Case Name: LORI INDENDI, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. "DOC" WORKMAN and CHRYSTAL WORKMAN, Defendants and Respondents
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 1995-07-25
Citations: 272 Mont. 64
Docket Number: No. 94-208
Parties: LORI INDENDI, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. “DOC” WORKMAN and CHRYSTAL WORKMAN, Defendants and Respondents.
Judges: JUSTICES HUNT, TRIEWEILER and NELSON concur.
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 272
Pages: 64–77

Head Matter:
LORI INDENDI, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. “DOC” WORKMAN and CHRYSTAL WORKMAN, Defendants and Respondents.
No. 94-208.
Submitted on Briefs March 9, 1995.
Decided July 25, 1995.
52 St.Rep. 644.
272 Mont. 64.
899 P.2d 1085.
For Appellant: Karl Knuchel, Attorney at Law, Livingston.
For Respondents: Michael C. Coil; Angel, Serenar, Coil, Bartlett & Fay, Bozeman.

Opinion:
JUSTICE LEAPHART
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
The Fifth Judicial District Court, Madison County, directed a verdict in favor of "Doc" Workman and his daughter Chrystal Workman (the Workmans) and against Lori Indendi (Indendi). Indendi appeals. We affirm in part and reverse and remand.
The following issue is dispositive of the case:
Did the District Court err by directing a verdict for the Workmans and against Indendi following Indendi's case-in-chief concerning the issues of negligence, res ipsa loquitur, and negligence per se?
The Workmans own a home and thirty-three acres between the Madison River and Highway 84, a federal-aid primary highway. The land is split into three pastures. All of the pastures are bordered to the north by the Madison River. Pasture #1 is located closest to Norris, Montana. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land borders pasture #1 to the south and Highway 84 borders the BLM land to the south. Pasture #2 is the middle pasture with the smallest amount of acreage. The Workmans' family home is located in pasture #2 and the Workmans' driveway travels out of pasture #2 to the south, connecting with Highway 84. A two-wire electric gate controls the access between the driveway and pasture #2. Both sides of the Workmans' driveway are bordered by BLM land. Pasture #3 is the largest of the pastures and is closest to Bozeman, Montana. Highway 84 bisects pasture #3 and State and BLM land border pasture #3.
On August 10, 1991, after Chrystal Workman and a friend had finished riding horses for the day, they took one horse to pasture #3 leaving the other horse, a palomino, and a mule in pasture #2. Upon their return from pasture #3, Chrystal and her friend noticed that the palomino and the mule were missing and the electric gate at the beginning of the driveway was broken. It is theorized that the mule broke through the gate and the horse and mule left pasture #2 and headed for the highway.
That night, Indendi was travelling from Bozeman on Highway 84 in her 1969 Volkswagen bus when, in the path of her vehicle, she saw two eyes reflecting off of her headlights. Indendi swerved, applied her brakes and successfully missed hitting the animal. Another animal, however, was just behind and to the right of the first one. Indendi was unable to miss the second animal, the Workmans' palomino horse. Indendi hit the palomino, killing it instantly; Indendi suffered personal injuries and totalled her vehicle.
Indendi subsequently filed a complaint in the District Court alleging that the Workmans were negligent and in violation of several statutory provisions relating to fencing, herding livestock and an open range exception. The Workmans counter-claimed for the loss of the horse. After Indendi presented her case, the District Court directed a verdict in favor of the Workmans.
Standard of Review
The law does not favor directed verdicts. Sweet v. Edmonds (1976), 171 Mont. 106, 109, 555 P.2d 504, 506. The district court may grant a directed verdict only when it appears that the non-moving party cannot recover on any view of the evidence, including the legitimate inferences drawn from that evidence. Barrett v. Larsen (1993), 256 Mont. 330, 335, 846 P.2d 1012, 1016. With these principles in mind, we examine whether the District Court properly granted a directed verdict in favor of the Workmans.
Did the District Court err by directing a verdict for the Workmans and against Indendi following Indendi's case-in-chief concerning the issues of negligence, res ipsa loquitur, and negligence per se? We consider the legal theories put forth by the parties separately.
