Case Name: Allstate Insurance Company, Respondent, v. James Robert Peasley, Defendant, Ardis Jeanne Parker, Petitioner
Court: Washington Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Washington
Decision Date: 1997-03-20
Citations: 131 Wash. 2d 420
Docket Number: No. 63869-1
Parties: Allstate Insurance Company, Respondent, v. James Robert Peasley, Defendant, Ardis Jeanne Parker, Petitioner.
Judges: 
Reporter: Washington Reports
Volume: 131
Pages: 420–439

Head Matter:
[No. 63869-1.
En Banc.]
Argued October 9, 1996.
Decided March 20, 1997.
Allstate Insurance Company, Respondent, v. James Robert Peasley, Defendant, Ardis Jeanne Parker, Petitioner.
A. Stephen Anderson, for petitioner.
Keller Rohrback, by Irene M. Hecht, for respondent.
Gary N. Bloom, Debra Stephens, and Bryan P. Harne-tiaux on behalf of Washington State Trial Lawyers Association, amicus curiae.

Opinion:
Dolliver, J.
An insurance company asks for a declaration that a criminal acts exclusion in its homeowner's insurance policy precludes insurance coverage to a guest who was shot by the homeowner, when the shooting constituted the crime of reckless endangerment. We find the criminal acts exclusion applies to the facts of this case.
While a guest in James Peasley's house, Ardis Parker was shot in the stomach by James Peasley. Parker sustained serious but nonfatal injuries. Both Peasley and Parker maintain the shooting was accidental.
After reviewing the facts surrounding the shooting and interviewing Peasley's neighbors who had heard a loud argument from Peasley's house at the time of the shooting, the local prosecutor charged Peasley with second degree assault. Peasley was tried and convicted, but the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction because of an erroneous jury instruction. State v. Peasley, No. 29919-1-I (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 1993). Peasley then bargained with the prosecutor and pleaded guilty to second degree reckless endangerment in exchange for the prosecutor's recommendation of a suspended sentence.
Ardis Parker sued Peasley for damages arising from her injuries. Peasley was insured by Allstate Insurance Company (Allstate). When Allstate learned of Parker's lawsuit, Allstate brought this summary judgment against both Peasley and Parker seeking a declaration that a criminal acts exclusion in Peasley's homeowner's insurance policy (Policy) excluded coverage for Parker's injuries because they were the result of Peasley's criminal acts. The trial court granted summary judgment for Allstate, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Pea-sley, 80 Wn. App. 565, 910 P.2d 483, review granted, 129 Wn.2d 1013 (1996). We also affirm.
I
Summary judgment in this case is appropriate because the interpretation of language in an insurance policy is a matter of law. Rones v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 119 Wn.2d 650, 654, 835 P.2d 1036 (1992). The insurance contract must be viewed in its entirety; a phrase cannot be interpreted in isolation. Hess v. North Pac. Ins. Co., 122 Wn.2d 180, 186, 859 P.2d 586 (1993). When construing the policy, the court should attempt to give effect to each provision in the policy. Kish v. Insurance Co. of N. Am., 125 Wn.2d 164, 170, 883 P.2d 308 (1994).
Peasley thinks the criminal acts exclusion clause is ambiguous. "An ambiguity exists only 'if the language on its face is fairly susceptible to two different but reasonable interpretations'." Kish, 125 Wn.2d at 171 (quoting Washington Pub. Util. Dists.' Utils. Sys. v. PUD No. 1, 112 Wn.2d 1, 11, 771 P.2d 701 (1989)). If an ambiguity is found in an exclusionary clause, the ambiguity is strictly construed against the insurer. Kish, 125 Wn.2d at 170 (citing Rodriguez v. Williams, 107 Wn.2d 381, 384, 729 P.2d 627 (1986)). If, however, the language in an insurance policy is clear and unambiguous, the court must enforce it as written and cannot modify the contract or create ambiguity where none exists. Transcontinental Ins. Co. v. Washington Pub. Utils. Dists.' Util. Sys., 111 Wn.2d 452, 456, 760 P.2d 337 (1988).
When analyzing an insurance policy and questioning whether an ambiguity exists, we look at the language according to the way it would be read by the average insurance purchaser. State Farm Gen. Ins. Co. v. Emerson, 102 Wn.2d 477, 480, 687 P.2d 1139 (1984). Terms undefined by the insurance contract should be given their ordinary and common meaning, not their technical, legal meaning. Kish, 125 Wn.2d at 170.
With these rules in mind, we must look to the exclusion at issue in Peasley's Policy:
Losses We Do Not Cover:
1. We do not cover any bodily injury which may reasonably be expected to result from the intentional or crimi nal acts of an insured person or which are in fact intended by an insured person.
