Case Name: Frederick Curtis et al., appellants, v. John C. Allen et al., appellees
Court: Nebraska Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Nebraska
Decision Date: 1895-01-02
Citations: 43 Neb. 184
Docket Number: No. 7417
Parties: Frederick Curtis et al., appellants, v. John C. Allen et al., appellees.
Judges: 
Reporter: Nebraska Reports
Volume: 43
Pages: 184–192

Head Matter:
Frederick Curtis et al., appellants, v. John C. Allen et al., appellees.
Filed January 2, 1895.
No. 7417.
' 1. Educational Institutions. The institution for the blind at. Nebraska City is one for “educational purposes,” within the meaning of section 19, article 5, of the constitution of this state.
2. -: Are Not Asylums. The mere fact that persons are-blind, poor, and indigent does not entitle them to any privilege in the aforesaid institution for the blind, except to receive an education, and incidentally such aid and support as thereby shall be rendered necessary.
Appeal from the district court of Otoe county. Heard below before Chapman, J.
W. M. Clary, for appellants.
Geo. H. Hastings, contra.

Opinion:
Ryan, C.
This is an appeal from the district court of Otoe county-The appellants, by their petition in the said court, alleged that the action was brought on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated who should come in as plaintiffs and contribute to the expense of this litigation; that each of said plaintiffs was, at the time of bringing this action, a resident and citizen of Nebraska, of suitable age and capacity; that by reason of being blind, plaintiffs had been admitted into the Nebraska institution for the blind, a charitable institution of this state, situate at Nebraska City; that plaintiffs had been inmates and students of said institution for more than two years before the filing of said petition; that each of plaintiffs was then poor and indigent; that William Ebright, one of the defendants, was then principal and superintendent of said institution, and as such principal was in the control and management thereof, subject only to the orders of the board of public lands and buildings of said state. Following the above averments there were others that the defendants, aside from Mr. Ebright, were members of and constituted the board of public lands and buildings just referred to, and that to said board was entrusted the general supervision and control of all the buildings, grounds, and lands of the state, the state prison, asylums, and all other institutions thereof, except those for educational purposes. It was further alleged that the said board, together with the defendant William Ebright, had control over, and were entrusted with, the government of said Nebraska institution for the blind, and that said Ebright and said board had made the rules and regulations for the admission, government, control, and education of the inmates or pupils thereof and had fixed, or assumed to fix, a term of the length of the course of studies to be pursued therein by plaintiffs and other inmates of said institution by reason of being unable to acquire an education in the common schools of the state. The right of the plaintiffs to the relief prayed, which was that the defendant should be perpetually enjoined from interfering with plaintiffs' right to remain inmates forever of said in stitution at the expense of the state, was claimed in the following language used in the petition: "And these plaintiffs further allege that by reason of their infirmity they .are by law entitled to be and remain in the said institution for the blind at Nebraska City aforesaid, and to be supported, cared for, and educated at the expense of the state of Nebraska; that they are in truth and in fact the wards of the state and have the right to remain there at all times so long as they are guilty of no infraction of the rules and regulations of said, institution enacted for the good government of the same." By the petition it was made to appear that the reason that the plaintiffs were denied the privilege •of remaining in said institution was that its management insisted that it was an educational institution, and that the summer school vacation was about to commence, during which plaintiffs were required to care for and maintain themselves, although, as plaintiffs made known, they had no home or place of abode. It is not deemed necessary to set out the averments of the answer, for the sole question for our consideration is apparent from the averments of the petition. There was a decree denying the relief prayed, from which plaintiffs have appealed.
Lest we should be misunderstood it is proper at this juncture to state that we recognize the difficulties which might surround this case under certain conditions. Mr. Ebright's authority is alleged to have been derived from that of the board of public lands and buildings. The rules and regulations of the institution under consideration depend for their validity upon the powers possessed by Mr. Ebright and the board which appointed him. If the petition had been framed on the theory that neither the board of public lands and buildings nor its appointee had authority to adopt rules and regulations for the government of the institution for the blind, and that its management was not subject to their control, questions would have been presented which by the allegations and admissions of ap pel 1 ants in their petition are herein certainly rendered immaterial, — probably, in any event, the powers of de facto -officers could not be questioned in a collateral proceeding. Whatever shall be said in the further discussion of this case must be understood as in view of the condition of the issues tendered by appellants and not as an independent recognition of the authority of the board of public lands and buildings or its appointees with reference to the management of this institution.
