Case Name: GOULD v. STATE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1912-03-27
Citations: 146 S.W. 172
Docket Number: 
Parties: GOULD v. STATE.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 146
Pages: 172–179

Head Matter:
GOULD v. STATE.
(Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
March 27, 1912.)
1. Criminal Law (§ 1206 ) — Punishment-Subsequent Offenses.
Pen. Code 1895, art. 1014, providing that, if it be shown on a misdemeanor trial that the defendant has been once before convicted of the same offense, he shall, on a second conviction, receive double the punishment of the crime in ordinary cases, and upon a third or any subsequent conviction for the same offense the punishment shall be increased so as not to exceed four times the penalties in ordinary cases, is not invalid for uncertainty, in that it is not stated whether it is the maximum or the minimum penalty which is to be doubled, etc.
[Ed. Note. — Eor other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 3271-3277, 3279, 3280; Dec. Dig. § 1206. )
2. Criminal Law (§ 1211 ) — Punishment>Subsequent Offense.
Under such statute, the punishment for a third or any subsequent conviction for the same offense shall not be less than four times the minimum, nor more than four times the maximum, penalty for the first offense.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 3302; Dec. Dig. § 1211. ]
3. Criminal Law (§ 1202 ) — EVIDENCE-ADMISSIBILITY.
In the trial of one for a violation of the Sunday law alleged not to be his first offense, the records of the corporation court of a city, showing that he had been tried for a similar offense, and, upon a plea of guilty, had been fined, were admissible in evidence to show his liability to the enhanced punishment prescribed by Pen. Code 1895, art. 1014, for second and subsequent similar offenses, regardless of the validity of the judgment entry therein shown.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent.Dig. §§ 3260-3265 ; Dec.Dig. § 1202. ]
4. Criminal Law (§ 1112 ) — Bill of Exceptions — Objection.
One .who failed to object to alterations made by the court in a bill of exceptions could not object on review that the altered bill was incorrect.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 2896; Dec. Dig. § 1112. ]
5. Criminal Law (§ 402 ) — Secondary Evidence-Admissibility.
While the defendant could not be required to produce papers in evidence, yet .where he had in his possession papers material to the prosecution, and, after being served with the proper subpoena duces tecum, failed to produce the same, secondary evidence of their contents was admissible.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent.'Dig. §§ 887, 888; Dec. Dig. § 402.*]
6. Criminal Law (§ 432 ) — Documentary Evidence — Admissibility.
Where the information alleged that a certain company was the proprietor of a place of public amusement, a theater, and that the defendant was the agent and employs of such company, and as such agent and employé did open, and permit to be opened, such place of public amusement on Sunday, tickets and programs of the theater for certain dates, including the Sunday in question, were admissible to prove the allegations of ownership and agency.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 1021; Dec. Dig. § 432. ]
7. Witnesses (§ 255*) — Refreshing Memory —Criminal Prosecution.
A witness may refresh his memory from notes made by him at the time of the occurrences inquired about, providing the notes are not read to the jury or introduced in evidence.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. §§ 874-890; Dec. Dig. § 255. ]
8. Criminal Law (§ 430*) — Criminal Prosecution — Evidence—Admissibility.
In the trial of one for a violation of the Sunday law by keeping a theater open as agent for an amusement company, the articles of incorporation of the amusement company together with an application for a permit for the company to do business in the state, and a copy of the permit, all properly certified to by the Secretary of State, were admissible in evidence.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 1019; Dec. Dig. § 430. ]
9. Criminal Law (§ .1202 ) — Criminal Prosecution — Admissibility of Evidence — Prior Conviction.
Where a judgment of the defendant’s prior conviction of a similar offense had never been used to enhance his punishment in any case, it was admissible in evidence in his trial for keeping a theater open in violation of the Sunday law to show his liability to the enhanced punishment prescribed by Pen. Code 1895, art. 1014, for second and subsequent simila’" offenses.
