Case Name: KANSAS v. UNITED STATES
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1907-02-25
Citations: 204 U.S. 331
Docket Number: No. 11
Parties: KANSAS v. UNITED STATES.
Judges: Me. Justice Moody took no part in the disposition of this case.
Reporter: United States Reports
Volume: 204
Pages: 331–343

Head Matter:
KANSAS v. UNITED STATES.
No. 11,
Original.
Submitted November 12, 1906.
Decided February 25, 1907.
Where the name of a State is'used simply for the prosecution of a private claim the original jurisdiction of this court cannot be maintained.
Although a State may be sued by the United States without its consent, public policy forbids that the United States may without its consent be sued by a State.
The facts are stated in the opinion.
Mr. Chiles C. Coleman, Attorney General of the State of Kansas, Mr. Joseph R: Choate, Mr. James Hagerman, Mr. Adrian N. Joline, Mr. A. B. Browne, Mr. John Madden and 'Mr. Joseph M. Bryson for complainant:
It is a sufficient answer to- the motion of defendants to dismiss that the State of Kansas claims by its bill to be the owner of the legal title and to have the right to maintain the suit against all. the defendants, including the United States, for the reasons set forth in the bill. This claim cannot be met by a motion to dismiss, but must be met by either plea, answer or demurrer, for in that way only can the State have an opportunity of a full hearing and consideration upon, the merits, according to the principles of the rules of equity, which re quire.. that the plea, demurrer- or answer be set • down for. 'hearing and argument. Sparrow y. Strong,' 3 Wall. ,105;' Semple v. Hagar, 4 Wall. 433; Blythe v. Hinckley, 180 U. S. 337 -, Morning Star v. Cunningham, 110 Indiana, 328; Rud-dock v. Gordon, Quincy (Mass.), 38.
The legal title to the lands granted is by the terms of the granting acts vested in- the State of Kansas for the use and-benefit of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company by relation from the date of the grant, and this legal title of the State of Kansas to the granted land's in the Indian Territory has never been divested and is now vested, in the State of Kansas.
The grants were in prcesenti to the State of Kansas for the use and benefit of the railway company, effective from the dates of the grants, and attached, when .the road was constructed, to' the particular lands in controversy,- and by the doctrine of, relation the legal title of the State dates from the grants..!..
The United States arid each one of the separate States may sustain- the character of trustee, and have the legal capacities to - take and execute trusts for every purpose. Perry, on-Trusts', § 41;' McDonald v. Murdock, -15 How. 400; United States v. Michigan' 190 IJ. S. 379; .Van Wyck v.’ Knevals-,' 106 U't S. 360 et seq. ;
In. the case at bar.it is the duty of the State of Kansas, as trustee for the railway • company, to deferid, uphold and protect the -title which' was granted to it and to see that the lands' go to the beneficiary of the trust. The legal titlé did riot pass to ,the railroad company upon the construction of the road'. .Vari Wyck v. Knevals, 106 U. S. 360. •
No' patent has issued., to the railway company,, and hence the legal title conveyed by the granting act to- the State still remains, in the State. The State- of Kansas is hence the .indispensable party * complainant and cán -pray the demanded relief.
. Van Wyck v. Knevals, supra, is direct authority that the title to the granted lands is vested in the State of Kansas, for •the land grant there construed is in practically the.same words as §§ 1, 3 of the land grant of 1866 to the.Státe of Kansas for the use of the railway company.
There is no Federal statute of uses, nor is there any Federal common law. The' lands in question are not situated in Kansas or any other State. Under the decisions of the courts, both English and American, the- statute of uses was never held to execute the trust or pass- the legal title to the cestui que trust where the trust created was such that it .was necessary that the trustee should continue to hold the legal title in order to carry' out. and effectuate.1 the purposes of the trust. The statute of uses has never been considered to execute the trust where the .trust was created for’the express purpose -of preserving a contingent remainder.' Perry on Trusts, §§305, 309; Biscóe v. Perkins, 1 Ves. & B. 485; Barker v. Greenwood, 4 M. & W. 431; Vanderheyden v. Crandall,. 2 Denio, 9; Lau-rens v. Jenney, 1 Spears, 365; Co. Litt., 265 a. 2, 337 a. n. 2.
