Case Name: Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company v. Hadley, by Next Friend
Court: Supreme Court of Indiana
Jurisdiction: Indiana
Decision Date: 1907-12-20
Citations: 170 Ind. 204
Docket Number: No. 21,142
Parties: Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company v. Hadley, by Next Friend.
Judges: Hadley, J., did not participate in this decision.
Reporter: Indiana Reports
Volume: 170
Pages: 204–222

Head Matter:
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company v. Hadley, by Next Friend.
[No. 21,142.
Filed December 20, 1907.
Rehearing denied March 19, 1908.]
1. Tbiax. — Instructions.—Railroads.—Owe Required of Passenger. —An instruction that a common carrier must exercise the highest degree of care in providing safe appliances and cars for passengers, and that passengers “must also exercise an equally high degree of care to protect themselves from injury,” is properly refused, since a passenger is required to exercise only ordinary care for his safety, p. 207.
2. Same. — Instructions.—Passenger Putting Arm Out of Window. —Contributory Negligence. — An instruction, that if the plaintiff protruded her arm from the window of defendant railroad company’s rapidly-moving train, she was guilty of contributory negligence precluding a recovery, is incorrect, such question, upon the assumed facts, being for the jury. p. 207.
3. Same. — Instructions.—Fall of Car Window. — Applicability to Evidence. — An instruction that if plaintiff, a passenger on defendant’s train, raised the car window until it locked or caught, and, on account of its weak, broken, or defective lock, it fell and injured plaintiff’s arm, without her fault, the company would be liable, is not erroneous, where defendant insisted that such lock was perfect, p. 208.
4. Same. — Instructions.—Fall of Defective Car Window. — Res Ipsa Loquitur. — An instruction that if a passenger was injured by reason of the weak, broken, or defective condition of the car in which such passenger was riding, or any of the equipments and appliances connected therewith, the mere happening of the injury is prima facie evidence of the company’s negligence, and it is incumbent upon the company to excuse such prima facie failure of duty, is correct, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitu/r applying, pp. 208, 217.
5. Same. — Instructions.—Bwden of Proof. — Injury from Defective Railroad Appliances. — An instruction that the happening of an injury to a passenger because of defective appliances creates a prima facie case, and the company has the.“burden” of proving, in order to rebut the presumption of negligence, that the accident could not have been avoided by the highest practical care and diligence, is correct, the word “burden” evidently meaning duty or obligation, p. 210.
O. Evidence. — Res'Ipsa Loquitur. — Avoidance of Prima Facie Case. —Railroads.—Defective Appliances. — Where a passenger proves that she was injured because of a defective car window, the company, to avoid such prima facie case, may show collateral facts which explain that the company had used the required care and diligence in the maintenance of its equipment, p. 211.
7. Trial. — Instructions.—Consideration of Expert Testimony. — An instruction that the opinions of medical experts are to be considered in connection with the other testimony in the case, but that the jury is not bound to act upon such to the exclusion of the other evidence, is not erroneous, p. 211.
8. Evidence. — Effect of Medical Treatment. — In an action for personal injuries, it is.competent to ask a witness what effect medical treatment had upon plaintiff’s injured arm. 212.
9. Same. — Ability as a Teacher. — Opinions.—in an action for personal injuries to a teacher, the plaintiff’s father is prima facie competent to testify as to plaintiff’s ability as a teacher, the jury being the judges of the weight of such testimony, p. 212.
10. Same. — Comparative Condition of Injury at Time of Trial and Six Months Previous. — It is competent, in a personal injury ease, to ask a witness as to the comparative condition of plaintiff’s injured arm at the time of trial and six months previous, p. 212.
11. Same. — Amount of Salary Received by Witness from Defendant. — Credibility of Witnesses. — In an action against a railroad company for personal injuries, it is competent, on cross-examination, as affecting his credibility, for plaintiff to ask defendant’s witness who was a conductor on defendant’s train, how much salary he received, p. 213.
12. Appeal. — Improper Admission of Evidence. — Exception.— Where no exception was taken to the alleged improper admission of evidence, no question thereon can be raised on appeal, p. 213.
