Case Name: Gamaliel C. St. John, as Executor of and Trustee under the Last Will and Testament of Wallace C. Andrews, Deceased, Respondent, v. The Andrews Institute for Girls and Others, Respondents, Impleaded with Smithsonian Institution and Others, Appellants
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1907-02-08
Citations: 117 A.D. 698
Docket Number: 
Parties: Gamaliel C. St. John, as Executor of and Trustee under the Last Will and Testament of Wallace C. Andrews, Deceased, Respondent, v. The Andrews Institute for Girls and Others, Respondents, Impleaded with Smithsonian Institution and Others, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 117
Pages: 698–721

Head Matter:
Gamaliel C. St. John, as Executor of and Trustee under the Last Will and Testament of Wallace C. Andrews, Deceased, Respondent, v. The Andrews Institute for Girls and Others, Respondents, Impleaded with Smithsonian Institution and Others, Appellants.
First Department,
February 8, 1907.
Will — evidence—rules as to proof of survivorship when several parties perish in same" disaster— when gift to; charitable institution not in violation of chapter 360 of the Laws of 1860—gift to corporation • not in esse—when éxistence of foreign corporation cannot he questioned here — equitable conversion — when corporation entitled to increase of funds. _ .
At common law there is no presumption of survivorship between persons who •perish" in- a common'disaster based upon a difference of sex, age dr physical condition and strength, nor is there a presumption the death of all-occurred at the same instant. Yet through necessity in the administration of. the law the title to real and personal property passes as if they had all perished at the same " instant of time in the absence of proof of " facts or circumstances .tending to show survivorship among them. ■
Therefore, when it appeals 'that a testator, his wife and a legatee all perished in a fire which cónsumeda dwelling house, the burden "is upon the administrator of the legatee in order to entitle him to receivé the legacy to prove facts and circumstances tending to show that she survived the testator. But under such circumstances, there being’ no -presumption of death at the same time,, there is no burden upon the administrator to overcome any presumption, but merely to prove the fact -of survivorship as any other fact is required to be proved.
■ lieither is it necessary to show that the deceased survived the testator for any "length of time; "survival for a second is sufficient.
In order to establish the survivorship, aforesaid it was, among other things, shown that the testator was last, seen in an upper story of the building warning the occupants to fly, which portion of the building suffered greatly from the fire •and where hid.body-was afterwards found. The legatee, however, wasremoved . still breathing from .a part of the building where the destruction by fire was not great, and where life w.as sustainable for a longer period, i She "survived her removal from the building a few minutes.. On all the eyidence,
Reid,'a finding that the legatee survived the testator was warranted by the evidence. "
The testator, after specific- bequests, bequeathed and devised the residue of his estate to an executor in trust -to collect the rents and income and pay the same over to his wife for life. Upon her death he devised a certain sum to persons' named, and the excess of the residue over the sum stated to a charitable eorpo ration directed to be formed by his executor. The will further provided that should the wife predecease the testator, the bequest to the corporation should take effect at his death. There being no proof whatever as to whether the testator or his wife had perished first, it was contended that the gift to the charitable corporation was void under chapter 360 of the Laws of 1860, providing that no person having a husband, wife, child or parent, etc., shall give by will to any charitable, etc., corporation more than one-half of his or her estate, after the payment of debts and that the gift shall be valid to the extent of one-half only, on the theory that such gift is invalid if the testator have a wife living at the time of making the will.
Held, not so; that the validity of such gift depends upon the survivorship of one of the persons enumerated in the act, as a will does not take effect at the time of execution but only at the death of the testator;
That a bequest or devise in violation of said statute may be attacked by other than those enumerated in the act, and heirs or next of kin have a standing to be heard on the question;
That the word “having” a husband, wife, child or parent should be construed to mean “leaving” such persons surviving;
That as the will provided for the formation of the corporation after the death of the testator’s wife and that the bequests to it should take effect at his death if she predeceased him, the will should be construed to mean that the bequest was to vest in the corporation if in esse at the death of the wife, but if not then in esse to vest when it was formed by the trustee, and hence the gift did not fail as being a gift in prmenti to a corporation not in existence at the testator’s death;
That the law favors charitable bequests whether to be administered at home or abroad, and the right of a foreign beneficiary to take will be determined by our courts before directing the executors to turn over the fund. But the right of a foreign corporation to take must be determined by the law of the foreign jurisdiction unaffected by our law relating to accumulations and perpetuities.
Begardless of the question as to whether chapter 701 of the Laws of 1893 empowers a charitable corporation to take, asm suspension of the power of alienation is permissible during a period necessary to form a corporation to take a gift, not exceeding two lives in being at the death of the testator, the gift was valid as an executory devise or'bequest.
When such foreign charitable corporation has been formed under the laws of Ohio and under an act passed after, the death of the testator, though not referring expressly to the corporation, it is a defacto corporation acting under color of law, and its right to the gift cannot be attacked on the theory that the act was in violation of section 1 of article 13 of the .Constitution of Ohio, which prohibits special acts conferring corporate powers. Especially is this so when its corporate existence may be sustained under other statutes of Ohio.
Under, the authority to determine whether such foreign corporation is competent to,take, the court may determine the extent of its corporate authority, but not its right to corporate existence.
When an executor ib directed to incorporate an educational' institution and to turn over to it the residue of the estáte- in cash, there -is an equitable : conversion of the realty into personaltyas of the date of the death of the testator. As gifts in trust for charitable uses are deemed .absolute gifts .so-far as the testator is concerned in order to enable the beneficiary to take, the rents and. profits of the real property directed to be converted as aforesaid during the period intervening between the death of the -testator and the formation of the ' corporation are to be paid over to the beneficiary and. are not unlawful accumulations’ under section 51 of the Real Property Law and section 4 of the Personal Property Law. ■ •
Moreover, even if such corporation be not entitled to take said rents and profits . imder tile will, it is entitled thereto under section 53 of the Real Property Law and section 2 of the Personal Property Law, when it. is the party entitled, to the next eventual estate. •.
-Such corporation under the. will aforesaid is the party entitled to the next eventual 'estate; although not incorporated at the time of the death of the' testator.
