Case Name: CARROLL COMPANY et al. v. The SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY
Court: United States District Court for the District of Maryland
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2012-01-26
Citations: 848 F. Supp. 2d 557
Docket Number: Civil Action No. WMN-11-1700
Parties: CARROLL COMPANY et al. v. The SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 848
Pages: 557–570

Head Matter:
CARROLL COMPANY et al. v. The SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY.
Civil Action No. WMN-11-1700.
United States District Court, D. Maryland.
Jan. 26, 2012.
Connor G. Sheehan, William D. Dunn, Dunn Sheehan LLP, Dallas, TX, Timothy Michael Sullivan, Beveridge and Diamond PC, Baltimore, MD, for Carroll Company et al.
George M. Church, Christopher Thomas Zirpoli, Marian C. Hwang, Miles and Stockbridge PC, Baltimore, MD, for The Sherwin-Williams Company.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM
WILLIAM M. NICKERSON, Senior District Judge.
Before the Court is Defendant The Sherwin-Williams Company's Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 10. The motion has been fully briefed. Upon a review of the papers and applicable case law, the Court determines that no hearing is necessary, Local Rule 105.6, and that the motion to dismiss will be granted in part and denied in part.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This action involves a dispute over the clean-up obligations of the seller of a nine-acre tract of land. On December 23, 2005, Plaintiff Carroll Company (Carroll) and Defendant The Sherwin-Williams Company (Sherwin-Williams) entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (PSA) by which Carroll agreed to purchase the real property and facilities located at 1354 Old Post Road in Havre de Grace, Maryland (Property). Both parties knew that the Property was historically used as an industrial site, and Carroll, a manufacturer of industrial cleaning and maintenance products, continues to operate a chemical blending facility on the Property. Plaintiff Ogden, LLC (Ogden) is an entity created for the purpose of owning the Property at issue; contemporaneous with the closing of the PSA, Carroll assigned certain rights under the PSA to Ogden and leased back the Property and related assets such that Carroll maintained operational control of the business operations at the facility.
In 1989 and 1991, years before either party owned the Property, the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) conducted a phased groundwater investigation and discovered the presence of volatile organic compounds in the groundwater. ECF No. 1-7. A final work plan was submitted to MDE in November 1991, but there is no record that the owner at the time, Cello Corporation, completed the proposed remediation. Id. Subsequently, in 1996, Sherwin-Williams purchased the Property for use as a chemical blending facility and operated it as such through the time at which it entered into the PSA with Carroll.
' On November 21, 2005, a month before the parties entered into the PSA, MDE sent a letter to Sherwin-Williams requesting information about any environmental investigation or remedial activities that had taken place on the Property subsequent to the work plan submission in 1991. The purpose of the letter was to solicit information so that MDE could determine whether it could close its case file. The letter also noted that "[u]nder Section 7-221 of the Environment Article [of the Maryland Code], responsible persons, including the owner and current or past operators of the site, are liable for all costs incurred by the State in responding to any release or threatened release, including oversight, enforcement and investigation" and suggested that Sherwin-Williams may want to address the site under Maryland's Voluntary Cleanup Program. ECF No. 1-7 at 3. Participation in the VCP, however, was not explicitly required by the notice. On December 13, 2005, Sherwin-Williams sent the MDE letter to Plaintiffs for their review.
On December 20, 2005, Plaintiffs sent an email to Sherwin-Williams requesting immediate assistance with several environmental concerns, including the MDE letter. With regard to the MDE Letter, Plaintiffs stated that they "would consider a response to this letter and closure of the matter to be [Sherwin-Williams'] responsibility." ECF No. 1-8. Plaintiffs also stated that "if the Voluntary Cleanup Program would give [Plaintiff Ogden] immunity from liability, we would like for you to apply for that program and conduct the response under that program." Id.
On December 23, 2005, the parties entered into the PSA, the purchase price exceeding two million dollars. Concurrently, Sherwin-Williams presented Plaintiffs with a letter confirming SherwinWilliams' intent to pursue the VCP as proposed by MDE in its letter (Confirmation Letter). ECF No. 1-9. This is the only documentation in the record that addresses Plaintiffs' December 20 email.
