Case Name: Christian Charles Haug, Individually and as Executor and Trustee of John C. Haug, Deceased, Appellant, v. Henry J. Schumacher et al., Individually and as Executors and Trustees of John C. Haug, Deceased, et al., Respondents, and John Walther Hildenbrand, Appellant
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1901-04-16
Citations: 166 N.Y. 506
Docket Number: 
Parties: Christian Charles Haug, Individually and as Executor and Trustee of John C. Haug, Deceased, Appellant, v. Henry J. Schumacher et al., Individually and as Executors and Trustees of John C. Haug, Deceased, et al., Respondents, and John Walther Hildenbrand, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 166
Pages: 506–521

Head Matter:
Christian Charles Haug, Individually and as Executor and Trustee of John C. Haug, Deceased, Appellant, v. Henry J. Schumacher et al., Individually and as Executors and Trustees of John C. Haug, Deceased, et al., Respondents, and John Walther Hildenbrand, Appellant.
1. Will — When Personal Property Is Included in Clauses Creating Life Estates. Personal property as well as real estate passes by the residuary clauses of a will creating life estates, although such clauses specifically mention only the income, rents and revenues of lands and real estate, where such is the plainly indicated intention of the testator from the use of words particularly applicable to personalty, as well as from other provisions of the will.
2. Vested Remainders — Suspension of Power of Alienation. Valid future estates vesting at the time of the testator’s death, where there are grandchildren in being, and not a trust causing an illegal suspension of the power of alienation, are created by a will providing that "immediately after” the death of those holding preceding life estates, all the estate shall go to the testator’s grandchildren to he equally divided among them, per capita, since the expression “immediately after,” as relating-to the termination of the life-estates, does-not postpone the vesting of the remainders, but merely refers to the period when the remainder-men shall become entitled to the estate in possession.
3. When Valid Life Estates Are Created. A valid life estate in testator’s widow during her life or until her remarriage, and another, in his two sons under condition that as to the latter the death of either son frees his interest from the life estate, and permits it to vest in the remaindermen and not in the surviving brother, are created, and not a trust by which the absolute power of alienation of the residuary property is illegally suspended, where the residuary clauses of a will give and bequeath to the widow the equal one-third part of all the income, rents and profits of the residue of testator’s property for life or until her remarriage, giving and bequeathing the remaining two-thirds thereof to such suns equally, as well as the widow’s portion upon her death or remarriage, and providing that immediately upon the death of the widow and sons all the said estate shall pass to the testator’s grandchildren to he divided among them equally, share and share alike, per capita.
4. Powers—Rebuilding of Buildings. A mere power is created by the provision of a will authorizing and empowering the executors to rebuild any buildings standing upon lands of the testator and which may 'become destroyed or dilapidated by fire or otherwise, and to use and . emp’oy any moneys or funds that may he in their hands belonging to the estate for such purpose, a trust not being necessary to the carrying out thereof.
5. After-born Grandchildren — Participation in Residuary Estate. Grandchildren born after the death of testator are entitled to b.e admitted to the benefits of a residuary clause creating a remainder in fee in testator’s grandchildren in the residuary property, but only as to the principal and accumulations held in the existing life estates at the time they are so admitted.
Haug v. Schumacher, 50 App. Div. 562, modified.
(Argued March 4, 1901;
decided April 16 1901.)
Appeal from a judgment of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the second judicial department, entered June 8, 1900, modifying and affirming as modified a judgment of Special Term construing the last will and testament of John C. Haug, deceased.
The nature of the action and the facts, so far as material, are stated in the opinion.