Separate Appeals by the defendants the Smithsonian Institution and another and by the defendants Norman C. Andrews .and others from different portions of a judgment of the Supreme Court in. favor of the plaintiff and certain of the defendants, entered in the office of the cleric of the county of ..New York on the 25th day of January, 1906, upon the decision of the court rendered after a trial at the'New York Special Term.
Harold Fathom, for the appellants Norman C. Andrews and Others..
Ferdinand Shack, for the appellant Julia A. Bruce.
Frank W. Haekett-and Edmund Wétmore, for the appellant ’ Smithsonian Institution!
Fames W. Hawes and William F. Oohen, - for the' plaintiff respondent.-
Henry Wollman and Virgil P. Kline, ■ for' the respondent Andrews Institute for Girls. . • . .
Herbert H. Gibbs, for the respondents G. C. St. John, individually and as - éxecutor of Margaret M. St. John. Andrews, deceased, and as administrator with the will annexed of Georgie Boyden St. Jojin, deceased. ■ ;

Opinion:
Laughlin, J.:
This is an action by the executor of and trustee under the last will and testament of Wallace 0. Andrews, deceased, for a construction of the will of his testator. The will was executed, on the 12th day of November, 1891, and the testator died in the city of New York on the 7th day of April, 1899, leaving real property in the States of New York, New Jersey and Virginia, and certain personal property. At the time he executed.the will he had a wife living, and he designated her as an executrix of his will, but she perished with him in the destruction of her house, No. ,2 East Sixty-seventh street, New. York, where they resided, by fire, and the trial court was unable to decide on the evidence whether she predeceased or survived him. The will was duly admitted to probate, as one competent to pass both real and personal property, by the surrogate of the county of. New-York on the 22d day of May, 1899. Letters testamentary were issued to the plaintiff as sole surviving executor on the 23d day of May, 1899, and he qualified and has ever since acted as executor and trustee under the will. The legatees, heirs, next of kin and the Attorney-General — the latter in accordance with the requirements of chapter 701 of the Laws of 1893 — were made parties defendant.
The testator left no child, grandchild or parent him surviving. In the 1st clause of the will he provided for the payment of his debts, funeral expenses and the cost of administration and certain specific legacies, depending'on the value of his estate, to two sisters ; and in the 2d clause devised the rest, residue and remainder of his estate to his executors in trust, to collect the rents and income and pay the same ov.er to his wife for life. -Upon her death he by the 3d clause devised $500,000, if the estate should exceed that sum, and if not, all the rbsidue, one-fourth to each of two sisters, an eighth to another sister, an eighth to a niece, an eighth to Gamaliel 0. St. John, brother to his wife, whom he appointed his .executor, and an eighth to the wife, of St. John ; and by thé 4th clause, "upon, the death " of his wife, he devised and bequeathed " to the corporation hereinafter directed to he formed all the excess and residue " of his estate over the sum of $500,000 thereinbefore devised, as already stated. He then in the 5th clause provided for the formation of a corporation under the laws of Ohio by his executors to take the bequest; and in the- succeeding clause, of the will provided that in. the event that his wife should predecease him, the bequest to the Ohio corporation to be created " shall take effect upon my death." -vThe executor, in fulfillment of the directions of the testator contained in the will, procured the incorporation of the Andrews institute for Girls under the laws of Ohio on. the 13th day of May, 1902, and the corporation organized and accepted the gift on the twenty-ninth of the same month. The legacies to Mr. and Mrs. St. John have hot* been paid. The residuary estate has not been distributed. Its value is ^bout $1,300,000, and it is more than one-half of his. entire estate. The testator further provided in the will that should the bequest to the- corporation to be formed under the laws of Ohio "because of illegality fail or become impossible of realization, I then devise and bequeath the sum intended for it to the Smithsonian Institution, to be devoted to thé purposes for which it was established." Georgie Boydeh St.- John, the wife of Gamaliel C. St. John, was also in the fire, and, although rescued alive, died soon after in consequence thereof.
The appellants, Who are heirs and next of kin, or represent heirs 'or next of kin of the testator, contend, in the first place, that Mrs. St. John did not survive the testator; that, therefore, the legacy to her never vested, and,, consequently, her husband, as administrator, is not entitled thereto, and, further, that as to this part of his estate, the testator died -intestate. . The trial court decided that she survived the testator, and that the legacy which, vested in her goes to her * administrator. The first question to be decided; therefore, .is this important question of fact as tó whether she survived the testator. Most of the evidence in the record was read from another record of evidence taken before a referee in the year 1902 — nearly three years before this trial -— on a hearing on an- application' of one of the next of kin to be made- a party to the accounting in the Surrogate's Court, which was before this court on a former appeal. (Matter of St. John, 104 App. Div. 460.) We then refrained from expressing any opinion on the merits of the questions now presented.