Clerk's Papers at 23. Peasley claims the phrase "criminal acts" is ambiguous. He acknowledges Allstate's reading of the phrase, but he argues a reasonable person could understand the phrase as denoting only intentional crimes. If the phrase is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, the interpretation most favorable to the insured will be applied. If the phrase is unambiguous on its face, then it must be applied as written. The Court of Appeals held the phrase clearly and unambiguously includes both intentional and unintentional criminal acts. Allstate, 80 Wn. App. at 568.
Before addressing Peasley's claim of ambiguity, we must break down the exclusion clause. Because the disjunctive conjunction "or" separates "intentional" from "criminal," we can break the clause down into the following order:
Allstate does not cover
A. any bodily injury which may reasonably be expected to result from the
1. intentional acts of an insured person, or
2. criminal acts of an insured person, or
B. injuries which are in fact intended by an insured.
See Hooper v. Allstate Ins. Co., 571 So. 2d 1001, 1002-03 (Ala. 1990) (outlining the same exclusion in a similar fashion). As used in the clause, the word "intentional" clearly denotes its own category of acts — acts which are intentional, whether or not they are criminal. Likewise, the word "criminal" denotes its own category of acts — acts which are criminal, presumably whether or not they are intentional. We say presumably because Peasley claims the phrase criminal acts can be read by the ordinary person as denoting only intentional criminal acts.
Since Peasley's Policy appears to leave the phrase "criminal acts" undefined, we turn to the dictionary to determine the common meaning of the words. Boeing Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 113 Wn.2d 869, 877, 784 P.2d 507 (1990); see also Kish, 125 Wn.2d at 171 (looking to the dictionary to define "flood" as used in an exclusionary clause). The definitions for the adjective "criminal" include the following:
1 : involving or being a crime 2 : relating to crime or its punishment — distinguished from civil 3 : guilty of crime or serious offense 4a : Reprehensible, Blameworthy, Disgraceful b : Excessive, Extortionate 5 : of or suitable to a criminal 6 : concerned with crime or criminal law[.]
Webster's Third New International Dictionary 536 (1986) (examples of usage omitted). Peasley's claimed ambiguity is not supported by the dictionary. None of the definitions of criminal include intent as part of the adjective's meaning. To the contrary, the dictionary gives the suggestion "criminal carelessness" as an example under the first definition.
Most of the definitions for criminal refer the reader to the noun, "crime," so the definition of crime is relevant to the analysis.
crime . . .la:. . .an offense against public law (as a misdemeanor, felony, or act of treason) providing a penalty against the offender but not including a petty violation of municipal regulation . . . b : an offense against the social order or a violation of the mores that is dealt with by community action rather than by an individual or kinship group 2 [obsolete] . . . 3 a : a gross violation of law — distinguished from misdemeanor, trespass b : a grave or aggravated offense against or departure from moral rectitude 4 : criminal activity : conduct in violation of the law 5 a : an evil act : sin : a violation of divine law; esp : a grievous sin b : sinful conduct : wrongdoing 6 : something reprehensible, foolish, indiscreet, or disgraceful .[.]
Webster's at 536 (examples of usage omitted). The third and fifth definitions offer more restrictive uses than the other definitions, suggesting the word crime could be used to indicate only serious wrongful acts. Even those restrictive definitions do not include intent as a necessary component. The dictionary fails to support Peasley's claim that the phrase criminal acts could be read as denoting only intentional criminal acts.
Peasley supports his argument by citing Van Riper v. Constitutional Gov't League, 1 Wn.2d 635, 96 P.2d 588, 125 A.L.R. 1100 (1939). Van Riper concerned a death benefit certificate which a wife sought to enforce after her husband died in a car accident. The certificate provided the payment of benefits would be
incontestable and absolutely free from any conditions as to residence, travel, place or manner of death, except suicide or death due to acts committed in criminal violation of law, including picketing, or the use of intoxicating liquor or narcotics.
Van Riper, 1 Wn.2d at 637-38. The husband's death was caused by his own negligent driving — driving which, the court found, violated numerous traffic laws and constituted a criminal misdemeanor. Van Riper, 1 Wn.2d at 638. The defendant argued it was excused from paying benefits on the certificate because the decedent's death was caused by his criminal driving. The court disagreed.
In analyzing the exclusion, Van Riper first looked to the phrase, "violation of law," and cited numerous cases from other jurisdictions where traffic violations qualified as violations of law. Van Riper, 1 Wn.2d at 639. The court found the adjective "criminal" worked to modify the violation of law phrase, thereby creating a new phrase that was more restrictive. Van Riper, 1 Wn.2d at 640. After quoting multiple definitions of criminal, the court declared the layperson would read the phrase "criminal violation of law" as signifying acts done "with malicious intent, from evil nature, or with a wrongful disposition to harm or injure other persons or property." Van Riper, 1 Wn.2d at 642. Negligent driving did not trigger the exclusion.
