Case Name: CLEAR CONNECTION CORPORATION, a California Corporation, Plaintiff, v. COMCAST CABLE COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and Does 1 through 30 inclusive, Defendant; Comcast Cable Communication Management, LLC, Counterclaimant, v. Clear Connection Corporation, a California corporation, Clear Connection, LLC, an Arizona limited liability company, and Kurk Moody, an individual, Counterdefendants
Court: United States District Court for the Eastern District of California
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2015-12-08
Citations: 149 F. Supp. 3d 1188
Docket Number: No. 2:12-cv-02910-TLN-CKD
Parties: CLEAR CONNECTION CORPORATION, a California Corporation, Plaintiff, v. COMCAST CABLE COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and Does 1 through 30 inclusive, Defendant. Comcast Cable Communication Management, LLC, Counterclaimant, v. Clear Connection Corporation, a California corporation, Clear Connection, LLC, an Arizona limited liability company, and Kurk Moody, an individual, Counterdefendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 3d
Volume: 149
Pages: 1188–1207

Head Matter:
CLEAR CONNECTION CORPORATION, a California Corporation, Plaintiff, v. COMCAST CABLE COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and Does 1 through 30 inclusive, Defendant. Comcast Cable Communication Management, LLC, Counterclaimant, v. Clear Connection Corporation, a California corporation, Clear Connection, LLC, an Arizona limited liability company, and Kurk Moody, an individual, Counterdefendants.
No. 2:12-cv-02910-TLN-CKD
United States District Court, E.D. California.
Signed December 7, 2015
Filed December 8, 2015
Joseph F. Klatt, Megan A. Shapiro, Frank Mathew Radoslovich, Kristine M. Scribner, Sacramento, CA, for Plaintiff and Counterdefendants.
Rebecca Licht, Morgan, Lewis & Bocki-us LLP, San Francisco, CA, Daryl S. Lan-dy, Morgan Lewis and Bockius LLP, Cos-ta Mesa, CA, Stephen Luther Taeusch, Valdez Law Group LLP, Oakland, CA, for Defendant, and-Counterclaimant. ■ ,

Opinion:
ORDER
Troy L. Nunley, United States District Judge
This matter is before the Court on Defendant and'Counterclaimant Comcast'Ca-ble Communications Management, LLC's ("Comcast") motion for judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) ("Rule 12(c)"). (ECF No. 54.) Plaintiff and Counter-Defendant Clear Connection Corporation ("Clear Connection") opposes the motion. (ECF No. 55;) Clear Connection also moves for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c). (ECF No. 56.) Comcast opposes the motion. (ECF No. 59.) For the reasons set forth below, Comcast's motion is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART and Clear Connection's motion is DENIED,
I. Background
Clear Connection is a cable installation company incorporated in California. (PL's First Am. Compl., ECF 42 at ¶ 1.) This matter arises out of Clear Connection's allegations that Comcast terminated its commercial agreement in which. . Clear Connection was to. provide cable technician services to Comcast .customers.. Comcast requires every company that wants to perform cable installation .work for Comcast to sign a Preferred Vendor Agreement ("PVA") or a substantially similar document. .(ECF No. 42 at ¶ 11.) Clear Connection entered into a PVA with Comcast that was periodically supplemented by various Statements of Work ("SOW"). (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 11-12, 28.) The PVA between Com-cast and Clear Connection has substantially the same terms as agreements Comcast created with other cable installers. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 12.)
The PVA contains a list of requirements with which cable installers must comply. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 13.) Clear Connection notes that the PVA expressly states, "[Comcast] makes no . representation that...the Contractor will receive any Work pursuant to this Agreement." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 14.) It also contains a statement. that, "UNDER N.O CIRCUMSTANCES OR LEGAL THEORY .' SHALL [Comcast] BE LIABLE TO CONTRACTOR FOR ANY LOSS' PROFITS, LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY OR ANY OTHER SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES...SUFFERED BY THE CONTRACTOR ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH...THIS AGREEMENT." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 15.) The PVA requires Clear Connection to "provide sufficient labor, transportation, tools and equipment necessary to perform all of the Work required by [Comcast]" (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 17); provide "Key Personnel," dictated by Comcast, who "are required to spend 'eighty-five percent (85%) of their professional efforts on behalf of [Clear Connection] to effectuat [Clear' Connection's] obligations under this Agreement" (ECF-No. 42 at ¶ 18 (emphasis in original)); "obtain all necessary licenses and Permits to perform the Work within the Community' at its expense" (ECF No. 42 at ¶20 (emphásis in original));' and "supply...'iis own warehouse and office to house the necessary personnel, materials, tools, vehicles, equipment and other items required to manage and complete the Work[,]'" (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 21 (emphasis in original)). It further includes a non-disparagement clause and prohibits Cléar Connection from "hirfing], re-cruitfing] or solicitfing] for employmentf ] any Company employee or representative.. .during the term and for one (1) year thereafterf.]" (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 22-23 (emphasis in original).) The PVA requires Clear Connection to keep $7.5 million dollars in insurance coverage as well. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 24.)
The SOW provided that Comcast "assigned territories to cable installers and laid out the amount Comcast would pay for various cable installation services." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 28.) Under the SOW,'Comcast required Clear Connection to maintain "Key Personnel" at its own expense and included "chargeback criteria.. ,allow[ing] Comcast to fíne installers for being late to installation appointments and for 'non-compliant quality inspected jobs'" (ECF No. 42 at ¶29 (emphasis in original).) Comcast also required that equipment be inventoried and, if unaccounted for, be charged to the cable installer. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 29.) In order to receive work assignments, Comcast required installers to call each morning. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 30.)
