Case Name: THE PEOPLE v. CODWELL J. EATON
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1907-12-20
Citations: 21 N.Y. Crim. 549
Docket Number: 
Parties: THE PEOPLE v. CODWELL J. EATON.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Criminal Reports
Volume: 21
Pages: 549–556

Head Matter:
SUPREME COURT—APP. DIVISION—FIRST DEPARTMENT,
Dec. 20, 1907.
THE PEOPLE v. CODWELL J. EATON.
(122 App. Div. 706.)
(1) . Accomplice—Cobeobobation of—Code Ceim. Peo. § 399.
The requirement of section 399 of the Code of Criminal Procedure that the testimony of an accomplice must be corroborated by evidence tending to connect the defendant with the crime is satisfied when the defendant himself gives such testimony.
(2) . Conspibacy—Indictment—Penal Code § 528.
An indictment under section 528 of the Penal Code for larceny by obtaining property by false representations need not set out the means by which the defendant carried out a fraudulent conspiracy to obtain money or that the party defrauded relied upon the false representations.
(3) . Same.
Such indictment may allege that the representations were made to a corporation without particularly naming the agent of the corporation to whom they were made.
(4) . False bepbesentation may be made to a cobpobation.
The theory that false representations cannot be made to a corporation because it is an artificial person is untenable.
(5) . Same—Penal Code § 528.
A defendant employed to check the number of laborers working for a contractor, from whose figures the payroll is made up, who, entering into a conspiracy with another checker, turns in false reports and obtains money on the names of persons not performing labor, is guilty of larceny under section 528 of the Penal Code.
Appeal by the defendant, Codwell J. Eaton, from a judgment of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace in and for the county of New York, rendered on the 29th day of April, 1907, convicting the defendant of the crime of grand larceny in the second degree, and also from two orders entered on the 29th day of April, 1907, respectively denying the defendant’s motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment.
Henry Hardwicke, for the appellant.
Robert 0. Taylor, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Ilf GB AH AM, J.
Two questions are presented on this appeal, one relating to the sufficiency of the indictment and the other to the sufficiency of the corroboration of the evidence of Swartz, an accomplice. There are two counts in the indictment. The first alleges that the defendant on the 9th day of February, 1907, " with intent to deprive and defraud a certain corporation called Degnon Oontracting Company of the proper moneys, goods, chattels and personal property hereinafter mentioned, and .of the use and benefit thereof, and to appropriate the same to their own use, did then and there feloniously, fraudulently and falsely pretend and represent to the said corporation that one W. Jukus had been for some time prior thereto and was then and there a servant and employeé of the said corporation and shortly theretofore had worked for the said corporation as such servant and employeé for thirteen days, and that the said corporation was then and there indebted to the said W. Jukus and there was then and there due and owing from the said corporation to him as such servant and employeé for and on account of the said work the sum of forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents," and that the said defendant did then and there feloniously and fraudulently obtain from the possession of the said corporation the said sum with intent to deprive and defraud the said corporation of the same, and of the use and benefit thereof and to appropriate the same to his own use. " Whereas, in truth and in fact, the said W. Jukus had not been prior thereto and was not then and there a servant or employeé of the said corporation and theretofore had not worked as such servant or employee for the said corporation for thirteen days or for any time whatsoever; " and there was not due and owing the said sum of forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents; and that the pretenses and representations so made by the defendant to the said corporation were in all respects utterly false and untrue as at the time of making the same the defendant then and there well knew, and that by the means aforesaid the said money of the said corporation the defendant feloniously did steal. The second was a general count for larceny.
It appeared that Eaton, the appellant, was employed by the Hew York and Long Island Eailroad Company to make an independent check of the men employed in shaft 3 of a tunnel being constructed by the Degnon Company for the railroad company who relied upon the appellant's reports in payment of the bills of the Degnon Company. The appellant made a return to the railroad company every morning which stated the number and names of the men who were employed in shaft 3. Every morning the railroad company received a report from the Deg-non Company made up by Swartz, the timekeeper of that company, as to the men employed in shaft 3 the day before, and these returns from the Degnon Company were compared with the appellant's returns as to the number of men employed. It seems that each employee had a number and the returns were made by these numbers and to each number there was affixed a letter which indicated the nature of the employment, so that if these two reports, that from the Degnon Company and that from the appellant agreed, the men were paid for the time thus certified; that when a man was employed by the Degnon Company he received a brass check upon which was a number by which he was identified while he continued to work; that on the pay day he presented that check and he then received the money due him contained in an envelope upon which was a number that corresponded with the number on the check that he pre sented. On the 9th day of February, 1907, one Abramson presented a check with the number 3,178 and was paid forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents. The timekeeper for the Degnon Company was Swartz and the timekeeper for the railroad company was the appellant. Abramson testified that on the ninth of February he presented check No. 3,178 to the Degnon Company at the foot of East Twenty-second street and received an envelope containing money; that about three weeks before that he met the appellant, who told the witness that his father had bought checks from people working in the tunnel, and he wanted the witness to go down and present one of the checks and collect the money for him; that the appellant told Abramson to walk to 112 East Forty-first street with him; that the appellant's father handed him a brass check when the witness went to the paymaster of the Degnon Company, presented the check and received an envelope there under a different name, brought the envelope back and handed it to the appellant's father; that the appellant then handed the witness five dollars, and asked him if he would come again two weeks afterwards and cash another' check. Two weeks afterwards the witness went down with his cousin, when they were each given a check, and told to go and collect the money on that check, which he did, and turned it over to the appellant. This was all previous to the 9th of February, 1907. The witness went through with this performance four times prior to the ninth of February, when he presented check No. 3,178, and received from the Degnon Company forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents. Swartz was present at the same time that the witness received the