Case Name: PEOPLE v. GEORGE JONES
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1973-06-27
Citations: 48 Mich. App. 102
Docket Number: Docket No. 14071
Parties: PEOPLE v GEORGE JONES
Judges: Before: J. H. Gillis, P. J., and Holbrook and Bashara, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 48
Pages: 102–112

Head Matter:
PEOPLE v GEORGE JONES
Opinion op the Court
1. Criminal Law — Instructions to Jury — Preserving Question.
An objection by a defendant in a criminal case to the trial court’s instructions to the jury will not be considered on appeal absent a showing of substantial injustice where defense counsel did not object to the instructions at trial and where defense counsel expressed satisfaction with the instructions when asked by the trial court (GCR 1963, 516.2).
2. Criminal Law — Evidence—Dependant’s Character — Instructions to Jury.
It is normally error to refuse a timely request to charge the jury upon the effect of character testimony where the defendant in a criminal case has offered evidence of his good character at trial.
3. Criminal Law — Evidence—Defendant’s Character — Instructions- to Jury.
The trial court in a criminal case properly denied a defendant’s request to charge the jury upon the effect of character testimony where the purported character evidence offered was defendant’s own testimony that he was married, had ten children, and was honorably discharged from the armed services because the defendant’s testimony consisted of factual statements of a neutral character.
4. Criminal Law — Evidence—Hearsay.
Hearsay evidence in a criminal case is testimony in court of a statement made out of court, the statement being offered as an assertion to show the truth of the matters asserted therein, and thus resting for its value upon the credibility of the out-of-court asserter.
References for Points in Headnotes
[1] 53 Am Jur, Trial §824.
53 Am Jur, Trial §§ 715-729.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence §§ 493-497.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 500.
53 Am Jur, Trial § 637.
29 Am Jiir 2d, Evidence § 497.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 598.
5. Criminal Law — Evidence—Hearsay—Impeachment—Foundation.
Testimony by a rebuttal witness in a criminal case that a previous defense witness had told him in the court hallway prior to testifying that he had received $20 from the defendant to testify on his behalf and that if the rebuttal witness would give him another $20 he would leave and not testify was hearsay, and where no foundation was laid for the impeachment of the defense witness by proof of prior inconsistent statements, allowance of the rebuttal witness’s hearsay testimony into the record as an attack on the defense witness’s credibility was erroneous.
6. Criminal Law — Prosecutor’s Remarks — Prior Offenses.
A remark by a prosecutor in his opening statement in a homicide trial that the prosecution would show that prior to the date of the killing the defendant was seen to have in his possession a pistol did not entitle the deferidant to a mistrial where the trial court in denying the motion for mistrial noted that the mere statement that defendant had a gun did not impute any prior crime to him, and where defendant admitted during trial prior ownership and possession of a gun, although not the one that killed the decedent.
Concurrence by J. H. Gillis, P. J.
7. Criminal Law — Evidence—Hearsay—Exceptions—State of Mind.
Out-of-court declarations offered in a criminal case to show circumstantially the feelings, knowledge, or state of mind of the declarant are not subject to attack as hearsay since they are not offered to show the truth of the out-of-court statement, but only that such a statement was made.
8. Criminal Law — Evidence—Out-of-Court Declarations — Bias— Foundation.
Testimony by a rebuttal witness in a criminal case that a previous defense witness had told him in the court hallway prior to testifying that he had received $20 from the defendant to testify on his behalf and that if the rebuttal witness would give him another $20 he would leave and not testify, while having all the earmarks of hearsay, was nonetheless admissible to show the declarant’s state of mind, bias, or motive as a witness; however, the failure of the trial court to impose the require ment of preliminary questions to the witness sought to be impeached as a foundation for the admission of the rebuttal testimony was error.
Appeal from Recorder’s Court of Detroit, John L. Kadela, J.
Submitted Division 1 May 8, 1973, at Detroit.
(Docket No. 14071.)
Decided June 27, 1973.
George Jones was convicted of manslaughter. Defendant appeals.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cabalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, and Thomas P. Smith, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
William R. Stackpoole, for defendant on appeal.
Before: J. H. Gillis, P. J., and Holbrook and Bashara, JJ.

Opinion:
Holbrook, J.
Defendant was charged with the second-degree murder of Leroy Adams on August 30, 1971. Adams was shot five times at defendant's home. Defendant admitted shooting Adams but claimed self-defense. He was convicted of manslaughter in a jury trial and was sentenced to 5 to 15 years in prison on February 10, 1972. He raises four issues on appeal.
Defendant first objects on various grounds that the trial court's jury instruction on the matter of self-defense was erroneous. At no time did defense counsel object to the standard form instruction taken from 3 Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure (2d ed), § 1694, pp 2047-2048. Moreover, when the trial judge asked after all the instruc tions were given whether defense counsel was satisfied with them, defense counsel answered affirmatively except as to one noted objection to be discussed below. Any objection to the self-defense instruction now is therefore untimely and will not be considered on appeal in the absence of a showing of substantial injustice. People v Miron, 31 Mich App 142; 187 NW2d 497 (1971); GCR 1963, 516.2.
