Case Name: Nevius, et al. v. Smith
Court: Colorado Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Colorado
Decision Date: 1928-02-27
Citations: 86 Colo. 178
Docket Number: No. 11,752
Parties: Nevius, et al. v. Smith.
Judges: 
Reporter: Colorado Reports
Volume: 86
Pages: 178–183

Head Matter:
No. 11,752.
Nevius, et al. v. Smith.
Decided February 27, 1928.
Opinion adhered to June 24, 1929.
Messrs. Hillyer & Hillyer, for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. Gordon & Gordon, for defendant in error.
En Banc.

Opinion:
Mr. Chief Justice
Denison delivered the opinion of the court.
Smith, plaintiff below, secured an injunction against plaintiffs in error, defendants below, restraining them from interfering with his use of five second feet of water which he claimed to have appropriated. Their claim is that the appropriation is from mere seepage which arises on their land and therefore is not subject to appropriation by others. The plaintiff on the other, hand claims that the waters which he appropriated were of' a stream flowing through defendant's lands, not mere seepage but what he denominates a "seepage stream" and that his rights have been adjudicated to him by a decree in an action to which defendants' grantor was a party.
Whatever and however sacred their rights may have been, if the court has adjudicated plaintiff's rights superior, the adjudication must stand.
The water in question arises on the S½ of S. W. ¼ of section 18, and N. W. ¼ of section 19, township 22 S. range 45 W. in Bent county, which, at the time of the general adjudication of water rights by virtue of which plaintiff claims, were owned by parties to these proceedings who are, of course, bound by them; they, therefore, cannot deny that plaintiff has a valid appropriation for the water which he claims.
It appears, however, by the complaint and by the adjudication decrees, that plaintiff's right is to "percolating, seepage and spring waters," and defendants claim that under C. L. §1637, such appropriations are always subject to a paramount right of the owner of the land on which the waters arise, to use them when occasion requires, and that the adjudications must be regarded as made subject to such right even though such owner made no such claim at the time of the decree of adjudication and even though such right was not reserved therein. Whether defendants' position is right is the first and main question we have to meet. C. L. section 1637 is as follows: ' ' Sec. 20. That all ditches now constructed or hereafter to be constructed for the purpose of utilizing the waste, seepage or spring waters of the state, shall be governed by the same laws relating to priority of right as those ditches constructed for the purpose of utilizing the water of running streams; Provided, That the person upon whose lands the seepage or spring waters first arise, shall have the prior right to such waters if capable of being used upon his lands." L. '89, p. 215, §1; R. S. '08, §3177.
Clearly this means that any one may appropriate seepage and spring' water, but what docs "prior right" mean? Does it mean prior right to appropriate or prior right to use without appropriation, or perpetual right to appropriate notwithstanding previous appropriations even though the same may be followed by adjudication? If an owner of land suffers another to appropriate his spring can he reclaim it at any time without compensation? "Those using the water for domestic purposes shall have the preference over those claiming for any other purpose." Colo. Const, art. XVI, sec. 61; but we held that clause to give no right to a domestic user over an appropriator for another purpose without either the latter's consent or condemnation (Sterling v. Pawnee Co., 42 Colo. 421, 94 Pac. 339), and that therefore the city of Sterling must condemn, if they wished to appropriate the springs that fed the Pawnee company's ditches. The ground of this decision was that the appropriated right was property and could not be taken constitutionally except by consent or condemnation. The. analogy with the present case is plain. Plaintiff has appropriated and defendants' grantors have acquiesced even to judgment; plaintiff thus acquired property which cannot be taken from him without compensation. If it be claimed that the only property he got was subject to defendants' prior right, the answer is that the same situation existed in Sterling v. Pawnee company. It there might have been equally well said that the agricultural right of the Pawnee company was subject to the domestic use of Sterling, but this court rejected that construction in positive terms, p. 426.
The argument of defendants, based on decisions from other states, that percolations belong to the owner of the soil is unsound in Colorado'. Ever since Comstock v. Ramsay, 55 Colo. 244, 133 Pac. 1107, we have held that seepage and percolation belong to the river, and have gone so far, though against the judgment of the writer, as to hold that one may not recapture leakage from his own reservoir. Rio Grande Co. v. Wagon Wheel Gap Co., 68 Colo. 437, 191 Pac. 129. See, also, Durkee Ditch Co. v. Means, 63 Colo. 6, 164 Pac. 503; Trowell Co. v. Bijou, Dist., 65 Colo. 202, 176 Pac. 292; Fort Morgan Co. v. McCune, 71 Colo. 256, 206 Pac. 393; and since it belongs to the river it belongs to the people of the state by article 16, section 5 of her Constitution.
These cases refute any claim that percolation or seepage of any water belongs to the land owner, andi fix the principle that any appropriation of it must be subject to all prior appropriations from the river, which seems in accord with the main part of the above quoted statute, but are contrary to the proviso thereof.
If it be claimed that we cannot establish a rule contrary to a statute, we answer that it is true, but since the Constitution gives the river water to the people, subject to appropriation, and since the seepage belongs to the river it belongs to the people by force of the Constitution and the statute cannot transfer it and it must be subject to appropriations as river water.
It follows that the judgment must be, and it is, affirmed.