Case Name: Grigsby v. Weaver
Court: Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia
Jurisdiction: Virginia
Decision Date: 1834-04
Citations: 5 Leigh 197
Docket Number: 
Parties: *Grigsby v. Weaver.
Judges: (AbsentTucker, P., and Cabell, J.)
Reporter: Virginia Reports
Volume: 32
Pages: 82–90

Head Matter:
*Grigsby v. Weaver.
April, 1834,
Richmond.
(AbsentTucker, P., and Cabell, J.)
Issue Out of Chancery — Setting Aside Verdict — Discretion of Chancellor. — Upon a bill in chancery for relief against a contract alleged to be usurious, the chancellor directs an issue to be tried at law, to ascertain whether the contract was usurious or not; the jury finds the contract not usurious; the judge of the court of law certifies that the verdict, in his opinión, is contrary to the evidence, and certifies also the substance of the evidence adduced at the trial, some of which does not relate to the points put in issue b3' the pleadings in equity; the chancellor refuses to set aside the verdict (being himself satisfied it is right) and to order a new trial of the issue, and dismisses plaintiff’s bill: Held, it was matter of sound discretion whether the chancellor should direct the issue, or decide the questions of fact himself, and like matter of discretion whether he should set aside the verdict on the issue or not; and in the exercise of such discretion in this case, he properly refused to set aside the verdict, and order a new trial of the issue; he was not hound to set it aside, in deference to the certificate of the jmicro of the court of law against it.
Grigsby exhibited his bill against Weaver in the superiour court of chancery of Fredericksburg, setting forth, that in December 1815, Weaver lent him 1000 dollars in money, and two bonds of one Ewell for 466 dollars 66 cents; and that, on the 23rd May 1817, Grigsby with Eoote as his surety executed a bond to Weaver for 1636 dollars 44 cents, to secure the payment of the money and bonds so lent by Weaver to Grigsby: that Weaver exacted of Grigsby usurious interest on the money and bonds so le t, which usury was included in the bond of May 1817 for 1636 dollars 44 cents: that Weaver had recovered judgment against Grigsby and Foote on this bond, and sued out a fieri facias thereon, which had been levied on Grigsby’s property; and Grigsby had paid him 700 dollars in part of the judgment: and that, in 1819, Weaver exacted from Grigsby another bond for about 500 dollars, as further usurious ^'interest on the debt of 1636 dollars 44 cents. Therefore, the bill prayed, that Weaver should answer the allegations thereof, and, particularly, that he should discover the date, the consideration, and the amount, of the bond of 1819; and an injunction to restrain Weaver from proceeding to execute his judgment at law, and general relief.
The injunction was awarded.
Weaver answered, that in 1814 or 1815 (he did not remember the particular date) he lent Grigsby the two bonds of Ewell, amounting to the sum mentioned in the bill, and afterwards in the same year, 1000 dollars in money; that he took no security for these loans at the time, but in May 1817 he applied to Grigsby for security, who thereupon gave him the bond in which Foote was bound as his surety, for 1636 dollars 44 cents; but he denied, that any usurious interest was included in this bond; on the contrary, the amount of Ewell’s bonds and the 1000 dollars were added together, and only legal interest was computed from the dates of the respective loans thereof to the date of Grigsby and Foote’s bond to him. And as to the other bond in the bill mentioned, he answered, that Grigsby, on the 1st May 1821 (not in 1819, as the bill alleged), called on him, and, professing the great obligations he was under to him for his indulgence in not enforcing payment of the first bond, and for other services, tendered him a bond executed by Grigsby alone for 490 dollars 90 cents, which he at first refused to accept, telling Grigsby he neither expected nor desired such compensation; but, in Grigsby’s earnest importunity, he took the bond, though he even then considered it as so much blank paper, and had since offered to return it to Grigsby, who had refused to receive it; and he was now convinced, that the kindness Grigsby then professed, in giving him this last bond, was intended to entrap him.
