Case Name: ENBRIDGE ENERGY LTD PARTNERSHIP v. UPPER PENINSULA POWER COMPANY
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 2015-12-22
Citations: 313 Mich. App. 669
Docket Number: Docket No. 321946
Parties: ENBRIDGE ENERGY LTD PARTNERSHIP v UPPER PENINSULA POWER COMPANY
Judges: Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SAAD and HOEKSTRA, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 313
Pages: 669–678

Head Matter:
ENBRIDGE ENERGY LTD PARTNERSHIP v UPPER PENINSULA POWER COMPANY
Docket No. 321946.
Submitted October 6, 2015, at Lansing.
Decided December 22, 2015, at 9:05 a.m.
Leave to appeal sought.
Enbridge Energy Limited Partnership (Enbridge) filed a complaint with the Public Service Commission (PSC) challenging a settlement agreement involving the PSC staff, respondent Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPC), and other parties not relevant to the disposition of this case. Enbridge was not a party to the settlement agreement, nor did it intervene. In the settlement agreement, the PSC approved UPPC’s 2009 request to increase its electric rates and to implement a revenue-decoupling mechanism (RDM) for the test year 2010. In May 2011, UPPC filed an application to reconcile the 2010 costs associated with the RDM and to recover a shortfall. The Court of Appeals decided In re Applications of Detroit Edison Co, 296 Mich App 101 (2012), while UPPC’s application for reconciliation was pending. In Detroit Edison, the Court of Appeals recognized that the PSC was without statutory authority to approve an electric utility’s use of an RDM. In deciding on UPPC’s application for reconciliation, the PSC considered Detroit Edison and acknowledged that it could not approve an RDM for an electric utility, but the PSC noted that UPPC’s RDM was adopted as a result of a settlement agreement binding the signatories of the agreement—which included all parties to the reconciliation. Enbridge was not a party to the reconciliation. The PSC concluded that Detroit Edison had no effect on the PSC’s reconciliation decision because the reconciliation decision reflected only the language of an agreement to which all parties subscribed; it did not represent the PSC’s improper exercise of authority. The PSC granted UPPC’s motion to dismiss Enbridge’s complaint and the PSC staffs motion for summary disposition. The PSC denied Enbridge’s motion for summary disposition on the grounds that Enbridge failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted. Enbridge appealed.
The Court of Appeals held:
The PSC exceeded its statutory authority when it approved a settlement agreement that permitted UPPC to implement an RDM. Detroit Edison made it clear that the PSC was without authority to approve an electric utility’s use of an RDM. That the approval of UPPC’s RDM was effected by a settlement agreement did not make valid an otherwise invalid exercise of authority. Detroit Edison clearly states that the PSC, whose authority is defined by statute, has no statutory authority to approve an electric utility’s use of an RDM. This limitation of the PSC’s authority applies even when the method by which the RDM is approved is a settlement agreement.
Reversed and remanded.
Clark Hill PLC (by Robert A. W. Strong and Sean P. Gallagher) for Enbridge Energy Limited Partnership.
Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone, PLC (Sherri A. Wellman and Paul M. Collins), for Upper Peninsula Power Company.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lind-strom, Solicitor General, Matthew Schneider, Chief Legal Counsel, B. Eric Restuccia, Deputy Solicitor General, and Steven D. Hughey and Spencer A. Sattler, Assistant Attorneys General, for the Public Service Commission.
Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SAAD and HOEKSTRA, JJ.

Opinion:
SAAD, J.
Enbridge Energy Limited Partnership (En-bridge) appeals the order of the Michigan Public Service Commission (PSC) that dismissed Enbridge's complaint, which challenged the PSC's authority to approve a settlement agreement that provided for the use of a revenue decoupling mechanism (RDM). For the reasons below, we reverse and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
This case raises the issue of whether the PSC possessed the authority to approve a settlement agreement between the PSC staff and the Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPC) that established an RDM for UPPC for the test year 2010.
