Case Name: Dora W. CRUNDWELL, Appellant, v. Michael BECKER, M.D., and Richard Brown, M.D., Appellees
Court: Texas Courts of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1998-11-05
Citations: 981 S.W.2d 880
Docket Number: No. 01-96-01453-CV
Parties: Dora W. CRUNDWELL, Appellant, v. Michael BECKER, M.D., and Richard Brown, M.D., Appellees.
Judges: Before Justices COHEN, O’CONNOR, and ANDELL.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Second Series
Volume: 981
Pages: 880–886

Head Matter:
Dora W. CRUNDWELL, Appellant, v. Michael BECKER, M.D., and Richard Brown, M.D., Appellees.
No. 01-96-01453-CV
Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).
Nov. 5, 1998.
Rehearing Overruled Jan. 11, 1999.
John H. Holloway, Houston, for appellant.
Sarah H. Hollenbeck, Jim Edwards, for appellees.
Before Justices COHEN, O’CONNOR, and ANDELL.

Opinion:
OPINION ON REHEARING
ERIC ANDELL, Justice.
The motion for rehearing is denied. We withdraw our opinion of August 13,1998, and issue this one in its stead.
Dora W. Crundwell sued Drs. Michael Becker and Richard Brown for medical malpractice. After the trial court granted Becker's motion for a directed verdict on the issue of informed consent, a jury found for Becker and Brown on the issue of negligence. The trial court rendered a take-nothing judgment against Crundwell. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
Facts
When she was 64 years old, Dora Crundwell consulted Michael Becker, an obstetrician-gynecologist, concerning pelvic abdominal pain. Crundwell was diabetic, was experiencing vascular problems, and had undergone surgery 17 years before to correct diverticulitis, a bowel disorder. Crundwell testified Becker told her she had cancer, and she would not have agreed to the surgery otherwise. Becker denied telling Crundwell she had cancer. None of the tests indicated Crundwell had cancer, and all of the doctors agree she does not have cancer. The doctors also agreed that, had Becker told Crundwell she had cancer, it would have been both incorrect and unethical.
Crundwell signed an informed consent form that states the reason for the surgery was "pelvic abdominal pain." Becker performed a total hysterectomy, removing Crundwell's uterus and ovaries. There is some question as to whether a remnant of one ovary remains in CrundweU's body. Because of her previous surgery, Crundwell's bowel had numerous "adhesions," ie., scar tissue that caused parts of the bowel to stick together. During the operation, Becker nicked part of the bowel. He asked Brown, a general surgeon, to repair the tear. Brown did so, removing a small section of bowel and attaching the ends together.
Crundwell claims she was still in pain and believed she had an infection when she left the hospital, although neither Becker's testimony nor the hospital records confirm this. Crundwell acknowledged she did not convey this information to anyone at the hospital. Two months after the hysterectomy, Crund-well went back into the hospital for vascular surgery to be performed by Dr. Demetrio Boulafendis. When Boulafendis began the surgery, he found sterile pus in Crundwell's abdominal cavity and small holes in her bowel. He repaired the holes, closed the incision, and delayed the vascular surgery to ensure Crundwell had no infection. He performed the surgery a week later without any problems.
Crundwell's expert, Dr. David Barnes, testified Becker was negligent in not attempting less radical treatment to control the pain, in performing the hysterectomy before the vascular surgery, and in leaving small tears in the bowel. Becker and his medical expert, Dr. Harold Miller, testified the operation was necessary and properly performed. Brown testified nicking the bowel was a common surgical hazard, and he successfully repaired the bowel. Becker, Brown, Miller, and Barnes testified that, had the tears been caused during the hysterectomy, Crundwell would have shown severe symptoms within days and would almost certainly have died. They also testified the tears could have been created by Boulafendis because of the many bowel adhesions; they described the pus as resulting from dissolved sutures; and they opined that Boulafendis had mistaken scar tissue for a remnant of ovary.