Van Riper's holding fails to support Peasley's read ing of the Allstate exclusion in this case. Van Riper's analysis was context specific, and it is not controlling on how this court interprets the use of the word criminal in the context of Allstate's exclusionary clause. More importantly, Van Riper's holding did not rest upon the intentional/unintentional distinction as argued by Peas-ley. Rather, the court's holding rested upon a distinction between serious crimes and nonserious crimes. The court held a traffic violation, although a misdemeanor, was not a serious crime. Other jurisdictions have cited Van Riper as standing for this exact rule of law. See, e.g., Sledge v. Continental Cas. Co., 639 So. 2d 805, 813 (La. Ct. App. 1994) (citing Van Riper for the rule: " 'violation of law' exclusion in life insurance policy applied only to criminal acts of a serious nature"); see also Trevathan v. Mutual Life Ins. Co., 166 Or. 515, 113 P.2d 621, 625 (1941). This holding is still current, reflected by the fact that most traffic offenses are no longer part of the criminal code. See ROW 46.63.020. Van Riper fails to support Peasley's argument that the adjective "criminal" denotes intentional criminal acts.
As discussed above, none of the definitions for crime or criminal include intent as a necessary element. The more restrictive, third definition of crime in Webster's Dictionary focuses on serious violations of law, but seriousness does not equate intent, and Peasley has not urged this court to restrict Allstate's criminal acts exclusion to serious crimes.
Even if we did restrict the exclusion to serious crimes, a reading supported by Van Riper, the exclusion would still encompass the criminal act to which Peasley pleaded guilty. Reckless endangerment in the second degree is defined as reckless conduct "which creates a substantial risk of death or serious physical injury to another person." RCW 9A.36.050(1). A reckless act creating a substantial risk of death or serious injury is undeniably a serious act and a serious crime. Reading Allstate's criminal acts exclusion to encompass Peasley's criminal act is consistent with Van Riper.
Peasley's claimed ambiguity does not exist. As used in Allstate's exclusionary clause, the phrase "criminal acts" does not distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes. The language is unambiguous, and it clearly encompasses Peasley's criminal act of reckless endangerment. This court must enforce the Policy as written.
Reading "criminal acts" as including unintentional crimes is supported by the rule of construction which states a policy should be construed so as to give effect to each provision. Kish v. Insurance Co. of N. Am., 125 Wn.2d 164, 170, 883 P.2d 308 (1994). The exclusionary clause first excludes injuries which result from the "intentional . . . acts of an insured . . . This clause explicitly encompasses all intentional acts, whether they are criminal or not. If we restricted the meaning of "criminal acts" to just intentional criminal acts, we would thereby render the "criminal acts" phrase meaningless and superfluous since other language in the exclusionary clause already encompasses all intentional acts. See Allstate, 80 Wn. App. at 567.
Finally, our reading of the phrase "criminal acts" is supported by nearly every jurisdiction in our country which has examined that phrase. See, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Brown, 16 F.3d 222 (7th Cir. 1994) (Allstate's criminal acts exclusion clause encompasses criminal recklessness); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 914 F. Supp. 308, 312 (W.D. Ark. 1996) (the clause "includes all criminal acts, no matter what the mental state required for their commission"); Hooper v. Allstate Ins. Co., 571 So. 2d 1001, 1003 (Ala. 1990); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Schmitt, 238 N.J. Super. 619, 570 A.2d 488, 492 ("words 'criminal act' are not modified by any descriptive culpability requirement"), cert. denied, 122 N.J. 395, 585 A.2d 394 (1990); Steinke v. Allstate Ins. Co., 86 Ohio App. 3d 798, 621 N.E.2d 1275, 1279 (disorderly conduct, a crime with recklessness as an element, triggered the exclusionary clause), review denied, 67 Ohio St. 3d 1423, 616 N.E.2d 506 (1993); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Sowers, 97 Or. App. 658, 776 P.2d 1322, 1323 (1989) (insured's resisting arrest fit the criminal acts exclusion despite insured's lack of intent to injure the officer). But see Young v. Brown, 658 So. 2d 750, 753 (La. Ct. App.) (refusing to apply Allstate's criminal acts exclusion to a crime of negligent injuring because losses "resulting from negligent, non-intentional conduct are precisely the losses a liability policy buyer expects to insure against"), cert. denied, 662 So. 2d 1 (1995).