33. Trial. — Argument to Jury. — Misconduct.—Decision of Trial Court Thereon. — Appeal.—-Where allegations of misconduct in the argument to the jury are made and denied in the trial court, the trial judge’s decision thereon is final on appeal, such statements having been made in his presence, p. 213.
14. Same. — Argument to Jury. — Misconduct.—Sow Questioned.— To present any question upon alleged misconduct in the argument to the jury, a proper motion, in reference thereto, must seasonably be made, an exception reserved and the ruling embraced in the motion for a new trial, p. 214.
35. Damages. — Excessive.—A judgment for $10,000 is not excessive, where a strong and healthy girl twenty years old had the ulnar nerve of her arm probably permanently'injured, causing her constant, severe pain, and disabling her from practicing upon the piano, or from giving elocutionary, or Delsartian entertainments, and rendering her nervous and sleepless, p. 215.
16. Same. — Excessive.—When Reversible. — A judgment will be reversed, on account of excessive damages, only when such dám ages appear at first blush to be so, or where It appears that some improper element appeared in the assessment thereof, p. 215.
17. Damages. — Assessment.—Jury.—Trial Judge. — Abuse.—Where the jury has exercised its right in estimating damages, and the trial judge has confirmed the assessment, a clear case of abuse must be shown .in order to secure a reversal on-appeal, p. 216.
18. Bailroads. — Fall of Car Window. — Contributory Negligence.— A passenger, who raised a car window until the latch c.aught and then, in throwing something out of the window, it fell injuring her arm, is not guilty of contributory negligence, as a matter of law, because, unexplained, such window had fallen, to her knowledge, once before, p. 220.
19. Same. — Car Windows. — Care.—A passenger on a railway train has a right to hoist a window for any proper purpose, and to assume that the catch with which it is equipped is sufficient to hold when latched, railway companies being under the continuing duty of using care to provide for the safety of their car windows. p. 221.
From Putnam Circuit Court; Presley O. Gollwer, Judge.
Action by Vivian ITadley, by her next friend, against the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company. From a judgment for plaintiff, defendant appeals. Transferred from Appellate Court under §1399 Bums 1908, Acts 1901, p. 565, §15.
Affirmed.
James L. Clark, Tarvin C. Grooms, George A. Knight, L. J. Hackney and Frank L. Littleton, for appellant.
T. S. Adams and S. A. Hays, for appellee.

Opinion:
Montgomery, J.
Appellee, suing by next friend, recovered- judgment for a personal injury caused while a passenger on appellant's train, by the falling of a window-sash upon her arm.
The only error assigned is the overruling of appellant's motion for a new trial.
The motion for a new trial alleged that the verdict was not sustained by sufficient evidence and was contrary to law; that the damages were excessive; that the court erred in refusing to give, and in giving, certain instructions. Other specified errors of law occurring upon the trial will be set out and considered in this opinion.
The first sentence of the eighth instruction tendered by appellant and refused was as follows: "A'common carrier of passengers must exercise the highest degree of care in providing safe appliances and cars for the transportation of its passengers; and passengers upon the ears or carriages of a common carrier must also exercise an equally high degree of care to protect themselves from injury." The latter clause of this statement was manifestly incorrect, since a passenger is required to exercise only ordinary care for his safety. 4 Elliott, Railroads (2d ed.), §1642; Jeffersonville, etc., R. Co. v. Hendricks (1866), 26 Ind. 228; Keokuk, etc., Packet Co. v. True (1878), 88 Ill. 608; Waterbury v. Chicago, etc., R. Co. (1897), 104 Iowa 32, 73 N. W. 341; Missouri, etc., R. Co. v. Miller (1894), 8 Tex. Civ. App. 241, 27 S. W. 905; Conroy v. Chicago, etc., R. Co. (1897), 96 Wis. 243, 70 N. W. 486, 38 L. R. A. 419.
