Case Name: Arthur Harris, as Administrator with the Will Annexed, Etc., of John Harris, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. Elizabeth A. Achilles, as Administratrix, etc., of Agnes Harris, Deceased, Defendant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1909-01-20
Citations: 129 A.D. 847
Docket Number: 
Parties: Arthur Harris, as Administrator with the Will Annexed, Etc., of John Harris, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. Elizabeth A. Achilles, as Administratrix, etc., of Agnes Harris, Deceased, Defendant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 129
Pages: 847–851

Head Matter:
Arthur Harris, as Administrator with the Will Annexed, Etc., of John Harris, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. Elizabeth A. Achilles, as Administratrix, etc., of Agnes Harris, Deceased, Defendant.
Fourth Department,
January 20, 1909.
Will — devise to wife with remainders over — presumption where remaindermen die before testator — discretionary power to sell although exercised does not work equitable conversion.
Where after the execution of a will giving the testator’s wife and daughter the use, management and control of his property so long as they or either of them shall live, with the right to use any or all of the principal for their support, if in their judgment it shall be necessary to do so, with remainders over to various descendants, he leaves the will unchanged, although the daughter and all of the remaindermen died many years before him, it shows an intention to pro vide for the wife for life, the remainder to pass under the Statutes of Descent and Distribution.
Although the surviving wife sold lands of the testator under a discretionary power contained in the will, which sale was not necessary as she could just as well have mortgaged, there was no equitable conversion of the proceeds into personal property, and the balance remaining at the wife’s death goes to the husband’s heirs rather than to the representatives of the wife.
This because there is no equitable conversion unless the testator’s intention to work a conversion is distinct and unequivocal. The intention may be manifested in various ways : By a positive direction to the executor to sell; by the necessity of a sale in order to carry out the general scheme of the will; when the purpose of the testator would fail without such conversion; and in order to constitute a conversion it must be the duty of the executor to sell in any event.
Submission of a controversy upon an agreed statement of facts pursuant to section 1279 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
W. C. Ramsdale and S. T. Church, for the plaintiff.
Edwin L. Wage and Thomas A. Kirby, for the defendant.

Opinion:
Williams, J.:
Judgment should be ordered in favor of plaintiff, with costs.
The questions submitted involve the construction of the will of John Harris. It was made October 14, 1892, but the testator did not die until February 5, 1903, ten years later. When the will was made the testator had a wife, daughter, son and grandson living. Prior to his death the daughter, son and grandson died, but the wife was still living. She died August 10, 1907, four and one-half years after her husband's death. The controversy here is between the representatives of the two estates of the testator and his wife, and the question is which estate is entitled to a fund of $1,300, the balance of the proceeds of real property owned by the testator when he died.
The will, after providing for the payment of debts and funeral expenses and the care of a cemetery lot, provides:
" Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my wife, Agnes Harris, and my daughter, Martha Harris, the use, management and control of all the rest and residue of my property, real or personal, wherever situate, so long as they or either of them shall live, with the right to use any or all of the principal sum for their support, if in their judgment it shall be necessary so to do.
" Fourth. If, after the death of both my said wife and daughter, there shall remain unexpended the sum of fifteen hundred dollars, of my estate, or property worth fifteen hundred dollars, I give, devise and bequeath to my grand-son, William Harris, the sum of five hundred dollars ($500.00), and all the rest and residue to my son, Hoah Harris. But should the part of my estate unexpended at the time of the death of my said wife and daughter be less in value than fifteen hundred dollars, in such event I will to my said grand-son, William Harris, one-third of said remainder, and the rest and residue to my son, ISToali Harris.
" Lastly. I nominate and appoint my wife, Agnes Harris, and my daughter, Martha Harris, to be executrixs of this, my will, giving unto them full power to sell or mortgage any real estate I may own at the time of my death."
When the will was made and when the testator died he owned a house and lot worth about $2,500 and not to exceed $500 of personal property. The will was admitted to probate and the widow was made and served as sole executrix until she died.
September 6, 1904, one year and seven months after testator's death, the widow mortgaged the house and lot, pursuant to the power contained in the will, for $1,000, and received the amount thereof.
April 3, 1906, three years after testator's death, she sold' the house and lot by virtue of the power given her by the will, subject to the mortgage, and received therefor $1,512.50. She deposited $1,462.50 of this amount to her personal credit in bank, retaining the balance of $50 herself.
June 4, 1906, she transferred $1,100 of this amount to two savings banks, or rather one savings bank and one trust company, taking books therefor in her own name. She left the balance of $342.50 in the same bank, taking a certificate of deposit therefor in her own name.
September 25, 1906, February 13, 1907, and June 3, 1907, she took from the latter bank in cash $42.50, $50 and $50, and on the latter day took a certificate of deposit for $200, the balance. This $200 and the $1,100 in the savings bank and trust company — $1,300 in all — she held at the time she died, August 10, 1907. This amount, with interest owing thereon by the several banks, is the subject of this controversy.
The real question is whether upon the agreed facts there was an equitable conversion of the house and lot into personal property. If not, then the fund in question was real estate, and when the widow died it belonged to the husband's estate, and the plaintiff is entitled to recover the same. If there was such conversion, then the fund at the death of the husband being personal property, passed to the wife and became hers under subdivision 3 of section 2732 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Pomroy v. Hincks, 180 N. Y. 73, 75), and the defendant is entitled to recover the same. The will was allowed to remain unchanged to the time of the testator's death, though the daughter, son and grandson had died years before. His real design, therefore, must have been to provide for the comfort and support of his wife during her life, and to leave the property, if any remained after her death, to be disposed of under the law of descent or distribution. She was only to use it for her support, but she might use not only the income, but the corpus itself if, in her judgment, it was necessary, and in order to enable her to do this, she was given the power to mortgage or sell any real estate left at his death. There was no mandatory direction to sell the real estate, nor was it necessary to sell it in order to accomplish the purpose intended by the testator'. It was left wholly to the judgment of the wife whether it was necessary or whether she could get on with the personal property, the income of the real estate, or by mortgaging the same. She lived four and one-lialf years after the testator's death. She apparently did not find it necessary to sell the real estate. She mortgaged' it at first, then later she sold it under the power of sale, but during the remainder of her life used only about $200 of the amount realized from such sale. She could readily have realized this sum by mortgaging, and, therefore, it was not absolutely necessary to sell the property. Under these circumstances we think there was no intention by the testator that there should be a conversion of his realty into personal property., It was a matter of intention, and such intention must appear plainly, dis tinctly and unequivocally. It might be manifested in various ways. First, by a positive direction to the executor to sell. . Second, by the necessity of a sale in order to carry out the general scheme of the will. Third, when the purpose of the testator would fail without such a conversion. Fourth, in order to constitute a conversion it must be the duty of, or obligation upon, the executor to sell in any event. These principles are laid down in Phœnix v. Trustees of Columbia College (87 App. Div. 438, 444; affd. on opinion below, 179 N. Y. 592). (See, also, cases cited in such opinion.)
This is a fair statement of the law applicable to the question in controversy here, and in view of the agreed facts and of the law so laid down we must conclude there was no equitable conversion of the realty — the house and lot—into personal property. There was no positive direction in the will to sell; there was no necessity to sell in order to carry out the general scheme of the will; there was no duty or obligation imposed upon the executor by the will to sell; the intention to convert the realty into personalty did not appear distinctly or unequivocally. Therefore, the fund in question at the death of the testator was real estate, belonged to the plaintiff, and he should recover the same.
All concurred.
Judgment directed for the plaintiff upon the submission, with costs.
Sic.