Case Name: FARLEIGH v. AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION, LOCAL 1251
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1993-05-17
Citations: 199 Mich. App. 631
Docket Number: Docket No. 142305
Parties: FARLEIGH v AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION, LOCAL 1251
Judges: Before: Taylor, P.J., and Sawyer and Murphy, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 199
Pages: 631–637

Head Matter:
FARLEIGH v AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION, LOCAL 1251
Docket No. 142305.
Submitted February 2, 1993, at Grand Rapids.
Decided May 17, 1993, at 9:20 a.m.
Leave to appeal sought.
Rachel A. Farleigh brought an action in the Calhoun Circuit Court against Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 1251, and others, alleging that the union had excluded her from membership in retaliation for her filing a sexual harassment action against a union leader. A mediation panel issued an evaluation of $10,000 in the plaintiffs favor, which the defendants accepted and the plaintiff rejected. A summary jury trial pursuant to Administrative Order No. 1988-2 resulted in an advisory verdict of no cause of action. The court, James C. Kingsley, J., granted the defendants’ motion for security for costs, ordering the plaintiff to post a surety bond in an amount equal to the costs incurred by the defendants after the plaintiffs rejection of the mediation evaluation. The court subsequently dismissed the action after the plaintiff failed to post the bond. The plaintiff appealed.
The Court of Appeals held:
The decision to require a party to post a surety bond for the opposing party’s costs under MCR 2.109 rests within the discretion of the trial court. Security should be required only where there is a substantial reason for it. The assertion of groundless allegations or a tenuous legal theory of liability may provide sufficient reason for ordering the posting of security.
In view of the lack of merit in the plaintiffs claim, as demonstrated by the advisory verdict of no cause of action, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the plaintiff to post a surety bond for the defendants’ costs and in dismissing the action upon the plaintiffs failure to post a bond.
Affirmed.
Murphy, J., concurring, stated that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering security for costs or in dismissing the action, in light of the mediation evaluation, the out come of the summary jury trial, and the apparent lack of merit in the plaintiffs claim.
References
Am Jur 2d, Costs §§ 37-40.
See ALR Index under Costs of Actions.
Costs — Surety Bonds — Summary Jury Trials.
An advisory verdict of no cause of action in a summary jury trial may serve as a substantial reason for a trial court, in its exercise of discretion, to order the plaintiff to post a surety bond for the defendant’s costs (MCR 2.109; Administrative Order No. 1988-2).
Theodore P. Hentchel, for the plaintiff.
Mark H. Cousens, for the defendants.
Before: Taylor, P.J., and Sawyer and Murphy, JJ.

Opinion:
Taylor, P.J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right a Calhoun Circuit Court order dismissing her complaint for her failure to comply with an order directing her to post a $15,000 surety bond as security for costs. We affirm.
Plaintiff filed suit alleging that defendant union excluded her from membership in retaliation for her filing a sexual harassment suit against a union leader. The case was mediated and evaluated at $10,000 in plaintiff's favor, which plaintiff rejected and defendants accepted. Subsequently, the parties agreed- to a summary jury trial pursuant to Administrative Order No. 1988-2, 430 Mich xcv. When the jury returned an advisory verdict of no cause of action, defendants moved pursuant to MCR 2.109 for $45,000 security for costs and mediation sanctions for which plaintiff would become liable if a full-scale jury trial was conducted and the jury failed to return a verdict in the amount of at least $11,000 in plaintiffs favor. The trial court ordered plaintiff to post a surety bond in the amount of $15,000, which reflected defendants' attorney fees incurred after plaintiff's rejection of mediation. However, plaintiff did not post the security, and her case was dismissed.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering her to post the $15,000 bond and in dismissing her case when she could not post it. We disagree with both parts of her claim for the following reasons.
MCR 2.109(A), concerning security for costs, provides in pertinent part:
On motion of a party against whom a claim has been asserted in a civil action, if it appears reasonable and proper, the court may order the opposing party to file with the court clerk a bond with surety as required by the court in an amount sufficient to cover all costs and other recoverable expenses that may be awarded by the trial court. . . . The court shall determine the amount in its discretion.
However, under MCR 2.109(C)(1), subrule A does not apply and the court may allow a party to proceed without furnishing security for costs
if the party's pleading states a legitimate claim and the party shows by affidavit that he or she is financially unable to furnish a security bond.
It is within a trial court's discretion to order security, and we will not reverse unless the imposition of security is an abuse of that discretion. Dunn v Emergency Physicians Medical Group, PC, 189 Mich App 519, 522; 473 NW2d 762 (1991); Hall v Harmony Hills Recreation, Inc, 186 Mich App 265, 270; 463 NW2d 254 (1990). This Court has held that security should not be required unless there is a substantial reason for doing so. While a plaintiff's poverty alone is not a substantial reason to order security, the assertion of a tenuous legal theory of liability may constitute a substantial reason. Hall, supra, p 270, and cases cited therein. Further,
[a]n order to post security for costs can also be appropriate where there is good reason to believe that a party's allegations, although they cannot be summarily dismissed under MCR 2.116, are nonetheless groundless and unwarranted. [Wells v Fruehauf Corp, 170 Mich App 326, 335; 428 NW2d 1 (1988).]