The parties initially planned to close on the Property on March 31, 2006, but agreed to postpone the closing until July 7, 2006, so that there was sufficient time for the parties to resolve pending environmental issues. Sherwin-Williams hired Environmental Resources Management ("ERM") to prepare VCP applications to be submitted to MDE on behalf of Sherwin-Williams, Carroll and Ogden.
According to Plaintiffs, in late June 2006, ERM hand-delivered to MDE applications for expedited "inculpable person" status for Carroll and Ogden. An "inculpable person" is a party that "has no prior or current ownership interest in an eligible property at the time of application" and "has not caused or contributed to contamination at the eligible property at the time of application." Md.Code Ann., Envir. § 7 — 501(j). In letters dated July 3, 2006, and July 6, 2006, respectively, MDE indicated that it granted Ogden and Carroll expedited inculpable person approval pursuant to the requests received from ERM on June 28, 2006. ECF No. 1-11 at 50, 28.
Subsequently, on July 6, 2006, the day prior to closing on the PSA, SherwinWilliams provided Plaintiffs with draft VCP applications to be submitted to MDE on behalf of Sherwin-Williams, Carroll and Ogden. According to the complaint, the draft applications proposed enrollment in the VCP for remediation to a "Tier 3 (Industrial)" standard, which Plaintiffs immediately rejected. Plaintiffs demanded that the applications be revised to reflect remediation to the highest "Tier 1 (Residential)" standard, and threatened that they would not proceed to closing unless these revisions were made. SherwinWilliams revised the applications accordingly and sent them for Plaintiffs' approval on the day of closing.
The revised applications note that Sherwin-Williams is the current owner of the property and a "Responsible Person," that Carroll is the operator of the facility and an "inculpable person," and that Ogden is a party "considering purchasing the property" and an "inculpable person." ECF No. 1-11. The applications also note that the property is zoned for "General Industrial," with no pending requests for zoning variances, special exceptions or reclassification, and the intended future property use is Tier 1 (Residential), A (Unrestricted). Id. Plaintiffs signed both the Carroll and Ogden applications on July 6, 2006. ERM subsequently submitted the applications to MDE (Tier 1 VCP Applications) and Sherwin-Williams paid all application fees.
On the day of closing, the parties also executed a Site Access Agreement (SAA), which is referred to in the PSA. The SAA states in part:
. [Sherwin-Williams] desires to obtain access to such Property from Grantors to fulfill [Sherwin-Williams'] obligations under Paragraph 10 of the Purchase Agreement, which may include installing and monitoring of groundwater wells and such other tasks in order to obtain a Certificate of Completion under the Voluntary Cleanup Program administered by the [MDE] as more fully set forth in the VCP Remedial Action Plan as may be amended, and which will be attached hereto as Exhibit A and as the scope of work (the "Activities").
ECF No. 1-12 at B. Sherwin-Williams' obligations under Paragraph 10 have to do with indemnification for environmental contamination, and the reference to the installation and monitoring of groundwater wells appears to be a reference to the unfinished actions from 1991 which were mentioned in the November 21, 2005, letter from MDE. Notably, no VCP Remedial Action Plan was ever drafted.
On September 4, 2008, over two years after the parties closed on the PSA, MDE notified Plaintiffs that the VCP Tier 1 Applications had been denied because Sherwin-Williams never responded to MDE's comments on the application package and never submitted an environmental site assessment. The notice stated that the parties could resubmit the VCP applications within 60 days without incurring a new application fee, and Plaintiffs secured an assurance via email on September 18, 2008, that Sherwin-Williams was communicating with MDE and would timely respond. In October 2008, SherwinWilliams sent Plaintiffs proposed draft applications which reverted to a Tier 3 standard and stated that the future land use would be industrial. Plaintiffs objected to the alteration of the VCP Tier 1 Applications to a Tier 3 standard and requested that Sherwin-Williams send a corrected draft. Sherwin-Williams ignored the objections and submitted the applications reflecting remediation at the Tier 3 standard.
