Case Name: Larry Joe HUMPHREY v. J.R. PANNELL and Winifred P. Pannell
Court: Mississippi Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Mississippi
Decision Date: 1998-04-16
Citations: 710 So. 2d 392
Docket Number: No. 95-CA-00229-SCT
Parties: Larry Joe HUMPHREY v. J.R. PANNELL and Winifred P. Pannell.
Judges: SMITH and MILLS, JJ., concur.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 710
Pages: 392–404

Head Matter:
Larry Joe HUMPHREY v. J.R. PANNELL and Winifred P. Pannell.
No. 95-CA-00229-SCT.
Supreme Court of Mississippi.
April 16, 1998.
Daniel J. Davis, Tupelo, for appellant.
John A. Ferrell, Booneville, for appellees.

Opinion:
PRATHER, Chief Justice,
for the Court:
I. INTRODUCTION
¶ 1. The present case centers around the legal rights of Larry Joe Humphrey, the natural unwed father of a child born to a woman in an existing marriage. Specifically, this Court is called upon to determine what legal rights to notice, if any, Humphrey may have had with regard to an adoption of the child by the child's grandparents. This Court holds that Humphrey was entitled to no notice under the statutory or common law of this State and that Humphrey's constitutional rights were similarly not violated in the present ease. This Court accordingly holds the adoption of the minor child to be valid in spite of the lack of notice granted to Humphrey.
¶2. This Court also finds that, given the validity of the adoption, the trial court was correct in refusing to divest the adoptive parents of custody of the minor child. The facts of the case, which include allegations of sexual abuse by a neighbor, do not warrant a termination of the parental rights of the adoptive parents.
II. STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
¶3. Tryxie Lynn Pannell ("Tryxie") was born on January 23, 1987 to Rossion S. Gibson ("Rossion"), who, at the time of the girl's conception and birth, was married to William T. Gibson ("Gibson"). Gibson, however, is not the girl's biological father. The parties all agree that Tryxie's natural father is Larry Joe Humphrey, Appellant herein, who had an adulterous affair with Rossion. On August 27,1987, a Petition for Adoption was filed by J.R. Pannell and his wife, Winifred P. Pan-nell, the maternal grandparents of Tryxie, and consented to by Rossion, the natural mother, and Gibson, the presumptive father. No notice of the adoption was granted to Humphrey, and a final decree of adoption was entered that same day.
¶ 4. In the seven months between Tryxie's birth and adoption, Humphrey showed little inclination to support Tryxie, although he was aware of his paternity. Humphrey became aware of the adoption within a few months of its occurrence, but he did not contest this adoption for almost five years, when, in 1992, he challenged the adoption on jurisdictional grounds and sought custody of the child.
¶ 5. As a result of the petition filed by Humphrey, the Chancellor on June 8, 1992 entered an Agreed Decree which represented a voluntary agreement between the parties. The Decree recited that all relevant facts had been not known to the court in the adoption hearing, given that Larry Joe Humphrey had not been identified as the natural father of Tryxie. The Decree acknowledged, and all parties agree, that Humphrey was the biological father of Tryxie. The Decree further modified the Final Decree of Adoption "to the extent that Larry Joe Humphrey is recognized as the natural father of the minor child, and (his ) parental rights are not terminated." The Decree further granted Hum phrey visitation rights with Tryxie, and, in return, Humphrey recognized the adoption of Tryxie by the Pannells and agreed to pay child support for Tryxie. No appeal was taken from this decree or from the original decree of adoption to the Pannells.
¶ 6. On August 14, 1992, the Chancellor and the parties entered an Agreed Order Concerning Visitation, which granted Humphrey greater visitation rights with Tryxie. These visitation rights were increased once again on September 18, 1992, pursuant to another Agreed Decree. No appeal was ever taken from any of these original or amended orders.
¶ 7. On July 20, 1993, the Pannells filed a complaint for modification requesting that the Chancellor "significantly restrict" Humphrey's visitation privileges with Tryxie, noting his criminal history, past drinking problems, and a recent arrest for assault on a police officer. Humphrey filed a counterclaim for modification of the former decree, requesting that Tryxie be placed under his custody on the grounds that he would provide a better home for the child. Humphrey notes the advanced ages of the Pannells and cites their poor health and living conditions as grounds for the modification. He further notes that the grandparents occasionally leave Tryxie with her biological mother, whose living conditions and habits, he alleges, are a detriment to the child. On November 23, 1993, the Chancellor issued an order directing the Department of Human Services to perform home studies on the Pannell and Humphrey homes and further modifying the visitation schedule.
