmet Kireççi

Ahmet Kireççi (aka Ahmet Mersinli, 27 October 1914 in Mersin – 17 August 1978 in Mersin, Turkey), was a Turkish sports wrestler, who won the Olympic medal twice, the bronze medal in the Middleweight class of Men's Freestyle Wrestling at the 1936 Olympics and the gold medal in the Heavyweight class of Men's Greco-Roman category at the 1948 Olympics. Born in the southern city of Mersin, he began first boxing and then continued in athletics. He switched over to wrestling and took part in a yağlı güreş (oil wrestling) competition in Tarsus, where he became champion. Ahmet Kireççi was sent to Istanbul to join the Wrestling Club of Kumkapı. In 1931, he was admitted to the national team, of which he was a member 17 years long. At 18 years of age, he became Balkan champion, a title he repeated twice more. With his bronze medal gathered at the 1936 Summer Olympic Games, he was the debut Turkish freestyle wrestler medallist and be an Olympic medallist in both wrestling styles. Following President İsmet İnönü's suggestion at a reception after his return, Ahmet Kireççi accepted to change his family name officially to Mersinli, which was his nickname. He died on 17 August 1978, following a traffic accident in his hometown. A statue of him erected in a corner near the harbour of Mersin commemorates the successful and popular wrestler. Achievements 1932 Balkan Championships - gold 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany - bronze (Freestyle Middleweight) 1937 World Championships - bronze 1940 Balkan Championships - gold 1948 Olympics in London, England - gold (Greco-Roman Heavyweight) Notes References Olympics Database Newspaper Sabah 13 August 2004 Yumuktepe 1914 births 1979 deaths Sportspeople from Mersin Olympic wrestlers of Turkey Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics Wrestlers at the 1948 Summer Olympics Turkish male sport wrestlers Olympic gold medalists for Turkey Olympic bronze medalists for Turkey Road incident deaths in Turkey Olympic medalists in wrestling Burials at Mersin Cemetery Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics

46959040

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash%20at%20the%202015%20Southeast%20Asian%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20team

Squash at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games – Women's team

The women's team competition of the squash event at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games was held from June 11–13, 2015 at the Kallang Squash Centre, Kallang, Singapore. The Gold Medal was won by Malaysia. Schedule Results Preliminary round Pool A Pool B Knockout round Semifinals Gold medal match References External links Women's team 2015 in women's squash Squash tournaments in Singapore Women's sports competitions in Singapore

49830382

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%20Talk%20Talk%20%28disambiguation%29

Talk Talk Talk (disambiguation)

Talk Talk Talk is the second studio album by rock band The Psychedelic Furs. Talk Talk Talk or similar may also refer to: "Talk, Talk, Talk", a 2004 song by The Ordinary Boys "Talk Talk Talk" (song), a 2011 song by Darren Hayes Talk Talk Talk (film), a 2007 Japanese youth romantic drama film See also Talk (disambiguation) Talk Talk (disambiguation)

27165204

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssaf%20El%20Marnissi

Youssaf El Marnissi

Youssaf El Marnissi (born February 2, 1976 in Al Hoceima) is a Moroccan racing driver. Career El Marnissi competed in the Moroccan Circuit Racing Championship between 2007 and 2009. El Marnissi, along with compatriots Ismaïl Sbaï and Larbi Tadlaoui, was due to compete in the 2010 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco, his home round of the World Touring Car Championship, driving a Chevrolet Lacetti for Maurer Motorsport. However, El Marnissi crashed during the Friday testing session at the track and received damage that was not possible for his team to fix before the races on Sunday. He participated with Ismail Sbail and larbi tadlaoui at the Trofeo Maserati in 2012 and earned a place on the podium at the meeting of 20 May in its first appearance, a 3rd place for the Moroccan. 2013: He participated in the Eurocup clio at 2013 and his best result was 14th at the races of Aragon. He finished 33rd in the championship with bad equipment. 2014: He finished 3rd at the Moroccan championship M2 division, participating in the half of the races. References 1976 births Living people Moroccan racing drivers World Touring Car Championship drivers People from Al Hoceima Has won 60 races and started 70 races with 58 pole positions.

43171516

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu%20Kuntur%20Sinqa

Machu Kuntur Sinqa

Machu Kuntur Sinqa (Quechua machu old, kuntur condor, sinqa nose, also spelled Machucóndor Senqa) or Machu Kuntur Sankha (sankha cliff, Hispanicized Machucóndor Sanga) is a mountain in the Cusco Region in Peru, about high. It is situated in the Calca Province, on the border of the districts Pisac and San Salvador. Machu Kuntur Sinqa lies on the right bank of the Willkanuta River, near the archaeological park of Pisac. References Mountains of Peru Mountains of Cusco Region

