Case Name: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Jerome MAJORANA, a/k/a James J. Majorana, Appellant
Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1982-05-07
Citations: 299 Pa. Super. 211
Docket Number: No. 628
Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Jerome MAJORANA, a/k/a James J. Majorana, Appellant.
Judges: Before CERCONE, President Judge, and PRICE, SPAETH, HESTER, CAVANAUGH, WICKERSHAM, BROSKY, WIEAND, JOHNSON, MONTEMURO, POPO-VICH, DiSALLE and SHERTZ, JJ.
Reporter: Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports
Volume: 299
Pages: 211–223

Head Matter:
445 A.2d 529
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Jerome MAJORANA, a/k/a James J. Majorana, Appellant.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued April 23, 1981.
Filed May 7, 1982.
Petition for Allowance of Appeal Granted Sept. 16, 1982.
Patrick J. Flannery, Assistant Public Defender, Wilkes-Barre, for appellant.
Joseph Giovananni, Assistant District Attorney, Wilkes-Barre, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Before CERCONE, President Judge, and PRICE, SPAETH, HESTER, CAVANAUGH, WICKERSHAM, BROSKY, WIEAND, JOHNSON, MONTEMURO, POPO-VICH, DiSALLE and SHERTZ, JJ.

Opinion:
JOHNSON, Judge:
Appellant and two co-defendants were charged with Rape, Indecent Assault, Unlawful Restraint and Criminal Conspiracy. At a jury trial appellant [hereinafter James] and one co-defendant [hereinafter Gerald] were convicted of Criminal Conspiracy and Unlawful Restraint. The third defendant [hereinafter Richard] was convicted of all four crimes.
This appeal by James is based on the assertion that the trial court erred in refusing to allow Richard to testify at the trial that he had engaged in consensual intercourse with the complainant earlier in the evening. The trial court refused to allow this testimony because the defendant had not filed a written motion and offer of proof of this evidence as he is required to do by the Rape Shield Law.
The charges arose out of an allegation by the complainant [hereinafter Carol] whose testimony at trial showed that at approximately 10:40 p. m. on a Sunday, she came out of a dance which she had attended with a girlfriend; she saw Richard standing beside a car; the other two defendants were inside the car; Richard asked her where she was going and she replied that she was looking for her girlfriend; Richard responded that the girlfriend had left; he then took her by the arm and put her in the back of the car which drove off, with James driving, Gerald in front, and Richard and Carol in the back seat. Richard then removed Carol's jeans and panties and forcibly engaged in sexual intercourse with her, while Gerald held her down. Gerald then tried to climb over the seat in order to rape her, but desisted when she pushed him away.
At about midnight, having been given back her jeans by James, Carol left the car when it pulled into the parking lot of a shopping center. She then saw another car approaching, and asked the couple inside it for help. They drove her to her home. From there she went to a hospital where she was examined. Tests were taken which indicated the presence of semen and live sperm in her vagina.
The testimony proposed by Richard, during the trial but at sidebar, and excluded by the trial court, was to the effect that Richard had in the past dated Carol and engaged in consensual intercourse with her, and in particular that earlier that same evening, at the dance, Carol had asked Richard to go for a walk, and that they had gone to a parking garage where they had engaged in consensual sexual intercourse in a waiting room. The Commonwealth objected to this testimony on the grounds that under the Rape Shield Law it was irrelevant and inadmissible, particularly in view of the defendant's failure to file a written motion pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(b).
The trial court sustained the Commonwealth's objection to any testimony about Carol's alleged prior sexual relationship with Richard. The court ruled that the defense could bring in whatever defense they had as to what happened in the car, but that they could not bring in "any evidence of specific acts of unchastity between the Defendants and the victim." In excepting to the court's ruling, the defense stated that they wanted to introduce "the fact of the intercourse as explanation as how the sperm and the semen got into the vagina."
Trial resumed. All three defendants testified. Richard testified in some detail to his alleged dates with Carol in the past. He also testified to Carol's having asked him to go for a walk at the dance and to their having gone into the parking garage. Richard testified that after leaving the garage he and Carol sat in the back seat of James' car for a while playing a tape recorder; that James then returned to the car and became annoyed at their using the tape recorder; and that after that the three defendants and Carol drove around the town and on to the highway. Richard's testimony continued to the effect that there was some animosity between James and Carol which resulted in Carol's being asked to leave the car, which she ultimately did after they had driven back into town.