In the case of State v. Bacon, 6 Neb., 286, the main question which now confronts us was stated as the second essential proposition to be determined under the pleadings and the evidence in this language: "Does the institution for the education of blind persons come within the exception of section 19, article 5, of the constitution?" The essential facts stated in the case just cited were that under the provisions of the act whereby was established the institution with which we have now to deal the board of public lands and buildings assumed control and had removed the respondent from his position as principal of said institution. By mandamus this board, as relator, sought to compel defendant, the deposed principal, to deliver up the books, records, furniture, and papers in his possession belonging to said institution. The first question involved, as stated in the opinion delivered by Gantt, J., was this: "Has the state board of public lands and buildings the power to appoint and remove officers of state institutions properly under their supervision and control ? " There was a concurrence of all the judges of this court in denying the right to remove, and this was a negative of such a right of removal, even by officers properly under the supervision and control of said board. From this predicate the denial of the writ of mandamus prayed necessarily followed, and, therefore, there existed no need for the discussion of the second proposition. It was nevertheless discussed, Gantt, J., maintaining the affirmative and Maxwell, J., and Lake, C. J., sustaining the negative. The opinion of Lake, C. J., opens, however,, with this apologetic statement, to-wit: "I was absent daring the argument of the respective counsel, and, therefore, am not in possession of the points on which they severally relied, and but for the disagreement of my brother judges on one of the principal questions would have remained, silent." It is proper further to note that-no brief was submitted. At'least none appears now on file. Under these circumstances we are now called upon to consider the question, as to which there has already been filed conflicting opinions. What weight should have been accorded the opinions of Lake, C. J., and Maxwell, J., respectively, as to a proposition perhaps not necessary to the determination of the case then under consideration need not now be stated. It is proper, however, to note that practically their views have been acted upon as authoritatively defining the status. of this institution, at least so far as to place its management under the control of the state board of public lands and, buildings, as " an institution for the protection and relief' of unfortunates." The language just quoted is Judge Lake's definition of an asylum. Within this class the-opinion of Chief Justice Lake and that of Judge Maxwell place the institution for the blind. As a logical sequence of this classification and the definition of an asylum given in connection therewith, plaintiffs insist that as-wards of this state they are entitled in all respects to be cared for in this institution during the terms of their natural lives. Was such a.result within the contemplation of the legislature when, the institution was created is the question with which we have now to deal.
In the act creating this institution there was no reference' by name to an asylum, the designation is always an institution. It therefore would seem that there was attached to the word "asylum" too much importance in all the-opinions filed in State v. Bacon, supra. It is true that in the act approved February 13, 1877 (Sessiou Laws, 1877, p. 188), there is mention of an asylum for the blind, but so there is of an asylum for the deaf and dumb, an institution provided for by an act approved February 23, 1875 (Session Laws, 1875, p. 146), its purpose being defined as follows:
" Sec. 8. The object of said institution shall be to promote the intellectual, physical, and moral culture of the deaf and dumb by a judicious and well adapted course of instruction, that they may be reclaimed from their lonely and cheerless condition, restored to society, and fitted for the discharge of the duties of life."
This institution, whose object is thus defined with respect to the deaf and dumb of Nebraska, might perhaps be considered as falling within the fourth definition of the word "asylum " as given in the Century Dictionary, to-wit: "An institution for receiving, maintaining, and, so far as possible, ameliorating the condition of persons suffering from bodily defects, mental maladies, or other misfortunes, as an asylum for the blind, for the deaf and dumb, for the insane, etc., a Magdalen asylum." These considerations illustrate the danger of attempting to define the status of an institution by resort only to a term by which it at times has been loosely designated.