[Ed. Notei — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent.Dig. §§ 3260-3265; Dec.Dig. §1202. ]
10. Criminal Law (§ 1091 ) — Bill of Exceptions — Sufficiency.
Where a judgment of conviction of the defendant of a similar offense was final on its face, and he objected to its admission in evidence upon the ground that there was no showing that it had not been appealed from or that a new trial had not been granted, it was incumbent on him to show by the bill of exceptions that there Had been an appeal taken or a new trial granted in such former prosecution.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 2803, 2815, 2816, 2818, 2819, 2823, 2828-2833, 2843, 2931-2933, 2943; Dee. Dig. § 1091. ]
11. Criminal Law (§ 1064 ) — Review — Refusal of Instructions — Presentation of Error.
The action of the trial court in failing to give specific instructions requested was not reviewable where no reasons why such instructions should have been given were assigned in the motion for a new trial, or in the bill of exceptions.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 2676-2684; Dec. Dig. § 1064. ]
12. Criminal Law (§ 841 ) — Presentation Below — Instructions.
Exceptions to instructions in a misdemean- or case should be reserved at the time the instructions are given.
[Ed. Note. — Eor other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 2022; Dec. Dig. § 841. ]
13. Theaters and Shows (§ %, New, vol. 12, Key No. Series) — “Theater.”
A “theater” is a playhouse, a building for the representation of a theatrical' performance.
[Ed. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, vol. 8, p. 6937.]
14. Sunday (§ 29 ) — Criminal Oeeense — Evidence — Sufficiency.
In view of Pen. Code 1895, arts. 74-78, making one guilty as principal who engages in the commission of an offense, and rendering immaterial what powers he may have to act, evidence that the defendant sold tickets, and. in the literature distributed, was held out as the manager of the theater kept open for public amusement on Sunday, justified a finding that he was guilty of opening or permitting the theater to be opened on Sunday, though he was not the proprietor.
[Ed. Note. — For ot,her cases, see Sunday, Cent. Dig. §§ 13, 67-72; Dec. Dig. § 29. ]
15. Criminal Law (§ 1202*) — Criminal Offenses — Evidence—Sufficiency.
In the trial of one for keeping a theater open in violation of the Sunday law, charged not to be his first offense, evidence held sufficient to support a finding that the prior convictions charged in the information were for offenses of the same identical character and kind as that for which he was on trial.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, CentDig. §§ 3260-3265 ; Dec.Dig. § 1202. ]
Appeal from Dallas County Court, at Law; W. F. Whitehurst, Judge.
O. F. Gould was convicted of violating the Sunday law, and he appeals.
Affirmed.
Walker & Williams, of Dallas, for appellant. C. E. Lane, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
For other cases see same topic and s’ection NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes

Opinion:
HARPER, J.
Appellant was prosecuted in the county court of Dallas county at law under the following information: "Now comes R. M. Clark, county attorney of Dallas county, state of Texas, and presents in and to the county court of Dallas county at law, state aforesaid, that one O. F. Gould, heretofore, on the 16th day of April, A. D. 1911, in the county and state aforesaid, was the agent and employs of the Interstate Amusement Company, a corporation which was then and there the proprietor of a place of public amusement, to wit, a theater, and he, the said O. F. Gould, as such agent and employe did then and there on said last-named date, same being Sunday, unlawfully open and permit to be open said theater for public amusement, and did then and there on said Sunday permit a theatrical performance to be given and exhibited in said theater for public aipusement, and for admission to which. a fee was then and there charged. And the county attorney aforesaid further presents in and ,to said county court of Dallas county at law that heretofore, and prior to the commission by the said O. F. Gould of the offense which is hereinbefore charged against him, he, the said O. F. Gould, was duly and legally on, to wit, the 19th day of December, A. D. 1910, tried upon a complaint then and there legally pending against him in the corporation court of the city of Dallas, Texas, and which said court then and there had jurisdiction of the said cause; and the said O. F. Gould was in said court then and there convicted of an offense of a like character as that hereinbefore charged against him in and by this information; said cause in said corporation court of the city of Dallas, Texas, being upon the docket of said court, numbered 3,772." And then follows additional counts charging that appellant had been convicted of an offense of a like character on the 30th day of December, 1910, and on the 23d day of March, 1911. He was convicted under all counts, and his punishment assessed at $200.