On or about September 2009, Comcast announced a contractor realignment plan. (ECF No. 42 at ¶34.) Under this plan, Comcast informed Clear Connection that its sole service area would be Fresno and instructed Clear Connection to shut down its service operations outside of Fresno. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 37-38.) Clear Connection states that, at the time that the contractor realignment was announced, there were multiple cable installation companies working in multiple markets that openly competed. (ECF No. 42 at ¶34.) Clear Connection alleges that the realignment plan had the effect of "actively coerc[ing] cable installers to trade key personnel, break leases, .trade fleets of vehicles and take over each other's equipment." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 36.) Clear Connection states that Comcast continually and repeatedly promised Clear Connection that, although it was being forced into the single market of Fresno, Comcast would make up for Clear Connection's loss of territory by an increased volume of work, (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 40.) Clear Connection further alleges that it "complied with Comcast's demands at great ^expense to its business and its employees, all while relying on Comcast's promises that clear Connection would receive substantial work in Fresno that would more than make up for the costs of shuttering its Sacramento operations." (ECF No. 42 at ¶. 41.)
Clear Connection contends that Com-cast's co-defendant, O.C. Communications, was, in reality, Comcast's handpicked installer for the Sacramento area and ultimately the installer for the Fresno work that Comcast had promised to Clear Connection, (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 43.) Clear Connection further contends that "O.C. Communications colluded with Comcast to run Clear Connection out of business." (ECF No. 42 at ¶44.) Clear Connection alleges that "[ajfter Defendant O.C. Communications received all the. benefits of Clear Connection's prior operations, Comcast fired Clear Connection." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 45.) "
Prior-to Comcast's notification that it was terminating its contract with Clear Connection, O.C, Communications announced it was hiring and had an ad in the Fresno Bee. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 47.) Clear Connection alleges that Comcast "intentionally and maliciously used its overbearing market presence to force Clear Connection to give up its business and its employees and put itself in a financially perilous situation." (ECF No. 42 at ¶48.) Clear Connection further alleges that O.C. Communications was complicit in Corn-cast's alleged plan, usurping Clear Connection's operations, employees, and market share. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 49.) Clear Connection contends that this plan gave O.C. Communications "á virtual monopoly on cable installation services in Sacramento and Fresno." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 49.)
Clear Connection filed its complaint, in California Superior-Court for the County of Sacramento on August 6, 2012. Comcast removed the matter to this court on November 30, 2012, on the basis of diversity of citizenship. (See Def.'s Notice of Removal, ECF 1.) On August 1,'2013, Comcast filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings requesting dismissal, of all claims Clear Connection asserted in its original Complaint. (ECF Nos. 30, 31.) On December 4, 2013, this Court granted the motion - and dismissed Clear Connection's complaint without prejudice. (ECF No. 39 at 11.) On December 24, 2013, Clear Connection filed a First Amended Complaint ("FAC"). (ECF No. 42.) On March 17, 2014, Comcast filed its answer to the FAC and re-asserted- its counterclaims. (ECF No. 50.) Comcast then filed the instant motion on May 23, 2014. (ECF No. 54.) On July 17, 2014, Clear Connection filed a counter-motion for judgment on the pleadings. (ECF No. 56.) .
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Givil Procedure 12(c) ("Rule 12(c)") provides that "[ajfter the pleadings are closed — but early enough not to delay trial — a party may move for judgment on the pleadings." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). Moreover, Rule 12(h)(2) provides in relevant part that a defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be. granted may be made by motion for judgment on the pleadings. Fed. R.' Civ. P. 12(h)(2). When considering a motion for judgment- on the pleadings presenting a defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, a court should employ those standards normally applicable to a motion to dismiss pursuant Rule 12(b)(6). Enron Oil Trading & Transp. Co. v. Walbrook Ins. Co., Ltd., 132 F.3d 526, 528-29 (9th Cir.1997); 5B Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, Civil § 1368 at 515-16 (3d. ed. 2007).
On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322, 92 S.Ct. 1079, 31 L.Ed.2d 263 (1972). A court is bound-to give plaintiff the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn from the "well-pleaded"' allegations of the complaint. Retail Clerks Int'l Ass'n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n. 6, 83 S.Ct. 1461, 10 L.Ed.2d 678 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege '"specific facts' beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to relief." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). "A. claim .has , facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955).
Nevertheless, a court "need'not assume' the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations." United States ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n. 2 (9th Cir.1986), While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, "it demands more than an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation." Iqbal, 556 U:S. at 678,129 S.Ct. 1937. A pleading is insufficient if it offers mere "labels and conclusions" or "a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955; see alsq Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 ("Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice."). Moreover, it is inappropriate to. assume that the plaintiff "can prove facts that it has not alleged, or that the defendants have violated . the.. .laws in ways that have not been alleged[.]" Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526, 103 S.Ct. 897, 74 L.Ed.2d 723 (1983).
Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Only where , a plaintiff has failed to "nudge[.] [his or her] claims... across the line from conceivable to plausible[,]" is the complaint properly dismissed. Id. at 680, 129 S.Ct. 1937. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more than "a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully." Id, at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. This plausibility inquiry is "a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Id. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937. A party asserting claims for fraud must also meet the heightened pleadings standard set forth in Rule 9(b), which provides that, "[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally." Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).
If a complaint fails to state, a plausible claim, "[a] district court should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts." Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir.1995)); see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981 (9th Cir.2009) (finding'no abuse of discretion in denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), "the court's discretion to deny such leave is 'particularly broad' where the plaintiff has previously amended its complaint[.]" Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir.2013) (quoting Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir.2004)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Comcast's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
i. Count I: Cartwright Act
Clear Connection alleges in its first cause of action that Comcast violated the Cartwright Act, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 16700, et seq., by forming an improper combination "with the intent to create local cable, installer monopolies, fix prices, and maliciously and fraudulently destroy Clear Connection's business." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 50-56.) Comcast argues that this cause of action should be dismissed because the FAC has- failed to: 1) claim a market injury; 2) make any factual allegations to support the formation of a conspiracy between Comcast and O.C. Communications; and 3) demonstrate that Comcast made any "wrongful acts" as part of the conspiracy. (Mem. in Supp. of Def.'s Mot. for J. on the Pleadings, ECF No. 54-1 at 12-17.)