E. Gaston Higginbotham for plaintiff, appellant.
It was clearly the intent of the testator to treat both of his sons and their issue equally and alike; and that he did not intend to work a disinheritance of and a discrimination against either of the sons or the issue of either. (Wylie v. Lockwood, 86 N. Y. 291; Patchen v. Patchen, 121 N. Y. 434; Mullarky v. Sullivan, 136 N. Y. 230.) As the provisions of the will suspend the power of alienation for a longer period than two lives, the same are void. (Matter of Verplanck, 91 N. Y. 445; Phillips v. Davies, 92 N. Y. 204; Patchen v. Patchen, 121 N. Y. 435; Manice v. Manice, 43 N. Y. 303; Knox v. Jones, 47 N. Y. 389; Benedict v. Webb, 98 N. Y. 460; Kennedy v. Hoy, 105 N. Y. 135; Colton v. Fox, 67 N. Y. 348; Garvey v. McDevitt, 72 N. Y. 563; Ward v. Ward, 105 N. Y. 68.) There are no persons in being by whom an absolute fee in possession can be conveyed, as the remainder in the real property after the respective life estates of the widow and two sons js either a remainder to all of the grandchildren of the testator living at the death of the wife and the death of the two sons or the death-of the last of the three, and, therefore, contingent or is a remainder vested in the grandchildren living at the death of the testator, but subject to be divested by their death and subject to open and let in grandchildren born after the death of the testator. (Taggart v. Murray, 53 N. Y. 237; Kelso v. Lorillard, 85 N. Y. 181; Clark v. Cammann, 160 N. Y. 325; Patchen v. Patchen, 121 N. Y. 435; Matter of Baer, 147 N. Y. 353; Matter of Smith, 131 N. Y. 239; Matter of Allen, 151 N. Y. 247; Teed v. Morton, 60 N. Y. 506; Magaw v. Field, 48 N. Y. 668; 2 Jarman on Wills [6th ed.], 168; Schouler on Wills,' § 530.) The testator died intestate as to all of his personal property except such as he may have bequeathed by the first five clauses of his will. (Post v. Hover, 33 N. Y. 598; Matter of Vowers, 113 N. Y. 571; Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 51; Phillips v. Davies, 92 N. Y. 204; Bradhurst v. Field, 135 N. Y. 568; Hyatt v. Pugsley, 23 Barb. 298; Macy v. Sawyer, 66 How. Pr. 381; Clark v. Cammann, 160 N. Y. 324; Roe v. Vingut, 117 N. Y. 212; Patchen v. Patchen, 121 N. Y. 435.)
Abel Crook, A. Oldrin Salter and William H. Steinkamp, guardian ad litem, for defendant, appellant.
In the construction and interpretation of wills the intention of the testator must govern. Courts should not make a new will for a testator nor strain to support a testamentary plan in violation of statutory provisions and well-recognized rules. (McLean v. Freeman, 70 N. Y. 86; Greene v. Greene, 125 N. Y. 509; Clark v. Cammann, 160 N. Y. 327; Wadsworth v. Murray, 161 N. Y. 284; Goebel v. Wolf, 113 N. Y. 412; Scott v. Guernsey, 48 N. Y. 106; Stevenson v. Lesley, 70 N. Y. 512; Smith v. Edwards, 88 N. Y. 105; Shipman v. Rollins, 98 N. Y. 311; Delafield v. Shipman, 103 N. Y. 463.) The provisions of the will vest the entire estate, by implication, in the executors, as trustees. (Ward v. Ward, 105 N. Y. 68; Nicoll v. Walworth, 4 Den. 385; Brewster v. Striker, 2 N. Y. 19; Tobias v. Ketchum, 32 N. Y. 326; Knox v. Jones, 47 N. Y. 389, 397; Amory v. Lord, 9 N. Y. 403; Boynton v. Hoyt, 1 Den. 53; Garvey v. McDevitt, 72 N. Y. 556; Tucker v. Tucker, 5 N. Y. 408; Sav age v. Burnham, 17 N. Y. 561.) The interposition of the trust estate prevents vesting of any portion of the corpus of the estate covered by the trust until the termination of the three designated lives. (1 Preston on Estates, 65; Hayes v. Good, 7 Leigh [Va.], 496; Tayloe v. Gould, 10 Barb. 396; Griffin v. Shepard, 124 N. Y. 70; Sawyer v. Cubby, 146 N. Y. 192; Matter of Tompkins, 154 N. Y. 634.) There is no legal presumption that issue of the two sons Frederick and Christian Haug may not come into being and be living at the termination of the three designated lives and hence belong to the class grandchildren. (Apgar's Case, 39 N. J. Eq. 501; List v. Rodney, 83 Penn. St. 482.) The test of suspension of the power of alienation is furnished by the statutes which have been codified in the Beal Property Law. (Gage v. Gage, 43 Hun, 