The undisputed evidence shows that the testator and his wife' perished in the destruction of the house by fire in the early morning of the 7'th day of April, T'89.9.,-and that Mrs. St. John died within a few minutes after being rescued from the tire in an unconscious condition and without having regained consciousness. Proof of these facts, in the absence of evidence that Airs. St. John survived the testator, was sufficient to establish that the legacy never vested in her, and that, unless otherwise devised or bequeathed under the will, it went to the next of kin of the testator. (Newell v. Nichols, 12 Hun, 604; affd., 75 N. Y. 78.) Under the civil law there was a presumption of survivorship'between those who perished in a common disaster, based upon sex and age, and in some jurisdictions there is such a presumption based upon physical condition and strength, but in England and in this and other States of the Union, where the common law prevails, no such presumption exists, nor is there a presumption that in such ease death occurred to all at the same instant, and yet through necessity in the administration of the law the title to real property-passes and personal property is distributed as if they all perished at the same instant of_ time in the absence of proof of facts or circumstances tending to show survivorship among them. (Wing v. Angrave, 8 H. L. Cas. 183; Underwood v. Wing, 4 De G., M. & G. 633; Newell v. Nichols, supra ; Young Women's Christian Home v. French, 187 U. S. 401; Coye v. Leach, 8 Metc. [Mass.] 371; Johnson v. Merithew, 80 Maine, 111; Will of Abram Ehle, Estate of James A. Ehle, 73 Wis. 445.) When, therefore, evidence was adduced showing that they all met death in the same conflagration, it was incumbent upon the administrator of Mrs. St. John, in order to entitle him to receive the legacy given to her under the will, to prove facts and circumstances tending to show that she survived the testator, and the burden of proof of establishing, this fact, upon which his right to the legacy depended, was upon him. (Newell v. Nichols, supra.) It is to be borne in mind, however, in considering the evidence offered for this purpose that the fact that they died as a result of a common con- . flagration raised no presumption of death at the same time, which the evidence offered in. behalf of the administrator of Mrs. St. John must overcome. Proof of death in the common disaster left the case without any proof or presumption on the subject of survivorship, and the burden was on the administrator of Mrs. St. John not to overcome any presumption, but to prove the fact'of survivorship) the same as any other fact is required to be proved in the administration of the law. (Newell v. Nichols, supra; Will of Abram Ehle, Estate of James A. Ehle, supra.) In.-the.Wi» : cousin case cited, Avhere neither party was rescued' from a tire oi seen alive during the tire, a finding of survivorship was sustained based upon circumstantial evidence Us to the course and violence of • the conflagration. The learned trial justice in the case at bar found that the evidence established the fact that' Mrs. St. John-survived the testator. In the decision of the court many facts are found relating to this question Ayitli greater detail and minuteness than ; was essential and perhaps than Avas 'justified by the evidence. We need not determine whether they are all sustained by the evidence, -. It was not necessary to show that, she survived the testator any given length of time, It is sufficient if the evidence fairly warrants the inference that she survimed the testator, e'ven though the period of survivorship may have been less than a second.
- The residence of the testator, in which the fire occurred, was tjie first - ' house on the southerly side of-Sixty-seventh street.east of Fiftlravemie.' ,It Avas about twenty-seven feet: in. width- and eighty feet in depth, with a.rear extension, in addition, Avliich extended up to the level of the tlnrd floor. The main building contained four stories and an attic above, the basement. The. principal entrance was at the front and east, The vestibule opened into a hall nineleet in width, which Jed ,to the main stairway situated at the easterly side about midway ; between the front and rear of the building. The library was -directly west of this stainvay and separated frorn.it' by a hall into which it opened at the foot' of the stairway, and it also opened into . the dining-room in the rear. The front room referred to by the witnesses- and used. as the parlor —on the diagram it .is the library —- opened into the library and into the hall betAA'een the'vestibule and .stainvay. The. main-stairway only led to the third floor. Directly •above the main stairway was'a rectangular' open space nineteen feet in-length-north and south and nine feet in width, extending to the roof, where it was covered by a large skylight. On the fourth floor the open space above the main stairway was inclosed by the wall of the building on the east and by seini-fiveproof partitions of scant-ling, lath and- mortar six inches .in thickness, extending .to the attic, with a window in the south and,north end, each three and one-half feet wide and five and one-half feet high, to'light the fourth floor , from the skylight. The lower part of the house was originally of fireproof or semi-fireproof construction; but throughout the house to a 'considerable extent lincrusta walton, a highly combustible mate rial, had been used in decorating and particularly on the partitions on the fourth floor, and the furnishings of the house were highly inflammable. The testator was sixty-five years of age, his wife fifty-three, and Mrs. St. John thirty-eight, all in fairly good health. Some time before the fire occurred, all of the occupants of-the house had retired for the night. The testator slept in the middle room on the second floor, over the library. His wife slept in the rear room on the same floor. Mrs. St. John and her six-year-old son Wallace ' slept in the rear room on the third floor, and two other children of Mrs. St. John and two nurses occupied the middle and front rooms on that floor. Six female servants occupied separate rooms on the fourth floor. Of the fourteen occupants of the house on that fatal night, only two survived. Jennie Beirne, the laundress, who occupied a room toward the southwesterly and rear part of the house on the fourth floor, overlooking an extension connecting the house with the third house on Fifth avenue southerly from Sixty-seventh street, which was owned by the testator, escaped by jumping from the window upon the extension, from which she was taken into the Fifth avenue house; and Alice White, now Sheak, the cook, who occupied a room in the southeasterly corner of the house overlooking an extension of the next house to the east, owned by one Rothschild, escaped.by leaping from the window of her room upon this extension. The origin of the fire is not satisfactorily shown. Flames were first observed in the parlor and coming out the parlor windows and the transom over the front door. The flames quickly shot up the stairway and broke through the skylight, and on the third and fourth floors, particularly, they spread out from the well hole above the stairway. There was also a servants' stairway which ran from the basement," or first floor, as to which the evidence is conflicting, just south of the main stairway, and separated from it by a partition of plaster blocks supposed to have some fire resistance, to the fourth floor. On the fourth floor a hallway extended around the head of the servants' stairway and the partitioned off well hole above the main stairway, connecting with a bathroom and with the servants' " rooms on that floor.. From the fourth floor, at a point .near the entrance to -the room occupied by Jennie Beirne, and diagonally southwesterly across the hall about twelve feet from the head of the- servants? stairway,, a .stairway extended to the attic; and from a-point not definitely'shown, but probably near the head of the stairway in the -attic, an iron ladder led to a scuttle hole in the roof, which was found bolted after the fire, indicating that it had not. been .used. Between the third and fourth floors, -the • flames spread out and practically consumed . the servants' stairway and the partitions above around the well, hole over the main stair T way. The testimony .of the maids who survived tends to show that the testator came up to the fourth floor, which could -only be reached - by the servants' stairway from the second or third floor, and from a point in the hall.on the fourth-floor toward the front from Jennie Beirne's room, alarmed the servants by calling out to them, " Come on, girls, the house is on fire." This was the last heard