Appellant filed a motion to quash the information on the ground that "article 1014 of the Penal Code is void on account of being vague, indefinite, and uncertain as to the penalty, and that the Legislature did not provide whether the maximum penalty should be twice or four timés the maximum penalty, or twice or four times the minimum, or twice or four times any certain penalty between the maximum and minimum penalties, and on the further grounds that the additional counts to the first count in the information did not charge that the offense of which the defendant had been convicted was the 'same offense' as that charged in the first count."
There are five of these eases pending in this court in which the same question as to the validity of the information is involved. Article 1014 of the Penal Code reads as follows: "If it be shown on the trial of a misdemeanor that the defendant had been once before convicted of the same offense, he shall on a second conviction received double the punishment prescribed for such offense in ordinary cases; and upon a third or any subsequent conviction of the same offense, the punishment shall be increased so as not to exceed four times the penalty in ordinary cases."
The Legislature, the lawmaking power of the state, has the right to define offenses and affix penalties therefor, and also has the right and power to provide that, if a person persists in violating a provision of the Penal Code, the punishment shall be in a greater amount than for the first violation. It has the power and the right to provide that a person convicted for the first time of any offense shall be punished in a named way and amount, and, if convicted a second time of that or any other offense, the punishment shall be in a named way or given amount. This is a power lodged within their discretion, and the only office of the courts is to apply and to enforce the law as they have deemed advisable to enact it. In providing that any proprietor of any place of public amusement, or the agent or employe of any such person, who shall permit his place of public amusement to be open for public amusement on Sunday shall be fined in any sum not less than §20 nor more than §50, and further providing that, in the event of a second conviction, he shall receive double the punishment prescribed, and upon a third or any subsequent conviction the punishment shall be increased to an amount not exceeding four times the penalty prescribed for the first violation, is but an exercise of the discretion confided to the legislative branch of the government, and with which the courts have no jurisdiction other than to enforce the law as it has been written. The plain construction of the law is that the punishment shall not be less than four times the minimum nor more than four times the maximum. The court properly overruled the motion to quash the information on the grounds named. The question raised vby appellant's motion is fully discussed in the cases of Muckenfuss v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 216, 117 S. W. 853, and Kinney v. State, 45 Tex. Cr. R. 500, 79 S. W. 570, and we do not deem it necessary to further discuss it.
2. The first bill of exception relates to the action of the court in overruling the motion for new trial, and each ground thereof will hereinafter be discussed in disposing of the case.
3. In the second bill of exceptions, it is urged that the court erred in permitting the county attorney to introduce in evidence the entries on page 444 of the docket and minutes of the corporation court of the city of Dallas: "Minutes Corporation Court. 19th of December, 1910. In the City of Dallas, Tex., Court met in regular session. Present ' and presiding Hon. W. L. Mathis, Judge; Hon. O. E. O'Donald;' J. W. Ryan, Chief of Police; D. J. Tydings, Clerk. Whereupon the following proceedings were had: Judge's Orders. The State of Texas v. O. F. Gould, No. 3,772, charged with violating Sunday Law; plea of guilty, fined §20.00." Various grounds were urged to the introduction of this testimony, all of which were passed on by this court in the case of Muckenfuss v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 216, 117 S. W. 854, and under the holding of this court in that case the court did not err in admitting this testimony. The validity of the judgment entry, whether or not it is sufficient in law in that case, is not the question; the question in this case being: Had the defendant been convicted of a similar offense prior to this prosecution, and, if so, the judgment entry would be but evidence of that fact, and any legitimate testimony would be admissible to prove that fact, and, even though the judgment entry should be lacking in form, it would be admissible in evidence to prove that he had pleaded guilty to a similar charge.