The other two defendants testified to having seen Carol talk to Richard at the dance, to having seen her leave the dance with him, and then to her sitting in the back seat of James' car with Richard. All three testified that they drove around with Carol in the car until she left the car at James' request. They all denied that any sexual act occurred in the car. No evidence of any sexual activity was introduced at the trial beyond Gerald's volunteering on direct examination that his brother Richard "said that he was having sexual relations with" Carol. This statement was duly objected to by the Commonwealth, and the jury was instructed to disregard it.
Appellant's contention is that the Rape Shield Law was erroneously applied to this case. He concedes that his offer of proof as to the earlier dating and sexual relationship was objectionable as past sexual conduct excluded by the statute. However, he argues that Richard's "proffered testimony was not concerning the victim's past sexual conduct with him but her consent to his actions as to the act in question. The . . . offer was that he and the victim had gone to the United Penn Parking Lot on that evening and that is where the intercourse took place. The purpose of the testimony was not to show victim's past sexual conduct but to negate the element of force." Brief for Appellant at 9.
Thus, appellant argues on appeal that consent was in issue. A careful review of the notes of testimony belies this argument. Nowhere did any of the defendants raise the issue of consent. Their testimony was a denial of the act complained of. Their proffered testimony was of an act which occurred at a different time, in a different place, and in different circumstances from those alleged by Carol.
What Richard said occurred (in his proffered, but excluded, testimony) and what Carol said occurred are not the same event. They are two separate incidents, whether both, either, or neither in fact occurred. Richard says that at one point in the evening Carol and he went for a walk and had sexual intercourse in a parking garage. Carol says that Richard put her in the car and, while James drove the car and Gerald held her down, Richard raped her. The charges were specifically for an act in the car. The prosecution was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Carol was raped in the car. As testimony of a prior and separate incident Richard's testimony was barred by the Rape Shield Law unless the defendants placed consent at issue and filed the § 3104(b) motion.
Appellant also argues that the testimony of the parking garage incident was needed to explain the presence of the semen and live sperm in Carol's vagina. If there was semen deposited in Carol by Richard, as opposed to by a stranger, as a result of an earlier consensual sexual act, the same rule applies, that there was an alleged prior consensual act and a § 3104(b) motion was required.
If we were to adopt the argument of the appellant in this case, that the Rape Shield Law does not apply, the effect of such a decision would be that where a defendant in a rape case denies the alleged rape, but offers evidence of other recent sexual activity between himself and the complainant, that evidence would be admissible on the theory that it was not evidence of "past sexual conduct" within the meaning of the Rape Shield Law. Defendants in rape cases would be released from the constraints of the statute. Complainants would be exposed to the harassment of inquiry into their sexual behavior and to the likelihood of a jury biased against them and for the perpetrator of the alleged crime. A clear directive of the legislature would thereby be flouted.
The holding urged by appellant and by the dissenting opinion would emasculate the Rape Shield Law. The statute is a clear command of the legislature. The raison d'etre of rape shield statutes is partially to correct the manner in which our criminal justice system has approached the victim of a sexual assault. Commonwealth v. Strube, 274 Pa.Super.Ct. 199, 204, 418 A.2d 365, 367 (1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 992, 101 S.Ct. 527, 66 L.Ed.2d 288 (1980). The statute also gets rid of the covert notion that a woman who says yes once cannot then be raped. Id., 274 Pa.Super. at 205-209, 418 A.2d at 368-370.
Accordingly, we hold that Richard's proposed testimony of the consensual intercourse in the parking garage earlier on in the evening was evidence of prior sexual conduct within the meaning of the statute, and is barred. Had the defendants chosen to place consent at issue, the statute sets forth the procedure for so doing. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(b). However, as the defendants chose merely to deny the act complained of, and not to follow the statutory procedure, the statute applies in this , situation to bar the admission of this testimony altogether.
The judgment of sentence is affirmed.
MONTEMURO, J., files a dissenting opinion in which SPAETH, CAVANAUGH, WIEAND and POPOVICH, JJ., join.
DiSALLE and SHERTZ, JJ., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
. The Crimes Code, Act of December 6, 1972, P.L.1482, No. 334, § 1; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3121 (Purdon 1973).
. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126.
. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2902.
. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.
. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104, as amended by the Act of May 18, 1976, P.L.120, No. 53, § 1, provides:
§ 3104. Evidence of victim's sexual conduct
(a) General rule.—Evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim's past sexual conduct, opinion evidence of the alleged victim's past sexual conduct, and reputation evidence of the alleged victim's past sexual conduct shall not be admissible in prosecutions under this chapter except evidence of the alleged victim's past sexual conduct with the defendant where consent of the alleged victim is at issue and such evidence is otherwise admissible pursuant to the rules of evidence.
(b) Evidentiary proceedings.—A defendant who proposes to offer evidence of the alleged victim's past sexual conduct pursuant to subsection (a) shall file a written motion and offer of proof at the time of trial.
If, at the time of trial, the court determines that the motion and offer of proof are sufficient on their faces, the court shall order an in camera hearing and shall make findings on the record as to the relevance and admissibility of the proposed evidence pursuant to the standards set forth in subsection (a).
. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(b), see note 5 supra, provides that a defendant who proposes to offer evidence of the alleged victim's past sexual conduct with him must file a written motion and offer of proof at the time of trial.
. Viewed from a procedural standpoint, the statute appears to be clearly written to allow an exception only where consent of the alleged victim is at issue. The term "at issue" is generally under stood to mean the stage in the pleadings where there is affirmation on one side and denial on the other. See Black's Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition (1979) at 114. In this criminal context, the legislature has provided ample guidance as to its meaning in the use of "at issue". Subsection (b) of the Rape Shield Law expressly requires firstly that a defendant—in order to gain use of the narrow exception governing introduction of past sexual conduct—must file a written motion and offer of proof, and secondly the court must determine that the written motion and offer of proof are sufficient on their faces. Only after such submission and preliminary review by the court is the question of consent of the alleged victim at issue.
The exception to the bar of the Rape Shield Law is evidence of the "victim's past sexual conduct with the defendant." There is no allegation of Carol's past sexual conduct with James Majorana. He is therefore not "the defendant" referred to in that part of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(a). But we do not here consider whether James may therefore escape the bar of the Rape Shield Law. Richard Nichol, who is "the defendant" who sought to testify as to Carol's past sexual conduct with himself, did not comply with 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(b).
. The statute excludes testimony sought to be introduced for that purpose. See Commonwealth v. Duncan, 279 Pa.Super.Ct. 395, 421 A.2d 257 (1980), where this court held that a statutory rape victim's prior sexual conduct was not admissible to show her bias against the defendant.
In the case before us, defense counsel cross-examined the expert medical witnesses as to how long sperm could live. They testified that sperm could live up to six or eight hours. The jury could then draw whatever inferences were suggested by this testimony; for example, that she was not raped as she claimed, and that the sperm came from another sexual act that evening.
. Commentators have raised the question of the need to explain the presence of semen (or venereal disease or pregnancy) in an alleged rape victim where the defendant, denying the charge, claims that this was the result of the victim's sexual activity with another man. See Tanford & Bocchino, Rape Victim Shield Laws and the Sixth Amendment, 128 U.Pa.L.Rev. 544, 584-85 (1980); Berger, Man's Trial, Woman's Tribulation: Rape Cases in the Courtroom, 77 Colum.L. Rev. 1, 57-58 (1977); Rudstein, Rape Shield Laws: Some Constitutional Problems, 18 Wm. & Mary L.Rev. 1, 39 (1976); Note, Indiana's Rape Shield Law: Conflict with the Confrontation Clause? 9 Ind.L. Rev. 418 (1976).
. In situations such as that presented by this case, the procedure should be to file the § 3104(b) motion, even though the type of situation which immediately jumps to mind as being covered by the statute is that where a defendant concedes that the sexual act complained of did in fact occur, but insists, contrary to the allegation of the complaining witness, that the act was consensual. The fact that the complaining witness had previously consented to past sexual conduct with the defendant was what would have made him think she consented on the occasion in question.
. See Tanford & Bocchino, Rape Victim Shield Laws and the Sixth Amendment, 128 U.Pa.L.Rev. 544 (1980); Rudstein, Rape Shield Laws: Some Constitutional Problems, 18 Wm. & Mary L.Rev. 1 (1976); Note, The Victim in a Forcible Rape Case: A Feminist View, 11 Am.Crim.L.Rev. 335 (1973).