Case Name: Henry Lee BRYAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Clarence JONES, Sheriff, Henry Wade, District Attorney, Fidelity & Deposit Co. & Lena Giddens, Defendants-Appellants
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1976-04-30
Citations: 530 F.2d 1210
Docket Number: No. 74-3435
Parties: Henry Lee BRYAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Clarence JONES, Sheriff, Henry Wade, District Attorney, Fidelity & Deposit Co. & Lena Giddens, Defendants-Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Volume: 530
Pages: 1210–1221

Head Matter:
Henry Lee BRYAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Clarence JONES, Sheriff, Henry Wade, District Attorney, Fidelity & Deposit Co. & Lena Giddens, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 74-3435.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
April 30, 1976.
Brown, Chief Judge, filed a specially concurring opinion.
Gewin, Circuit Judge, filed a specially concurring opinion in which Thornber-ry, Circuit Judge, joined.
Gee, Circuit Judge, filed a specially concurring opinion.
Wisdom, Circuit Judge, filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Clark, Circuit Judge, dissented and filed opinion in which Goldberg and God-bold, Circuit Judges, joined.
Earl Luna, Thomas V. Murto, III, Dallas Tex., for Jones.
Alan Wilson, Dallas, Tex., for Fidelity & Deposit Co.
Gerald Weatherly, Asst. Dist. Atty., Dallas, Tex., for other interested parties.
Douglas R. Larson, Dallas, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before BROWN, Chief Judge, WISDOM, GEWIN, BELL, THORNBERRY, COLEMAN, GOLDBERG, AINSWORTH, GODBOLD, DYER, MORGAN,
CLARK, RONEY, GEE and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
This opinion was concurred in by Judge Bell prior to his resignation from the court on March 1, 1976.

Opinion:
LEWIS R. MORGAN, Circuit Judge:
Henry Lee Bryan brought this § 1983 damage action based on a theory of false imprisonment against Dallas County Sheriff Clarence Jones, Sheriff Jones's surety, Dallas County District Attorney Henry Wade, and Lena Giddens, an employee in the District Attorney's office. Following a jury trial, he was awarded a $40,000 judgment against Sheriff Jones and his surety. Jones appealed, challenging the exclusion of certain evidence relevant to damages and the denial of a proposed jury instruction that would have allowed consideration of a good faith defense. The original panel remanded the case for retrial of the damages issue, but ruled that a good faith defense is not available in a case of this nature, 5th Cir., 519 F.2d 44. We granted an en banc hearing of this case to reconsider the issue of good faith defenses in § 1983 actions based on false imprisonment. Concluding that a defense of reasonable good faith may be raised, we reverse.
I.
Plaintiff Henry Lee Bryan was arrested on February 7, 1972, in Tampa, Florida, on charges of theft of an automobile in Dallas, Texas. Bryan waived extradition and was brought to the Dallas County jail where he was incarcerated on February 15, 1972. He was held on authority of arrest warrant No. 81932 until he was indicted by the Dallas County Grand Jury on February 14, 1972. The number assigned to the indictment was C-72-1048 — J.
In accordance with established procedures, Lena Giddens, an employee in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, prepared a weekly list of persons indicted by the grand jury and forwarded it to the jail. The grand jury report of February 14, 1972, listed Henry Lee Bryan with the proper indictment number C— 72 — 1048-J, but showed that indictment to correspond with arrest warrant No. 5772. The listing of that warrant number was a typographical error; it should have appeared with the name of another prisoner, Artie B. Bryant. On the basis of this grand jury report, the jail updated its records for Bryan adding the correct indictment number and the incorrect warrant number to its existing record of the original warrant.
As a result of a polygraph test which verified Bryan's story that he had been hired as a driver and had no.idea that the car was stolen, the District Attorney moved to dismiss charges under indictment C-72-1048-J, and the motion was granted on March 3, 1972. The clerk of the criminal district court prepared a "Notice of Disposition of a Felony Case" on that same day, though it is unclear whether it was delivered on that day or on March 13, 1972. In addition, the clerk's office prepared and delivered a release notice on March 6, 1972, based upon issuance of a personal bond.
Despite receiving these notices, . the Sheriff did not release Bryan, because the records still indicated that he was being held on authority of warrant number 81932, which had never been properly cross-indexed to indictment C-72-1048-J. Bryan made several inquiries as to why he was still being held, but his efforts did not result in the correction of the records until April 7, 1972, the date of his release.
Bryan brought an action in the Northern District of Texas seeking damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for false imprisonment. The jury rendered a special verdict finding:
(1) Sheriff Jones failed to make a reasonable and timely investigation of his legal authority to imprison Bryan after March 3, 1972.