¶ 8. On April 19, 1994, a hearing was held regarding the parties' various complaints for modification, and the Chancellor found that the proof did not support a finding of a material change in circumstances. The Chancellor therefore concluded that the Pan-nells' motion for modification should be denied. With regard to Humphrey's counter-complaint, the Chancellor did allow Humphrey liberal visitation rights, and the Pan-nells were enjoined from allowing Tryxie to be in the unsupervised presence of Tryxie's natural mother and Mr. Gibson.
¶ 9. On a Saturday night in December, 1994, the Pannells allowed Tryxie to be under the care of her biological aunt and uncle, Selmer and Gary South. While Selmer was asleep, Gary, who was allegedly drunk and had been watching a pornographic movie, allegedly fondled Tryxie's genital area. Tryxie reported the incident to three of her schoolteachers and her principal, but none of these parties notified authorities about the complaint.
¶ 10. On December 16, 1994, Tryxie informed Humphrey's wife Glenda about the alleged incident, and Glenda notified the Prentiss County Department of Human Services that same day. A meeting was held between Tryxie, the Pannells, the Hum-phreys, and social services and law enforcement personnel, at which meeting the Pan-nells stated that they did not believe Tryxie's accusations against Gary South. Tryxie expressed her strong desire to live with the Humphreys, and the Pannells tried to persuade her to stay with them.
¶ 11. At the end of the meeting, Tryxie frantically resisted efforts to force her to return to the Pannells' home, according to Martha Hickman ("Hickman"), the social worker handling the case, who witnessed the incident. Following Tryxie's further resistance in the car, the Pannells eventually returned her to the Sheriff's office, whereupon she was placed under foster care by agreement. At a hearing, the Chancellor returned Tryxie to the Pannells' custody, but he ordered that she not be allowed to have contact with Gary South.
¶ 12. On December 22, 1994, Humphrey filed a complaint to set aside the adoption of Tryxie. He also sought contempt of court sanctions against the Pannells based on the Pannells' allegedly permitting Tryxie to be in the unsupervised presence of Tryxie's natural mother. In addition, Humphrey once again sought modification of custody, based on the alleged incident of sexual abuse, and he requested a temporary order removing Tryxie from foster care and placing her in his custody.
¶ 13. The Chancellor issued a temporary order on January 24, 1995, in which he ordered Tryxie returned to the custody of the Pannells. On February 8,1995, the Chancellor issued a decree denying Humphrey's motion to set aside the Final Decree of Adoption, dismissing the contempt complaint against the Pannells, denying a modification in custody, and ordering Humphrey to pay an arrearage in child support. On March 6, 1995, Humphrey timely perfected a notice of appeal from the Decree of February 8, 1995 to this Court. On March 10,1995, the Chancellor issued a decree prohibiting the Pan-nells from allowing Tryxie to have "any contact with or be in the presence of Gary South until further orders of this Court."
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
WHETHER THE CHANCELLOR ERRED IN FAILING TO SET ASIDE THE ADOPTION FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION?
A. Did Humphrey, as an unwed putative father, have any right to notice of the adoption under the statutory and/or common law of this State?
¶ 14. In determining whether Humphrey had a legal right to notice of the adoption, this Court first notes that, as an unwed father, Humphrey had no statutory rights whatsoever with regard to Tryxie's adoption. Miss.Code Ann. § 93-17-5 (1994), which requires that "parents" be made parties to the adoption proceedings, does not consider the father of an illegitimate child to be a "parent" for the purposes of the statute at all. The statute provides in part that:
[In] the case of a child born out of wedlock, the father shall not be deemed to be a parent for the purpose of this chapter, and no reference shall be made to the illegitimacy of such child.
Thus, § 93-17-5 expressly provides that the father of an illegitimate child is not a "parent" at all for the purposes of the adoption statutes. Both "parents" are entitled to notice of the adoption under Mississippi statutory law, but the father of an illegitimate child is denied the basic status of parent under the adoption statutes of this State. The constitutional implications of such provision are discussed infra, but, by clear dictate of statute, Humphrey was entitled to no notice under the adoption statutes of this State.
