Case Name: Marcy against Kinney and others
Court: Connecticut Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Connecticut
Decision Date: 1832-08
Citations: 9 Conn. 402
Docket Number: 
Parties: Marcy against Kinney and others.
Judges: The other Judges were of the same opinion, except Bissui.i,, J., who was absent.
Reporter: Connecticut Reports
Volume: 9
Pages: 402–408

Head Matter:
Marcy against Kinney and others.
The naked fact, that more land, and much more, as estimated, was levied upon and appraised, than was set off on the execution, without a re-ap. praisement of the specific land set off, is not sufficient to render the levy invalid.
Therefore, where the officer levied the execution on a tract of land, particularly described, containing, by estimation, 120 acres ; the appraisers appraised said land at 7 dollars, 87 cents, per acre ; and the officer thereupon set off to the creditor 47 acres and 90 rods thereof, particularly described; it was held, that these proceedings, unaccompanied with any proof of unfairness or inequality, were not illegal.
Where B. and C., defendants in ejectment, claimed title under an absolute deed from A., their father and a co-deíendant ; the plaintiff, claiming that such deed was fraudulent and void, introduced evidence conducing to prove, that -4. had become insolvent when ho executed it, that no money was paid or security given as the consideration, and that the grantor deelar. ed, that he gave it to his sons for a certain note which they had executed with him, as his sureties, to D.; and then the plaintiff offered evideuce’to shew, that D. had, subsequently to the execution of the deed, obtained satisfaction of this note, by the levy of an execution on A’s land, and thus B. and C., the sureties, were discharged ; after a verdict for the plaintiff, it was held, that tho latter evidence, if not admissible, in connexion with the former, to prove fraud, tended to shew, that the defendants B. and C. had suffered nothing and could suffer nothing, by their suretyship ; and as they had had all the advantage from the deed that they could be entitled to, a new trial ought not to be granted, on account of the admis-' sion of such evidence.
This was an action of ejectment, brought by Calvin Marcy against Eleazer Kinney and hisjwo sons, Paul and Elijah Kinney.
The cause was tried, on the general issue, at Tolland, Oc-⅛ tober term, 1831, before Hosmer, Ch. J.
The plaintiff claimed title by the levy of an execution in his favour against Eleazer Kinney, one of the defendants ; and offered in evidence the judgment and execution, with the officer’s return thereon. The defendants objected to the admission of this evidence, on the ground that the levy was void on its face.
It appeared, that the appraisers appraised the whole farm, of which the land set off was a part only, at 7 dollars, 87 cents, per acre, and did not appraise the land set off separately, but applied the general appraisal of the whole to the specific part set off.
The officer’s return was as follows : “ By direction of the creditor herein, I levied this execution on a certain piece of land, whereof the said debtor was seised and possessed in fee, lying about half a mile North of Union meeting-house, containing, Dy estimation, 120 acres, bounded, &c. ; and thereupon, I applied to Calvin Marcy, the within named creditor, who appointed William Eaton ; and I also applied to Eleazer Kinney, the within named debtor, who appointed Paine Cleaveland ; and the said creditor and debtor refused and neglected to agree on the third person, whereupon I ap-lied to Augustus Moore, Esq., justice of the peace for Tolland county, residing in said town of Union, and by law qualified to judge between the parties, who designated and appointed Nathaniel Newell, — all indifferent freeholders of said town of Union, — to appraise and value said land ; and the said Augustus Moore, justice of the peace, on the 9th of March 1831, administered to the said William Eaton, Paine Cleaveland, and Nathaniel Newell the oath by law in such case provided; and said appraisers, after viewing said land, did then and there appraise and estimate said land at the sum of 7 dollars and 87 cents per acre, as its true and just value, of which valuation they made a certificate under their hands in writing, and delivered the same to me ; and thereupon, on the 10th day of March 1831,1 set off to the said Calvin Marcy 47 acres and 90 rods thereof, bounded and described as follows, &c. in full satisfaction of this execution and of my fees and charges thereon ; and on the 18th day of March 1831, I caused this execution to be recorded in the records of lands of the town of Union, within which said land lies,”
Justice Moore, in his certificate, appended to the return, gtate(^ that he appointed Newell an appraiser with the other appraisers, “ to appraise and estimate the land above described,” and administered to them the oath by law provided.
The certificate of the the appraisers, also appended to the return, was as follows : “ The subscribers, freeholders of the town of Union, having been appointed and sworn as above specified, to appraise the above described piece of land, tobe set off on said execution, did appraise the same at the sum of 7 dollars and 87 cents, per acre, as the true and just value thereof.” This certificate was dated March 9th, 1831.