Grigsby then amended his bill, alleging, that at the time he borrowed the 1000 dollars of Weaver, he agreed to give him an order on his attorney for the same amount, to be paid out of money for which the attorney was then prosecuting a suit for Grigsby, when the same should be recovered; and *he gave Weaver the draft on his attorney, accordingly: that sometime afterwards, Weaver told him he was not satisfied with the draft, because of the delaj's in the suit which was still pending, and asked him for his bond in lieu of this draft: that thereupon, he gave Weaver his bond for the 490 dollars 90 cents mentioned in Weaver’s answer to the original bill, which sum was ascertained by Weaver by a calculation of usurious interest, at a rate not now recollected: that Weaver, however, retained the draft on the attorney or 1000 dollars, and yet held it. And he called on Weaver to state the date of his loan to him of 1000 dollars, and that of his loan to him of Ewell’s two bonds; whether the loan of those bonds was not made in 1815? whether he was not informed, that the 1000 dollars was borrowed to enable Grigsby to subscribe for stock in the Warren ton bank, then about to be established? And the bill prayed, that the draft on the attorney for the 1000 dollars, and the bond for 490 dollars 90 cents, should be delivered up to be cancelled.
Weaver, in answer to the amended bill, admitted, that Grigsby gave him the draft on his attorney for 1000 dollars, mentioned in the bill; but he denied, that that draft had any connexion with the loan he had made to Grigsby. He said, that draft was given to him on the 4th September 1816; that Grigsby tendered the draft to him, and importuned him to accept it, as a compliment for the many services he had rendered him; that he had always considered the draft as blank paper, and was perfectly willing to surrender it: that he was also willing to give up the bond of May 1821 -for 490 dollars 90 cents, as to which he denied all the allegations of the amended bill, and repeated the account he gave of it in his answer to the original bill. As to the dates of his loans to Grigsby, he said that he had stated in his answer to the original bill, that the loan of Ewell’s bonds was in 1814 or 1815, but the particular date he could not then nor could he now recollect, as he kept no memorandum in writing of the transaction ; but, from circumstances, he was now induced to believe, that the loan of the bonds was in 1814, or prior thereto; he was certain the loan of the 1000 dollars was *in 1815, and the loan of the bonds was between one and two years before: he was unable to answer as to the particular date in 1815 when the 1000 dollars was lent;-he thought it was in the winter of 1814-15, or early in the spring of 1815; and he had some impression, that Grigsby did mention that he borrowed the money in order to subscribe for stock in the Warrenton bank.
Many affidavits of witnesses were taken and filed by the parties, which, in the opinion of the chancellor and of this court, did not establish usury in the bond of the 23rd May 1817, for 1636 dollars 44 cents, as charged in the bill.
The bonds of Ewell, which were lent by Weaver to Grigsby, were exhibited. They were two bonds executed by Ewell to John Gordon, both dated the 13th June 1814, for the purchase money of land sold by Gordon to Ewell; one for 233 dollars 33 cents, payable the 3rd February, 1815, and the other for the same sum, payable the 3rd February 1816; and the bonds were assigned by John Gordon to Samuel Gordon, and by him, on the 28th September 1814, to Weaver.
The chancellor directed an issue to be made up between Grigsby and Weaver, and tried at the bar of the circuit court of Culpeper, to ascertain, whether the bond of the 23rd May 1817, executed by Grigsby and Foote his surety to Weaver, for 1636 dollars 44 cents, was given for an usurious consideration; and that on the trial of such issue, the bills, answers, exhibits, and the examinations of such of the witnesses as should be dead, or unable to attend the trial, should be read in evidence, saving just exceptions &c.