501; Campbell v. Beaumont, 91 N. Y. 464; Campbell v. Rawdon, 18 N. Y. 412; Hersee v. Simpson, 154 N. Y. 497; Matter of Smith, 131 N. Y. 246.) The inhibition against any sale of the real estate until after the termination of three designated lives, though invalid, cannot be ignored upon the question of intention. It is a vital part of testator’s scheme, and, read with other provisions of the will, demonstrates his intention to tie up his estate as an entirety during such three lives. (Henderson v. Henderson, 113 N. Y. 1; Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 29; Chapl. on Susp. Alien. § 480.) The rule that the limitation of remainders upon more than two successive estates for life, makes the life estate subsequent to those of the two persons first entitled thereto void, and on the death of the two persons first named, the remainder shall take effect as if no other lives had been introduced, has no application. (Benedict v. Webb, 98 N. Y. 460; Kennedy v. Hoy, 105 N. Y. 134; Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 29.) A case of intestacy as to the personal property is presented. The absolute ownership of the personal property is unlawfully suspended and the income, meanwhile, is ’ undisposed of. (Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 29; Post v. Hover, 33 N. Y. 593; Cochrane v. Schell, 140 N. Y. 516; Gould v. Rutherfurd, 79 Hun, 280.)
Alfred, G. Reeves for Henry J. Schumacher et al., respondents.
The future estates and gifts provided for by the 9th clause of the will are absolutely vested in testator’s grandchildren who were' living at the time of his death. (Clark v. Cammann, 160 N. Y. 315; Corse v. Chapman, 153 N. Y. 466; Hersee v. Simpson, 154 N. Y. 497; Nelson v. Russell, 135 N. Y. 137; Steinway v. Steinway, 163 N. Y. 183; Ackerman v. Gorton, 67 N. Y. 63; Livingston v. Green, 52 N. Y. 118; Moore v. Lyons, 25 Wend. 119.) The Appellate Division is correct in holding that the testator meant the 7th and 8th clauses of the will to dispose of life estates in his residuary property, both real and personal. (Allen v. Allen, 149 N. Y. 280; Tilden v. Green, 130 N. Y. 29; Roe v. Vingut, 117 N. Y. 204; Clark v. Cammann, 160 N. Y. 315; Henderson v. Henderson, 113 N. Y. 1; Greenwood v. Holbrook, 111 N. Y. 465; Matter of Logan, 131 N. Y. 456; Matter of Verplank, 91 N. Y. 439.) There is no trust created by the 7th or 8th clause of the will. The life estates provided for by those clauses are legal and valid. (Greene v. Greene, 125 N. Y. 506; Mills v. Husson, 140 N. Y. 99; Vanderpoel v. Loew, 112 N. Y. 167; Campbell v. Beaumont, 91 N. Y. 464; Steinhardt v. Cunningham, 130 N. Y. 292; Van Schuyver v. Mulford, 59 N. Y. 426; Trolan v. Rogers, 79 Hun, 507; Matthews v. Studley, 17 App. Div. 303; Gage v. Gage, 43 Hun, 501; Jones v. Wittner, 79 Hun, 283.) If the testator did not mean the 7th and 8th clauses of. the will to dispose of life estates in his residuary personal property, then the only mention of that property is in the 9th clause of the will, and the gifts therein made of such personalty are valid, since they do not at all suspend the absolute ownership of the property-nor violate any statute or rule of law. (Sawger v. Cubby, 146 N. Y. 192; Wilber v. Wilber, 165 N. Y. 451.) The 6th clause of the will, which clause is clearly invalid, can he stricken out without affecting the other provisions. Neither that clause, nor the authority given to the executors to rebuild destroyed or dilapidated buildings, nor the substitution of Samuel Schumacher as executor if Henry J. Schumacher should die before the final settlement of the estate, nor all of these combined, should be allowed to interfere with the carrying out of the provisions of the will which dispose of the testator’s property. (Manice v. Manice, 43 N. Y. 303; Greene v. Greene, 125 N. Y. 506; Roe v. Vingut, 117 N. Y. 204; Duncklee v. Butler, 38 App. Div. 99; Kennedy v. Hoy, 105 N. Y. 134; Schermerhorn v. Cotting, 131 N Y. 48; Sanford v. Goodell, 82 Hun, 369; Chaplin on Susp. Alien. §482; Henderson v. Henderson, 113 N. Y. 1; Van Schuyver v. Mulford, 59 N. Y. 426; Steinhardt v. Cunningham, 130 N. Y. 292.)