In April 2009, MDE rejected the "inculpable persons" VCP applications previously submitted due to the discrepancy created by the Tier 3 indication on the new applications. On June 3, 2009, MDE stated that it deemed Sherwin-Williams' revised applications withdrawn because Sherwin-Williams failed to provided MDE notice of its intent to proceed in the VCP program. In light of this decision, on June 19, 2009, Plaintiffs asked MDE to accept the original and unaltered VCP Tier 1 Applications and to enroll the property in the VCP as initially proposed. Notwithstanding, on June 23, 2009, MDE rejected Plaintiffs' request and stated that it would not consider any more VCP applications until the parties resolved their legal dispute over future land use at the property.
Plaintiffs have filed a complaint for breach of an alleged remediation agreement, breach of the indemnity agreement, intentional misrepresentation, fraud in the inducement, negligent misrepresentation, and promissory estoppel arising from Defendant's failure to remediate the property to Tier 1 residential status under the VCP despite an alleged representation that it would do so. Plaintiffs, also seek relief in the form of a declaratory judgment and attorneys' fees.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
In evaluating a motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must accept as true all well-pled allegations of the complaint and construe the facts and reasonable inferences derived therefrom in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Ibarra v. United States, 120 F.3d 472, 474 (4th Cir.1997). A motion to dismiss should not be granted unless "it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). At the same time, the complaint must contain "enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). This pleading standard demands "more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Facts must be evaluated in context, but courts are not bound to accept as true "a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." Id.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Breach of Contract/Remediation Agreement
In Count I of the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that "Sherwin-Williams breached its agreement to remediate the environmental contamination at the Property to a Tier 1 (Residential) standard." ECF No. 1 at 17. Defendant argues that this count must be dismissed because there is no evidence that an enforceable "Remediation Agreement" exists.
To prevail in an action for breach of contract, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant owed the plaintiff a contractual obligation and that the defendant breached that obligation. Taylor v. NationsBank, N.A., 365 Md. 166, 776 A.2d 645 (2001). Plaintiffs posit that Defendant's contractual obligation to remediate the property is found via the integration of four writings: the PSA, the Confirmation Letter, the SAA and the Tier 1 VCP Applications. Plaintiffs argue that when these documents are read together in the context of the underlying transaction it is clear that Defendant made a written agreement to remediate the Property to a Tier 1 standard.
The Court does not agree. Even if Maryland law requires the documents to be read together, their integration does not plausibly create a binding obligation that Defendant remediate the property to a Tier 1 standard. Plaintiffs correctly state that the "PSA standing alone requires full indemnification by Defendant for all pre-existing environmental conditions at the Property," and that it requires delivery of a SAA upon closing. Opp. at 7. Plaintiffs, however, overstate the obligations created by the other documents. The SAA is a document whose main purpose is to state the terms upon which Defendant is granted a limited right of access to the Property after closing so that it may fulfill its obligations under the indemnification provision of the PSA. Contrary to Plaintiffs' interpretation, the SAA notes that these obligations "may" include certain tasks necessary to obtain a Certificate of Completion under the VCP, and does not explicitly mandate that a VCP be pursued unless required by Paragraph 10 of the PSA. Nowhere does the SAA itself actually require Defendant to participate in the VCP at all, let alone participate to a Tier 1 standard. Furthermore, while it is true that the Confirmation Letter confirms Defendant's intent to pursue the VCP, the letter does not mention any remediation agreement between the parties or that the VCP is part of that remediation agreement. In fact, the Confirmation Letter merely confirms Defendant's intent to pursue the VCP "as proposed by the [MDE] in its letter . dated November 21, 2005." Notably, the primary purpose of the MDE letter was to inquire into the status of remediation efforts that had occurred in the past, prior even to Defendant's ownership of the property. The pursuit of a VCP is only mentioned in the last paragraph of the letter in the context of a suggestion, in that Defendant "may want to" address the site under the VCP, and the letter does not propose a Tier or future land use for the property. Finally, though the VCP Application indicates that Defendant indeed applied to the VCP seeking a Certificate of Completion for a Tier 1 future property use, the application does not bind Defendant to the VCP program or to a Tier 1 standard remediation, as the program is strictly voluntary and a party can withdraw at any time. Moreover, to the extent that the application could create any obligation, such obligation would be between Defendant, as the applicant, and MDE, not between Defendant and Plaintiffs.
