Case Name: Hawkins, Admr. v. Rye
Court: Mississippi Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Mississippi
Decision Date: 1958-03-24
Citations: 233 Miss. 132
Docket Number: No. 40665
Parties: Hawkins, Admr. v. Rye
Judges: All Justices concur except Hall, Lee and Arrington, JJ., who dissent.
Reporter: Mississippi Reports
Volume: 233
Pages: 132–154

Head Matter:
Hawkins, Admr. v. Rye
No. 40665
March 24, 1958
101 So. 2d 516
Cason Rankin, Tupelo; Brown & Elledge, Fulton, for appellant.
Mitchell & McNutt, Tupelo; W. Herman Camp, Fulton, for appellee.

Opinion:
Holmes, J.
On the morning of June 14, 1956, at about 9:15 o'clock, the appellee, William H. Rye, accompanied by his wife, was driving his automobile south along the highway from his home in Pulton, Mississippi, to Nettleton, Mississippi. His automobile struck and ran over Roger Twain Hawkins, a child four and a half years of age, rendering him unconscious and injuring him to the extent that he died before he could be gotten to a doctor. William Thomas Hawkins, the father of the child, qualified as the administrator of his estate and brought this suit in the Circuit Court of Itawamba County against William H. Rye for damages for the alleged wrongful injury and death of the child. The suit was brought under Section 1453 of the Code of 1942, commonly known as the "wrongful death statute." The claimed right of recovery was predicated upon the alleged negligence of William H. Rye in the operation of his automobile on the occasion in question.
The trial of the case resulted in a jury verdict for the defendant and judgment was entered accordingly, and from that judgment this appeal is prosecuted.
The appellant contends on this appeal (1) that the court erred in denying his request for a peremptory instruction; (2) that the court erred in overruling a motion for a new trial upon the ground that the verdict of the jury is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence; (3) that the court erred in permitting the defendant, William H. Eye, to testify over the objection of the plaintiff upon the ground that he was an incompetent witness under Section 1690 of the Code of 1942, commonly known as the "dead man's statute", and (4) that the court erred in granting defendant's instruction No. 2.
The appellant's first two contentions direct our attention to a consideration of the evidence. The physical surroundings and general situation existing at the scene at the time of the tragic accident appear from the evidence without dispute. The highway was a black topped pavement, 18 feet wide, with graveled shoulders on each side four feet in width. The highway ran generally in a north and south direction. The home of Mrs. W. E. Hawkins, the grandmother of the child, was located on the west side of the highway, and on the north side of the home was the Hawkins ' private garage from which a driveway led down to the highway. Opposite this driveway and on the east side of the highway was a mailbox which was located off the east shoulder of the highway and at a point 22 feet east of the center of the highway. The highway curved at a point 513 feet north of the mailbox, and from this point a motorist rounding this curve and traveling* south could see the mail box. The child was staying with his grandmother during the week while his parents were at work. On the morning in question the child and his grandmother were proceeding to the mailbox. They came from the direction of the Hawkins' garage and crossed the highway from the west to the east side thereof, and went to the mailbox and looked in it. The grandmother and the child, the grandmother holding the child by the hand, then started to walk south along the east shoulder of the highway. It was shortly thereafter that the accident occurred. After the impact the body of the child was lying with his feet on the edge of the west side of the hlack top and his body was crosswise of the road. There were only three eye-witnesses to the actual occurrence, namely, the appellee, his wife, and the child's grandmother. The grandmother was not called as a witness by the appellant and no explanation was offered as to the failure of the appellant to present her as a witness.
The appellee, William H. Rye, testified, over the objection of the appellant, that on the morning in question he and his wife were traveling in his 1948 Chevrolet automobile along the highway from his home in Fulton, Mississippi to Nettleton, Mississippi; that he was driving and proceeding south; that as he emerged from the curve of the highway he saw the grandmother and the child cross the road; that the grandmother looked at him and saw him as they started across; that he slowed his car down to about 20 miles per hour; that they crossed from the west side to the east side of the highway and went to the mailbox; that they looked in the mailbox and that then the grandmother took the child by the hand and they started walking south along the east shoulder of the highway; that as he arrived at a point about opposite them, the child jerked loose from his grandmother and darted suddenly in front of the car, and that he cut Ms car to the right and applied his brakes but was unable to avoid striking the child; that his brakes had been recently relined and were in good condition.
