Case Name: ABERRY COAL, INCORPORATED; Arrowpoint Capital Inc., c/o Underwriters Safety & Claims, Petitioners, v. Joseph FLEMING; Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, United States Department of Labor. Respondents
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2017-01-24
Citations: 847 F.3d 310
Docket Number: No. 15-3999
Parties: ABERRY COAL, INCORPORATED; Arrowpoint Capital Inc., c/o Underwriters Safety & Claims, Petitioners, v. Joseph FLEMING; Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, United States Department of Labor. Respondents.
Judges: Before: BATCHELDER and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and LEVY, District Judge.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 847
Pages: 310–316

Head Matter:
ABERRY COAL, INCORPORATED; Arrowpoint Capital Inc., c/o Underwriters Safety & Claims, Petitioners, v. Joseph FLEMING; Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, United States Department of Labor. Respondents.
No. 15-3999
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Decided and Filed: January 24, 2017
John Randolph Sigmond, Nathaniel Dale Moore, Penn Stuart, Bristol, TN, for Petitioners.
Joseph E. Wolfe, Wolfe, Williams, Rutherford & Reynolds, Norton, VA, Evan Barret Smith, Appalachian Citizens’ Law Center, Whitesburg, KY, for Respondent JOSEPH FLEMING.
Barry H. Joyner, Helen H. Cox, Gary K Stearman, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, Rebecca Jayne Fiebig, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, Division of Black Lung & Long-shore Legal Services, Rita Ann Roppolo, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC, MacKenzie Fillow, City of New York Law Department — Appeals, New York, NY, for Respondent DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION PROGRAMS.
COUNSEL ON BRIEF: John R. Sig-mond, Nathaniel Dale Moore, PENN, STUART & ESKRIDGE, Bristol, Virginia, for Petitioners. Joseph Wolfe, WOLFE WILLIAMS & REYNOLDS, Norton, Virginia, for Respondent Fleming.
Before: BATCHELDER and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and LEVY, District Judge.
The Honorable Judith E. Levy, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
AMENDED OPINION
JUDITH E. LEVY, District Judge.
Under the Black Lung Benefits Act ("BLBA"), an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") must determine, using a reasonable method of calculation and based on substantial evidence, how long a coal worker was employed in coal-mine work. If the length of employment was more than fifteen years, the worker is entitled to a presumption of total disability under the BLBA. The ALJ who heard Joseph Fleming's claim determined that Fleming established over sixteen years of coal-mine employment, and was entitled to that presumption. The Benefits Review Board of the Department of Labor ("the Benefits Review Board") affirmed that determination, and awarded Fleming BLBA benefits.
The evidence presented at the hearing, however, did not and could not have established that Fleming had over sixteen years of coal-mine employment, or even the fifteen necessary for the presumption of total disability. Accordingly, we vacate the Board's award of benefits, and remand for rehearing consistent with this opinion.
I. Background
Fleming, like many coal workers, had a sporadic work history in the coal industry. Between 1970 and 1991, Fleming worked for twenty-five different coal-mine employers. (App. at 781-82.) On July 19, 2010, Fleming filed an application for BLBA benefits. (Id. at 706.) On September 20, 2011, the Department of Labor's Office of Workers' Compensation issued findings of fact and conclusions of law determining that Fleming was employed as a coal miner for nine and one-quarter years between 1970 and 1991, and that he had contracted pneumoconiosis as a result of his coal-mine employment. (Id. at 374.) Aberry Coal was designated as the coal-mine operator responsible for payment of benefits. (Id.)
On October 11, 2011, Aberry Coal requested a formal hearing in front of an ALJ. The hearing was held on October 16, 2012, and the ALJ issued a Decision and Order awarding benefits on January 24, 2013, (Id. at 706-14.) In that order, the ALJ dedicated two pages to an analysis of the length of Fleming's coal-mine employment. (Id. at 708-10.) The ALJ determined that there were "at most 16 different years in which claimant could have worked as a coal miner (1970 through 1991 minus four years due to injury minus 1 year in Florida)." (Id. at 708.)
The ALJ then compared Fleming's Social Security Earnings Record ("SSER") to the daily average earnings of coal miners for each year Fleming worked, as provided by the Bureau,of Labor Statistics, to determine how many weeks Fleming worked each year. (Id. at 709.) The ALJ deter mined that Fleming could show he had worked 273.50 weeks in the coal-mining industry between 1970 and 1991, or about 5.25 years. (Id.) The ALJ then determined that Fleming was credible and established that he had either been paid under the table or without proper records having been kept during his career. (Id. at 710.) Based on that determination, the ALJ found that Fleming engaged in coal-mine employment "for at least 15 years." (Id.) This entitled Fleming to the presumption of total disability under the BLBA, 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4), and the ALJ determined that Fleming was owed benefits dating from July 2010. (Id. at 710, 713.)