from him and the last place he is known to have been alive, and. there is evidence tending to ahow that his charred remains were found in that hallway near the head of the • servants' stairway. ' Jennie Beirne testified that she had been asleep and was awakened, but did not. know by w-liat, and th»n heard a noise and " got up right away .; -" that she noticed no smoke or anything in her room, thinks • she had not closed her door tightly but had left it partly open ; that on rising she opened the door to see what was the matter and- heard- the voice of a man say, "Come on, girls,the house is on fire;" that'the voice seemed to be. in the hall toward the front from her ;• that it was dark and she could not see anything, and she heard some .of the girls call out, " Where is Alice ? Call Alice," and that -the voices of the girls seemed also to come from the hall very near where she stood; that she saw no flames in the hall, but saw the reflection of flames seemingly toward the rear of -the house, but she was hot certain ; that she stopped at her doorway about one minute without going, into the hall1, and then went back and threw open her window and, after standing a moment to think what to do, jumped, onto the extension of the Fifth' avenue house and lost consciousness; that she saw no smoke in the hall and experienced no signs of suffocation and no difficulty in breathing, but says that the reason she did not go into the hall and downstairs was that she " believed the house was all on five downstairs; " that she supposed the voice she first heard was that of the testator, but could not say positively. Alice White (now Sheak) testified that she left the door of her room wide open on retiring, and was awakened by hearing Eva Patterson, one of the maids, calling, "Alice, Alice, fire, fire,", and the voices seemed to come from her bedroom door; that she heard no other voice or person in the house after that; that she got out of bed, and the room was full of smoke and she felt kind of suffocated and put something in her mouth to prevent suffocation and then tried to escape by the door, but " it was either full of smoke or flames or reflections' of flames," she did not know which; that she could get no further than her door, " because it was all' full of smoke and flames," and so she went straight back to her window, threw it up and jumped upon the extension of the Rothschild housethat she thinks it was five minutes after she was called before she jumped, and that she lay on the extension two or three minutes perfectly conscious, until the smoke which was on her blew off, and then climbed into a window in the Rothschild house and met some people, one o'f whom was a policeman coming up, and was assisted to a house across the street; that about five minutes after she arrived there, Mrs. St. John's second boy, Wallace, was brought over, and in two or three minutes after that she was taken away by the surgeon of the Presbyterian Hospital in an ambulance; and with respect to her condition she testified,1 was burned all up my .right arm and.my ears and nose and hair was slightly burnt; my right arm was burnt all the way up and the left one a little. My nightdress was scorched, the sleeve was burnt but the other side, the right side, was scorched; " that she heard no other noise and felt kind of suffocated when she got out of bed, and thinks her arm was burned while standing at the window, but whether by flames from within or without she could not say,, but the only place she saw flames was in the hall. The evidence shows that the entrance to Jennie Beirne's room was about twelve feet southwesterly from the head of the servants'- stairway, and that of Alice White was twenty-two- feet southerly frbm the head of said stairway. It is undisputed that the charred remains, of the testator were found on the fourth floor, but there is some conflict in the evidence as to the precise spot. McManus, one of the firemen who found the body, testified on the former proceeding that it was found in the hallway " right neai' 'the stairway " leading down to the third1-.floor, and the court has so found. This fireman, when called to the stand on this trial and shown a diagram, indicated thereon that the body was found in the hallway opposite the opening over the main stairway, and his testimony indicates -that he. supposed that the main -stairway led to the fourth floor. ' Although the servants' stairway between the third and fourth floors was substantially burned away, sufficient remained to indicate where i't had been, and part' of it was standing and was observed by one at least of the firemen who testified that the body was found near the head-of the • stairway. Moreover, Acting Chief Farrell describes the place where the body was found' as' in the hall on the fourth floor,- " at the landing On 'the fourth floor," and says, •" There was a stairway leading- from that fourth floor into the attic, close to where the body was found." There was no confusion about tlie location of. the stairway leading to the attic from the fourth floor, and,- therefore,, his testimony fixes the point in accordance with the finding of the court. Fireman Jacobs also lo.cates-the'point where the remains of the testator were found in accordance with the' finding- of the court. The evidence fairly warrants the inference drawn by the trial judge that the body was found at the head of the servants' stairway, and that he was overcome there." It is argued from. this fact that, after warning the girls, the testator attempted to retrace his steps but was overcome by. the smoke, heat or flames,..and must have" quickly perished, The only, other evidence with respect to the place where the body was found indicates that it was found some feet to the north of the liead of the servants' stairway,- in or opposité an aisle leading to the bathroom from the hall opposite the opening over the main stairway, which it is claimed precludes -any inference being drawn that he endeavored' to 'return downstairs or -as, to when he was overcome.. The remains of the servants who were sleeping on the fourth floor andx did not escape were found' in the attic at the head - of the stairway leading from the fourth-floor to the attic. It is argued' from this that since the girls, after, having been aroused by the testator, had time to get to the -a.ttic, he also had -and either was overcome there and his remains dropped to the fourth floor from the" -stairs or through the stairwell at the time or after the fire, or, being unable to get out the scuttle hole, he started to retrace his steps and became bewildered at the fourth floor and. wandered about there seeking the descending stairway. Significance is sought to be' attached to the language in which the' testator aroused the servants,, and it is urged that it indicates that he was on his way to the scuttle hole in the roof and called to the maids to follow. Notwithstanding the language ascribed to him, it is more reasonable and probable to infer that he meant merely to call the servants out of their rooms to enable them to escape or to aid in rescuing the other occupants of the house, among whom were young children, or in saving property should there be time. It is not a reasonable inference that he would be more interested in rescuing the servants than his wife and sister-in-law and her helpless children, who, so far as the evidence shows, he had not even aroused at the time he alarmed the servants, and it is highly probable that he intended to return downstairs. But be that as it may, the conclusion is. fairly warranted by the evidence that life could not have been long sustained in the hallway on the fourth floor or stairway leading up or down therefrom after the testator was last heard on that floor, for the evidence indicates that the flames soon broke through the skylight and raged with great fury above the main stairway and adjacent thereto on the fourth floor and along the line of the servants' stairway and the attic stairway. The skylight and plaster and part of the floor and ceiling and the material from the attic and from the roof fell on the main stairway and fourth floor to the depth of about four feet, covering the body of the testator, which was burned to a crisp. On the lower floors and on the third floor, where Mrs. St. John was, the destruction by the fire was not so great and there was very little damage in the front and rear, while above that floor the fire spread out and was much more destructive. The inference is fairly warranted that life was sustainable in the rooms on the third floor, where Mrs. St. John and her children and the two maids were, until she opened the door leading to the main stairway, after they had evidently all arisen and prepared to leave that way.