Appellant, by its ninth instruction, requested the court to charge the jury that if appellee, while on a rapidly-moving car, raised the window, protruded her arm, and, while in the act of withdrawing the same the window fell, inflicting the injury complained of, she was guilty of contributory negligence and could not recover. The question of contributory negligence is usually to be determined by the jury, and it is only in a case where the facts are undisputed, and but one reasonable inference can be drawn therefrom, that the court may venture to direct a verdict. It is very clear upon the facts assumed in this instruction that the court was not warranted in saying, as a matter of law, that appellee was guilty of contributory negligence. Schneider v. New Orleans, etc., R. Co. (1893), 54 Fed. 466; New Orleans, etc., R. Co. v. Schneider (1893), 60 Fed. 210, 8 C. C. A. 571; Farlow v. Kelley (1882), 108 U. S. 288, 2 Sup. Ct. 555, 27 L. Ed. 726; Moakler v. Willamette, etc., R. Co. (1889), 18 Ore. 189, 22 Pac. 948, 6 L. R. A. 656, 17 Am. St. 717; Summers v. Crescent City R. Co. (1882), 34 La, Ann. 139, 44 Am. Rep. 419; Miller v. St. Louis R. Co. (1878), 5 Mo. App. 471.
The third instruction, given at the request of appellee, advised the jury that if appellee was a passenger on appellant's ear, and, for the purpose of throwing out fruit parings, or for other reasonable cause, raised the window until the same was locked or caught, and such window, on account of the broken, weak or defective lock or catch thereon, fell and injured appellee's arm, without fault or negligence on her part, appellant would be liable. The objection is that this instruction binds appellant for breaks of the most recent occurrence, as well as latent defects. The instruction was not given as an abstract proposition of law, but as an application of a legal principle to the concrete case before the court. Appellant did not found its defense upon the ground of this objection, or offer any evidence of an inspection of the ear or its appliances, previous to the accident, but insisted upon the trial that the window catch was suitable and proper, and in good condition. If the window catch was in fact broken, weak or defective, and for that reason the window fell, then, under the evidence, appellant had made no effort to discover or repair such defect; and a prima facie case was established entitling appellee to recover. Breen v. New York, etc., R. Co. (1888); 109 N. Y. 297, 16 N. E. 60, 4 Am. St. 450; Holbrook v. Utica, etc., R. Co. (1855), 12 N. Y. 236; Winters v. Hannibal, etc., R. Co. (1867), 39 Mo. 468. The fourth instruction given, of which complaint is made, is in principle the same as the third, and no error was committed in giving the same.
The eighth instruction, given at the request of appellee, declared the law to be that if an injury is suffered by a passenger on account of the weak, broken or defective condition of the car in which such passenger is riding, or any of the equipments and appliances connected therewith, the mere happening of such accident and injury is prima facie evidence of tbe negligence of the company own ing, controlling and using such car, and it will be incumbent upon the company to produce evidence which will excuse the prima facie failure of duty on its part. This instruction literally embodies the language of this court in the ease of Terre Haute, etc., R. Co. v. Sheeks (1900), 155 Ind. 74, and the legal principle declared is supported by numerous decisions of this State, and is in accord with the conclusions of all approved authorities. Appellant's learned counsel insist, however, that the doctrine res ipsa loquitur does not apply where there was any action on the part of the passenger which might have contributed to produce the injury. It must be conceded that a well-recognized exception, substantially as stated, exists to the general rule. In the case of Pennsylvania Co. v. Marion (1885), 104 Ind. 239, this court held that a passenger who voluntarily left his seat and alighted upon the station platform while the train was in motion, and in so doing sustained injury, was not in a position to claim the benefit of a presumption that the carrier was guilty of negligence. The Appellate Court, upon similar facts, has announced the same holding. Dressler v. Citizens St. R. Co. (1898), 19 Ind. App. 383; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Aldridge (1901), 27 Ind. App. 498. A mere statement of the circumstances attending the accident clearly and broadly distinguishes those cases from the one at bar. In the cases cited the controversy was as to what was the negligent act proximately causing the injury; and no claim of defective cars, equipment or' appliances was fairly or properly presented. While in this ease the real dispute is, not whether appellee was guilty of contributory negligence, but whether the window catch was in fact weak, broken or defective. There could be no question of appellee's right to hoist the window, without any imputation of negligence, and the fact is shown without conflict in the evidence that she raised the sash with due care, to the full height, and until it was latched. It does not, therefore, appear from a mere recital of the incident, or upon the whole case, that the question of appellee's contributory negligence was so involved as to take this ease out of the general rule that a passenger injured without his fault, by a defective appliance of the carrier's, has a prima facie right of recovery. Our conclusion is that the instruction was applicable to the case made out by the evidence, and was in form and substance proper.
