Case Name: H. E. HOWELL, JOHN A. PATTERSON, ORIN PATTERSON and B. S. EDMONSON v. THOMAS A. SHERWOOD, Appellant
Court: Supreme Court of Missouri
Jurisdiction: Missouri
Decision Date: 1912-05-20
Citations: 242 Mo. 513
Docket Number: 
Parties: H. E. HOWELL, JOHN A. PATTERSON, ORIN PATTERSON and B. S. EDMONSON v. THOMAS A. SHERWOOD, Appellant.
Judges: Ferriss, Kennish and Brown, JJ., concur; Valliant, G. J., does not sit; Woodson and Graves, JJ., dissent in separate opinions.
Reporter: Missouri Reports
Volume: 242
Pages: 513–570

Head Matter:
H. E. HOWELL, JOHN A. PATTERSON, ORIN PATTERSON and B. S. EDMONSON v. THOMAS A. SHERWOOD, Appellant.
In Banc,
May 20, 1912.
1. EJECTMENT: Common Source of Title: Doubtful Description in Prior Deeds. If both, plaintiff and defendant in ejectment claim through a common source of title, uncertainties in the description of land in prior deeds, such as whether the sign " after 41 in the description of “North 41 " east 88 poles” was really ° and therefore meant degrees instead of seconds, are out of the ease,, and immaterial.
2. -: -: Alleged in Answer: Established By Proof: Not Theory at Trial. Where defendant’s answer averred a common source of title, and a common source is asserted in his brief on appeal, and the proof at the trial showed a common source, it will be held on appeal that there was a common source, and uncertainties in descriptions in prior deeds will not be considered.
Held, by GRAVES, J., dissenting, that no common source of title was admitted by the answer, and the case was not tried upon that theory, but was tried by plaintiffs upon the theory that they must show an unbroken good title from the Government to themselves, and being tried upon that theory the case should be disposed of on appeal upon the same theory.
3. -: -: Uncertainties in Prior Deed: Outstanding Title: Defective Deed: Equitable Title. Where there is an agreement on the common source of title, or both parties admit or assume a common source, or the evidence shows one, then (subject to exceptions not within the facts of this case) the doctrine that a plaintiff in an ejectment must recover upon the strength of his own title from the Government down is departed from and he need not go back of the common source to establish his case. In such event irregularities in conveyances anterior to the common source are common to both litigants and affect the common stem of the title and are therefore immaterial. In such case the question is whether he has a better title than defendant beginning with the common source and coming down to the time of the suit. And a chain of title prior to the common source, read into the record by defendant, did not affect the issues as between him and defendant as to the right to possession.
Held, by GRAVES, J., dissenting, that plaintiffs did not rely upon a common source, but undertook to trace an unbroken chain of title from the Government to themselves, and one of the deeds in their chain contained no words of conveyance and hence showed on its face an outstanding legal title against themselves, and as in ejectment where reliance is made upon the paper title alone plaintiffs can recover only upon a showing of a perfect legal title, each deed in the chain must operate to convey the legal title, and an instrument having no operative words conveying the land cannot be admitted on the theory that it operated to convey the equitable title.
Held, also, that an instrument which does not purport to “grant, bargain and sell,” or contain any other words granting or conveying the property, does not convey the title. The habendum, though containing apt words, cannot Jiave any effect upon an estate which is not granted.
4. JUDICIAL NOTICE: Civil War: Lapse in Sessions of Court. The court takes judicial notice of the historical fact that the Civil War raged with fury in the vicinity of Springfield from June, 1861, to August, 1862, and that there was a lapse in the terms of the circuit court in consequence thereof. Under the statutes (R. S. 1855, p. 539, secs. 44 to 48) this lapse merely had the effect of adjournments; and a garnishee, summoned on an execution issued on February 14, 1861, was in court until final adjournment and until interrogatories were filed at the August term, 1862.
5. JUDICIAL SALES: Lost Files: Presumptions. Where there is a great lapse of time and files are lost,, courts will indulge very favorable presumptions to uphold judicial sales,
6. -: Garnishee: Insufficient Return: Lost Execution: Recitals of Record: Issue of Fact. A return of an execution issued against a judgment debtor in 1861 reciting simply: “Executed the within writ by ■ summoning Charles Carleton as garnishee” will not support a judgment against Carleton as garnishee, since it attaches nothing in his hands, and cites him to appear at no court and at no day or term certain to answer interrogatories. But where the execution is lost, and that these were the words of the return is established by the memory of a single witness who last examined it in 1866 and testified forty years afterwards, and the old files of the case and the records show that interrogatories were exhibited against Carleton at the August term, 1862, and that an interlocutory judgment was rendered against him by default at that term and the cause continued until the next term to make inquiry of the amount due from him to the judgment debtor, and that interlocutory judgment recites that “and it appearing that the said garnishee; Charles Carleton,, had been duly summoned as garnishee and has failed to answer interrogatories,” and that final judgment was rendered at the January term, 1863, reciting, “And it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that Charles Carleton has been duly summoned as garnishee in this cause,” it will be held, first, that the recitals in the record of due service on said garnishee are presumptively true, since the presumption is that courts of general jurisdiction proceed by right and not by wrong; and, second, the court cannot declare as a matter of law that the return was in the words testified by the witness, but the issue is one of fact, for the jury’s determination.
7. -: Execution: Returnable to Past Term. An execution dated December 7, 1863, and made returnable “on the 4th Monday in January next (A. D. 1863)” is not made returnable to a day in the past,, but the word “next” controls the figures “1863” and makes that impossible date read 1864.
8. -: -: Alias: Recital of Former Levies. An alias execution, with a clerk s indorsement of the amount previously collected and the amount due, need not recite former levies, when the land levied on under such former executions was sold and those writs fully executed.
9. -: -: -: Judgment Satisfied by Former Execution: Interest. If by computing interest the judgment was not fully satisfied by the levy and sale under the first execution, an alias execution and a sale thereunder are not void.
10. --: Sheriff’s Deed: No Recital of Land Conveyed. A sheriffs deed containing an accurate recital of .the judgment, execution, levy on the land in dispute (describing it), the advertisement (also describing it), the place and time of sale, and that the sheriff “did expose for sale at public auction for ready money, all the right, title, interest and estate of the said” judgment debtor “of, in and to above described real estate, and .... the same was stricken off and sold,” and every other necessary prescribed statutory recital except that in the conveyance clause it says “I . . do hereby assign, transfer and convey to the said” purchaser, “his heirs and assigns forever, with all rights and appurtenances thereto belonging,” omitting after the word “convey” to say “said land” or “said above described tract of land,” is a good deed in an action at law. It did “convey” the land described above and “sold.” A sheriff’s deed is to be construed as other deeds; in so far as the real intendment, as gathered from the entire instrument, is to control, such deed is entitled to the value its face imports.
11. -: Administrator’s Deed: By Former Public Administrator. In 1883 public administrators were not discharged at the expiration of their official terms from the administration of estates in their hands, and hence a deed made in that year by one who is described- therein as the “former public administrator of the county ... in charge of the estate . . . ”' • and otherwise regular on its face, conveyed the title.
12. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION: Untimely Raised. A challenge to the unconstitutionality of the act creating the court which tried the case comes too late if made for the first time in the motion in arrest.
13. EJECTMENT: Good Faith of Purchasers. An ejectment suit turns on the cold legal title on the application of cold law, and questions as to the good faith of purchasers under certain conveyances in the chain of title are not for consideration.