Refused Issues
In points of error one, two, five, and eight, Crundwell argues the trial court erred in refusing to submit questions to the jury on the issues of fraud, constructive fraud, gross negligence, and intentional misrepresenta tion. She claims these causes were supported by her pleadings and evidence.
Becker argues a party cannot recover damages from fraud if the damages arise from an improperly performed contract. For support, he relies on Formosa Plastics Corp. v. Presidio Engineers & Contractors, 960 S.W.2d 41 (Tex.1998). However, Formosa does not so hold. In fact, the supreme court held in Formosa that tort damages are recoverable for a fraudulent inducement claim, even if the damages are the same as those recoverable under the breach of contract claim. See id. at 47.
Becker relies on Gaut v. Quasi, 505 S.W.2d 367, 369 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.]), writ refd n.r.e., 510 S.W.2d 90, 91 (Tex.1974), to argue Crundwell was not entitled to submit jury issues on fraud or misrepresentation independent of the issue of informed consent. Gaut does not support Becker's argument. In its per curiam opinion refusing writ, the supreme court disagreed with the Fourteenth Court's conclusion that submitting an issue on informed consent precludes submission of a fraud issue. See 510 S.W.2d at 91.
In Melissinos v. Phamanivong, 823 S.W.2d 339, 344 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1991, writ denied), the Texarkana court of appeals held the trial court properly submitted both informed consent and fraud causes of action, because the definition of informed consent under article 4590i does not include misrepresentations. We hold the issue of fraud may be submitted to a jury in addition to, and independent of, the issue of informed consent.
Because the issue of informed consent does not encompass the issues of fraud or negligent misrepresentation, the next inquiry is whether Crundwell was entitled to the submission of fraud and negligent misrepresentation. When evidence raises an issue, it is reversible error for the trial court to refuse to submit it to the jury. See Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Thomas, 554 S.W.2d 672, 674 (Tex.1977). A trial court may refuse to submit an issue only when there is no evidence to support the submission, not merely because the evidence is insufficient to support a judgment. See Brown v. Goldstein, 685 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex.1985); Waldron v. Zapata Exploration Co., 878 S.W.2d 349, 350 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no writ).
Crundwell's testimony was more than a scintilla of evidence of fraud, constructive fraud, intentional misrepresentation, and gross negligence. We hold the trial court improperly refused to submit these issues to the jury.
We sustain points of error one, two, five, and eight.
Directed Verdict
In points of error six and seven, Crundwell argues the trial court erred in rendering a directed verdict for Becker on the issue of informed consent. Even though Crundwell signed a surgical consent form, she argues the court should have submitted the issue of informed consent. Crundwell's argument is that she was not the ordinary patient facing surgery; because of her compromised physical condition, Becker should have told her that she was more likely than most patients to suffer a tear or cut of the intestines. Crundwell relies on Barclay v. Campbell, 704 S.W.2d 8 (Tex.1986) to support her argument under this point. We disagree that Barclay supports Crundwell's argument.
In Barclay, the plaintiff did not sign a consent form, and it was undisputed that his doctor did not disclose one of the risks of a prescribed medication. Id. at 9. Crundwell signed a form consenting to abdominal surgery because of pelvic abdominal pain. The form shows a variety of possible procedures, depending upon what the doctors found during exploratory surgery, and a number of associated risks. One of the disclosed risks was the one about which she now complains — injury to the bowel.
Crundwell offered no evidence to show she was incapable of understanding the consent form. The issue of whether she would have agreed to the surgery had she not believed .she had cancer is distinct from the issue of whether she was fully informed of the risks attendant to having surgery. The trial court did not err when it granted Becker's motion for a directed verdict.
We overrule points of error six and seven.
In point of error four, Crundwell argues the trial court erred in rendering the directed verdict, to the extent rendition was based on the issues of intentional misrepresentation or fraud. Aside from the statement in the point of error, Crundwell does not argue the issue, refer to the record, or offer authority to support the point of error. The record shows Becker's motion addressed only the issue of informed consent, and the directed verdict was rendered solely on that issue. It was not based on fraud or intentional misrepresentation.
We overrule point of error four.