4. In the next bill of exceptions, it is complained that Deputy Sheriff Edling was permitted to testify in ^answer to the questions: "What was printed on the tickets you saw at the Majestic Theater on April 16, 1911?" And: "What was on the electric sign outside of the theater on April 16,1911 ?" Also: "Was there a bulletin board at and in front of the Majestic Theater on April 16, 1911, and, if so, what was on it?" When the questions were propounded to Mr. Ed-ling, the defendant objected on the grounds that the answers to them would be secondary evidence, and the court sustained the objection, whereupon the state offered in evidence a subpoena duces tecum wherein the sheriff of Dallas county was "authorized and commanded to summon O. F. Gould (defendant), and which commanded that he bring with him six downstairs tickets used on the following dates, one of which was the date on which this defendant was being prosecuted for permitting the theater to be open, and programs used for each of said dates, or secondary evidence will Be introduced on the trial of this case." The defendant then objected to the introduction of this subpcena on the various grounds named in the bill of exceptions; the court, in approving said bill, stating: "The county attorney did not read to the jury this subpcena duces tecum, but, to meet the defendant's objections, read to the court that part of the subpcena issued in this cause to produce in open court at this trial said tickets, or on failure to do so secondary evidence would be used. The defendant did not request the retirement of the jury while the court was satisfying himself that the county attorney had made due efforts to secure tickets used on the 16th day of April, 1911, at the Majestic Theater. The county attorney in no manner attempted to compel defendant to give evidence against himself, but used this means to show his efforts to obtain the right to use secondary evidence. The evidence was admitted for the purpose of showing proprietorship in the Interstate Amusement Company. Not only did these tickets show this, but several programs gotten at this theater by the witness Edling on dates shortly prior to this date showed that the Interstate Amusement Company was the proprietor of this theater. On page 4, § 2, of this bill, defendant says it is impossible to have produced these tickets and gives his reasons. The court is of the opinion that the billboard could not have been brought into court, as same was too large. This applies to the electric sign also."
The defendant accepted the bill as thus qualified, and files the same. It has been held by this court in the case of Blain v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. R. 448, 31. S. W. 368, that, in order to have revised on appeal the action of the trial court in modifying, chang. ing, or contradicting a bill of exceptions, tbe defendant must have objected to sucb action at tbe time, and bave reserved a bill of exceptions to sucb alterations of his original bill. A failure to do so is tantamount to an acceptance of tbe altered bill, and estops defendant from further complaint in tbe matter. (For other authorities so bolding, see section 861, White's Ann. Code of Criminal Procedure.) It is thus seen the only part of tbe subpoena read to tbe court by tbe state was that part relating to tbe production of the tickets, etc., or, on failure to do so, secondary evidence would be introduced, when tbe court permitted tbe witness to answer: "Tbe ticket I saw bad printed on it: 'Majestic Theater. Interstate Amusement Company, Proprietors. April 16th, Dress Circle, fifty cents. Good on this date only.' After tbe people bought these tickets, they would be turned over to tbe ticket taker, and the people would go inside tbe theater. On tbe outside of tbe theater was an electric sign, 'Majestic Theater,' and there was also a. bulletin board, which gave tbe program for that date. It said, 'Majestic Theater, Commencing Sunday April 16th.' " And at this juncture tbe state offered in evidence tbe following portion of tbe programs: "'Majestic Theater, Interstate Circuit, Dallas, Texas. Week of December 11th. Interstate Amusement Company, Proprietors. Karl Hoblitzelle, Pres. B. S. Muckenfuss, Booking Mgr. Booking and operating the following theaters: Ft. Worth, Dallas, Houston, etc. Local Staff: O. F. Gould, Manager; Chas. Oliver, Treasurer.' I got this program on December 11,1910." At this juncture counsel for the state offered and read in evidence to the jury a portion of a program as follows, to wit: " 'Majestic Theater, Interstate Circuit, Dallas, Texas. Week of February 19th. Interstate Amusement Company, Proprietors. Karl Hoblitzelle, Pres. B. S. Muck-enfuss, Booking Mgr. Booking and operating the following theaters: Ft. Worth, Dallas and Houston, etc. Local Staff: O. F. Gould, Manager; Chas. Oliver, Treasurer.' I got this program February 19, 1911." At this juncture counsel for the state offered and read in evidence to the jury a portion of a program as follows,,to wit: " 'Majestic Theater, Interstate Circuit, Dallas, Texas. Week of February 12th. Interstate Amusement Company, Proprietors. Karl Hoblitzelle, Pres. B. S. Muckenfuss, Booking Manager. Booking and operating the following tne-aters: Ft. Worth, Dallas, Houston, etc. Local Staff: O. F. Gould, Manager; Chas. Oliver, Treasurer.' I got this program on Feb. 12, 1911." At this juncture counsel for the state offered in evidence and read to the jury a portion of the program as follows, to wit: " 'Majestic Theater, Interstate Circuit, Dallas, Texas. Week of January 8th. Interstate Amusement Company, Proprietors. Karl Hoblitzelle, Pres. B. S. Muckenfuss, Booking Mgr. Booking and operating the following theaters: Ft. Worth, Dallas, Houston, etc. Local Staff: O. F. Gould, Manager; Chas. Oliver, Treasurer.' I got this program Jan. 8th, 1911. All of the above dates were Sunday." The witness stated all of the above dates were Sunday; that he attended the theater and secured the programs at the Majestic Theater on those dates.