6882093

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Theological%20Seminary

United Theological Seminary

United Theological Seminary is a United Methodist seminary in Trotwood, Ohio. Founded in 1871 by Milton Wright (father of the Wright brothers), it was originally sponsored by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. In 1946, members of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ merged with the Evangelical Church to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church, with which the seminary then became affiliated. When that denomination merged with The Methodist Church in 1968, United Theological Seminary became one of the thirteen seminaries affiliated with the new United Methodist Church. The school was known as the Bonebrake Theological Seminary from 1909 to 1954. Although the seminary is affiliated with the United Methodist denomination, students come from many denominations and are ordained by a wide range of denominations upon graduation. The seminary houses a Hispanic Christian Academy, a UMC Course of Study program for UM local pastors, and a United Church of Christ House of Studies. The seminary also has strong ties to the African-American church tradition, with a number of major figures in the American Civil Rights Movement later going on to become students or faculty at United. In recent years, the seminary has become a leading center for discussion of church renewal. It has also been named one of the fastest-growing seminaries in the United States. History In 1869, the General Conference of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ voted to create and fund a seminary. The motion was suggested by Milton Wright, who later joined the seminary as the chairman of its first executive committee and named the seminary. The denomination's publishing house was already located in Dayton, making the city an ideal location for its seminary. The school opened as Union Biblical Seminary in Dayton in 1871, operating with two full-time professors. In 1873 the seminary began admitting women. The first graduating class completed their studies in 1874, while the first woman graduated in 1883. An important early supporter of the school was the prominent Rike family, who founded and operated Rike Kumler Co. The school changed its name to Bonebrake Seminary in 1909 to honor Mary and John Bonebrake, who gave the seminary 3,840 acres of land in Kansas in an effort to raise revenue for the school. After the land was sold this amounted to a gift of nearly $100,000. Due to the seminary's growing popularity and increasing enrollment, school officials had already been looking to expand the school's campus. In 1911 the seminary, which had previously consisted of only one building, was able to buy a new 274-acre tract of land which was located a mile and a half away from the seminary's previous plot of land. However, the school did not break ground to build any new facilities until 1920. Eventually the school constructed three buildings on the land, with the new campus being designed by the internationally acclaimed Olmsted Brothers, who also helped design dozens of other national parks, university campuses, and landmarks around the world, including Biltmore Estate, The Jefferson Memorial, and Yosemite National Park and whose father, Frederick Law Olmsted, designed Central Park. The school was able to hire the Olmsted Brothers due to a sizable contribution from John Henry Patterson, the founder of the National Cash Register Company. The three buildings were all completed in 1923, at which time the seminary sold the building it had previously been occupying. The building was bought by the Evangelical School of Theology, which had formerly been located in Reading, Pennsylvania. In 1943, the United States government established a top-secret testing site at the Bonebrake Theological Seminary for the Dayton Project, which was part of the broader Manhattan Project, where research was conducted on the creation of an atomic bomb and polonium was produced that would eventually be used in the atomic bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. After many years of planning the Church of the United Brethren in Christ merged with the Evangelical Church, forming a new denomination which would be called the Evangelical United Brethren Church, with which the seminary then became affiliated. As a result of the merger that created the Evangelical United Brethren Church efforts were made to merge the seminaries of the two denominations. In 1954, United Theological Seminary was formed when the existing Bonebrake Seminary (the former United Brethren seminary) merged with The Evangelical School of Theology (the former Evangelical Church seminary located on the campus of Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania). Four of the faculty members from the Evangelical School of Theology moved to the new United Seminary in Dayton, Ohio. A new library was constructed in 1952 and a new dormitory completed in 1957, while 1961 saw the completion of a new worship center. In 1968, the Evangelical United Brethren Church and The Methodist Church denominations completed a merger to become the present day United Methodist Church and United Theological Seminary merged. became one of thirteen seminaries affiliated with the new denomination. The seminary began offering a Doctor of Ministry degree for the first time in 1971, with the first students to receive a doctorate graduating in 1973. The school established the Communication Center in 1973, with a sizable amount of multimedia technology resources and a television production studio. The seminary soon became known as a leader and innovator in religious programming and the application of new technologies to theological education. The seminary was also one of the first seminaries to offer curriculum and research related to biblical storytelling, with New Testament professor Tom Bommershine being credited as the creator of the discipline. The Harriet L. Miller Women's Center was created in 1977 to support theologians and clergy who wished to research or support feminist theology, womanist theology, and mujerista theology. The seminary later hired leading womanist theologian Prathia Hall as director of the center before she was later named dean of the seminary. During the 1970s and 1980s, several other new initiatives were undertaken and the seminary expanded their degree offerings at the masters level to offer two new degree programs. 1992 saw the creation of a Doctor of Missiology degree program. In 1996 a second campus was established in Buffalo, New York, on the campus of Houghton College, which was in existence until 2005, when school officials decided to shut down the campus and allocate funds to improve other institutional programs. Another campus site had earlier been created at the University of Charleston. That campus was later moved to West Virginia Wesleyan College, which is still a popular venue for students living in the Mideastern United States. Two years after celebrating their 130th anniversary in 2001, the seminary formed the Institute for Applied Theology in 2003, which offers courses and workshops to clergy, lay leaders, and community members. In 2012, the seminary changed the name of the Institute for Applied Theology to the School for Discipleship and Renewal. In 2005, the seminary moved their campus from Dayton to the suburb of Trotwood, purchasing property at 4501 Denlinger Road, Dayton, Ohio, that was formerly owned by the Dayton Jewish Federation. The school's campus now sits on an eighty-acre piece of land just inside the Trotwood city limits. The main building on the property, formally known as the Jesse Phillips Building, was renovated, and the 78,000-square-foot space now houses the seminary's classrooms, faculty offices, student lounge, bookstore, multimedia recording studio, and library. O'Brien Library, named for two former longtime librarians at the school, features a replica Wright Glider to commemorate Dayton's aviation heritage and the leadership of Milton Wright (father of the Wright Brothers) at the seminary, as well as the Uncial 0206, which are a group of manuscripts from the Oxyrhynchus Papyri. The library currently holds over 150,000 books, periodicals, journal articles, audio and visual materials, and other resources. During the 2000s United has developed several distance learning programs and continues to attract students from nearly every state in the United States, as well as from a number of countries around the world. The school celebrated its 140th anniversary in 2011. In 2012 the school was named one of the fastest-growing seminaries in the United States. As of 2012, there are over 5,500 living alumni/ae who are living in all fifty states and over thirty countries around the world. The school has also become a leading center for discussion of church renewal and offers a variety of resources on the subject. Academics The seminary offers Master