Case Name: Robert V. Rogers, Plaintiff, v. George N. Morton and Fred H. Garman, Defendants
Court: New York Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1905-03
Citations: 46 Misc. 494
Docket Number: 
Parties: Robert V. Rogers, Plaintiff, v. George N. Morton and Fred H. Garman, Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Miscellaneous Reports
Volume: 46
Pages: 494–500

Head Matter:
Robert V. Rogers, Plaintiff, v. George N. Morton and Fred H. Garman, Defendants.
(Supreme Court, New York Special Term,
March, 1905.)
Pleading — Denial incorporated in defense — Action on note — Negotiable Instruments Law, §§ 52, 60 — Demurrer — Pleading usury — “ Defense ” as “ counterclaim ”.
All denials in a defense are not surplusage or immaterial as to state a valid defense, it may be necessary to deny specific allegations of the complaint which would otherwise be admitted.
The remedy of a plaintiff who cannot with safety demur to a pleading containing an immaterial allegation or denial of fact is to move to strike out such allegation or denial. The court should not be required to determine the matter upon demurrer.
Under section 60 of the Negotiable Instruments Law an instrument if payable to order, is negotiated by the indorsement of the holder completed by delivery; and in an action by the indorsee of a promissory note so payable against the maker and payee, a denial that the note was ever duly negotiated for value, admits its delivery and indorsement; and a demurrer to a separate defense in which such denial is incorporated, as insufficient upon the face thereof, must be overruled although said defense is otherwise demurrable.
An allegation in such defense “ that plaintiff is not a bona fide holder in due course of said note ” is a mere conclusion of law and subject to demurrer for insufficiency, it being impossible to determine therefrom which of the conditions, specified in section 91 of the Negotiable Instruments' Law, constituting a holder in due course, had not been complied with.
An allegation in such defense “that said note was executed and indorsed without any consideration ” admits the allegation of the complaint that the payee defendant indorsed and delivered the note for value before maturity, and value having been given prior to the delivery of the note to plaintiff, he is a holder for value under section 52 of the Negotiable Instruments Law, and the fact that there may have been an indorsement without consideration is immaterial, and such allegation of defense is subject to demurrer for insufficiency.
An allegation in such defense that the note before its delivery to plaintiff had no legal inception is a conclusion of law and is not helped by the immaterial allegation that the “transfer to plaintiff was made after maturity”, and the insufficient allegation “ at a rate of discount greater than legal interest and not in the ordinary course of business and is usurious and void” and a demurrer thereto for insufficiency will be sustained.
The defense of usury to an action upon a promissory note must set forth the alleged usurious contract specifying its terms and the particular facts relied upon to bring it within the prohibition of the statute.
In an action by a bona fide holder for value of a promissory note payable to order, an allegation of defense that said note was wrongfully converted and fraudulently delivered to plaintiff without the knowledge and assent of the defendants, or either of them, is a mere conclusion of law and subject to demurrer for insufficiency.
In such action a paragraph of the answer beginning: “for a fifth defense and by way of counterclaim defendants reallege all the allegations herein set forth” and continuing “that by reason of the plaintiff fraudulently diverting said note from the purpose for which it was intended by obtaining possession of said note and wrongfully converting the same to his own use, without the payment of full value, less the legal discount, and preventing the lawful sale and discounting of said note for its face value, said railway company became insolvent and was foreclosed by due process of law, to the loss and damage of these defendants in the sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars” must be tested as a counterclaim and as such is demurrable upon the ground that it does, not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The defendants are bound by their own definition of the answer and may not upon demurrer thereto, urge its sufficiency as a defense.
Actions on promissory notes. Demurrers to defenses and counterclaim.
Wm. Allaire Shortt, for plaintiff.
George W. Sandford, for defendants,

Opinion:
Clarke, J.