A successful action under the Cartwright Act requires a plaintiff to allege: 1) formation and operation of a conspiracy; 2) wrongful acts done pursuant to thereto; and 3) damage resulting from such acts. Marsh v. Anesthesia Servs. Med. Grp., 200 Cal.App.4th 480, 495, 132 Cal.Rptr.3d 660 (2011). "An antitrust claim must plead the formation and operation of the conspiracy and the illegal acts done in furtherance of the conspiracy, California requires a 'high degree of particularity' in the pleading of Cartwright Act violations, and therefore generalized allegations of antitrust violations are usually insufficient." Freeman v. San Diego Ass'n of Realtors, 77 Cal.App.4th 171, 196, 91 Cal.Rptr.2d 534 (1999). Comcast argues that Clear Connection has failed to meet this burden. The Court disagrees.
a- Allegations of Market Injury
First, Comcast asserts that Clear Connection has alleged an improper combination that forms a vertical restraint in trade, which requires a plaintiff to allege an injury'to the market. (ECF No. 54-1 at 13.) Comcast argues that Clear Connection "has not alleged (and could not amend to allege) injury to the market." (ECF No. 54-1 at 13.) In response, Clear Connection first maintains that Comcast's actions constitute a type of vertical price restraint that is illegal per se, rather than subject to a standard known as the "rule of reason" and- therefore Clear Connection need not present facts to show an injury to the market. (ECF -No. 55 at 10-11.) Clear Connection further > states that its complaint provides sufficient support for a reasonable inference that Comcast's actions constitute a per se illegal trade restraint where Comcast allegedly restricted trade by "divid[ing] its territories to create local monopolies, cramm[ing] down prices on installers, and demand[ing] and dictating] the prices for its services." (ÉCF No'. 55 at 11.) In the alternative, Clear Connection argues that, even if the Court finds that the rule of reason applies, it cannot decide the reasonableness question at this stage of the litigation because it is an issue for the trier of fact. (ECF No. 55 at 11-12.)
Clear Connection asserts facts consistent with an exclusive dealing arrangement resulting in vertical price restraint,- wherein two entities at different levels of production and- distribution enter into an exclusive arrangement in an effort to control the market's price for service. Pecover v. Electronics Arts Inc., 633 F.Supp.2d 976, 983 (N.D.Cal.2009) (internal .citation omitted). The Court finds that the rule of reason applies to this type of alleged trade restriction. "California courts have determined- that vertical restraints of trade, such as exclusive dealing arrangements, can violate the Cartwright Act, though they are not illegal per se." Id. Therefore, the rule of reason must apply. Id. ("The law conclusively presumes manifestly anticompetitive restraints of trade to be unreasonable and .unlawful, and evaluates other restraints under the rule of reason."). -
Generally, a rule of reason analysis requires that the "finder of fact must decide whether the questioned practice imposes an unreasonable restraint on competition, taking into account a variety of factors, including specific information about the relevant business, its condition before and after the restraint was imposed, and the restraint's history, nature, and effect." State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10, 118 S.Ct. 275, 279, 139 L.Ed.2d 199 (1997). However, the Court finds that its decision to apply the rule of reason to this claim do'es not prevent the Court fiom making a determination on the viability of Clear Connection's claim at this stage of the litigation. Marsh, 200 CalA.pp.4th at 492-499,' 132 Cal.Rptr.3d 660 (upholding a Rulel2(b)(6) dismissal of a Cartwright Act claim using rule of reason analysis). While Clear Connection is correct that the trier of fact must determine the ultimate viability of a trade restraint under the rule of reason, that requirement does not prevent the Court from determining if Clear Connection's claim has met the - threshold pleading requirement under 12(c).
Ultimately, the allegations put forth by Clear Connection are sufficient to support its cause of action at this stage. "The unlawful combination or conspiracy must be alleged with specificity . [Contracts, combinations or conspiracies in restraint of .trade or commerce cannot be alleged generally in the words of the statute but . facts must be set forth which indicate the existence of such contracts, combinations or conspiracies." Freeman, 77 Cal.App.4th at 196, 91 Cal.Rptr.2d 534. Clear Connection clearly identifies the entities, Comcast and O.C. Communications, and the m'arket, cable service providers and installers in California regions, including Sacramento and Fresno. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 6-8, 49.) Clear Connection's complaint put forth an allegation of a specific "contractor realignment plan" that permitted. Comcast to "create local monopolies for particular cable installers." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 31.) Clear Connection further alleged that Comcast used its overwhelming market share, along with its restrictive PVAs, to push down market prices and dictate other business terms. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 26, 27, 35, 36, 49.). These allegations are sufficient to meet the requirements under Rule 12(c). <
b. Allegations of Conspiracy
Second, Comcast argues that Clear Com nection has failed to allege sufficient facts to support the operation of a conspiracy between Comcast and O.C. Communications. (ECF No. 54-1 at 14r-16.) Comcast maintains that Clear Connection has made "no allegations regarding the. individuals involved in a conspiracy, the date(s) or location(s) of any communications or meetings among the alleged conspirators, the nature of any such communications, or any actions taken in furtherance of the alleged conspiracy." (¡ECF No, 54-1 at 15.) The Court finds Comcast's characterization to be inaccurate and hereby denies Comcast's motion for judgment on this issue.
The- Cartwright Act requires a plaintiff to demonstrate an unlawful trust as "a combination of capital, skill or actions by two or more persons" for enumerated purposes that restrain trade.. Cal. Bus. & Prof. • Code § 16720. At this stage, a complaint alleging an unlawful trust, or conspiracy, must allege facts sufficient "to give a defendant seeking to respond to allegations of a conspiracy an idea of where to begin." Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 518 F.3d 1042, 1047 (9th Cir.2008). As Comcast points out, those facts, may include a , "specific time, place, or person involved in the alleged conspiracy." (ECF No. 54-1 at 15 (citing Kendallr 518 F.3d at 1047).) However, "identifying a written agreement or even a basis for inferring a tacit agreement" may be-sufficient where the underlying allegation is a specific one. Kendall, 518 F.3d at 1047.