of Divinity (M.Div.), Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S.), Master of Arts in Christian Ministries (M.A.C.M.), and Master of Ministry (M.Min.) degrees at the masters level, as well as a Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) degree at the doctoral level. Students in the Master of Divinity program can choose a number of concentrations, such as Church Renewal, Pastoral Caregiving and Wesleyan and Methodist Studies. Students who live in a geographic area where theological education is not readily accessible can choose one of the seminary's online programs. The school's Doctor of Ministry program is one of the largest in the nation. Students in the program can choose from over forty concentrations, which each involve participation in a peer focus group cohort led by a faculty mentor specializing in the given concentration. United also offers a number of non-degree programs. The seminary also offers an Online Teaching and Learning Certificate (OTLC) for professors, pastors, and administrators who are hoping to expand their expertise in distance learning and online education, as well as the Course of Study School of Ohio online program. The school also houses the School for Discipleship and Renewal, which includes the Pohly Center for Supervision and Leadership Formation, the Center for Urban Ministry, the Center for Worship, Preaching and the Arts, the Harriet L. Miller Women's Center, and the Center for Hispanic/Latino Ministries, which all offer classes for enrolled students, clergy, and lay leaders. In February 2013, the seminary created a new online Hispanic lay ministry school as part of its Center for Hispanic/Latino Ministries. Accreditation United Theological Seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools and the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Annual events and lectures The seminary hosts and sponsors a number of conferences, workshops, lectures, and other events every year. In 2012, United began its annual Holy Spirit Seminar, which is one of the most widely attended events held by the seminary. The Holy Spirit Seminar, a conference on church renewal, features speakers and themes from a charismatic or renewalist perspective. The seminary also hosts the annual J. Arthur Heck Lectures, which has recently welcomed speakers such as Walter Brueggemann, Craig A. Evans, and Ted Peters. Other speakers to be featured in recent events include William Willimon, Geoffrey Wainwright, William Abraham, Leonard Sweet, Don Saliers, Amos Yong, Randy Clark, Kenneth Copeland, Violet L. Fisher, Ellen Charry and Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove. The seminary also co-sponsors the annual Change the World conference hosted by Ginghamsburg Church, which has recently included such speakers as Greg Boyd, Brian McLaren, Jim Wallis, Ron Sider, Alan Hirsch, Michael Frost, Adam Hamilton, and Ruby Payne. It also hosts and co-sponsors the Ryterband Symposium with the University of Dayton and Wright State University, which featured Jon D. Levenson in 2011 and Richard Elliott Friedman in 2012. United also hosted the 2012 Jesus Conference in which a number of issues related to the Historical Jesus were discussed. Scholars such as Dale Allison, Loren Stuckenbruck and Mark Goodacre, among others, spoke at the event. The influential rabbi Brad Hirschfield has also spoken at the seminary on multiple occasions in recent years. Cornel West, has also spoken at seminary events (and formerly taught in the D.Min program). Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at the seminary on several occasions. Center for Evangelical United Brethren Heritage A part of United's archives is its Center for Evangelical United Brethren Heritage, which manages archives related to the Evangelical United Brethren and other related denominations. Notable alumni DeForest Soaries (D.Min.) – pastor, politician, author and public advocate. Former Secretary of State of New Jersey. Floyd H. Flake (D.Min.) – pastor of the 23,000 member Greater Allen A. M. E. Cathedral of New York; president of Wilberforce University and U.S. Congressman. Stuart C. Lord (D.Min.) – education scholar, sociologist, and president of Naropa University. Vashti Murphy McKenzie (D.Min.) – first woman to become a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church; member of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. Suzan Johnson Cook (D.Min.) – current U.S. State Department Ambassador appointed by President Barack Obama, former policy advisor to President Bill Clinton, and the first female senior pastor in the history of the American Baptist Churches USA. Lynn Schofield Clark (M.A.) – scholar, media critic and notable figure in the fields of media studies and film studies. Clyde A. Lynch (B.D.) – president of Lebanon Valley College Jeremiah Wright (D.Min.) – longtime senior pastor of the famous Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago, pastor to President Barack Obama, who attended the church for over two decades; major figure in black theology. Otis Moss Jr. (D.Min.) – pastor, Civil Rights Movement icon, close friend and advisor of Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther King Sr., father of Otis Moss III, and member of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. Vernon K. Robbins (M.Div.) – New Testament scholar. Dwight Clinton Jones (D.Min.) – current mayor of Richmond, Virginia and former member of the Virginia House of Delegates. John C. Dorhauer (D.Min.) – general minister & president of the United Church of Christ. Boise Kimber (D.Min.) – pastor and civil rights activist; director of the National Action Network and president of the Connecticut State Missionary Baptist Convention. Howard Storm (M.Div.) – former atheist and professor at Northern Kentucky University who gained fame and became a pastor after having a near-death experience. Paul Eugene Virgil Shannon (M.Div) – bishop in the Evangelical United Brethren Church. Marshall Gilmore (D.Min. in 1974) – bishop of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. W. Maynard Sparks (M.Div.) – bishop in the Evangelical United Brethren and United Methodist churches. Thomas Bickerton (D.Min.) – bishop of the Western Pennsylvania Conference of the United Methodist Church Barbara Ann Reynolds (D.Min.) – noted African-American journalist and author known in part for her biography of Jesse Jackson. Donald Hilliard – noted African-American preacher. Rudy Rasmus – pastor of St. John's UMC in Houston, influential church and home church of Beyonce. Char Samuelson (M.Div.) – former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. Leonard N. Smith – pastor of the Mount Zion Baptist Church in Arlington, Virginia. Charlene P. Kammerer (D.Min.) – bishop in the United Methodist Church and faculty member of Candler School of Theology at Emory University. Melvin O. McLaughlin (M.Div.) – U.S. Congressman and president of York College. Dave Koehler – (M.Div.) – Illinois state senator. Amos C. Brown (D.Min.) – pastor of the well-known Third Baptist Church of San Francisco, attended by Kamala Harris, and president of the San Francisco branch of the NAACP. William Henry Fitzjohn – Sierra Leonean clergyman and diplomat. Tracy Malone-bishop in the United Methodist Church. Paul Abels – first openly gay man to serve as a pastor in a major Christian denomination. Stefanie Minatee- singer-songwriter and musician. Patrick Matolengwe- South African Anglican bishop. Leonzo D. Lynch – president of the General Baptist State Convention of North Carolina Inc. and senior pastor of Ebeneezer Baptist Church of Charlotte, North Carolina. Notable faculty Leonard Sweet – former professor and president of the seminary. Andrew S. Park – current professor of theology and ethics and pioneer of Asian American liberation theology. Samuel DeWitt Proctor – former professor, leading figure in the Civil Rights Movement, and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Wyatt Tee Walker – former professor and dean who was a notable figure in the Civil Rights Movements and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Gayraud Wilmore – former professor, ethicist, and notable figure in the Civil Rights Movement and black theology. Prathia Hall – former professor, dean, prominent figure in womanist theology, ethicist, and Civil Rights Movement activist. Emerson Stephen Colaw – former professor and president of the seminary as well as United Methodist Bishop. Irwin Kula – influential rabbi, public intellectual, and president of the National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership. Lillian Resler Keister Harford – church organizer and author Ella Pearson Mitchell African-American preacher and academic References External links Education in Montgomery County, Ohio Seminaries and theological colleges in Ohio United Methodist seminaries Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Methodist Church Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Ohio

