Case Name: MEDLEY v. BOOMERSHINE PONTIAC-GMC TRUCK, INC.
Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
Jurisdiction: Georgia
Decision Date: 1994-09-13
Citations: 214 Ga. App. 795
Docket Number: A94A1860
Parties: MEDLEY v. BOOMERSHINE PONTIAC-GMC TRUCK, INC.
Judges: Pope, C. J., and Ruffin, J., concur. Blackburn, J., disqualified.
Reporter: Georgia Appeals Reports
Volume: 214
Pages: 795–799

Head Matter:
A94A1860.
MEDLEY v. BOOMERSHINE PONTIAC-GMC TRUCK, INC.
(449 SE2d 128)

Opinion:
Birdsong, Presiding Judge.
Carwyn L. Medley appeals the order of the trial court granting partial summary judgment in favor of appellee Boomershine Pontiac-jMC Truck, Inc. (Boomershine).
Appellant Medley purchased a Grand Am automobile from ap-sellee Boomershine; appellee admits this fact in its brief. Throughout ;he sales transaction, appellant dealt with Bobby Billings, a salesman employed by Boomershine. Appellant testified, without contradiction iy non-hearsay evidence, that in exchange for appellant's trade-in ve-íicle (a Ford Escort) and a cash down payment of $1,000, Billings stated that appellant would qualify for financing to purchase a certain Boomershine demonstrator car; based on these representations, ap-jellant bought the car. The demonstrator car, however, subsequently vas discovered to have been a program rental vehicle — a car previ-msly owned and used as a fleet car by a car rental agency. Appellant endered two checks of $500 each as down payment on the Boomer-hine car; he was taken by Billings to a finance company and his loan >apers were processed. Appellant left his keys, vehicle registration md trade-in vehicle with Billings on the Boomershine premises; when ie took possession of the program rental vehicle he still believed it to >e a demonstrator. Billings signed and tendered appellant receipts for he two $500 checks. These receipts did not bear any form of logo or otherwise identify Boomershine; rather, they had the words "Rent )f ' scratched through after the word "For," so as to assert the two hecks had been received for "Auto Down pmt" and "Deposit . . . Vehicle Purchase," respectively. Subsequently appellant, upon mak-ig an inquiry of a Boomershine manager, learned he had been redited by Boomershine with only $800 of the $1,000 down payment, t was later determined that Billings had tendered to Boomershine an ffer of purchase and bill of sale bearing appellant's forged signature, 'he documents reflected, inter alia, a certain sales price for the pro-ram rental vehicle; they did not reveal that any trade-in was being sceived, and recorded only an $800 down payment as having been sndered and accepted. Thereafter Billings' supervisor terminated the itter's employment, citing the following reason in the separation no-ce: "Failure to comply with company procedures, e.g. took unautho-zed hold check and did not disclose trade-in from customer to deal-w-ship." (Emphasis supplied.) Neither appellant nor Boomershine paid the installments due on the trade-in vehicle; Boomershine consistently maintained that the vehicle merely had been given to Billings on a side deal to see if he could sell it for appellant. The trade-in vehicle ultimately was repossessed by the lending company.
Appellant brought suit against Boomershine asserting claims for breach of contract, fraud, conversion, violations of the Georgia Fair Business Practices Act (FBPA) of 1975 (OCGA § 10-1-390 et seq.), punitive damages, attorney fees and litigation expenses. Boomershine filed a motion for partial summary judgment which was granted as to Counts 2 and 3 (fraud and conversion), Count 4 (FBPA), punitive damages, attorney fees and litigation expenses. Held:
1. The appropriate summary judgment standard is that of Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474). On appeal we cannot consider facts asserted in briefs which are not supported by the record. Behar v. Aero Med Intl., 185 Ga. App. 845, 846 (1) (366 SE2d 223). Further, evidentiary rules as to admissibility of evidence are applicable in summary judgment proceedings; therefore, hearsay evidence is without probative value and cannot be considered unless it is part of the res gestae. Strickland v. DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 197 Ga. App. 63, 65 (397 SE2d 576).