In June 2009, UPPC filed an application seeking an increase in electric rates in excess of $12 million. UPPC, the PSC staff, and other intervening parties entered into a settlement agreement that increased UPPC's electric rates and implemented an RDM for UPPC for the test year 2010. The PSC subsequently approved the rate increase and the settlement agreement. Enbridge did not seek to intervene in the case.
In May 2011, UPPC filed an application to reconcile the costs associated with the RDM for 2010 and to recover a shortfall. While the application was pending, this Court decided In re Applications of Detroit Edison Co, 296 Mich App 101; 817 NW2d 630 (2012). In that case, the appellants, including the Attorney General, challenged the PSC's order that authorized Detroit Edison, an electric utility, to adopt an RDM. This Court observed that while MCL 460.1089(6) authorized the PSC to approve the use of an RDM by a natural gas utility, the statute contained no similar provision for an electric utility. Id. at 108-109. The Detroit Edison Court concluded that "a plain reading of MCL 460.1097(4) does not empower the PSC to approve or direct the use of an RDM for electric providers" and reversed the PSC's decision to allow Detroit Edison to adopt an RDM. Id. at 110.
Thereafter, the PSC issued an order in Case No. U-16568 in which it considered Detroit Edison and stated:
In light of the Court of Appeals' opinion, the Commission appreciates that it cannot approve UPPCo's RDM. However, this RDM was adopted pursuant to a settlement agreement, which constitutes a binding contract between the signatories to that agreement. Those signatories include all parties to this reconciliation. As such, the RDM reconciliation must simply comport with the language of the settlement agreement.
Enbridge filed a petition for rehearing, or in the alternative, a formal complaint, regarding the PSC's order. The PSC denied the petition for rehearing because Enbridge was not a party to the proceeding, and therefore, it lacked standing. The PSC did not address the filing as a formal complaint.
Enbridge refiled its formal complaint and again argued that the PSC lacked the authority to approve the use of an RDM by an electric utility, thereby lacking subject-matter jurisdiction to approve the surcharges in Case No. U-16568. Enbridge and the PSC staff moved for summary disposition, and UPPC moved to dismiss the complaint.
The PSC granted UPPC's motion to dismiss and the PSC staffs motion for summary disposition and denied Enbridge's motion for summary disposition. The PSC found that pursuant to Rule 323 of the rules governing practice and procedure before the PSC, Enbridge failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted. The PSC rejected Enbridge's assertion that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, noting that it had the general authority to set rates. In addition, the PSC relied on Dodge v Detroit Trust Co, 300 Mich 575; 2 NW2d 509 (1942), for the proposition that it had the authority to approve a settlement agreement that resolved a disputed legal issue. The PSC noted that at the time the parties negotiated the settlement agreement, the question of whether statutory law permitted electric utilities to implement RDMs was unclear. The PSC distinguished Detroit Edison from the instant case on the ground that Detroit Edison did not involve the implementation of an RDM by a settlement agreement, but rather, the creation of an RDM for Detroit Edison by the PSC itself. The PSC held that under MCL 460.6 and Dodge, it had the authority to approve the settlement agreement.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
"The standard of review for PSC orders is narrow and well-defined." Attorney Gen v Pub Serv Comm No 2, 237 Mich App 82, 88; 602 NW2d 225 (1999). Pursuant to MCL 462.25, all rates, fares, charges, classification and joint rates, regulations, practices, and services prescribed by the PSC are presumed to be lawful and reasonable. A party aggrieved by an order of the PSC has the burden of proving by clear and satisfactory evidence that the order is unlawful or unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8). To establish that a PSC order is unlawful, a party must show that the PSC failed to follow a mandatory statute or abused its discretion in the exercise of its judgment. In re MCI Telecom Complaint, 460 Mich 396, 427; 596 NW2d 164 (1999). An order is unreasonable if it is "arbitrary, capricious, or totally unsupported by admissible and admitted evidence." Associated Truck Lines, Inc v Pub Serv Comm, 377 Mich 259, 279; 140 NW2d 515 (1966). Thus, a final order of the PSC must be authorized by law and be "supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record." Const 1963, art 6, § 28; see also Attorney Gen v Pub Serv Comm, 165 Mich App 230, 235; 418 NW2d 660 (1987).