checks. Swartz was then called as a witness and testified that he was in the pay office on pay day; that somebody brought this check No. 3,178, and presented it, and that he (Swartz) checked it off as O. K., and told the paymaster that it was all right, and that then the paymaster paid it; that about December first, prior to this time, the appellant came to Swartz and said he had a scheme by which they could make some money; it was simply putting in checks and putting the names of men in the book with the same number as upon the checks; that Swartz should give to the appellant checks and he would have the money drawn out on pay day; that Swartz agreed to this scheme, and he selected names and numbers which he put into his report as the men who had done the work upon the job, and then gave the numbers to the appellant. That this continued for several weeks up to the pay day, February 9,1907. That No. 3,178 was one of the numbers that he put on the pay roll as representing a man who was given the name " Jukus " on the payroll, but who had done no work, and he entered the number in his time book and upon the slip that he furnished to the Degnon Company ; and that the check representing this number was then given to the appellant, who collected the money from the Degnon Company; that he received from the appellant a portion of the money that was thus collected from the Degnon Contracting Company. There was other evidence showing the method by which this plan had been worked out and connecting the defendant with it. The People having rested, the appellant was called as a witness on his own behalf. He testified that he had a conversation with Swartz, the timekeeper of the Degnon Company about purchasing checks; that Swartz said there was a lot of these men who wanted to sell their time, and there was an opportunity to buy them for a mere song; that he introduced the appellant to certain men who wished to sell their time, and that the appellant determined that it was all right, and that he subsequently received checks from Swartz as checks that had been purchased from men who said that they were entitled to be paid; that on that day he gave the checks to his father, or one of the boys, to be cashed; that twenty-eight or twenty-nine checks received from Swartz had been cashed up to the ninth of February ; that Swartz never told him that these checks did not represent actual work, but had been taken out of the desk of the Degnon Company; that he had no idea that they were not perfectly bona fide checks; that he knew Abramson; that he presented. check'Ho. 3,178 on February ninth with his knowledge and consent; that in his report turned in on February 7, 1907, check Ho. 3,178 appeared there; that he got check Ho. 3,178 with other information supplied him by Swartz; that Swartz supplied him with a list of the men at work every morning, which he would accept and report as though made in the regular course of his investigation. Thus, upon his own testimony, the appellant, who was employed by the railroad company to make an independent investigation of the men at work, took from Swartz the names of men who did work represented by checks that Swartz furnished him and put them on his report to his employer, and that it was in this way that the fraud was perpetrated. Certainly the defendant's own testimony directly connected him with the crime of which he was charged. The provision of the Code (Code Crim. Pro. § 399) is satisfied if the testimony of the accomplice is corroborated by such other evidence as tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime. When the defendant himself testified that he was connected with the crime, no further corroboration is required. There was much other evidence that directly connected appellant with this crime. A witness named Leow, who was called by the defendant, testified that on the morning of the ninth of February the appellant advised him not to cash the checks; that it would not be wise for him to cash any, as he might be caught; and that Swartz told him that they were padding the payrolls with extra checks. The evidence is undisputed that those payrolls were made up from returns of Swartz; that they were sent to the railroad company, who checked them off by the time slips furnished by the appellant, and that no man received pay unless he were on both of the time slips furnished by the two men; that these slips were relied upon by the paymaster of the Degnon Company when the money was paid ,and the person to whom the money was paid was determined by the presentation of the brass checks with the number upon it.
The other question presented is as to the sufficiency of the indictment. The false representation was that one Jukus had been employed by the Degnon Company, and that the Degnon Company was indebted to Jukus in the amount that was received. The defendant, in his testimony, admits that he presented the check calling for a payment to Jukus of forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents; that he received the money; that the check upon which the money was paid was given to him by Swartz; and the evidence is conclusive that the paymaster of the Degnon Company relied upon the report of the time sheets made by Swartz and the appellant that this man represented by that check was entitled to receive from the Degnon Company forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents, and upon the possession of the check by the man applying for payment. All of the elements of the crime were thus established. The allegation of the indictment, that the representations were made to the corporation and not to a particularly named agent of the corporation, is clearly sufficient. The indictment is under section 528 of the Penal Code which provides that " A person who, with the intent to deprive or defraud the true owner of his property takes from the possession of the true owner, or of any other person; or obtains from such possession by color or aid of fraudulent or false representation or pretense, or of any false token or writing any money, personal property, thing in action, evidence of debt or contract, or article of value of any kind steals such property, and is guilty of larceny." Now the evidence is undisputed that this forty-eight dollars and seventy-five cents was the money of the Degnon Company; and that the appellant, with others, by color or aid of fraudulent or false representations, or pretense, obtained that money from the possession of the Degnon Com pany. It was not necessary to allege in the indictment the means by which the parties carried ont their fraudulent conspiracy to obtain the money from the Degnon Company, or that the Degnon Company, or its employees, or agents, relied upon the false representations. Every element of a false and fraudulent representation or pretense under which the Degnon Company's money was obtained is alleged and proved. The point that the appellant could not have made a false representation to a corporation because it is an artificial person is without the slightest merit. All corporations have to act through agents, and a representation to an agent of a corporation to obtain money from the corporation is a representation to the corporation.
It is quite clear that this crime was proved by undisputed evidence, the only possible question being whether or not the defendant acted with intent to deprive or defraud the true owner of his property, and there was certainly evidence that justified the verdict of the jury.
The judgment should be affirmed.
Patterson, P. J., McLaughlin, Clakke and Houghton, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and orders affirmed.