Using this standard,, the Court finds that Clear Connection has alleged sufficient facts "to give a defendant seeking to respond to allegations of a conspiracy an idea of where to begin." Id. Clear Connection; identifies the- "contractor, realignment plan" as the source of the conspiracy and September 2009-as the approximate date of its inception. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 31.) Clear Connection explains its allegations that the realignment plan effectively constrained trade and dictated that only one contractor would service a territory. (ECF No.. 42 at ¶ 35.) Clear Connection states that O.C. Communications intended to take over Clear Connection operations, using Clear Connections employees after Comcast forced Clear Connection to terminate them. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 43.) Clear Connection supports this assertion with facts stating that O.C. Communications anticipated Clear Connection's contract termination and placed an advertisement in a newspaper for new employees prior to Clear Connection receiving notice. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 47.) The Court finds that these allegations provide sufficient information as to the time, place, and persons 'involved in the alleged conspiracy, as well as the agreements underlying the conspiracy.
c. Allegations of Wrongful , Acts by Comcast
Finally, Comcast argues- that Clear Connection has failed to prove Com-cast committed a wrongful-act, as required for its Cartwright Act claim. (ECF No..54r 1 at 17.) Comcast argues that "a business entity's unilateral decision not to do business with a specific entity or to exclusively deal with one provider does not constitute a wrongful act for the purposes of antitrust laws.-" (ECF No. 54-1 at .17.) The Court finds this argument to be.an oversimplification of the FAC and reflective of Comcast's habit in these pleadings of arguing the facts it prefers rather than the facts that were asserted.,It is incumbent upon this Court to accept Clear Connection's allegations as true for the purposes of this motion. Cruz, 405 U.S. at 322, 92 S.Ct. 1079. Clear Connection did not simply allege that Comcast decided to stop working with it. Instead, Clear Connection asserts that Comcast and O.C. Communications engaged in a plan to use "its overbearing market presence to force Clear Connection to give up its business and its employees and put itself in a financially perilous situation" and then .assisted O.C. Communcations to "usurpt ] Clear Connection operations, employees, and market share." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 48-49.) At this stage of the litigation, these facts and assertions are entirely sufficient to establish that Comcast committed a "wrongful act" for the purposes of a Rule 12(c) motion. For these reasons, Comcast's motion .for judgment on the pleadings as to Count I is denied.
ii Count II: Civil Conspiracy
Comcast argues that Clear Connection may not bring a claim of civil conspiracy because "it is well established that civil conspiracy is not an independent claim." (ECF No. 54-1 at 18.) While it is correct that a claim of civil conspiracy must attach to some other actionable wrong that fact should not be taken to mean that it is not an independent'cause of action. Okun v. Superior Court, 29 Cal.3d 442, 454, 175 Cal.Rptr. 157, 629 P.2d 1369 (1981) ("A complaint for civil conspiracy states a cause of action only when it alleges the commission of a civil wrong that causes damage."). "A cause of action for- a conspiracy in restraint of trade must allege (1) the formation and operation.of the conspiracy, (2) the wrongful act or acts done pursuant thereto, and (3) the damage resulting from such act or acts." Quelimane Co. v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 19 Cal.4th 26, 47, 77 Cal.Rptr.2d 709, 960 P.2d 513 (1998), as modified (Sept. 23, 1998)) (internal citations omitted). Clear Connection presents a clear underlying tort within these requirements — conspiracy committed to restrain trade. Clear Connection alleges that Comcast and O.C. Communications "conspired to unlawfully eliminate competition and to fraudulently and maliciously injure [Clear Connection's] business." (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 58.) As discussed in detail in Section III.a.i., supra, Clear Connection has pleaded sufficient facts to support its. allegations .of unfair trade. Therefore, with these allegations, Clear Connection meets the pleading requirement by alleging facts in support of each element of the claim of civil conspiracy. For these reasons, the Court denies Com-cast's motion for judgment on the pleadings as to Count II.
Hi. Count III: UCL Claim Fails to State a Claim
Clear Connection's third cause of action alleges unlawful business practices under the California Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, et. seq. (ECF No. 42 af ¶ 61-67.) Clear Connection alleges that Comcast's business practices are unlawful- because they violate the Cartwright Act under California state law, as well as the Sherman and Clayton Acts under federal law. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 64.) Comcast argues that this claim must be dismissed because the underlying Cartwright Act claim, Count I, must be dismissed. (ECF No. 54-1 at 17.) Because the Court finds that Clear Connection's Cartwright Act claim survives the motion for judgment on the,pleadings, it must similarly deny Comcast's motion with respect to the instant cause of action. Because the Cartwright Act claim stands, Clear Connection may bring an unlawful business practices claim relying on the Cartwright Act and Comcast's motion as to this count is denied.
iv. Count IV:.Fraud and Deceit
Clear Connection brings a claim for fraud and deceit as its fourth cause of action. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 68-77.) Comcast moves for judgment as to this claim, arguing that it fails in three ways: 1) the parol evidence rule bars evidence of alleged oral representations that contradict the written agreement; 2) Clear Connection has not alleged fraud with the requisite specificity; and 3) Clear Connection has not alleged the elements of a fraud claim. (ECF No. 54-1 at 18-21.) The Court finds that the parol evidence rule bars Clear Connection's cause of action as it is currently written and therefore grants judgment in Comcast's favor with leave to amend.
Comcast argues that Clear Connection cannot bring this cause of action because the parties' written agreement directly contradicts the alleged oral misrepresentations, and oral evidence contradicting' a written agreement is barred by the parol evidence rule. (ECF No. 54-1 at 18-19.) Clear Connection opposes this argument, stating that the cause of action is not barred by the parol evidence rule because the underlying written agreements are unenforceable. (ECF No. 55 at 6-7.)