A reviewing court "gives due deference to the PSC's administrative expertise and is not to substitute its judgment for that of the PSC." Pub Serv Comm No 2, 237 Mich App at 88. We give "respectful consideration to the PSC's construction of a statute that the PSC is empowered to execute, and [we] will not overrule that construction absent cogent reasons." In re Application of Consumers Energy Co for Reconciliation of 2009 Costs (On Reconsideration), 307 Mich App 32, 42; 859 NW2d 216 (2014). "If the language of a statute is vague or obscure, the PSC's construction serves as an aid to determining the legislative intent, and will be given weight if it does not conflict with the language of the statute or the purpose of the Legislature." Id. But the PSC's interpretation of a statute is not binding on us. Id. "Whether the PSC exceeded the scope of its authority is a question of law that we review de novo." In re Complaint of Pelland Against Ameritech Mich. 254 Mich App 675, 682; 658 NW2d 849 (2003).
Ill. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Enbridge argues that because the PSC is a creation of statute and has only those powers conferred on it by the Legislature, the PSC exceeded its authority and its subject-matter jurisdiction when it approved the settlement agreement allowing for the UPPC's use of an RDM in Case No. U-16568.
Initially, we note that Enbridge's argument that the PSC exceeded its subject-matter jurisdiction when it approved the settlement agreement containing an RDM is misplaced. "[This] argument conflates subject-matter jurisdiction with a court's exercise of its jurisdiction." Usitalo v Landon, 299 Mich App 222, 230; 829 NW2d 359 (2013). "Subject-matter jurisdiction concerns a body's abstract power to hear a case of the kind or character of the one pending, and is not dependent on the particular facts of the case." Pelland, 254 Mich App at 682. The PSC has specific statutory authority to establish the rates charged by all regulated utilities, MCL 460.6(1), and therefore, the PSC had jurisdiction to hear the cases before it.
Instead, the question before us is whether, by approving the underlying settlement agreement, the PSC exceeded its statutory authority. "The PSC possesses only that authority granted it by the Legislature. Authority must be granted by clear and unmistakable language. A doubtful power does not exist." Mich Electric Coop Ass'n v Pub Serv Comm, 267 Mich App 608, 616; 705 NW2d 709 (2005).
We hold that the PSC erred when it upheld the settlement agreement in the previous case and dismissed Enbridge's complaint in the instant case. There is no dispute that the PSC's authority is limited to whatever the Legislature dictates. See id. The statute in question governing ROMs for electric utilities is MCL 460.1097(4), which provides as follows:
Not later than 1 year after the effective date of this act, the commission shall submit a report on the potential rate impacts on all classes of customers if the electric providers whose rates are regulated by the commission decouple rates. The report shall be submitted to the standing committees of the senate and house of representatives with primary responsibility for energy and environmental issues. The commission's report shall review whether decoupling would be cost-effective and would reduce the overall consumption of fossil fuels in this state.
As we have explained in Detroit Edison, this "provision mandates research and reporting on how RDMs would operate in connection with providers of electricity, but does not call for or authorize actual implementation of an RDM by those utilities." Detroit Edison, 296 Mich App at 109 (emphasis altered). As the Detroit Edison Court noted, this provision for electric utilities is in stark contrast to MCL 460.1089(6), which expressly allows the PSC to approve RDMs for gas utilities. Id. at 110; see also French v Mitchell, 377 Mich 364, 384; 140 NW2d 426 (1966) (opinion by BLACK, J.) ("[W]hen the legislature has used certain language in one instance and different language in another, the indication is that different results were intended . . . ."). Thus, there is no question that the PSC did not have the authority to implement the RDM for UPPC, an electric utility, in the instant case.
