Case Name: Giovanni Restivo, Respondent, v. William Conklin, Defendant, Impleaded with New York Telephone Company, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1916-02-28
Citations: 171 A.D. 481
Docket Number: 
Parties: Giovanni Restivo, Respondent, v. William Conklin, Defendant, Impleaded with New York Telephone Company, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 171
Pages: 481–485

Head Matter:
Giovanni Restivo, Respondent, v. William Conklin, Defendant, Impleaded with New York Telephone Company, Appellant.
Second Department,
February 28, 1916.
Master and servant — negligence — liability of telephone company for injury to employee while ascending from manhole by a wagon driven close thereto—failure to furnish ladder—proximate cause — when proximate cause question for court.
Where, in an action by an employee of a telephone company to recover for personal injuries sustained while ascending from a manhole, around which the defendant had placed a guard attached to which was a
red flag, it appeared that a wagon was driven so close to the manhole that the wheel passed over the plaintiff’s hand which was extended about six inches from the guardrail, and that the manhole was not of the kind wherein the defendant was accustomed to furnish ladders, the telephone company cannot be held liable upon the ground that it committed a breach of duty in failing to furnish a ladder to the plaintiff, for the character of the accident was not one that might reasonably have been foreseen by the company as a direct and natural consequence of its omission to furnish the ladder, which omission, therefore, was not the proximate cause.
When the evidence is undisputed, the question of proximate cause is for the court.
Appeal by the defendant, New York Telephone Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 21st day of February, 1915, upon the verdict of a jury for $2,500, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 24th day of February, 1915, nunc pro tunc as of the 18th day of February, 1915, denying appellant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
Alexander Cameron [.Arnold W. Sherman, N. H. Egleston and Charles T. Russell with him on the brief], for the appellant.
Samuel Wechsler, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Jenks, P. J.:
The defendant telephone corporation owned and maintained a manhole in a city street for access to its underground system. The neck of the manhole was 35 inches in diameter. The manhole was open on the day in question, but was protected by a guardrail 3 feet high, consisting of a portable folding frame with legs set into the flange or rim that formed the lower part of the neck of the manhole. A red flag was attached to this guard. The plaintiff, a servant of the said defendant, had gone down, into the manhole to work. In returning to the street up through the neck of the manhole, he placed either hand onto the surface of the street, when at that moment, and when his head was 3 or 4 inches above the surface of the street, the defendant Conklin, a stranger to both of the other litigants, drove his wagon so close to the manhole that the wheel or wheels nearer the manhole passed over the right hand of the plaintiff. Conklin was out of his course, but his testimony is that he was compelled to make the diversion because the side of the street where he should have driven was cut up or obstructed (by whom it does not appear), and also at that morhent he had turned out to give way to a street surface car so that he was compelled to drive very close to the guard of the manhole. Conklin's wagon did not touch the guardrail, and the evidence is that his wheel passed about 6 inches from it. It follows that the plaintiff's right hand had been put through or under the guard onto the street and had extended beyond the guard for something more than 6 inches. The jury exonerated Conklin, hut held the defendant telephone company liable for negligence.
The case was tried, was submitted and is now argued upon the proposition that the defendant company committed a breach of its duty in failing to furnish a ladder to the plaintiff. There were 5 cables on each wall of this manhole, which formed the shape of a ladder on either side. The plaintiff, following the common practice, used these cables as if a ladder. Defendant's witness Honecker testified as to the usual and proper method of ascent from such a manhole, and its expert witness, Clennon, testified in harmony that the custom • ary way to ascend from this kind of manhole is by use of the cables, and as the user emerged from the manhole he should place his hands on the guardrail, and then put his foot on the inner rim of the manhole. The plaintiff and his witness Caibanco testified that it was impracticable to use the handrail to assist ascent. On cross-examination Clennon testified that he had seen ladders used in manholes, and had put many in. "Q. The customary way of coming in and out is also to use ladders, isn't it ? A. Of manholes, yes, sir." And there was proof elicited from the defendant's witnesses Honecker and Vangeloff that the defendant furnished ladders in manholes. But they also testified that the defendant did not furnish ladders in manholes of so shallow a depth as the one in question, but only in those at least 6 feet 6 inches deep. The defendant's proof is that measurements showed that the depth of this manhole was 6 feet 1 inch. The plaintiff and his witness G-aibanco, who had never gone into this manhole, estimated merely that it was "about" 7 or 7% feet, or "about" 7 or 8 feet deep. The defendant's measurements were made 8 months and also 1 year after the casualty, and the plaintiff contended that as the bottom of the manhole was of soil, the natural accumulation thereof would account for the variance. On the other hand, defendant's witness Glennon testifies that the " dirt there is so compact that it is really of the hardness of concrete," and Vangeloff testifies that no changes had been made therein since the casualty.
The sum of the proof upon this feature does not strike me as sufficient to justify a finding that the manhole was of the kind wherein the defendant was accustomed to furnish ladders.
But even if it were otherwise, or if the jury were warranted in a conclusion that ordinary prudence and care should have dictated the furnishing of such ladders, there is no proof that such observance would have prevented the casualty. The record is entirely silent as to the character of the ladder. It does show that such ladders were permanently placed in the manholes. Obviously they must be placed beneath the surface of the street, so adjusted as not to interfere with the closing down of the manhole so that it was level with the street. There is no proof to indicate that if the plaintiff had been furnished with such a ladder he would not have needed, in order to complete his ascent (just as he testifies he needed in the use of the cables), to use his hands by placing them on the surface of the street. The fact that the highest cable was about 2 feet 7 inches from the surface of the street does not establish that a ladder would have dispensed with such need.
Aside from any disputed questions of fact which could have been determined in favor of the plaintiff, I think that this verdict cannot be upheld. For the character of the casualty is not one that might reasonably be foreseen by the defendant as a direct and natural consequence of its omission to furnish a ladder. In this case the master must have seen, as a possible direct and natural consequence of the omission, that a servant, following a custom in the use of the cables as a ladder to ascend at a time when the manhole was protected by a guard and a red flag, might, in the exercise of due care and as a proper part of such ascent, extend his hand for a moment under or through the guard onto the surface of the street for a space of something more than six inches, so that, in the exercise of due care, the driver of a wagon in the street, conscious of the guardrail over the manhole but compelled by the temporary obstruction of the street and the presence of a moving street car therein, might turn his wagon out of its course and drive so close to the guard as to run over the plaintiff's hand, then upon the surface of the street. I think that this case falls within the principle stated by Bartlett, Ch. J., and illustrated by his citations, in. Paul v. Consolidated Fireworks Co. (212 N. Y. 117, 121). Proximate cause was not established. (Beetz v. City of Brooklyn, 10 App. Div. 382; McKenzie v. Waddell Coal Co., 89 id. 415; Jex v. Straus, 122 N. Y. 293; Hall v. Cooperstown, etc., R. R. Co., 49 Hun, 373, 376; Carney v. Minnesota Dock Co., 191 N. Y. 301; Labatt Mast. & Serv. [2d ed.] § 1570, citing statement by Willes, J., in Daniel v. Metropolitan Ry. Co., L. R. 3 C. P. 216, 223, approved in Hayes v. Michigan Central R. R. Co., 111 U. S. 241; S. & R. on Neg. [6th ed. by Street] § 26, note 8.)
When the evidence is undisputed, the question of proximate cause is for the court. (Hoffman v. King, 160 N. Y. 628.)
I think that upon the theory of negligence, upon which this case was tried and was submitted and is now argued, the judgment and order must be reversed and a new trial should be granted, costs to abide the event.
Thomas, Stapleton, Mills and Putnam:, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.