Negligence
Indendi argues that the District Court made certain factual assumptions that are not supported by the record. Indendi claims that the assumptions made by the court allowed the court to determine that the Workmans had no liability under the law and, without a duty to Indendi, the Workmans could not be found negligent. According to Indendi, the fallacy in this reasoning results from the fact that the District Court made the assumption that the Workman ranch and the surrounding land was "open range." Further, the court assumed that the property was essentially fenced land. Indendi asserts that neither of these facts had been proven and, therefore, the Workmans do not fit within the statutory exclusion assessing liability to owners of livestock which wander onto federal-aid primary highways. Indendi argues that the court incorrectly directed a verdict because there were issues of fact for the jury to decide.
The Workmans argue that the highway involved here has been designated as open range by this Court in prior cases. Jenkins v. Valley Garden Ranch, Inc. (1968), 151 Mont. 463, 443 P.2d 753 (involving Highway 287-A); Estate of Bartsch (1967), 149 Mont. 405, 427 P.2d 302 (involving Highway 289). The Workmans do, however, concede that Highway 84 is part of the federal-aid primary system and that when a highway is part of the federal-aid primary system the open range doctrine does not apply unless they can satisfy the statutory exception set forth in § 60-7-202, MCA. The Workmans argue that because their land is substantially fenced, has no livestock device, and sits within the open range, that they do fall under the exclusionary language of § 60-7-202(2), MCA, and they, therefore, do not have a duty to keep their livestock from the highway.
After Indendi had submitted her case, the District Court directed that a verdict be entered for the Workmans. In directing a verdict for the Workmans, the District Court concluded that the evidence submitted by Indendi demonstrated that this was open range and that the exclusion contained in § 60-7-202(2), MCA, applied. Our careful review of the record demonstrates that there was no factual basis for that directed verdict.
The court correctly stated that the following statutes are applicable to the facts of the case:
60-7-201. Grazing livestock on highway unlawful. Aperson who owns or possesses livestock may not permit the livestock to graze, remain upon, or occupy a part of the right-of-way of:
(1) a state highway running through cultivated areas or a part of the fenced right-of-way of a state highway if in either case the highway has been designated by agreement between the highway commission and the secretary of transportation as a part of the national system of interstate and defense highways; or
(2) a state highway designated by agreement between the highway commission and the secretary of transportation as a part of the federal-aid primary system, except as provided in 60-7-202.
60-7-202. Exclusions. Section 60-7-201 does not apply to the following:
(1) livestock on state highways under the charge of one or more herders;
(2) the parts of fenced highways adjacent to open range where a highway device has not been installed to exclude range livestock',
(3) the parts of a state highway or a part of the federal-aid primary system which the department of transportation designates as being impracticable to exclude livestock. These portions of the highway shall be marked by proper signs in accordance with the department's manual and specifications for a uniform system of traffic-control devices.
60-7-203. Penalty. A person who violates 60-7-201 is guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to a fine of not less $5 or more than $100 for each offense. In a civil action for damages caused by collision between a motor vehicle and a domestic animal or animals on a highway brought by the owner, driver, or occupant of a motor vehicle or by their personal representatives or assigns or by the owner of livestock, there is no presumption or inference that the collision was due to negligence on the part of owner or the person in possession of the livestock or the driver or owner of the vehicle. [Emphasis added.]
The court found that Indendi had not made a prima facie case for negligence because no duty existed on the part of the Workmans. The court, however, based this assessment on the Workmans' ability to meet the exclusionary provisions of subsection (2) of § 60-7-202, MCA, as it relates to the owners of livestock and their statutory responsibility to keep their animals from federal-aid highways. The record does not support the corut's findings with regard to the Workmans'non-liability. The District Court reasoned as follows:
The record in this case without dispute was that Defendants' property is open range [sic]. It consists of sporadically fenced land belonging to the Bureau of Land Management (hereinafter referred to as BLM) and the State. Livestock graze and move about generally unrestrained by fences.
The factual statements in the court's memorandum and order are not substantiated by the record before us.
In the court's memorandum, written to support its determination that the Workmans did fall under the exclusion of § 60-7-202(2), MCA, and therefore did not have a duty to keep livestock on their ranch, the District Court distinguished this case from the facts of Ambrogini v. Todd (1982), 197 Mont. 111, 642 P.2d 1013, which stated:
We find that exclusion number two [of § 60-7-202, MCA] applies only to livestock which wander from open range onto adjacent fenced highway. Open range is defined in section 60-7-102, MCA, as being an area where animals graze and move about generally unrestrained by fences. Todd's heifers were restrained by fences prior to breaking free and roaming onto Highway 10. Therefore, exclusion number two is inapplicable. .