At most, the four writings taken together may plausibly suggest that Defendant was obligated to pursue a VCP, not that it was obligated "to remediate the environmental contamination at the Property to a Tier 1 (Residential) standard." Therefore, Count I will be dismissed.
B. Breach of Contract/Indemnity
In Count II of the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that, "by its wrongful conduct," Defendant breached its agreement, found in paragraph 10 of the PSA, to indemnify Plaintiffs against all pre-existing environmental conditions at the Property. ECF No. 1 at 17. Paragraph 10(c) states in relevant part:
[Defendant] . agrees to indemnify, protect, defend . and hold harmless [Plaintiffs] . from and against any and all demands, claims, judgments, causes of action, damages, penalties, fines, taxes, costs, liabilities, losses and expenses . arising from any act, omissions or event occurring at any time prior to the purchase of the property . as a direct or indirect result of or in connection with the violation of any environmental laws . and/or the presence of any hazardous substances on . the property . which originated on the property as a result of activities conducted on the property .
ECF No. 1-6 at 8. Plaintiffs argue that this language creates an indemnity obligation that extends beyond reimbursement for claims made by third parties. They argue that this provision also requires Defendant to reimburse Plaintiff for any "losses" in the property value due to preexisting environmental contamination, as well as for any " 'costs and liabilities' resulting from Defendant's offloading of contaminated land on Plaintiffs and/or the resulting tab for cleaning up the mess." Opp. at 13.
Plaintiffs' proposed interpretation strains the limits of the concept of indemnity. Indemnity gives the right of "reimbursement to one party who has been compelled by law to pay what the other party should pay." Howard Univ. v. Good Food Servs., Inc., 608 A.2d 116, 122 (D.C.1992); see also Strong v. Prince George's County, 77 Md.App. 177, 549 A.2d 1142, 1144 (Md.Ct.Spec.App.1988) ("Indemnification is an agreement to reimburse one who has been held liable for the amount of his loss."). In making this argument, Plaintiffs seek to interpret the words "losses" and "costs" absent the context provided by the words accompanying them. Applying the canon of noscitur a sociis, which provides that "a word is given more precise content by the neighboring words with which it is associated," United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 294, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 170 L.Ed.2d 650 (2008), the meaning of "losses" and "costs" is informed by the surrounding words in the list: "demands, claims, judgments, causes of action, damages, penalties, fines, taxes, costs, liabilities, losses and expenses." Thus the costs and losses for which Plaintiffs are entitled to reimbursement are those that Plaintiffs incur because of some action taken by a third party, such as a demand made by the State that the Property be remediated or a fine assessed because of the contamination; Plaintiffs cannot trigger the reimbursement obligation of paragraph 10 on their own, for example, by claiming a loss in the value of the Property. This is not what indemnification is meant to protect.
While paragraph 10 clearly creates an indemnification obligation under the contract, this obligation will not be triggered until and unless a third party makes a claim, seeks to hold Plaintiffs liable for environmental violations, or demands remediation of the preexisting contamination. As Plaintiffs have not alleged facts to plausibly suggest that the indemnification obligation found in paragraph 10 of the PSA has been triggered, there can be no breach. Therefore, Count II will be dismissed.
C. Intentional Misrepresentation & Fraud in the Inducement
In Counts III and IV, respectively, Plaintiffs allege Defendant is liable for intentional misrepresentation and fraud in the inducement. To sustain a claim for either of these causes of action, a plaintiff must allege:
(1) that the defendant made a false statement of material fact to the plaintiff; (2) that its falsity was either known to the defendant or the representation of fact was made with reckless indifference as to its truth; (3) that the misrepresentation of fact was made for the purpose of defrauding the plaintiff; (4) that the plaintiff relied upon the misrepresentation and had the right to rely on it; and (5) that the plaintiff suffered compensable injury from the misrepresentation.