It is not material whether the findings as made, that the testator perished immediately after he was heard on the fourth floor and before Mrs. St. John was found, and that Mrs. St. John lived several minutes after she was found, are fully sustained by the evi deñce. The question is, does the evidence fairly "warrant the finding that she survived him ? The evidence tends to show that'ten minutes or more after the testator was last known to be alive she was found unconscious and prostrate on the floor of her room with her feet extending over the sill of the door, which it was her custom to close and lock at night, into the hall, and with her face toward the floor" and her child folded in her arms, as if she had "been overcome on attempting to leave the room; that she was car-' ried from the room to the roof of the extension in the rear, and from there to the extension of the Rothschild house and into a rear room and placed on a bed, and that although she did not rally or' regain Consciousness, she showed distinct signs of life, and that her 'heart was beating feebly and she was breathing indistinctly to the. eye, and was alive a very short time after • being placed; oil the bed. The learned counsel for the heirs and next of kin in effect concedes that the. evidence shows that Mrs. St. John was alive ten or fifteen minutes after the testator was last known to.be alive. Counsel for other "parties claim, and the evidence bears out their contention, that she-w.as alive for a period considerably longer than ten or fifteen miriutes after the testator was heard on the fourth floor. • The inference is fairly warranted by the evidence that, the testator could-not have remained alive ten minutes where, he was last heard on the foti-rth' floor and where his charred body was subsequently found,, no matter at which of the two points it was found. When the heat and pressure broke the skylight and the flames went through the roof to a height of twenty feet, it is altogether probable-that they broke the window in the partition on the fourth floor, which was not far-from where-he was, and that the entire hallway on that floor was enveloped in flame, including the stairways up and down. Alice White jumped from her window before the firemen came, and before she jumped all was silent on the fourth floor, indicating that the testator and the maids could -not or dared not speak for fear of suffocation. The flames must have been then enveloping the hallway and stairway, for she was quite severely burned, and she had only been to her dooi:, which was twenty-two feet toward the rear from the head of the servants' stairway, and after that and before Mrs. St. John was rescued, the flames enveloping the stairways and hallways and belching out through the roof, are described by one of the firemen as " a -raging furnace on the inside all the way up through the stairways." No one, except those who escaped, reached a window. The finding, therefore, that Mrs. St. John survived the testator is fairly sustained by the evidence.
The learned counsel for the next of kin and heirs at law, while insisting that no finding of survivorship is warranted as between the testator and his wife and Mrs. St. John, yet contends that if the court should decide otherwise, then it should have been found that Mrs. Andrews survived -her husband and that the residuary bequest either to the Ohio corporation or the Smithsonian Institution would be void as to one-half, for it would be in violation .of chapter 360 of the Laws of 1860, which provides as follows: "No person having a husband, wife, child or parent, shall, by his or her last will and testament, devise or bequeath to any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religions or missionary society, association or corporation, in-trust or otherwise, more than one-half part of his or her estate, after the payment of his or her debts (and such devise or bequest shall be valid to the extent of one-half and no more)."
The preponderance of the evidence shows that the body of Mrs. Andrews, so burned that it fell apart, was found in the hallway on the second floor a fevy feet from the door of her room, although there is evidence that it was found on the first floor at the foot of the main stairway. There is no other evidence shedding any light on the time of her death. On this point, under the rule already stated, for the purpose of determining property rights, it would have to be assumed that she and her husband died at the same time. If they died at the same time, then the testator could not be said to have left a wife him surviving. If, therefore, the statute only prohibits . such gifts when the testator leaves a wife surviving him, then the burden was upon the next of kin to establish that fact, for upon it their light to participate, if they could participate in any event, depended. (Garvey v. Union Trust Co., 29 App. Div. 513; Garvey v. U. S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 77 id. 391. See, also, Gallagher v. Crooks, 132 N. Y. 338; City of Cohoes v. D. & H. C. Co., 134 id. 397.) There being no evidence to justify a finding that the wife survived her husband, as to Mr. and Mrs. Andrews the case falls within the general rule applicable to deaths in a common disaster. It is contended, however, that the scope of the statute is not confined' to cases where a husband leaves a wife surviving, but that the will is invalid as to such bequest if the testator have a wife living at the time lie -makes- the will. It is now well settled that a bequest or devise in violation of this statute is "void and may be taken advantage of by. others than those' enumerated in the act' of 1860, and consequently the heirs or next of kin have a standing in court to be heard on the question. (Robb v. Washington & Jefferson College, 103 App. Div. 327; affd., 185 N. Y. 485.) It is- claimed that there is no authoritative decision-on the precise point now presentedbut I think the courts have considered that the validity of such bequests depends on survivorship of one of those enumerated in the act. (See Robb v. Washington & Jefferson College, supra ; Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 N. Y. 282, 334; Matter of Walker, 136 id. 20, 26.) A will takes - effect not at the time -of its execution, but on the death "of the testator, and its -validity and construction depend not upon the .law at the time of its execution, but. at the date of his death.. (Parker v. Bogardus, 5 N. Y. 309; Doubleday v. Newton, 27 Barb. 431; Moultrie v. Hunt, 23 N. Y. 394.) The purpose of -the statute was not to disqualify the beneficiary from taking, nor to.prqhibit a husband from making a will containing such a disposition of property but to provide-that in case a -testator should die leaving, such a survivor and leaving more than one-half of his estate to such charitable use, the bequest should be void except to the extent authorized by the statute. The object of the Legislature was not to compel a testator to make provision for his wife and family, but to admonish him of their claims upon his bounty and to invalidate in part such a disposition of property in the event of his leaving a wife, child or parent him surviving. (Chamberlain v. Chamberlain, 43 N. Y. 424; Allen v. Stevens, 161 id. 122; Hollis v. Drew Theological Seminary, 95 id. 166.) Eo other construction -of the statute would be- reason^ able.- If the word " having" therein is to be construed as relating to* the time of making the will, then the statute .would have no application to marriages subsequent .to the making of . the will. A testator at the time of making a will seldom knows the value of .the estate which he will leave. If the statute^ refers to the- family status at the time of making the will, it must refer "to his: property status at that time also; which clearly it does not. The application of the statute depends upon an inquiry with respect to the value of the estate left, and it is the reasonable construction that the word " having " should be " leaving " him surviving.