The issue was accordingly made up and tried in the circuit court. The jury found, that the bond of the 23rd May 1817 was not given for an usurious consideration. And the circuit court certified the verdict to the chancellor; but it also certified-—
That it was clearly shewn and proved, at the trial, to the entire satisfaction of the court, that the consideration of the bond was usurious: that Grigsby borrowed of Weaver the two bonds of Ewell of the 18th June 1814, for 233 dollars *33 cents each, payable the 3rd February 1815 and 1816, sometime between the 18th July and the 15th December 1814, for the amount of which bonds Grigsby gave his own bond to Weaver, bearing interest from the date of the loan : that about and before the 15th December 1815, Grigsby borrowed of Weaver 1000 dollars in cash, for which he agreed to pay an interest of twelve or twelve and a half per centum per annum : that sometime afterwards, Grigsby gave Weaver the draft on his attorney for 1000 dollars, referred to in the amended bill; and the court would have believed, from the circumstances of the case, that that money, when received by Weaver, was intended to be applied towards the payment of the debt due him from Grigsby; but as Weaver, in his answer, said it was a gift, the court was prevented from coming to that conclusion; yet the court did not believe it was intended or understood between the parties as .a gift, and was at a loss, what to think of it: that on the 23rd May 1817, the bond in question for 1636 dollars 44 cents was executed; the consideration of which was compounded of Ewell’s bonds, with interest thereon from the time they were lent by Weaver to Grigsby, and the 1000 dollars lent, with interest from the date of the loan : that at the time of executing this bond, the agreement to pay usurious interest was still subsisting; and it continued till May 1821, when the bond for 490 dollars 90 cents was executed for the extra interest: that it was, however, proved, that Grigsby had frequently declared, that the debt due from him to Weaver was not usurious; that Grigsby had said, that he he had offered twelve or twelve and a half per cent, per ann. which Weaver had refused; and that Grigsby and Weaver had both declared, that the draft on the attorney for 1000 dollars, and the bond of May 1821 for 490 dollars 90 cents, were intended as presents; but the court believed these statements and declarations to be untrue: and that such being the material facts proved, the court considered the finding of the jury as clearly and palpably against evidence. The court further certified (at the request of Weaver’s counsel) that a former jury had had *the case under consideration, without agreeing for several days, and was at length discharged in consequence of the sickness of one of the jurors; that the jury which rendered the verdict, was one of uncommon intelligence and respectability, and their opinion was entitled to much regard, as well for the good sense, as for the honorable characters, of the jurors; and that no-other witnesses were examined upon the trial of the issue, but such as had before given their affidavits or depositions, copies of which were found in the record. Weaver’s counsel asked the court to certify, that there was no parol evidence before the jury, touching the particular date of the loan of Ewell’s bonds by Weaver toGrigsby; but the court refused to make such certificate, not that there was such evidence, but because the court would not state upon what evidence its certificate against the verdict was founded.
The chancellor disregarding the certificate of the judge of the circuit court, that the verdict of the jury upon the issue was against evidence, dissolved the injunction before awarded to Grigsby, and dismissed this bill: from which decree he appealed to-this court.
The cause was argued here, by Johnson for the appellant, and by Harrison and Stanard for the appellee.
The question of fact was very earnestly debated, whether the allegation of usury was sustained or not, by the evidence adduced in the court of chancery? But the only question of law was, Whether the chancellor erred in disregarding the certificate of the circuit court against the verdict found upon the issue? whether he ought not, in consequence of that certificate, to have ordered a new trial of the issue? whether he ought, upon the state of the proofs before him, to have directed the issue at all? The appellant’s counsel cited Pleasants & al. v. Ross, 1 Wash. 156; Southall v. M’Keand & al., Id. 336. The counsel for the appellees cited Pryor v. Adams, 1 Call 382; Ross v. Pynes, 3 Call 568; Rowton v. Rowton, 1 Hen. & Munf. 93; Nice v. Purcell, Id. 372; M’Rae’s ex’ors v. Wood’s ex’or, Id. 548; *Paynes v. Cole & al., 1 Munf. 373; Carter v. Campbell, Gilm. 159.