Wootton Enters. v. Subaru of Am., Inc., 134 F.Supp.2d 698, 714 (citing VF Corp. v. Wrexham Aviation Corp., 350 Md. 693, 715 A.2d 188, 193 (1998)); see also Alleco Inc. v. Harry & Jeanette Weinberg Found., 340 Md. 176, 665 A.2d 1038, 1048 (1995) (stating the elements for fraud or deceit, aka intentional misrepresentation). The first element may include "a false representation of an existing intention to perform where such intent is in fact nonexistent." Id. (quoting Tufts v. Poore, 219 Md. 1, 147 A.2d 717 (1959)); see also Gross v. Sussex, Inc., 332 Md. 247, 630 A.2d 1156, 1161-1162 (1993) ("making a promise as to a matter material to the bargain with no intention to fulfill it is an actionable fraud").
Defendant argues that these claims must be dismissed because Plaintiffs have failed to allege any actual misrepresentation with the specificity required by the heightened pleading standard found in Rule 9(b). Rule 9(b) requires that the complaint allege "the time, place, and contents of the false representations, as well as the identity of the person making the misrepresentation and what he obtained thereby." Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River Co., 176 F.3d 776, 784 (4th Cir.1999); see also Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 9(b). Notwithstanding, the Fourth Circuit has advised that "a court should hesitate to dismiss a complaint under Rule 9(b) if the court is satisfied: (1) that the defendant has been made aware of the particular circumstances for which [it] will have to prepare a defense at trial, and (2) that plaintiff has substantial prediscovery evidence of those facts." Id. at 784 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
The Court holds that Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded the circumstances constituting the alleged fraud. Through the detailed Complaint and attached exhibits, Plaintiffs clearly allege that both the Confirmation letter and the Tier 1 VCP Applications contained false representations. The copies of these documents, which were attached to the complaint, reveal the identities of the person making the representations (the signatory) and the time, place and content of the representations. Though the documents themselves do not indicate what was gained by making the representations, the Complaint repeatedly alleges that without these representations Plaintiffs would not have closed on the transaction.
It is alleged that the Confirmation Letter is a false statement insofar as it represents that Defendant planned to "pursue" the VCP when in fact, at the time it made this representation, Defendant had no intent to do so. Defendant argues that the Confirmation Letter is not a false statement because "Sherwin-Williams did in fact pursue the VCP as contemplated by the letter." Reply at 20. The Complaint acknowledges that Defendant hired an environmental firm to complete the VCP applications and that those applications were submitted to MDE, but also alleges that Defendant failed to submit additional documentation requested by MDE which caused the VCP applications to be denied. In light of these facts, Defendant's argument must assume that preparing and submitting the VCP applications to MDE, not actually being accepted to and participating in the VCP, fulfilled Sherwin-William's promise to "pursue" the VCP. As the meaning of the word "pursue" is in dispute and it would be premature for the Court to resolve this dispute without the aid of discovery, the allegations as pleaded are sufficient to support Plaintiffs' contention that the Confirmation Letter is a false statement.
Defendant also argues that the Tier 1 VCP Applications are not false statements on which Plaintiffs can base their causes of action because the Tier 1 Applications are not actual false statements but, at most, "implied representations." Mot. at 18 (citing Alleco, 665 A.2d at 1049, for premise that Maryland does not accept the "implied misrepresentation" theory). Defendant bases this argument on the assumption that the Tier 1 Applications cannot be considered "false representations" because they do not make an explicit promise to participate in the VCP. This assumption is flawed, however, because while it is true that the Tier 1 Applications do not bind Defendant to participate in the VCP and complete the necessary requirements to obtain a Certificate of Completion, the submitted applications, which were signed under penalty of perjury by an authorized Sherwin-Williams representative, themselves contain statements that represent Defendant to be a "Responsible Person" seeking a Certificate of Completion, conditioned on a Tier 1Á future property use, which will be issued upon satisfactory completion of an approved response action plan, which the application indicates as "to be provided." The Complaint alleges that Defendant provided copies of these Tier 1 VCP Applications to Plaintiffs on the closing date prior to the actual closing of the transaction, lending additional support to the contention that the contents of the applications were representations material to the transaction.