In spite of the clear statutory language, the PSC approved the settlement agreement and relied on Dodge, 300 Mich 575, as it does on appeal, for the proposition that it had the authority to approve a settlement agreement that resolved a disputed legal issue. In Dodge, the parties to the litigation involving a contested will entered into a settlement agreement that resolved a disputed legal issue. Id. at 592-593. Some 17 years later, a party to the settlement agreement filed suit seeking to have the agreement set aside as void because of an intervening change in the law. Id. at 592-593, 597-598. Our Supreme Court noted that there was no lawful basis to allow a party to invalidate a settlement when there was "an honest dispute between competent legal minds" regarding the status of the law at the time of the settlement. Id. at 614. Instead, it ruled that
where a doubt as to what the law is has been settled by a compromise, a subsequent judicial decision by the highest court of the jurisdiction upholding the view adhered to by one of the parties affords no basis for a suit by him to upset the compromise. [Id. (emphasis added).]
The PSC's reliance on Dodge is inapposite for two primary reasons. First, in the instant case, unlike in Dodge, there was no intervening change in the law. MCL 460.1097(4) became effective in 2008 and has not been altered since. 2008 PA 295. Although Detroit Edison was issued after the PSC approved the settlement in this case, that fact is not dispositive. Even without the benefit of our decision in Detroit Edison, contrary to the PSC's claim that "it was unclear whether Act 295 [of 2008] permitted electric RDMs," the act's language is unmistakably clear, and it was not reasonable to believe that the law was in dispute or otherwise unclear. While the PSC could approve RDMs for gas utilities, it was not authorized to do so for electric utilities. Second, the settlement in Dodge involved private parties, who only themselves were bound by the agreement. Here, as acknowledged by all the parties, settlements in the regulatory context carry the force of law and necessarily bind all consumers in the affected area, even those who were not parties to the agreement. See Indiana Bell Tel Co, Inc v Office of Utility Consumer Counselor (On Rehearing), 725 NE2d 432, 435 (Ind App, 2000) ("[A] settlement agreement that must be filed with and approved by a regulatory agency 'loses its status as a strictly private contract and takes on a public interest gloss.' ") (citation omitted). As a result, the strong public policy behind the long-standing doctrine that requires parties to be bound by their settlement agreements, see Plamondon v Plamondon, 230 Mich App 54, 56; 583 NW2d 245 (1998), simply is not advanced when such a "settlement" affects countless others who were not parties to the agreement.
In sum, the PSC exceeded its clear statutory authority when it approved the RDM in Case No. U-16568. The fact that the approval was accomplished in the context of a settlement agreement does not transform the PSC's ultra vires act into a legal one. See, e.g., Timney v Lin, 106 Cal App 4th 1121, 1127-1129; 131 Cal Rptr 2d 387 (2003) ("[E]ven though there is a strong public policy favoring the settlement of litigation, this policy does not excuse a contractual clause that is otherwise illegal or unjust."). We stress that our holding is based on the fact that reasonable minds could not have disputed the extent of the PSC's authority at the time it approved the settlement agreement.
We reverse the PSC's dismissal of Enbridge's complaint in Case No. U-17077 and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
BOONSTKA, P.J., and HOEKSTRA, J., concurred with Saad, J.
The PSC docketed this application as Case No. U-15988.
The PSC docketed this application as Case No. U-16568.
This Court noted that although MCL 460.1097(4) mandated research and reporting on the potential use of RDMs hy electric utilities, the statute did not authorize their implementation. Detroit Edison, 296 Mich App at 109.
The instant case began when that complaint was filed, Case No. U-17077.
Indeed, at oral argument, the PSC admitted that the settlement did not merely bind the signatories to the agreement, as it claimed in its order in Case No. U-16568, but rather, the settlement bound thousands of users in the affected area.