¶ 15. Humphrey cites two decisions of this Court, which, he contends, demonstrate that he had a right to notice of the pending adoption. Humphrey cites the cases of Krohn v. Migues, 274 So.2d 654, 657 (Miss.1973) and Birindelli v. Egelston, 404 So.2d 322, 324 (Miss.1981) for the proposition that "without inclusion of the natural father as a party, the Final Decree of Adoption is Void." Contrary to Humphrey's arguments, neither of these cases provides support for his assertion that the adoption of Tryxie is void under the law of this State.
¶ 16. In Krohn, this Court found that the father had been married to the mother at the time the baby was bom and that he was thus entitled to notice. Id. Thus, Krohn is clearly distinguishable from the present case, in which Humphrey was not married to the mother at the time Tryxie was born.
¶ 17. In Birindelli, this Court held that:
We also are of the opinion that even if process had been returnable to the proper district, the adoption decree would still be void for lack of jurisdiction because Birin-delli testified without contradiction that he did not receive notice of the adoption proceedings.
Birindelli, 404 So.2d at 324.
¶ 18. Although the facts in Birindelli are not entirely clear, it appears, that Birindelli, like the father in Krohn, was a married father. The opinion contains the following language:
. Birindelli's testimony he did not receive statutory notice of the adoption proceeding renders the adoption decree void.
Birindelli, 404 So.2d at 324. (emphasis added.) Given the language referring to "statutory" notice, it appears that Birindelli was not an unwed father, given that such unwed fathers clearly have no right to notice under the statutory adoption scheme of this state.
¶ 19. Thus, Birindelli is not on point, and § 93-17-5 makes it clear that Humphrey had no statutory right to notice in the present case. Although there is thus no basis for challenging the adoption under the common law or statutory law of this State, this Court nevertheless turns to the Constitutional issues in the present case in order to completely address the issues herein.
B. Did the lack of notice of the adoption granted to Humphrey deprive him of a constitutional right as set forth by the United States Supreme Court?
¶ 20. Although Miss.Code Ann. § 98-17-5 and applicable decisions of this Court do not require notification of the natural unwed father of an illegitimate child, applicable United States Supreme Court decisions nevertheless make it clear that this Mississippi statute would be unconstitutional in its application in certain cases, particularly in cases in which the natural unwed father has attempted to establish a substantial relationship -with the child. Commentators have recognized the constitutionally suspect nature of § 93-17-5 for years, but the Legislature has not addressed this issue to date.
¶21. The United States Supreme Court has clearly indicated that a natural unwed father of an illegitimate child may, in certain circumstances, have a constitutional right to be notified of or to withhold his consent to, an adoption. Given that no such rights are provided for by § 93-17-5, this statute is clearly unconstitutional to the extent that the United States Supreme Court has held such a right to exist.
¶ 22. The primary United States Supreme Court cases dealing with the constitutional rights of putative fathers are Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972), Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 98 S.Ct. 549, 54 L.Ed.2d 511 (1978), Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380, 99 S.Ct. 1760, 60 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979), and Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614 (1983). In Stanley, the U.S. Supreme Court held unconstitutional an Illinois statute which conclusively presumed every father of a child born out of wedlock to be an unfit person to have custody of his children. Stanley, 405 U.S. at 658, 92 S.Ct. at 1216. Stanley set the stage for later rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirming the Constitutional rights of unwed fathers, but the holding is otherwise of little relevance to the present case.
¶ 23. In Quilloin, the U.S. Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of a Georgia statutory scheme which required that an natural unwed father legitimate the child in order to be able to exercise a veto power over the child's adoption. Quilloin, 434 U.S. at 248-49, 98 S.Ct. at 551-52. The Supreme Court held that, under the facts of that case, the Georgia statute did not deprive the father of any constitutional rights. The Supreme Court indicated that a primary consideration in such cases is the extent to which the father has cared for the child and treated her as his own. Quilloin, 434 U.S. at 256, 98 S.Ct. at 555. For the purposes of the present case, however, Quilloin is of only limited assistance, given that it did not involve a father who had been denied notification of an adoption.
