Case Name: John PAULINE, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, et al., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2013-08-27
Citations: 962 F. Supp. 2d 301
Docket Number: Civil Action No. 08-1788 (RWR)
Parties: John PAULINE, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, et al., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 962
Pages: 301–304

Head Matter:
John PAULINE, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action No. 08-1788 (RWR).
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
Aug. 27, 2013.
Sidney Schupak, Ashcraft & Gerel, Washington, DC, Joseph Musso, Pauline Ithnail Khamo, Ashcraft & Gerel, LLP, Alexandria, VA, for Plaintiff.
Brian P. Hudak, Jane M. Lyons, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Jodi V. Terranova, Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker, LLP, Washington, DC, Andrew E. Vernick, Gregory Samuel McKee, Wharton, Levin, Ehrmantraut & Klein, P.A., Annapolis, MD, Craig Stephen Brodsky, Goodell, Devries, Leech & Dann, LLP, Baltimore, MD, for Defendants.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM ORDER
RICHARD W. ROBERTS, Chief Judge.
Plaintiff John Pauline brings professional malpractice, survival and wrongful death claims against the United States and the Armed Forces Retirement Home ("AFRH") (collectively, the federal defendants), Dr. Pearson Sunderland, the Professional Services of America ("PSA"), and Viola Johnson-Robinson. The defendants move for summary judgment on all of Pauline's claims arguing that Pauline's experts failed to identify a national standard of care and show that national authorities support their proposed national standard of care.
For a medical malpractice negligence claim, D.C. courts have required a plaintiff to show: 1) "the applicable standard of care," 2) "a deviation from that standard" and 3) "a causal relationship between the deviation and the injury." Hill v. Medlantic Health Care Grp., 933 A.2d 314, 325 (D.C.2007); Nwaneri v. Sandidge, 931 A.2d 466, 470 (D.C.2007). In an action for negligence, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving the national standard of care by a preponderance of the evidence. Cárdenas v. Muangman, 998 A.2d 303, 307 (D.C.2010); see also Frazza v. United States, 529 F.Supp.2d 61, 69 (D.D.C.2008) (citing Varner v. District of Columbia, 891 A.2d 260, 265 (D.C.2006)). The D.C. Court of Appeals-has "been demanding in requiring proof of a national standard of care" and requires that the plaintiffs experts articulate a clear standard and how it was violated by comparing specific standards with specific facts alleged. Clark v. District of Columbia, 708 A.2d 632, 634-35 (D.C.1997). The expert must also link the standard asserted by the expert to national authorities or sources. Id.
Some courts have recognized that there is a lower standard for an expert's identification of a national standard of care when considered at the summary judgment stage than when the expert's testimony is considered in the directed verdict context, after the expert has testified. See Liser v. Smith, 254 F.Supp.2d 89, 103-04 (D.D.C.2003); see also Robinson v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 858 F.Supp.2d 33, 41 n. 7 (D.D.C.2012) (quoting Varner, 891 A.2d at 270) ("This is a relevant distinction because, although 'the test for deciding a motion for summary judgment is essentially the same as that for a motion for a directed verdict,' . [the expert's] testimony at trial, when subjected to direct and cross-examination, will provide an opportunity to resolve any ambiguity in [the expert's] statements."); Dorn v. McTigue, 157 F.Supp.2d 37, 44 (D.D.C.2001) ("Unlike at trial, the plaintiff opposing a summary-judgment motion does not have the burden of providing persuasive evidence on every element of her case.... Thus, the plaintiff has not yet had a full opportunity to prove what the national standard of care is in this case."). Under this analysis, the plaintiffs experts must assert only "a colorable basis to believe that [the expert's] testimony may satisfy" the standard for identifying the national standards of care and linking an expert's opinion to them. Liser, 254 F.Supp.2d at 103-04; see Dorn, 157 F.Supp.2d at 44 (requiring the expert to provide "a specific and articulated basis for his expert opinion to survive summary judgment").
Pauline designated three expert witnesses for this litigation: Barbara Darling-ton in nursing, Dr. Diane Mirabito in social work and Dr. Harold Bursztajn in psychiatry. Federal Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. 7, Pl.'s Second Am. Expert Designation ¶ 1-3. Pauline's opposition to the defendants' summary judgment motion attaches and cites to supplemental affidavits from two of their experts — Darlington and Bursztajn. Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of PL's Opp'n to Defs.' Mots, for Summ. J., Exs. 1, 2. These affidavits supplement the experts' reports and depositions produced during discovery and discuss the bases for their expert opinions. In particular, both experts assert that they could refer to national authorities supporting their opinions regarding the national standard of care in this case. Id., Darlington Aff. Ex. 1 at 2; id., Bursztajn Aff. Ex. 2 at 6. However, the plaintiff did not move for leave to supplement discovery or seek to re-open discovery to supplement the experts' reports. The defendants argue that these opinions should not be considered because Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2) requires the plaintiffs experts to have provided a complete statement of their opinions during discovery. Federal Defs.' Reply at 14-16. That bar would limit the experts' testimony at trial to the issues addressed in the experts' reports and the experts' deposition testimony.
In order to facilitate the resolution of the summary judgment motions, the parties will be directed to file supplemental briefs regarding three issues. First, the parties shall identify the appropriate standard for identifying a national standard of care at the summary judgment stage. Second, the parties shall discuss whether the plaintiffs' supplemental expert reports should be considered at this stage, and if so, under what circumstances. Third, the parties shall assess whether the plaintiffs' experts in all their submissions have satisfied the standard for identifying a national standard of care and showing that national authorities support their testimony regarding the national standard of care. Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED that the plaintiffs file a memorandum addressing these issues by September 17, 2013. It is further
ORDERED that the defendants respond to the plaintiffs' memorandum on these issues by October 1, 2013.
. On February 22, 2011, Pauline dismissed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a) the claims against defendant Teamstaff Government Solutions Inc.