14. EVIDENCE: Letter to Defendant: Hearsay. A letter written to defendant in the present ejectment by a former execution debtor long after he lost title, is hearsay and incompetent.
15. -: Deficient Return: Others in Substantiation. Other returns of executions made by the same sheriff, slovenly made and deficient in matter, are not competent evidence to show that the particular return on the lost execution under which a former garnishee and owner of the land was summoned to court was defective.
16. EJECTMENT: Limitations: Thirty-year Statute: Paying Taxes. The ejectment suit of a plaintiff who paid taxes for one year within the thirty-year period, while in possession, , is not harred by the thirty-year Statute of Limitations.
17. RES ADJUDICATA: Law of the Case: Issue of Fact: Remanded for New Trial. Where a “judgment is reversed and the cause remanded” the cause is remanded for a new trial; and if the judgment (for plaintiff) was reversed because under a finding of fact by the trial judge sitting as a jury the judgment could not stand, defendant cannot compel the trial court to accept that finding as true and render judgment for him, although the appellate court might then have directed a judgment for him; but the'ease, having been remanded for a new trial, is to be tried anew. The lower court is not bound on a fair issue of fact to the view of a former trial judge on the weight of oral testimony. A finding by the judge in- the first trial that the oral testimony of defendant that the return on the execution read: “Executed-the within writ by summoning Charles Carleton as garnishee” was true, is not binding on the trial court upon a new trial after a reversal holding that a judgment against Carleton based on that return was void, and that in consequence a judgment for plaintiff in spite of that finding and based on a sheriff’s deed under that judgment could not stand; but the issue as to whether in point of fact the return read that way was a question of fact for the jury at the second trial, when the cause has been remanded by this court generally for a new trial.
Held, by WOODSON, J., dissenting, that the decision of this court on a former appeal in an ejectment suit is the law of the case upon the trial anew in the circuit court, and is conclusive as to the matters adjudicated therein.
' Held, also, that the verdict of the jury on the second trial had the effect of setting aside the special finding of fact by the judge sitting as a jury in the first trial, and also the judgment of this court based on that finding; and as the evidence on the second trial was precisely the same on the issue of whether the return was in the words defendant testified it was and that the trial judge found it was, and the judgment for plaintiff was then reversed, that adjudication became the láw of the case, and on the second trial, and now in this court, the judgment should be for defendant, notwithstanding the jury’s verdict for plaintiff.
18. EJECTMENT: Verdict: No Description or Land or Award of Possession. A verdict in ejectment reading: “We the jury find the issues in favor of plaintiffs, and we assess plaintiffs’ damages at the sum of seventy-five dollars and we further find the reasonable rental value of the premises to be one dollar per month until possession is given” is sufficient and will authorize a judgment for possession of the premises described in the petition, where there is no dispute as to such description. [Distinguishing Franklin v. Haynes, 139 Mo. 311; Brummell v. Harris, 148 Mo. 430, and Benne v. Miller, 149 Mo. 228.]
Held, by GRAVES, J., dissenting, that the verdict should find that plaintiffs are entitled to a particular tract of • land, describing it, and unless it does so it will not support a judgment for possession.
19. -: -: Judgment: Must Include Possession. In ejectment the judgment should include recovery of the premises, describing them, and an award of a writ of possession. Otherwise, it is not responsive to the pleadings and a proper verdict. A recital therein limiting plaintiff’s recovery to the damages and monthly rents and profits assessed by the jury, is not sufficient.
Held, by GRAVES, J., dissenting, that the court cannot make a verdict for the jury, and one which does not authorize a recovery of the premises will not sustain a judgment.
20. --: -: Substituted Parties. The entry of a judgment in ejectment in favor of the original plaintiffs, instead of in favor of the substituted plaintiffs who, in accordance with the order of the court, have been substituted as parties, is an informality, which under the broad powers of the statutes (Secs. 1851, 2119 -and 2120, R. S. 1899) may be corrected as of course, either in the trial court or appellate court.
21. -:--: Correction in Appellate Court. In suits involving- titles to lands, a judgment amenable to correction in either tho trial or the appellate court should be corrected in the trial court, in order that the records of the trial court as to final judgments may be complete and that writs of ouster may issue therefrom.
Appeal from Greene Circuit Court. — Eon.' Alfred Page, Judge.
Reversed and remanded (with directions).
Sherwood d> Young, T. J. 'Delaney and George B. Webster for appellant.
(1) The so-called deed from W. D. Fulbriglit to D. L. Fulbriglit is void for lack of operative words of conveyance. Becker v. Stroeher, 167 Mo. 306; McGar rigan v. Asylum, 145 Cal. 694; Brettman v. Fischer, 74 N. E. (111.) 777; Riech v. Dyer, 86 N. Y. Supp. 544. (2) The deed from D. L. Fulbright to Carleton is either totally void for uncertainty of description or it conveys but a fractional part of the land sued for. The sheriff’s deed attempting to convey Carleton’s interest is absolutely void because of lack of jurisdiction in the court to render judgment in the so-called garnishment proceeding against Carleton. Howell v. Sherwood, 213 Mo. 565. It is also void because it fails to convey any land. Evans v. Ashley, 8 Mo. 177; Nelson v. Broadhack, 44 Mo. 496; Tally v. Schalitz, 180 Mo. 231; Brewster on Conveyances, secs. 71 and 72. Moreover, its invalidity having been judicially declared on the former trial, that is an end of this contention. That the action of this court on its former hearing of this cause is conclusive of the issues presented by this record is demonstrated by the rule announced in: May v. Crawford, 150 Mo. 525; Hayward v. Smith, 187 Mo. 476; Taussig v. Railroad, 186 Mo. 281; Brummell v. Harris, 162 Mo. 402; Bealey v. Smith, 158 Mo. 522; Potter v. Adams, 143 Mo. 665; Sandford v. Herron, 161 Mo. 186; Gracey v. St. Louis, 221 Mo. 5. Lack of jurisdiction may be shown by secondary evidence of the contents of the lost files for the purpose of impeaching the judgment. Eaton v. Hall, 5 Met. (Mass.) 287; Parry v. Walser, 57 Mo. 172; Foulk v. Colburn, 48 Mo. 230; Ravens-croft v. Giboney, 2 Mo. 1; McClanahan v. West, 100 Mo. 321; Davis v. Montgomery, 205 Mo. 271; Land Co. v. Mining Co., 187 Mo. 434; Graham v. O’Fallen, 3 Mo. 507; Burnett v. McCluey, 78 Mo. 689; Howard v. Thornton, 50 Mo. 292. It is also void because the execution is an alias or renewed execution and fails to recite the issue of the former execution, the levies thereunder and the amount realized therefrom. Laws 1863, p 20; Maupin v. Emmons, 47 Mo. 308; Wood v. Augustine, .61 Mo. 50. It is also void because issued for costs in addition to the judgment while the judgment did not carry costs. Under the statute then in force a judgment in garnishment proceedings did not carry costs unless specifically so directed therein. Maloney v. Ass’n, 57 Mo. App. 384; R. S. 1855, chap. 12, secs. 70 and 75, and chap. 40, sees. 6 and 32. ' It is also void because satisfied by the sale under the first execution. It is also void because made returnable to a day in the past instead of to one in the future, the execution being issued on the 7th day of December, 1863, and made returnable to the January term, 1863. The final judgment is also void on account of its failure to require the garnishee to give bond or pay the money found to be due from him to the debtor into court. "Walkeen v. Johnston, 130 Mo. App. 325. (4) The deed from S. H.-Julian to H. E. Howell is void. Because the former public administrator had no authority to execute the same as such administrator. Because there was never any lawful administration upon the estate of Lindenbower. . Because the court acquired no jurisdiction to make order of sale of the real estate of Lindenbower, the proof of publication of notice to creditors and others not having been filed until after order of sale made, and it appearing from such proof that the term of office of Barker, whose jurat is attached to the order of publication, had expired. Fletcher v. Kite, 66 Mo. 285; 2 Chitty’s Gren. Prac., 150. Because the order of sale under which renewal order was made had become fimctus officio. Because the description in the deed is too vague and indefinite to carry title. (5) The judgment in this case is erroneous upon its face, and void for failure to describe the land awarded to plaintiffs. Brummel v. Harris, 148 Mo. 430; Benne v. Miller, 149 Mo. 228. (6) The act of the Legislature under which the trial judge officiated is void. State v. HR1, 147 Mo. 63. (7) The court erred in excluding from the consideration of the jury the letter from Carleton to Sherwood written at the time of the transaction relating to the purchase of the Mt. Vernon St. property. It also erred in excluding from the consideration of the jury the returns contained on writs of attachment and executions which were issued and returned by the sheriff of Greene county within a short time prior and subsequent to the return of the execution under which plaintiff claims title. These returns were offered for the purpose of showing, in corroboration of the testimony of Sherwood, that the sheriff had at this period of time adopted a form of return which failed to comply with the mandatory provisions of the statute governing such returns. Blodgett v. Shaeffer, 94 Mo. 670; Herman v. Lacker, 99 Mo. App. 300; State v. Taylor, 126 Mo. 538; Cramer v. Hurt, 154 Mo. 119;' Matthias v. O’Neil, 94 Mo.'529; Payne v. Railroad, 129 Mo. 420; Broussard v. Bernard, 7 La. 216; Reynolds’ Stephenson on Evidence, p. 24, art. 13; Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 40.
