Case Name: In re Estate of Thomas F. Bartlett. Cora L. Bartlett, appellant, v. Rebecca St. Isle Lahr et al., appellees
Court: Nebraska Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Nebraska
Decision Date: 1922-06-12
Citations: 108 Neb. 681
Docket Number: No. 21994
Parties: In re Estate of Thomas F. Bartlett. Cora L. Bartlett, appellant, v. Rebecca St. Isle Lahr et al., appellees.
Judges: Heard before Letton, Dean and Flansburg, JJ., Day and Good, District Judges.
Reporter: Nebraska Reports
Volume: 108
Pages: 681–698

Head Matter:
In re Estate of Thomas F. Bartlett. Cora L. Bartlett, appellant, v. Rebecca St. Isle Lahr et al., appellees.
Filed June 12, 1922.
No. 21994.
1. Wills: Revocation by Implication. “There is no fixed rule by which the revocation of a will may be implied from subsequent changes in the condition or circumstances of the testator. Each case must be governed by its own peculiar facts.” Sill v. Sill, 106 Neb. 17.
2. -: -: Divorce. Where a wife obtained a divorce subsequent to the making of a will in her favor by her husband and the decree therein only satisfied the property rights of the parties as they existed when the divorce-was granted, such decree will not operate as a revocation of the will by implication of law.
3. -: -. The court will not hold that a will has been revoked by “subsequent changes in the conditions or circumstances of the testator” unless the record clearly and unequivocally supports the theory of revocation.
Appeal from the district court for Lancaster county: Willard E. Stewart, Judge.
Reversed.
W. T. Thompson and Leonard Ulman, for appellant.
Fawcett & Mochett, contyra.
Heard before Letton, Dean and Flansburg, JJ., Day and Good, District Judges.

Opinion:
Dean, J.
Thomas F. Bartlett executed his last will and testament December 10, 1903, at Lincoln, Nebraska. He died July 28, 1919, at Kansas City, Missouri, where he was then and had for many years been a legal resident. So far as material here, the will reads: "I will-and. bequeath all my Avordly effects to my wife, Cora Louise Bartlett." The will was disallowed in the county court and Mrs. Bartlett appealed to the district court. Her suit was there dismissed on the ground that the will "was by implication revoked by the testator in his lifetime." Thereupon she appealed to this court.
A bill of exceptions was not filed. The record before us, therefore, upon which our decision must rest, consists of the pleadings, the findings of fact and of law, and the judgment. The contestants in their brief practically con-, cede that, if their ansAver does not state a complete defense to Mrs. Bartlett's cause of action, the judgment of the trial court cannot be sustained. They argue:
"Prom our view of the case, the motion for a new trial without a bill of exceptions only raises /one proposition, and that is: 'That the judgment of the court is contrary to law.' The plaintiff's case now comes down to the question as to whether or not the ansiver of the defendants stated a cause of action.
The following material facts are disclosed in the answer of the contestants. September 18, 1916, Bartlett's wife, hereinafter called the proponent, obtained a divorce in Jackson county, Missouri, wherein, among other things, she was awarded $5,000 alimony, which was subsequently settled for $4,500. She was also awarded $15 additional suit money, $100 additional attorney's fees, the household furniture, and additional alimony of $100 a month until the court otherwise ordered.
The contestants further pleaded that in the prayer of proponent's petition for a divorce she asked:
"That the bonds of matrimony heretofore and now existing between the plaintiff and the defendant be forever dissolved; that the defendant be required to pay her a reasonable amount as temporary alimony, suit money, and for support; and that she shall be awarded such sum as alimony from year to year, or in gross, upon the final determination of this suit, as to the court may seem right and just in the premises."
It was also pleaded by contestants that Bartlett's payment of temporary alimony, attorney's fees, suit money and monthly payments during the pendency of the suit, and his payment to her of $4,500, January 29, 1918, in addition to the furniture which was awarded to her, effected a complete satisfaction of the decree of divorce. Contestants also pleaded that the divorce obtained by proponent was, "on account of the conduct of the defendant towards the plaintiff and his indifference towards her."