2. The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment as to appellant's claim that Boomershine violated the FBPA. "[E]ven though a single instance of an unfair or deceptive act can be a sufficient basis for a claim under the FBPA, that act does not apply t suits based upon deceptive practices which occur in transactions tha1 are essentially private. In other words, unless it can be said that th< defendant's actions had or has potential harm for the consumer pub lie the act or practice cannot be said to have impact on the consume-] marketplace and any act or practice which is outside that context, nc matter how unfair or deceptive, is not directly regulated by th< FBPA." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Borden v. Pope Jeep Eagle, 200 Ga. App. 176, 178 (1) (407 SE2d 128). Appellant asserts ii his reply brief that Boomershine engaged in certain advertising tha its cars were not program rental cars and contends that this act, cou pled with the acts of Billings, would have potential harm on the con sumer public. Appellant however has failed to cite any place in th record where evidence of such advertising exists; our review of th record discloses no evidence of this advertising. We will not accepfl mere assertions of fact in briefs (Behar, supra), or cull the record ill search of error. Manderson & Assoc. v. Gore, 193 Ga. App. 723, 733 (8) (389 SE2d 251). Moreover, we review the grant of summary judment by the trial court in light of the record as it existed at the timH of the court's ruling and not on the basis of how the record appeaiil after supplementation or amendment. See Coker v. Culter, 208 Ga. App. 651, 652 (431 SE2d 443); Nowell v. Fain, 174 Ga. App. 592, 59 (330 SE2d 741).
3. The trial court did not err in holding that the acts of Billings, with regard to Count 2 (conversion) and Count 3 (fraud) were personal to him and outside the scope of his employment. Compare Wittig v. Spa Lady of Marietta, 182 Ga. App. 689 (356 SE2d 665). As a general rule, "[w]here the tort of the employee is wholly personal to himself, it is not within the scope of his employment, and the master is not liable." Id. at 690. However, under certain circumstances, an employer can ratify the tortious conduct of an employee, even though it falls outside the scope of employment, and become liable therefor.
4. "[T]he mere fact that a tortious act of an employee amounts to a crime does not, per se, relieve his employer from liability. The test of liability is the same as in cases where a non-criminal act is involved; the act must have been one authorized by the employer prior to its commission, ratified after its commission, or committed within the scope of the employment." Sexton Bros. Tire Co. v. Southern Burglar Alarm Co., 153 Ga. App. 413, 414 (265 SE2d 335). "Where the principal ratifies the tort of the agent after its commission, the liability of the principal is the same as if he had commanded it, provided the ratification is had with full knowledge on the part of the principal of the manner in which the tort was committed." Stinespring v. Fields, 139 Ga. App. 715, 717 (1) (229 SE2d 495).
"A principal may by ratification or by failure to repudiate acts of lis alleged agent become bound." (Emphasis supplied.) Klingbeil v. Renbaum, 146 Ga. App. 591, 592 (1) (246 SE2d 698); Wielgorecki v. White, 133 Ga. App. 834, 838 (1) (212 SE2d 480); see OCGA § 10-6-1. but, "[a]n act can not be subject to ratification unless done in behalf if the person adopting it and attempting to ratify it." Lemmons v. City of Decatur, 215 Ga. 647, 648 (112 SE2d 597). Thus, where an employee is acting exclusively for himself and is not acting at all for ;he employer, and does not profess to be acting for the employer, ;here is no such thing as a master assuming by ratification liability for ;he personal act of his employee. See Parry v. Davison-Paxon Co., 87 Ga. App. 51, 56 (2) (73 SE2d 59). " ' "There can . . . be no ratification mless the act was done for the master, or at least purported to be lone for him." ' " Id. In this case, although Billings was acting on his >wn personal venture primarily for his own personal gain, so as to be >utside the scope of his employment within the meaning of Wittig, supra, he unequivocally was purporting at all times to be acting in behalf of Boomershine in the sale of the car. Further, Boomershine received some benefit from Billings' sale of their program rental vehi-le. Thus, the personal acts of Billings inextricably resulted in and vere intended by him tangentially to benefit Boomershine as well. In hese circumstances it cannot be held, as a matter of law, that Billtigs' tortious acts were of a type immune from ratification.
