Case Name: Percy BAKER, Plaintiff-Appellant, and Synergy Spine and Orthopedic Surgery Center, Intervening Plaintiff, v. Edward Darrell MARSHALL, Hertz Vehicles, LLC, Ernest Bradfield, and Kendra Bradfield, Defendants, and IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company, Defendant-Appellee.
Court: Court of Appeals of Michigan
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 2018-04-05
Citations: 919 N.W.2d 407
Docket Number: No. 335931
Parties: Percy BAKER, Plaintiff-Appellant,
and
Synergy Spine and Orthopedic Surgery Center, Intervening Plaintiff,
v.
Edward Darrell MARSHALL, Hertz Vehicles, LLC, Ernest Bradfield, and Kendra Bradfield, Defendants,
and
IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company, Defendant-Appellee.
Judges: 
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 919
Pages: 407–411

Head Matter:
Percy BAKER, Plaintiff-Appellant,
and
Synergy Spine and Orthopedic Surgery Center, Intervening Plaintiff,
v.
Edward Darrell MARSHALL, Hertz Vehicles, LLC, Ernest Bradfield, and Kendra Bradfield, Defendants,
and
IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 335931
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted March 6, 2018, at Detroit.
Decided April 5, 2018, at 9:00 a.m.
Mike Morse Law Firm (by Christopher D. Filiatraut, Stacey L. Heinonen, and Michael J. Morse ) for Percy Baker.
Moffett Vitu Lascoe Packus & Sims, PC (by Aaron D. Sims and Matthew G. Gauthier) for IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company.

Opinion:
M.J. Kelly, P.J.
In this action for uninsured motorist insurance and personal protection insurance (PIP) benefits, the trial court granted summary disposition to defendant, IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company (IDS), on the ground that plaintiff, Percy Baker, had committed fraud. According to the court, a fraud-exclusion clause in Baker's automobile insurance policy with IDS voided her coverage. Baker appeals as of right, challenging the grant of summary disposition in IDS's favor. Because IDS failed to plead fraud as an affirmative defense in its answer, amended answer, or in a motion for summary disposition filed in lieu of a responsive pleading, MCR 2.111(F)(3), we conclude that it waived the defense. Accordingly, the trial court erred by granting summary disposition on the basis of fraud. We reverse and remand for reinstatement of Baker's claim against IDS.
I. BASIC FACTS
The basic facts are undisputed. In October 2014, Baker sustained injuries when a vehicle driven by Edward Marshall ran a red light and broadsided the vehicle in which she was a passenger. At the time of the accident, Baker had a no-fault insurance policy with IDS that included uninsured motorist coverage. Baker asserted that as defined in her no-fault policy, Marshall was an uninsured motorist, as was Hertz Vehicles, LLC, the owner of the vehicle Marshall was driving. She submitted a claim for uninsured motorist benefits to IDS, but it was denied. She also sought PIP benefits, which were likewise denied by IDS.
In May 2015, Baker filed a complaint asserting that she was entitled to uninsured motorist insurance benefits under the terms of her policy with IDS. She also asserted that IDS had failed to pay her first-party benefits under the same policy. IDS filed its answer in June 2015. Generally, it denied the allegations that it had wrongfully failed to pay uninsured motorist benefits and PIP benefits under Baker's policy. In its answer, IDS asserted numerous affirmative defenses and reserved the right to file additional affirmative defenses as they "may become known during the course of investigation and discovery." The affirmative defenses raised in the answer did not include a defense that the insurance policy was void ab initio on the basis of fraud. In response, Baker denied each of the affirmative defenses and demanded that, as required by MCR 2.111(F)(3), IDS provide detailed facts in support of each affirmative defense and a recitation of the legal basis for each of those defenses. Baker later amended her complaint, adding claims against additional parties. In its answer to the amended complaint, IDS again generally denied the allegations against it and set forth numerous affirmative defenses, but it once more failed to raise contractual fraud as an affirmative defense.