Finally, Defendant argues that the claims must be dismissed because Plaintiffs' reliance on any statements allegedly made by Defendant is unreasonable and unjustifiable in light of explicit language found in paragraph 10(b) of the PSA, which states that Plaintiffs "[have] not re lied, and will not rely, upon any document, information, representation or statement (other than those expressly made in this agreement) made or provided by [Sherwin-Williams] ." This language operates like a general merger clause, in that it indicates, without specifically disclaiming representations as to a particular subject matter, that the parties, in making the agreement, will not rely on anything outside of the four corners of the agreement. See Greenfield v. Heckenbach, 144 Md. App. 108, 797 A.2d 63, 75-76 (Md. Spec.App.2002) (discussing distinction between general merger clauses and specific disclaimers of reliance upon certain representations). Despite Defendant's contention, Maryland law clearly states that a plaintiff can successfully bring a tort action for fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation based on false promises even if the written contract contains general merger language and the alleged false promises are not mentioned in the written contract. Greenfield, 797 A.2d at 76, 81. This promotes a "policy of encouraging honesty and candor in contract negotiations," id. at 81 (quoting with approval Keller v. A.O. Smith Harvestore Products, Inc., 819 P.2d 69 (Colo.1991)), and prevents sellers from hiding behind, integration clauses "to avoid the consequences of misrepresentation, whether fraudulent or negligent." Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted).
Though at this early stage of litigation the Court cannot decide as a matter of law that the merger language defeats the reasonableness of Plaintiffs' reliance on extra-contractual representations, this language is not without significance. As noted in Greenfield, the presence of merger language "goes directly to the disputed factual question of whether the [Plaintiffs] were actually deceived by the representations made by the [Defendants]," and may be a factor for the jury to consider at trial when weighing various issues, including whether reliance was reasonable in light of the fact that Plaintiffs are sophisticated parties that would have understood the meaning of the contract when they read it. Id. at 78.
As the Complaint pleads sufficient facts to satisfy Rule 9(b) and the alleged misrepresentations are sufficient statements on which to base causes of action for fraud, the Court will deny Defendant's motion as to Counts III and IV.
D. Negligent Misrepresentation
In Count V, Plaintiffs allege Defendant is liable for negligent misrepresentation. The elements of this tort are:
(1) the defendant, owing a duty of care to the plaintiff, negligently asserts a false statement; (2) the defendant intends that his statement will be acted upon by the plaintiff; (3) the defendant has knowledge that the plaintiff will probably rely on the statement, which, if erroneous, will cause loss or injury; (4) the plaintiff, justifiably, takes action in reliance on the statement; and (5) the plaintiff suffers damage proximately caused by the defendant's negligence.
Martens Chevrolet, Inc. v. Seney, 292 Md. 328, 439 A.2d 534, 539 (1982). In addition to the challenges raised in opposition to the fraud counts, discussed supra, Defendant also argues that the negligent misrepresentation claim fails because Defendant's alleged promise to remediate the Property to a Tier 1 standard pertains to future performance, not to a past or present fact, and in Maryland, "promises are not action able under a theory of negligent misrepresentation." Mot. at 22.
In support of this assertion of Maryland law, Defendant cites D & G Flooring, LLC v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 346 F.Supp.2d 818, 822 (D.Md.2004), a case from the U.S. District Court of Maryland, which cites another case from the U.S. District Court of Maryland, Heritage Oldsmobile-Imports v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 264 F.Supp.2d 282, 291 (D.Md.2003). Heritage cites to a case from the Maryland Court of Special Appeals, which offers a more nuanced rule, that "predictive statements of future events" are generally not actionable as negligent misrepresentation. Cooper v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co., 148 Md.App. 41, 810 A.2d 1045, 1064 (Md.Ct. Spec.App.2002). A closer look at Mary-
land State court cases further refines this rule and distinguishes between statements that are "a prediction or an expression of expectation concerning external events" and those that are "relatefd] to matters within the speaker's control." Gross v. Sussex, Inc., 332 Md. 247, 630 A.2d 1156, 1169 (1993) (citing Weisman v. Connors, 312 Md. 428, 540 A.2d 783, 796 (1988) and Fowler Vincent Harper et al., The Law of Torts § 7.10 at 442-51 (2nd ed.1986)). In Gross, the Court of Appeals held that statements of what a speaker will do in the future may support an action for negligent misrepresentation if those statements represent the speaker's present intention regarding a matter within the speaker's control. Id. The alleged misrepresentations made in the Confirmation Letter relate to Sherwin-William's then-present intention to take future action related to the VCP and taking such action is within SherwinWilliam's control. Furthermore, the negligent misrepresentation claim as to the Tier 1 VCP Applications is not barred because the applications represent the then-present representation that Defendant is a Responsible Person intending to seek a Certificate of Completion for the Property based on a Tier 1A standard, again an action largely within Defendant's control.