In the opinions filed in State v. Bacon, supra, the word " asylum" was applied to the institution for the blind, notwithstanding the fact that by the legislature no such descriptive term had been used in the act which provided for its creation and maintenance. By the act approved February 13, 1877, the legislature in its enumeration of the subjects of the powers and duties of the board of public lands and buildings included the asylum for the deaf and dumb and grounds, and the asylum for the blind and grounds. This court in Re Board of Public Lands and Buildings, 18 Neb., 340, held that the board just referred to had no power under said act to appoint or remove officers of state institutions, that power, by the adoption of the constitution, having been devolved upon the governor,, and, therefore, it would seem that the word " asylum," as used in the act of 1877, applies simply to a building in each instance of its use. If the scope of the holding in Re Board of Public Lands and Buildings is correctly apprehended, it would seem to render of little force the arguments advanced in the opinions filed in State v. Bacon as to the second proposition therein discussed, for if, in any event, the supervisory control of the board could extend only to buildings and grounds, that is, to real property, it was immaterial what might be said as to the management of the institution in any other such respect as the removal of the principal of that institution and the recovery from his possession of its personal property. In our view, the sole question is whether or not the institution for the blind at Nebraska City is an educational institution-within the purview of section 19, article 5, of the constitution. In the opinion of Gantt, J., filed in State v. Bacon, supra, attention was called to the fact that by the act creating the institution for the blind of this state provision was made for a principal, whose duty it was to report to the governor, prior to each session of the legislature,, the number of pupils, their names, ages, sexes, as well as-the studies and trades taught. He also challenged attention to the fact that by said act teachers were provided for, and that by section 17 thereof it was provided that " all blind persons withiu the state, of suitable age and capacity, shall be entitled to an education in this institution at the expense of the state," and furthermore, that "each county superintendent of common schools shall report to the principal of the institution for the blind, on the first day of April of each year the name, age, residence, and post-office address of every blind person and every person blind to such an extent as to be unable to acquire an education" (Session Laws, 1875, p. 153) in his county. It was also noted by Judge Gantt that the act appropri ated two thousand dollars annually, or so much thereof as might be necessary, to meet the ordinary expenses of the institution, and that the current expenses should be drawn, by warrants upon the temporary school fund of the state. The argument made upon consideration of these provisions and the analogies of other statutory provisions was, it seems to us, very convincing. There are other provisions made by statute which tend to fortify Judge Gantt's argument. Section 14, subdivision 7, chapter 79, Compiled Statutes, provides that "the county superintendent shall report on or before the first Tuesday in September of each year to the superintendent of the blind asylum the name, age, residence, and post-office address of every person blind to such an extent as to be uuable to acquire an education in the common schools and who resides in the county in which he is superintendent, and also to the superintendent of the Nebi'aska institute for the deaf and dumb the name, age, and post-office address of every deaf and dumb person between the ages of five and twenty-one years who resides within his county, including all such persons as may be deaf to such an extent as to be unable to acquire an education in the common schools." These provisions aa to the institution for the blind and for that of the deaf and dumb are much the same, whereby is evidenced a recognition of the fact that one is as much educational as the other. By section 17 of the act of 1875 creating the institution for the blind it was provided that all blind persons resident of this state, of suitable age and capacity, shall be entitled to an education at the expense of the staté. (Session Laws, 1875, p. 153.) There was no requirement that thereshould be repayment to the state of any expenses, whatever might be the financial condition of pupils, except those incurred in the purchase of necessary clothing. In the case at bar the right of appellants to be supported in the institution for the blind for all time was based upon the allegations that appellants were blind, poor, and indigent. By section 1, chapter 67, Compiled Statutes, provision is made for the support of every person " unable to earn a livelihood in. consequence of any bodily infirmity, idiocy, lunacy, or other unavoidable cause." In the first instance the duty of support is devolved upon the relatives of the pauper. If their circumstances are such that they cannot furnish such support the county assumes that liability. As the appellants have shown that they are blind, poor, and without means of subsistence, they are. entitled to support in their respective counties out of the poor fund raised for that purpose. The authorities of the state could not divert its temporary school fund to the establishment and maintenance of a poorhouse even if they so desired. It is quite clear that they have made no such attempt, but that the institution for the blind is educational in its purpose, the provision for shelter and board of the pupils while under instruction being merely a necessary incident. The judgment of the district court is
Affirmed.