The Court has already addressed this issue in á previous ruling. (Order on Mot. for J. on the Pleadings, ECF No. 39.) In its Order, this Court dismissed Clear Connection's fraud in the inducement claim, finding that Clear Connection's claim was barred by the parol evidence rule. (ECF No. 39 at 9.) The Court recognized that, although a fraud exception to the parol evidence rule would permit Clear Connection to attack the validity of the underlying agreement, Clear Connection had not made an effort to attack the contract's enforceability. (ECF No. 39 at 9 (citing Groth-Hill Land Company v. General Motors, LLC, No. C13-1362-THE, 2013 WL 3853160, at *15 (N.D.Cal. Jul. 23, 2013)).) The Court explained that, while the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule may be used to show that the underlying written agreement was not valid, the exception does not permit general evidence that an,extrinsic agreement separate from the written agreement existed. (ECF No. 39.) Clear Connection tries to avoid this issue in its current fraud claim by stating that the parol evidence rule does not apply when the written agreements are unenforceable. (ECF No. 55 at 6-7.) Unfortunately, Clear Connection fails to put forth any cause of action actually alleging that the underlying written agree ments are invalid. Clear Connection simply. states in conjunction with its sixth cause of action that it "believes that these written agreements lack consideration and are unenforceable because Comcast didn't bind itself to any performance." (ECF No. 42 at ¶86.) Unfortunately, that assertion on its own, without further detail and factual support, is not enough to free Clear Connection from the underlying .written agreement, therefore requiring the Court to apply the parol evidence rule. Clear Connection cannot simply state that no underlying written agreement exists for the convenience of its fraud and deceit claim. It must provide factual and legal substantiation for its exemption from the requirements of the parol evidence rule. Therefore, Clear Connection's fourth cause of action is dismissed with leave to amend.
v. Count V: Breach of Oral Contract
Comcast similarly argues that Clear Connection's fifth cause of action, alleging breach of oral contract, fails because the alleged oral promise conflicts with the terms of the parties' written agreements. (ECF No. 54-1 at 24.) Clear Connection does not address this argument. For the reasons stated in Section IILaiv, supra, the Court dismisses Clear Connection's fifth cause of action with leave to amend. In order to maintain that an oral contract existed outside 'of the parties' written agreement, Clear Connection must put forth sufficient factual and legal analysis arguing that the underlying written agreements are unenforceable. Without doing so, Clear Connections allegation of breach of oral contract cannot stand.
vi Count VI: Breach of Written Contract
Clear Connection brings a claim for breach of written contract. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 85-90.) Comcast seeks judgment on the pleadings as to this claim, arguing that Clear Connection -has failed to identify the contract breached and the express terms or underlying purpose to which the breach is tied. (ECF No. 54-1 at 24.) The Court is inclined to agree.
In order to survive Comcast's motion, Clear Connection must plead sufficient facts as to each of the following elements: "(1) the existence of the contract, (2) plaintiffs performance or excuse for nonperforrnance, (3) defendant's breach, and (4) the resulting damages to the plaintiff." Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal.4th 811, 821, 124 Cal. Rptr.3d 256, 250 P.3d 1115 (2011). "If the action is based on alleged breach of a written contract," as in the instant case, "the terms must be set out verbatim in the body of the complaint or a copy of the written agreement must be attached and incorporated by reference." Harris v. Rudin, Richman & Appel, 74 Cal.App.4th 299, 307, 87 Cal.Rptr.2d 822 (1999). Here, Clear Connection has failed as a threshold matter to identify the specific agreement breached. In fact, the claim itself simply states, "Clear Connection performed ail promises in the various written agreements" without any reference to which "various written agreements" the claim refers. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 88.) This vagueness does not meet the most basic of pleading standards under Rule 8(a).
Clear Connection's defense on this point is puzzling. It maintains that the written agreements invoked by Comcast are unenforceable, but pleads this cause of action in the alternative. (ECF No. 55 at 22.) Clear Connection states that it "cannot predict in advance how the Court will rule [on the enforceability of the written agreements]" and therefore pleads the cause of action with "as much specificity as possible." (ECF No. 55 at 22.) This argument confounds the Court because, as previously stated, Clear Connection has made no legal argument or motion asking this Court to review the enforceability of its written agreements. See Section Section III.a.iv, supra. Moreover, while Clear Connection is certainly entitled to allege alternative arguments in relation to other arguments, that does not relieve it of the pleading requirements under Rule 8(a). Regardless of how tiresome it might feel to Clear Connection to allege specific and factually supported claims that' may become moot during the course of this litigation, it is more tiresome to the Court to review, a second time, a breach of contract claim that does not meet the pleading requirements. Therefore, Clear Connection's sixth cause of action is dismissed with leave to amend.
mi. Count VII: Common Counts
Clear Connection's seventh and final cause of action, alleges "common counts" against Comcast, stating that 'Comcast has received benefits from its unjust conduct at the expense of Clear Connection and should be required to disgorge its unjust enrichment. (EF No. 42 at ¶ 91-93.) Com-cast moves for judgment on this" claim, arguing that the common counts cause of action does not allege any specific legal theory as required under California law. (ECF No. 54-1 at 26.) Clear Connection argues that its common counts claim is an appropriate tool to seek a "restitutionary disgorgement as an alternative to a recovery for contractual expectancy." (ECF No. 55 at 23.)
"A common count' is not a specific 'cause of action, however; rather, it is a simplified form of pleading normally used to aver the 'existence of various forms of monetary indebtedness, including that arising from -an alleged duty to make restitution under - an assumpsit theory." McBride v. Boughton, 123 Cal.App.4th 379, 394, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 115 (2004). A common count is a unique' construction under California law that is not generally subject to-dismissal on the grounds of uncertain or insufficient pleading. Moya v. Northrup, 10 Cal.App.3d 276, 279, 88 Cal.Rptr. 783 (Ct.App.1970). However, "[w]hen a common count is used as an alternative way of seeking the same recovery demanded in a specific cause of action, and is based on the same facts, the common count is demurra-ble if the cause of action is demurrable." Berryman v. Merit Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 152 Cal.App.4th 1544, 1559-60, 62 Cal.Rptr.3d 177 (2007) (citing McBride v. Boughton, 123 Cal.App.4th 379, 394-95, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 115 (2004)).