He heard the cause in the court of chancery,
issue Out of Chancery — Setting Aside Verdict Certified against by Trial Court — Discretion of Chancellor. — It is a matter of sound discretion whether a chancellor should direct an issue out of chancery, or decide the questions of fact for himself; and like matter of discretion, whether he should set aside the verdict on the issue or not; he is not bound to set it aside in deference to the certificate of the judge of the court of law against it. Henry v. Davis, 7 W. Va. 716, 719, citing the principal case. But see foot-note to Ross v. Pynes, 3 Call 568; foot-note to Pleasants v. Ross, 1 Wash. 156; monographic note on “Issue Out of Chancery" appended to Lavell v. Gold, 25 Gratt. 473.
In Lavell v. Gold, 25 Gratt. 476, 477, after setting out the facts and decision in the principal case, the court, through Judge Anderson, said: “Since the union of the two jurisdictions of law and chancery in Virginia, although it is the policy of the law, that the distinctive character of the two jurisdictions shall be preserved in the exercise of their respective functions, yet, as prior to the union of the two jurisdictions, the issue might be tried at the bar of either, it cannot now be a matter of any consideration whether it is tried on the common-law or the chancery side of the court. Nor can it be material, as the issue is to be tried before the same judge, whether tried on the common-law or chancery side of the court, to require the verdict to be certified to the same judge who presided at the trial. Though it might be well to observe this formality, it would be going too far. to hold, that the order made by the judge, on the chancery side of his court, in the cause there depending,' setting aside the verdict, which he thought contrary to the evidence, should be reversed, because he had not observed the formality of certifying to himself that it was against evidence.”
Same — Discretion of Chancellor. — A court of equity is not bound to send an issue to a jury; in its sound discretion and for its convenience it may do so, but, if it considers an issue unnecessary, and deems it proper that the case ought to go to a commissioner instead of a jury, it should so direct. In Rohrer v. Travers, 11 W. Va. 154, Judge Moore, speaking for the court, said that he considered this proposition fairly deducible from Grigsby v. Weaver, 5 Leigh 197, and Samuel v. Marshall, 3 Leigh 567.
Same — When Denied — General Rules. — See, citing the principal case, Beverley v. Walden, 20 Gratt. 154 (see note); Wise v. Lamb, 9 Gratt. 306, 308; foot-note to Pryor v. Adams, 1 Call 382; foot-note to Smith v. Betty, 11 Gratt. 752.
See generally, monographic note on “Issue Out of Chancery” appended to Lavell v. Gold, 25 Gratt. 478.
Same —Evidence—Depositions.—It is the settled practice in Virginia not to admit depositions taken in the chancery court to be read to the j ury, upon the trial of an issue unless proof be given that the witnesses are dead, or abroad, or otherwise unable to attend the trial. Powell v. Mason, 22 Gratt. 189, citing the principal case, Burwell v. Corbin, 1 Rand. 153, and Douglass v. McChesney, 2 Rand. 109.
Chancery Practice — Pleadings—Evidence.—The well settle! rule of pleading; is, that it a party is entitled to recover at all, he must recover on the case stated in his bill. An!, although the plaintiif may make out a case which under other circumstances would entitle him to the aid of the court, yet. if it is not the case made by the bill, he cannot recover. Kent v. Kent, 82 Va. 211; Southall v. Farish, 85 Va. 410, 7 S. 13 Rep. 534, both citing the principal case. See further, foot-note to Mundy v. Vawter, 3 Gratt. 519.
Usury — Proof of, Necessary. — See on this subject, foot-note to Crenshaw v. Clark, 5 Leigh 05. The principal case was cited in point in Smith v. Nicholas, 8 Leigh 350; Brockenbrough v. Spindle, 17 Gratt. 32.

Opinion:
CARR, J.