On December 17, 2013, the Benefits Review Board, which has appellate jurisdiction over ALJ decisions, reversed and remanded the Decision and Order to "reconsider whether [Fleming] has established fifteen years of underground coalmine employment sufficient to invoke the [BLBA total disability] presumption." (Id. at 746.) The Benefits Review Board determined that the ALJ had neither explained how he resolved the conflict between Fleming's "not [being] a good historian" and the ALJ's crediting of Fleming's testimony, nor resolved the conflicting evidence regarding the years in which Fleming engaged in coal-mine • employment. (Id.)
On May 19, 2014, following additional comments from Aberry and Fleming, the ALJ issued a second Decision and Order again awarding benefits to Fleming. (Id. at 780-86.) That Decision and Order again found that Fleming worked more than fifteen years in coal-mine employment. (Id. at 785.) Fleming's employment was based on records that he worked for the following employers during the following time periods between 1970 and 1991:
Employer Dates of Employment
Peem Coal Co. 1970
Clark Super 100 1970
Chevron USA Inc. 1970
High Point Coal Company 1971
Archer & Club Coal Co. Inc. 1971
POM Corp 1971-72
Brownlee-Kesterton Inc. 1972
Atlantic Gulf Communities Corp. 1972-73
Atlantic Condominiums Inc. 1972
Officemax Incorporated 1972
William H. Hensick & Sons Inc. 1973 •
A&E Coal Co. 1973
Governor Elkhoms Coal Company Inc. 1973
Scotia Coal Co. 1974-77
Scotia Employees Association 1975, 1977
Elkhorn & Jellico Coal Co Inc. 1978
Branham & Baker Coal Co. Inc. 1978
Johnson & Sons Coal Co. Inc. 1978
Ancoal Mining Corporation 1979
Action Enterprises Inc. 1979-80
Paramount Mining Corporation 1980
Sullivan Brothers Inc. 1980
Everidge & Nease Coal Co. Inc. 1985
Uniforce Staffing Services Inc. 1987
UNF Services Inc. 1988
Wampler Brothers Coal Co. Inc. 1988-89
Aberry Coal Inc. 1989-91
(Id. at 781.)
The ALJ determined that Fleming should receive no credit for coal-mine employment in 1972, because Fleming showed no earnings from coal-mine employment that year. (Id. at 782 n.1.) Fleming also showed no employment between 1981 and 1984, or in 1986. Fleming's work in 1987 was also not coal-mine employment. Accordingly, he showed no coal-mine related employment during six of the twenty-two years between the beginning of 1970 and end of 1991.
Despite earning only $72 in 1970, the ALJ credited Fleming with a full year of coal-mine employment at Peem Coal Co. based on Fleming's testimony that he knew he "was there close to a year." (Id. at 781.) For 1971, the ALJ credited Fleming with a year of employment at High Point Coal Co., despite earning only $57.50 that year, again based on Fleming's testimony that he "worked there almost a year." (Id. at 781-82.) The ALJ credited Fleming with a second year of employment in 1971 at Archer & Club Coal Co., despite Fleming's having earned only $200 that year, based on Fleming's testimony that he "worked there for about a year, maybe longer." (Id. at 782.) The ALJ next credited Fleming with a year of employment in 1971 and 1972 at the POM Corp. (erroneously called T.O.M. Corp.) based on Fleming's testimony. (Id.) The ALJ then credited Fleming with a year of work at various employers in 1973 and with a year of work in 1974 for his work for the Scotia Employees Association. (Id.) We assume that the ALJ meant Scotia Coal Co., where Fleming worked in 1974, and not Scotia Employees Association, where Fleming worked in 1975. In all, despite having found that Fleming had no coal-mine employment in 1972, the ALJ credited him with five years of work in the five-year period between 1970 and 1974.
The ALJ credited Fleming with three years of employment at Scotia Employees Associates from 1975 to 1977, despite his not working at Scotia Employees Associates in 1976. (Id. at 783.) Again, we will assume the ALJ meant to refer to Scotia Coal Co., where Fleming worked in 1976. (Id. at 781.) The ALJ credited Fleming with two and one-half years of employment between 1978 and 1980, (id. at 783), and with three years of employment in 1985, 1988, and 1989 for his work at Everidge & Nease Coal Co. Inc. and Wampler Bros. Coal Co. Inc. (Id.) Finally, the ALJ credited Fleming with an additional year of work in 1989 for his work at Aberry, along with another two years of work in 1990 and 1991. (Id.) This gave Fleming an additional eleven and one-half years of coalmine employment, for a total of sixteen and one-half years. The ALJ determined that Fleming qualified for the fifteen-year service presumption under the BLBA, and awarded benefits. (Id. at 785.)
On July 31, 2015, the Benefits Review Board affirmed the ALJ's decision. (Id. at 1-18.)