George Pepperdine and Patterson & Patterson for respondents.
(1) An instrument that acknowledges the receipt of sixteen hundred dollars to pay for a piece of land, which says that the payee shall have and hold it, he and his heirs forever, which contains a warranty of title on the part of the man securing the money and is signed, sealed and acknowledged by him, would seem to be a very lively creature of some kind, and as it is a link in the chain of appellant’s title as well as that of respondents, it should have sufficient vitality to support the legal chain in this suit, considering that it was executed well onto three quarters of a century ago. Whatever may have been the rule erstwhile, the modern rule of construction as applied to a deed is to ascertain the intention of the parties thereto, and especially the intention of the grantor. And if it appear from the instrument as a whole and the language therein that the grantor intended to part with his estate and the grantee to secure the same in presentí then the instrument is a deed, and conveys legal title. Lin-ville v. Greer, 165 Mo. 380; McKinney v. Settler, 31. Mo. 541; Devlin on Deeds (2 Ed.), secs. 174, 211; Long v. Wagoner, 47 Mo. 178; Jennings v. Brizeadine, 44 Mo. 335; Brunsmanri v. Carroll, 52 Mo. 313; Fosburgh v. Rogers, 114 Mo. 134; Peter v. Byrne, 175 Mo. 233; Hunter v. Patterson, 144 Mo. 310; Roberts v. Mclntire, 84 Me. 362; Anglade v. St. Avit, 67 Mo. 435. (2) In ejectment where both parties claim through a common source of title, it is unnecessary to go back of that title. It is sufficient for the planitiff to deraign his title from the common sources. Holland v. Adair, 55 Mo. 40; Butcher v. Rogers, 60 Mo. 138; Miller v. Hardin, 64 Mo. 545; Smith v. Lindsey, 89 Mo. 76; Grandy v. Casey, 93 Mo. 595; Huff v. Morton, 94 Mo. 405; Holland v. Adair, 55 Mo. 40; Bank v. Harrison, 39 Mo. 433; Cummins v. Powell, 97 Mo. 524; Choquette v. Barada, 33 Mo. 249. A necessary corrollary of the rule under consideration is that where there is a common source of title agreed to, assumed, or shown to exist and relied on, then irregularities in conveyances prior to the common source, become weaknesses' common to both litigants and hence immaterial. Ebersole v. Rankin, 102 Mo. 498; Machine Works v. Bowers, 200 Mo. 234; Sloan v. Chitwood, 217 Mo. 465. (3) The first contention of a lack of jurisdiction defeating' the deed from the sheriff to Jamison is answered by the verdict of the jury declaring the return to have been regular. A sheriff’s deed set out fully certain judgments, and also set out certain executions, but failed to couple tbe executions with the judgments, but tbe names of tbe parties, and tbe amounts as set out were identical. Held that it was inferable that tbe executions were on these judgments and that such omissions are not fatal to the deed, inasmuch as they could mislead no one. Wack v. Stevenson, 54 Mo. 481; Gaines v. Pender, 82 Mo. 507. (4) Tbe substance of appellant’s next contention is that, tbe finding of facts being against tbe respondents and tbe judgment for respondents in tbe first trial of this case, tbe finding of facts is conclusive on respondents. This is not tbe law. Where tbe judgment is wholly in respondent’s favor be is not concluded by any finding of facts made by tbe trial court to which be did not except. Egger v. Egger, 225 Mo. 118; Patterson v. Patterson, 200 Mo. 335. (5) Appellant’s next contention is “lack of jurisdiction may be shown by secondary evidence of tbe contents of tbe lost files for the purpose of impeaching a judgment.” An inspection of tbe instructions given by tbe trial court will show this court that this case was tried upon tbe above theory. Tbe only question pertinent to this matter, was a question of fact, was tbe question as to whether tbe testimony of an interested witness, a defendant in an ejectment suit testifying as to tbe contents of a lost return of service, which be last saw in 1866 or 1867, and which be did not act on for more than thirty years, was of sufficient probative force to destroy tbe validity of a judgment of a court of record, rendered in 1863, when that witness’s own testimony showed that bis memory was at fault as to every thing else occurring about that time. (6) A “former public administrator bad authority to execute deeds.” Sec. 309, E. S. 1879; Bray v. Adams, 114 Mo. 486. (7) Tbe judgment can be aided by reference to other parts of tbe same record. Dixon v. Hunter, 204 Mo. 383. Where tbe record before tbe appellate court shows that certain persons were made parties plaintiff and that judgment was in favor of plaintiffs, the court will correct any informality in the omission of their names from the caption or body of the judgment, Walker v. Railroad, 193 Mo. 475; Morrison v. Turnbaugh, 192 Mo. 446; Dixon v. Hunter, 204 Mo. 383. A mere informality in drafting a verdict or entering a judgment which works no prejudice to the complaining party will not be ground for reversal. Holmes v. Braidwood, 82 Mo. 610; Hornblower v. Crandall, 78 Mo. 581; Hanley v. Holton, 120 Mo. App. 402.

Opinion:
LAMM, J.