There was substantial reason for requiring security for costs in this case. The expanded summary jury trial proceedings gave six impartial jurors the opportunity to hear plaintiff's case, and those jurors lost no time in returning a no-cause verdict. Therefore, although it does not appear that plaintiff's complaint is based on a tenuous legal theory of liability, a jury passed on the merits of plaintiff's cause of action and specifically found that plaintiff's suit was factually meritless.
In Hall, this Court adopted certain passages from Gaffier v St Johns Hosp, 68 Mich App 474; 243 NW2d 20 (1976), as "the correct statement of how discretion should be exercised under the present version of the rule." Hall, supra, p 272. Those excerpted passages are:
If the trial court believes that a Rule 109 bond would be proper absent plaintiffs poverty, he must then assess the indigent plaintiffs financial ability to post bond. In this regard, the rule attempts to balance the right of a poor plaintiff to seek justice with the need of a defendant to have an opportunity for security. In our view, the rule establishes a strong preference for waiver of the bond where the indigent plaintiffs pleadings show a "meritorious claim" — i.e., a legitimate cause of action. In cases where the indigent plaintiffs pleadings show a tenuous legal theory, the plaintiff's interest in free access to the courts becomes less significant when weighed against the defendant's greater need for security. In short, the fulcrum of the rule's balance is the legitimacy of the indigent plaintiff's theory of liability.
This is not to say that legitimacy of the claim will always be determinative. The rule clearly allows for sound trial court discretion. We can imagine few cases, however, where a discrete trial court will require an indigent plaintiff, pleading a valid theory of liability, to post security.
. . . The security provided to this one defendant was more than plaintiff's yearly income. Defendant's motion gave no explanation of the necessity of that sum, nor indicated any particular hardship that would result were the bond to be denied. We cannot bar this plaintiff from the courts because of her poverty. [Gaffer, supra, pp 478, 479, adopted in Hall, supra p 272. Emphasis supplied.]
From our review of the record, it appears that plaintiffs financial status had no bearing on the trial court's decision to require security in the first instance, although it did play a part in the court's evaluation of how much security to require. Rather, the trial court's decision to require security rested primarily upon the lack of merit in plaintiff's claim. In discussing its decision, the court stressed the leeway given both sides during the summary jury trial, the jury's verdict and subsequent comments, as well as the initial mediation evaluation. This case is unusual because, in the summary jury trial proceedings, the legitimacy of plaintiffs claim was tested far beyond that of most claims; the trial court, having presided over those proceedings, was in an advantageous position to assess the legitimacy of the claim.
With regard to the amount of security required, the trial court was well aware that plaintiff had little income and few assets, and accordingly declined to require a bond in the amount of $45,000 as defendants requested. Instead, the court ordered a security bond for one-third that amount, which reflected costs incurred by defendants during a two-month period following plaintiffs rejection of the mediation evaluation. In arriving at the amount of security, the court weighed plaintiffs lack of financial ability to pay against the high cost borne by defendants to defend a lawsuit that the mediation panel did not value highly and the summary jury panel did not value at all.
The decision whether to waive the security under subrule C(l) is a matter addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Hall, supra, p 271. In this case, the trial court's decision not to waive the security was not an abuse of discretion, as that phrase is defined by our Supreme Court in Spaulding v Spaulding, 355 Mich 382, 384-385; 94 NW2d 810 (1959), in view of the demonstrated weakness of the case. Accordingly, plaintiffs failure to post the bond as ordered was properly sanctioned with dismissal. Hall, supra, p 273. One advantage of summary jury trials (and well-documented motions for security styled after motions for summary disposition based on MCR 2.116[C][10]), is that trial courts are thereby educated about the lack of merit of claims that appear to be legally sound on their face. Those responding to claims in such cases may then justifiably seek the protection of a motion for security under MCR 2.109 in demonstrably weak cases. Conversely, claimants gain negotiating leverage when summary jury trials demonstrate the strength of their legitimate claims. It is evident to us that the use, as in the case before us, of summary jury trials to weed out nonmeritorious suits adds an arrow to a trial court's quiver in the battle against burgeoning caseloads without sacrificing the ability of bona fide claimants to open the courthouse door.
Plaintiff's argument that the court abused its discretion in suppressing evidence of a box delivered to the plaintiffs home is also without merit. There was no evidence linking the box to any defendant, and so the box cannot be said to have any established relevance to the issues in the case. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to admit it into evidence. Rodriguez v Solar of Michigan, Inc, 191 Mich App 483, 487; 478 NW2d 914 (1991).
Affirmed.
Sawyers, J., concurred.
The summary jury trial provisions of Administrative Order No. 1988- 2 have been ordered continued by Administrative Order Nos. 1989- 5, 433 Mich cvii, 1990-10, 437 Mich cxliii, 1991-6, 437 Mich clx, 1991-12, 439 Mich cxlv, and 1992-7, 441 Mich li.
I.e., ten percent more than the mediation evaluation amount.
According to plaintiffs counsel at the motion hearing of May 1991, plaintiff was required to but could not come up with a ten percent premium of $1,500 and property sufficient to secure the balance.
We specifically note that the matter before us is distinguishable from Hall because the merits of the Halls' case had not been tested by summary disposition or otherwise (the first trial resulted in a mistrial). Therefore, the trial court in Hall did not (and probably could not) make any finding with regard to the legitimacy of the plaintiffs' claim, and the question of the legitimacy of the claim had to be derived solely from the plaintiffs' pleadings. Id., pp 272-273.