Two actions are brought on promissory notes by an indorsee, one against the maker and payee and the other against the maker. The complaints set forth the notes and contain the usual averments. The answers are alike and each contains a general denial and three separate defenses and a counterclaim. The plaintiff demurs to each defense on the ground that the same is insufficient in law upon the face thereof, and also to the counterclaim, as hereinafter stated. The facts admitted by the demurrer to- the second defense (the first separate defense) are: Defendants were heavily interested in a railway company and in order to furnish money to said company executed and indorsed the note as maker, payee and indorser, placed the same with a third party for the purpose of having it discounted for the benefit of said company, and the third party informed these defendants after maturity that the note was in her possession, and defendants believe the note now to- be in her possession. If these were all the allegations of this defense it is clear that the demairrer would have to be sustained. But the plea continues " and denies that said note was ever duly negotiated or discounted for value." Plaintiff contends that this denial is a statement of a conclusion of law. I am of opinion that the denial that the note was ever duly negotiated for value is the statement of an ultimate fact and not of a conclusion of law. Section 60 (Laws of 1897, chap. 612) of the Negotiable Instruments Law provides: "An instrument is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such manner as to constitute the transferee the holder thereof. If payable to bearer it is negotiated by delivery; if payable to order it is negotiated by the indorsement of the holder completed by delivery." The popular meaning of " negotiate " is the same. The allegation with reference to this note, which is payable to order, is, therefore, equivalent to a denial that the note was ever duly indorsed and delivered for value. A denial in these same words was held by Schnitzer v. Gordon, 28 App. Div. 342, to be a negative pregnant, but, nevertheless, sufficient to raise an issue calling for proof upon the trial. It admits the delivery and indorsement, but denies that any value was ever given for the note. Section 54 of the Negotiable Instruments Law, entitled " Effect of Want of Consideration," provides: "Absence or failure of consideration is matter of defense as against any person not a holder in due course." Under section 91, entitled " What Constitutes a Holder in Due Course," one of the conditions is: " 3. That he took it in good faith and for value." And section 52, entitled " What Constitutes Holder for Value," provides: " Where value has at any time been given for the instrument, the holder is deemed a holder for value in respect to all parties who became such prior to that time." An admission that the note was ever negotiated for value is, therefore, fatal to the demurrer. This determination is not in accord with a ruling in the Second Department of this court. In Green v. Brown, 22 Misc. Rep. 279, the court at Special Term held: " That there is incorporated in the defence a denial of the allegation of the complaint that the note was given for value, does not prevent the demurrer from being sustained. This denial had already been pleaded in the appropriate place for denials, and should not have been repeated. A denial is not a ' defense.' It can have no place in a defense. A denial in a defense is mere surplusage and is not to be regarded." In Carter v. Eighth Ward Bank, 33 Misc. Rep. 128, the opinion of the court at Special Term states: "A denial of allegations of the complaint, or of any of them, can have no place in a defence. It would be wholly irrelevant and immaterial there. These decisions arc inconsistent with the rule laid down by Judge Andrews in Douglass v. Phenix Ins. Co., 138 N. Y. 209: " The allegations of the complaint not denied in the affirmative defense are for the purposes of the question now presented to be deemed admitted. The affirmative defense is to be treated as a separate plea, and the defendant is not entitled to have the benefit of denials made in another part of the answer, unless repeated or incoiporated by reference and made a part of the affirmative defense."
A defense differs from a denial in that the denial puts the plaintiff to his proof and the defense is a plea by way of confession and avoidance. General denials are inconsistent with confession, and, therefore, not properly part of a defense. But to state a valid defense, one that will avoid the cause of action alleged, it may be necessary to deny specific allegations of the complaint which, under our rules of pleading, would otherwise be admitted. All denials in a defense are not, therefore, necessarily surplusage or immaterial. If the plaintiff cannot with safety demur to a pleading containing an immaterial allegation or denial of fact, he 'has his remedy under the Code. He should first move to strike out such allegation or denial. Steiffel v. Tolhurst, 55 App. Div. 532; Blaut v. Blaut, 41 Misc. Rep. 572. The court should not be required to determine on demurrer matters which may be disposed of on motion. The second demurrer must be sustained.