As Plaintiffs have pleaded facts upon which a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation can stand, the Court will deny the motion to dismiss Count V.
E. Promissory Estoppel/Detrimental Reliance
In Count VI, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant can be held liable under a theory of detrimental reliance. To succeed under this theory, Plaintiffs must meet the requirements of a four-part test:
1) a clear and definite promise;
2) where the promisor has a reasonable expectation that the offer will induce action or forbearance on the part of the promise;
3) which does induce actual and reasonable action or forebearance by the promise; and
4) causes a detriment that can only be avoided by enforcement of the promise.
Pavel Enters., Inc. v. A.S. Johnson Co., 342 Md. 143, 674 A.2d 521, 532 (1996). Defendant makes the same arguments for dismissal of this claim as it made for dismissal of the misrepresentation claims, namely that Plaintiffs have failed to allege a "clear and definite promise" and that any reliance by Plaintiffs was not reasonable. Mot. at 23-24. For the same reasons dis cussed supra, the Court rejects these arguments and will deny the motion to dismiss Count VI.
F. Declaratory Judgment
In Count VII, Plaintiffs ask the Court to exercise its discretion pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, to "declare that Defendant agreed to remediate the Property to a Tier 1A standard" and award damages to Plaintiffs for Defendant's failure to abide by this obligation. Compl. at 21. Plaintiffs further clarify that "[the Declaratory Judgment prayer] is a straightforward request that the Court construe the operative agreements as an integrated whole under the circumstances of the transaction, and resolve the parties' fundamental disagreement about their contractual rights." Opp. at 23 (emphasis added). As the Court has already determined supra that the agreements construed as an integrated whole do not create a contractual right to remediation, the Court will not be able to grant the relief requested. Therefore, the Court will grant the motion to dismiss Count VII.
G. Attorneys' Fees
In the final count of the complaint, Plaintiffs assert their entitlement to recover attorneys' fees "by way of the contracts identified above," namely the indemnification provisions of the PSA and the SAA. Compl. at 21; Opp. at 23. Defendant argues that this count must be dismissed because a claim for attorneys' fees is not a separate cause of action but rather is contingent on Plaintiffs first prevailing on their contractual claims. The Court agrees with Defendant. The Supreme Court has recognized that "the question of whether a litigant has a 'cause of action' is analytically distinct and prior to the question of what relief, if any, a litigant may be entitled to receive." Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 238, 99 S.Ct. 2264, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979). Because an award of attorneys' fees is a form of relief, see Hess Constr. Co. v. Bd. of Educ., 341 Md. 155, 669 A.2d 1352, 1354 (1996) (noting that attorneys' fees, when authorized, are generally either a statutory or contractual remedy), it is not a standalone cause of action. Plaintiffs have in fact prayed for such relief in all of the counts. For these reasons, the Court will grant Defendant's motion to dismiss Count VIII.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The motion to dismiss will be granted as to Counts I, II, VII and VIII, and be denied as to Counts III, IV, V and VI. A separate order consistent with this memorandum will be issued.
. Contemporaneous with the PSA, Carroll completed an asset purchase with SherwinWilliams by which Carroll assumed control of the business operations and facility, leasing the Property from Sherwin-Williams pending the closing of the PSA.
. A " 'Responsible person' means any person who . is the owner or operator of a . site containing a hazardous substance...." Md. Code. Ann., Envir. § 7-20 l(u).
. The parties assume without any discussion that Maryland contract law applies. As the parties are in agreement and the lawsuit involves a property located in Maryland and the obligation to remediate that property pursuant to a program governed by Maryland law, the Court will presume that Maryland law applies.
. The obligations created by Paragraph 10 of the PSA will be discussed more extensively with respect to Count II — Breach of ContracVIndemnification Agreement.