Appellant's contention is that by the service of the subpoena duces tecum, and subsequently reading it to the jury, it was an effort to compel the defendant to furnish evidence against himself. Of course, if this was the object, purpose, intent, or result of the matter, it cannot be done, for a defendant cannot be compelled to testify, or furnish evidence, against himself. In the case of Downing v. State, 136 S. W. 474, we discussed this question, and there held that a defendant could not be compelled to furnish papers in his possession to be used as evidence against him. Had the court attempted to require Mr. Gould to produce the papers described in the subposha, it would present reversible error. However, in the same case, we held that, if a paper is shown to be in the possession of a defendant, secondary evidence would be admissible. In this case it appears these papers were in the possession of defendant as manager of the Majestic Theater, and, when secondary evidence was offered, defendant objected on the ground that it was not the best evidence, which objection was by the court sustained. Then it was the state offered the subpoena giving defendant notice to produce these papers on the trial of this case, or secondary evidence would be offered. Defendant could not be required to produce them, but, when proper notice had been served on him, by his failure to do so, secondary evidence of the contents became admissible in evidence, and the court did not err in admitting the testimony. This question is discussed in Garrett v. State, 37 Tex. Cr. R. 200, 38 S. W. 1017, 39 S. W. 108; and it is held, where notice has been given, secondary evidence is admissible. In the case of Thornley v. State, 36 Tex. Cr. R. 118, 34 S. W. 264, 61 Am. St. Rep. 836, Judge Hurt holds that it would have been proper to serve defendant with a subpcena duces tecum, but that notice in the indictment was sufficient to admit secondary evidence of the contents of an instrument. In an early day in this state when the Supreme Court had jurisdiction in criminal matters, in the case of Henderson v. State, 14 Tex. 603, Judge Wheeler laid down the rule which has since obtained in this state, as follows: "It is now objected to the judgment of conviction upon the first count that the court erred in admitting in evidence the certified copy of the supposed forged deed because not an examined copy. It was not proposed primarily to prove a record, but by means of the record the contents of an original paper in the possession of the party. If the rule respecting the proof of record applies, the evidence was that which the law allows for that purpose, and it was not necessary to bring the record into court or to produce other evidence than that which was produced. The certified copy, in connection with the testimony of the clerk, was the best evidence of the contents of the original which 'the state could obtain. The testimony of the clerk who recorded the deed, and who was the keeper of the record, gave the copy introduced all the verity of, and in effect, if not in fact, made it, an examined copy. It is well settled in trials for forgery as well as in other cases that if the original forged paper is lost or destroyed, or in possession of the party who refuses to produce it, secondary evidence of its contents may be received. 3 Arch. Or. PI. (6th Ed.) 555, note 1. The next best evidence which the nature of the case admits of and which it is in the power of the party to produce will be admitted. 3 Greenl. Ev. § 107; [United States v. Britton] 2 Mason, 464 [Fed. Cas. No. 14,650]; 3 C. & P. 591. Such was the evidence produced in this case, and there was no error in its admission. But it is objected that the notice to the defendant to produce the original was not given a sufficient length of time before the trial, and upon this point there may be reason to hesitate. The notice was not given until several days after the commencement of the term of the court, and but two or three days before the trial. Where, upon an indictment for forging a deed, it was proposed to give secondary evidence of it upon the ground that it was in possession of the prisoner, and he had notice to produce it, but it appearing that the assizes had commenced before the notice was given, the court held that it was not sufficient, and that it ought to have been given a reasonable time before the assizes. 