Clear Connection argues that its common count should not be dismissed because it is seeking restitution damages, not expectation damages under a contract cause of action. (ECF No. 55 at 23.) However, Clear Connection fails to provide any legal support for its contention,, and such a conclusion conflicts with the logical application of the common count cause of action. A common count does not need to be specific as to the "various forms of monetary indebtedness" sought. McBride v. Boughton, 123 Cal.App.4th at 394, 20 Cal. Rptr.3d 115. It does, however, need to be rooted in another specific cause of action and must rely on those same facts. Id. Therefore, Clear Connection's argument that it seeks a different form of damages is inapplicable. Under the theory of common counts, Clear Connection need only indicate to which cause of action its common counts claim is attached.
Because the Court, through the instant order, has dismissed all FAC counts that would potentially provide the factual basis for these claims, Clear Connection's common count claim must also be dismissed; However, the Court notes that Clear Connection's common count claim, is sufficient to survive a second demurrer so long as Clear Connection makes clear on which count or counts the seventh cause of action relies and those related claims are sustain able. For these reasons, Clear Connection's common count 'claim' is dismissed with leave to amend." • •
B. Clear Connection's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
In its Answer to' Clear- Connection's FAC, Comcast filed three counterclaims: 1) alleging breach of indemnity provisions of two written agreements between the parties; 2) seeking an order from the Court requiring Clear Connection to indemnify Comcast; and 3) seeking declaratory relief from this Court. (ECF No. 50.) In support of its counterclaims, Comcast alleges that the parties entered into á PVA on or about January 1, 2009, which contained an indemnification clause. (ECF No. 50 at 16-17.) Comcast further alleges, that the parties entered into a second PVA on or about May 1, 2010, which also contained an indemnification clause. (ECF No.- 50 at 17-18.) Comcast then argues -that these indemnification provisions require Clear Connection to indemnify Comcast for any liability associated with Delgado, et al. v. Clear Connection Corp., et al., No. 34-2010-00079614, an employee wage payment claim filed in Sacramento Superior Court and subsequently dismissed on April 17, 2014. (ECF No. 50 at 22.) Comcast "disagrees with Clear Connection's interpretation of the indemnification provisions in the 2009 and 2010 PVAs" and therefore asks this Court to' enforce those provisions against Clear Connection with respect to the Delgado litigation. (ECF No. 50 at 22.) Clear Connection filed a cross-motion for judgment on the pleadings as to these counterclaims. (ECF No. 56.)
Clear Connection makes a number of arguments in support of its motion for judgment on the pleadings. Clear Connection does not differentiate as to which claims its arguments apply, but because of the similarities in Comcast's counterclaims, the Court will apply each argument to all counterclaims.
i. Contract Enforceability
Each of Comcast's counterclaims seek to enforce the indemnity clauses within the 2009 and 2010 PVAs. In response, Clear Connection-argues that there is no consideration for the indemnity clauses and they are therefore unenforceable. (ECF No. 56 at 9.) This -argument is inappropriate under a Rule 12(c) motion. In considering a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the Court must apply the standards normally applicable to a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). See Enron Oil Trading & Transp. Co. v. Walbrook Ins. Co., Ltd., 132 F.3d 526, 528-29 (9th Cir.1997). That is, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955). In its brief, Clear Connection does hot make any arguments regarding the sufficiency of Comcast's pleadings, but instead.argues that there is no consid-eratiori for the parties' written agreements by asking this Court to look at documents outside the PVAs, specifically asking the Court to review the parties' SOW, and other statements by Comcast made outside of its counterclaims. (ECF No. 56 at 9-10.) At this stage, the Court is permitted only to assess the "facial plausibility" of the "factual -content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference" in favor of the party asserting the claims. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678,129 S.Ct. 1937 (2009) It should be clear to Clear Connection that its argument requires analysis that is outside the scope of what Rule 12(c) requires.
Clear Connection further argues that Comcast should be prohibited from arguing the defenses of reasonableness, notice, or good faith to save its argument in the face of Clear Connection's proposed grounds for dismissal. (ECF No. 56 at 11.) The very fact that Clear Connection attempts to anticipate and address Com-cast's defenses further- .illustrates that Clear Connection's entire argument is misplaced at this stage of the'.litigation. Because a-12(c) motion requires the Court to look only at the facial plausibility of the claim, the Court cannot grant Clear Connection's motion on these arguments.
ii. Judicial Estoppel
Second, Clear Connection argues that Comcast should be judicially estopped from asserting that there is consideration and mutuality of obligation for the PVAs because Comcast has previously denied that it had any duty of performance. (ECF No. 56 at 13.) Comcast responds by arguing that Clear Connection should be judicially estopped from arguing that the written contracts are unenforceable because it has alleged inconsistent positions throughout its pleadings. (Def.'s Opp. to Plf s. Mot. for J. on the Pleadings, ECF No. 59 at 12-14.) This Court will not accept either party's argument on judicial estoppel. In attempting to apply judicial estoppel in this manner, the parties seek to bend the doctrine to an absurd conclusion.
The purpose of judicial estop-pel is to "protect the integrity of the judicial process by 'prohibiting parties from deliberately changing positions according to the exigencies of the moment.'" Baughman v. Walt Disney World Co., 685 F.3d 1131, 1133 (9th Cir.2012) (quoting New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749-50, 121 S.Ct. 1808, 149 L.Ed.2d 968 (2001)). The application of judicial estoppel is within the discretion of the district court. Id. In considering whether to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel, the Court will assess the following factors: "(1) Is the party's later position clearly inconsistent with its.earlier position? (2) Did the party succeed in persuading-a court to accept its earlier position, creating a perception that the first or second court was misled? (3) Will the party seeking to assert an inconsistent position 'derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party?'' Id. (internal quotations omitted).
