Case Name: Michael JACKSON, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Randy TRACY, Acting Chief Administrator, Gila River Indian Community Department of Rehabilitation and Supervision and Gila River Indian Community Court, Respondents-Appellees
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2013-12-11
Citations: 549 F. App'x 643
Docket Number: No. 12-17179
Parties: Michael JACKSON, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Randy TRACY, Acting Chief Administrator, Gila River Indian Community Department of Rehabilitation and Supervision and Gila River Indian Community Court, Respondents-Appellees.
Judges: Before: REINHARDT and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK, District Judge.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 549
Pages: 643–644

Head Matter:
Michael JACKSON, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Randy TRACY, Acting Chief Administrator, Gila River Indian Community Department of Rehabilitation and Supervision and Gila River Indian Community Court, Respondents-Appellees.
No. 12-17179.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Nov. 5, 2013.
Filed Dec. 11, 2013.
Keith J. Hilzendeger, Daniel L. Kaplan, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Federal Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix, AZ, for Petitioner-Appellant.
Linus Everling, Esquire, Thomas Laurence Murphy, Senior Counsel, Rebecca Hall, Gila River Indian Community Pima Maricopa Tribe Law Office, Sacaton, AZ, for Respondents-Appellees.
Before: REINHARDT and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK, District Judge.
The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, District Judge for the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM
1. The Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) guarantees a criminal defendant's right "at his own expense to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(6). We need not decide whether this provision guarantees the right to effective assistance of retained counsel, because Jackson did not retain counsel. Nor did he accept the offer of free counsel from the Gila River Indian Community Defense Services Office. He instead hired a lay tribal advocate, who was not admitted to the bar of any State. The plain meaning of the term "counsel" as used in the ICRA is "licensed attorney." See Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159, 108 S.Ct. 1692, 100 L.Ed.2d 140 (1988). The ICRA does not protect a criminal defendant's right to the effective assistance of a tribal advocate who is not admitted to the bar.
2. For the same reason, we need not decide whether the ICRA's guarantee of the right to due process, 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(8), sets minimum constitutional standards for effective representation by attorneys. Cf. Brubaker v. Dickson, 310 F.2d 30, 37 (9th Cir.1962). Even if those standards apply here, they govern only the conduct of licensed attorneys, not lay tribal advocates.
AFFIRMED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9 th Cir. R. 36-3.