In February 2016, IDS moved for partial summary disposition, asserting that Baker was not entitled to uninsured motorist benefits under her no-fault policy with IDS because Marshall and Hertz had valid insurance policies or were self-insured at the time of the accident. In doing so, it directed the trial court to the relevant terms of the policy. It did not, at that time, raise any argument that the policy's fraud-exclusion clause was applicable for any reason. Before the court ruled on the motion, IDS moved for summary disposition in May 2016 on the entirety of Baker's claim. For the first time, IDS claimed that Baker had fraudulently misrepresented facts in her claim for benefits and that the fraud-exclusion clause in her policy with IDS therefore applied and barred her from receiving any benefits. Although Baker argued that IDS had waived its fraud defense by failing to raise it as required by MCR 2.111(F), the trial court granted summary disposition on the basis that the fraud-exclusion clause applied.
II. WAIVER OF AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, Baker argues that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition on the basis of fraud because the defense of fraud was waived by IDS's failure to properly raise it as an affirmative defense under MCR 2.111(F). Our review of a grant of summary disposition is de novo. Barnard Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Gates Performance Engineering, Inc. , 285 Mich. App. 362, 369, 775 N.W.2d 618 (2009).
B. ANALYSIS
"[T]he primary function of a pleading in Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposite party to take a responsive position." Stanke v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. , 200 Mich. App. 307, 317, 503 N.W.2d 758 (1993). MCR 2.111(F) addresses the proper manner to plead affirmative defenses and sets forth the consequences for failing to do so. MCR 2.111(F)(2) provides that "[a] defense not asserted in the responsive pleading or by motion as provided by these rules is waived, except for the defenses of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action, and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted." And MCR 2.111(F)(3) provides that "[a]ffirmative defenses must be stated in a party's responsive pleading, either as originally filed or as amended in accordance with MCR 2.118." Alternatively, "a party who has asserted a defense by motion filed pursuant to MCR 2.116 before filing a responsive pleading need not again assert that defense in a responsive pleading later filed[.]" MCR 2.111(F)(2)(a). It has long been established that under MCR 2.111(F), " '[t]he failure to raise an affirmative defense as required by the court rule constitutes a waiver of that affirmative defense.' "
Dell v. Citizens Ins. Co. of America , 312 Mich. App. 734, 753, 880 N.W.2d 280 (2015), quoting Stanke , 200 Mich. App. at 312, 503 N.W.2d 758. On the record before this Court, it is plain that IDS did not raise its reliance on the fraud-exclusion clause in its affirmative defenses to either the original or the amended complaint, nor did it first raise it in a motion filed under MCR 2.116 before filing a responsive pleading. Accordingly, under the plain language of MCR 2.111(F)(3), the defense is waived.
In Michigan, "[r]eliance on an exclusionary clause in an insurance policy is an affirmative defense...." Shelton v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co. , 318 Mich. App. 648, 657, 899 N.W.2d 744 (2017). Despite that fact, in an effort to avoid waiver under MCR 2.111(F)(3), IDS directs us to this Court's decision in Stanke and argues that under the rationale used in Stanke the defense in this case is not an affirmative defense because it directly controverts Baker's prima facie case. We disagree.
In Stanke , the defendant insurance company argued for about seventeen months that the plaintiff was not entitled to coverage under his parents' no-fault policy because he was not a resident of his parents' domicile. Stanke , 200 Mich. App. at 310-311, 503 N.W.2d 758. Thereafter, the defendant raised a new theory in a motion for summary disposition: the vehicle involved in the accident was an owned vehicle not named on the declarations page of the policy and coverage could be denied because there was an "owned vehicle exclusion" clause in the policy. Id . at 311, 503 N.W.2d 758. The trial court, however, concluded that the owned-vehicle-exclusion argument was waived because the defendant had not raised it as a defense in its answer or as an affirmative defense. Id. The trial court further denied the defendant leave to amend its answer on the basis of inexcusable delay. Id . This Court, however, granted leave and ultimately held that the defense was not waived because it was not an affirmative defense. Id . at 315-316, 503 N.W.2d 758. In doing so, this Court defined an affirmative defense as follows:
An affirmative defense is a defense that does not controvert the plaintiff's establishing a prima facie case, but that otherwise denies relief to the plaintiff. In other words, it is a matter that accepts the plaintiff's allegation as true and even admits the establishment of the plaintiff's prima facie case, but that denies that the plaintiff is entitled to recover on the claim for some reason not disclosed in the plaintiff's pleadings. For example, the running of the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense. Thus, although the plaintiff may very well have a valid claim and is able to establish a prima facie case, the defendant, as an affirmative matter, may nevertheless establish that the plaintiff is not entitled to prevail on the claim because the defendant can show that the period of limitation has expired and, therefore, the suit is untimely. [ Id. at 312, 503 N.W.2d 758 (citations omitted).]
