Case Name: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Clinton H. Pierce, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1903
Citations: 85 A.D. 125
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Clinton H. Pierce, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 85
Pages: 125–130

Head Matter:
The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Clinton H. Pierce, Appellant.
Municipality—ordinance prohibiting the "hindrance of free and unmolested travel” in its streets — the Legislature may authorize it—what ordinance may be lawfully adopted thereunder — what constitutes a violation of such an ordinance.
The charter of the city of Amsterdam empowers the common council thereof to pass ordinances “to prohibit the gathering or assembling of persons upon the public streets of said city,” and to authorize the police to disperse such gatherings, and upon the refusal of persons so congregated to disperse, to make summary arrest and to prosecute them as disorderly.
Held, that the Legislature might confer such authority, and that such provision of the charter authorized the common council to pass an ordinance providing, “It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to make and countenance or assist in any noise or disturbance or improper diversions in the streets or alleys, or in any place in the city, or who shall collect in crowds to the annoyance and disturbance of citizens or to the hindrance of free and unmolested travel, * * *.
“Section 2. Every person violating any provision of this ordinance shall be liable to a fine of five dollars for each offense.”
Upon an appeal from a judgment convicting the defendant of a violation of the ordinance, it appeared that the defendant stood in one of the public streets in the city and delivered a speech and that a crowd of from fifty to seventy people gathered around him; that he was standing just north of the center of the street and that the crowd was mostly collected upon, the north side of the street; that there was a passageway still left for the passage of vehicles upon the south side of the street; that -a police officer requested the defendant to stop speaking, and that, upon the defendant’s, refusal to comply with this request, he was arrested.
Held, that the judgment of conviction, which was entered upon the verdict of a jury, should be affirmed;
That whether or not the crowd which had gathered upon the street could, as a matter of law, be said to be a “hindrance of free and unmolested travel” upon the street, the jury were justified in finding, as a matter of fact, that it did constitute such a hindrance and that the defendant was guilty of a violation of the ordinance.
Appeal by the defendant, Clinton H. Pierce, from a judgment of the County Court of Montgomery county, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Montgomery on the 12th day of March, 1902, affirming a judgment of the Court of Special Sessions of the city of Amsterdam, rendered on the 21st day of October, 1901, convicting the defendant of a violation of a city ordinance of the city of Amsterdam.
The ordinance under which this prosecution was had was stipulated to have been duly, published and entered and to have been an ordinance of the city of Amsterdam upon the 28th day of September, 1901, and for several days prior thereto. It reads as follows :
“ It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to make and countenance or assist in any noise or disturbance or improper diversions in the streets or alleys, or in any place in the city, or who shall collect in crowds to the annoyance. and disturbance of citizens or to the hindrance of free and unmolested travel, or-to lounge, loaf or idly stand upon any street or'street corner, lane or alley, or at or near any bridge, railroad crossing or depot, or in or about any entrance, hallway or passagéway or vestibule of any church, hall, place of amusement, factory, store, office, bank or other public buildings, or upon any unenclosed premises adjacent to any street or sidewalk, unless by consent of the owner or occupant of any such premises which are not public.
“ Section 2. Every person violating any provision of this ordinance shall be liable to a fine of five dollars for each ofíense.”
The defendant was convicted of having violated that ordinance upon the 28th day of September, 1901, and was fined five dollars upon such conviction. The County Court affirmed the conviction, and from the order of affirmance this appeal is taken.
Benjamin Patterson, for the appellant.
Frank Q-. Kelsey and Louis S. Carpenter, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Smith, J.: .
From the evidence it appears that upon the 28th day of September, 1901, the defendant was upon West Main- street, one of the public streets of the city of Amsterdam, speaking in the roadway of the street. He had drawn a crowd around him of about, as the evidence shows, from fifty to seventy people.. He was standing just north of the center of the street, and about twenty or thirty feet from the curb. The street was about sixty-five feet wide. The crowd was mostly collected upon the north side of the street so there was a passageway still left for a horse and. carriage upon the south side of the street. .The defendant was first asked by a police officer if he had a permit, to which he refused to respond. The officer then requested the defendant to stop speaking, which the defendant refused to do, whereupon he was arrested.
Upon this appeal it is contended by defendant's counsel, first, that the city of Amsterdam had no authority to pass the ordinance in question; and, secondly, that the defendant was not guilty of a violation thereof. As to the authority of the city to pass the ordinance, there can be little doubt. The charter of the city (Laws of 1885, chap. 131, § 33, subd. 5) authorizes the common council, among other things, to pass ordinances " to prohibit the gathering or assembling of persons upon the public streets of said city," and to authorize the police to disperse such gatherings, and upon the refusal of persons so congregated to disperse, to make summary arrest and to prosecute them as disorderly persons, and all such persons are declared to be disorderly persons. This provision of the charter of the city of Amsterdam would seem to give to the common council of said city full authority to pass the ordinance in question. That the Legislature might give such authority to the common council would also seem to be undoubted. In Davis v. Massachusetts (167 U. S. 47), Justice White, in writing for the court, quoting the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, said: " For the Legislature absolutely or conditionally to forbid public speaking in a highway or public park is no more an infringement of the rights of a member of the public than for the owner of a private house to forbid it in his house. When no proprietary right interferes, the Legislature may end the right of the public to enter upon the public place, by putting an end to the dedication to public uses. So it may take the less step of limiting the public use to certain purposes. If the Legislature had power under the Constitution to pass a law in the form of the present ordinance, there is no doubt that it could authorize the city of Boston to pass the ordinance."
The more difficult question arises under the second contention of defendant's counsel, to wit, that he -has not been shown to have been guilty of any act which constitutes a violation of the ordinance. ' While the wording of the ordinance is not strictly correct, there can be no ambiguity as to its meaning. A person is forbidden to collect a crowd in the streets to the annoyance and disturbance of citizens, -or to the "hindrance of free and unmolested travel." It cannot be necessary to show that some'travelers attempted to pass through the crowd and were actually hindered thereby. The}' might well have passed from the street before reaching the crowd that was before them in order to avoid collision with.the crowd. .Sixty or seventy people in a public highway sixty-five feet wide must constitute to an extent a hindrance to free and unmolested travel upon that highway. lío person could drive a horse through a street thus conditioned without greater care, even though a passage be left sufficiently wide for his horse to pass. The natural and necessary consequence of collecting a crowd in a highway is to limit the freedom of its use. But whether or not such a crowd, as a matter of-law, can be said to be a hindrance to free and unmolested travel upon that street, it is at least a question of fact which has been determined by a jury against the defendant, and upon, as I' think, abundant evidence. The apparent purpose of the ordinance was to prohibit just such public meetings in the street, and the act of the defendant in collecting this crowd Was, in my judgment, a clear violation of the prohibition of the ordinance which rendered him liable to the penalty which he • has been adjudged to pay. The judgment of conviction was, I think, clearly right, as was its affirmance by the County Court.
All concurred, except Parker, P. J., dissenting.