4 Carr & P. 254; 3 Greenl. Ev. § 107; 3 Arch. Cr. Pl. 554, 555. If it should appear that the prisoner has destroyed the paper, notice to produce would be unnecessary, for then it would be nugatory. Id., and How v. Hall, 14 East, 276, note. If, however, the fact of the destruction of the instrument is not clearly proved, and is denied by the prisoner, notice to produce it will not be dispensed with. Doe v. Morris, 3 Ad. & El. 46. There are certain exceptions to the rule which requires that notice be given to the party to produce the original when it is in his possession (1 Greenl. Ev. § 561), but they are not necessary to be here considered. If the indictment had apprised the accused that the prosecution intended to charge him with the possession of the instrument, it would have brought the case within one of the exceptions to the rule, and notice to produce would not have been necessary. Id. But it did not. He was therefore entitled to notice, and it may admit of a question whether, under the circumstances, the notice was sufficient. Id. § 562, note. But our opinion upon another question in the case supersedes the necessity of a definite and final opinion upon this point." It is thus seen that it has always been the law in this state that, while a defendant cannot be required to produce a paper or any evidence, yet when it is in his possession, 'by giving him notice to produce it, secondary evidence is admissible of the contents if he declines to do so.
In this case the information having alleged that the Interstate Amusement Company was the proprietor of a place of public amusement, a theater, and that defendant was the agent and enployé of such company, and as such agent and employé did open and permit to be opened such place of public amusement on Sunday, this evidence was admissible to prove the allegations of ownership and agency.
5. Appellant in bill of exceptions No. 4 alleges that in detailing the character of entertainment given by the theatrical company on the 16th of April Mr. Edling read from notes he had made at the time, and to which he objected. The court in approving the bill states: "The witness, Edling, did not read these notes to the jury or court or any notes to the jury or court. The witness stated that he had been to this theater so many times that he could not state what he saw on this particular Sunday without permission to refer to his notes made by him at the time of witnessing this performance. After refreshing his memory by looking at his notes, upon interrogation by the county attorney, he detailed to the jury what he saw occur at the time of the performance. The county attorney did not offer these notes in evidence, and they were not introduced." As thus approved, the bill presents no error. Luttrell v. State, 40 Tex. Cr. R. 651, 51 S. W. 930; White v. State, 18 Tex. App. 57. 6. The state introduced in evidence the articles of incorporation of the Interstate Amusement Company, together with an application for a permit by said company to do business in this state, and a copy of the permit, all of said instruments being properly certified to by C. C. McDonald, Secretary of State. The articles of incorporation show that it was incorporated in 1905, for a term of SO years, and the permit was granted in 1905, for a term of 10 years. There was no error in admitting this evidence. See Gould v. State, 134 S. W. 695, and statutes there cited.
7. The state offered in evidence a judgment' of conviction in cause No. 36S in the county court of Dallas county at law wherein defendant was convicted of a similar offense and fined $100, to which evidence the defendant objected "(1) on the ground that said cause No.' 368 had once before been used by the state for the purpose of cumulating the penalties; (2) because it was not a final judgment, in that there was nothing to show that it had. not been appealed from to the Court of Criminal Appeals, and nothing to show that defendant had not been granted a new trial in said cause." In approving the bill the court states that in said cause No. 368 in county court at law the state had pleaded two former convictions as appeared in the corporation court of the city of Dallas. The judgment in cause No. 368 in the county court was a final judgment, and this cause, No. 3.68, was pleaded in the information as a predicate for the increased punishment. Appellant cites us to the case of Kinny v. State, 45 Tex. Cr. R. 500, 79 S. W. 570, in which Judge Henderson held that 'Penal Code 1895, art. 1014, authorizing an enhanced punishment of one who has been previously convicted of the same offense, but limiting the increase so as not to exceed four times the penalty in ordinary cases, does not contemplate the use of prior offenses to enhance the punishment in a given ease more than one time." The facts in this ease do not bring the judgment introduced herein within the rule there announced, for the judgment in cause No. 368 had never theretofore been used to enhance the punishment in any ease. As to the second objection, the judgment on its face shows to be a final judgment, and, if a new trial had been granted or the judgment appealed from, it was incumbent on defendant to show these facts in the bill of exceptions.