67578268

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Rehman

Sonia Rehman

Sonia Rehman is a Pakistani actress, host and director. She is known for her roles in dramas Coke Kahani, Aks, Band Khirkyon Kay Peechay and Doraha. Early life Sonia was born in 1985 on 29th January in Lahore, Pakistan. She completed her studies from University of Lahore. Later she went to America with her husband and she went to New York Film Academy to study black and white photography, direction. Career She made her acting debut in 2002 on PTV. She was noted for her roles in dramas Umrao Jan Ada, Ambulance, Ghar Beetiyan and Mohabbat Karne Walon Ke Naam. She also appeared in dramas Ik Naye Mor Par, Pehchaan and Humsafar. Since then she appeared in dramas Coke Kahani, Doraha, Band Khirkyon Kay Peechay, and Aks. In 2019 she appeared in drama Dil Kiya Karay with Yumna Zaidi, Marina Khan and Feroze Khan. She also appeared movies Khuda Kay Liye, Dobara Phir Se and Lala Begum. She also hosts Conversation With Sonia Rehman at Aaj Entertainment. Personal life Sonia is married and has two children. Filmography Television Film Awards and nominations References External links 1985 births Living people Pakistani television actresses 21st-century Pakistani actresses Pakistani film actresses

15421816

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Dominican%20Republic%201997

Miss Dominican Republic 1997

Miss República Dominicana 1997 was held on December 10, 1996. There were 24 candidates, representing provinces and municipalities, who entered. The winner would represent the Dominican Republic at Miss Universe 1997. The first runner up would enter Miss World 1997. The second runner up would enter in Miss International 1997. The rest of finalist entered different pageants. Results Delegates Miss Dominican Republic 1997 beauty pageants 1997 in the Dominican Republic

40433653

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20de%20Paula%20B%C3%BArquez

Francisco de Paula Búrquez

Pancho Búrquez (born 6 June 1958) is a Mexican politician and was member of the National Action Party (PAN) until his resignation in 2018. He is a senator in the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Sonora. Life Búrquez was born in Hermosillo and earned his degree in industrial engineering at Tec de Monterrey, as well as a master's degree in high business administration from the IPADE. In the 1980s and 1990s, he directed various businesses. In 1994, he became president of the Northwest Delegation of COPARMEX. His political career in the PAN began in 1997, and three years later, he was elected Municipal President of Hermosillo. In his three-year term, he was honored with a national anticorruption award from the CIDE. Between 2003 and 2005, he served as president, of the PAN party in the state of Sonora. He won election to the Senate for the LXII and LXIII Legislatures in 2012. He presides over the Urban Development and Land Use Commission in the Senate and also sits on the Science and Technology, Commerce and Industrial Development, and Energy Commissions. References 1958 births Living people People from Hermosillo Politicians from Sonora Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico) National Action Party (Mexico) politicians 21st-century Mexican politicians Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni Municipal presidents in Sonora