I understand this to be a bill for relief under the third section of the statute against usury. The object of the -plaintiff is not to retain the money which he has actually received from the defendant, and used for his own purposes, but to get clear of the usury, to which the law .superadds the interest and costs. He does not come full handed with proofs, but calls specially and particularly on the defendant for a discovery of the usury. To such bills I lend a willing ear: they seek not to inflict a penalty, and to make equity their hand maid in the act, but merely to escape a burden which the law has declared illegal and oppressive. Still the plaintiff's case must be made out, to entitle him to relief.
The ground on which the bill seeks relief is, that in the bond executed by the plaintiff Grigsby, and Foote his surety, to Weaver, on the 23rd May 1817, for 1636 dollars 44 cents, there is usury included, on which bond a judgment had been obtained, and an execution sued out and levied on the plaintiff's property. The rate of usury, or the amount of the excess included in the bond, the plaintiff does not state. He states, that sometime in the year 1815, he borrowed of Weaver two bonds of Ewell, amounting to 466 dollars 66 cents, and 1000 dollars in money; and that the bond of the 23rd May 1817 was executed to secure these sums, together with usurious interest. It is evident, that to establish the fact of usury, as well as the amount of it, we must ascertain when the loan was made, at least the loan of the bonds. These bonds are in the record; they are the 233 dollars 33 cents each — the one is payable the 3rd February 1815, the other the 3rd February 1816; and they bear interest only from those dates. The usury is said to consist in charging interest on these bonds before they became due. Aware of the importance of fixing the date of the loan, both the bill and amended bill call for a discovery as to that. In his first answer Weaver says, that he lent Grigsby the bonds in 1814 *or 1815, the particular day not recollected, and that sometime after, in the year 1815, he lent him the 1000 dollars, but took no security till May 1817. Being called on by the amended bill, to answer to this point more particularly, he said, that in his answer to the original bill, he stated the loan of the bond or bonds, to have been in the year 1814 or 1815, but the particular date he could not then nor could he now state, as he kept no memorandums •of the transaction in writing; but, from •circumstances, he was now induced to believe, the loan of the bonds was in the year 1814 or previous thereto; he is certain the loan of the 1000 dollars was in 1815, and that the loan of the bonds was between one and two years before; he was unable to answer as to the particular time of the year the 1000 dollars was loaned, but he thought it was in the winter of 1814-15, or early in the spring of 1815. This leaves the date of the loan of the bonds entirely unfixed. Assuming that the 1000 dollars was lent in March or April 1815, the interest on it, together with that on the bonds, from the times they were payable, will overgo, somewhat, the sum of 1636 dollars 44 cents; but take the latter part of May (say 28th), it brings it to 1636 dollars 38 cents, — six cents less than the bond of the 23rd May 1817. From these data it would seem that there was no usury in the bond for 1636 dollars 44 cents ; for we know, that any small difference caused by the mistake of the calculator or the scrivener, can never affect the character of the transaction. Shall we reject this evidence given by the respondent? He is most explicit in his declarations that no usury was included in the bond; and this being a bill of discovery, the answer deserves more than common weight. But if we reject it, where shall we look for better evidence? We must remember, that the plaintiff seeking to call the court of equity "into activity," must shew it satisfactory proof that there is usury, and what is its amount; otherwise, it cannot relieve him. Where shall we find this proof? in the loose and vague conversations of the parties? They are both ways; and, certainly, the declarations of Grigsby are quite as strong to prove that the transaction was fair, as *that it was usurious. Shall we find this proof in the conduct of the parties? in the order on the attorney for 1000 dollars, and the bond for 490 dollars 90 cents? These unquestionably look suspicious; for presents of this kind made by a borrower to a lender, are naturally set down to the score of the trade and connexion between them: but, then, these transactions are long subsequent to the original loan, nor is there any proof so to connect them with it, as to taint it in the origin: and, moreover, if it might be permitted to have that weight, it would not support this bill, which seeks relief from so much of the bond of 1636 dollars 44 cents only, as is usurious.