¶24. In Caban, the U.S. Supreme Court considered a New York statute which gave an unwed mother the authority to block an adoption simply by withholding her consent, but which only gave an unwed father the right to block the adoption by showing that the best interests of the child would "not permit the child's adoption." Caban, 441 U.S. at 386-87, 99 S.Ct. at 1764-65. The U.S. Supreme Court, applying the "intermediate scrutiny" test for gender-based discrimination in an equal protection analysis, held that, while New York's interest in promoting the well-being of illegitimate children is an important one, the State had not established that the "different treatment afforded un married fathers and unmarried mothers under [the New York statute] bears a substantial relationship to the proclaimed interest of the State in promoting the adoption of illegitimate children." Id. at 393, 99 S.Ct. at 1769. Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court held the statute in question to be unconstitutional as applied in that case.
¶25. The U.S. Supreme Court noted in Caban that:
In those cases where the father never has come forward to participate in the rearing of his child, nothing in the Equal Protection Clause precludes the State from withholding from him the privilege of vetoing the adoption of that child. Indeed, under the statute as it now stands the surrogate may proceed in the absence of consent when the parent whose consent otherwise would be required never has come forward or has abandoned the child. But in cases such as this, where the father has established a substantial relationship with the child and has admitted his paternity, a State should have no difficulty in identifying the father even of children born out of wedlock.
Id. at 392-93, 99 S.Ct. at 1768. Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court limited the holding in Caban to those cases in which the putative father had established a "substantial relationship"with the child, and, equally importantly for the present case, stated that consideration should be given to the ability of the State to identify the father of the child in order that adoptions may proceed without undue delay. Id.
¶ 26. Neither of these factors are present in the present case, given that Humphrey did not develop a "substantial relationship" with Tryxie in the months between her birth and adoption, nor in the five years following her adoption. Moreover, the State of Mississippi, in the form of the Chancery Court, had no possible way of knowing that Humphrey was the natural father of Tryxie, given that the child was presented to the Court as the natural child of Mr. and Mrs. Gibson, both of whom were notified of and consented to the adoption.
¶ 27. In Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614 (1983), the Supreme Court upheld an adoption of which a putative father had not been notified. The Court based its holding, however, largely upon the fact that New York State maintained a registry by which a putative father could guarantee that he was notified of any adoption proceedings by mailing a postcard to a registry. Lehr, 463 U.S. at 264, 103 S.Ct. at 2994-95. Also, the New York statute provided for notification of certain classifications of unwed fathers, such as those who lived openly with the child. Id. at 251, 103 S.Ct. at 2988. Mississippi has no comparable notification provision or registry, thus leaving Mississippi's lack of notification pursuant to § 93-17-5 constitutionally suspect. As in Caban, the U.S. Supreme Court in Lehr placed heavy emphasis on the degree to which the putative father had attempted to establish a relationship with his child in determining the extent of his constitutional parental rights. Both Caban and Lehr thus provide indications that Humphrey's constitutional rights were not violated under the facts of the present case.
¶28. A more recent U.S. Supreme Court decision involving a putative father similarly situated to Humphrey provides further indication that Humphrey's rights were not violated by the lack of notification of the adoption proceedings in the present case. In Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110, 109 S.Ct. 2333, 105 L.Ed.2d 91 (1989), the U.S. Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of a California statute which provided that the child of a married woman cohabiting with her husband is presumed to be a child of the marriage, as long as the husband is not impotent or sterile. Michael H., a natural unwed father of a child born to a married couple, filed an action to establish his paternity and visitation rights. The trial court dismissed his action based on the aforementioned California statute, and this ruling was affirmed by the California Court of Appeals. Id. at 116, 109 S.Ct. at 2338.
¶29. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, five justices affirmed, holding that the California statute did not deprive Michael of any protected liberty interest, with Justice Stevens concurring based only upon certain statutory protections found in the California statute. The plurality opinion of Justices Scalia, Rehnquist, Kennedy, and O'Connor, noted that:
In Lehr v. Robertson, a case involving a natural father's attempt to block his child's adoption by the unwed mother's new husband, we observed that "[t]he significance of the biological connection is that it offers the natural father an opportunity that no other male possesses to develop a relationship with his offspring," and we assumed that the Constitution might require some protection of that opportunity. Where, however, the child is born into an extant marital family, the natural father's unique opportunity conflicts with the similarly unique opportunity of the husband of the marriage; and it is not unconstitutional for the state to give categorical preference to the latter.