58519561

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanas%20Naus%C4%97da

Gitanas Nausėda

Gitanas Nausėda (born 19 May 1964) is a Lithuanian economist, politician and banker who is the current president of Lithuania. He was previously the director of Monetary Policy at the Bank of Lithuania from 1996 until 2000, and chief economist to the chairman of SEB bankas from 2008 until 2018. Early life and education From 1982 to 1987 he studied in Vilnius University, Faculty of Industrial Economics and from 1987 to 1989 in the Faculty of Economics. From 1990 to 1992 he did a practice at the University of Mannheim in Germany under the DAAD scholarship. He defended his PhD thesis "Income Policy Under Inflation and Stagflation" in 1993. Since 2009 he is an associate professor at Vilnius University Business School. Professional and political career Having completed his studies, from 1992 to 1993 he worked for the Research Institute for Economics and Privatization. From 1993 to 1994 he worked for the Lithuanian Competition Council as a head of the Financial Markets Department. From 1994 to 2000 he worked at the Bank of Lithuania, initially in the department regulating the commercial banks and later as a director of the Monetary Policy Department. From 2000 to 2008 he was a chief economist and adviser to the chairman of AB Vilniaus Bankas. From 2008 to 2018 he was the financial analyst as well as chief adviser and later the chief economist for the SEB bankas president. In 2004, he supported the election campaign of the former Lithuanian president Valdas Adamkus. Presidency (2019–present) On 17 September 2018, Nausėda announced his candidacy for the 2019 Lithuanian presidential election. He finished just 2,000 votes behind former Finance Minister Ingrida Šimonytė in the first round, and defeated her in the runoff with 66 percent of the vote. He was officially inaugurated on 12 July. Nausėda presented acting Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis's candidacy to continue his duties on 18 July. By the time he had spent a month in office, Nausėda was considered to be the most trusted politician in Lithuania according to polls conducted by the Lithuanian National Radio and Television (LRT). Foreign policy Belarus In April 2020, President Nausėda and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko had their nations' first presidential tête-à-tête in 10 years. Following the Lukashenko government's crackdown on protesters after the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential elections (which were widely regarded as unfree and unfair) and the resulting protests, Belarusian opposition candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya fled to Lithuania. Nausėda's leadership during the crisis has been noted for being one that out sized Lithuania's role among European Union nations. On 12 August, he ordered that Lithuania open its borders to all Belarusians for humanitarian purposes. That day, he also presented a plan on the settlement of the crisis, being supported by Latvia and Poland, which consisted of three points that included a call for the creation of a national council from the Belarusian Government and civilian society. In an interview with Sky News on 13 August, he declared Lukashenko as "no longer the legitimate leader". Nausėda has been critical of the safety of the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant in Belarus. In May 2020, during a conference call with Armenian Premier Nikol Pashinyan, he called on Armenia to share its experience with the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant to Belarus over concerns over the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant. On 23 May 2021, in the immediate aftermath of the hijacking of Ryanair flight 4578, where two journalists outspoken against the Lukashenko regime in Belarus were arrested, Nausėda called for EU recognition of Belarusian airspace as “unsafe for civilian aviation” and the immediate release of the arrested journalist Roman Protasevich. By the evening of May 23 Nausėda has secured the support of both the leaders of Latvia and Estonia in recognising Belarusian airspace as unsafe to enter. Poland Nausėda has made multiple efforts to engage in better relations with Poland, being seen as a personal ally of the Polish leadership. On 16 July, four days after his inauguration, he visited Warsaw to meet with President Andrzej Duda in his first foreign visit as president. During the visit, there were calls for him to establish a more personal relationship with the country. He also rejected any attempt by European Union leaders to sanction Poland for its actions in relation to the Supreme Court of Poland and the rest of the country's judiciary. On 22 November, Nausėda and Duda, as well as the First Lady of Poland Agata Kornhauser-Duda participated in the state funeral of commanders and participants in the 1863–1864 uprising against Tsarist rule in Vilnius. During his visit to Vilnius, Duda highlighted the Central European nations' unity importance for their independence. In January 2020, Nausėda joined Duda in pulling out of 5th World Holocaust Forum, who criticized the event for giving the speaking slot to Russian president Putin, who has himself criticized Poland's WWII history by engaging in a historical revisionist campaign. Russia During a meeting in Berlin with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in August, Nausėda urged her to maintain sanctions against Russia. In an interview with LRT on 14 August, he reiterated past positions that a potential meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin would be "pointless" due to the fact that Lithuania sees "the true danger" and "risks" of being on the border with Russia. Ukraine In November 2019, he referred to the Steinmeier formula suggested by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky as a solution to the Russo-Ukrainian War as being "more profitable for Russia than Ukraine". Taiwan In January 2022, Nausėda criticized the government's creation of a de facto embassy of Taiwan with the inclusion of "Taiwanese" in the name, an act interpreted by the People's Republic of China as a breach of the One-China policy and resulted in a degradation in political and economic relationships. The President clarified that while he does not object to the opening of the embassy, he was not consulted on the naming decision. Relations with the Šimonytė Government During the 2020 parliamentary elections Ingrida Šimonytė, former opponent of Nausėda in the 2019 presidential election, was elected to the position of prime minister. He publicly broke with the government's decision to create a defacto embassy of Taiwan bearing the country's name in the title. International trips as president Nausėda has welcomed many foreign leaders and dignitaries to Lithuania since taking office, including Latvian President Egils Levits, Polish President Andrzej Duda, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and Canadian Governor-General Julie Payette. Personal life Nausėda's father, Antanas Nausėda (1929–), is an engineer. His mother Stasė Nausėdienė (1932–2014) was a physics and mathematics teacher from the village of Lazdininkai. His sister Vilija (born 1959) is an economist. In 1990, he married Diana Nausėdienė. They have two daughters. In addition to his native Lithuanian, Gitanas Nausėda speaks English, German and Russian. Since 1997 he has been collecting antique books. Controversies Private household in the Pavilniai Regional Park Environmentalists have criticized Gitanas Nausėda for building a modern private household in Pavilniai Regional Park, nearby Pūčkoriai exposure—a unique geological object declared to be a nature monument in 1974. Then-advisor for SEB bankas’, Nausėda replied by stating that he had acquired a legal permit for such a construction to take place here. The Directorate of the Pavilniai Regional Park tried to fight back against this ruling, but to no avail. “It’s a shame that people till this day can’t admit being wrong and that the court had acknowledged this as well. That time I showed good will and did not demand the court to ask money from them for a lawsuit that lasted for 2–3 years. But it seems people don’t get that,” Nausėda reacted. According to the director of the Directorate of the Pavilniai Regional Park Vida Petiukonienė, even though experts had confirmed that the permit to construct a modern house in the park is not in accordance with the law, the court had ordered to reconcile the project. “This is the reality of life, this is how things work in this world, we can only feel sorry. The situation we are in is one of those ridiculous instances, a mockery of the country, laws, and people who go to work in order to commit to these laws. In other words, us,” Petiukonienė has commented. Honours National honours : Medal of Merit to Neringa's Municipality (2016) : Grand Master and Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (12 July 2019) : Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class (2021) Honorary doctorates : Gifu University (24 October 2019) References External links 1964 births Living people Lithuanian economists Politicians from Klaipėda Vilnius University alumni Presidents of Lithuania Independent politicians in Lithuania Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

2773454

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20Grande%20border%20disputes

Rio Grande border disputes

The Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) has changed course several times in recorded history, leading to a number of border disputes and uncertainties, both international (involving Mexico and the United States) and between individual U.S. states: The Country Club Dispute was a dispute between Texas and New Mexico. The U.S. Supreme Court resolved this dispute in 1927. The Chamizal dispute was a border conflict over a parcel of land between El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The dispute was resolved by Chamizal settlement in 1963. The Ojinaga Cut was a disputed parcel of land between Presidio, Texas, and Ojinaga, Chihuahua. The dispute was resolved by the Boundary Treaty of 1970. The Horcón Tract was a parcel of land surrounded by an oxbow bend of the Rio Grande, including the village of Rio Rico, Texas, that inadvertently defaulted to Mexican administration with the passage of time after an irrigation company in 1906 dug an unapproved cut across the oxbow to change the course of the river. The issue, which was not technically a dispute as both sides were in agreement about its legal status upon its discovery, was resolved by the 1970 treaty which ceded the land to Mexico, but the official handover did not take place until 1977. Numerous border treaties are jointly administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission, which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues. In particular, jurisdictional issues regarding water rights in the Rio Grande Valley have caused tension between farmers in the border region and sparked a "water war," according to Mexican political scientist Armand Peschard-Sverdrup. References 1963 in Mexico 1970 in Mexico Chihuahua (state) History of New Mexico International territorial disputes of the United States Mexico–United States border Modern Mexico Territorial disputes of Mexico Texas border disputes

