Case Name: George L. Pratt v. The Dwelling House Mutual Insurance Company of Orleans, etc., Counties, N. Y.
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1889-06-28
Citations: 25 N.Y. St. Rep. 784
Docket Number: 
Parties: George L. Pratt v. The Dwelling House Mutual Insurance Company of Orleans, etc., Counties, N. Y.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York State Reporter
Volume: 25
Pages: 784–788

Head Matter:
George L. Pratt v. The Dwelling House Mutual Insurance Company of Orleans, etc., Counties, N. Y.
(Supreme Court, General Term, Fifth Department,
Filed June 28, 1889.)
1. Insurance (fire)—Contract of—Construction.
In an action on an insurance policy it appeared that the powers .of the defendant company were vested in a board of directors. By section 8 of the by-laws, the president, vice-president and secretary constituted an executive committee exercising the power of the board, and at a meeting it was their duty to examine and approve all applications upon which policies have been written during the quarter next preceding; by section 7 every application must receive the approval of one member of the committee before a policy can be issued. The plaintiff, the secretary, filled out an application, signing his own name as secretary, as a member of the executive committee, and secured that of the vice-president while on the road returning from a meeting. Upon this application he issued a policy to himself, countersigned by himself as secretary. At neither of the regular meetings was the application submitted to the executive committee as was required. It was further provided by the by-laws that all applications should take effect at noon of the date of the same when the premium was paid, and that the property should be held insured until the applicant was notified by the secretary of its modification or adoption. Held, that the policy issued to plaintiff never had a valid inception, in that he could not make a contract with himself; also that he was guilty of violation of duty in withholding the application, and that it never received the assent of a majority of the executive committee, the action of the vice-president upon the same not having been taken at a regular meeting.
3. Same—Ratification.
The fact that the application was on the files and the policy entered on the records of the company, although constituting constructive notice for some purposes, was not sufficient to charge the company with the ratification of the contract, it having no legal inception.
3. Same—Proofs of loss—Effect of.
The voluntary proof of loss, as required by the by-laws, did not preclude the company from insisting upon the invalidity of the contract.
Motion by the plaintiff for a new trial on case and exceptions, ordered heard in first instance at general term.
F. Brundage, for the motion; S. E. FilTcins, opposed.

Opinion:
Dwight, J.
The defendant is a "county co-operative insurance company," organized under chapter 362 of the Laws of 1880, as amended by chapter 171 of the Laws of 1881. The plaintiff was one of the original incorporators, of the company, and was one of its directors and its secretary from its incorporation until January, 1886.
By its by-laws (Art. 2, § 1), the powers of the company are vested in its board of .twelve directors. By section 8 of the same article the president, vice-president and secretray constitute an executive committee, possessing and exercising all the powers of the board of directors when the latter is not in session; that committee holds stated meetings, quarterly, on the second Saturdays of January, April, June and October, and at each stated meeting it is their duty "to examine and approve all applications upon which policies have been written during the quarter next preceding, and cancel or modify all policies which they do not approve." By section 7 of the same article "every application (for insurance), must receive the approval of the member of the executive committee before a policy can Idg íssugcL
On the 11th day of July, 1885, the plaintiff, being such director and secretary of the defendant, filled out and signed an application for an insurance of $500 "on his wine house and cellar," and of $1,500 "on his personal property kept stored therein; " he signed his own name, as member of the executive committee, to the certificate of approval endorsed on the application, and afterwards procured the signature of George Brown, who was vice-president and one of the executive committee, to the same certificate. Brown was driving on the highway at the time. He testifies that he was returning home from" a meeting of the executive committee, at which he had met the plaintiff, and that, on the highway, the latter presented ' the application to him, saying it was one which he, Brown, had overlooked; that he (plaintiff), had signed it and it was all right. He testifies that he did not examine the application further than to see that the plaintiff had signed the approval, and that he signed it without knowing whose application it was. On the other hand the plaintiff testifies that he told Brown it was his (the plaintiff's), application, and that Brown looked at the contents of the paper before signing the approval.
The 11th day of July, 1885, which is the date of the application, was also the date of the second Saturday of July of that year, which was the time fixed by the by-laws for one of the stated quarterly meetings of the committee. It is not asserted that the plaintiff presented his application to the committee at its meeting on that day.
Upon this application thus made and approved, the plaintiff at some time issued to himself a policy of $2,000, corresponding in number (No. 747) and in the description of the property insured, to the application. The policy bears no date, but purports to insure the plaintiff for the term of three years from the 11th day of July, 1885, which was the date of the application. It was filled out by the plaintiff on a form in his possession as secretary, already signed by the vice-president, and he countersigned it himself as secretary.
By section 5 of article 2 of the by-laws of the company, it is provided that the secretary " shall write and countersign all policies of insurance, * . he shall act as general agent of the company during his term of office. and may canvass and receive applications for insurance, and receive such fees and commissions as may be paid to any other agents of the company." On the secretary's book the plaintiff charged himself, under date of July 11, 1885, with the amount of the premium payable on the application ($10), and credited himself with commissions on same, one dollar. At what date he wrote the policy for himself does not appear ; but it does appear that at neither of the stated meetings of the executive committee, in October or January following the date of the application, was it submitted to the executive committee for examination and approval, as required by section 8 of article 2 of the by-laws, as above quoted. That the policy had been written before the quarterly meeting in January appears from the testimony of the plaintiff, that on the second day of December he wrote on the face of both the policy and the application a memorandum, "loss, if any, on the building payable to S. Salisbury as his mortgage interest may appear." There is every reason to suppose that the policy was written immediately after the so-called approval by Brown, and the allegation of the complaint is that it was issued on or about the 11th day of July, 1885. If so, there were two stated- meetings of the executive committee while the plaintiff was a member of it, at which it was his duty to present his application for examination and approval by the committee, and his policy for cancellation or modification if not- approved by them. As we have seen, a policy might be issued, upon the approval of the application, by a single member of the executive committee, but such issuance is clearly provisional, and subject to the action of the executive committee at its next stated meeting.
