Case Name: Commonwealth v. Clair, Appellant
Court: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1974-10-16
Citations: 458 Pa. 418
Docket Number: Appeal, No. 339
Parties: Commonwealth v. Clair, Appellant.
Judges: Before Jones, C. J., Eagen, O’Brien, Roberts, Pomeroy, Nix and Mandeeino, JJ.
Reporter: Pennsylvania State Reports
Volume: 458
Pages: 418–424

Head Matter:
Commonwealth v. Clair, Appellant.
Submitted May 3, 1973.
Before Jones, C. J., Eagen, O’Brien, Roberts, Pomeroy, Nix and Mandeeino, JJ.
D. Patrick Zimmerman, Thomas H. Wentz, III, and Wentz and Weaver, for appellant.
George T. Brubaker, Assistant District Attorney, and Henry J. Rutherford, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
October 16, 1974;

Opinion:
Opinion by
Mr. Justice Nix,
This appeal raises the question of the applicability of the basic and fundamental error doctrine to the failure to properly preserve trial errors in criminal matters.
Appellant was convicted by a jury of the murder of his wife in the second degree. He was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than seven nor more than fourteen years. This is a direct appeal from the judgment of sentence. Act of July 31, 1970, P. L. 673, No. 223, art. II, §202, 17 P.S. 211.202 (Supp. 1974-75).
Appellant raises three objections to the jury charge. They are: (1) that the trial judge invaded the jury's province; (2) that the judge prejudiced appellant when reviewing the testimony and (3) that the charge as to murder in the second degree was erroneous. Although appellant admits that he failed to raise these objections before the jury retired to deliberate in accordance with Rule 1119b of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure, he nevertheless claims that these errors are reviewable by this Court because they are basic and fundamental errors which justify reversal absent an objection or exception. Appellant cites Commonwealth v. Williams, 432 Pa. 557, 248 A.2d 301 (1968).
The rule of Commonwealth v. Williams, supra, however has been subject to attack. Dissenting in that case, Mr. Justice Roberts pertinently observed:
"The proper functioning of our guilt-determining process neither requires nor assures a defendant an errorless trial. A defendant is, however, entitled to a fair trial free of such trial errors as his trial counsel timely sought to have corrected by calling them to the court's attention. Trial errors are made in the courtroom and it is there that the correction process should at least be initiated.
"The defense may not successfully complain of trial errors for the first time only after the jury has returned a verdict of guilty, unless the errors were initially challenged at trial, and thereby preserved on appeal. The majority now — contrary to the whole course of modern trial procedure — encourages defense counsel to sit by silently without calling errors to the trial court's attention until after the guilty verdict is returned. In effect the majority's present approach places the appellate court in the role of a super-trial-defense counsel. Where counsel fails to call errors to the attention of the trial judge, the majority ignores that deficiency and assumes the function of protecting those failures by granting relief despite the silence of counsel at trial." 432 Pa. at 569-70, 248 A.2d at 307-08.
In our judgment the basic and fundamental error doctrine has created greater problems than it has alleviated. First it is difficult to determine what is a basic and fundamental error. Compare Commonwealth v. Scoleri, 432 Pa. 571, 248 A.2d 295 (1968) with Commonwealth v. Williams, supra and Commonwealth v. Ewell, 456 Pa. 589, 319 A.2d 153 (1974). Secondly, the doctrine has created the anomalous situation whereby all reversible error is not basic and fundamental error yet there is no readily perceptible substantive difference between the two. Thus, the test is merely a vehicle whereby the Court can arbitrarily reverse on an otherwise unpreserved issue.
Most recently this Court has expressly abrogated the doctrine of basic and fundamental error in civil cases, Dilliplaine v. Lehigh Valley Trust Company, 457 Pa. 255, 322 A.2d 114 (1974). There the Court reasoned that the doctrine (1) "removes the professional necessity for [diligent preparation]", (2) penalizes the opposing party, (3) denies the trial court an opportunity to correct the error, (4) erodes the finality of trial court holdings, (5) encourages unnecessary appeals and (6) needlessly discourages alert professional representation. The requirement of a timely specific objection on the other hand insures that: "First, appellate courts will not be required to expend time and energy receiving points on which no trial ruling has been made. Second, the trial court may promptly correct the asserted error. With the issue properly presented, the trial court is more likely to reach a satisfactory result thus obviating the need for appellate review on this issue. Or if a new trial is necessary, it may be granted by the trial court without subjecting both the litigants and the courts to the expense and delay inherent in appellate review. Third, ap péllate courts will be free to more expeditiously dispose of the issues properly preserved for appeal. Finally, the exception requirement will .remove the' advantage formerly enjoyed by the unprepared trial lawyer who looked, to the appellate court to compensate for his trial omissions." 457 Pa. at 259, 322 A.2d at 116-17. (footnotes omitted).
. There can be no doubt that these reasons, apply as well in the criminal area.. Moreover, there is no reason to distinguish between civil and criminal cases in this regard in view of the fact that there are comparable rules requiring specific objection in both sets of procedural rules. Compare Rule 227b of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure with Rule 1119b of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure. Indeed, abrogating the doctrine in the criminal area may be even more compelling since any error that deprives a defendant of due process can more properly be remedied by a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Commonwealth ex rel. Washington v. Maroney, 427 Pa. 599, 235 A.2d 349 (1967). Our standard for effective assistance of counsel is a meaningful test and not simply a fictional standard which does no more than allow appellate courts the opportunity to select those alleged errors they may wish to review.
Appellant additionally complains. of the improper questioning of a witness who was asked whether he had had sexual relations with the deceased, appellant's wife, thereby tending to show a motive for the killing. Appellant claims that this was improper, first,, because, it was a question tending to incriminate the witness. We need not express any opinion on the merits of this claim for here too no objection was made to this testimony nor was any motion made to have it stricken. The same reasons for requiring specific objections to the charge apply to the failure of entering timely objections during the. course of the presentation of the evidence. The trial judge must be given an opportunity to rectify errors at the time they are made. As we have often said before: "[A] party may not remain silent and take chances on a verdict and afterwards complain of matters which, if erroneous, the Court would have corrected." Commonwealth v. Marlin, 452 Pa. 380, 382, 305 A.2d 14, 16 (1973). See also, Commonwealth, v. Morgan, 448 Pa. 494, 295 A.2d 77 (1972).
Accordingly no longer will allegations of basic and fundamental error serve to enable parties in criminal matters to. seek reversal on alleged errors not properly raised below.
Judgment affirmed.