Upon joinder of issues, as we have seen, proponent obtained a decree of divorce wherein it was decreed by the court as pleaded in defendant's brief: "That the bonds of matrimony heretofore contracted between plaintiff and defendant be and the same are hereby dissolved and for naught held and plaintiff forever freed from the obligations thereof. It is further ordered by the court that plaintiff be and she is hereby allowed as additional suit money the sum of fifteen ($15) dollars; that plaintiff be allowed as additional attorney fee the further sum of one hundred ($100) dollars; that plaintiff be allowed as alimony, furniture now in possession of plaintiff, the further sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars as alimony and the further sum of $100 per month, payable on the 15th day of each month, the first payment to be made on October 15, 1916, and a like sum of one hundred ($100) dollars on the 15th day of each month thereafter, until the further order of this court."
It is pleaded too by defendants that, January 29, 1918, proponent executed and delivered to Bartlett a satisfaction of the divorce decree, which was filed by him in the office of the circuit court for Jackson county, Missouri. The release so executed by the proponent, as shown by their answer, inter alia, recites: •
"It being the intention of this satisfaction to compromise and forever discharge and clear of records any and all judgments against the defendant for amounts already accrued and all amounts to accrue in the future." Defendants further pleaded:
"The four thousand five hundred ($4,500) dollars so paid was in addition to the furniture set aside to Cora Louise Bartlett by the court in the decree in her favor for a divorce, and in addition to temporary alimony, attorney's fees, and monthly payments paid by Thomas F. Bartlett under the order of the court, during the pendency of said suit, and after the decree was rendered, and said final payment was a full and final settlement of all property rights between the parties forever discharging Thomas P. Bartlett, of Kansas City, Missouri, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns of and from a certain judgment entered in the circuit court' for Jackson county, Missouri, together with all alimony, attorney's fees, costs, interest, and amounts coming dfie under said judgment."
The answer shows that the same release also discharged Bartlett- from liability for the payment of a certain judgment in Lancaster county in which, with other persons, she claimed an interest. It also appears that for the same consideration the proponent filed a disclaimer of any and all interest in a certain case then pending and undetermined in Lancaster county wherein she was adversely interested as against Bartlett and others. Contestants' answer also shows this recital in the release:
"The object being by this release to compromise, dis charge and free Thomas F. Bartlett of any and all judgments, interest, costs and attorney's fees so that the records will be free and clear against said Thomas F. Bartlett."
. It is pleaded, among other things, that Bartlett, October 21, 1917, substituted the name of a sister as beneficiary, in the place of proponent, in a certain accident insurance policy, and that this act and his changed condition generally after his divorce indicated that he "believed that all relations between him and his wife were severed, and that by said divorce he was fully free from any provisions made by him for his said wife by any will or otherwise."
Contestants also pleaded that the relations between Bartlett and proponent from the time that the petition for divorce was filed until the "payment of $1,500 was one of continuing hostility and litigation," and that her conduct "clearly indicated that she (proponent) believed at all times that it was the intention of her former husband to destroy all provisions made for her in any will," and that the divorce, and the several payments made in pursuance thereof, annulled the marital relations theretofore existing, so that when Bartlett died she was not his wife and consequently at the time of the trial was not his widow. It was finally pleaded that the provisions in the will in proponent's favor conferred upon her no right, title or benefit in his estate, either real or personal, and that as to all of his estate Bartlett died intestate.
Proponent's • reply denied generally the allegations pleaded in the answer, except as to certain formal admissions respecting the marriage, the divorce, the place and date of Bartlett's death, and the like. It was pleaded that she, "by her labors, frugality and thrift helped him to acquire and accumulate the estate of which he died seised and possessed, and that, shortly prior to the death of said testator proponent secured a divorce from her said husband on account of the violation of the marriage contract and obligations by him, her said husband." She further alleged that, in view of Bartlett's legal residence in. Missouri immediately before he died, by the laws of that state the will in-question was not revoked, nor was it revoked by the laws of Nebraska, and that it was never the intention of the testator to revoke his will.
That the will was legally executed is not questioned by the contestants, but they argue that it "has been revoked by implication of law" as found by the district court. They insist that Bartlett's settlement with his wife terminated their marital relations, and that the will which was executed many years before the settlement should not become operative at his death. The argument is that Bartlett either forgot that there was a will or he believed that the divorce proceedings and the settlement revoked the will, and that he would not knowingly have allowed the will to remain in existence under the strained relations that existed between himself and his former wife.