This instruction states the general proposition that the happening of an injury to a passenger because of defective appliances creates a prima facie case of failure in the performance of duty on the part of the carrier, as before shown, and concludes as follows: "Or, in other words, the company has the burden of proving, in order to rebut the presumption of negligence, under the circumstances, that the accident could not have been avoided by the exercise of the highest degree of practical care and diligence. ' ' Objection is made to the use of the word ' ' burden ' ' in this connection, and it is correctly argued that appellant, under the answer of general denial, did not at any stage of the trial have the burden of disproving the negligence charged by appellee in the complaint. It is clear upon principle that appellee, having alleged actionable negligence, must assume and bear throughout the proceeding the burden of establishing the charge preferred. In this action sjie made a prima facie case by the aid of the legal presumption arising from the doctrine res ipsa loquitur. In finally deter-, mining the issue as to appellant's negligence, the jury must weigh presumptions, testimony and proofs of every character in the light of the principle that the burden of proof was upon appellee, and if, on the whole, the scale did not preponderate in favor of the presumption and against all countervailing evidence, appellee must fail. Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Higgs (1906), 165 Ind. 694, 708, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1081; Terre Haute, etc., R. Co. v. Sheeks, supra; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Newell (1885), 104 Ind. 264, 274, 54 Am. Rep. 312; Kay v. Metropolitan St. R. Co. (1900), 163 N. Y. 447, 57 N. E. 751. Reading the instruction under consideration as an entirety, it is plain that the word burden was used in this instance in the sense of duty or obligation, and when so read the instruction is not subject to criticism. We are not to be understood as condemning this part of the instruction, in any event. It is the law, as already stated, that when appellee showed that she was injured without her fault, from a defective appliance of the car in which she was being transported as a passenger, a presumption of negligence arose against appellant, and remained for her benefit until negatived and overthrown by proof of other facts. In addition to disputing the evidence which appellee offered, appellant might relieve itself of this presumption of negligence by producing evidence of collateral facts explaining the immediate cause of the accident and showing that in the conduct of its business it had used the -highest practical skill, prudence and circumspection; but, notwithstanding, the cause of the accident was such that it was not and could not reasonably have been discovered and obviated. A prima facie ease having been made out by the aid of the legal presumption of negligence, appellant had the burden of establishing the existence of all the separate collateral facts, which might be necessary to explain the cause of'the accident and to demonstrate the use of proper diligence and care in the maintenance of its cars and appliances in a condition of safety. Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Newell, supra; Thompson, Carriers, 210, 211.
The tenth instruction given related to the consideration to be given to the opinions of expert witnesses, and was clothed
in the language of instructions considered and approved in the following cases: Guetig v. State (1879), 66 Ind. 94, 32 Am. Rep. 99; Goodwin v. State (1884), 96 Ind. 550. There was evidence making such instruction appropriate, and no error was committed in giving the same.
Emma Hadley, appellee's mother, was asked: "What effect had the treatment upon her [plaintiff's] arm, if any?" Appellant objected, upon the ground that the question called for a conclusion, and not for facts. This objection was clearly untenable, and the witness was rightly permitted to answer the question. She had witnessed the treatment and observed the visible effects, if any resulted, and might properly state to the jury such facts as were within her knowledge. Stamets v. Mitchenor (1906), 165 Ind. 672; Boyle v. State (1886), 105 Ind. 469, 55 Am. Rep. 218.
' Appellant objected to the following question propounded to appellee's father: "What was her ability in the line of teaching in the profession of elocution, of giving elocutionary entertainments?" It is urged that this question calls for an opinion, where an opinion is not competent evidence, and that the witness was not shown to be qualified to express such an opinion. The ability of a neophyte or of a professor in elocutionary work may be shown by the opinions of those qualified to testify, and the father is prima facie qualified to pass an opinion upon the elocutionary ability of his own daughter. The jury are the ultimate judges of the weight to be given such evidence, and will take into account the primary facts upon which the opinion is based, as well as the relationship of the parties.