Defendant next objects that it was error for the trial court to refuse to instruct the jury as timely requested concerning the good character of the defendant. No character witnesses were offered by the defense at trial. The only purported character evidence offered was defendant's own testimony that he was married, had ten children, and was honorably discharged from the armed services. Where a defendant offers evidence of his good character, it is normally error to refuse a timely request to charge the jury upon the effect of the character testimony. People v Simard, 314 Mich 624, 631; 23 NW2d 106, 109 (1946). At the most defendant's testimony consisted of factual statements of a neutral character, so no instruction was required. People v Knoll, 258 Mich 89; 242 NW 222 (1932).
Defendant thirdly objects that the trial court erred in allowing rebuttal testimony which indicated that a defense witness stated he was being paid for his testimony. Defense witness Nathaniel Griffith testified that he saw defendant and deceased meet on a street the day of the shooting and have an argument about a debt between them and about the slashing of the tires on defendant's truck. Griffith said the decedent pulled a gun and threatened to kill the defendant, and the defendant turned his back and walked away. Decedent, according to Griffith, later offered him and some others $800 to kill the defendant. Willie Adams, son of the decedent, was then recalled to the stand by the prosecutor and on redirect examination testified, first before the judge alone and then before the jury, that Nathaniel Griffith had told him in the court hallway prior to testifying that he had received $20 from the defendant to testify on his behalf and if Adams gave him another $20 he would leave and not testify. Defense counsel objected to this testimony as hearsay. The trial judge allowed the testimony to be admitted on the ground it would only go to the credibility of Nathaniel Griffith. Defense counsel further objected that no foundation had been laid for the impeachment of Griffith during his previous examination. Hearsay evidence is testimony in court of a statement made out of court, the statement being offered as an assertion to show the truth of the matters asserted therein, and thus resting- for its value upon the credibility of the out-of-court asserter. McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), §246, p 584. The testimony of Willie Adams in issue here was, therefore, hearsay if offered for its substance. If the testimony was offered to show the bias or interest of the witness it would only be relevant if truthful, and therefore would still need be excluded as hearsay, unless some exception to the hearsay rule applies. We know of no hearsay exception that would be applicable here.
However, otherwise inadmissible evidence may be used to impeach the testimony of the defendant. People v Graham, 386 Mich 452; 192 NW2d 255 (1971). The trial judge allowed the testimony's admission as going to the credibility of Nathaniel Griffith, i.e., to impeach his testimony. Of course, Griffith could be impeached by showing his prior statements were inconsistent with Adams' testimony, but he had not been questioned about the alleged conversation with Adams in the court hallway, so there were no statements of his that could be subsequently impeached by Adams' testimony. McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 40, pp 80-81; Oppenheim v Rattner, 6 Mich App 554, 559; 149 NW2d 881, 883 (1967). In Oppenheim this Court found error where the trial court allowed an eyewitness, over objection of counsel, to testify concerning what the eyewitness said to the plaintiffs driver and there had been no prior denial of such conversation by the driver. Cf. People v Finnister, 33 Mich App 283; 189 NW2d 835 (1971). See, also, 3A Wigmore on Evidence (Chadbourn Rev) § 953, pp 800-801. No foundation was laid for the impeachment of Nathaniel Griffith by proof of prior inconsistent statements, and therefore the allowance of Willie Adams' testimony into the record as an attack on Griffith's credibility was erroneous. Ebel v Saginaw Road Commissioners, 386 Mich 598, 608; 194 NW2d 365, 369 (1972); 98 CJS, Witnesses, § 480, pp 362-364. This is not the case where a subsequent witness's testimony is allowed in evidence to contradict a different story told by a previous witness. See, eg., People v Rodgers, 388 Mich 513; 201 NW2d 621 (1972). Since Nathaniel Griffith-was the sole person to corroborate defendant's own testimony concerning threats made by the deceased against the defendant the day of the killing, which testimony had an obviously crucial bearing on defendant's claim of self-defense, we cannot say that the admission of Adams' testimony was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551, 563; 194 NW2d 709, 713 (1972).
Defendant finally objects to the remark by the prosecutor in his opening statement that the prosecution would show that prior to the date of the killing the defendant was seen to have in his possession a pistol. At the time the remark was made defense counsel moved for a mistrial. In denying the motion the trial court noted: "At this point, the mere statement that he had a gun does not impute any prior crime to him, and I don't think, there is". During trial defendant admitted the prior ownership and possession of a gun, although not the one that killed Leroy Adams. In light of the judge's comment and the defendant's admission of prior gun ownership, wé cannot say that the error, if any, in the prosecutor's remark was prejudicial.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Bash ara, J., concurred.