Case Name: In the Matter of Kenneth Phillips et al., Petitioners, v. New York State Department of Taxation and Finance et al., Respondents
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1999-12-30
Citations: 267 A.D.2d 927
Docket Number: 
Parties: In the Matter of Kenneth Phillips et al., Petitioners, v New York State Department of Taxation and Finance et al., Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 267
Pages: 927–932

Head Matter:
In the Matter of Kenneth Phillips et al., Petitioners, v New York State Department of Taxation and Finance et al., Respondents.
[700 NYS2d 566]

Opinion:
—Mercure, J.
Proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 (initiated in this Court pursuant to Tax Law § 2016) to review a determination of respondent Tax Appeals Tribunal which denied petitioner's claim for, inter alia, a redetermination of deficiency of nonresident income tax under Tax Law article 22.
Petitioner Kenneth Phillips (hereinafter petitioner), a resident of Pennsylvania, worked from 1988 to 1995 as a municipal bond salesperson in the municipal bond department of Lehman Brothers, Inc., a New York City firm. Because petitioner's unique services required that he be able to analyze and monitor markets and execute trades at any time of the day or night, Lehman provided petitioner with a home office equipped with computers, information systems, fax machines and 25 telephone lines.
During 1991, 1992 and 1993, which are the tax years at issue in this proceeding, regulations of the Commissioner of Taxation and Finance permitted petitioner, as a nonresident commissioned salesperson whose work was claimed to have been carried on partly within and partly outside New York, to apportion his income on the basis of (1) the volume of business transacted within New York, as a percentage of the total volume of business transacted within and without New York (20 NYCRR former 131.17, renum 132.17, eff Jan. 13, 1992) or (2) the total number of working days employed within New York, as a percentage of the total number of working days employed both within and without New York (20 NYCRR former 131.18, renum 132.18, eff Jan. 13, 1992). For the relevant tax years, petitioners filed nonresident New York income tax returns -allocating petitioner's income on the basis of the number of days worked in this State. Respondent Department of Taxation and Finance audited petitioners in 1995. Finding that the days petitioner worked at his home office constituted days worked in New York, the Department concluded that petitioners owed $64,888.24 in State income tax, plus interest, for 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Contending that the allowance claimed for days worked outside New York was "based upon the performance of services which of necessity, as distinguished from convenience, obligate[d] [petitioner] to out-of-state duties in the service of his employer" (20 NYCRR former 131.18 [a]; see, Matter of Speno v Gallman, 35 NY2d 256, 259), petitioners filed a petition for re-determination of the deficiency. Following a conciliation conference and a denial of petitioners' request for a redetermination, a hearing was conducted before an Administrative Law Judge (hereinafter ALJ) in the Division of Tax Appeals. At the hearing, petitioners were permitted to amend their petition to allege as an alternative basis for a redetermination that all of petitioner's income constituted commissions received on bond sales to customers outside New York. The ALJ denied the petition and sustained the notices of deficiency. Upon administrative appeal, respondent Tax Appeals Tribunal sustained the ALJ's determination, finding that petitioners had failed to satisfy their burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that petitioner worked out of his home office out of necessity to his employer rather than for his own convenience or that petitioner's income was based entirely upon commissions earned on sales to out-of-State customers (see, Matter of O'Connell, Tax Appeals Tribunal, NY Tax Rep [CCH] P 402-666, Mar. 6, 1997). This proceeding ensued.
Fundamentally, as the parties challenging the assessments, petitioners bore the burden of establishing by clear and convincing evidence that the assessments were erroneous (see, Matter of Suburban Carting Corp. v Tax Appeals Tribunal, 263 AD2d 793; Matter of Bello v Tax Appeals Tribunal, 213 AD2d 754, 755). Absent such evidence, the presumption of correctness that attached to the notices of deficiency remained intact (see, Matter of Suburban Carting Corp. v Tax Appeals Tribunal, supra; Matter of Leogrande v Tax Appeals Tribunal, 187 AD2d 768, 769, lv denied 81 NY2d 704). As noted by the ÁLJ and the Tribunal, the hearing evidence in support of the petition consisted solely of petitioner's testimony, which was for the most part stated in very general terms, and a brief one paragraph letter from Lehman attesting to the fact that "[b]ecause of the unusual hours [petitioner] maintains and the service he provides, his presence in our office is not feasible or practical on a daily basis". Under the circumstances, we view the Tribunal's conclusion that the evidence submitted by petitioners failed to meet the strict standard required for establishing employer necessity as by no means irrational (see, Matter of Kitman v State Tax Commn., 92 AD2d 1018, 1019, lv denied 59 NY2d 603 ["Because of the obvious potential for abuse where the home is the workplace in question, the commission has generally applied a strict standard of employer necessity in these cases, which, with rare exception, has been upheld by the courts."]; Matter of Evans v Tax Commn., 82 AD2d 1010, lv denied 54 NY2d 606).
First, petitioners have offered no evidence as to how petitioner was able to work in the New York office some 342 days (41.66% of the total work days during the tax years in question) without complete security or confidentiality. Based upon the number of days that petitioner worked in the New York office, the Tribunal could reasonably conclude that petitioner was able to carry out his requested duties from that office. Second, the mere fact that taxpayers must perform their duties outside normal office hours is insufficient to justify a finding of employer necessity (see, Matter of Brody v Chu, 141 AD2d 907; Matter of Kitman v State Tax Commn., supra, at 1019-1020; Matter of Wheeler v State Tax Commn., 72 AD2d 878). In any event, petitioners have not provided evidence to demonstrate that any transactions occurred during hours when Lehman's office was closed. Third, the fact that the employer has installed necessary equipment in the taxpayer's home of fice is not determinative of employer necessity (see, Matter of Kitman v State Tax Commn., supra).
Even if petitioners' characterization of the deficiencies in Lehman's New York facilities were to be fully credited, we note that petitioners' claim of necessity is nowhere near as compelling as that set forth in Matter of Fass v State Tax Commn. (68 AD2d 977, affd 50 NY2d 932), which did not deal with an office "but rather with highly specialized facilities, including ballistics equipment, firing ranges, garages, stables and kennels, together with sophisticated testing and evaluating equipment [which] were not available at or near the employer's office" (Matter of Wheeler v State Tax Commn., supra, at 878). We are not persuaded that Lehman's offices could not be reasonably adapted to serve petitioner's needs (see, Matter of Evans v Tax Commn., supra; Matter of Wheeler v State Tax Commn., supra). In fact, as previously noted, petitioner spent a substantial proportion of his working days in the New York office, and he acknowledged in his hearing testimony that when there, he did "[essentially the same thing that [he] would do in Pennsylvania" except that he would also participate in meetings and instructional sessions with salespersons.
As a final matter, petitioners are incorrect in their contention that, once the ALJ granted leave to amend their petition to allege the alternative theory that they were excused from paying State income tax on commissions earned from out-of-State customers, the burden of going forward shifted to the Division of Taxation.
Yesawich Jr., Peters and GrafFeo, JJ., concur.