The last witness was permitted to answer the following: "Tell the jury whether the condition of your daughter's arm-is better or worse at this time than it was six months ago." This witness had testified to the condition of appellee at the times covered by the question. The important fact to be determined was whether the injury was permanent or curable, and it was hot error to allow him to answer this question. Swygart v. Willard (1906), 166 Ind. 25; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Wood (1888), 113 Ind. 544, 553; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Gray (1897), 148 Ind. 266, 277; Carthage Turnpike Co. v. Andrews (1885), 102 Ind. 138; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Holsapple (1895), 12 Ind. App. 301.
Appellant complains because appellee- was permitted, on cross-examination, to inquire as to the amount of monthly salary received by appellant's conductor. Anything tending to affect the credibility of a witness may be shown, and this inquiry cannot be said to be so remote or irrelevant as to be manifestly improper. The extent to which cross-examination may be carried is largely in the discretion of the trial court, and must be determined by the relation and apparent character and bearing of the witness under examination, and the circumstances attending the particular ease on trial. We are unable to say that the discretion of the court was abused in this instance. Swygart v. Willard, supra; Shields v. State (1897), 149 Ind. 395; McDonald v. McDonald (1895), 142 Ind. 55, 72; Pennsylvania Co. v. Newmeyer (1891), 129 Ind. 401, 405; White Sewing Machine Co. v. Gordon (1890), 124 Ind. 495, 496, 19 Am. St. 109; Hinchcliffe v. Koontz (1890), 121 Ind. 422, 425, 16 Am. St. 403; Bessette v. State (1885), 101 Ind. 85, 88; Wachstetter v. State (1885), 99 Ind. 290, 295, 50 Am. Rep. 94; Ledford v. Ledford (1884), 95 Ind. 283, 285.
The court permitted appellant's car inspector to state, over objection, that if he pushed the- window up and it remained he would be satisfied that the stop had caught, but no exception was- saved to the ruling, and hence no question is presented for our decision. Adams v. Board, etc. (1905), 164 Ind. 108.
It is alleged in the motion for a new trial that the court erred in permitting counsel for appellee, in argument to the jury, to make certain specified statements, and this ground of the motion is supported by the affidavits of appellant's counsel. Counter-affidavits were filed reciting the language used. It must also be remembered that the facts were within the personal knowledge of the trial judge, and, having determined the issue respecting the real occurrence upon conflicting evidence, we cannot disturb his conclusion. Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co, v. Collins (1907), 168 Ind. 467.
Conceding that, in the most favorable view, the language used was improper, it appears further that appellant's counsel were personally present, and at the time made no objection to the same. The rule is firmly established that a party feeling aggrieved by any incident in the progress of a trial must make his objection known at the earliest opportunity, so that the error, if any, may be promptly cured. Silence, when there is an opportunity to speak, operates as a waiver of objections to irregularities and abuses, which, if seasonably made and presented, might be regarded as prejudicial. This alleged error is effectually disposed of by the holding in Southern Ind. R. Co. v. Fine (1904), 163 Ind. 617, where it is said, that, in such circumstances as here shown, a duty devolved upon appellant's counsel to bring the matter directly to the attention of the court, to state the ground of objection specifically, if reasonably required, and, if the wrong be not incurable, to request the court to admonish the jury to disregard the objectionable language. If, then, the court refuse to sustain a proper motion respecting such improper argument, an exception must be reserved to the action or nonaction of the court. A failure of the court to admonish the jury at the time was, under the facts shown, as much the fault of appellant's counsel as of the court, and an objection made for the first time after verdict cannot avail appellant. Morrison v. State (1889), 76 Ind. 335, 338; Hemming v. State (1886), 106 Ind. 386, 393, 55 Am. Rep. 756; Coleman v. State (1887), 111 Ind. 563, 567; Grubb v. State (1889), 117 Ind. 277, 283; Staser v. Hogan (1889), 120 Ind. 207, 222; White v. Gregory (1890), 126 Ind. 95, 98; Drew v. State (1890), 124 Ind. 9, 12; Reed v. State (1895), 141 Ind. 116, 119; Lingquist v. State (1899), 153 Ind. 542; Coppenhaver v. State (1903), 160 Ind. 540. No charge of misconduct of the prevailing party was made in the motion for a new trial, and we are not called upon to view the matter from that standpoint. Choen v. State (1882), 85 Ind. 209, 213.