Ejectment. The squabble is over a triangular piece of somewhat uneven land of, say, ten acres, lying for many years (if not now) mostly in a state of nature in the outskirts of Springfield. In 1897 defendant took possession. In 1904 plaintiff, H. E. Howell and Ms then co-plaintiff, William Gr. Howell, sued defendant and his then tenant, Steve- Blakey, for possession. In 1905, at a trial to the court without a jury, the then plaintiffs had judgment. In 1908 that judgment was reversed on appeal here and the cause remanded generally. [213 Mo. 565.] Subsequently Blakey and William Gr. Howell died. Prior to Howell's death, he parted with Ms interest (an undivided half) and plaintiffs, the Pattersons and Edmonson, acquired it. By due and timely orders of court they were substituted instead of W. Gr. Howell deceased and now litigate as co-plaintiffs with H. E. Howell. Thereat an amended petition and answer were filed. In 1909 plaintiffs on those amended pleadings again had judgment, this time on a trial to a jury. By the inadvertent misprision of the clerk the style of the case on the record seems to run on as it did at the start.
The record is long; the facts, tangled; the exceptions, many. Now and then "In medias res" is a use ful motto. Taking heed thereof, it is as well to go at once into the midst of things and let sufficient of the pertinent facts come out in due. course with points ruled. We shall formulate material propositions pro and con in our own way.
I. Of a common source of title (and herein of objections to two deeds in the chain of title prior to the common source).
Among the contentions of defendant is one invoking the doctrine that plaintiffs must recover in a strict action at law like ejectment, if at- all, on the strength of their own and not on the weakness of defendant's title. It is asserted and maintained that there is an outstanding legal title; contra, respondents assert and maintain that there is á common source of title, and that the defects, if any, in conveyances after the Government parted with title down to this common source are immaterial. The question arises in Ibis way:
William Fulbright entered the land as part of a greater tract in 1837. Dying, in 1845 his estate was partitioned in kind by judicial proceedings, and, by a commissioners' report duly confirmed, the land in dispute as part of a greater tract was allotted to a son, William D. In 1853 William D. Fulbright executed an instrument duly spread of record purporting to convey to D. L. Fulbright. That instrument recites the receipt of $1600 in full payment of said greater tract, describes the land, makes convenants of warranty, is under seal and duly acknowledged. But it is inartificiallv drawn and is said to lack apt words operative to convey a legal estate in the land, whatever estate was conveyed in equity. In 1859 D. L. Fulbright conveyed the parcel in dispute to Charles Carleton. This Carleton, it is claimed, is the common source of title. The description in his deed is by courses, variations of the compass and distances. The second course, as shown by appellant's abstract, is: "North 41%", east 88 poles." It will be observed that the sign after the figures, 41 y2, is seconds. Respondents furnish a counter abstract showing that sign to be degrees, thus "°." The original deed is lost and a certified copy was used below. ' There was counter contentions not only as to the effect of this instrument but as to what this certified deed actually showed the sign to be. The certified copy itself is not brought here. If the sign be degrees then the whole tract in controversy is described. If seconds, only a small part of it is described. Counsel for plaintiffs insist their clients should not lose their land on the slender and uncertain fact that two very short curved lines do not precisely unite at top and bottom and make a little circle, the mathematical sign for degrees, especially as the sign for degrees runs through all deeds in both chains of title indicating that those who were called on to interpret the sign construed it to be that for degrees. But if Carleton is the common source of title such questions are out of the case and laid on the shelf. If he is not, they are alive and of substance enough to be reckoned with.
We hold Carleton is the common source of title. This, because:
(a) Attending to the record, in defendant's answer we find among other allegations the following: " . . . that this defendant derived his title from Carleton, a common source of title, through proceedings to foreclose a vendor's lien. ." In defendant's principal brief we find the following: "It will thus be perceived that both parties claim title under Charles Carleton." To the foregoing we add that plaintiffs claim title through a judgment against Charles Carleton in the G-reene Circuit Court in 1863, an execution thereon, a sale thereunder in 1864, a sheriff's deed fol lowing, mesne conveyances. Defendant claims title under two junior judgments against Carleton, by execution sales and two sheriff's deeds and mesne conveyances. So, below, a common source of title was a trial theory on both sides. It thus appears not only that Charles Carleton was the common source of title by admission and by assumption but he was shown to be such by the proof. So prominently does a common source of title run through the history of this case from "a" to "izzard" that when here before, in set terms, on less proof (for at the first trial the answer did not contain the admission quoted) this court assumed a common source of title, thus: "Charles Carleton was the common source of title." [Vide, 213 Mo. l. c. 569.]
(b). Attending to the law applicable to such a record, the accepted rule is that where there is an agreement on the common source of title or both parties admit or assume a common source or the evidence shows one, then (subject to exceptions not within the facts of this case) the doctrine that a plaintiff must recover in ejectment on the strength of his own title from the Government down is departed from and he need not go back of the common source in making his case. In such event irregularities in conveyances anterior to the common source become immaterial, because they are common to both litigants and affect the common stem of the title only. They are like equal factors affecting an equation similarly. They offset each other and may be canceled out in solving the problem. Hence to show a better outstanding title will not help defendant in ejectment 'when facts exist such as herein dealt with; for the question is no longer: Has plaintiff a good legal title against the whole world? — it is rather: Has he a better title than defendant beginning with the common source and coming down to the time of the suit? After all the last question hits the bird in the eye or the nail on the head. When you ask it you touch the merits as with the point of a needle {Rem aeu tetigisti, as put by old Plautus). [Harrison Machine Works v. Bowers, 200 Mo. l. c. 234-5, and cases cited; Sell v. McAnaw, 138 Mo. l. c. 272; Feller v. Lee, 225 Mo. l. c. 328; Grandy v. Casey, 93 Mo. l. c. 605; Newell on Ejectment, 578 et seq.]
The mere adventitious circumstance that respondents through inadvertence or out of abundant caution (which latter is said by the precept to injure no man) read into the record a chain of title prior to the common source, as they did, did no harm or good to defendant. As between the litigants it does not a whit affect the merits of the right to possession. Its only office is to encumber and litter up the record. It ought not to abrogate the general rule announced or suspend its application — a rule by some authorities predicated of estoppel and by others predicated of convenience in trying land titles — but however bottomed, is a good rule of law of everyday use.
It is on the premise that under applicable law we have nothing to do with them, that we rule points made by defendant on the Fulbright and Carleton conveyances against him, and start with a common source of title, Carleton. •
II. Of the judgment against Carleton, the execution thereon and the sheriff's deed following a sale thereunder on which plaintiffs claim title.
Broadly, the positions of defendant are: (1) The judgment is void, hence is open to collateral attack. (2) If the judgment be good, yet the execution is bad under which the sale was made. (3) If judgment and execution be both good, yet the.sheriff's deed on which plaintiff's title rests is bad. Looking to those propositions in their or.der, we observe:
(a) The principal vice in the judgment is said to he that there was an abortive attempt to garnishee Carleton as debtor of one Taylor, who, in turn, was judgment debtor of a firm, Hayden and Wilson. That the court acquired no jurisdiction over Carleton because the return of the sheriff was fatally defective.