Clear Connection alleges that Comcast argued in its first motion for judgment on the pleadings (ECF No. 30) that it had no duty of performance to Clear Connection under various written agreements. (ECF No. 56 at 14.) Clear Connection points to this position as being clearly inconsistent with Comcast's current position and argues that the Court accepted Comcast's position in its Order granting judgment in favor of Comcast on Com-cast's first motion for judgment on the pleadings.. (ECF No. 56 at 14.) But Com-cast's positions in its motion for judgment and the instant counterclaim are not "clearly inconsistent" as required by the Ninth Circuit. Baughman, 685 F.3d at 1133. In-its motion for judgment on the pleadings, Comcast makes no arguments as to the mutuality or consideration related to the 2010 PVA, but instead argued that proper enforcement of the 2010 PVA would preclude Clear Connection's claim for breach of contract. (Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Pleadings, ECF No. 31 at 12-14.) While it is true that Comcast maintains that the 2010 PVA did not require Comcast to provide work to Clear Connection, this argument is not tantamount to a statement that mutuality or consideration does not exist. Indeed, such an argument would be antithetical to Com-cast's argument' seeking enforcement of the 2010 PVA. Likewise, in. its counterclaim, Comcast makes no representation as to the mutuality or consideration of the PVAs, although its overall request to enforce the PVAs would suggest that Com-cast believes mutuality and consideration do exist. (ECF No. 50 at 21-22.) Therefore, the Court finds that Comcast did not assert clearly inconsistent positions.
Moreover, Comcast did not "succeed in persuading a court to accept its earlier position" as required by the Ninth Circuit. Baughman, 685 F.3d at 1133. In its Order dismissing Clear Connection's breach of contract cause of action, the Court wrote, "Clear Connection's breach of contract claim fails because the plain language of the contract expressly contradicts Clear Connection's claim that the July 28, 2010 letter improperly modified the contract." (ECF No. 39 at 7.) In its decision, the Court found only that, as rélated to the July 28, 2010 letter, no breach of contract existed because the letter was consistent with Kthe terms of the PVA. The Court did not- offer any opinion on the mutuality or consideration in the contract. Therefore, the Court did not accept the position Clear Connection proposes. For these reasons, the Court must deny Clear Connection's motion to enter judgment, against Com-cast's counterclaims on the grounds of judicial estoppel.
In response to Clear Connection's motion for judgment, Comcast similarly argues that Clear Connection should be estopped from arguing that the parties' written contracts are unenforceable because Clear Connection asserted in its first complaint that the contracts were enforceable. (ECF No. 59 at 12-13.) Although resolution of this argument is not required to decide the instant motion, the Court addresses it now so that Comcast is not tempted to resurrect the issue and further waste judicial resources at a later date. Rule 8(d)(3) permits a party to plead alternative legal arguments, even if they are inconsistent. Teledyne Indus., Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 911 F.2d 1214, 1218 (6th Cir.1990) ("The doctrine of judicial estoppel does nbt clash with the right to plead inconsistent claims under Fed.R.Civ.P. 8[ (d)(3) ]. Rule 8[ (d)(3) ] concerns the ability to plead alternative legal arguments, even if they aré inconsistent or based on inconsistent facts.")' The fact that Clear Connection seeks both to enforce the parties' written agreements and to have those written agreements declared unenforceable cannot be a basis for judicial estoppel because such an application of the doctrine would defeat the entire purpose of alternative pleadings. Furthermore, Clear Connection is required to support its causes of action with sufficient factual allegations, requiring that it asserts facts to support both arguments; This use of conflicting argument stands only to threaten the integrity of the parties, not the Court itself, and is therefore permissible. Id. The Court will not look favorably on further argument from Comcast that Clear Connection should be estopped from properly pleading arguments in the alternative.
Hi Permissive Counterclaim
Clear Connection argues that the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to hear Comcast's counterclaims because Comcast has failed to show that its claims meet the required $75,000 amount in. controversy under 28 U.S.C, § 1332(a). (ECF No. 56 at 19-20.) Clear Connection further argues that the Court cannot exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Com-cast's counterclaims because they do not arise out of the same transaction pr occurrence as required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13(a) ("Rule 13(a)"). (ECF No. 56 at 20.) Comcast argues that its counterclaims are considered compulsory counterclaims under Rule 13(a) and, in the alternative, that its counterclaims are permissive counterclaims with their own jurisdictional basis under Rule 13(b). (ECF No. 59 at 17-22.) The Court agrees that Comcast's counterclaims have an independent diversity jurisdiction and therefore may remain as permissive counterclaims.
Comcast responds "to Clear Connection's motion for judgment by first arguing that its counterclaims do not need to meet the requirements of-28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) because its counterclaims are compulsory counterclaims and are therefore subject to supplemental jurisdiction. (ECF No. 59 at 17-22.) Rulé 13 defines two types of counterclaims: compulsory and permissive. "Compulsory" counterclaims are claims that "arise[ ] out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim." FED.R.GIV.P. 13(a). The .Ninth Circuit applies the "logical relationship" test to determine if a counterclaim is compulsory by analyzing "whether the essential facts of the various claims are so logically" connected that considerations' of judicial economy and fairness dictate that all the issues be resolved in one lawsuit." Pochiro v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 827 F.2d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir.1987) (internal citations omitted). Here, the Court finds that Comcast's counterclaims do not meet the requirements of the logical relationship test. Com-cast is attempting to enforce the indemnity clause of two of the parties' written agreements as they applied to a state law wage claim filed in Sacramento Superior Court. Although the PVAs at issue in these counterclaims are also at issue, on different grounds, in Clear Connection's complaint, it does not follow that there is a-logical connection. Comcast asks this Court not only to assess an entirely different section of the PVAs in its counterclaim, but asks it to apply those indemnity. clauses to the facts of a state law claim clearly outside its jurisdiction. Comcast would like this Court to view the legal question at issue here as whether the two PVAs are generally enforceable, thus arguing that the' case and controversy is the same. However, in reality, Comcast asks the Court to look at entirely different facts and conduct- an entirely distinct legal analysis. For that reason, the Court finds that Comcast has not offered compulsory counterclaims.