Independent Cause
In point of error nine, Crundwell contends the trial court erred in overruling her objection to Becker's "new and independent cause" submission. She argues that the trial court should not have submitted the issue of "new and independent cause."
A judge may refuse to submit an issue only if there is no evidence to warrant submission. See Brown, 685 S.W.2d at 641; The trial court did not abuse its discretion in submitting the issue over Crundwell's objection.
We overrule point of error nine.
Broad-Form Submissions
In point of error three, Crundwell argues the trial court erred in refusing to submit questions regarding whether Becker falsely told her she had cancer and whether she suffered damages as a proximate cause of unnecessary surgery. In points of error 10 through 15, she contends the trial court erred in overruling her objection to broad-form submission on the issue of negligence and in refusing to submit separate factual liability questions.
The trial court must, whenever feasible, submit a cause on broad-form questions. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 277; Texas Dep't of Human Servs. v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex.1990). Only when there are extraordinary circumstances may the court use other submissions. E.B., 802 S.W.2d at 649. In Merckling v. Curtis, 911 S.W.2d 759, 771 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied), this Court held that broad-form submission was proper in a complex medical negligence case in which several concepts of negligence and proximate cause were alleged. We hold the broad-form submission on the issue of negligence was proper in this case.
We overrule points of error three and 10 through 15.
Motion for New Trial
In points of error 16 through 18, Crundwell contends the trial court abused its discretion in overruling her motion for new trial because the jury's findings that Becker and Brown were not negligent were so against the overwhelming great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly wrong and unjust.
Brown and Becker argue that this complaint was too vague in the motion for new trial to preserve the error, citing Ramey v. Collagen, 821 S.W.2d 208, 210-11 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ denied) ("when viewed as a whole, the jury's verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence" not specific enough to preserve error). In Ramey, however, there were several jury findings. Here, there was only one. We hold error was preserved.
When we review factual sufficiency, we consider all of the evidence and will reverse only if the finding is so weak or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175,176 (Tex.1986). Although the Texas Constitution gives the courts of appeals the authority to "unfind facts," it does not give them authority to "find" facts. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 634 (Tex.1986).
The evidence of negligence consisted of (1) Crundwell's testimony that she continued to experience pain after her surgery; (2) Barnes's expert testimony that it was negligent to perform a hysterectomy without first cleansing the bowel and performing a dilation and curettage (D & C), in light of Crund-well's previous bowel resections and pelvic abscesses; (3) Boulafendis's report of finding small tears in Crundwell's bowel and sterile pus in her abdomen; and (4) Becker's nick of her bowel, admitted by Becker and confirmed by Brown. Evidence refuting negligence consisted of: (1) Brown's testimony that surgical nicks of the bowel are common in abdominal surgery, and not necessarily evidence of negligence; (2) Miller's expert testimony agreeing that a surgical nick is not considered negligent, a D & C was not only unnecessary, but potentially dangerous, bowel cleansing was not routinely performed before a hysterectomy, and — had tears in the bowel remained after the surgery — Crund-well would have had elevated temperatures and been continuously, seriously sick, thus the tears occurred during Boulafendis's surgery; (3) post-surgical hospital notes showing normal temperatures and no indications of infection; and (4) Becker and Brown's testimony that neither was negligent.
Considering all the evidence, we overrule points of error 16 through 18. There was ample evidence in the record that, if believed, would support the jury's verdict. The verdict was not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling the motion for new trial on these grounds.
Conclusion
The issues of fraud, intentional misrepresentation, and gross negligence apply only to Crundwell's claim that Becker told her she had cancer. Because we overruled the remaining points of error, we affirm the take-nothing judgment in regard to Brown.
We reverse and remand as to Becker.
Justice O'CONNOR dissenting.
. If a patient signs a written consent to surgery that lists the risks of surgery, and the execution of the written consent is witnessed by a credible person, there is a "presumption" that the physician has obtained the patient's informed consent. See Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. art. 4590i, §6.07 (1998).
. Miller, Becker's expert, said the holes occurred during the surgery performed by Boulafendis.