In the view we take of the construction of -the statute of 1860, it becomes unnecessary to decide the conflicting contentions of the next. of kin and the Smithsonian Institution with respect to the ownership of that part of the residuary fund which could not be bequeathed to a charitable use under the provisions of that statute if applicable .; and, with respect to the claim of the Smithsonian Institution, that if the Andrews Institute for Girls could not' take all the residue it could not take any.
The Smithsonian Institution further claims that the bequest to the Ohio corporation to be formed failed because the testator intended the bequest to vest immediately upon the death of his wife, if at all, and that since she did not survive him, it became a gift in prrnsenti at his death, and the corporation not being then in esse, the bequest failed, and the. property vested in it, under the alternative clause of the will. The trial court found that the Andrews Institute for Girls takes all the residue, and that neither the Smithsonian Institution nor the heirs or next of kin take anything. Mrs. Andrews was much younger than her husband, and doubtless he contemplated her surviving him many years. He made bountiful provision for her support during life, and then made liberal bequests to those of his relatives whom he regarded as worthy of his bounty, and intended that the residue of his property, no matter how much or how little, should be used " for the purpose of establishing an institution " in the town of Willoughby, Lake county, Ohio, upon a farm owned by his wife, and formerly owned by him, and if that should not be available, " then on other suitable premises " in said town " for the free education of girls and for their support in proper cases during education, with a special view toward rendering them self-supporting." He specified the subjects upon which instruction should be imparted to the girls, and gave directions with respect to the erection of a suitable building and maintenance of the institution, and then directed that the charter of the corporation should provide "if and'so far as may be consistent with law and practicable " that the corporation should be managed by a board of five directors, consisting of the Governor of tlie State, the memher of Congress for that district, the treasurer. of that.countyj and tlie mayor of Willoughby, and their successors in office, and his brother-in-law St. John, whose - successor should be a resident of the town selected by the Governor. The direction with- respect to the formation of the corporation was as follows: " I direct my executor and executrix as soon as practicable after my decease and during the lives of my said wife and her said brother, or the life of the longest liver of them, to procure under the laws of the State of Ohio, an incorporation, to be formed," with the powers specified. It is to be observed that it was only in the event that his primary- desire- to endow the Ohio corporation could not be lawfully accomplished" that he intended that the-bequest should go the Smithsonian Institution. The policy of the kw favors upholding charitable bequests, whether they are to be administered at home or abroad, and if to be administered abroad, the right of the foreign legatee to take will be determined by our courts before directing the, executors to turn over the fund, but under the law of the foreign jurisdiction and unaffected by Our laws, relating to accumulations and .perpetuities. (Matter of Huss, 126 N. Y. 537 ; Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 id. 282;, Hollis v. Drew Theological Seminary, 95 id. 166 ; Hope v. Brewer, 136 id. 126 ; Congregational Unitarian Soc. v. Hale, 29 App. Div. 396 ; Matter of Sturgis, 164 N. Y. 485 ; Robb v. Washington & Jefferson College, supra.) The charity'which the testator was desirous of establishing in: Ohio was commendable, and the court should not. be astute to discover legal- objections to giving effect to his intention. The will does not-, as claimed by the' counsel for the Smithsonian Institution, show that the testator did not intend that the Ohio corpdration should take if not formed before' the'death of his wife. He provided in effect that it .might be formed by the other executor and trustee, should it not be formed before her death, and he expressly provided that it should take the bequest even though she predeceased'him. There is no force in the argument that this was merely a restriction or limitation as to the period within which the corporation must be formed, or that it does not carry with it either expressly or by Implication permistión to form it after the death of his wife, His intention, thus clearly, manifested, and public policy demand that the Andrews. Institute,- which his executor caused to be incorporated pursuant to his command, and which fulfills in all respects his purpose, shall receive the bequest if consistent with the rules of law. (Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 N. Y. 282; Dammert v. Osborn, 140 id. 30.) The will is susceptible of the construction that the bequest was to vest in the corporation, if in esse, upon the death of his wife, but if not then in esse, that it was to vest in it w;hen formed by the trustee who survived his wife, and in such a case apresent bequest is not to be presumed, and if a construction that the bequest was to vest in the corporation when formed would render it valid, that construction should prevail. (Burrill v. Boardman, 43 N. Y. 258 ; Robb v. Washington & Jefferson College, supra; People v. Simonson, 126 N. Y. 299.) If we should construe the will as indicating an intent on the part of the testator that the bequest was to vest on his own death if his wife predeceased him, and on her death if she survived him, even though the corporation had not then been formed, it would, doubtless, unless sustainable under chapter 701 of the Laws of 1893, be void, since the beneficiary was not then in esse, and in that view would have been incapable of taking, and its subsequent incorporation would not avail it. (Booth v. Baptist Church, 126 N. Y. 215; White v. Howard, 46 id. 144. See, also, Murray v. Miller, No. 1, 85 App. Div. 414.) The corporation was required to be formed within two lives in being, and in the case of bequests for charitable use, the.law, without regard to whether chapter 701 of the Laws of 1893 applies or not,-permits the suspension of ownership .and the power of alienation during a period necessary to form a corporation, not exceeding two lives in being at the death of the testator, to take the bequest which in such circumstances is valid as an executory devise or bequest. (Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 29; Burrill v. Boardman, 43 id. 254; Inglis v. Trustees of Sailor's Snug Harbour, 3 Pet. 99 ; Shipman v. Rollins, 98 N. Y. 311.) In the case at bar it was impossible to form the corporation pursuant to the will before her death.