Ratification can be express or implied from the acts or silence of the principal. OCGA § 10-6-52. Whether ratification occurred is usually a question for the jury (Wielgorecki, supra at 838) "and not a question of law for the court." Coursey v. Consolidated Naval Stores Co., 22 Ga. App. 538 (3) (96 SE 397) and cases cited therein.
Construing the evidence and all reasonable inferences and conclusions in favor of the non-movant appellant, as we are required to do (Moore v. Goldome Credit Corp., 187 Ga. App. 594, 596 (370 SE2d 843)), we find that a genuine issue of material fact exists whether Boomershine ratified Billings' tortious conduct. For example, the record reveals that Boomershine did not refund the $200 taken from Medley's down payment by its agent and continues to assert by way of pleadings the viability of the terms contained in the forged offer of purchase and bill of sale. Although the general manager of Boomer-shine testified by way of deposition that he immediately offered to refund $200 to appellant because it "was apparent" that Billings had taken $1,000 of appellant's money and Boomershine had only received $800, appellant's alleged declination of this offer is disputed. Appellant, when deposed, testified the general manager said "he was going to try to reimburse me my two hundred dollars. That's the last I heard of that topic." While it was beyond the scope of employment for the agent to engage in fraud or conversion as averred, a genuine issue of material fact exists whether it was within the scope of employment and authority of the agent to collect down payments on Boomershine vehicles and to tender all or part of that down payment to its employer Boomershine. Further, the record is uncontroverted that Boomershine did receive from its agent the sum of $800; a genuine issue of material fact also exists whether this $800 was a part of a $1,000 down payment and whether the $800 was retained for Boomer-shine's ,use or benefit for any material period and in ratification of its agent's conduct after it became aware of the nature of its agent's activities. "Where a corporation knowing, all of the facts accepts anc uses the proceeds of an unauthorized contract executed in its behali without authority, the corporation may be bound because of ratification." Western American Life Ins. Co. v. Hicks, 135 Ga. App. 90, 91 (3) (217 SE2d 323). "An unauthorized act or transaction by an ageni in excess of his authority becomes binding and obligatory upon hii principal, if the latter, with knowledge of the facts, receives and re tains the benefit [in whole or in part] thereof, since such acceptanc< of the benefit amounts to an implied ratification of such act, whethe the principal intends thereby to ratify it or not." Kelley v. Caroline Life Ins. Co., 48 Ga. App. 106 (1) (171 SE 847). "While ratification o an unauthorized act of an agent is not to be presumed, the acts of ffl principal are to be liberally construed in favor of an adoption of thfl acts of the agent, and when the unauthorized act of the agent is donl in the execution of power conferred, but in excess or misuse thereof, a presumption of ratification readily arises from slight acts of confirmation, or from mere silence or acquiescence, or where the principal receives and holds the fruits of the agent's act." Id. at 107 (3). Boomer-shine's conduct gives rise to a jury question as to their ratification of Billings' tortious acts. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to Count 2 (conversion) and Count 3 (fraud).
Decided September 13, 1994
Reconsideration denied October 6, 1994 —
Lynch & Powell, Gene E. Massafra, for appellant.
Swift, Currie, McGhee & Hiers, Jonathan M. Engram, Dennis A. Brown, for appellee.
5. The trial court predicated its grant of summary judgment as to appellant's claims for punitive damages, attorney fees and litigation expenses on its finding that there had been no tort of conversion or fraud committed by Boomershine and that Boomershine had never ratified the improper conduct by Billings. In view of our holding that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to Boomershine's ratification of the intentionally tortious conduct of Billings, we find that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Boomershine as to appellant's claims for punitive damages (see Rustin Oldsmobile v. Kendricks, 123 Ga. App. 679 (3) (182 SE2d 178)) and attorney fees and litigation expenses. See Wisenbaker v. Warren, 196 Ga. App. 551, 552 (2) (396 SE2d 528).
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Pope, C. J., and Ruffin, J., concur. Blackburn, J., disqualified.