Case Name: Henry C. Hill and Wife v. Carlos Clark et al.
Court: Tennessee Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Tennessee
Decision Date: 1880-04
Citations: 72 Tenn. 405
Docket Number: 
Parties: Henry C. Hill and Wife v. Carlos Clark et al.
Judges: 
Reporter: Tennessee Reports
Volume: 72
Pages: 405–413

Head Matter:
Henry C. Hill and Wife v. Carlos Clark et al.
1. Infant. May exercise power, when. An infant may exereise a naked power, unaccompanied with any interest or not requiring •xereiseof any discretion. ‘
2. Same. Power given to execute during infancy. If a power is given to an infant, relating to his own estate, it must be inserted in the deed that he may execute it during his infancy, or his execution of it will have no effect.
FROM SHELBY.
Appeal from the Chancery Court at Memphis. R. J. Morgan, Ch.
McKissicic & Turley and TayloR & Carroll for Complainants.
Henry Oraet for Defendants.

Opinion:
Deaderick, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On the 19th of October, 1872, complainants filed their bill in this case in the Chancery Court at Memphis. It alleges that complainant, Laura Gertrude, is-the daughter of J. R. Jones, born March 3rd, 1852, and that she and complainant, Henry C. Hill, were married in 1871; that on the 22nd of December, 1859, her father, by deed of that date, conveyed a house and lot in Memphis, described therein, to one John W. Hawthorne, in trust for her, and to her sole and separate use during her natural life, with reversion to grantor.
A copy of this deed is exhibited with her bill, was acknowledged for registration December 23rd, and registered December 30th, 1859.
The deed then provides: " If said Laura shall, at any time, desire to have said lot of ground sold, and the proceeds thereof invested in other real estate, and negroes, she may in writing request the aforesaid trustee to make sale thereof, naming the price at which it shall be sold, and shall name or designate the property to' be purchased in its stead, which request she shall sign and acknowledge before the Clerk of the County Court, in form and manner similar to the statutory requirements of married women acknowledging deeds of conveyances."
This being done, the deed authorizes the trustee to sell and invest, etc.
The bill further alleges -that about the 28th of January, 1862, when the complainant, Laura, was less than ten years of age, she was taken by her father to a strange place, and in the presence of strange gentlemen a paper was read to her, the nature and purport of which she did not fully understand, but it impressed her "that she. was to sign away her home," which she was averse to, hut the gentlemen present and her father persuaded her to do.
This paper is also exhibited with the bill, and is a letter addressed by said Laura to Hawthorne, the trustee, requesting' him to sell the house and lot for $4,000 and invest the proceeds in certain lands in Arkansas.
This letter, entitled " letter of authority," was signed by said Laura, by making her mark, and the Clerk of the County Court, by his deputy, certifies, on the same day on which it is dated- — January 28th, 1862 — that he was personally acquainted with Laura Gertrude Jones/ the maker, and that she acknowledged "that she executed the same for the purposes therein contained."
And, on the same day — January 28th, 1862, — the said Hawthorne conveyed, as trustee, the said house and lot to one Thomas Jones, for the considera tion, as recited in the deed, of $4,000; and it is alleged that said sum never was invested for complainant, Laura, in any ma-nner, and that defendant, Clark, ' was in possession of the house and lot, and had been for several years, setting up claim thereto, claiming under a purchase from said Thomas Jones.
The bill further alleges that complainant, Laura, was a minor at the time of said several transactions and conveyances;, repudiates them, and asks that they be declared void and cancelled, and be declared clouds upon her title, and that the possession and title to said house and lot be decreed to her, and that she have an account for rents, etc.
Clark demurred to the bill, and assigned several causes of demurrer, one of which was held good, but was remedied by amendment, and as to others the demurrer was overruled, and said Clark was required to answer.
The answer admits the conveyance by J. R. Jones to Hawthorne, trustee, and his conveyance to Thomas Jones, and admits that he holds and claims, by purchase from Thomas Jones, the said house, and sets up and relies upon the plea of innocent purchaser, without notice, and that J. R. Jones executed a deed for his reversionary interest, and said Thomas Jones conveyed the premises to him; denies any knowledge of the infancy of said Laura, at the time of his purchase and payment of $8,600, which was the amount paid by him; and exhibits with his answer J. R. Jones' deed to Thomas Jones, and Thomas Jones' deed to him, both bearing date January 16th, 1866. The last named deed refers to the deed of said Hawthorne, as trustee of said Laura, to said Thomas Jones.