Id. at 128-29, 109 S.Ct. at 2345 (citations omitted). The opinion further noted that the Court could find no basis for concluding that a father in Michael's (and, presumably, Humphrey's) position could legitimately assert constitutional rights, such as those discussed in Lehr and Caban. The justices noted that:
We have found nothing in the older sources, nor in the older cases, addressing specifically the power of the natural father to assert parental rights over a child born into a woman's existing marriage with another man. Since it is Michael's burden to establish that such a power (at least where the natural father has established a relationship with the child) is so deeply imbedded within our traditions as to be a fundamental right, the lack of evidence alone might defeat his case. But the evidence shows that even in modern times when, as we have noted, the rigid protection of the marital family has in other respects been relaxed the ability of a person in Michael's position to claim paternity has not been generally acknowledged.
Id. at 125, 109 S.Ct. at 2343. While only a plurality opinion, the holding in Michael H. indicates that a putative father who fathers a child born into a woman's existing marriage with another man has no right to assert parental rights, and thus, presumably, to claim a right to notice of or to object to the adoption.
¶30. None of the aforementioned United Supreme Court cases are directly on point, but considered in the aggregate, these opinions leave little doubt that Tryxie's adoption did not violate Humphrey's constitutional rights under the facts of the present case. Given that there is similarly no basis for the adoption to be set aside under the statutory or common law of this State, the adoption of Tryxie by the Pannells was valid. Accordingly, the ruling of the chancellor in upholding the adoption of Tryxie by the Pannells is affirmed.
IV. WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE PANNELLS WERE NOT IN CONTEMPT OF COURT?
¶ 31. The Chancellor ruled that the Pannells were not in contempt of the January 6, 1994 emergency decree ordering the Pannells to keep Tryxie away from Gary South and requiring them to prevent her from having any contact with him. The contacts which Tryxie had with South were very unsubstantial, and it can not be said that the Chancellor was manifestly in error in refusing to find the Pannells in contempt. Accordingly, this point of error is without merit.
V. WHETHER THE CHANCELLOR ERRED IN PLACING A CHILD BACK INTO A HOME TO WHICH SHE WAS VIOLENTLY OPPOSED TO STAYING AND IN WHICH SHE WAS CONTINUALLY EXPOSED TO A MAN WHO HAD SEXUALLY ABUSED HER?
¶32. In order to determine the correct standard under which to consider the custody issues before this Court, it is necessary for this Court to first establish exactly who TryxLe's parents are in the eyes of the law. Miss.Code Ann. § 93-17-13 (1994) specifically provides that all parental rights of the natural parents are cut off by an adoption, except in the case of a natural parent who is the spouse of an adopting parent. However, the statute provides that such is the case "unless otherwise specifically provided", which language gives rise to questions concerning the significance of this qualification. In the present case, the Agreed Decree provided that:
(P)etitioner (Humphrey) acknowledges the adoption, but Respondents acknowledge that Petitioner is the natural father of the said minor child. Accordingly, the Final Decree of Adoption should be modified to the extent that Larry Joe Humphrey is recognized as the natural father of the minor child, and that Petitioners parental rights are not terminated, (emphasis added).
Thus, the Agreed Decree is superficially consistent with the language of § 93-17-13 in recognizing the adoption of Tryxie by the Pannells but nevertheless reserving parental rights in favor of Humphrey.
¶33. It is clear, however, that a parent who is giving up a child for adoption or, as in this case, acknowledging the validity of an adoption, can not retain all of his parental rights or else the adoption is rendered meaningless. By allowing Humphrey to argue that he should be granted custody based on this State's modification of parental custody law, the Chancellor in effect placed Humphrey on near-equal footing with the Pan-nells as far as their right to custody of Tryxie is concerned. In Natural Father v. United Methodist Children's Home, 418 So.2d 807 (Miss.1982) this Court declared unconstitutional the portion of Miss.Code Ann. § 93-15-109 which allowed for the termination of parental rights upon a "preponderance of the evidence" standard. This declaration was made in light of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982), in which said Court held that due process required that the parent's unfitness be proven by "clear and convincing evidence" before his or her parental rights were terminated.
