Case Name: State of Kansas, Appellant, v. Lester B. Dean, Appellee
Court: Kansas Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Kansas
Decision Date: 1992-01-17
Citations: 250 Kan. 257
Docket Number: No. 66,578
Parties: State of Kansas, Appellant, v. Lester B. Dean, Appellee.
Judges: Allegrucci, J., joins the foregoing dissent.
Reporter: Kansas Reports
Volume: 250
Pages: 257–263

Head Matter:
No. 66,578
State of Kansas, Appellant, v. Lester B. Dean, Appellee.
(824 P.2d 978)
Opinion filed January 17, 1992.
W. Scott Toth, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Robert T. Stephan, attorney general, and Paul J. Morrison, district attorney, were with him on the brief for appellant.
Michael J. Bartee, assistant public defender, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellee.

Opinion:
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Herd, J.:
In this criminal action Lester B. Dean was charged with aggravated robbery, K.S.A. 21-3427, for ordering gasoline pumped into his car, which he refused to pay for; he then threatened the gas station owner and drove away. Before trial, Dean moved to dismiss the charge on the theory his acts did not constitute aggravated robbery. The district court granted Dean's motion.
On January 2, 1991, Chong Su Kwon, the owner of the Shawnee Conoco station in Shawnee was working alone when a small red vehicle pulled into his station. The driver ordered three dollars worth of gasoline. Kwon proceeded to pump the gasoline as ordered. Once he had complied with the order, Kwon returned to the driver's window and requested payment of the three dollars. The driver responded by saying, "I don't have money. How about this." As he spoke the driver raised his right arm underneath a jacket as if he had a weapon. Kwon believed the driver was pointing a gun at him. He thought he was about to be shot. Kwon jumped away from the car. The driver then pulled out of the station and drove away.
Kwon immediately reported the incident to the police. Dean was stopped by the police a short time later for exceeding the speed limit in a school zone. Kwon identified Dean as the driver of the small red vehicle. No weapon was recovered from Dean or his vehicle.
Following a preliminary hearing, Dean moved to have the charge dismissed. He argued the facts did not support a charge of robbery and, therefore, could not sustain a charge of aggravated robbery. The district court agreed with Dean and dismissed the case. The State appeals.
The sole issue is whether Dean's ordering the pumping of gasoline prior to payment and immediately leaving the presence of the owner without payment by the use of threat or force constitutes robbery or merely theft.
Dean was charged with aggravated robbery, which is: "a robbery committed by a person who is armed with a dangerous weapon or who inflicts bodily harm upon any person in the course of such robbery." K.S.A. 21-3427. Robbery is statutorily defined as "the taking of property from the person or presence of another by threat of bodily harm to his person or the person of another or by force." K.S.A. 21-3426.
As early as 1894, this court addressed the question of when the force or threat must occur in order to constitute the crime of robbery rather than theft. In State v. Miller, 53 Kan. 324, Syl. ¶ 1, 36 Pac. 751 (1894), we stated:
"To constitute the crime of robbery by forcibly taking money from the person of its owner, it is not necessary that violence to the person of the owner should precede the taking of the money; it is sufficient if it be contemporaneous with the taking."
In keeping with Miller, Kansas follows the general rule:
"[T]o constitute the crime of robbery by forcibly taking [property] from the person of its owner, it is necessary that the violence to the owner must either precede or be contemporaneous with the taking of the property and robbery is not committed where the thief has gained peaceable possession of the property and uses no violence except to resist arrest or to effect his escape." State v. Aldershof, 220 Kan. 798, 803, 556 P.2d 371 (1976).
The ultimate issue, therefore, becomes whether "the taking of the property has been completed at the time the force or threat is used by the defendant." Aldershof, 220 Kan. at 803.
In Aldershof, the defendant while inside a tavern took two purses, one from a table and the other from the owner's lap. He then escaped the tavern as he was being followed by the owner of one of the purses. The owner caught the defendant outside the tavern and grabbed his shirt. He turned, struck her, and left. The defendant was convicted of robbery and appealed.
The defendant contended the evidence did not support the jury's verdict of robbery. Instead, he argued no force or threat was used in the taking of the purses. We agreed. The purses were under the defendant's control when he left the tavern and were no longer in the victims' presence. Thus, the taking was completed before he used any threat or force. The force used was to aid in his escape. 220 Kan. at 799-804.
We faced the same issue in State v. Long, 234 Kan. 580, 675 P.2d 832 (1984), overruled on other grounds State v. Keeler, 238 Kan. 356, 710 P.2d 1279 (1985), with a different result. The victim, Mrs. Wolf, operated a dairy farm that included a small sale building. Customers were allowed to help themselves to milk and then were on the honor system to deposit payment in a locked, slotted money box mounted on the wall. Mrs. Wolf discovered the defendant crouched over the money box, which had been pried open. The defendant had his hands in his pockets. Mrs. Wolf noticed a dollar bill lying on the floor beneath the money box. She attempted to block the defendant's exit from the building, but he forced his way out of the building by violently shoving Mrs. Wolf aside. 234 Kan. at 581.
After being convicted of robbery, the defendant appealed, claiming the force used against Mrs. Wolf occurred after the taking to aid his escape and, therefore, the evidence did not support a robbery conviction. We determined "[t]he defendant takes possession of the property of another when he exercises dominion and control over the property." 234 Kan. at 582-85. We further explained: "'If the possession of the would-be taker is imperfect in any degree, or his control of the thing desired is qualified by any circumstance, however slight, the taking is incomplete and the act is only an attempt.' " 234 Kan. at 585 (quoting 52A C.J.S, Larceny § 6).
We concluded a thief does not obtain complete independent and absolute possession and control of property adverse to the rights of the owner when the taking is immediately resisted by the owner before the thief can remove it from the premises or from the owner's presence.
In the case currently under consideration, the State contends the facts are analogous to Long. The State claims that although Kwon voluntarily pumped gasoline into the vehicle, Dean could not exercise complete control and dominion over the gasoline until Dean threatened Kwon with what appeared to be a weapon to take the property from the presence of Kwon; thus, the taking was incomplete until force was used.
We agree. The statute requires the taking of property "from the person or presence of another" by use of force or threat. K.S.A. 21-3426. We believe the rules set out in Long apply here. Dean had not left the premises or even attempted to drive away. Here, Dean's own actions of threatening Kwon before driving away indicate his belief that he needed to neutralize Kwon before he would have complete control of the gasoline. We find Dean made his threat to prevent resistance to the taking and not as a means of escape. Therefore, the facts support a charge of aggravated robbery.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.