Case Name: ZINK v. ZINK
Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
Jurisdiction: Maryland
Decision Date: 1957-12-23
Citations: 215 Md. 197
Docket Number: No. 105
Parties: ZINK v. ZINK
Judges: The cause was argued before Brune, C. J., and Henderson, Hammond, Prescott and Horney, JJ.
Reporter: Maryland Reports
Volume: 215
Pages: 197–206

Head Matter:
ZINK v. ZINK
[No. 105,
September Term, 1957.]
Decided December 23, 1957.
The cause was argued before Brune, C. J., and Henderson, Hammond, Prescott and Horney, JJ.
John J. O’Connor, Jr., for the appellant.
Marvin Braiterman for the appellee.

Opinion:
Hammond, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The husband appeals from a decree that granted his wife a divorce a vinculo and adopted a settlement between the parties as to alimony and property rights.
The husband's claim is that there was not sufficient corroboration of his wife's testimony to justify the awarding of the divorce. The parties were married in 1933. No children were born of the marriage. The wife charged that the husband had abandoned her for the statutory period by refusing and continuing to refuse marital cohabitation. A second allegation was that in 1946 or 1947 the husband committed adultery and that, subsequently, the wife "condoned and conditionally forgave" him for his misconduct upon his representation and promise that he would thereafter fulfill all of his marital obligations, but that he has failed to do so and, instead, deserted and abandoned her, as first charged, thereby reviving the adultery. The husband denied the desertion. He admitted the adultery but denied that the condonation was conditional, saying that his wife forgave him absolutely.
The record in the case shows that as the trial was about to begin, the court ordered a recess and after discussion between counsel and their clients (counsel for the husband on appeal did not represent him below), the matter went to trial on the sole question of desertion. The wife testified, and produced a niece as a corroborating witness. No other testimony was offered by the wife, and the husband made no objection to the testimony, and did not cross-examine the witnesses nor himself offer any evidence. At the conclusion of the testimony, a stipulation, which apparently had been agreed upon that morning, was read into the record as to the amount of alimony the husband was to pay and the disposition of the bank and building association accounts and real estate belonging to the couple.
The wife's testimony was that beginning in 1950 the husband had told her that he was tired of her, had no more feeling 'for her, and that since then he had continuously refused to have sexual relations despite her efforts to woo him. She said that they had continued to occupy the same bedroom until December, 1955, when, discouraged by five years of consistent rebuffs, she began to sleep in a separate bedroom. Her niece testified that she knew the couple were not getting along because "my aunt told me". She said that her aunt told her that they had not been "man and wife since 1950". She was asked whether the husband was present when her aunt told her that they were not living together as man and wife, and her answer was simply "Yes". She said that she thought that her aunt tried "everything" to effect reconciliation with the husband. She testified further that since 1955 she knew that the couple had occupied separate bedrooms because she had helped her aunt to make up the beds.
The chancellor found that the wife's testimony that the parties occupied separate sleeping quarters and did not live together as man and wife had been corroborated and that she was entitled to a divorce a vinculo.
We find ourselves unable to agree with the chancellor. Of course, permanent and irrevocable refusal, without justifica tion, of one spouse to have marital relations with the other constitutes abandonment, but there must be corroboration of the essential elements of such an abandonment. It is true that it has often been stated by this Court that in a contested case, slight corroboration is sufficient if the facts preclude the possibility of collusion. Hodges v. Hodges, 213 Md. 322, 325. The record here scarcely permits any inference other than that during the recess at the beginning of the trial, agreement was reached that if the evidence was limited to the matter of desertion and the question of adultery not gone into, and the settlement as to alimony and property rights was made part of the decree, the husband would not offer any contest. This being so, the case must be treated as one where there is possibility of collusion and the degree of corroboration required must rise proportionately. Kelsey v. Kelsey, 186 Md. 324, 328.