The learned counsel for the Smithsonian Institution also contends that the Andrews Institute for Girls was not legally incorporated, and, therefore, cannot take the bequest. It is not claimed that the regularity of the incorporation or organization can be questioned collaterally, as clearly it cannot; but it is insisted that the corporation may be shown to have no legal existence because incorporated in violation of the Oonstitution of that State. Owing .to the provisions with respect to the management of the corporation by a board of five, trustees, four of whom were to be officials,- it was deemed advisable to apply to tlie.Legislature'for the enactment of a . general law under which the corporation could be- formed. The. act wras passed op the 19th day of March, 1902. It contains no specific reference to this will or to the bequest to the .Ohio corpora-, tion to he formed. The title of the act, "An act. to. provide for the administration of- charitable trusts in certain cases," is general, and the act is general in terms and relates to devises and bequests for charitable uses, "or for the establishment and .maintenance of any industrial or educational school or institution to be located at any place, within this State," theretofore or thereafter made, and provides for. the formation of a corporation by the executor and officials designated in the will, referring to wills providing for the management of the corporation by a board of trustees of directors consisting jn part of officials of the State, and of the. county, municipal corporation, and member of Congress for the district" in which the charity is t,o be administered, of institution .or school is to be located. -The Andrews Institute was thereafter incorporated by filing a certificate of incorporation which does not .specify and was not required to specify the particular statute or statutes under which it was filed. Many general statutes of the State are cited from which-it is claimed authority for the incorporation exists, with the possible exception of the management-of the corporation by such officials, and this, statute of March nineteenth is relied upon as authority for thé corpoi'ation in that regard. The-contention is that the stat-' ute. is in contravention of section 1 of article 13 of the Constitution of Ohio, which provides that " the .general assembly shall pass no special act conferring corporate powers." It is quite likely that the corporation could be sustained tinder other statutes, even if the provisions of the act of March 19,1902, with respeetto the composition of the board of trustees should be declared invalid, (See Bates An. Ohio Stat. § 3235, 3236, 3238, 3726, 3727, 3734; Id. § 4015-67 et seq., p. 2279, § 1 et seq.; 53 O. L. 33, § 1 et seq.) These statutes, among other things, authorize the formation of a corporation for any purpose for which individuals may lawfully join,except for carrying on professional business, and provide for filling vacancies in the board of trustees from any cause, and for the management of schools or academies receiving bequests and devises by the Court of Common Pleas, Avliere the management is not otherwise provided for,, and for the execution of the trusts upon Avhich the property Avas bequeathed or devised. ISTor does the argument that this is a special act in violation of the Constitution seem tenable. (State ex rel. v. Spellmire, 67 Ohio St. 86.) It is exceedingly doubtful whether, in any event, Ave Avould be justified in refusing to allow the Andrews Institute to take this bequest upon the theory that it has no. corporate existence, when, so far as appears, it is recognized by the State, and no proceeding has been taken to have its charter either annulled or for feited. (State v. Gardner, 54 Ohio St. 24; Bartholomew v. Bentley, 1 id. 37; Trustees of Vernon Society v. Hills, 6 Cow. 23; Lamming v. Galusha, 81 Hun, 247; Cooley Const. Lim. [5th ed.] 311; Cook Corp. [5th ed.] § 637; Thomp. Corp. § 501; Coast Co. v. Spring Lake, 56 N. J. Eq. 615; Merrick v. Van Santvoord, 34 N. Y. 208; United States Vinegar Co. v. Schlegel, 143 id. 537.) Under the authority to determine Avhether the legatee is competent to take the legacy, we, of course, are authorized to determine the extent of the corporate authority, but the corporate existence is quite another thing. While I think the Andrews Institute Avas legally incorporated, it is at least a de facto corpora tion acting under color of laiv", and apparently recognized by the State, under Avhose.laAVS it has sprung into existence, and with little likelihood of its corporate existence being drawn in question.
The learned counsel for the heirs and next of kin claims that the testator died intestate as to the rents and income of the residuary estate, accruing between the time of his death and the date of incorporation of the Andrews Institute, and that the next of kin take such rents and income. This claim is founded upon section 51 of the Keal Property Law and section 4 of the Personal Property Law, which forbid the accumulation of rents and income respectively, except for the benefit of minors during minority, and upon section 53 of the Peal Property Law and section 2 of the Personal Property Law, Avhich respectively provide Avith respect to the accumulation of rents and income, that where there is a suspension of the •power of alienation or of ownership in consequence of a valid limitation of an expectant estate, " during the continuance of .which, the rents " ©r income " are undisposed of and no valid direction for their accumulation is given," the rents or income " shall belong to the persons presumptively entitled to- the next eventual estate."
By the 7th- clause of the will the executor and executrix were directed, " as soon as they may deem advisable, but within two years after " the decease of the testator,, to sell all' of his real estate and invest the proceeds in interest-paying securities, and he therein gave them and his trustees " power to invest and reinvest" all of his estate or any part thereof.1 The learned counsel for the heirs contends that the sole purpose of this power of sale was to" enable the'executor and executrix and trustees to execute the trust for the benefit of the widow, and that since she did not survive the testator that trust never came into existence and, therefore, there was no- equitable conversion of the real estate. He argues from this that the title to the real estate vested in the heirs, subject to be divested upon the incorporation of the educational institution as directed by the testator, and that, consequently, they would be entitled to1 the rents, issues and profits until their title became-divested. It is not essential that we should agree or disagree with the ultimate result that would flow from this process of reasoning, for we think there was an equitable con version of the real estate, but it may be observed that the Smithsonian Institution would not be without argument to show that if title did not vest in the personal representatives or trustees it vested in that institution. The rule is that if it be essential to carry, out the plan of the testator that his real estate be converted into personalty, then the real estate will be deemed converted into personalty as of .the date of his death. Here the personal representatives were directed not only to incorporate and organize the educational institution, but in effect'to turn over to it filié residuary estate in cash to enable it to purchase a site and erect a b'uilding with one-tenth thereof, and to provide for the support and maintenance of the institution with the remaining nine-tenths." This intention is quite clear, for in the 5th'clause of the will, after"giving directions with respect to the. purchase of a site and the erection of a building and "the proportion of the amount received to be used .for that purpose and the investment of the remainder, he, in pro-' viding for deferring the completion of the institution in the event that the one-tenth of the bequest should be insufficient, uses this significant language: " If when the said sum shall be received" by the said corporation." It is of course possible that the corporation might be able to take the property as it stood at the time of the death of the testator, subject to the payment of his debts and other bequests and devises, but manifestly that was not what he intended and it would have been quite impracticable. On this point I think that no significance is to be attached to the fact that, in giving this residuary estate to the corporation to be formed, the testator used the word " devise " as well as " bequeath." There was, therefore, an equitable conversion of the real estate, and the plaintiff, if not by express authority,, at least by necessarily implied authority, held the ¡property in trust to form the corporation and deliver it over in money in accordance with the wishes of the testator, -which constitutes a perfectly lawful trust as to personalty, which by the equitable conversion the residuary estate has become. The bequest was, in a sense, in trust to the Ohio corporation, but not in a strict sense which would invalidate it as contravening the statutes against perpetuities and accumulations of income and rents, because gifts in trust for charitable uses have long been deemed absolute gifts so far as the settlor or testator is concerned, in order to enable the beneficiary of a commendable endowment, bequest or devise to take. (Holland v. Alcock, 108 N. Y. 312; Matter of Griffin, 167 id. 71; Bird v. Merklee, 144 id. 544.) The scheme for the administration of the trust in this case would be valid under our laws, but its validity depends upon the law of Ohio, where it is to be administered, and it is for our courts to decide the question before turning the fund over to the beneficiary. (Robb v. Washington & Jefferson College, 103 App. Div. 327, 356, 357 ; Matter of Sturgis, 164 N. Y. 485.)