Briefly, the record shows as follows: In January, 1861, Hayden and Wilson recovered judgment against Taylor in the Greene Circuit Court on two notes in the sum of $922.81. Execution issued, as shown by the execution docket, on February 14, 1861. This execution (with many other papers in the old files of that court) is lost. The last seen of it was in 1866. It was on this lost execution that Carleton was summoned as garnishee of Taylor, and the return of the sheriff showing such service of summons, indorsed on that execution, is also lost. The old files of the case and court records show interrogatories exhibited against Carleton at the August term, 1862, of said court. All cases were continued from January to the June term, 1861. In fact there was no circuit court in Greene from February, 1861, until the first Monday in August, 1862. We take judicial cognizance of the historical fact that the Civil War raged with fury in that section during such lapse in the courts — a lapse doubtless due to war. This lapse in the terms of court merely had the effect of adjournments. [R. S. 1855, p. 539, secs. 44 to 48.] If Carleton was in court he stayed in till final judgment unless put out by some order of court. At the August term, as said, interrogatories were filed, to be answered by Carleton. Presently an interlocutory judgment was rendered against him on default and the cause was continued until the next term to make inquiry of the amount due by him to the judgment debtor. That judgment recites (among other things): "And it appearing that the said gar nish.ee, Charles Carleton, had been duly summoned as garnishee and has failed to answer interrogatories," etc. At the next January term, 1863, on February 10, final judgment went, reciting, inter alia, thus: "And it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that Charles Carleton has been duly summoned as garnishee in this cause," etc. Further, that the court sitting as a jury found that Carleton was indebted to Taylor in the sum of $682, and judgment followed in favor of Hayden and Wilson for that sum against Carleton garnishee, with award of execution.
On the main contention, to-wit, the sufficiency of the return, plaintiffs rest on the recitals of those two judgments and such record entries and file papers as have been preserved. ' ' The stem Sergeant, Death, is strict in his arrest." In this ease he seems to have taken into custody on his dread capiases and mittimuses and carried off all witnesses who saw that return, save one, defendant. As against said recitals defendant took the stand on his own behalf and testified that in 1866 he had occasion to examine the return of the sheriff on the original execution against Taylor; that he remembered its language; that it ran (barring two or three words he could not recall), thus: "Executed the within writ by summoning Charles Carleton as garnishee;" that it was signed by Reed or Matlock as sheriff, witness could not tell which. He further testified, in substance, that he hád not seen the return from that time to the trial and that the matter was wholly out of his mind for thirty years until recalled to mind in 1897 by one Mead who told or wrote him, he, defendant, had title. On that renaissance, presently in that year he took possession of the property in dispute through a tenant and thence forth claimed title under sheriff's deeds on junior execution sales against Carleton — one on a judgment in 1867 and another on a judgment in May, 1863.
There is evidence the scope and tendency of which was to somewhat fortify defendant's recollection on one side and somewhat impair it on the other, which we need not revert to in detail. Much of pith is made of it in rather brisk and spieey argument, showing color of feeling on both sides, but it is as well to let it pass by as more appropriate to a jury than to an appellate court on questions of law. The recitals of the two judgments as over against the efficacy of defendant's awakened memory made the issue on the character of the sheriff's return a question of fact and on which the jury, passing unfavorably to defendant, found against him. It may be conceded that if defendant's recollection of the words of that return is to be conclusively taken as true, as a matter of law, then the judgment against Carleton as garnishee was void. This because the return as reconstructed was fatally deficient. It attached nothing in Carleton's hands. It cites him to appear in no court or at no day or term certain to answer interrogatories. It is not necessary to enter upon an exposition of the learning in that behalf. The curious may consult statutes and authorities cited in Howell v. Sherwood, 213 Mo. l. c. 575-6.
We do not gather that learned counsel for plaintiffs contend for the proposition that, on a return shown lost, as here, oral testimony by witnesses who had seen it might not come in to reestablish its terms. Neither do we gather that learned counsel for defendant stand for the proposition that the triers of fact are bound, whether or no, to take as infallible the recollection of a witness testifying nearly forty years after the event to the contents of a written instrument.
Whether the return was as indicated by the judgments, or as recollected by the witness, we hold, as said, was at most a question of fact. Plainly the testimony of the witness tending to impeach the verity of the recitals of the record could have no office other than to raise an issue of fact for the triers of fact and not a question of law for the court. [Miller v. Railroad, 157 Mo. App. 638, 144 S. W. 134.] And this remains true notwithstanding defendant was able graphically (and reasonably) to explain the grounds of his recollection, the reason the matter was out of his mind for thirty years, the cause of his sudden assertion of a forgotten (or hitherto unknown) title after that long lapse of time, and to fortify his testimony by corroborative data. On the other hand, as to be expected, his testimony showed that he was not quite free from all trace of that frailty of memory in recalling ancient matters that is the unfortunate but common inheritance of every one of us. So, too, there is in the case on behalf of plaintiffs, and to be reckoned with, the trite presumption that a court of general jurisdiction proceeds by right and not by wrong, the fact that the recitals of the record of due service on the garnishee are presumptively true in the first instance and the strong presumption that officers properly perform their official duties. Moreover, some stress is due to the fact that the circuit court at the time of the Carleton judgment passed on its own jurisdiction in the light of a fact then before it, to-wit, the physical presence of the real return. [State ex rel. v. Mills, 231 Mo. 493.] Again where there is a great lapse of time and files are lost, as here, courts will indulge very favorable presumptions to uphold judicial .sales. [Agan v. Shannon, 103 Mo. l. c. 668; Chilton v. Metcalf, 234 Mo. l. c. 53.]
The jury took defendant's testimony along with all the other facts and brought in an adverse verdict. On appeal that verdict must stand unless there is something else in the case; for, as already pointed out, the case is drawn within the lines of the cardinal maxim: Ad questionem juris respondent judices; ad questionem facti respondent juratores.
His counsel argue there are,several other things in the case — one. especially standing as an insurmount able obstacle in the way of the verdict, to-wit, res adjudicata. To the latter view of it we will recur presently under another head.
(b) Of the execution on the Carleton judgment. Defendant presents an aggregation of objections against this execution. We fail to find any objection made or exception saved in the record. The statute forbids the consideration of exceptions not ruled below. [R. S. 1909, Sec. 2081.] But if in error in our estimate of the record, there is no substance in the points.
(1) It is argued that the execution bears date December 7, 1863, and is made returnable at a day in the past, to-wit, to a term of court commencing and to be holden at the court house in Springfield "on the 4th Monday in January next (A. D. 1863)." It is obvious that the word "next" controls the figures "1863 and makes that impossible date read "1864." The neutralizing antidote is in the selfsame spoon with the poison of the clerical slip.
(2) It is argued that the execution was an alias execution and was void because it did not recite former executions and levies. The point, exceedingly subtle and nice, amounts in effect to a contention that the alias execution was a venditioni exponas, a writ sometimes issued to cause a sale of lands seized under a former writ to be made. [Bl. Law Diet.] The statute relied upon by defendant is found in the Laws of 1862-3, p. 20. It is unhandsomely worded, but was evidently a war measure intended to preserve the force of former levies of executions- which for some reason had .not been executed. That is the construction put upon it by this court in construing its sections, separately, as well as the whole thread and trend of the enactment. [Turner v. Keller, 38 Mo. l. c. 336; Stewart v. Severance, 43 Mo. l. c. 332; McDonald v. Gronefeld, 45 Mo. 28.] Now, the first execution issued against Carleton was fully executed upon all property levied upon and the alias in no fair sense came within the purview of the act mentioned. It did not have to recite former levies. There was a clerk's certificate indorsed thereon showing the writ to be an alias, the amount collected theretofore and the amount due.
(3) Whether the judgment against Carleton carried costs or not, it did carry interest under then existing statutes. Computing interest, the judgment was not fully satisfied by the levy and sale under the first execution, and points made in that behalf by defendant against the execution are disallowed with the others.