We hold that Todd has a legal duty to exercise due care in preventing his livestock from wandering on Highway 10.
The fence surrounding the Todd ranch was in excellent condition. . Through some inadvertent action, the gate to the lane was open on the night of May 2, 1979, and early morning of May 3, 1979. The reasonableness of Todd's conduct is for a jury to decide.
Ambrogini, 642 P.2d at 1019. The District Court noted that Ambrogini did not include an "open range" consideration as does the present case. Yet the District Court here failed to recognize that, in this case as in Ambrogini, the animals had been confined before they broke through the gate or fence.
While the District Court distinguished Ambrogini from the case at hand based upon the "open range" land that appears in the current case, the evidence presented in Indendi's case did not establish that the land in question was "open range." Without such a distinction, the facts of Ambrogini are so close to those in this case, that it is pertinent authority and a directed verdict was inappropriate.
The directed verdict was based upon an application of the statutory exclusion to the requirement that an owner of livestock may not permit his livestock to graze upon a state highway designated for the federal-aid primary system. That exclusion is set forth in § 60-7-202(2), MCA. In order to come within the terms of that exclusion, a party must show: (1) that the highway in question was "fenced;" (2) that it was adjacent to open range; and (3) a highway device had not been installed to exclude range livestock. Section 60-7-202(2), MCA. The record before us does not support a finding that Highway 84 was fenced, nor does it support a finding that Highway 84 was adjacent to open range.
Section 60-7-102, MCA, specifically defines open range as follows:
(4) "Open range" means those areas of the state where livestock is raised and maintained in sufficient numbers as to constitute a significant part of the local or county economy and where such animals graze and move about generally unrestrained by fences.
There is no evidence in the record before us to establish that livestock were raised in sufficient numbers to constitute a significant part of the economy. In addition there is no evidence which establishes that such animals graze and move about generally unrestrained by fences.
In the absence of proof that the land was open range, and the further absence of proof establishing that Highway 84 was a "fenced highway," the court could not properly direct a verdict premised upon the Work-mans' satisfaction of the duty exclusion of § 60-7-202(2), MCA.
A directed verdict for the Workmans was possible only if Indendi's case demonstrated that no other outcome was possible. Clearly that test was not met here as there was no factual basis for the entry of the directed verdict for the Workmans.
We hold that the District Court erred in directing a verdict for the Workmans.
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Indendi argues that the theory of res ipsa loquitur applies to the facts of this case and that the court incorrectly dismissed this theory from her complaint. The Workmans argue that the court correctly determined that res ipsa loquitur is improper because § 60-7-203, MCA, disallows any presumptions of negligence in accidents between livestock and vehicles.
Section 60-7-203, MCA, eliminates any presumptions that might arise from the type of accident which occurred here. Without a presumption of liability, res ipsa loquitur, which is itself a presumption of negligence so long as certain conditions are met, is inappropriate. The court correctly struck Count V from Indendi's complaint based upon its conclusion that this theory of law did not apply to the case. Thus, we affirm the court's conclusion in this regard and further action in this case should not include the theory of res ipsa loquitur.
Negligence per se
Indendi argues that the fences constructed by the Workmans around their 33-acre tract did not constitute a legal fence — the Workmans used an electrified fence which consisted of a one-wire electrified strand with a two-wire electrified strand gate. Indendi relies on the legal fence definition in § 81-4-101, MCA, and contends that because the Workmans did not maintain a legal fence as described in § 81-4-101, MCA, the violation of that statute is negligence per se.
Section 81-4-101, MCA, is the first section in that portion of the Montana Code broadly pertaining to the "Containment of Livestock."