In view of the record and of the law and of the weight of authority as announced in the decisions, the argument of contestants is not tenable. Section 1295, ReA'-. St. 1913, proAddes how a will may lawfully be revoked. The section reads:
"No will,, nor any part thereof, shall be revoked, unless by burning, tearing, canceling, or obliterating the same, with the intention of revoking it, by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction; or by some other'will or codicil in writing, executed as prescribed in this article; or by some writing signed, attested and subscribed in the manner provided in this article for the execution of a will; excepting only, that nothing contained in this section shall prevent the revocation implied by law from subsequent changes in the conditions or circumstances of the testator."
The statute was first construed by this court in Baacke v. Baacke, 50 Neb. 18. The second paragraph of the syllabus reads:
"An absolute revocation of a will cannot be implied by law from the obtaining of a divorce from the testator by his wife after the maldng of. the will, the death of one of his children for whom provision was made in the will, and the birth of three children to such deceased child, prior to the testator's death."
In the body of the opinion at page 22, it is said:
"While our statute recognizes revocations of wills by implication of law, it has not undertaken to designate or specify what subsequent changes in the condition and circumstances of the testator will produce such revocation, but it is for the court to determine from the facts of each particular case, under the rules and forms of law, whether the' testator intended the will to stand notwithstanding the changes in his condition and circumstances. No case has been cited, nor has the writer been able to find a single authority, which holds that a subsequent granting of a divorce to the wife of a testator, and a settlement of her property rights, work a revocation."
In Hill v. Hill, 106 Neb. 17, we held: "There is no fixed rule by which the revocation of a will may be implied from subsequent changes in the condition or circumstances of the testator. Each case must be governed by its own peculiar facts." In the Hill case these facts appear:
"Fifteen years elapsed between the date of the execution of a will and the death of the testator. The will provided that his wife, whose death preceded his by about two years, should have as her share of the estate 'the provisions made by law for her.' In the interim a section of farm- land was purchased that was not devised by the will. A life estate in a house and lot was devised to an only daughter, of the value of $5,000 or $6,000, which the testator subsequently sold. When the will was executed the testator had practically no personal property, but he then owned 1,000 acres of farm land worth about $50,000; when he died he had about $25,000 in money and owned property worth more than a quarter of a million dollars. Held, that the 'changes in the conditions or circumstances of the testator' did not, under section 1295, Rev. St. 1913, work a revocation of the will by implication of law."
Substantially the same question was before the supreme court of Iowa in 1908. In re Estate of Brown, 139 Ia. 219. In that case Brown executed a will whereby he devised all his estate to his wife, save the sum of $1,000. to each of his two children. In 1905 his wife was divorced from him. In the divorce action the property rights of the parties were settled by the decree, which concludes with this language:
"That the foregoing provisions for and in behalf of the plaintiff when paid and complied with by the defendant shall be in full payment, satisfaction, and discharge of all her interest in and to the property of the defendant."
It is pointed out in that case that there was nothing to indicate that Brown intended to change the provisions in his will in favor of his wife, nor was there anything to show that his wife believed that such was his intention, and that she did nothing to prevent her former husband from destroying or revoking the will. The court there observed that the provision made for the wife in the divorce decree was not a voluntary agreement or advancement, but was awarded because of defendant's legal obligation to support her, and that so far as the record disclosed the divorce decree was not intended to take the place of the provision made in the will. The court proceeded to say:
"The divorce decree simply satisfied the property rights between the parties as they existed at that time, and had no reference whatever to any disposition which the testator might then or thereafter have made of his property by will. Manifestly the revocation implied as of law must result from facts and circumstances which were everywhere regarded as sufficient under the common law."
Jones' Estate, 211 Pa. St. 364, is in point. At page 381 the court said: "The decree in divorce took away only what the law gave to her when the marriage was contracted. This was the right to support, and to dower in his estate if she survived him. After the entry of the decree, the testator was no longer bound to provide for her, and she had no further claim upon his estate. What the law gave, it took away; nothing more. The beneficiary is not here claiming anything which accrued to her in pursuance of her mar riage. She is here only as a legatee, and is asking for that only which the testator gave to her of his free grace, and as a matter of bounty. That which he gave to her in his will was his own, to give or to withhold as he saw fit, A bequest needs no consideration to support it. As a legatee she stands upon the same footing as any other individual, and her relation to the testator has nothing to do with the case, unless he chose to make it an element, in the bestowal of the gift."