The provisions of $ 3, even though they apply to,the lands in the Indian Territory, in no way affect the grant to the State. Van Wyck v. Knevals, 10.6 U. S. 360, 364; St. Paul & Pac. R. R. v. Northern Pac. R. R., 139 U. S. l;"Langdeau v. Hanes, 21 Wall.'521; Wright .v. Roseberry, 121 Ú. S, 488,
This suit can be maintained in this court under the original jurisdiction clause of the Constitution. United.States v. Texas, 143 U. S. 621; United States v. Michigan, 190 U. S. 379. The only difference is that the State is plaintiff and the United States defendant.
The Constitution of the-United States is the Constitution o'f all the States speaking in a united sense, and this court, as the Supreme' Court of the United States, is .also, in the same sense, the Supreme Court for all the United States, having-original jurisdiction in all cases of Federal' cognizance “in which a State shall be a party.” The language of the Constitution in this respect is broád and unqualified. Hence, the door does not fiere open to the United States against the State and close against the State when the United States is sought to be made defendant. .Minnesota v. Hitchcock, 185, U. S. 373..
If- the element of express consent by the United States to be thus sued is essential, such consent has-been givenfto individuals to thus sue the United States- in all. cases at'law, in equity, or admiralty, not sounding in tort, by.the act of March 3, 1887 (24 Stats./p. 505).. •
Under these statutes -and the Constitution of the United States, the Government has not only impliedly but expressly given its consent to be sued in a case where a State is a party, in the Supreme Court of the United States. Suits may be. instituted in the territorial district court against- the Government under these statutes, although such territorial courts are not named in the act,, under § 1910, Rev. Stat., which provides that each of the district courts in ,the Territory shall have and exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United Stales as is vested in the circuit and district courts of the United States. United, States v. Forman, 5 Oklahoxpa, 237; Johnson v. United-States, 6 Utah, 403.
The Attorney General, The Solicitor General and Mr. Assistant Attorney General Bussell for defendants:
The suit is not one of which this court has original jurisdiction. A State is not a party within, the -.meaning of the Constitution, Article III, section 2.
The State of Kansas has no substantial interest in the subject matter, and is' büt nominally the complainant, the real, party in interest being the. railway company.
Legal title passed to the railway company, if to anyone, at the date of the grant, or at least upon the construction of the road. Rice v. Railroad Company, 1 Black, 358, 381.
' A conveyance to trustees for certain purposes or uses car-, ries the- legal estate to the. beneficiaries, unless duties imposed upon the 'trustees' require the estate to be vested in them. Webster v. Cooper, 14' How. 488, 499; Long v. Long, 62 Maryland,65; Perry on Trusts, §§ 351,352, 520, 521. This is the rule-in Kansas. General Statutes of Kansas (1905), sec. •8624; Bayer v: Cockerill, 3" Kansas, 282, 292.
When an estate is given to trustees for a certain purpose, or until the happening of a certain event, the intermediate estate of the trustees terminates upon the * accomplishment of .the purpose or occurrence of. the event. Feigner -v. Hooper, 80 Maryland, 262; Perry on Trusts, section 351.
If “ the purpose of aiding the railroad company to construct and operate a, railroad-,”, or the State’s share therein, has been accomplished, then the trust has terminated and legal title is in the company; if it has not, then there is no cause for complaint.
But in this case the State was not even a trustee. It was no more than perhaps a repository in-which the title might remain pending the performance- of the condition of the grant, or a conduit through which the title might thereupon pass.
The granting act provides, that patents .shall issue, not •to the State, but to the railroad company. Under such circumstances title vests in the company and not in the State. Sioux City &c,, Railroad v. United States, 159 U. S-. 349, 363, and cases cited; Knepper v, Sands, 194 U. S. 476, 481;
. Patent not essential to transfer of legal title. It is simply, evidence that conditions of grant have been complied' with. Deseret Salt Company v Tarpey, 142 U. S.. 241. Title passes by the grant upon performance of- its conditions, and being evidenced by patent, it passes to grantee to whom patent is to issue. By a proper construction of the granting act (sections 1 and,9), lands in Indian Territory were not granted to the State of Kansas. If granted, at’ all, the grant as to them was to ’ the railroad company direct.