81-4-101. Legal fences defined. Any one of the following, if not less than 44 inches or more than 48 inches in height, shall be a legal fence in the state of Montana:
(1) all fences constructed of at least three barbed, horizontal, well-stretched wires, the lowest of which must not be less than 15 inches or more than 18 inches from the ground, securely fastened as nearly equidistant as possible to substantial posts firmly set in the ground or to well-supported leaningposts not exceeding 20 feet apart or 33 feet apart where two or more stays or pickets are used equidistant between posts. All corral fences which are used exclusively for the purposes of enclosing stacks which are situated outside of any lawful enclosure shall not be less than 16 feet from such stack so enclosed and shall be substantially built with posts not more than 8 feet distant from each other and not less than five strands of well-stretched barbed wire and shall not be less than 5 or more than 6 feet high. Any kind of a fence equally as effectual for the purpose of a corral fence may be made in lieu thereof.
(2) all fences constructed of any standard woven wire not less than 28 inches in height, securely fastened to substantial posts not more than 30 feet apart, provided that two equidistant barbed wires shall be placed above the same at a height of not less than 48 inches from the ground;
(3) all other fences made of barbed wire, which shall be as strong and as well calculated to protect enclosures as those above described;
(4) all fences consisting of four boards, rails, or poles with standing or leaning posts not over 17 feet and 6 inches apart, provided that, if leaning posts are used, there shall be a pole or wire fastened securely on the inside of the leg or support of such leaning post;
(5) all rivers, hedges, mountain ridges and bluffs, or other barriers over or through which it is impossible for stock to pass. Section 81-4-101, MCA.
In VanLuchene v. State (1990), 244 Mont. 397, 401, 797 P.2d 932, 935, we set forth the five criteria necessary in order to establish that a defendant was negligent as a matter of law. Those criteria are as follows:
1. The defendant violated the particular statute.
2. The statute was enacted to protect a specific class of persons.
3. Plaintiff is a member of that class.
4. Plaintiff's injury is of the sort the statute was enacted to prevent.
5. The statute was intended to regulate members of defendant's class.
It is apparent that the whole purpose for the legislature's requiring fences to be constructed in a certain manner is to insure, to the extent possible, that livestock not on open range are adequately confined and are not free to roam and to cause harm to persons and property or to breed with the livestock of others. There could be no other purpose for that sort of legislation.
In 1933, the legislature enacted § 81-4-102, MCA, allowing for the construction and maintenance of vehicle passes in legal fences in the explicit or, at least, implicit recognition that automobiles were using highways protected by or adjacent to legal fences. Indeed, it is reasonable to conclude that the legislature has not further amended § 81-4-102, MCA, because it recognizes the reality that one of the purposes of a legal fence is to keep livestock off the roadways of this state and that no amendments to the statute are required to afford that protection to the motoring public. There is nothing in the statute which would preclude its application in proving negligence per se in connection with a livestock/vehicle accident.
Section 81-4-101, MCA, was not enacted simply to prevent injury to livestock. Section 81-4-103, MCA, provides:
Civil liability. Any person constructing or maintaining any fence of any kind not described in 81-4-101 is liable in a civil action for all damages caused by reason of injury to stock resulting from such defective fence.
There is nothing in the wording of that statute which limits the civil liability of the owner of a defective fence to injury to livestock. While the statute specifically provides for civil liability for one sort of injury — i.e. to livestock — it does not, in any way, preclude liability for other types of injuries to persons or property resulting from the livestock owner's failure to properly contain his or her animals by means of a legal fence. We hold that violation of § 81-4-101, MCA, can be the basis for a finding of negligence per se when that violation results in injury to a motorist or passenger traveling on the highways.
Finally, the record establishes that Indendi did present sufficient evidence of negligence per se under the VanLuchene test. Starting with the premise, as we have, that § 81-4-101, MCA, was enacted to require the containment of livestock by means of a 'legal fence" and, thereby, to prevent, among other harm, livestock/vehicle accidents, Indendi presented evidence that the Workmans violated the statute by failing to construct a legal fence; that she was a motorist using the highway adjacent to lands owned by the Workmans, lands required to be legally fenced to prevent the escape of their livestock; and that she suffered personal injuries in a vehicle collision with the Work-mans' livestock that escaped through their defective fence onto the highway. In doing so, Indendi sufficiently established the elements of negligence per se as set forth in VanLuchene. On retrial of this matter, we do not preclude a defense that the Workmans'fence was damaged or tampered with where the evidence supports such a finding.
We reverse and remand and instruct the District Court to empanel a jury to hear the case.
JUSTICES HUNT, TRIEWEILER and NELSON concur.