However, Comcast is permitted to bring a permissive counterclaim that does "not aris[e] out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim." Fed:R.Civ.P. 13(b). "Because Comcast's' counterclaims are not compulsory, the next question is whether supplemental jurisdiction over the counterclaims nevertheless exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a)." Sparrow v. Mazda Am. Credit, 385 F.Supp.2d 1063,1066 (E.D.Cal.2005). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), the Ninth Circuit has found that "only a 'loose factual connection between the claims' is necessary" to establish supplemental jurisdiction. CE Distribution, LLC v. New Sensor Corp., 380 F.3d 1107, 1114 (9th Cir.2004) (quoting Channell v. Citicorp Nat'l Svcs., Inc., 89 F.3d 379, 385 (7th Cir.1996)). Therefore, because Comcast has established a loose factual connection between the indemnity clauses of the PVAs and the other legal issues related to the PVAs .alleged by Qlear Connection, the Court finds that it may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Comcast's counterclaims and therefore denies Clear Connection's motion for judgment as to these claims on jurisdictional grounds.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court hereby GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Comcast's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (ECF No. 54) and DENIES Clear Connection's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Com-cast's counterclaims (ECF No. 56). The Court orders as follows:
1. Comcast's Motion for Judgment as to Counts I, II, III is DENIED.
2. Comcast's Motion for Judgment as to Counts IV, V, VI, VII is GRANTED WITH LEAVE-TO AMEND.
3. Clear Connection's Motion for Judgment as to Comcast's Counterclaims is DENIED. < •
If Clear Connection intends to file an amended complaint, it must submit its filing with 30 days of entry of this Order. Amendments , to Clear Connection's complaint must be limited to only those issues discussed within the instant Order. Com-cast shall have 30 days from the filing of Clear Connection's amended complaint to file an answer.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Clear Connection's First Amended Complaint also named O.C. Communications as a .co-defendant in this action. (ECF No, 42.) The Court subsequently dismissed O.C. Communications from the action as an improperly joined party. (ECF-No. 49.)
. Comcast argues that Clear Connection has not pleaded sufficient facts to allege that Comcast violated the Sherman and Clayton Acts. (ECF No. 54-1 at 17.) The Court agrees. Aside from its passing reference to the Sherman and Clayton Acts, Clear Connection makes no substantiated allegations that violations under those acts occurred. (ECF No. 42 at ¶ 64.) Therefore, Count III cannot stand under the Sherman or Clayton Acts. To the extent that Clear Connection relies on the violation of the Sherman and Clayton Acts in support of its third cause of action, the claim is dismissed with leave to amend so that Clear Connection may allege facts supporting a violation of the Sherman and Clayton Acts.
. Because the Court finds grounds for judgment on the pleadings based on the requirements of the parol evidence rule, it does' not reach Comcast's arguments for judgment on other grounds.
. Comcast argues in its reply that Clear Connection may not bring a claim for damages arising out of the underlying written agreements because the binding agreements already define the parties' recovery rights. (ECF No. 61 at 10.) The Court does not address this argument under the assumption that Clear-Connection intends to dispute the enforceability of these written agreements through proper pleading. Therefore, the Court anticipates that Comcast's argument will become moot if Clear Connection opts to file a third amended complaint.
. Clear Connection also argues that, if the Court finds consideration for the PVAs and SOW, then Clear Connection is entitled to sue under contractual expectancy. (ECF No. 56 at 12-13.) However, the Court finds this argument unclear and entirely unrelated to motion for judgment on Comcast's counterclaims. Therefore, the" Court does not address this argument.
. The Court is puzzled as to why Clear Connection expects the Court to assume that a requirement to provide work to Clear Connection would be the only source of consideration and mutuality within these written agreements.
. Because the Court finds that Clear Connection's argument does not meet the first two factors for the application of judicial estoppel, the Court finds that it would be superfluous to discuss potential prejudice against Clear Connection. Therefore, the Court will not address the third prong of the analysis.
. The 'Ninth Circuit has not definitively ruled on the question whether § 1367 jurisdiction can cover permissive counterclaims. The Seventh Circuit has held that 28 U.S.C, § 1367 "case or controversy" analysis applies to both the compulsory and permissive counterclaims under Rule 13. Channell v. Citicorp Nat. Servs., Inc., 89 F.3d 379, 385 (7th Cir.1996) ("Now that Congress has codified the supplemental jurisdiction in § 1367(a), courts should use the language of the statute to define the extent 'of their powers."). Within the Ninth Circuit, trial courts are split. One district court in Arizona found if the counterclaim is permissive, supplemental jurisdiction cannot attach. Hart v. Clayton-Parker & Associates, Inc., 869 F.Supp. 774, 776 (D.Ariz.1994). In decisions this Court finds persuasive, other courts have rejected Hart and followed the Seventh Circuit See, e.g., Sparrow v. Mazda Am. Credit, 385 F.Supp.2d 1063, 1070 (E.D.Cal.2005); Koumarian v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., C-08-4033 MMC, 2008 WL 5120053 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 3, 2008); Avery v. First Resolution Mgmt. Corp., 06-1812 HA, 2007 WL 1560653 (D.Or. May 25, 2007), aff'd, 561 F.3d 998 (9th Cir.2009); Mostin v. GL Recovery, LLC, SACV090650AGANX, 2010 WL 668808 (C.D.Cal. Feb. 19, 2010).
. Even if the Court found that supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 did not apply to permissive counterclaims, as is argued by some district courts within the Ninth Circuit, Comcast's counterclaims would still have an independent basis for diversity jurisdiction. The parties in this litigation have diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 and Comcast has alleged'an amount in controversy in excess of $75,000. Crum v. Circus Circus Enterprises, 231 F.3d 1129, 1131 (9th Cir.2000) ("Generally, the amount in controversy is ' determined from the face of the pleadings.").