In formal 'communications and protests by the railroad company to the Dawes Commission, the town-site commission, the. Indian Agent, and the Secretary of the Interior, the tracts in question have been claimed by the company invariably heretofore as its own, without reference to any interest of the State therein. Of the counsel for the State two at least belong to the legal department of the, railway company. - Ap^ paren tly • the proceeding is under the control of the'" railway company and the name of the State is used simply for the purpose of prosecuting the claim of the company to the lands in-question, the expense of the. action being borne' by the, railroad. ‘ Under these circumstances' the interest of the State is not sufficient to give this court original jurisdiction. New Hampshire v. Louisiana, 108 U. S. 76.
. This is not a suit by a State exclusively against citizens of another State. Some of the parties defendant are citizens of the Indian Territory. • A suit by a' citizen of a Territory cannot be maintained under the Constitutional provision that jurisdiction of courts of United States-shall extend “to controversies between citizens of different States. ”, Corporation of New Orleans v. Winter, 1'Wheat. 92; Downes v. Bid-, 'well, 182 U. S. 244, 250.
Jurisdictional qualities must exist as to all parties in order to confer jurisdiction. Great Southern Hotel Company. v. Jones, 177 U..S,. 449.
The United States, the real party in interest, as defendant, has not consented to be sued, and cannot be sued without its consent, even by a State.
The contention that; sincé' a -State without its consent may be sued by the United States, United States v. Texas,-143 U. S. 621, it follows that the United States without its consent may be sued by a State, is obviously unsound'. The • question has been squarely decided. Minnesota v. Hitchcock, 185 U. S. 373, 384; Oregon v. Hitchcock,'202 U. S. 60; United States v.'Lee, 106 U. S. 196, 207. .
It does not appear that all lands in controversy have been allotted, and thé courts will not interfere with the Government in the disposal of land so long as the title in any sense. remains in the United States. ' Bockfinger v. Foster, 190 U. S. 116; Oregon v. Hitchcock, supra.
It. roight.be suggested, in passing, that in any. event the grant was expressly limited to public land — that is, land which is subject to disposition under general laws, Newhall v. Sanger,. 92 U. S..761, and these lands in Indian Territory have never become such.

Opinion:
Mr. Chief Justice Fuller
delivered the opinion of the court.
On April 30, 1906, the State of Kansas applied for' leave to file a bill of complaint against the United States and others, to which the United States objected on the ground of want of jurisdiction. May 21 leave was granted, without prejudice, and the bill was accordingly filed. As such an application by a State is usually granted as of course, we thought' it wiser to allow the bill to be filed, but reserving to. the United States-the right to object to the jurisdiction thereafter, and hence the words, "without prejudice," were inserted in the order. October'9 leave was granted to the United States to file-a demurrer, and in lieu of this a motion to dismiss was substituted, which was submitted November 12 on printed briefs on both sides.
The bill was filed by' the Attorney General of Kansas, on behalf of the State, as trustee for .the Missouri, Kansas- and Texas Railway Company, of certain lands in the Indian Terri-, tory, alleged to have been granted to the State for the benefit .of the railway company..
It is stated by counsel for complainant, as appearing from the bill, that- in 1866' "there were three Kansas railroad companies running through the State to the Indian Territory line. The first was the Union Pacific Railway Company, Southern Branch, since the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company, extending from Fort Riley, now Junction City, Kansas, .in a southeasterly direction, down the -valley of the Neosho River, to the southern line of the State of Kansas, near Chetopa, Kansas; the 'second was the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Fort Gibson Railway Company, since conveyed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé' Railroad Company, extending from Leavenworth, through Lawrence, to the northern line of the. Indian Territory, near Coffeyville, Montgomery County, Kansas, in the direction of Galveston Bay, in Texas; and the third was the Kansas and Neosho Valley Railway Company, since .the Kansas City, Fort Scott-and Memphis, and now-a part of . the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Company,.' extending from a point of connection with the Union Pacific Railroad at or near the mouth of the Kansas River; thence southeasterly, through the .eastern tier of counties, to the northern line of the Indian Territory, at or near:Baxter Springs,, in Cherokee County,. Kansas."