It is not contended but that the laws of Ohio authorize the execution of such a trust. The learned counsel for the heirs and next of kin, however, strenuously argues that inasmuch as this income accumulated before the property vested or could vest in the Ohio corporation, its ownership depends, on our laws ; and there is much force in that contention. However, even under our laws, we think that the Andrews Institute took this income. It is to' be observed that the testator gave no direction, either valid or invalid* for the accumulation of rents or income. It is not, therefore, a case of a void legacy. The claim seems to be that, although all bf the residuary estate .was lawfully bequeathed and devised to the Andrews Institute for'Girls, yet that as to the income and rents earned and accruing therefrom-after the death of the testator — who, being. dead, did not and could not own them—he died, intestate; It is conceded by the learned counsel for the heirs and next of kin that -if the act of 1860 does not apply, the Andrews Institute for Girls took the entire residuary estate upon its incorporation as an executory bequest or devise; but lie insists that the income and rents* when they accrued, vested in some one,, as the statutes prohibited their being accumulated and added to the principal, whether by the express or implied direction of the testator, or by his having failed to give any direction concerning them, and' that they could not vést in the foreign corporation because it was not then in being. It cannot be denied that there is force in this conténtion, and that there are decisions, although not in point on the- facts* tending to. sustain it. (See Vail v. Vail, 4 Paige, 317; Pray v. Hegeman, 92 N. Y. 508 ; Hascall v. King, 162 id. 134 ; Manice v. Manice, 43 id; 303; United States Trust Co. v. Soher, 178 id; 442; Killan v. Allen, 52 Barb. 605.) A bequest to a corporation to be formed after the death of the testator, being valid, it would seem to follow, although there appears to be no controlling precédent on the point, tljat in the absence of any direction with" respect to the income, the'testator' intended that the corporation should take the income, if any should accrue prior "to its formation, as an Increment of the principal,, and that it" should not be regarded as income within the contemplation of the. statutes regulating perpetuities and accumulations of income, and that, the executor or trustee, who is holding the property by express' or implied authority for the corporation when formed, x would be authorized also to hold the increase thereof, and that the corporation should take both, as if it had been formed as soon as the bequest cotild have, vested. (See Hendricks v. Hendricks, 3 App. Div. 604; affd., 154 N. Y. 751 ; Duncklee v. Butler, 38 App. Div. 99; Fowl. Char. Uses, Tr. & Don, 150, 151, and note.) It was essential that some period should elapse to enable the executor to form the corporation, but that might have been very short. The fact. that in this case it was unavoidably extended cannot affect the question. In the case at bar, however, I think it is immaterial whether the Andrews Institute could take this increase under the will; for if not, I am of opinion that it would take it under the statutes, as being manifestly entitled to the next eventual estate, upon the theory that the estate had not then vested in the corporation, which was not in existence; and in that view, the corporation would take the next eventual estate. (See Matter of Crossman, 113 N. Y. 503.) Within the plain meaning and intent of the statutes, it was the expectant estate which this corporation now takes, concerning which there was a valid limitation suspending the'power of alienation and the ownership, and as it is the party first taking the estate after the suspension, it necessarily is the party entitled to the next eventual estate. (See Manice v. Manice, 43 N. Y. 303, 385; United States Trust Co. v. Soher, 178 id. 442.)
The learned counsel for the plaintiff argues that the Smithsonian Institution is the party entitled to the next eventual estate, upon the theory that the statutes have reference to the party thus presumptively entitled at the time the income accrues, and that inasmuch as the Andrews Institute for Girls had not been incorporated at the time the income in question was earned, it could not at that time have been presumptively entitled to the next eventual estate. The Court of Appeals did not take that view in United States Trust Co. v. Soher (supra), and the Smithsonian Institution makes no claim to income unless it is entitled to all or part of the principal. I am of opinion that the same liberal" rule permitting such bequests to a corporation to be formed, should be extended to authorize the holding of the income, to enable the corporation when formed to, take both, upon one or the other of these theories, even though that be an exception to the general rule.
It follows that the judgment should be affirmed, with separate bills of costs to all parties separately appearing, to be paid out of the estate.
Patterson, P. J., Ingraham and Clarke, JJ., concurred.
Judgment affirmed, with separate bills of costs to all parties separately appearing, tope paid out of the estate. Settle order on notice.
See 95 O. L. 61.— [Rep.
See 3d ed.— [Rep.
Laws of 1896, chap. 547.— [Rep.
Laws of 1897, chap. 417. — [Rep.
See statutes supra, and Real Prop. Law, § 32.— [Rep.