Case Name: People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Clifford Santer, Appellant
Court: New York Court of General Sessions of the Peace
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1916-06
Citations: 96 Misc. 109
Docket Number: 
Parties: People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Clifford Santer, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Miscellaneous Reports
Volume: 96
Pages: 109–113

Head Matter:
People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Clifford Santer, Appellant.
(Court of General Sessions of the Peace in and for the County of New York,
June, 1916.)
Appeal — to Supreme Court from judgments rendered by Court of Special Sessions — when appeal does not lie to Court of General Sessions — Inferior Criminal Courts Act.
An appeal does not lie to the Court of General Sessions in and for the county of New York from a judgment' of conviction by the Court of Special Sessions, but the appeal must be taken to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court pursuant to section 40 of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act (Laws of 1910, chap. 659).
In view of the continuance of said section 40, providing for appeals to the Supreme Court from judgments rendered by the Court of Special Sessions, there is nothing to indicate that the legislature intended by chapter 531 Of the Laws of 1915 to extend the scope of section 94 of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act so as to authorize appeals to the Court of General Sessions in and for the county of New York in any cases other than those in which appeals to said Court of General Sessions were allowed on June 25, 1910, when the Inferior Criminal Courts Act went into effect.
Appeal from a judgment of conviction by a Court of Special Sessions.
Willoughby B. Dobbs, for appellant.
Edward Swann, district attorney, for respondent.

Opinion:
Wadhams, J.
The defendant was found guilty of cruelty to animals, a misdemeanor, before a city magistrate holding a Court of Special Sessions, pursuant to section 43 of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act, as amended by chapter 531 of the Laws of 1915, and has appealed to the Court of General Sessions.
The appeal does not lie to this court but to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, pursuant to section 40 of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act (chapter 659 of the Laws of 1910) which provides: " If any judgment or determination made by the court of special sessions shall be adverse to the defendant he may appeal therefrom in the same manner as from a judgment in an action prosecuted by indictment, and may be admitted to bail upon an appeal in like manner; and if the judgment of the supreme court upon such appeal shall be adverse to the defendant, he may appeal therefrom to the court of appeals as prescribed in the code of criminal procedure. In case of any such appeal to the supreme court, or to the court of appeals, the procedure in, and the jurisdiction of, the said courts, respectively, shall be the same as from a judgment of conviction after indictment."
It is urged that the appeal lies to the Court of General Sessions pursuant to the provisions of section 94 of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act, which was amended by chapter 531 of the Laws of 1915, to read as follows: " § 94. Appeals from city magistrates. All provisions of law conferring the right of appeal and prescribing the procedure on appeal to the court of general sessions of the peace in the county of New York from any judgment, order or other determination of a city magistrate, including a commitment under section four hundred and eighty-six of the penal law or of any court held by a city magistrate in force when this act takes effect, shall apply to and regulate all appeals, and the right of appeal in all cases hitherto existing is hereby preserved and continued. The right of appeal from any judgment, order or other determination of a city magistrate in any county other than the county of New York, to the county court of the county where the said judgment, order or other determination is made, is hereby preserved and continued. Upon the reversal of any judgment, order or other determination of a city magistrate the court of general sessions or a county court may send back the cause for a new trial to the city magistrates ' courts. ' '
Chapter 531 of the Laws of 1915 .took effect May 8, 1915. The amended section is substantially in the language of the original act, the only change made being with respect to appeals in counties other than the county of New York, the modification having been made necessary to provide for an appeal in the newly created county of Bronx. It is contended that inasmuch as the same law which amended section'94 of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act gave city magistrates power to hold a Court of Special Sessions for certain purposes specified in section 43 that the words " or of any court held by a city magistrate in force when this act takes effect " should be held to include a Court of Special Sessions held by a city magistrate under section 43 and that, therefore, since May 8,1915, when the amendment went into effect, the appeal is properly brought in the Court of General Sessions. The words, however, " or of any court held by a city magistrate in force when this act takes effect " were in section 94 as originally enacted, and under a well-established rule of statutory construction the words " in force when this act takes effect " referred not to the time of the taking effect of the amendment in May, 1915, but to the time of the passage of the original act in 1910. The Court of Special Sessions, which is authorized to try misdemeanors with réspect to animals, was not a court held by a magistrate in force in 1910, when the Inferior Criminal Courts Act took effect and is, therefore, not included among the courts held by magis trates from whose judgments appeals lie to the Court of General Sessions.
Section 32 of the .Statutory Construction Law provides that the provisions of law repealing a prior law, which are substantial re-enactments of provisions of the prior law, shall be construed as a continuation of the provisions of such prior law and not as new enactments.
In Ely v. Holton, 15 N. Y. 595, Denio, Ch. J., in construing a statute regulating the right of appeal which was " amended so as to read as follows," at pages 598 and 599 said: '" The portions of the amended sections which are merely copied without change, are not to be considered as repealed and again enacted, but to have been the law all along; and the new parts, or the changed portions, are not to be taken to have been the law at any time prior to the passage of the amended act. The theory of amendments, made in the form adopted in the present instance, we-take to be this: .The portions of the section which are repeated are to be considered as having been the law from the time they were first enacted, and the new provisions are to be understood as enacted at the time the amended act took effect."
The principle above stated has been followed in many cases in this state. Haight, J., after citing the case of Ely v. Holton, supra, said in Matter of Warde, 154 N. Y. 342, at page 344: 'The part which remains unchanged is to be considered as having been continued the law from the time of its original enactment, and the new or changed portion to have become law only at and subsequent to the passage of the amendment. The rule adopted in this case was followed in the case of Moore v. Mausert (49 N. Y. 332), and again in the case of Benton v. Wickwire (54 N. Y. 226)." See, also, Nash v. White's Bank of Buffalo, 37 Hun, 57, 60; People v. Supervisors, 67 N. Y. 109, 118; People ex rel. Grout v. Stillings, 76 App. Div. 143; Matter of Prime, 136 N. Y. 347, 354; People v. Wilmerding, 136 id. 363, 368; Homnyack v. Prudential Ins. Co., 194 id. 456, 460; 1 Lewis' Suth. Stat. Constr. (2d ed.) § 237; 2 id. § 443, 498.
After citing the general rule laid down in the authorities, Judge O'Brien, in delivering the opinion for the court, in Bank of Metropolis v. Faber, 150 N. Y. 200, 206, said: " The effect upon a prior statute of a subsequent amendment so as to read as follows ' is not to be determined in all cases by any fixed and absolute rule, but frequently becomes a question of legislative intent to be determined from the nature and language of the amendment, from other acts passed at or about the same time and from all the circumstances of the case. The duty of the courts is to give effect to the legislative intent rather than the literal terms of the act."
From an examination of the several sections of the Inferior Criminal Courts Act, particularly in view of the continuance of section 40 providing for appeals to the Supreme Court from judgments made by the Court of Special Sessions, I can find nothing to indicate that the legislature intended to extend the scope of section 94 so as to authorize appeals to the Court of General Sessions in any cases other than those in which appeals to the Court of General Sessions were allowed when the Inferior Criminal Courts Act went into effect. The appeal must, therefore, be dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.