The court admitted the evidence objected to, on the ground, that construing the whole of the return with the appended certificates, it sufficiently appeared, that the land set off was by itself distinctly appraised.
The defendants, Paul and Elijah Kinney, claimed title to the land in question, by an absolute deed, executed by then-father Eleazer Kinney, before the levy of the above mentioned execution. The plaintiff claimed, that such deed was fraudulent and void ; and introduced evidence conducing to prove, that the grantor had become insolvent, when he executed it; that no money was paid or security given as the consideration thereof; and that the grantor declared, that he gave it to his sons for a certain note, which they had executed with him, as his sureties, to Michael Richmond. To shew, that the grantor was not indebted to his sons, the plaintiff offered in evidence, an execution, issued on a judgment obtained on the same note, with the levy thereof on part of the land described in the deed, posterior to the execution of the deed. To the admission of this evidence the defendants objected, on the ground that it did not conduce to prove the deed fraudulent. The court admitted such evidence, for the purpose for which it was offered.
The .plaintiff obtained a verdict ; and the defendants moved for a new trial.
Steams and Strong, in support of the motion, contended,
1. That the levy of the plaintiff's* execution was not according to law. In the first place, the specific piece of land set off •must be appraised by itself, and not in connexion with other land, which may be more or less valuable. Secondly, it ap- ⅜ pears from the officer’s return, that the land appraised at 7 ¡dollars, ⅜7 cents, per acre, was the land levied on ; and I was a farm of 120 acres. Thirdly, the certificate of the | appraisers refers to the land levied on, and not the land set | oil’: for the appraisal was made and the certificate dated | before the setting off. Fourthly, the certificate of the apprais-¡1 ers is not a part of the officer’s return ; not having been ;j adopted by him, either by incorporating it in his return, or by j| referring to it, as a part of the proceedings.
⅜ :: 2. That the evidence offered by the plaintiff relative to ■ the satisfaction of the Richmond debt, did not affect the valid- ■ ity of the deed given by Eleazer Kinney to his sons. It did ■ not conduce to shew fraud in the concoction ; without which, -i! the title of the grantees must prevail at law. It would tend if to prejudice the minds of the jury, where it could have no ■legitimate effect.
I Goddard and Fitch, contra, contended,
1. That the levy jtwas valid. The statute requires a levy, an appraisment and 1 a setting off; but it does not prescribe the precise manner in Srwhich these steps are to be taken ; and the order of them is determinable only ex natura rei. The officer must first I levy on the land, or sequestrate it as the subject of proceedings under the execution ; but he cannot know how much will be wanted ; for this depends upon its value. The ap-i praisers then ascertain its value ; which is the whole of their duty. This, with the amount of the debt already in the officer’s possession, furnishes him with the requisite data ; and he proceeds to set off enough to satisfy the execution. In ■ doing this, it will be presumed that he acts fairly, until the eon- : trary is shewn. The proper corrective of possible fraud or oppression, is an investigation of the facts by a jury ; which I may always be had. Benjamin & al. v. Hathaway, 3 Conn. Rep• 529. 534. Bill v. Pratt, 5 Conn. Rep. 123. It ap-j pears, then, in the first place, from the body of the officer’s | return, that the levy was valid.
I But secondly, taking the certificate of the appraisers an- ] nexed to the return, as a part of the return, according to the ] doctrine of Booth v Booth, 7 Conn. Rep. 350. 3GG. it appears, 1 that the judgment of the appraisers was expended upon the I precise parcel of land set off. What they appraised was,
“ The above described piece of land, [¾. e. the land last de scribe(j ¡n the returnjj to b3 set off on said execution.” This removes the very foundation of the objection.
2. That the evidence of fraud offered by the plaintiff, \va: properly admitted. It went to shew, that there was not, h fact, any consideration ; and that the pretended consideratior utterly failed.
But whether the evidence in question was strictly admissi ble or not, a new trial will not be granted ; for the grantees of the deed have paid nothing, and now are liable to paj nothing.

Opinion:
Williams, J.
Had the defendants, Paul and Elijah Kin ney, taken a mortgage to secure themselves against their liabil ity, as they should have done, the payment of the debt, by thi levy upon the land, would have discharged their claim : ant they ought not to be in a better situation, by taking an absoluti deed, than if it had been conditional. The very fact, that tin deed was absolute, when it was uncertain whether they woult ever pay the debt for which it was given, was strong evidence that the deed was fraudulent. It was an absolute deed, iron a father to his sons, on.the eve of an avowed insolvency, with out any security from them, that they would pay the debt and the debt was finally paid, by part of this very land. Tb evidence admitted, certainly, tended to shew, that as the de fendants, Paul and Elijah, had suffered nothing, they couli suffer nothing in consequence of this suretyship ; and unde the circumstances, they have had all the advantages from thi deed, they could be entitled to ; and ought not, therefore, t have a new trial, on that account.