II
Peasley also attacks the phrase "injury which may reasonably be expected to result" as ambiguous. He argues the phrase could be read as requiring the insured's subjective expectation that the injury could result. Implicit in this argument is the position that Peasley did not subjectively expect Parker's injuries to result from his recklessness. The Court of Appeals applied an objective standard of expectation. Allstate, 80 Wn. App. at 569.
The exclusion applies to injuries "which may reasonably be expected to result" from certain acts of the insured. Although the phrase does not indicate whose reasonable expectations are at issue, the use of "reasonably" implies a removed observer, looking at the facts from a neutral, "reasonable" perspective. See Stinson v. Allstate Ins. Co., 212 Ga. App. 179, 441 S.E.2d 453, 454 ("The common understanding of the words 'which may reasonably be expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person' clearly creates a universal objective standard . . . ."), cert. denied, 212 Ga. App. 897 (1994).
Additionally, if we were to read "may reasonably be expected" as requiring a subjective standard, this would create another redundancy in the exclusion. The last phrase in the exclusion denies coverage for any injury which is "in fact intended by an insured person." This last phrase plainly encompasses a subjective standard. See Rodriguez v. Williams, 107 Wn.2d 381, 382, 729 P.2d 627 (1986) (the phrase, "expected or intended by the insured," denotes a subjective standard). Since a different phrase in the exclusion already addresses injuries subjectively intended by the insured, it would be redundant to read "may reasonably be expected" as setting a subjective standard. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Brown, 16 F.3d 222 (7th Cir. 1994) (using the same rationale to find an objective standard and listing other cases reaching the same result); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 914 F. Supp. 308, 313 (W.D. Ark. 1996) (following Brown, 16 F.3d 222).
Peasley's conduct and the resulting injury to Parker clearly satisfy the objective standard of reasonable expectation. As stated by the Court of Appeals, Allstate, 80 Wn. App. at 569-70, the elements of reckless endangerment meet the objective standard. Conduct is reckless when one
knows of and disregards a substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and his disregard of such substantial risk is a gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable man would exercise in the same situation.
RCW 9A.08.010(l)(c). By definition of the crime to which Peasley pleaded guilty, Parker's serious physical injuries were reasonably expected to result from Peasley's reckless act.
Ill
Peasley argues public policy is violated by allowing an insurer to exclude coverage for injuries resulting from non-intent criminal acts of the insured. Peasley admits the public policy concerns against coverage exclusions in automobile insurance cases have not been applied in the context of homeowner's insurance cases, but he claims the same policy considerations should apply. We rejected the same argument in State Farm Gen. Ins. Co. v. Emerson, 102 Wn.2d 477, 481, 687 P.2d 1139 (1984).
Emerson involved a homeowner's insurance policy that excluded liability coverage for injuries to family members of the insured. Emerson claimed the exclusion violated public policy by leaving victims without financial compensation. This court responded:
"While we are not unmindful that serious and costly accidents occur in the home, and that innocent victims may be left without meaningful compensation in the absence of insurance, we do not perceive the same level of concern for financial compensation by negligent homeowners as exists for negligent automobile owners and users.
Absent prior expression of public policy from either the Legislature or prior court decisions, our inquiry as to whether the family exclusion clause clearly offends the public good must be answered in the negative. "The term 'public policy,' . . . embraces all acts or contracts which tend clearly to injure the public health, the public morals, the public confidence in the purity of the administration of the law, or to undermine that sense of security for individual rights, whether of personal liberty or of private property, which any citizen ought to feel." (Italics omitted.) LaPoint [v. Richards, 66 Wn.2d 585, 594-95, 403 P.2d 889 (1965)]. Such a showing has not been made here. We shall not invoke public policy to override an otherwise proper contract even though its terms may be harsh and its necessity doubtful.
Emerson, 102 Wn.2d at 483. See also Cary v. Allstate Ins. Co., 130 Wn.2d 335, 345, 922 P.2d 1335 (1996) (relying on Emerson to reject a public policy challenge against an insane acts exclusion in a homeowner's policy); American Home Assurance Co. v. Cohen, 124 Wn.2d 865, 871, 881 P.2d 1001 (1994) (relying on Emerson to reject a public policy challenge and uphold a psychologist's professional liability insurance policy insofar as it limited liability coverage for the insured's sexual misconduct).
Peasley has not shown how the public policy concerning coverage exclusions in homeowner insurance policies has changed in any way since Emerson. Absent that showing, stare decisis requires Emerson be followed. State v. Ray, 130 Wn.2d 673, 677-78, 926 P.2d 904 (1996).
Durham, C.J., and Smith and Talmadge, JJ., concur.