¶ 34. If Humphrey had prevailed in demonstrating a "material change in circumstances" based on the preponderance of evidence standard, then he would presumably have been able to divest the Pannells of custody of their legal child. Such a result comes dangerously close to terminating the Pannells' parental rights on the basis of a preponderance of the evidence standard which was rejected by this Court, the Legislature, and the U.S. Supreme Court. This proceedings in the present case were admittedly not termination of parental rights proceedings, but the effect to an adoptive family of divesting them of custody of their child is sufficiently similar to raise valid constitutional concerns.
¶ 35. Of equal importance to the constitutional issues are the public-policy considerations which permeate the adoption statutes as set forth by the Legislature. Miss.Code Ann. § 93-17-15 (1994) provides that:
No action shall be brought to set aside any final decree of adoption, whether granted upon consent or personal process or on process by publication, except within six (6) months of the entry thereof.
Miss.Code Ann. § 93-17-21(1) (1994) provides that:
The [Bureau of Vital Statistics] shall prepare a revised birth certificate which shall contain the original date of birth, with the place of birth being shown as the residence of the adoptive parents at the time the child was born, but with the names of the adopting parents and the new name of the child.
These adoption statutes, including the six-month statute of limitation for challenging adoptions , provide a good illustration of the intent of the Legislature that the adoption process give rise to a new relationship be tween the adoptive parents and child which is not subject to endless legal contests . The parent-child relationship, by its very nature, requires stability and permanence, and the Legislature has clearly recognized this fact in the adoption and termination of parental rights statutes of this State.
¶ 36. In the view of this Court, the public policy considerations favoring the permanence of adoptions are inconsistent with an interpretation of § 93-17-13 which would permit the sort of post-adoption modification of custody battles which have arisen in the present case. The "unless otherwise specifically provided" in § 93-17-13 language must be interpreted in light of the context of the adoption statutes as a whole, and these statutes are clearly written to foster legal stability in the relationship between adoptive parents and their children. In the view of this Court, the "unless otherwise provided" language was intended by the Legislature to provide natural and adoptive parents with the option of entering into limited arrangements such as post-adoption visitation agreements as long as the best interests of the child would be served by such an arrangement.
¶ 37. Post-adoption visitation arrangements are permitted in a number of states, and the "unless otherwise specifically provided" language in § 93-17-13 would appear to permit such arrangements. The annotation found at 78 A.L.R.4th 218, "Post-adoption Visitation by Natural Parent" discusses a number of state court decisions which allow parties to agree to post-adoption visitation in cases in which it is deemed to be in the child's best interests. However, the ALR annotations reveal no state which allows the sort of "quasi-adoption" which has been implemented in the present case, nor do the parties cite any such eases. A large number of states, in fact, do not even permit post-adoption visitations on grounds that this visitation is detrimental to the relationship between the adoptive parent and child. This Court considers it improper to incidentally rule upon the propriety of post-adoption visitations in the present case, however, and we leave a ruling on this important issue to future cases when the issue is squarely before this Court.
¶ 38. This Court does conclude, however, that § 93-17-13 was not intended by the Legislature to grant a natural parent the right to weaken the legal bonds of the adoptive parent-child relationship by reserving the right to, in effect, sit and wait for the circumstances of the adoptive family to materially change and then divest the adoptive family of the custody of the child. The United States Supreme Court, as noted earlier, has placed a high constitutional value on parental rights which arise from caring and nurturing a child, and this value should also apply to adoptive parents who have developed a relationship with a child. It is undeniable that families may enter difficult situations relating to finances, health, or personal differences and these situations may constitute "material changes in circumstances." Such difficulties are a fact of life, however, and they are not grounds for dissolving the familial relationship created by the adoption process and granting custody of the children to a natural parent.
¶39. This Court need not theorize about any potential or abstract dangers of allowing post-adoption custody battles, given that the present case serves as an all-too real example of the dangers of allowing the sort of "quasi-adoption" which has been implemented in the present case. The record in the present case reveals a sad history of painful litigation which has arisen following the Agreed Degree, and a great deal of the pain has been borne by Tryxie.
¶ 40. This Court accordingly holds that the portion of the Agreed Decree which recognizes the validity of the adoption yet which reserves parental rights in favor of Humphrey should not be interpreted to permit Humphrey to attempt to divest the Pannells of the custody of their adoptive child based upon a material change in circumstances. This Court nevertheless finds the remaining provisions of the Agreed Decree regarding visitation and support to be a voluntary agreement between the parties that is in the best interests of Tryxie. This Court upholds the Chancellor's ruling to continue to enforce the visitation and child support provisions of the Agreed Decree as long as the enforcement thereof is consistent with the best interests of Tryxie and as long as Humphrey complies with the support feature of the contact.