We think the statement of facts, so far made, "sufficient to demonstrate that the policy issued by the plaintiff, as agent of the insurer, to himself as the insured, had no valid inception as a contract, and cannot be the basis of a recovery by the plaintiff. It is a truism of the law that no man can make a valid contract with himself, as the agent of another; it is equally impossible that a trustee should secure a benefit to himself by the neglect or violation of his duty to his cestui que trust; and both of these propositions must be negatived in order to maintain the validity and binding force of the policy of insurance in this case.
But the plaintiff contends that, granting the invalidity of the policy, be may still insist upon a contract of insfirance effected by the acceptance of his application. In support of this proposition, he refers to a provision of the by-laws of the company contained in section 7 of article 5, which is as follows: ' ' All applications for insurance taken by a person duly authorized shall take effect at noon of the date of the same, provided the premium is actually paid. The property shall be held insured until the applicant- is notified by the secretary of its modification or rejection." But the claim of the plaintiff, based upon this provision, is subject to the same objections as those which we sustain to his claim on the policy. In the first place, the secretary, though authorized in general to receive (or take) applications for insurance, can not properly take an application from himself any more than he could approve his own application or issue his own policy. In taking, accepting or receiving the application, he acts for the company, and he cannot act for himself and for the company in the same transaction. There was no reason in the necessity of the case for his taking his own application because any one of the twelve directors of the company was authorized to receive it. By-laws, article % section 7.
But if it be contended that the approval of the application by Brown was the taking referred to, or in any way satisfied the requirement of the provision quoted, and thus an insurance was effected from the date of such approval, how long did such insurance continue in force? The language of the provision is " until the applicant is notified of its modification or rejection," i. e., the modification or rejection of his application, and by whom ? Clearly by the executive committee at its next quarterly meeting. But we have already seen that the plaintiff was guilty of a neglect or violation of his duty, as secretary and member of the executive committee, in withholding the application from, or failing to bring it to the attention of the committee for their action at any meeting after the issuance of the policy, and he could not, by his own fault, gain an extension of his own insurance.
And if it were contended—as we do not understand it is —that the approval of the application by the plaintiff and Brown, oh the eleventh of July, constituted the action of the executive committee required by the provision of the by-laws last referred to, the answer to the contention would be two-fold; first, that such pretended action was not taken at a meeting of the committee, but after the meeting had dissolved; and, second, that upon the principles here recognized, the plaintiff was disqualified to act upon his own application, and therefore the approval did not receive the assent of a majority of the committee.
Neither do we find in the case facts to support the contention of the plaintiff that the contract of insurance, though invalid in its inception, was ratified by the acts of other officers of the company. There is no evidence that any other officer of the company knew of the existence of the policy until after the fire, which occurred August 7, 1887.
Chamberlain was elected secretary in January, and the books and papers of the company were turned over to him, but his attention was not called to the application or record of the policy of the plaintiff, and he testifies that he never knew or heard of either of them until after the fire. So far as the evidence shows, the same is true of the other officers of the company, unless it were to be found that Brown knew of the application in July; but if that were true he had a right to suppose, from the fact that it was not presented to the executive committee at the next, or any subsequent meeting, that no policy had been issued upon it. The fact that the application was on its flies. and the policy entered in its records, might constitute constructive notice to the company of the existence of both for some purposes; but constructive notice is not sufficient to charge a party with the ratification of a void contract. Actual notice and full knowledge of all the facts aré necessary conditions of a ratification.
One other ground upon which the plaintiff seeks to avoid the objections to his policy is that of waiver, on the principle recognized in the case of Titus v. The Glens Falls Insurance Co. (81 N. Y., 410).
In that case a provision of the policy required the insured, at the request of the company, to submit to an examination on oath concerning his loss and its circumstances. under the penalty of forfeiture of his policy. There it was held that to insist upon and enforce such a provision was to affirm the validity of the contract in which it was contained. In this case there was a provision of the bylaws that members, sustaining loss, should " give any information required by the adjusting officers and submit to examination under oath," but no condition of the avoidance of the policy for refusal to do so was attached to it, and the provision of the by-laws, such as it was, was not insisted upon by the officers of the company.
Some questions were asked by them and answered by the plaintiff in respect to the particulars of his loss, but he was not required to submit to an examination under oath. Blanks for proof of loss were furnished to him at his request, and all the steps towards the establishment of his claims were voluntary on his part.
We find no evidence of facts in the case which preclude the defendant from insisting upon the invalidity of the alleged contract of insurance; and we are of the opinion that the court below was. right in holding that such alleged contract was invalid, and in granting the defendant's motion for a non-suit.
The plaintiff's exceptions should be overruled and judgment ordered for the defendant dismissing the plaintiff's complaint.
All concur. _