Case Name: Thomas E. ALEXANDER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. INCWAY CORPORATION, a Wyoming corporation, Defendant, and Kevin W. Wessell, an individual; Casey Lawrence, an individual; Matt Mitchell, an individual, Defendants-Appellants
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2016-03-21
Citations: 633 F. App'x 472
Docket Number: No. 14-55171
Parties: Thomas E. ALEXANDER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. INCWAY CORPORATION, a Wyoming corporation, Defendant, and Kevin W. Wessell, an individual; Casey Lawrence, an individual; Matt Mitchell, an individual, Defendants-Appellants.
Judges: Before: McKEOWN and IKUTA, Circuit Judges and PRATT, Senior District Judge.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 633
Pages: 472–474

Head Matter:
Thomas E. ALEXANDER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. INCWAY CORPORATION, a Wyoming corporation, Defendant, and Kevin W. Wessell, an individual; Casey Lawrence, an individual; Matt Mitchell, an individual, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 14-55171.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Feb. 11, 2016.
Filed March 21, 2016.
Edward M. Bialack, Esquire, Law Offices of Errol I. Horwitz, Woodland Hills, CA, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Gary Marshall Hann, Esquire, Law Offices of G. Marshall Hann, Valencia, CA, for Defendants-Appellants.
Casey Lawrence, An Individual, Acton, CA, pro se.
Before: McKEOWN and IKUTA, Circuit Judges and PRATT, Senior District Judge.
The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, Senior District Judge for the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM
Kevin Wessell ("Wessell") and Matt Mitchell ("Mitchell") appeal the district court's entry of judgment against them following a bench trial. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court's factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. OneBeacon Ins. Co. v. Haas Indus., Inc., 634 F.3d 1092, 1096 (9th Cir.2011). We affirm in part and reverse and remand with respect to the punitive damages calculation.
The district court determined that Wes-sell and Mitchell intentionally misrepresented and concealed important facts as part of a fi'audulent asset protection scheme in violation of California law. Cal. Civ.Code § 1572,1709,1710. The district court also found Mitchell liable for negligently misrepresenting important facts under California law. Cal. Civ.Code § 1710. Neither Wessell nor Mitchell argues that the district court committed legal error. Because the district court's findings were not clearly erroneous, we affirm the district court's findings with respect to intentional misrepresentation, concealment, and negligent misrepresentation. See OneBeacon Ins. Co., 634 F.3d at 1096.
The district court also found that Wes-sell was the alter ego of five corporate entities. "[Ojwnership in a corporation is a necessary element for the application of the alter ego doctrine under California law." S.E.C. v. Hickey, 322 F.3d 1123, 1129 (9th Cir.2003). There is no evidence in the record that Wessell formally owned the related corporate entities. Thus, the district court erred in finding alter ego liability. This error is harmless, however, because it does not' affect Wessell's substantial rights: he is liable for the same amount of damages with or without an alter ego finding. See 28 U.S.C. § 2111.
The district court determined that Wes-sell and Mitchell violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. A civil RICO violation occurs when a person "employed by or associated with" a qualifying enterprise "conduct[sj or participate^], directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity." 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Each RICO defendant must be distinct from the alleged enterprise. See Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158, 162, 121 S.Ct. 2087, 150 L.Ed.2d 198 (2001). The enterprise here is the inter-related group of corporate entities. In. light of our alter ego holding, both Wessell and Mitchell were distinct from the enterprise. See id. at 163, 121 S.Ct. 2087 ("The corporate owner/employee, a natural person, is distinct from the corporation itself[.]"). The district court did not clearly err in its RICO findings, including that Wessell and Mitchell enriched themselves by charging clients a fee for setting up offshore accounts and encouraging them to deposit funds in The Alps, that they knowingly and willfully committed mail and wire fraud on multiple occasions over ten years, that they were employed by the companies that constituted the enterprise, and that Alexander lost funds as a direct result of Wessell and Mitchell's RICO violations.
Finally, the district court found Wessell liable for $2,000,000 in punitive damages. Under California law, punitive damages may not "exceed[ ] the level necessary to properly punish and deter." Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 21 Cal.3d 910, 928 n. 13, 148 Cal.Rptr. 389, 582 P.2d 980 (1978). To determine whether a damage award is appropriate, the court must consider "evi dence of a defendant's financial condition." Adams v. Murakami, 54 Cal.3d 105, 112, 284 Cal.Rptr. 318, 813 P.2d 1348 (1991) (in bank). The record here lacks evidence about Wessell's net worth. The amounts deposited in The Alps consisted of gross deposits and therefore shed no light on Wessell's net worth. The district court erred by calculating punitive damages without taking Wessell's net worth into account. See Boyle v. Lorimar Prods., Inc., 13 F.3d 1357, 1361 (9th Cir.1994) ("The rule established by lower California courts is that only net, not gross, figures are relevant."). We reverse the punitive damages award and remand for recalculation.
Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9 th Cir. R. 36-3.
. The district court also entered judgment against Casey Lawrence. Lawrence appealed pro se, but failed to file any briefs in support of her appeal. We affirm the judgment as to Lawrence.