On July 25, 1866, an act of Congress was passed entitléd "An Act granting lands to the State of Kansas to aid in the construction of the Kansas, and Neosho Valley. Railroad and its extension to Red River." 14 Stat. -236, c. 241. On the next day, July 26, an act was passed, using the same language, except as to' the routes, entitled "An Act granting lands to the State of Kansas to aid in the. construction of a Southern Branch of the Union Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company, from Fort Riley, Kansas, to Fort Smith, Arkansas," .14 Stat. 289, c. 270, which provided as-follows:
"That for the purpose of aiding the Union Pacific Railroad Company, Southern Branch, the same being a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Kansas to construct and operate a railroad frohi Fort Riley, Kansas, or neár said' military reservation, thence down the valley of the Neosho River to the southern line of the State of Kansas, with a view to an extension of the same through a portion of the Indian Territory to Fort Smith, Arkansas, there is hereby granted to the State of Kansas, for the use and benefit of said railroad company every alternate section of land or parts thereof designated by odd numbers, to the extent of five alternate sections per mile on each side of said road and not exceeding in all ten sections per mile; . . ."
"Sec. 3. . . And the lands hereby granted shall inure to the benefit of said company, as follows: When the governor of the State of Kansas shall certify that any section of ten consecutive miles of said road'is completed in a good, substantial, and workmanlike .manner as a first-class railroad, then the said Secretary of the Interior shall issue to the said - company patents for so many sections of the land herein' granted within the limits above named, and coterminous with said completed section hereinbefore granted; . . ."
"Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That said Pacific Railroad Company, southern branch, its successors and assigns, is hereby authorized and .empowered to extend and construct its railroad from the southern boundary of Kansas, south through the Indian Territory, with the consent of the Indians, and not otherwise, along the valley of Grand and Arkansas rivers, to Fort Smith, in the State of Arkansas; and the right of way through said Indian Territory is hereby granted to said company, its successors and assigns, to the extent of one hundred feet on each side of said road or roads, and all .necessary grounds. for Stations, buildings, work-shops, machine-shops; switches, side-tracks, turn-tables, and water-stations.
"Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That the same grant[s] of lands through said Indian Territory are hereby made as provided in the first section of this act, whenever the Indian title shall be extinguished by treaty or otherwise, not to exceed the ratio per mile granted in the first section of this act: Provided, That said lands become a part of the public lands of the United States."
The bill averred that the road was constructed through the Indian Territory, and set forth at length Indian treaties and Congressional legislation with reference to that Territory, under which" it was alleged that the Creek Indian Nation had ceased to occupy or claim the lands in question as a tribe or nation, and that some of the lands had been allotted in severalty to individual members of' the Creek Nation; and that thereby said lands- passed to tlie State under the provisions of the grant mentioned. It was prayed that a, decree- be entered 'adjudging the State to be- the owner, as trustee for the railway company, of all odd-numbefed sections of land to the extent of the grant along the'line'of the road'through the Creek'Nation, in .the Indian Territory, .and that the allottees be di-. rected to surrender the-possession to the State as .trustee and be enjoined from disposing-of said lands, or "in the event that frbm - any equitable considerations the court shall entertain the view that the1 allottees and those claiming under them should not be disturbed, then that an account be taken of the value of the lands in controversy," and that the United States be adjudged to.pay to thé State as trustee the sum of such values, estimated! at more than $10,000,000.