Mrs. Rye corroborated her husband in all essential respects as to the actual occurrence of the accident. She said that the child was being held by the hand by Ms grandmother and that he suddenly jerked loose from Ms grandmother and ran in front of the car, and that her husband swerved to the right and reached for Ms brakes but was unable to avoid striking the child; that it all happened very quickly.
The appellant offered no witness to contradict the testimony of the appellee and his wife as to the actual occurrence of the accident. He relied largely upon testimony as to measurements and distances, from which he argued that the accident could not have happened in the manner in which the appellee said it happened. The grandmother, who by reason of her relationship to the child, should naturally be friendly to the appellant's cause, was not presented as a witness, and it is therefore presumed that her testimony would have been adverse to the appellant and favorable to the appellee. Anderson v. Cumberland Telephone Company, 86 Miss. 341, 38 So. 788, Bunckley v. Jones, 79 Miss. 1, 29 So. 1000. In the case of Anderson v. Cumberland Telephone Company, supra, the Court said: "The failure to present a witness who can be had, and who is presumed to be friendly to defendant, who knows exculpatory facts if anyone does, raises a strong presumption that such facts do not exist."
In view of the testimony, we are clearly of the opinion that the trial court was correct in refusing the appellant's request for a peremptory instruction, and that the verdict of the jury is not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence but is amply supported by the evidence.
It is next contended by the appellant that the court erred in permitting the appellee to testify over the objection of the appellant, based upon the ground that he was an incompetent witness under Section 1690 of the Code of 1942. The question of the competency of the appellee as a witness brings under review Section 1690 of the Code of 1942, and Section 1453 of the Code of 1942.
Section 1690 provides in its pertinent parts as follows: "A person shall not testify as a witness to establish his own claim or defense against the estate of a deceased person which originated during the lifetime of such deceased person, or any claim he has transferred since the death of such decedent....." (Emphasis ours).
It is not questioned that this statute applies not only to fixed debts but also to tort actions. Lamar v. Williams, 39 Miss. 342. Neither can there be any doubt under the prior decisions of this Court as to the purpose, object and policy of this statute, as it has been reenacted and brought forward in its present form.
In the case of Witherspoon, Administratrix v. Blewett, 47 Miss. 570, which was an action of trover to recover damages for the conversion of cattle, the Court declared the policy of the statute to be that "A living party, plaintiff or defendant, in a suit in which the representative of a decedent is a party, is not competent to establish his right or demand against the estate, nor does it matter whether the claim be set up by the living plaintiff against the estate, or whether it be by way of defense to a claim preferred by the leg'al representative of a decedent." (Emphasis ours).
In the case of Jacks v. Bridewell, 51 Miss. 881, the Court, speaking of the object of the statute, said: "The object is to prevent the assertion of rights to what a deceased person left, by virtue of some act of such deceased person, from being supported by the testimony of him who asserts the right.....When death has placed the evidence of one of the parties to the transaction, out of which the claim arises, beyond the pale of the court, the statute enacts that the other shall not be heard, for or against such claim. As to that transaction, both of the parties thereto are dead, one through natural causes, the other by legislative enactment." The Court also in this case defined the term, "estate of a deceased person" as used in the statute. The Court said: "The term 'estate of a deceased person' is used, in its broad and popular sense, to signify all the property of every kind which one leaves at his death. Therefore, any 'right' asserted against real or personal property left by a deceased person, as accrued to the party by virtue of a dealing between him and such person since deceased, ren ders the person asserting it incompetent as a witness to maintain in his own behalf snch assertion of right."
It is to be specially noted that in the statute itself, Section 1690, Code of 1942, as well as in the prior decisions of this Court declaring the purpose and policy thereof, the disqualification of the witness arising under the statute is with reference to the establishment of the witness' claim or defense against the estate of a deceased person. If the estate of the deceased person is not affected, then the disqualification does not exist. We so held in the ease of Fennell, Administratrix v. McGowan, 58 Miss. 261, wherein the Court said: "To work a disqualification of an interested witness, the estate of a decedent must be directly affected by the pending suit."