. See MDE VCP Guidance Document, Revision Date 3/17/06 at 10, http-J/www.mde.state. md.us/programs/Land/MarylandBrownfield VCP/Documents/www.mde.state.md.us/assets/ document/Guidance% 20Document% 202-1-07(2).pdf (last accessed Jan. 11, 2012).
. Plaintiffs also appear to suggest as a throwaway argument that the Tier 1 VCP Application is a writing evidencing an oral agreement to remediate the property to a Tier 1 standard and so satisfies the Statute of Frauds. See Opp. at 9. The Statute of Frauds requires that
No action may be brought on any contract for the sale or disposition of land or of any interest in or concerning land unless the contract on which the action is brought, or some memorandum or note of it, is in writing and signed by the party to be charged or some other person lawfully authorized by him.
Md.Code Ann., Real Prop. § 5-104 (2011). The Maryland Court of Appeals has explained,
To render a contract enforceable under the statute of frauds, the required memorandum must be (1) a writing (formal or informal); (2) signed by the party to be charged or by his agent; (3) naming each party to the contract with sufficient definiteness to identify him or his agent;(4) describing the land or other property to which the contract relates; and (5) setting forth the terms and conditions of all the promises constituting the contract made between the parties.
Beall v. Beall, 291 Md. 224, 434 A.2d 1015, 1018 (1981). The Tier 1 VCP Application will not satisfy these requirements because it does not meet requirements 2 or 5. It does not identify each party to the contract; in fact neither Carroll nor Ogden are mentioned in Defendant's Responsible Person application, and all parties are named together only as parallel applicants. Moreover, the VCP Applications do not set forth any terms and conditions of a promise constituting a contract made between the parties; this is particularly true because the application does not indicate any terms or conditions that could be construed as consideration offered by Plaintiffs for Defendant's purported promise to remediate to Tier 1. Therefore the Tier 1 VCP Application is not evidence of any oral agreement between the parties.
. The Court notes that though the allegations in the Complaint clearly demonstrate that MDE is aware of the contamination, there is no suggestion that MDE has yet demanded that Plaintiffs take any action to remediate the property. It is clear that the indemnity clause will be triggered if MDE demands action be taken and Defendant will be obligated to indemnify Plaintiffs accordingly. The facts even suggest that Defendant knows that it is responsible for the preexisting contamination, as evidenced by its submission of the VCP applications which named Defendant as a "responsible person" and Plaintiffs as "inculpable persons."
. Defendant has noted that the elements for both of these causes of action are the same, see Mot. at n. 5, and Plaintiffs have not disputed this contention. As such, though Plaintiffs plead these as two separate causes of action, because the claims rely on the same set of facts and same legal foundation, the Court will complete a singular analysis for both Counts.
. All of this information is contained on the Tier 1 VCP Applications, which were attached as exhibits to the Complaint and can be found at ECF No. 1-11. The application defines a "Certificate of Completion" as "a notice issued by the Department after satisfactory completion of an approved response action plan" which states that the requirements of the response action plan have been completed and implementation of the response action plan has achieved the applicable cleanup criteria. ECF No. 1-11 at 19. The application also notes that the section indicating the intended future use of the property "must be completed because the selected cleanup criteria and issuance of . a Certificate of Completion will be contingent upon the future use of the property." Id. at 20.
. Defendant also makes an argument that it would not be reasonable for Plaintiffs to rely on oral representations when involved in a transaction of this scale, but because the alleged misrepresentations forming the bases for the causes of action were written and not oral, the Court need not address this argument.
. While completion of the VCP is not entirely within Defendant's control because MDE can terminate the VCP at any time, it is clear from the facts of the complaint that the failure to complete the VCP so far has been entirely due to factors within Defendant's control.
. The Maryland Court of Appeals noted its preference for using this term in lieu of the traditional nomenclature of "promissory estoppel." See Pavel Enters. v. A.S. Johnson Co., 674 A.2d 521, 523 n. 1 (Md.1996). The theories are identical.
. While it is true that paragraph 6 of the SAA appears to provide for attorneys' fees as part of its indemnity provision, this provision has not been triggered because none of the wrongful acts alleged in the Complaint occurred in connection with Defendant's performance of "Activities" as defined in the SAA.