In our opinion it appears upon'the face of. the bill that 'the State of Kansas is only nominally a party, and that the -real-party .in interest is the railroad company. Section 3 provided that patents should be issued not to the State but to the company direct, which made the State nothing but a -mere conduit for the passage of title.1 'And this is so even if it.were ruled that the State of Kansas was made trustee under section 9, because- it would only be trustee of .the bare legal title. In very many cases "in which the grant was directly to the railroad company', or in which the act' of Congress required that the patents for -lands earned should be issued, not to the State for the benefit of the railroad company, but directly to the company itself/' it has been held that the title vested absolutely in the railroad company. Sioux City &c. Railroad Co. v. United States, 159 U. S. 349, 363.
Title -passed by the grant on the performancé of its conditions and to the grantees to whom the patents were to be. issued, and here section 3 provided that patents should issue not to the State but to tlie railroad company direct. •
And if the lands in the -Indian Territory could be held in any "view to have been granted in prtssenti, such, grant was certainly not to the State of Kansas.
The road, in aid of which the grant was made to the. State, extended no farther than the southern boundary thereof, and the patents were' to be issued to the company. True^ as declared,in section 1, the road was'to be constructed "with a view to an extension of the same through, a portion of the Indian Territory to Fort Smith,. Arkansas," and that extension was authorized by section 8, but the lands referred to in section 9 were not lands in the State of Kansas, nor was that State mentioned in the section. It seems clear that those lands were hot .intended to be granted to that State for the construction of a road beyond its boundaries.
Moreover, the bill sets forth many communications and protests by the railroad company to the Dawes Commission,the townsite commission, the Indian' agent and the Secretary of the Interior, in all of which the tracts in controversy were claimed by the railroad compaiiy as its own without reference to any interest of the State of Kansas therein.
In these circumstances' we think it apparent that the name of 'the State is being used simply for the prosecution in this' court of the claim of the railroad company, and our original-.jurisdiction can not be maintained,.
Again, the 'United States is the real party in interest as defendant and has not consented to be sued, which it caii not be without its consent. Minnesota v. Hitchcock, 185 U. S. 373, 387; Oregon v. Hitchcock, 202 U. S. 60; United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 196, 207.
" If whether a suit is one against a State is to be determined, not by the fact of the party named' as defendant on the record; but by the result of the judgment or decree which may be"' entered, the same rule must apply to the United States. The question whether the United States is a party to a controversy is not determined by the merely nominal party on the record butuby the question of the effect of the judgment or decree' which can be entered."
In the present cáse the parties defendant other than the United States and its officers are Creek Indian allottees and persons claiming under them, .and if their allotments should be taken from them, which is part of the relief sought by the bill, the United States would be subject to a demand from them for the value thereof or for other lands,.while the'bill prays in the alternative that "in the event that from any equitable considerations the court should entertain the view that the allottees and those claiming under them should not be disturbed, then that an account be taken of the value of the. lands in controversy at the time of the respective allotments, and the defendants, the United States of America, be ordered, adjudged, and decreed to pay to your oratrix, as trustee, the-sum of such values."
It does not follow that because a State may be sued by the United States without'its consent, therefore the United States may be sued by a State without its consent. Public policy forbids that conclusion.
In United States v. Texas, 143 U. S. 621, 646, it was held that .the exercise by this court of original jurisdiction "in a suit brought by one State against another to determine the boundary line' between them, or in' a' suit brought by the United States against a State to determine the boundary between a 'Territory of the United States and that State, so far from infringing, in. either case,' upon the sovéreignty, is ' with the consent of the State sued. Such consent was given by Texas when admitted into the Unión upon an equal footing in all respects'with the other States." That case was quoted from with approyal in Minnesota v. Hitchcock, supra, where Mr. Justice- Brewer, delivering the opinion, pointed out that the judicial power of the United States extends to cases in which the United States is a party plaintiff as well as to cases in which it is a party defendant, for "while the. United States 'as a.government may not be sued without its consent, yet with its conseht.it may be sued, and the judicial power of the United States'extends to such a controversy."
,We are not dealing here with the merits of the controversy, raised by the bill, but solely with the question of the original' jurisdiction of' this court. : And as the United States'has not .consented to be sued, it results that, on this ground also the bill must be dismissed.
And it is so ordered.
Me. Justice Moody took no part in the disposition of this case.