In determining the competency of the appellee as a witness in this action, we are confronted with the question whether the estate of the deceased, Roger Twain Hawkins, is or will be affected by this suit. We think the question must be answered in the negative. The action is one under the wrongful death statute brought by the administrator of the estate of Roger Twain Hawkins, deceased, against the appellee, Rye, alleging the wrongful death of the deceased, and charging that the same resulted from the negligence of the appellee Rye. The solution of the question of the competency of the appellee as a witness involves the construction and interpretation of Section 1453 of the Code of 1942, which provides in its pertinent parts as follows:
"Whenever the death of any person shall be caused by any real wrongful or negligent act or omission, or by such unsafe machinery, way or appliances as would, if death had not ensued, haye entitled the party injured or damaged thereby to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof . and such deceased person shall have left a widow or children or both, or husband or father or mother, or sister, or brother, the person or corporation, or both that would have been liable if death had not ensued, and the representatives of such person shall he liable for damages, notwithstanding the death, and the fact that death was instantaneous shall, in no case, affect the right of recovery. The action for such damages may he brought in the name of the personal representative of the deceased person, for the benefit of all persons entitled under the law to recover or by widow, for the death of her husband, or by the husband for the death of the wife, or by the parent for the death of a child, or in the name of a child, or in the name of a child for the death of a parent, or by a brother for the death of a sister, or by a sister for the death of a brother, or by a sister for the death of a sister, or a brother for the death of a brother, or all parties interested may join in the suit, and there shall be hut one suit for the same death which shall ensue for the benefit of all parties concerned, hut the detremination of such suit .shall not bar another action unless it he decided on its merits . Damages recovered under the provisions of this section shall not be subject to the payment of the debts or liabilities of the deceased, except as hereinafter provided, and such damages shall he distributed as follows: ? >
In urging the incompetency of the appellee as a witness, the appellant relies upon the cases of Cross v. Frost, 86 So. 2d 296, and Reynolds v. Snowden, 92 So. 2d 232. Neither of these eases, however, involves the question here presented. In the Frost case, Frost and Cross were involved in an automobile collision. Cross was killed. Frost sustained personal injuries. Frost sued the administrator of the estate of Cross for damages. The Court held, and we think rightly so, that Frost was an incompetent witness since the estate of Cross was directly affected by the suit. In other words, in the event of a recovery by Frost, the amount thereof would have to he paid out of the estate of Cross, and would, therefore, result in a depletion of the Cross estate, thereby directly affecting the estate of Cross. The same is true of the Snowden case. Mrs. Snowden sued the administrator of the estate of George Benison, deceased, for damages alleged to have resulted from a collision in which she was injured and Benison was killed. Mrs. Snowden was held to be an incompetent witness because her claim was a direct claim against the estate of Benison, deceased, and in the event of her recovery the judgment would have to be paid out of the assets of the estate of the deceased, and, therefore, the estate of the deceased would be to that extent depleted. Neither the Frost case nor the Snow-den case was as a matter of fact governed by the wrongful death statute. Each was a suit by a surviving motorist against the estate of a deceased motorist to recover damages from the estate of the deceased motorist. Of course, in each of these cases the estate of a deceased person was directly affected by the pending suit, since, as stated, any recovery would to the extent thereof deplete the estate of the deceased person.
The question here presented, however, is as to the competency of a surviving motorist to testify as a witness in defense of a suit brought against him by the administrator of a deceased person under the wrongful death statute. The identical question has not heretofore been directly decided by this Court. The authorities from other jurisdictions are not in accord. 58 Am. Jur., Witnesses, Sec. 224, p. 162. An elaborate annotation setting forth the opposing views appears in 36 A. L. R., pages 960, et seq.