53498600

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocyba

Pseudocyba

Pseudocyba is a monotypic genus of Asian sheet weavers containing the single species, Pseudocyba miracula. It was first described by A. V. Tanasevitch in 1984, and has only been found in Kazakhstan and Russia. See also List of Linyphiidae species (I–P) References Linyphiidae Monotypic Araneomorphae genera Spiders of Asia Spiders of Russia

38275732

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutters%20%28TV%20series%29

Cutters (TV series)

Cutters is an American sitcom starring Robert Hays that aired on CBS from June 11 until July 9, 1993. Premise A barbershop in Buffalo, New York has to share a building with a funky beauty salon when a wall is torn down. Cast Main Robert Hays as Joe Polachek Dakin Matthews as Harry Polachek Margaret Whitton as Adrienne St. John Julia Campbell as Lynn Fletcher Julius Carry as Troy King Robin Tunney as Deborah Ray Buktenica as Chad Recurring Alan Cumming as Leo Bob Newhart as Trevor Gregory Hines as Bud Guest stars Fred Willard as Mr Jackson Norm Macdonald as Randy Judith Light as Sandy Episodes References External links IMDb TV.com TV Guide 1993 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings 1990s American sitcoms English-language television shows CBS original programming Television series by ABC Studios Television shows set in Buffalo, New York

41259173

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchromia%20oenone

Euchromia oenone

Euchromia oenone is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1876. It is found in the Solomon Islands. References Arctiidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum Moths described in 1876 Euchromiina

1609624

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittlehope

Shittlehope

Shittlehope is a hamlet in County Durham, in England. It is situated on the north side of Weardale between Stanhope and Frosterley. Shittlehope Burn, a river, runs nearby. References External links Hamlets in County Durham Stanhope, County Durham

2301541

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Imaaduddeen%20V

Muhammad Imaaduddeen V

Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen V (1884–1920), son of Ibrahim Nooraddeen and Bodugaluge Didi of Machchangoalhi Ganduvaru, and also younger half-brother of Muhammad Shamsuddeen III, was the sultan of the Maldives from 1892 to 1893 for five months. He was 8 years old when he became the sultan, after the death of his father Sultan Ibrahim Nooraddeen. Despite having an older half-brother, Imaaduddeen V, was appointed as sultan by a decree of the Council of Ministers (Raskan-hingaa Majlis) headed by Ibrahim Didi, brother-in-law to the late sultan Nooraddeen. Meanwhile, a vigorous protest was handed down to the Ceylon Governor in Colombo by Muhammed Didi, the brother of Kakaage Don Goma, one of the late Sultan Nooraddeen's wives highlighting that the Law of Succession in the Maldive Islands which supported lineal primogeniture has been breached and that his great-nephew Muhammed Shamsuddeen (then Kakaage Doshi Mannipulhu) who was 14 and thus the eldest son of the late Sultan should be the legitimate heir to the throne. Five months later Imaaduddeen was deposed by Muhammad Shamsuddeen III as the Sultan of the Maldives. He died during his brother's reign. 19th-century sultans of the Maldives 1884 births 1920 deaths

53810282

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20of%20Redon

Canton of Redon

The canton of Redon is an administrative division of the Ille-et-Vilaine department, in northwestern France. At the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, it was expanded from 6 to 15 communes. Its seat is in Redon. It consists of the following communes: Bains-sur-Oust Bruc-sur-Aff La Chapelle-de-Brain Guipry-Messac Langon Lieuron Lohéac Pipriac Redon Renac Sainte-Marie Saint-Ganton Saint-Just Saint-Malo-de-Phily Sixt-sur-Aff References Cantons of Ille-et-Vilaine

7302789

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%27s%20Gotta%20Give%20%28album%29

Something's Gotta Give (album)

Something's Gotta Give is the fifth full-length studio album by New York hardcore band Agnostic Front. It was released in June 1998 on Epitaph Records and follows 1995's Raw Unleashed compilation album. It is actually the first studio album since 1992's One Voice. The album was co-produced by Billy Milano, the frontman of crossover thrash bands S.O.D. and M.O.D. The album marks a return to a more hardcore punk style of sound, rather than the thrash metal inspired music of One Voice. Backing vocals, amongst others, were provided by Tim Armstrong and Lars Frederiksen of Rancid, and Jimmy Gestapo of Murphy's Law. Another album swiftly followed in 1999, Riot, Riot, Upstart. The track "Gotta Go" appeared on a volume of Epitaph Records' Punk-o-Rama compilation series. The song "Pauly the Dog" is a variation of Johnny Cash's "Dirty Old Egg-Sucking Dog". Track listing Personnel Agnostic Front Roger Miret – vocals Vinnie Stigma – guitars Rob Kabula – bass Jim Colletti – drums Other musicians Brad Logan – additional guitars, backing vocals Production Recorded at Explosive Sound Design in Hoboken, New Jersey Produced by Billy Milano and Roger Miret Engineered by Billy Milano External links Epitaph Records album page 1998 albums Agnostic Front albums

26076081

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valamitiyawa

Valamitiyawa

Valamitiyawa is a small town in Southern Province, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka. See also List of towns in Southern Province, Sri Lanka Populated places in Southern Province, Sri Lanka

15571187

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millery%2C%20C%C3%B4te-d%27Or

Millery, Côte-d'Or

Millery is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. Population See also Communes of the Côte-d'Or department References Communes of Côte-d'Or

12898307

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miconia%20aequatorialis

Miconia aequatorialis

Miconia aequatorialis is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. References Endemic flora of Ecuador aequatorialis Vulnerable plants Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