II. Analysis
"This court's role in reviewing an ALJ's decision is limited to determining whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's conclusions." Jericol Mining, Inc. v. Napier, 301 F.3d 703, 708 (6th Cir. 2002). "In deciding whether the substantial evidence requirement is satisfied, we consider whether the administrative law judge adequately explained the reasons for crediting certain testimony and evidence over other evidence in the record in deciding either to award or deny benefits." Peabody Coal Co. v. Hill, 123 F.3d 412, 415 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing Director, OWCP v. Congleton, 743 F.2d 428, 430 (6th Cir. 1984)). The BIA was required by statute to affirm the ALJ's Decision and Order if the findings are "supported by substantial evidence in the record considered as a whole." 33 U.S.C. § 921.
A claimant is entitled to a presumption that he is totally disabled under the BLBA if he can show that he had fifteen years of coal-mine employment. 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4). As Administrative Appeals Judge Boggs stated in her dissenting opinion, "the administrative law judge did not make a determination regarding the specific starting and ending dates for various employers, or reconcile employment time periods in instances where the dates are overlapping, or explain how he calculated partial years of employment." The ALJ's opinion is so inexact that it makes impossible any attempt to understand for which years he credited Fleming with one year of coal-mine employment.
The regulations are clear about the number of days required to comprise a year of coalmine employment:
(32) Year means a period of one calendar year (365 days, or 366 days if one of the days is February 29), or partial periods totaling one year, during which the miner worked in or around a coal mine or mines for at least 125 "working days."
(i) If the evidence establishes that the miner worked in or around coal mines at least 125 working days during a calendar year or partial periods totaling one year, then the miner has worked one year in coal mine employment for all purposes under the Act.... Proof that the miner worked more than 125 working days in a calendar year or partial periods totaling a year, does not establish more than one year.
20 C.F.R. § 725.101(32). The ALJ, however, made no mention of these requirements. For instance, with regard to the years 1970 thru 1974, the ALJ stated:
Claimant testified regarding each of these employers. He said he worked for Peem Coal Company in 1970 and stated T know I was there close to a year.' The earnings record shows Claimant only earned $72.00 in 1970. Claimant next testified he worked for High Point Coal Company in 1971. Claimant only earned $57.50 according to the earnings record although he testified he 'worked there almost a year.' Claimant was asked about his coal mine employment with Archer and Club Coal Company where earnings records indicated he only made $200.00. However, Claimant testified: T worked there for about a year, maybe longer.' Next, - Claimant was asked about the records which showed earnings from T.O.M. [sic] Corporation in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Claimant testified his work was not in Ann Arbor, but the Corporation in Ann Arbor was the parent corporation of Eastern Kentucky Coal Company. Claimant's earnings from this corporation establish at least one year of employment. Claimant's testimony of working with Brownley Ketterson, Inc. A & E Coal Company, and Governor Elk-horn's along with his earnings record establishes one year of Employment during this period. Claimant's Employment with .Scotia Employees Association in 1974 brings his total to five years of employment.
And even though this was the ALJ's second attempt at calculating Fleming's coal-mine employment, the ALJ gave virtually no explanation or reason for his crediting Fleming with five years of coalmine employment during this period. It even appears that the ALJ credited Fleming with two years of coal-mine employment for 1971 based on his testimony that he worked for "almost a year" at High 'Point in 1971, and "about a year, maybe longer" at Archer Club Coal, also in 1971. But the regulation clearly prohibits that. 20 C.F.R. § 725.101(32)(i). ("Proof that the miner worked more than 125 working days in a calendar year or partial periods totaling a year, does not establish more than one year."). Further, as Judge Boggs's dissent pointed out, while the ALJ stated that he accepted Fleming's testimony, "he did not adequately explain how he resolved the discrepancy between claimant's testimony that claimant worked five years of coal mine employment during the period from 1970 to 1974 with claimant's testimony, as supported by the SSA earnings records, that he worked in construction in Florida for one year during the same period of time."
The ALJ also erred by crediting Fleming with two years of coal-mine employment for 1989. Here, the ALJ gave Fleming credit for six years of coal-mine employment in a period of five years, stating "[c]laimant's earnings with Everidge & Neece [sic] Coal [1985] and Wampler [1988 and 1989] establish an additional three years and his Employment with Aberry Coal from 1989 through 1991 establish another three years of employment."
The ALJ based his decision almost entirely on Fleming's testimony, which at many points either conflicted with or was unsupported by the Social Security Earnings Reports, and the ALJ merely mentioned — but did not address — Aberry Coal's arguments against his calculations. At no point in the. ALJ's Decision and Order did he make any attempt to show how , Fleming'accrued at least 125 days of coal-mine employment in any of the questionable years.
We reverse the Benefits Review Board's order for the reasons laid out in Judge Boggs's thorough dissent, and remand for further proceedings consistent therewith.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the award of benefits by the Benefits Review Board and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.