R. G. Babbage, guardian ad litem, for John Haug et al., infants, respondents.
The intent of the testator must prevail unless it clearly violates some principle of public policy. The language of the will must he construed, if possible, so that it will carry out his intent in a legal manner. Any construction which will invalidate its provisions or create an intestacy is not to he adopted unless there be no other reasonable legal construction. (Williams v. Freeman, 98 N. Y. 577; Henderson v. Henderson, 113 N. Y. 1; Foose v. Whitmore, 82 N. Y. 405; Greene v. Greene, 125 N. Y. 506; Everitt v. Everitt, 29 N. Y. 39; Schermerhorn v. Cotting, 131 N. Y. 48; Roe v. Vingut, 117 N. Y. 204; Cochrane v. Schell, 140 N. Y. 516; Sanford v. Goodell, 82 Hun, 369.) The provisions of the will dispose of the residuary personalty in the same manner as the realty, the same sections applying to both. (Macy v. Sawyer, 66 How. Pr. 381; Schouler on Wills, § 561.) Even if the remainders were not vested at the death of the testator, they will become so on the death of his two sons. The power of alienation cannot, therefore, be suspended for more than two lives. The individuals falling within the class of grandchildren will then be known. The existence of the widow cannot create any change. (Wilber v. Wilber, 45 App. Div. 158.)

Opinion:
Bartlett, J.
The testator died on the 26th of September, 1897, leaving him surviving his widow, Walburga Haug, two sons, Christian Charles Hang, who had been married about nineteen years and had no issue, although his wife was still living; Frederick Ludwig Haug, who was married, whose - wife was still living and had four children; also the defendant John "Whither Hildenbrand, who is a grandson, then aged 'fifteen -years and the only son of testator's deceased daughter, Louisa.
The real property of the testator is valued at about $114,000, subject to a mortgage of $12,000. The net amount of his personal property, after the payment of debts, is about $77,000.
The testator executed the will bearing date the 13th day of June, 1893, containing eleven clauses.
- Upon this appeal no question is presented as to the construction of the first five clauses. The sixth clause, reading as follows : " It is my will and pleasure and I hereby direct that none of my real estate shall be sold until after the death of my said wife and my two. sons," is confessedly invalid. The seventh, eighth and ninth clauses, which dispose of testator's residuary property, present the questions upon which this appeal is based.
The Special Term held that the ultimate gifts of the residuary property were contingent, or at least not absolutely vested in persons in being ; and, that while the devises of the real property were valid, the gifts of the residuary personalty were void because the absolute ownership was suspended for three lives in being.
The Appellate Division unanimously decided that the seventh, eighth and ninth clauses read together dispose of all his residuary property, both real and personal; that by the ninth clause the ultimate remainders therein are vested absolutely in the testator's grandchildren who were living at the time of his death; and that by the seventh and eighth clauses life estates in the personal and real property were given to the testator's widow and two sons, in such a manner that not more than two successive life estates were to exist in any part of the property; that no trust is created in such residuary. property, but that the widow has a life estate in one-third of it until her death or remarriage; that each son has a life estate in one-third of it. and in one-half of the widow's third if she die before him, and that after the death of each son the portion held by him is to vest absolutely in said remaindermen, the grandchildren of the testator who were living at the time of his death. Also, that if the widow outlives either son, then upon her death or remarriage the portion held by her, which would otherwise have gone to him for life, is to go absolutely to said remaindermen.
The appellants contend (1) that the remainders created by the ninth clause of the will are contingent, or at least not absolutely vested; (2) that the testator died intestate as to his residuary personal prtiperty; (3) that from the seventh and eighth clauses and the general tenor of the will a trust is to be implied by which the absolute power of alienation of the residuary property is illegally suspended.