(c) Of the sheriff's deed on the execution sale under the Carleton judgment.
It is not contended that the sheriff's deed does not make all prescribed statutory recitals. It is rich and accurate in recitals. Plaving described the judgment, the execution, the levy ©n the land in dispute (describing it), the advertisement, the place, viz., at the courthouse door, the time, viz., February 2, between 9 a. m. and 5 p. m. during the session of the circuit court at its January term, 1864, it goes on to say that the sheriff did (quoting): "Expose for sale at public auction for ready money, all the right, title, interest and estate of the said Charles Carleton of, in and to above described real estate, and George W. Jameson being the highest and last bidder for said real estate, at the price and sum of sixty dollars, the same was stricken off and sold to the said George W. Jameson for that sum.
"Now, Therefore, in consideration of the premises, and of the said sum of sixty dollars to me said sheriff in hand paid by the said George W. Jameson, the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge, and by virtue of the authority in me vested by law, I, Thomas A. Eeed, sheriff as aforesaid, do hereby assign, transfer and convey to the said George W. Jameson, his heirs and assigns, forever, with all rights and appurtenances thereunto belonging.
"In Testimony Whereof, I, Thomas A. Reed, sheriff of the county of Greene, have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal this 2d day of February, A. D. 1864.
"Thomas A.'Reed, Sheriff, (Seal.)"'
The vice in the deed is said to be that there are no words operative to convey the land.
In some jurisdictions a sheriff's deed is not necessary to transfer land sold under sheriff's hammer on execution levy, and knocked down to a bidder. Title went to such purchaser by operation of law. [17 Cyc. 1340.] But in Missouri a deed is essential. [Dunnica v. Coy, 24 Mo. 167; R. S. 1909, sec. 2231.] The language of that statute is mandatory. If such deed be so defective as only to convey an equitable one, a plaintiff, who in ejectment is strictly at law and not in equity, can not recover on such equitable title. [Ables v. Webb, 186 Mo. l. c. 247.] His remedy in such predicament is to get a corrected deed in the statutory way. [Dixon v. Hunter, 204 Mo. 387 et seq.] While a sheriff's deed is not entitled by inference to as liberal a presumption of intendment as is a direct conveyance by a grantor, yet it is entitled to the effect that its face imports. [Nelson v. Brodhack, 44 Mo. l. c. 603; DePaige v. Douglas, 234 Mo. 78.] Every human document must be interpreted in a forum of reason in the light of common sense — which latter, after all, is the sum and quintessence of reason. An execution is defined by Coke to be the very "end and fruit of the laws." Executio est finis et fructus legis. [Co. Litt. 289b.] A sale and a conveyance to follow are but a main part and parcel of that end and fruit. He sues in vain who can not have execution together with all appurtenant incidents. Accordingly courts look fa vorably on judicial sales. They do not approach a sheriff's deed with any sour predisposition to make its parts perish if possible by overnice' construction. Contra, they get at its true intendment by its four corners precisely as they do in other deeds. [Robinson v. Levy, 217 Mo l. c. 520.] The whole instrument must be construed together to get the intendment. Agreeably thereto we might cite many examples from the books if there were a call to do so. In old learning deeds were divided into artificial and technical parts —a formidable and bristling array, witness: the "premises," the "habendum," the "tenendum," the "reddendum," the "conditions," the "warranty," the "covenants" and the "conclusion." One provision was not allowed to impinge on. another. The language expressive of the intention must appear at the right place and in the right clause and order. But old things, passing away, have been consigned to a judicial scrap-pile, and all things have become new in that regard. "The modern rule, which prevails in this State, is much simpler and much more calculated to carry out the wishes of the grantor. The intention of the grantor, as gathered from the four corners of the instrument, is now the pole star of construction. That intention may be expressed anywhere in the instrument, and in any words, the simpler and plainer the better, that will impart it, and the court will enforce it no matter in what part of the instrument it is found." [Per Marshall, J., in Utter v. Sidman, 170 Mo. l. c. 294.] We see no reason why a sheriff's deed may not somewhat profit and prosper by that rule so long as it complies with the cited statute.
Quickened by such precepts we conclude that although the deed has a syntactical blemish, yet, taken as a whole, it is well enough. This because:
It is argued that under the wording of the deed it is not clear that the land in dispute was conveyed. That argument travels in this way (borrowing from one of defendant's briefs): "Here, however, the deed does not undertake to convey any particular interest in any designated real estate, unless the presumption is indulged that the sheriff did not levy upon any other property of the execution defendant than that recited in the premises and the further presumption that, if he did, Jameson did not become the purchaser of it, thus founding one presumption upon another in violation of settled precedents."
But that argument, when brought to book, we think fallacious. It is not a question of presumption at all. The return of the sheriff on the execution shows a levy upon, a seizure and sale of no land but that in dispute. Agreeably thereto is the advertisement. So, the recitals of the sheriff's deed describes only the land in dispute and proceeds to say that Carleton's right, estate, title and interest in that very land was stricken off and "sold" to Jameson. Therefore, we see no ambiguity in subject-matter. Finally the transitive verbs "assign, transfer and convey" are used, followed by the phrase, "to the said George W. Jameson, etc." If between the latter phrase and those transitive verbs there had appeared the word "it," or such phrase as "the premises" or "the same" or "said land" or "the real estate" or "the property" there would be no lapse in syntax. But the omission avails nothing. As the verbs used are transitive verbs they point to and call imperatively for an object. Can there be reasonable doubt about that object? Clearly, no. It was "it," "the same," "the land. ' ' Those verbs, assign, convey and transfer, connect themselves irresistibly with the thing sold and mentioned before, viz., the land. A thing-necessarily implied is within the intendment of any instrument. The maxim is: The expressing of those things which are implied, operates nothing. (Expressio eorum quae taeite insu-nt nihil operatur.) A school boy, parsing, could not well miss the object called for by those verbs. Peradventure, now and then, speaking' with caution, even a court may know as much as a school boy (on a pinch). Nor do we think the prior phrase, "sold to the said George W. Jameson," is without some little significance when read with what follows and goes before. When the context permits such construction in aid of the intendment of the deed, the word "sold" may be allowed to mean transferred — "a consummated contract of sale." [Forthman v. Deters, 206 Ill. l. c. 166; Web., tit. "Sell."]
It is good and acceptable doctrine that sheriff's deeds (like others) should contain somewhere within their four corners words apt to convey the land. [Rorer on Judicial Sales (2 Ed.), sec. 946.] Here there are apt words and the only possible question is over the identity of the thing conveyed. Under the verbiage of this sheriff's deed there can be, as said, no substantial question about that. If A recites he has "sold" his land, describing it, to B, and hereby assigns, transfers and conveys to B, there can be no doubt on what A conveys or B acquires.
The point is disallowed to defendant.
III. Of a certain administrator's deed.
Having acquired title under the sheriff's deed held valid, supra, Jameson conveyed to Harrison J. Lindenbower in 1868. Lindenbower dying and his estate being in the hands of the public administrator, plaintiff, H. E. Howell, acquired Lindenbower's title in 1883 by a deed from one Julian, paying more than the appraised value. The deed describes Julian as "former public administrator of the county of Greene in the State of Missouri, in charge of the estate of H. J. Lindenbower, deceased." It is signed similarly. Defendant objects to that deed because a former public administrator had no authority to execute it. The challenge is without substance. Public administrators, at the time in hand, were not discharged at the expiration of their official terms from the administration of estates in their hands. They continued such administration until such estate was fully administered, dr until discharged in the ordinary course of law as. other administrators. [R. S. 1879, Sec. 309.]