Great reliance is placed on the certificate of the judge of the circuit court; and it is insisted, that, as he states the verdict to be against evidence, the cases of Pleasants & al. v. Ross, and Southall v. M'Keand & al. fire peremptory, that the chancellor should not be satisfied, but must send the issue to another jury. I have examined those cases ; and to my mind, the' farthest they go, is to say, that as a general rule, the chancellor ought not to be satisfied, where the certificate is against the verdict; admitting, at the same time, that the rule only holds, where there is no circumstance appearing to vary the case. Thus, in Ross v. Pynes, and in M'Rae's ex'or v. Wood's ex'or, there were two verdicts of the jury one way, and two certificates of the judges against them; and in each case the court said, that the chancellor ought to be satisfied with the finding, notwithstanding the opinion of the judge. If one verdict is peremptorily to be pronounced unsatisfactory, because of a certificate against it, why is a second to be satisfactory, with the same battery against it which prostrated the first. The chancellor is not obliged to send an issue to a jury; he is himself the trier of facts by the constitution of the court. In his discretion, and for his convenience, he may send issues to the bar of the courts of law, or try them at his own bar, for the satisfaction of his conscience: would it not seem strange, then, that because he has once sent an issue to a jury, he must continue to have new trials of it, until he can get a court and jury to *agree, as to the weight of evidence? Suppose, in the meantime, he should have changed his mind, and upon a closer examination of the record, become satisfied that an issue was unnecessary; that the case ought to be sent to a commissioner instead.of jury; or that he had no jurisdiction: must he still persevere in sending the issue to a jury? In the case before us, he might well change his mind; for, in my opinion, the plaintiff's proof was too defective to render an issue proper. Issues are not directed to enable parties to get a new supply of evidence where they have not enough : but, where there is clashing and conflicting evidence, leaving the fact in doubt, and rendering it necessary to weigh the character and credibility of witnesses, the chancellor, who sees them only on paper, considers that his conscience can be better satisfied by the verdict of a jury who shall see and hear them. In this1 case, there is no clashing. The point was to fix usury in the bond of May 1817, the consideration of which was confessedly composed of the loans of the bonds of Ewell, and the 1000 dollars. There was no charge, that usury had been taken on the 1000 dollars, but on the bonds only; and that, in calculating interest from the date of the loan, instead of the time when the bonds became due. Now, to shew this usury, it was most clear, that the date of the loan of these bonds must be somehow fixed; for without this starting point, no result could be produced. The plaintiff called on the defendant twice for information to fix this point: he answered to each bill that he could not possibly speak as to the time, as he had taken no written memorandum; and the plaintiff could bring no witness to speak as to this date. Here, then, was a clear defect of proof, a failure to establish the very point upon which the usury, and the quantum of it, depended. It is thebounden duty of a plaintiff who calls for the solemn judgment of a court, to furnish that court with something like certainty to rest that judgment on: he may draw this from the defendant if he can; he may prove it by witnesses; he may establish it by documents; but in some way he must shew it, or he fails, and his bill should be dismissed. This is, in my mind, that *case; and instead of an issue, the bill ought to have been dismissed for defect of proof. But the chancellor sent the issue to a jury, and it is said he was bound to obey the certificate of the judge of the circuit court.