The jury awarded appellee $10,000 damages, and this is claimed to be excessive. Appellee was twenty years of age at the time of the accident, strong, healthy and active, skilled in household work, fond of driving and athletic games, well educated, competent to perform upon the piano, specially trained in elocution, and qualified to teach and give elocutionary and Delsartian entertainments, and had just commenced teaching a small class in elocution. The injury was upon the elbow joint, affecting chiefly the dinar nerve. It was extremely painful, necessitating the use of opiates to produce sleep, and was still painful at the time of tfie trial. The injury resulted in a sleepy, numb feeling in the arm, and in the little and ring fingers, which feeling still remains. The muscles of the arm became and remained soft, flabby and shrunken in size, and the power to grip and hold anything securely in the left hand was lost, so that appellee cannot comb her hair or make her own toilet, cannot help at house work, or play the piano, and was compelled to abandon elocutionary and Delsartian exercises. She is nervous, often sleepless, has little appetite, and is somewhat reduced in flesh. The accident occurred on September 24, 1904, and the trial was held September 22, 1905. The medical treatment of the injury had no perceptible effect, there was no improvement, and conditions were rather worse than better, physicians being unable to foretell or promise when, if ever, recovery would occur, but regarded the outlook as unfavorable.
The general principle is well established that this court will not reverse the judgment of the court below in refusing to grant a new trial on the ground of excessive damages, unless, at first blush, the damages assessed appear to be outrageous and excessive, or it is apparent that some improper element was taken into account by the jury in determining the amount. City of Michigan City v, Phillips (1904), 163 Ind. 449; Indianapolis St. R. Co. v. Schmidt (1904), 163 Ind. 360; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. Cheek (1899), 152 Ind. 663; Ohio, etc., R. Co. v. Judy (1889), 120 Ind. 397; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Miller, (1895), 141 Ind. 533; Evansville, etc., R. Co. v. Talbot (1892), 131 Ind. 221; Carthage Turnpike Co. v. Andrews (1885), 102 Ind. 138, 52 Am. Rep. 653; Farman v. Lauman (1881), 73 Ind. 568; Town of Westerville v. Freeman (1873), 66 Ind. 255; Yater v. Mullen (1864), 23 Ind. 562; Picquet v. McKay (1831), 2 Blackf. 465.
The determination of the extent of the injury complained of, and the proper compensation therefor, were peculiarly within the province and power of the trial jury, and when its judgment has been fairly obtained, and, in the light of all the incidents of the trial, confirmed by the presiding judge, an abuse of this right and power must he clearly manifest to warrant an appellate court in disturbing the judgment on the ground of excessive damages. Hudelson v. Hudelson (1905), 164 Ind. 694; Creamery, etc., Co. v. Hotsenpiller (1902), 159 Ind. 99; Mead v. Burk (1901), 156 Ind. 577; Lee v. State (1901), 156 Ind. 541. A more grievous misfortune could scarcely be presented than an accident to a cultured young woman, in perfect health, and of joyous and hopeful disposition, just entering upon an independent career of usefulness and honor, by which she is in a moment deprived of the use of her attainments for profit or pleasure, her ambition is destroyed, her disposition changed, her countenance .rendered haggard, she becomes nervous and irritable, and is left a dependent invalid to bear a burden of pain by night and by day, with no assurance of cessation except by death. It is clear that we are without warrant for disturbing the judgment on the ground of excessive damages. Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Simons (1907), 168 Ind. 333; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Miller (1905), 165 Ind. 381; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Miller, supra; Carthage Turnpike Co. v. Andrews, supra; City of Michigan City v. Phillips, supra. There was abundant evidence from which.the jury might find that the window fell on account of an insufficient and defective catch, as alleged, and no evidence that appellant had made any.effort prior to the accident to discover or repair such defect. The verdict was sustained by sufficient evidence and was not contrary to law, and no error was committed in overruling appellant's motion for a new trial.
The judgment is affirmed.
Hadley, J., did not participate in this decision.