36480128

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD%20McKiernan

Ruairí McKiernan

Ruairí McKiernan is an Irish author, social entrepreneur and campaigner on youth, community, health, and social justice issues. In 2012, he was appointed to the Irish Council of State by President Michael D. Higgins. He has been named by Ashoka as one of the top 10 people leading social change in Ireland. McKiernan is the author of the bestselling memoir Hitching for Hope, which was published in 2020 by US publisher Chelsea Green Publishing and reached number 1 in the Neilsen Bookscan and Irish Times paperback non-fiction charts. McKiernan is the host of a chart-topping podcast called Love and Courage, which profiles leading thinkers and activists from around the world. Previous guests have included Christy Moore, Amanda Palmer, Peggy Seeger, Johann Hari, Stanislaus Kennedy, Ivor Browne, Frances Black, and Lynn Ruane. Originally from Cootehill, County Cavan, Ireland, McKiernan founded the SpunOut.ie national youth organisation in Ballyshannon, County Donegal in 2004. He was CEO there until October 2011. McKiernan was a co-founder of the Possibilities civic engagement initiative, which hosted the Dalai Lama's 2011 visit to Ireland. He is also a co-founder of Uplift, a progressive civic action movement, a founding board member of the Soar Foundation, and part of the founding team behind the A Lust For Life mental health and wellbeing organisation. In 2013 he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to undertake civic engagement research in Berkeley, California. McKiernan received a BA with distinction in Business and Management with HR from the University of the West of Scotland and later worked as a youth worker, web designer, researcher, and community organiser. He is the recipient of several awards including a Social Entrepreneurs Ireland award, an Irish Internet Association Net Visionary Award, and a Junior Chambers International Ireland award. In 2013 he was awarded a European Next Generation Leadership scholarship by the Korea Foundation. McKiernan is a regular contributor to media outlets including the Irish Times, the Irish Independent, the Irish Examiner, RTÉ TV and radio, TV3, the BBC, and the Huffington Post. Media work has included an interview with Noam Chomsky and a video interview with Aaron Swartz that featured as part of the documentary The Internet's Own Boy. McKiernan was involved as a board member of the We The Citizens initiative and was appointed by the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs to the voluntary board of Gaisce – The President's Award. In 2013, he undertook a "Hitching for Hope" tour to listen to the voices and visions of the people of Ireland. In 2016, his "New Ireland Rising" video commemorating the 1916 Rising went viral online. In 2017, McKiernan helped organize a civil rights rally in the Riverside Church in New York. He is also one of the founders of the Gaelic Voices For Change movement that involves sports stars engaging on social issues, including homelessness. References Further reading Profile in One Wild Life, book on global change makers by Clare Mulvaney, pp 33–37. External links http://www.ruairimckiernan.com/ – Ruairí McKiernan official website https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-_efraoSQA – Ruairí McKiernan - A New Ireland Rising video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vLrreR6YOE – Ruairí McKiernan - TEDxFulbright talk https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/hitching-for-hope/ - Hitching for Hope 1977 births Living people People from County Cavan Presidential appointees to the Council of State (Ireland)

51463525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkarrekin%20Podemos

Elkarrekin Podemos

Elkarrekin Podemos (Elkarrekin in Basque: "Together" or "United"; Podemos in Spanish: "We Can"; Elkarrekin Podemos translated in English as "United We Can") is a left-wing electoral alliance in the Basque Country formed by Podemos, Ezker Anitza and Equo in August 2016 ahead of the 2016 Basque regional election. The alliance was renewed ahead of the 2020 Basque regional election with the exclusion of Equo, after the party had broken up with the Unidas Podemos nationwide alliance to join Más País in the lead up to the November 2019 Spanish general election. History The coalition is based on the one formed for the 2016 Spanish general election, in which the Unidos Podemos/Elkarrekin Ahal Dugu coalition became the most voted force in the three Basque districts, also winning in number of seats. Given the coalition success, the three parties agreed to re-edit the coalition to contest the Basque election scheduled for September 25, 2016. On 11 August 2016, the three formations ratified the agreement to go jointly to the polls under the Elkarrekin Podemos name. The chosen name is similar to that used for the general election, but instead of separating the Spanish and Basque denominations with a slash (Unidos Podemos/Elkarrekin Ahal Dugu), they chose to join the two denominations into one using a word of each language as a symbol of the linguistic richness of the Basque Country. As candidate for lehendakari they chose Pilar Zabala, who had already been chosen by the bases of Podemos/Ahal Dugu in primary elections. Composition Electoral performance Basque Parliament Cortes Generales European Parliament Symbols References 2016 establishments in the Basque Country (autonomous community) Left-wing political party alliances Podemos (Spanish political party) Political parties established in 2016 Political parties in the Basque Country (autonomous community) Political party alliances in Spain Socialist parties in the Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country United Left (Spain)

66052507

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futmalls

Futmalls

Futmalls (Chinese name: 預支未來) also known as Futmalls.com is a 2020 Taiwanese science fiction series by director Lai Chun-yu. Filming was completed on August 30, 2019, and it premiered on Youku on December 3, 2020. The show is co-produced by mm2 Entertainment. Synopsis "Futmalls.com" (original title: "Future Malls", or Advance the Future in its Chinese name) is a 2020 science fiction drama series. It is directed by Lai Chun-yu. The series is about three different stories that are connected to the website futmalls.com. Investigation into a series of strange cases leads police officer Zhao Xu Zhen to a mysterious website called "Futmalls.com," which claims to be from the future. There, customers can buy anything from the future from the site, including future love, fame and beauty. Futmalls is a mysterious shopping site, with an unlinkable URL where users are presumably randomly selected. Cast Main Bryan Shu-hao Chang as Zhao Xu-zhen Eugenie Liu as Yang Nian-jun Bruce Hung as Li Zhong-wei Shao Yu-wei as Bai Yong-xin Recurring Allison Lin as Bai Yong-li River Huang as Liu Xiang-da Wu Chien-ho as Zhan Guo-xiang / Fu Chen-guang Phoebe Huang as Jiang Mei-zhen Chu Chung-heng as Chen Guan-ting Hu Wei-jie as Guo You-yi Lin Tzu-xi as An Zheng-mei Ban Tieh-hsiang as Uncle Fu Ting Chun-cheng as Zhuang Yun Wang Ko-yuan as Chen Kai-xiang Special guest Heaven Hai as chief editor Deng An-ning as commander as Mr. Yang, Nian-jun's father Lai Pei-hsia as Mrs. Yang, Nian-jun's mother Yang Da-jing as ceremony host Episodes Season 1 (2020) References External links Futmalls on myVideo (in Chinese) Futmalls on Youku (in Chinese) 2020 Taiwanese television series debuts 2020 Taiwanese television series endings 2020s anthology television series 2020s crime television series 2020s science fiction television series Crime thriller television series Science fiction anthology television series Taiwanese anthology television series Taiwanese science fiction television series Taiwanese thriller television series Fictional brands Fictional shops Works about cybercrime