There are other objections now urged to this deed, not made below, while some made below áre not urged here. All of them may be said to go to the integrity of its recitals. But there is no record brought here to measure the force and soundness of any of them. A Missouri administrator's deed has been held to be prima facie evidence of the truth of proper recitals therein. [Bray v. Adams, 114 Mo. l. c. 491.] Defendant stands on the face of the deed. We see nothing wrong with it.
IY. It may, at this stage, be well to dispose of a group of minor questions.
(a) In 1894 plaintiff, H. E. Howell, conveyed an undivided one-half interest in the tract to William G. Howell, who was originally, as said, co-plaintiff with H. E. Howell. In 1905 William G. Howell conveyed an undivided one-fourth interest to John A. and Orin Patterson. These grantees are now co-plaintiffs with H. E. Howell and B. S. Edmonson. In 1908 William G. Howell quitclaimed to Edmonson. The deed has many recitals. We will reproduce none of them. Something is said in defendant's statement to the effect. that this deed is "a plain contract of maintenance, ' ' but the suggestion is not worth while. It does not seem to have been made below, nor to be pursued now in his brief. If decided for him it would not dispose of the merits. We put it aside.
(b) The cause was tried before the Honorable Alfred Page, judge of division two of the circuit court of Greene county. It is argued that the act creating that court was unconstitutional. The act appears in Laws 1909, p. 413, et seq. The point is without substance, because:
In the first place its constitutionality is vouched for under the doctrines of State ex rel. v. Port, 210 Mo. 512, and authorities-cited in that case. The case of State v. Hill, 147 Mo. 63, relied on by defendant, is considéred in the concurring opinion of Brother Wood-son in the Port case and differentiated- (q. v.)-.
In the next place the challenge to the constitutionality of the act was not timely. The question of the constitutionality of a law must be raised in a ease under circumstances commensurate with its dignity. Defendant went to trial without objection to the legality of the court. He took the chance of a successful issue. He made his constitutional point first in his motion in arrest. That was too late under the record here. [Hartzler v. Railroad, 218 Mo. 562; State v. Gamma, 215 Mo. 100.]
(c) There are deeds in the case from Carleton on both sides, but if he lost title, as already held, by the prior sheriff's deed on sale under the Hayden and Wilson judgment we need not consider them.
(d) There are questions as to good faith of purchasers under certain conveyances on both sides. But under the view we take of it the case turns on a cold legal title on the application of cold law. All such questions are ad hominem in character — coloring-matter and make-weights. We put them aside.
(e) Defendant complains of the exclusion of a certain letter written by Carleton to him long after Carleton lost title. Prom any standpoint on any vital issue we can not see how that letter was aught but hearsay.
(f) Defendant offered a few returns made by sheriffs, possibly the same sheriff that made the return on the original Hayden and Wilson execution against Taylor. It seems those returns were slovenly made and deficient in matter. The idea at the bottom of this offer seems to he to prove a habit of making bad returns- — possibly under a virgin maxim: False in several other things, false in the one certain thing. But that would be a novel and anxious change in the old maxim, directed to oral testimony: Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus. After all the real issue was whether the return in question was deficient, not whether the officer had made certain other deficient returns by slip or ignorance. In mistakes, each stands, like a tub, on its own bottom. Defendant did not attempt to show the officer could not make a good return, or that all the returns he made were deficient in a given way or in a given particular indicating a settled misconception of one phase of the law. The exclusion of these returns was well enough. They would have only lit- - tered up the minds of the jury.
(g) The trial answer pleads title in defendant under the thirty-year Statute of Limitation and something is said by way of argument on the non-payment of taxes. But it appears that both sides were somewhat derelict in bowing their necks to the yoke of tribute to the State. It appears, further, that H. E. Howell paid taxes while in possession, such as it was, prior to 1897. Hence, the thirty-year statute is out of the case. Howell made deeds, brought suits to quiet title or involving- title — all apparently in good faith. So, defendant seems to have acted in good faith and brought the same character of suits and made like deeds when he took possession. If facts of that sort on one side be laid cheek by jowl with facts on the other they look alike. None touch title in ejectment and we put all of them aside.
Y. Of res acljudicata. Defendant invokes the doctrine of the law of the case, or res acljudicata. As said at the outset, when the case was here before it came up from §, judgment in a trial to the court sitting as a jury. At that trial defendant submitted a finding of facts and the same was allowed by the judge who there upon rendered judgment for plaintiffs on those facts. Among the facts so submitted by defendant and so found by the trial judge were these: "That the testimony of the defendant, Thomas A. Sherwood, given in this cause, is true, and that the facts concerning which he testified are as they were by him stated." Further along the finding was that the challenged return on the execution in Hayden and Wilson v. Taylor ran, in accordance with defendant's testimony, thus: "Executed the within writ by summoning Charles Carleton as garnishee."- The case on appeal here rode off strictly on that finding of facts as a premise assumed for our conclusion. [Howell v. Sherwood, 213 Mo. 565.] After discussing that finding in relation to the return, as re-established by defendant's oral testimony, we ruled this way: "This being true, the judgment of the circuit court rendered against Carleton in the garnishment proceeding was an absolute nullity. . . . The judgment being void, the execution and sale thereunder were likewise void, and were inoperative to transfer the title of Carleton to Jameson, and to those who claim under him. And since plaintiff deraigns title from Carleton through the sheriff's said deed to Jameson, that constitutes a missing link in their chain of title, which is fatal to their right of recovery in this case. The judgment of the circuit court is, therefore, reversed and the cmise reminded."
There was no motion filed here to modify that order.
At the first trial defendant's answer was summed up by us thus (p. 569): ". . . . The answer of defendant Sherwood was a general denial of all the allegations of the petition except the one of possession. . . When the case went down, as said at the outset, defendant filed an amended answer setting up new matter in defenses covering three .pages of print. Summarizing that new matter, it consists of allegations of fact pertinent to a plea of the thirty- year Statute of Limitations, and a plea of that statute; and allegations of fact pertinent to a plea of estoppel, followed by such plea. Tbe defense, then, at tbe second trial stood this way: (1) An admission of possession and a general denial as at the first trial; (2) limitations; (3) estoppel.
At tbe second trial steps were taken to compel tbe court to rule our decision on tbe former appeal was res adjudicata on tbe invalidity of the' judgment against Carleton, and tbat defendant was entitled to a judgment on tbat ground. Tbe trial court refused to follow tbat lead and tbe question is: Was tbat ruling error? In our opinion, no. This, because:
Defendant's contention, in effect, impeaches our former judgment. On bis theory tbat judgment was wrong. It should have been either tbat we entered an out-and-out judgment here for defendant, or (what would amount to the same thing, viz.), tbat the judgment of tbe circuit court was reversed and tbe cause remanded with directions to tbat court to enter judgment for him. It should not have been, as it emphatically was, a judgment of reversal with a remanding of the cause without directions — a well known formula used by this court ever since its existence, in sending a case down for a new trial. [Donnell v. Wright, 199 Mo. l. c. 315.] Again, if thought erroneous, why was not a timely motion made here for a modification during tbe term, while we held it in our breast and could heal any wound it was thought we bad by slip given tbe law? [Ibid., 1. c. 317-18.] Moreover, if defendant thought to rely on res adjudicata to force a judgment below, why were tbe issues changed in tbe amended answer after tbe case went down? What was tbat for except preparatory for a new trial?