In construing this will, it may be said at the outset that it discloses upon its face great confusion of ideas, and that it is not expressed in that clear and unmistakable language that should characterize such an instrument. We are of opinion, however, that by invoking two well-known canons of construction it may be held to contain a consistent testamentary scheme that does not contravene the statute against perpetuities. The first of these rules is the very familiar one that the intention of the testator must govern if .it can be discovered; and the other is, that all portions of a will m pari materia must be read together.
It is always the effort of the court to sustain, if possible, the will of a testator and to give force and effect to the scheme that he has devised for the benefit of those depending upon him. A court is never swift to detect inaccuracies of expression, but rather inclined to read into the instrument such words as may give reasonable effect to its provisions.
A careful study of this instrument reveals, as it seems to us, this testamentary scheme : In the first five clauses of the will the testator provides for the payment of debts and specific legacies. The sixth clause is admitted to be void and not necessary to be retained in order to sustain the will. The ninth clause reads as follows: " Immediately after the death of my said wife and the death of my said two sons, Frederick Ludwig Haug and Christian Charles Haug, I give, devise and bequeath all of my said estate, real and personal, to all of my grandchildren, to be divided among them equally, share and share alike, per capita, not per stirpesP
The appellants do not claim that this will upon its face, in express language, creates a trust, but they insist that a trust must be implied.
We are of opinion that the ninth clause vested absolutely in the testators grandchildren who were living at the time of his decease, valid, future, vested estates, and that no trust exists.
We also hold that the seventh and eighth clauses of the will deal with personal property as well as real estate, creating valid life estates in the widow and the two sons. The seventh and eighth clauses read as follows: " Seventh. I give and bequeath the equal one-third part of all -the income, rents, issues and profits of all the rest, residue and remainder of my lands and real estate of what nature and kind soever and whatever the same may be at the time of my death to my wife Walburga Haug for and during the term of her natural life or so long as she shall.remain my widow and npt marry again, in lieu of dower, the remaining equal two-thirds of the income, rents, issues and profits of my said lands and real estate, I give and bequeath to my two sons (naming them) to be divided among them equally, share and share alike. Eighth. Immediately upon the death of my said wife or her remarriage, whichever event shall first happen, I give and bequeath all the income, rents, issues and profits of my said lands and real estate to my two sons (naming them) to be divided among them equally, share and share alike." The two clauses quoted contain the imperfect wording of the will and the confusion of ideas to which we have adverted.
In addition to t.he rules of construction referred to, we are to bear in mind that the law favors the vesting of estates and testacy rather than intestacy. It is possible by following the literal language and ignoring the plain intention of the testator to construe the seventh and eighth clauses as dealing exclusively with the real estate, as did the Special Term, and thus reach the conclusion that the personal property is not included in the creation of the life estates. It leads, however, to no' violence of construction to hold that the personal and real estate are dealt with in both clauses. The language employed is such as is usually adopted by a testator in dealing with both kinds of property. The words " bequeath " and " of what nature and kind soever and whatever the same may be," are particularly applicable to personalty. We also find in the ninth clause the words " I give, devise and bequeath all my said estate, real and personal." This clearly refers to the preceding clauses.
The fifth clause of the will, which is not in dispute, places two thousand dollars in trust for John Walther Ilildenbrand, to be deposited in some savings bank or banks of good standing in the city of New York, the interest to be applied to his support and maintenance, or such portion of it as is necessary, during his minority, and on attaining the age of twenty-four years accrued interest and one-half of the principal to be paid over to him, and the balance with accumulations of interest to be paid to him when he attains the age of thirty-two provided he is a hian of steady and sober habits. If he does not meet this requirement the principal sum is to be held for his benefit during life, and at his death to be divided between the two other sons equally, their heirs and assigns.
This shows very clearly that the testator meant to deal with his personal property in the seventh and eighth clauses of his will, as otherwise this grandson was immediately entitled when the will took effect to two-ninths of the income of the residuary personal property until the death of the widow and the two sons.