In 1 Schouler, Wills (5th ed.) sec. 427, it is said:
"Modern legislation itself repudiates in England and some of our states the whole theory of a presumed intention to revoke on the ground of an alteration in circumstances ; and what is left of that theory, aside from such statutes, it would be very difficult to say."
Card v. Alexander, 48 Conn. 492, is a case where, a year and a half after the execution of his will, the testator obtained a divorce from his wife for her misconduct. Pour years thereafter he died leaving the will unrevoked. In that case it is said: "But it is contended that the divorce by operation of law revoked this bequest. No case is cited in support of this position, and we are not aware that any exists. It may be true that the divorce divested the wife of all those executory property rights which had no basis but the coverture; but that hardly reaches this case, for here the right rests mainly, not upon coverture, but upon the will; and it cannot be said that coverture was the sole motive or inducement to the will." To the same effect is Charlton v. Miller, 27 Ohio St. 298.
Prom the record in the present case the divorce decree merely appears to have satisfied the property rights of the parties as they existed when the divorce was granted. Prom the fact that Bartlett did not revoke his will in the statutory manner naturally leads to the presumption that he did not intend to revoke it. Clearly the court should not hold that the will has been revoked by implication of law except in a clear case. The court has no more right to set a will aside, unless it is clearly warranted by the facts, than it has to make a will for a testator. Bartlett's reasons for leaving the will unrevoked were his own. What his . relations were with his wife may in part be gathered from some of the grounds alleged in her petition for a divorce. The contestants' answer shows that the proponent obtained her divorce on account of her husband's conduct and his indifference toward her. From this it may reasonably be-inferred that it was Bartlett's intention to make amends-for some of the wrongs he had committed against his wife,, whatever they may have been, and for that reason he did not revoke the will.
Contestants stress the -fact that Bartlett substituted the-name of a sister for that of his wife in an accident beneficiary policy. That circumstance, if it proves anything',, goes to show that decedent was willing to take from his wife a thing which was of no value, except upon the problematical or the remote contingency of personal injury to-the insured, and bestow it upon another, but he was not willing to, nor did he, deprive her of that which was of real value, namely, the provisions made for her in the will. It is obvious that to have revoked the will in any of the methods pointed out by the statute would have been a more simple process than the technical procedure which is required to effect the substitution of one beneficiary for another in any sort of an insurance policy. The fact remains-that Bartlett, apparently for reasons of his own, gave the-substance of his estate to his'wife, and there it remained at his death. To another he gave a remote expectancy which in comparison was a mere shadow.
After Bartlett's death the fights of proponent could not of course be based on a marriage tie which was dissolved, but were based on a valid will which does not appear to-have been revoked in -the statutory manner nor by implication of law. The decisions are not altogether harmonious, but the great weight of authority supports our conclusion. There is nothing in the pleadings, nor in the-record, which should be held to amount to implied revocation of the will.
1. Wills: Revocation by Implication: Divorce. A divorce between husband and wife, with a judgment for permanent alimony, followed by an agreement of settlement, which agreement was sufficient to settle all the property rights of the parties, is such a change of circumstances affecting the husband .as to work, by implication, a revocation of his previously executed will.
2. -•: -: Statutoby Provision. The statute (Oomp. St. 1922, sec. 1250), specifying the methods by which a will may be revoked, and providing that nothing contained in the section "shall prevent the revocation implied by law from subsequent changes in the conditions or circumstances of the testator," was not intended to preserve implied revocations in those cases only where the particular facts were found to be such as warranted a revocation at common law, for what were considered to be controlling conditions then had become changed at the time of the enactment of the statute, but rather the statute was intended to preserve and perpetuate the principle upon which those revocations were based.
3. -: -: " -. By that statute it was intended that the matter should be left to the courts to decide what subsequent changes in the conditions or circumstances of the testator should be sufficient, under our law, to fall within the reason and principle of implied revocations.
The conclusion is that the will in question is operative and the district court is so advised. The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with the views expressed in this opinion.
Reversed.
Flansburg, J., dissents.