(2) Lena Giddens was not negligent in the preparation of the grand jury report of February 14, 1972.
(3) The grand jury report of February 14, 1972 was the proximate cause of imprisonment of Bryan after March 3, 1972.
(4) It could reasonably be anticipated by the District Attorney's office that the Sheriff's office would rely on the grand jury report of February 14, 1972, listing the case number and warrant number of the criminal charges pending against the plaintiff Bryan.
(5) The Sheriff's office did rely on that grand jury report.
(6) The District Attorney or his employees were negligent in not advising the Sheriff that he had no authority to detain Bryan after March 3, 1972.
(7) The failure to so advise the Sheriff was the proximate cause of Bryan's imprisonment.
(8) $40,000 would fairly and reasonably compensate Bryan for: (a) physical pain suffered after March 3, (b) mental anguish suffered after March 3, and (c) physical discomfort suffered by the plaintiff while in jail from March 3, 1972, to his release on April 7, 1972.
(9) None of the defendants acted recklessly, or willfully and maliciously, and with a design to oppress and injure Bryan.
The trial court granted judgment on the verdict of $40,000 against Sheriff Clarence Jones, but denied judgment against either District Attorney Henry Wade or against Lena Giddens. Sheriff Jones appealed charging error in failing to instruct the jury that good faith was a defense to the charge of false imprisonment and that it was error for the court to refuse to permit proof of Bryan's pri- or imprisonment as evidence relevant to the issue of the amount of damages suffered.
II.
In Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 187, 81 S.Ct. 473, 484, 5 L.Ed.2d 492, 505 (1961), the Supreme Court held that § 1983 "should be read against the background of tort liability that makes a man responsible for the natural consequences of his actions." The Court elaborated on this in Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 556-57, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 1218-1219, 18 L.Ed.2d 288, 295-296 (1967), ruling that the background of tort liability includes, not only the elements of the tort, but also the various common law defenses to tort liability. We must, therefore, evaluate the appropriateness of the proposed instruction in this case in light of the possible relevancy of good faith to establishing either the elements of the underlying tort of false imprisonment or the elements of the affirmative defense of official immunity.
Turning first to the elements of a prima facie case, we are confronted by Whirl v. Kern, 407 F.2d 781 (5th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 901, 90 S.Ct. 210, 24 L.Ed.2d 177 (1969), upon which the original panel and the trial court relied. In that case, we surveyed the law of false imprisonment and concluded that intent to imprison without legal authority need not be proved as an element of the prima facie case. The elements of the prima facie case are: (1) intent to confine, (2) acts resulting in confinement, and (3) consciousness of the victim of confinement or resulting harm. Restatement, Second, Torts § 35 (1965). Thus, a prima facie case is made out against a jailer even when he believes he has legal authority to detain a prisoner. Accordingly, whatever impact his good faith has, it must be as an element of a defense.
III.
Whirl v. Kern also spoke to the issue of official immunity. Jailers, unlike policemen, were held not to be immune because their jobs are ministerial in nature and do not present the split second decisions of an arresting officer. 407 F.2d at 792. Our subsequent decisions on false imprisonment along with the Supreme Court cases on official immunity, however, cast considerable doubt on the wisdom or continued vitality of that decision.
The Supreme Court held, in Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 243, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 1689, 40 L.Ed.2d 90, 100 (1974), that official immunity, in its absolute common law form could not be reconciled with § 1983, which was enacted for the very purpose of creating a cause of action against government officials. Nevertheless, like police officers who can plead good faith and probable cause as a defense to false arrest, other governmental officials cannot function in an atmosphere that holds them liable for merely carrying out their duties. The Court held that
in varying scope, a qualified immunity is available to officers of the executive branch of government, the variation being dependent upon the scope of discretion and responsibilities of the office and all the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at the time of the action on which liability is sought to be based. It is the existence of reasonable grounds for the belief formed at the time and in light of all the circumstances, coupled with good-faith belief that affords a basis for qualified immunity of executive officers for acts performed in the course of official conduct. 416 U.S. at 247-48, 94 S.Ct. at 1692, 40 L.Ed.2d at 103.
This standard of a qualified good faith immunity was clarified and elaborated upon in Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 95 S.Ct. 992, 43 L.Ed.2d 214 (1975), a suit against school administrators and school board members. The Court held that the appropriate standard contains both a subjective element of good faith and an objective element of reasonableness. Consequently, while school officials could not be held responsible for incorrectly predicting the future course of constitutional law, they could not ignore clearly established rights merely by having acted in good faith.