41731972

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhan%20Jubouri

Farhan Jubouri

Farhan Mutlaq Saleh al-Jubouri () was an Iraqi intelligence officer who served as the head of General Military Intelligence in northern Iraq during the al-Anfal campaign. He was born in the 1940s. Military career He served as Head of General Military Intelligence in northern Iraq during the al-Anfal campaign which Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom officially recognize as genocide. He attained the rank of Maj. General. Iraqi Special Tribunal Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq Jubouri was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the al-Anfal campaign. According to Bassem Mroue writing in The Washington Post on 29 January 2007, Jubouri is rerecorded as saying "People hear that Fahran al-Jubouri ordered executions, that villages were destroyed and that he was behind mass graves. My reputation is ruined. I am innocent of all charges against me". The trial concluded on 24 March 2007, with Jubouri being found guilty and given a life sentence. He appealed his sentence, although it was confirmed in a subsequent verdict. Jubouri was a defence witness for Ali Hassan al-Majid, also known as "Chemical Ali". Death Jubouri died in Al- Kadhimiya prison in Baghdad on 26 or 28 March 2013 at the age of 67. He had been suffering from a chronic illness. He was buried on 1 April in his hometown of Qayyarah in Nineveh Governorate. References 1940s births Iraqi generals Iraqi soldiers Iraqi mass murderers 2013 deaths

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo%20Almeida

Paulo Almeida

Paulo Almeida Santos (born 20 April 1981), known as Paulo Almeida, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. A defensive midfielder known for his leadership, he was the captain of the Santos team, dubbed Meninos da Vila, that won the 2002 Brasileirão, their first since 1968. After representing Santos in their first Copa Libertadores Finals in forty years, Almeida had an unsuccessful spell at Benfica between 2004 and 2006. Afterwards, he represented a dozen others teams in Brazil. He was called up to represent Brazil U23 at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, amassing five caps as Brazil finished runners-up. Club career Born in Itarantim, Bahia, Almeida career started in the regional futsal leagues, eventually leading to a seven-month spell at Cruzeiro in 1997. After being released by Cruzeiro, he returned to futsal and had an impressive performance in a regional tournament. Luciano Lacerda saw him and brought him to Santos. In 2000, the 19-year old made his professional debut in a match against Guarani, and went on establish himself in the first team, replacing Freddy Rincón in the starting eleven. He was described by Pelé as having the same spirit as Zito: "It's always war for him, it's a guy that does not miss a training session because he always wants to be the best. It is funny, how they are coinciding at Santos. He was proven to be a player with future, with lots of personality". At age 20, he was named captain and in the following year, Almeida and others like Diego, Robinho, Renato and Elano, known as Meninos da Vila, helped Santos win their first Brasileirão since 1968. He remained a team regular in 2003, helping Santos reach their first Copa Libertadores Finals since 1963, losing it to Boca Juniors. In January 2004, Santos tried to renew his contract but Almeida refused. Three months later it was announced that he would move to Benfica on a free transfer when his contract expired. Although he still competed in the early stages of the Brasileirão, in early June, Vanderlei Luxemburgo officially released him. He made his debut for Benfica in a UEFA Champions League qualifying match with Anderlecht. Despite his recognition in Brazil, Almeida struggled to adjust to the tempo of European football, and by November it was speculated that he would be loaned out. He was offered back to Santos in an unsuccessful bid from Benfica to Robinho, and as the season progressed, he slipped down the pecking order and was demoted to the reserve team. After not finding a team in the summer of 2005, Almeida remained with the B-team and competed in the third tier, until he opted to terminate his contract with Benfica in April 2006. Almeida returned to Brazil and in June, he signed with Corinthians, reuniting with Émerson Leão. He debuted on 5 August against Clube Atlético Paranaense, and represented the team until July 2007, when he rescinded his contract. His next club was Náutico which he played for between December 2007 and August 2008. subsequently moving to ABC in the later part of 2008. Almeida then changed clubs almost every six months, passing through União Esporte Clube, Goianésia, Rio Branco, Itumbiara, among others. International career Almeida represented his national team five times, all of them in the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, where Brazil sent their under-23 team, because their main team was competing in the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. Nevertheless, all the appearances and goals in this tournament were recognized by FIFA as full international caps. Almeida played with teammates, Robinho and Diego, plus others like Kaká and Nilmar, with Brazil reaching the final, where they lost one-nil with Mexico. Honours Club Santos Copa Libertadores: Runner-up 2003 Brasileirão: 2002, 2004 Benfica Primeira Liga: 2004–05 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: Runner-up 2004 International Brazil CONCACAF Gold Cup: Runner-up 2003 References External links 1981 births Living people Brazilian footballers Brazilian expatriate footballers Santos FC players S.L. Benfica footballers S.L. Benfica B players Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players Clube Náutico Capibaribe players Saba players Rio Branco Football Club players Itumbiara Esporte Clube players Mixto Esporte Clube players Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Primeira Liga players Expatriate footballers in Portugal Expatriate footballers in Iran 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players Association football midfielders União Esporte Clube players Brazil international footballers