Coming again to the ninth clause, we have the language " Immediately after the death of my wife and the death of my two sons (naming them) I give, devise and bequeath all my said estate, real and personal, to my grandchildren, to .be divided among them equally, share and share alike, per capita, not per stirpes." Similar language to this has been frequently construed, holding that the residuary estate vested immediately upon the death of the testator.
In Corse v. Chapman (153 N. Y., page 466) this language is employed : " It is a well-settled principle of construction that the law favors the vesting of estates, and that the words ' from and after,' or like ex2>ressions as relating to the termination of the life estate, do not 2)ostpone the vesting of the estates in remainder until the death of the life tenant, but rather refer to the period when the remaindermen would become entitled to the estates in possession."
In the case last cited the language that was held not to imply a future vesting of the estate was much stronger than in tlie. case-at bar. It reads : " On the death of any child then the said trust as to his or her said one-eighth share shall cease, and I then devise the said share to my grandchild or grandchildren who may be the lawful issue of my said child so dying, and to his, her or their heirs and assigns forever.". It was held that " The word ' then ' is not an adverb relating to time, but means 'in that event,' and the present vesting of the estates in remainder is clearly contemplated by the scheme of the will."
It was also held in the case .cited that while an absolute estate in remainder, vested at the time of testator's death it might open and let in any grandchild or grandchildren born after that event as is provided in the will. As to the vesting of remainders at the time of testator's death see generally Campbell v. Stokes (142 N. Y. 23); Allen v. Allen (149 N. Y. 280); Matter of Brown (154 N. Y. 313); Hersee v. Simpson (154 N. Y. 497); Wilber v. Wilber (165 N. Y. 451).
Under the Revised Statutes we have estates in possession and in expectancy. 1 R. S. 723 (Banks 9th ed. vol. 2, p. 1789, § 7) provides: " Estates, as resjjects the time of their enjoyment, are divided into estates in possession and estates in expectancy." Section eight reads : " An estate in possession, is where the owner has an immediate right to the possession of the land. An estate in expectancy, is where the right to the possession is postponed to a future period." Section nine reads: " Estates in expectancy are divided into (1) Estates commencing at a future day, denominated future estates: and, (2) reversions." Section ten defines a future estate as follows : "A future estate, is an estate limited to commence in possession at a future day, either without the intervention of a precedent estate, or on the determination, by lapse of time or otherwise, of a precedent estate, created at the same time." Section thirteen defines vested and contingent future estates as follows: "Future estates are either vested or contingent. They are vested, when there is a person in being, who. would have an immediate right to the possession of the lands, upon the ceasing of the intermediate or precedent estate. They are contingent, whilst the person to whom, or the event upon which they are limited to take effect, remains uncertain." It is thus clear that under the ninth clause of the will we have valid, future, vested estates.
We agree with the learned Appellate Division that there is here no unlawful suspension of the power of alienation. The grandchildren who became vested with the estate at the death of the testator can convey an absolute estate in possession, as they are entitled to such an interest upon the ceasing of the respective intermediate life estates in the widow and the two sons. The estate of the grandchildren is in no sense contingent under the clear definition of the statute as to vested estates.
We also agree with the court below that the will created two life estates; one was in the widow during her life or until her remarriage, and the other was in the two sons, but under conditions as to the latter trust that the death of either of the sons freed his interest from the life estate and permitted it to vest in the gran children and not in the surviving brother.
We are also of opinion that the tenth clause of the will ere ates a mere power, and that its provisions as to repairs to buildings, etc., can be carried out thereunder, and that no trust is necessary. The will as thus read discloses a very simple testamentary scheme; after the payment of the specific legacies the testator vests his entire estate, real and personal, in the grandchildren, subject to these two life estates. This construction sustains the will and disposes of all the property, real and personal.
The judgment of the Appellate Division should be modified so as to admit any grandchild born after the death of the testator to the benefits of the residuary or ninth clause of the will as to the principal and accumulations held in the existing life, estates at the time said grandchild is so admitted, and as to no other portion of the property under said clause! As so' modified, the judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed, without costs to any of the parties except to the attorney for the guardian acL litem, who is entitled to the costs in this court payable out of the estate.