The facts stated in the bill and answer, it was agreed, should be considered as if they had been sevei'ally sworn to by the respective parties as depositions.
Upon the facts there is no conflict. The complainant was a little less than ten years of age .when she gave what is called a " letter of authority," directing the trustee to sell. The defendant insists this was a valid exercise of the power to direct a sale, under the deed of J. R. Jones to Hawthorne, as trustee, and that he has, at all events, the legal title, by regular conveyances, and as an innocent purchaser without notice he cannot be divested of his title.
An infant may exercise a naked power, unaccompanied with any interest, or not requiring the exercise of any discretion. If a power is given to an infant, relating to his own estafe, it must be inserted in the deed, that he may execute it during his infancy, or his execution of it will have no efiect: Perry on Trusts, sec. 52, citing cases.
Defendant's solicitor has submitted a recent (1878) decision of an English Chancery Court, in 7 Eng. Law R., 728, in the matter of Cardross's settlement, in which it was held that an infant can exercise a power, even though it be coupled with an interest, where an intention appears that it should be exercised during minority. In contem plation of marriage, certain sums in consols and three per cent, annuities were vested .in trustees for Lady Cardross, " an infant of seventeen years and upwards," she being a. ward of Court, with power to re-invest " with the consent " of Lady Cardross and her husband; and the trustees applied for advice whether she, being still a minor, could consent to a re-investment.
After stating that Lord Hardwicke had held in Hearle v. Greenbank, 8 Atk., 695, that an infant could not execute a power over real estate, the Master of the Rolls said that it appears from this judgment, as interpreted by Preston, that an infant might exercise such power, if the minority is expressly dispensed with, or if there is an indication of intention that the power might be exercised during minority. The Master of the Rolls then states that the property is not real estate, but pure personalty, and that the fact of her minority is stated m the settlement, in which she is required to give her consent, and from* these facts, and others, he held, she might consent, it appearing that it was intended to confer the power.
Although such intention does not very clearly appear, yet the facts- stated, as existing in that case, even if we considered them sufficient, do not exist in this.
In this case there is nothing in the language of the deed, or surrounding circumstances, to indicate that it was the intention of the donor that the consent of Labra might be given to a sale during her minority. The conveyance was made to a trustee for her, when she was about seven' years of age, to be held by him for her during her natural life, to her sole and separate use, free from the control, or liability for debts of any husband she may thereafter have.
The deed further provides if said Laura should at any time desire to have said lot sold, then she may request the trustee, in writing, to sell, and fix the pricé and specify the property in which the proceeds shall be invested. .
Manifestly, these provisions contemplated that Laura should exercise judgment and discretion, and should be of an age at which she might be presumed to have some capacity to determine whether it was judicious to sell, and to be able to form some idea of the value. of the property to be sold, as well as to be able to determine in what property to invest, and at what price. It is a mere farce to have a child of scarcely ten years of age charged with the exercise of discretion in such matters. In such- a case it would require very clear expression of intention to confer such powers before it could be sanctioned and approved.
These several conveyances, as well as the "letter of authority" bearing date January 28th, 1862, were all prepared by others, and the letter signed without any just comprehension on her part of their force and efiect. There was no explanation to her of the nature and consequences of the act she was doing, which she could comprehend, and her execution or acknowledgment of the letter requesting the sale of the property was not in conformity to the requirements of the deed. Possibly if she had been privately talked to, and examined, she might have been saved from the signing of the letter.
At all events, we are of opinion that said conveyance by the trustee did not divest complainant of her title to the house and lot, and that under the said trust deed she had no power to assent to the sale of the property during her minority, and was, in fact, incapable of understanding the effect of her act, and that said Thomas Joues obtained no title to the same, and conveyed none to defendant which he can set up against complainants. And under the facts of this case, complainant had the undoubted right to repudiate the sale as being unauthorized by her, and make void the said conveyance of said trustee. And as the deed of said trustee, being thus avoided, does not, and it is held did not, divest the complainant of her title to said land, the plea of innocent purchaser cannot prevail against her.
The Chancellor held in conformity to the views expressed in this opinion, and his decree will be affirmed, with costs.