¶ 41. Although he neglected to establish a relationship with her in her early years, Humphrey clearly cares for Tryxie, as is evidenced by the legal expenses he has incurred in her behalf in spite of limited means. While the Pannells are Tryxie's legal parents in the eyes of the law, the fact remains that there is a possibility that they will not live long enough to raise Tryxie to adulthood. In the event of the death of the Pannells, it would serve Tryxie's best interests for her to have been able to develop a relationship with Humphrey, who has recently shown a willingness to assume partial responsibility for her support.
¶ 42. With regard to the incident which led to the present custody battle, this Court is faced with allegations of conduct which are of an extremely serious nature. At the same time, however, the allegations are not made against Tryxie's parents, but rather against South, who lives near the Pannells. The alleged incident of sexual abuse, if true, appears to be an isolated incident which has been investigated and addressed by the Chancellor and various social and law enforcement agencies. This Court does not consider it necessary to remand for additional proceedings with regard to Tryxie's legal status as the daughter of the Pannells, but we trust that the Chancellor will pay careful attention to Tryxie's progress and hold hearings with regard to her welfare if they should become necessary.
VI. CONCLUSION
¶ 43. This Court agrees with the Chancellor's rulings that the adoption of Tryxie by the Pannells be upheld and that the Pannells retain custody of Tryxie as befits their legal status as her adoptive parents. This Court concludes that the Chancellor should continue to permit the provisions of the voluntary agreement pursuant to which Humphrey is granted visitation with Tryxie in return for substantial compliance with the child support provisions of this decree. This Court accordingly affirms the Chancellor's denial of a change in custody, although we reach that affirmance by application of a different legal standard than that applied at the trial court.
¶ 44. JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED.
SMITH and MILLS, JJ., concur.
BANKS, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with separate written opinion joined by SULLIVAN, P.J.
McRAE, J., dissents with separate written opinion joined by PITTMAN, P.J., and JAMES L. ROBERTS, Jr., J.
WALLER, J., not participating.
. Fathers of illegitimate children are often referred to as "putative fathers", which term is defined in Black's Law Dictionary as "(t)he alleged or reputed father of an illegitimate child." Given that the child in the present case is presumed to be legitimate, this term would not appear to apply to Humphrey in the present case.
. J.R. Pannell is 72 years of age and his wife is 65 years.
. N. Shelton Hand has written that:
The Mississippi statute on parental consent for adoption continues to declassify the (unwed) father as a parent for purposes of the adoption statutes and the law specifies that no reference shall be made to the illegitimacy of the child. Clearly, it appears that the statute is in error and in contradiction to constitutional interpretations where the United States Supreme Court ruled that an unwed father could not constitutionally be presumed to be unfit to raise his own illegitimate children.... The provisions of Mississippi's adoption consent statute should be amended, it appears, to comply with the rulings of the United States Supreme Court that require that the putative father be given notice of the adoption procedure. N. Shelton Hand, Mississippi Divorce, Alimony, and Child Custody, § 21-5 (3rd. Ed. 1992).
. The annotations to § 93-17-5 misleadingly cite Lehr for the proposition that "[u]nmarried natural father's rights under due process and equal protection clauses are not violated by failure to give notice and opportunity to be heard before his child is adopted, where father has had no significant custodial, personal, or financial relationship with child."
In fact, Lehr was decided in a very different statutory context than § 93-17-5, and the United States Supreme Court put great emphasis on the fact that New York maintained a putative father registry, of which this State has no counterpart.
. The Agreed Decree was arguably a violation of the six-month statute of limitation for challenging the adoption, but this Court considers this decree to constitute a voluntary agreement among the parties which is in the best interests of the child.
. This Court also does not address the issue of whether the 6-month statute of limitations in § 93-17-15 applies to constitutional due process challenges based on lack of notice, and, if so, to what extent.
. At a hearing at the trial court level, Mrs. Pan-nell testified that her husband was 76 years old and that she was 67 years old.
. This Court does not address whether the continued exercise of visitation and support in the future would demonstrate a commitment to responsibilities as if Humphrey were a parent so as to establish constitutional protections.