The defendants also claim, that the plaintiff has no title, hi levy being void ; and they claim it is invalid, because the off cer in his return, avers, that he levied upon a farm estimated a 120 acres, which was appraised at 7 dollars, 87 cents, an acre of which he sets off 47 acres and 90 rods in satisfaction of th execution ; and that it does not appear, that this 47 acres wa appraised, except as it was included in the general appraise ment of the farm.
The statute makes it the duty of the officer to levy upon th lands, tenements, or real estate of the debtor; and that th same shall be appraised according to its true value; and the o licor, thereupon, shall set out so much of the lands as may be . . ' . , , , . , Sufficient, at the appraisement, to pay the debt and charges, Sufficient; if not, so much as there may be. The officer has fiere pursued the very words of the statute ; but it is claimed, that he has not pursued it according to its intent; that h,e has levied upon much more land, than was necessary to satisfy the execution ; much more than he set off.
It must be observed, that we have no facts to shew7 what Was the quantity of land in the farm. We know that it was estimated at J20 acres; but when we are called upon to declare a levy void, because too much was levied upon to present the appraisers, we ought to have something more than an estimate of the quantity, although that estimate was made by the officer himself. Here is an utter uncertainty, what number of acres the farm contained. Bui it does appear, from the whole return, that there was more levied upon than was set off to satisfy the execution ; as the return shews, that 47 acres and 90 rods thereof, were set off to satisfy said execution.
The question then occurs, is the naked fact, that more, much more, as estimated, was levied upon and appraised, than was set off, sufficient to render the levy invalid, unless it appears That there was a re-appraisement of the particular land set off.
I am not prepared for that result. If it is said, that more may render the levy void, I ask, how much more ? Will one acre, or ten, or twenty ? Can any certain rule be established, by which we are to measure the quantity of land lhat the officer must levy upon and have appraised ? It could not be expected he could take the exact quantity, any moré an he could take the exact quantity of goods; unless he uld be supposed to know the appraisers' opinion beforehand, hat then -was his duty ? He is, in this case, as in case of a ;vy upon personal property, to conduct fairly, with a due re-rd to the rights of the debtor, and the convenience of the creditor ; keeping in mind, that the motives which influenced him, and the tendency of his conduct, may all be in vestigated, by a jury of his country.
This was the principle adopted in Benjamin k al. v. Hathaway, 3 Conn. Rep. 528. 533. and is the only practicable restriction upon certain discretionary powers, which must somimes necessarily be vested in an executive officer.
It is asked, is it to be presumed, that each acre of a farm containing 120 acres, is of equal value : and it is said, unless it , , . 1 . "rl ' . . " so, this cannot be a fair transaction. When an appraisal oi a quantity of land is made with a view of setting off a part, unless the several acres are nearly of equal value, this may not be a fair mode of appraisal. But when the quantity is unknown, except by estimation, and the farm is appraised at a certain sum by the acre, in the absence of all proof to the contrary, it may fairly be presumed, that the average value pe|f acre of the whole, is also the average value of one half, oi even of one third.
If there is disparity in the value, this may be shewn, fori he purpose of shewing the object of the officer or creditor; and iff it could be shown, that gross injustice was done to the debi.ur, or that the object was, by the forms of proceedings, to gain an undue advantage, such an experiment would never be sanctioned by intelligent men. But it would be too much, to i- .\, that the levy was void, from the mere fact, that the quantity? levied upon, and appraised by the acre, was greater than that? set off.
The proper way, doubtless, is, for the officer to levy upon what he supposes enough to satisfy the execution — the whole? tract, or less ; to get the opinion of the appraisers ; then, if it is more than he needs, levy on so much, as, in the opinion of the appraisers, will satisfy the execution ; make his return according to the last levy, and let their certificate correspond with that return. From the whole of this return, I think, that was done here; but as that is somewhat doubtful, I have formed my opinion upon the case, as claimed by the. defendants ; and I think, that admitting the return to be what the defendants ; claim it to be, an appraisement of the whole farm, that simple ? fact, unaccompanied with any proof of inequality or unfairness, is not sufficient to render the levy void; and therefore, 1 would advise that there be no new trial.
The other Judges were of the same opinion, except Bissui.i,, J., who was absent.
New trial not to be granted.