The allegation that "plaintiff is not a bona fide holder in due course of said note " is a conclusion of law. It is impossible to determine which of the conditions specified in section 91 of the Negotiable Instruments Law constituting a holder in due course have not been complied with. The allegation " that said note was executed and indorsed without any consideration" is of itself insufficient. This defense admits the allegation- of the complaint that the payee' indorsed and delivered the note for value before maturity. Value having been given prior to the delivery to plaintiff, he is a holder for value (Neg. Inst. Law., § 52), and the fact that there may have been an indorsement without consideration is immaterial. The allegation that the note " had, before its delivery to said plaintiff, no legal- inception " is a conclusion of law and is not helped by the immaterial allegation that the " transfer to plaintiff was made after maturity " and the insufficient allegation " at a rate of discount greater than legal interests and not in the ordinary course of business and is usurious and void." The defense of usury must set up the usurious contract, specifying its terms and the particular facts relied upon to bring it within the prohibition of the statute. Western T. & Coal Co. v. Kilderhouse, 87 N. Y. 430, 435; Manning v. Tyler, 21 id. 567; Dagal v. Simmons, 23 id. 491; Whitehead v. Heidenheimer, 57 App. Div. 590, 595. The third demurrer must be sustained on the same grounds as the second. The additional allegation'in this separate defense that " said note was wrongfully converted by said Agnes Ford and fraudulently delivered to- said plaintiff without the knowledge and assent of these defendants or either of them " is a mere conclusion of law. The authorities have long established the rule that the facts constituting the alleged fraud must be pleaded. The last demurrer is to- the paragraph in the answer beginning " for a fifth defense and by way of counterclaim defendants reallege all the allegations herein set forth," and continuing, " that by reason of the plaintiff fraudulently diverting said note from the purpose for which it was intended by obtaining .possession of said note and wrongfully converting the same to his own use, without the payment of full value, less the legal discount, and preventing the lawful sale and discounting of said note for its face value, said railway company became insolvent and was foreclosed by due process of law, to the loss and damage of these defendants in the sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars." The demurrer is upon several grounds. It must be sustained upon the third ground, viz, that the counterclaim does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and it is, therefore, unnecessary to pass upon; the other objections raised. This last paragraph is alleged as a counterclaim. Defendants demand dismissal of the complaint and $5,000 damages. The paragraph must be tested as a counterclaim, and defendants may not on demurrer urge its sufficiency as a defense. " The defendant is bound by his own definition of the answer, and cannot, at his own volition, change the nature of the pleading which he has characterized, and by so doing may have misled the plaintiff." Equitable Life Assur. Socy. v. Cuyler, 75 N. Y. 511, 515. In Walker v. American Cent. Ins. Co., 143 N. Y. 167, 169, Judge Finch defines a counterclaim as distinguished from a defense: " Facts pleaded which controvert the plaintiff's claim and serve merely to defeat it as a cause of action are inconsistent with the legal idea of a counterclaim, which is a separate and distinct cause of action, balancing in whole or in part that proved by the plaintiff. Prouty v. Eaton, 41 Barb. 409. It meets the latter, not only by a denial of it, or an attack upon its existence, but by opposing to it an equal or overbalancing demand on the part of the defendant." The alleged counterclaim does not state a distinct cause of action. ETo facts are pleaded. The dragnet repetition does not render the insufficient allegations, when collected, sufficient, but produces an unintelligible combination of' inconsistent parts. In one part it is alleged that Mrs. Ford delivered the note to plaintiff, in another that defendants believe Mrs. Ford converted it. The denial of negotiation for value held sufficient on demurrer to save the second defense does not assist the counterclaim. On the contrary, the right to maintain conversion of a note indorsed and delivered for a special purpose arises upon a transfer before maturity to a bona fide holder for value. Metropolitan E. R. Co. v. Kneeland, 120 N. Y. 134, and cases cited. Defendants deny that plaintiff is a bona fide holder for value and allege that before delivery to him the note had no legal inception. If no value was given no damage has been suffered. The alleged result of insolvency and foreclosure of the railroad is a conclusion of the pleader and the alleged damage'by reason thereof is remote and speculative. The demurrer to the second defense is overruled. The demurrers to the third and fourth defenses and to the counterclaim are sustained with leave to defendants to plead over within twenty days, upon payment of costs.
Demurrer to second defense overruled. Demurrer to third and fourth defenses and to counterclaim sustained, with leave to defendants to plead over within twenty days upon payment of costs.