Most recently, in O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 95 S.Ct. 2486, 45 L.Ed.2d 396 (1975), a case involving alleged deprivation of a mental patient's right to liberty, the Court approved a reasonable good faith instruction given by the trial court, but remanded for further consideration in light of Wood v. Strickland as to the appropriateness of an instruction that reliance on state law was reasonable.
Since Whirl v. Kern, this court has been confronted with several significant false imprisonment cases. Although they pre-date the Supreme Court official immunity cases, the decisions are consistent with the pronouncements of that Court. In Dowsey v. Wilkins, 467 F.2d 1022 (5th Cir. 1972) police had detained the plaintiff in the police station for several hours in an attempt to discover through intensive interrogation what drug had rendered his companion unconscious. The police sought to enter a good faith defense based on their motive of saving the companion's life. This court ruled that mere good faith was not enough. Noting that Pierson v. Ray allowed a reasonable good faith defense in false arrest cases, we stated that a similar defense would be available in a false imprisonment case unaccompanied by false arrest. This defense, however, is not made out by a mere showing of good intentions; the police must also have a reasonable belief that detention is lawful.
A similar situation was presented in Johnson v. Greer, 477 F.2d 101 (5th Cir. 1973), in which the plaintiff sued for false imprisonment in a psychiatric clinic. He was held for five days on the authority of an emergency warrant, which by Texas law is limited in duration to twenty-four hours. The clinic director defended on grounds that he intended to protect the plaintiff and others from possible injury. We denied this defense, citing Dowsey for the proposition that mere good intentions do not give rise to a reasonable belief that detention is lawful.
Finally, in United States ex rel. Bailey v. Askew, 486 F.2d 134 (1973), we were presented with a § 1983 false imprisonment claim based on a prisoner's claim that his sentence was improper. We held that since the judiciary was immune, it follows that persons who are obliged to carry out judicial orders of commitment are also immune. "[A] jailer cannot be held liable for an error in an order of commitment which is patently proper." Id. at 135.
The rule of law to which these cases point — that a defense of official immunity is available to a jailer who has acted in reasonable good faith — is consistent with the Supreme Court pronouncements on official immunity during this period. Attempts by appellee and the original panel to distinguish the Supreme Court cases on grounds that they involved discretionary acts must fail, especially in light of the Supreme Court's decision in O'Connor v. Donaldson, a case involving a cause of action that is quite similar to false imprisonment. This is not to say, however, that discretion is irrelevant. To the contrary, we ruled in Roberts v. Williams, 456 F.2d 819, 830-31 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 866, 92 S.Ct. 83, 30 L.Ed.2d 110 (1971), that the degree of discretion is relevant to determining what standard of reasonableness will be used.
In a case such as this one, where there is no discretion and relatively little time pressure, the jailer will be held to a high level of reasonableness as to his own actions. If he negligently establishes a record keeping system in which errors of this kind are likely, he will be held liable. But if the errors take place outside of his realm of responsibility, he cannot be found liable because he has acted reasonably and in good faith. Instructions outlining these requirements for a reasonable, good faith defense should have been given in this case, in light of defendant's timely request for such an instruction.
Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND for a new trial in light of this opinion.
. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.
. See Adickes v. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 231-32, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 1641, 26 L.Ed.2d 142, 196 (1970) (Brennan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Roberts v. Williams, 456 F.2d 819, 824 (5th Cir. 1972).
. See, also, Restatement, Second, Torts § 44 (1965); Annot., 49 A.L.R.2d 1460 (1956).
. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 555-57, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 1218-1219, 18 L.Ed.2d 288, 295-296 (1967).
. Accord Anderson v. Nosser, 438 F.2d 183, 201 (5th Cir. 1971), modified 456 F.2d 835 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 848, 93 S.Ct. 53, 34 L.Ed.2d 89 (1972).
. Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 555-57, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 1218-1219, 18 L.Ed.2d 288, 295-296 (1967); Perry v. Jones, 506 F.2d 778, 780 (5th Cir. 1974).
. Accord Roberts v. Williams, 456 F.2d 819, 831 (5th Cir. 1972).
. See, also Donaldson v. O'Connor, 493 F.2d 507 (5th Cir. 1974), aff'd, 422 U.S. 563, 95 S.Ct. 2486, 45 L.Ed.2d 396 (1975); Burton v. Waller, 502 F.2d 1261, 1274-75 n. 6A (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 964, 95 S.Ct. 1356, 43 L.Ed.2d 442 (1975).
. In this opinion we reconsidered only the appropriateness of a good faith defense. Accordingly, the reversal by the original panel on the damages issues is unaffected by this opinion.