8. These are all the bills of exception in the record, except some reserved to the action of the court in failing to give special charges requested. We have carefully read each bill, and in none of them is any reason stated why the charges requested should have been given, nor any suggestion made why the court should have given either of the charges; nor is there anything stated showing wherein the court erred in failing to give such charges or either of them. In the motion for new trial the only reference to the special charges requested is contained in paragraph 4 of the motion, as follows: "Because the court erred in failing and refusing to give in charge to the jury as a part of the law of this case defendant's specially requested charges Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, which said specially requested charges were prepared and presented to the court, with the request that the same be given as instructions to the jury in this case before the court had read to the jury its main charge." In the case of Ryan v. State 142 S. W. 878, the writer expressed his individual opinion, but it was held by the court that, when complaint is made of failure to give a special charge, the reasons why said charge should have been given must be assigned in the motion for new trial, or in a bill of exceptions and, in case it is not done; such ground will not be considered on appeal. For a collation of the authorities, see Ryan v. State, supra, and Berg v. State, 142 S. W. 885. In accordance with the opinions in those cases, we will not review the action of the court in failing to give the special charges requested.
9. In the motion for a new trial, complaint is made of the charge of the court in some particulars. However, no exception at the time of the trial was reserved, and, this being a misdemeanor, the exception should have been reserved at that time. However, the questions raised by appellant were passed on adversely to his contention in the case of Oliver v. State, 144 S. W. 604, decided at this term of the court. The proof in this case shows that defendant was advertised on the programs as "Manager of the Theater" ; the program further showing that the theater was owned by the Interstate Amusement Company, that Mr. Karl Hoblit-zelle was advertised as president of the company, and the articles of incorporation show he is one of the incorporators. The evidence further shows that, in addition to advertising defendant as manager, he was in charge of the ticket office, selling tickets of admission to the theater, one witness testifying to seeing him sell 15 or 20 tickets on April 16th.
The court charged the jury: "Now, if you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant on the 16th day of April, 1911, in said county and state, said day being Sunday, was the agent or employe of the Interstate Amusement Company,, a corporation, who was then and there the proprietor of a place of public amusement, to wit, a theater, and that said defendant as said agent or employs did then and there unlawfully and willfully open and permit to be open said theater for public amusement, and did then and there permit a theatrical performance to be given and exhibited in said theater for public amusement for admission to which a fee was then.and there charged, then you will find the defendant guilty. If you believe from the evidence or have a reasonable doubt thereof that the defendant was the agent or employé of said Interstate Amusement Company, then you will acquit the defendant. A theater is a playhouse; a building for the representation of a theatrical performance. A theatrical performance is an exhibition given for the instruction or amusement of the audience, and may include tragedies, comedies, farces, and vaudeville performances. An agent is one who acts for another by authority from him. An employs is a person who is employed, one who works for wages or a salary. To permit means to grant permission, to give leave, to grant express license or liberty to. In all criminal cases the burden of proof is on the state. The defendant is presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established by legal evidence beyond a reasonable doubt; and, in case you have a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt, you will acquit him, and say by your verdict, 'Not guilty.' "
Appellant insists that the evidence does not show that appellant was the proprietor of the theater, or that as agent or employe he had such authority as would justify a finding that he was guilty of opening or permitting the theater to be open. A jury would be authorized to so find from the fact that he was selling the tickets, and in the literature distributed he was being held out as the manager of this particular theater. However, as held in the Oliver Case, when the facts showed, if he was not the proprietor, that he was actively aiding and abetting in the offense, he would he guilty. The contention of appellant that he would not be guilty unless he had such relationship to the theater that he could have prevented same from being open or could have prevented the theater performance being given and a fee from being charged, or he must have had such control of the theater that he could have closed same or caused it to be closed, i» shown to be a fallacy by the fact that here is a man who went into the ticket box and proceeded to sell tickets for an unlawful performance, permitting himself to be advertised as manager, and, while the statute provides proprietors or agents, yet, if the proprietors or agents have parties engaged with them who are concurrently committing the offense, all parties concerned are principals, especially in misdemeanors. When an unlawful act is being done, any person who engages therein is guilty as a principal, and so it would be immaterial what powers they may have. Articles 74, 75, 76, 77, and 78, Penal Code, and authorities cited thereunder. See section 681 of Branch's Criminal Law.
