Case Name: TUTTLE/WHITE CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Appellant, v. MONTGOMERY ELEVATOR COMPANY, Appellee
Court: Florida District Court of Appeal
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 1980-05-28
Citations: 385 So. 2d 98
Docket Number: No. 78-1611/T4-163
Parties: TUTTLE/WHITE CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Appellant, v. MONTGOMERY ELEVATOR COMPANY, Appellee.
Judges: FRANK D. UPCHURCH, Jr., J., concurs.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 385
Pages: 98–101

Head Matter:
TUTTLE/WHITE CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Appellant, v. MONTGOMERY ELEVATOR COMPANY, Appellee.
No. 78-1611/T4-163.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.
May 28, 1980.
Rehearing Denied July 7, 1980.
Jon M. Wilson of Van Den Berg, Gay & Burke, P. A., Orlando, for appellant.
Robert W. Smith of Miller & Cooper, P. A., Orlando, for appellee.

Opinion:
COBB, Judge.
The appellee, Montgomery Elevator Co., as subcontractor, sued Tuttle/White, the general contractor constructing a highrise building, alleging that it was owed a balance of $15,945.00 for elevators installed in the building. Tuttle/White defended and counterclaimed on the basis that the installation was late, allegedly resulting in additional interest incurred by the owner on the construction loan and other damages, for which Tuttle/White had been forced to set- tie with the owner, and for which it sought a set-off against Montgomery.
The case proceeded to a non-jury trial. After the close of Tuttle/White's defense to Montgomery Elevator Co.'s claim, Montgomery moved to strike all of Tut-tle/White's evidence relating to damages on the ground that the latter had failed to introduce independent evidence as to the reasonableness of said damages, relying on the case of Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway Co. v. Burwell, 56 Fla. 217, 48 So. 213 (1908). The trial court granted the motion. Tuttle/White immediately moved to reopen its case to present further damage evidence, and this was denied. Montgomery Elevator Co. then presented rebuttal evidence and rested its case. At this point in the trial, Tuttle/White requested that it be permitted to proceed with evidence as to its counterclaim, which presumably would have included proof of damages attendant thereto. This request also was denied by the trial court.
After closing arguments, the court rendered judgment for Montgomery Elevator Co. for the full amount claimed, plus interest and costs. Tuttle/White's counterclaim and asserted set-off were denied.
The subcontract between Tuttle/White and Montgomery required a completion date of May 15, 1974, for installation of the elevators, and expressly conditioned payment to the subcontractor on completion of the work as specified in the contract. The state elevator inspector first inspected the elevators on June 4, 1974. Final inspection and approval apparently took place sometime thereafter in June or July. Evidence was introduced at trial to the effect that the failure to complete the elevators by either the original contract date, or the extended date of May 31, caused a delay for the owner of the closing date for the permanent loan, which carried a substantially lower interest rate than the construction loan. Consequently, the owner withheld final payment due Tuttle/White, and they ultimately agreed to a settlement for the construction delay in the amount of $20,-541.98. The items included in the settlement (interest differential, attorneys' fees, phone charges) and the settlement negotiations were testified to at trial by a representative of the owner as part of the set-off defense by Tuttle/White to Montgomery's case in chief.
The appellant, Tuttle/White, moved for dismissal of Montgomery's claim at the close of plaintiff's case, contending that no prima facie case for recovery had been established, because the proof established untimely performance by Montgomery. Canada Dry Bottling Co. v. K. M. A., Inc., 349 So.2d 846 (Fla.2d DCA 1977). We believe there was sufficient evidence before the trial court for denial of this motion, particularly since the subcontract between the parties provided for the contingency of late performance in the following proviso in ¶ SECOND (f):
Should any delay on the part of the Subcontractor in the prosecution or completion of the work, due allowance being made for the contingencies hereinafter provided for, cause loss or damage to Owner for which Contractor may be liable, or cause any loss or damage to Contractor due to failure to complete the entire building or structure by the date agreed upon between Owner and Subcontractor, Subcontractor shall be liable to Contractor therefor.
We interpret this paragraph of the contract as an agreement by the parties that in the event of late but total completion, Montgomery could recover the contract price for the work subject to any deductions for damages caused by the late completion.
The striking of Tuttle/White's damage evidence presented in support of its affirmative defense of its set-off, however, was error. The Charlotte Harbor case stands for the proposition that a promise to pay the reasonable value of services or materials is implied when there is no express agreement as to the compensation to be paid, and the burden of proving reasonableness is on the claimant. Here, we are not dealing with the reasonable value of goods or services furnished pursuant to an implied contract, but rather with damages caused by Montgomery's breach of an express contractual provision. The measure of such damages is the loss naturally and proximately resulting from the breach, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been within the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract as the probable and natural result of the breach of it. See 9A Fla.Jur., Damages § 33 (1972), and cases cited therein.
As to the burden of showing the reasonableness vel non of the damages actually resulting from any breach by Montgomery, we believe the general rule to be that the non-defaulting party must show actual expenditures occasioned by the breach, and then the defaulting party may present evidence to prove waste, extravagance and lack of good faith. R. K. Cooper Builders, Inc. v. Free-Lock Ceilings, Inc., 219 So.2d 87 (Fla.3d DCA 1969). The burden to show the unreasonableness of actual expenditures occasioned by the breach is on the defaulting party.
Another finding implied by comments of the trial court at the trial was that the evidence did not apportion the damages among other subcontractors who may have contributed to the delay of the project. The uncontroverted evidence before the trial court was that delay was occasioned by Montgomery; there was equivocal evidence that other subcontractors may have contributed to this delay, but the final judgment did not make that finding. Indeed, in trial comments referring to delay damages caused by other subcontractors, the trial court pointedly qualified the word "damages" with the appellation "if any." In this regard, we believe the law to be succinctly set forth in the 5 Corbin on Contracts Section 999 (1964), as follows:
In all cases involving problems of causation and responsibility for harm, a good many factors have united in producing the result; the plaintiff's total injury may have been the result of many factors in addition to the defendant's tort or breach of contract. Must the defendant pay damages equivalent to the total harm suffered? Generally the answer is Yes, even though there were contributing factors other than his own conduct. Must the plaintiff show the proportionate part played by the defendant's breach of contract among all the contributing factors causing the injury, and must his loss be segregated proportionately? To these questions the answer is generally No. In order to establish liability the plaintiff must show that the defendant's breach was a "substantial factor" in causing the injury.
Krauss v. Greenberg, 137 F.2d 569 (3d Cir. 1943), cert. den., 320 U.S. 791, 64 S.Ct. 207, 88 L.Ed. 477 (1943); Southern National Bank v. Crateo, Inc., 458 F.2d 688 (5th Cir. 1972); Eazor Express, Inc. v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 520 F.2d 951 (3d Cir. 1975), cert. den., 424 U.S. 935, 96 S.Ct. 1149, 47 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976); Vesper Construction Co. v. Rain For Rent, Inc., 602 F.2d 238 (10th Cir. 1979).
Accordingly, we find that the trial court erred in striking the damage evidence of Tuttle/White. The judgment entered herein is reversed, and this cause is remanded for a new trial on the issue of damages suffered by Tuttle/White in respect to its affirmative defense of set-off against the claim of Montgomery; should those damages exceed the claim, then the trial court should award the difference to Tut-tle/White on its counterclaim.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
FRANK D. UPCHURCH, Jr., J., concurs.
MILLER, ROBERT P., Associate Judge, dissents with opinion.