The niece's testimony that the wife had told her, out of the husband's presence, that the couple had not been living together as man and wife since 1950 was hearsay and would not have been admissible over objection. Misner v. Misner, 211 Md. 398, 404. In Bowersox v. Bowersox, 157 Md. 476, it was held that in an uncontested case where there was the possibility of collusion, hearsay testimony, although not objected to, could not be received as sufficient corroboration, although it was noted that in contested divorce litigation, evidence admitted without objection, if it has any probative force, may be accepted for what it is worth. In the case before us we think the echoing by the niece of the self-serving statements of her aunt as to the existence of the grounds the aunt relies on to obtain the divorce had not sufficient probative force or worth standing alone to serve as corroboration. Of probative value, because inherently more reliable and convincing, was the testimony of the physicians in Kelsey v. Kelsey, 186 Md. 324, supra, and Brennecke v. Brennecke, 213 Md. 447, whose professional questions as to the cause of the wives' physical deterioration were answered by statements as to the sexual desertion by the husband. That the couple for a time occupied separate bedrooms is, of itself, not decisive. Mower v. Mower, 209 Md. 413. In any event this had been so for only a few months before the trial, not eighteen months.
The chancellor seemingly relied most on the niece's statement that the husband had been present on occasions when the aunt had told her that they were not living together as man and wife, treating this as an admission by the husband of the truth of the statement. It has been held that in a contested case, where the possibility of collusion is slight, evidence of corroboration may be found in the admission of the other spouse. Brennecke v. Brennecke, supra; Cullotta v. Cullotta, 193 Md. 374, 382; Maranto v. Maranto, 192 Md. 214, 217. Where a party to an action adopts a statement uttered by another, it becomes his own admission. In some situations standing mute may constitute the adoption of the statement of another person. This can be only when no other explanation is equally consistent with silence — i. e., if the situation and circumstances are such that a dissent in ordinary experience would have been expressed if the statement or communication had not been correct. 4 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed.), Secs. 1069 and 1071. McCormick, Evidence, Sec. 247, at 528, 530, discusses the rule and says: "If a statement is made by another person in the presence of a party to the action, containing assertions of facts which, if untrue, the party would under all the circumstances naturally be expected to deny, his failure to speak is circumstantial evidence that he believes the statements to be true and his conduct is thus receivable against him as an admission of such belief." He points out that a failure to deny may be more naturally explainable on some inference other than that of belief in the truth of the inference and that the evidence is then to be excluded. If an admission by silence is to be received against the silent party, it must be found (1) that the statement was actually made; (2) that the reaction of silence or evasion took place as claimed; (3) that the party heard and understood the statement; and (4) that under all the circumstances the party's conduct makes it probable that he believed the statement to be true.
We note that the niece testified only that the statement had been made in the husband's presence, not that he heard or understood it, and, more important, not that he did not deny it. If it be assumed that there was enough in the testimony to justify an inference by the chancellor that the husband stood mute, we do not think the subject matter of the conversation and the environment were such as to justify an inference that the husband admitted the statement to be true. Husbands and wives do not naturally and customarily discuss intimate problems or difficulties with outsiders, and it is more unlikely than likely that a husband would debate with his wife in the presence of a third person the details of their intimate life. We think the testimony of the complainant failed to show an admission by the husband as to the fact of desertion. Cf. Kelly v. State, 151 Md. 87, 95, 97.
At the argument the appellee suggested that, if we did not agree with the chancellor, the case be remanded for a hearing on the questions of adultery and condonation. At the conclusion of the testimony, appellee's counsel, when asked if he had anything further, answered that there was the count of the amended bill as to adultery but that they did not want to prove it unless it was necessary. At that point the chancellor said he found sufficient corroboration of desertion by the husband. Under the circumstances, we feel that the case should be remanded for decisions on the wife's charge of adultery and on whether her condonation was conditional in fact and in law.
Case remanded without affirmance or reversal for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, the appellant to pay the costs.