The Court then reasoned that the defendant's contention that the driver operated an unnamed but owned vehicle "directly controverts plaintiff's entitlement to prevail" because if that contention were proved, the plaintiff would be unable to establish his prima facie case by showing that there was a policy covering the facts at hand. Id . at 313-315, 503 N.W.2d 758.
In this case, however, the existence of the fraud-exclusion clause does not controvert Baker's entitlement to prevail on her prima facie case. Her claim is essentially a claim that she had a no-fault policy with IDS and was entitled to benefits under that policy. In order to directly controvert that claim, IDS would have to argue that, under the language in the policy, she was not entitled to recover benefits. Its claim that Baker is not entitled to benefits on the basis of the fraud-exclusion clause, however, requires IDS to acknowledge that, in the absence of fraud, it would be required to pay her benefits under the policy. Stated differently, in order for fraud to bar Baker's claim, she must first have a claim to be barred. The claim to be barred is the claim raised in her prima facie case. The fraud defense is therefore an affirmative defense, one that if successful would prevent Baker from recovering under the policy despite the fact that she could otherwise prevail on her prima facie case. Because the fraud defense is an affirmative defense, the failure to raise it constitutes a waiver of that defense. Consequently, the trial court erred by granting IDS summary disposition on the basis of fraud.
Reversed and remanded for reinstatement of Baker's claim against IDS. We do not retain jurisdiction. Baker may tax costs as the prevailing party. MCR 7.219(A).
METER, J., concurred with M. J. KELLY, P.J.
I respectfully dissent. In my view, it was unnecessary for defendant IDS Property Casualty Insurance Company (IDS) to have pleaded fraud as an affirmative defense, and therefore, the defense has not been waived. On that basis, I would affirm the trial court's grant of summary disposition in favor of IDS.
Contrary to the majority, I find Stanke v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. , 200 Mich. App. 307, 503 N.W.2d 758 (1993), to be on point and persuasive. Because plaintiff's fraud prevents her from establishing a prima facie case, fraud need not have been pleaded as an affirmative defense. Id. at 312, 503 N.W.2d 758. Courts are not bound by what litigants choose to label their motions, complaints, or other pleadings. Johnston v. Livonia , 177 Mich. App. 200, 208, 441 N.W.2d 41 (1989). Rather, it is our duty to consider the gravamen of the pleading or motion based on a complete reading of the document as a whole. See Stephens v. Worden Ins. Agency, LLC , 307 Mich. App. 220, 229, 859 N.W.2d 723 (2014). Accordingly, although IDS referred to plaintiff's alleged fraud as contractual fraud, it is not. IDS is not arguing that plaintiff committed fraud when obtaining her insurance policy and therefore, an exclusionary clause would render that policy void ab initio. Admittedly, if that were the case, the trial court would have committed error requiring reversal by granting summary disposition in favor of IDS. See Shelton v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co. , 318 Mich. App. 648, 657, 899 N.W.2d 744 (2017). Rather, the crux of IDS's argument is that plaintiff's injuries are not related to, and actually predate, the underlying accident in this matter, and that therefore, plaintiff is not entitled to recover PIP benefits from IDS. IDS does not argue that even if all of plaintiff's claims are taken as true, it is still excused from liability due to plaintiff's contractual fraud, i.e., it has an affirmative defense. Instead, IDS argues that plaintiff is fraudulently misrepresenting the nature and extent of her physical injuries, and therefore, she cannot succeed on her claim because she cannot successfully prove her prima facie case. The majority has overlooked that important distinction.
Based on the foregoing, I would affirm.
Defendants, Edward Marshall and Hertz Vehicles, LLC, were dismissed from the proceedings pursuant to a stipulated order. Defendants, Kendra Bradfield and Ernest Bradfield, previously settled with Baker. On appeal, Baker only challenges the court's grant of summary disposition to IDS.
It appears that IDS took no action in response to this demand.