The definition of a theater is within the definition as laid down in Bouvier's Law Dictionary, in 88 Cyc. p. 253, and in 28 Am. & Eng. Eney. of Law, p. 116, where a list of authorities will be found cited.
10. None of the other grounds in the motion present any error. The charge of the court fully submits all issues arising under the evidence, and in our opinion the evidence amply supports the verdict.
11. The state's attorney in the brief filed joins appellant in insisting that so much of the opinion of this court in the Muckenfuss Case, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 216, 117 S. W. 853, is wrong, wherein it was held: "It is insisted, however, most earnestly and with much plausibility that these records do not show a conviction for the same offense. The charge in these cases was violating the Sunday law. The particular charge here is for permitting to be opened a theater on Shnday. In their brief, counsel for appellant say that this is in no sense the same offense; that the conviction for violating the Sunday law might have been for selling goods on Sunday, laboring on Sunday, or running a horse race on Sunday, as well as permitting a theater to be opened. That is true; but in each case there would be a conviction for violating the sanctity of the Sabbath by doing some of the acts named in the particular cases assumed. The statute should receive a reasonable and sensible interpretation. It was meant, evidently, to authorize courts and juries to inflict punishment on persons who had shown a flagrant disregard, or exhibited a contemptuous defiance, of the law in respect to particular offenses. There would be no reason why, in respect to violations of the Sabbath, that the court should not be authorized to multiply the punishment, whether these violations shape themselves in one rather than some other form; and so in this case we can see no reason why, if appellant had violated the Sunday law in any of the forms assumed, being similar in character in the sense that they were violations of the general prohibition against work, labor, or the conduct of business on Sunday, he should not be visited with the same punishment."
As to whether the court was correct in holding that the punishment could be increased in that ease whether the convictions were for violations of the same identical provision of the statute, or some other provision of our Sunday laws, it is not necessary for us to decide in this case. It would be proper for the evidence to show that it was for a similar offense, and, upon objection being made, that the judgment of a prior conviction was not for the same offense or offense of the same character. Doubtless the court would require proof to be made of such fact by positive testimony or circumstantial evidence before admitting the judgment in evidence, and the complaint or indictment would be admissible to show that fact. In this case, in objecting to the introduction of the judgment entries in the former cases, no such objection was made, but it seems to have been conceded that the convictions were for opening and permitting a theater to be opened, and the evidence, if not by positive testimony, yet by circumstances, would justify that deduction and conclusion, and the court in his charge instructed the jury that, before they would be authorized to increase the penalty, if they found appellant guilty, they must find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had been convicted of an offense of a "like character" on the dates named in the information. In this case Mr. Edling testifies that this defendant is the same person who was convicted in cause No. 368 in the county court of Dallas county at law, charged with violating the Sunday law. And Mr. Pierson testifies that defendant is the same person who was convicted in the corporation court in cause No. 3,772, charged with violating the Sunday law. The programs and other evidence show that he was local manager of the Interstate Amusement Company running the Majestic Theater. There is no suggestion that he is or was engaged in any other character of business than managing this theater, a witness testifying that he had seen Mr. Gould on 15 occasions since December 1st engaged in selling tickets at this theater, embracing the time during which the other convictions were had. These and other circumstances, with no evidence in the record suggesting that defendant had been convicted of a different offense on the former occasions, would support a finding that it was an offense of identical character and kind.
The judgment is affirmed.