Bet us look a moment at this certificate. Generally, when a judge is asked to certify, he states (without detailing the proofs at all) that the weight of evidence was against the verdict; and, in such case, the chancellor can have no knowledge of what evidence was heard by the jury: but here, the judge sets out by stating that usury was proved, and then goes into a statement of the evidence, shewing plainly on what grounds his conclusions rested; and to leave no doubt of this, he concludes his narrative, that "such being the material facts proved, the court considered the finding of the jury clearly against evidence." Again, the judge certifies, that no other witnesses were examined, upon the trial of the issue, but such as had heretofore given their affidavits or depositions, copies of which were found in the record. Now, there being copies in the record, of all that those witnesses had before sworn, who gave testimony on the trial of the issue, can we presume, that any one then swore differently in the face of his former oath? if he had, would not this have utterly discredited him? and would not such a fact have been certified, when the judge was telling us he had none but the witnesses in the record? It is to be noticed too, that there was no contradiction here, between the witnesses. But, particularly, the judge was pressed to certify, that here was no such parol evidence as would fix the time when Ewell's bonds were lent: he said, he would not make such certificate; not that there was such proof, but because he did not choose to state the evidence his certificate rested on. This seems to me very like an admission, that there was no such proof —but there did not need such admission; for, in another part of his certificate, he expressly states the proof to have been, that these bonds were lent between the 18th July 1814 and the ISth December of the same year; leaving a clear space of five months, any day of which we have as much right to assume as another. Is it possible *upon such guessing as this, to ask the decree of a court? to ask it to say, that this or that particular sum composes the usury, and must be stricken off? I think not.
Both the case, then, as presented by the record, and that certified by the judge, leave this point, this vital point, unfixed. Why, then, should the chancellor have sent back the issue? It had been before two juries; all the evidence which could be obtained, we must conclude, had been adduced : could time furnish new or better proof? On the contrary, it was every day eating away something of that which existed ; witnesses die, or forget, and documents are lost.
I think, therefore, upon all these grounds that the chancellor did right in dismissing the bill.
BROOKE, J.
I concur in the opinion that the decree should be affirmed. When a party comes into a court of equity for relief, he ought to make out a case by proof, and not by conjecture, in order to entitle him to it. In the case before us, it seems to be admitted, that the proofs in the record are defective; that it is not satisfactorily proved, when Ewell's bonds and the 1000 dollars were lent by Weaver to Grigsby - without which proof it is impossible to decide, whether the bond of the 23rd May- 1817, on which Weaver's judgment at law was founded, was usurious or not. This fact was as susceptible of proof in the court of chancery, as any other fact in the case; and there being no clashing of testimony in the record, nor any impeachment of any portion of it, I think the chancellor ought to have dismissed the bill on the hearing. But he directed an issue to try the question of usury; that is, to ascertain the facts as to the date of the loan of Ewell's bonds, and that of the loan of the 1000 dollars; and a jury (certified by the judge to be highly respectable for intelligence and integrity) found a verdict that the bond of May 1817 was not usurious. There was some evidence adduced on the trial, which was not within the allegations of the bills. Whether this evidence influenced the judge in coming to the conclusions stated in his certificate, we do not know. That no agreement is 'x'proved, that the loan was on twelve or twelve and a half per cent, interest, is admitted by the judges here; yet the judge who presided at the trial of the issue, by assuming the time when the loan was made, has come to that conclusion. Weighing the verdict of the jury, which is supported by the evidence in the record, I think (admitting the chancellor was right in directing the issue)' that the verdict must outweigh the certificate of the judge. Both were intended to satisfy the conscience of the chancellor; and although if the judge had certified, that the verdict was contrary to the evidence, and no more, he would have been bound to direct a new trial, yet when the certificate of the judge assumes facts, and shews that he did not believe some of the evidence which the jury may have credited (as, for instance, the evidence, that both Grigsby and Weaver had declared the bond not usurious), I cannot think the chancellor was bound to set aside the verdict; especially, as it is fairly to be inferred from the certificate, though vaguely expressed, that there was no other evidence before the jury, than that found in the depositions in the record. Usury is an oifence against the statute, which ought to be well proved before a party is convicted of it: I do not mean by direct proof only, but by inevitable inference, drawn from established facts. I am of opinion, that neither existed in this case, and that the chancellor erred in directing the issue, on the ground first stated; and that he was right in dismissing the bill.