We need not, however, resort to other jurisdictions in determining the question here presented. The language of our own statutes, Sections 1690 and 1453, and the construction which this Court has heretofore placed thereon, lead inevitably to the conclusion that the appellee Rye was a competent witness to testify in defense of the suit brought against him. Section 1690 disqualified him only to testify as a witness in a claim brought against him by the estate of a deceased person. The suit against him was not an action by the estate but was an action brought by the administrator on behalf of surviving heirs named in the wrongful death statute. Any recovery in the suit would not have enhanced the estate of the deceased but would have been paid to designated heirs under the statute. The estate of the deceased was, therefore, not affected either beneficially or adversely or otherwise by the pending suit. What this Court said in the case of Fennell, Administratrix v. McGowan, supra, becomes pertinent and decisive of the question with which we are now confronted. The language of the Court in the case of Fennell, Administratrix v. McGowan, supra, was as follows: "To work a disqualification of an interested witness, the estate of a decedent must be directly affected by the pending suit." (Emphasis ours).
That the conclusion that the estate of the deceased, Roger Twain Hawkins, could not be affected directly or otherwise by the pending suit seems to us inescapable from the interpretation heretofore placed upon Section 1453 by the prior decisions of this Court. In the case of Hasson Grocery Company v. Cook, 196 Miss. 452, 17 So. 2d 791, the Court held that the wrongful death statute, Section 1453, is not a statute of survival, but creates a new and independent cause of action. In the case of Mississippi Power Company v. Archibald, 189 Miss. 332, 196 So. 760, the Court said:
"Section 510, supra, (now Sec. 1453) provides that damages for the wrongful injury and death of a married man shall be equally distributed to his wife and children, if he leaves such surviving him. The suit to recover such damages may be brought in the name of the personal representative for the benefit of the persons entitled under the law to recover, or by the widow for her own benefit, and on behalf of the children. The personal representative is not a necessary party where any of the persons entitled to recover under the law survive the deceased. He is not entitled, in behalf of the estate, to any part of the recovery, if any, that may be had. It is exempt in favor of the widow and children from the payment of any debts owing by the estate. He cannot administer on it as an asset so as to be entitled to commissions thereon as part of his compensation as an administrator. In other words, it is their right of action, and the law permits them, in their discretion, to sue either in his name or in their own to recover the damages accruing to them, and to them alone. In the case at bar he is purely a formal party, with no more interest in the litigation, so far as the estate is concerned, than a next friend would have. No title to damages recoverable for the wrongful death of a person ever vests in an administrator under said section 510, supra, by virtue of his appointment, where the deceased leaves surviving him those entitled under the law to recover the damages sustained. Unless asked to lend his name as nominal plaintiff, the suit is of no concern to him. Moreover, if his name is used, the estate is neither benefited by a recovery nor adversely affected by a failure to sustain the cause of action sued on...... The statute specifically says that the recoverable damages 'shall go to' the legal representative and be subject to debts only in the event there are none of the next of kin described in the statute entitled to, recovery. Neither the damages to the decedent, nor to the widow and children in this case 'go to' the personal representative of the estate in any event, and he is clearly not the person under the facts in this case 'entitled under the law to recover.' "
The interpretation placed upon said Section 1453 by this Court in the case of Mississippi Power Co. v. Archibald, supra, makes it entirely clear that the estate of the deceased, Roger Twain Hawkins, could not be affected beneficially or adversely or otherwise by the suit here involved, and, therefore, under the case of Fennell, Ad ministratrix v. McGowan, supra, the appellee was not disqualified to testify as a witness in defense of the suit. It is not material that the Court in the case of Mississippi Power Company v. Archibald, supra, was construing the statute, Section 1453, in determining the question of the removability of the cause from the State Court to the Federal Court. The statute has but one meaning and that is the same whether the question involved be one of removability or one as to the competency of a defendant to testify in defense of a suit brought against him under the statute by the administrator of a deceased person. We think it is clear under the interpretation heretofore placed upon said Sections 1690 and 1453 that in the suit here before us the estate of Roger Twain Hawkins cannot be thereby affected either adversely, beneficially, or otherwise, and that, therefore, under the decision of this Court in Fennell, Administratrix v. McGowan, supra, the appellee Rye was not disqualified to testify as a witness and that the trial court was correct in so holding.
It is finally contended by the appellant that the court erred in granting defendant's instruction No. 2. We have carefully considered this instruction and find no reversible error therein, particularly in view of instructions granted to the appellant.
In the light of the views hereinbefore expressed, it is our conclusion that the judgment of the court below should be and the same is affirmed.
Affirmed.
All Justices concur except Hall, Lee and Arrington, JJ., who dissent.