Tbe maxim is: It is to tbe interest of tbe State tbat there be a limit to litigation. Agreeably to tbat maxim we have a statute giving us a broad and flexible discretion in tbe disposition of causes on appeal, reading in part that we "shall examine the record and award a new trial, reverse or affirm the judgment or the decision of the circuit court, or give such judgment as such court ought to have given, as to them (appellate courts) shall seem agreeable to law. . . ." Under that statute, reading our judgment in the light of what we could have done, but did not do, what could our judgment reversing and remanding the cause, without more, mean except that we refused to give judgment here for defendant and, what is more, refused to direct the trial court to give such judgment, but opened the case generally?
Are we at liberty, speaking at this distance on our judgment, to say what our thoughts were when we rendered it? Are not past inarticulate thoughts valueless on a concrete case on new appeal? The question is what we did, not what we thought. What we did was to send that case down for a new trial, minus directions and with a free rein. When we did that we could not have meant, in right reason, that our former decision was an adjudication that the oral testimony of a witness was true. Mark, the whole case turns on that fact. The verity of oral testimony is for the triers of fact in the box and not for the judge on the bench, except he sit as a jury at the time.
There is a vast deal of exposition on the law of the case, whereby the under as well as the upper court may be bound, subject to exceptions. For instance, taking only one example, if we had passed judgment construing a written instrument, like a deed, a contract, writ, ordinance, judgment, or law, then our exposition of its effect would have bound the court on a new trial when the instrument is again up for consideration, in the same case, but we know of no precedent for binding a lower court on a fair issue of fact (like the terms of a lost return) in a law case to our view of the weight of oral testimony on the point, when we have awarded a new trial. We might say there was no evidence at all sustaining a plaintiff's case as presented to us, but that is essentially a different matter. Observe, we did not say that Avhen the case was here before and could not well have said it in the face of the recitals of the judgment in the garnishment case and the presumptions plaintiffs were entitled to. If the case be opened generally, as here, would the verdict of a former jury bind the second jury? By the same token would the finding of the former trial judge on a mere question of fact bind the second trial judge. We are cited to no case, and know of none, where we have ever said so, and we shall make no precedent of the sort.
We stand by our former opinion precisely as written. We say there that the garnishment judgment was a nullity and that the sheriff's deed based thereon was a nullity. Wherefore? The answer is, what we said in that behalf is to be taken with the Avhole thread and trend of the decision. The court below found the oral evidence re-establishing the return true and yet rendered a judgment the other Avay. We said "this being true" the garnishment judgment was void and the judgment, here on appeal, on that theory, was wrong. So it was if the court's finding was true. Now, what he found was based on his estimate, sitting as a jury, of the oral testimony. Hence what we said amounted to an hypothesis, and not to an adjudication on the oral testimony itself. So, though we could have closed the case at once under the cited statute and rendered judgment, yet when we did not do so but remanded for a new trial, that action of ours put the estimate of the former judge on the weight of the testimony in the air, and the whole question of fact was opened for re-examination. When that was opened the validity of the garnishment judgment, hinging on it, was necessarily opened anew under the logic of our former decision.
VI. Finally it is argued that the judgment now here is erroneous on its face. The verdict found the issues for plaintiffs, assessed their damages at seventy-five dollars, and the monthly rental value at one dollar per month until possession is given. The main issue so found for plaintiffs was the right to possession of the specific real estate described in the petition. We see nothing wrong with the verdict. Under it the judgment should have been for the recovery of the premises, describing them as in the petition, the damages assessed and the rents at the rate found by the jury with an award of a writ of possession and execution. [R. S. 1909, sec. 2397.] Instead of reading that way. it proceeds, after certain preliminary narrations, including the verdict, as follows: "It is therefore considered, adjudged and ordered by the court that plaintiffs have and recover of and from the defendants the sum of seventy-five dollars as debt and damages, and one dollar per month until possession is given aforesaid assessed by the jury, together with all costs in this case laid out and expended for which execution may issue."
It will thus be perceived there was no judgment for the recovery of the premises, describing them as in the petition, and no award of a writ of possession. [R. S. 1909, sec. 2398.] We can make nothing of it but that the judgment was not responsive to the pleadings and the verdict. [Elliott v. Delaney, 217 Mo. 14; Springfield Engine & Thresher Co. v. Donovan, 147 Mo. l. c. 633.] In Franklin v. Haynes, 139 Mo. 311, both the-judgment and verdict were deficient in a description which would afford a guide to the officer in executing the judgment. That case does not hold that under all circumstances a verdict shall describe the land. In Brummell v. Harris, 148 Mo. 430, and Benne v. Miller, 149 Mo. 228, there are remarks, based on obscurity in pleadings and instructions and arising from the evidence over boundary lines, that criticize the absence of a description of the land in the verdict. What was said in those cases must be taken with facts showing obscurity in the extent and description of the land in dispute. Not so in the case at bar. Here was a single sharp issue over the right to possession of a tract of land accurately described in the petition. If plaintiffs were entitled to recover at all they were entitled to recover that precise tract of land when that issue was found for them by the jury. We think that verdict a sufficient warrant for a judgment for possession of that land and an award of a writ of possession. It complied with the statute. A judgment is but the logical sequence of the facts found. It is "the sentence of the law upon the record."
Something is made of the fact that the judgment entry carried the title of the cause as it was originally, and not in accord with the order of court substituting parties. That was a mere informality to be corrected as of course under the plenary and saving grace of section 1851, Revised Statutes 1909. By another section 2119, held to be uncommonly broad, to-wit, "as broad as eternity" (Weil v. Simmons, 66 Mo. l. c. 619), we are forbidden to set aside a judgment for any mistake in the name of any party or person where the correct name has been once rightly alleged in any of the pleadings or proceedings. We would make that correction here under the authorities cited by respondents if that would end the case. But for the error at the foot of the verdict in the judgment, omitting any description of the land and not adjudging possession to plaintiffs and awarding a writ of possession, we will reverse the judgment and remand the cause with directions to the court below to amend in those particulars, as well as in the names, on the application of plaintiffs, and enter a proper one nunc pro tunc on the verdict.
Under section 2120, Revised Statutes 1909, reading: "The omissions, imperfections, defects and va riances in the preceding section enumerated, and all others of a like nature, not being against the right and justice of the matter of the suit, and not altering the issues between the parties on the trial, shall be supplied and amended by the court where the judgment shall be given, or by the court into which such judgment shall be removed by writ of error or by appeal," we could amend the judgment here in those particulars; for the amendment would not be "against the right and justice of the matter" and would not have the effect of "altering the issues between the parties on the trial." But ibis better practice to keep the records of lower,courts perfect, in showing final judgments, and that executions and writs of possession should issue from that court and not from this.
The case has been presented with vigor and learning in briefs of wide range, heard thrice here and much has been written on it from time to time. It is meet it should end. Interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium.
Perceiving no other error than that pointed out, we reverse the judgment and remand the cause with directions to amend the judgment on the verdict, and enter it nunc pro tunc, as indicated above. It is so ordered.
Ferriss, Kennish and Brown, JJ., concur; Valliant, G. J., does not sit; Woodson and Graves, JJ., dissent in separate opinions.