Case Name: PEOPLE v. CLEMONS
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1977-03-29
Citations: 74 Mich. App. 448
Docket Number: Docket No. 26508
Parties: PEOPLE v CLEMONS
Judges: Before: Allen, P. J., and D. E. Holbrook and D. C. Riley, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 74
Pages: 448–461

Head Matter:
PEOPLE v CLEMONS
Opinion op the Court
1. Criminal Law—Identification—Pretrial Lineups—Clothing— Impermissible Suggestion.
Testimony by an identification witness that her identification of the defendant was based on the defendant’s face rendered insignificant an objection that the pretrial lineup was impermissibly suggestive in that the clothing worn by the defendant drew attention away from other lineup participants.
2. Witnesses—Criminal Law—Identification—Impermissible Suggestion.
Two important factors in determining whether an identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive are: (a) the length of time the witness is with the accused during the offense, and (b) the time elapsing between the offense and the identification.
3. Criminal Law—Instructions to Jury—Included Offenses— Armed Robbery—Alibi Defense—Application of Law.
A refusal of a trial court to give a requested jury instruction on lesser included offenses of the crime of armed robbery was not error where the defendant was asserting an alibi defense and the trial court was properly applying the law on included offense instructions as it was then understood.
4. Appeal and Error—Record—Motions—New Trial—Evidentiary Hearings.
The Court of Appeals has no basis for review where a defendant claims on appeal the ineffective assistance of counsel but had failed to move for a new trial or for an evidentiary hearing on that issue at the trial court level.
References for Points in Headnotes
[1] 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law § 368.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 371 et seq.
[2] 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 334, 341.
[3, 6-8] 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 185, 494.
Instructions as to conviction of lesser offense, against which statute of limitations has run, where statute has not run against offense with which defendant is charged. 47 ALR2d 890.
[4] 58 Am Jur 2d, New Trial § 6.
[5] 75 Am Jur 2d, Trial §§ 733, 734.
[9] 16 Am Jur 2d, Constitutional Law §§ 58, 70, 75.
5. Criminal Law—Instructions to Jury—Alibi—Burden of Proof —Balanced Instructions—Identification.
An instruction to the jury that an alibi defense is relatively "easy to advance and hard to refute or disprove” was not an erroneous instruction where the instruction specifically negated the impression that it was the defendant’s burden to prove the alibi and the instruction was balanced by a cautionary instruction on identification testimony introduced by the prosecution.
Partial Concurrence by D. C. Riley, J.
6. Robbery—Armed Robbery—Instructions to Jury—Included Offenses—Record—Specific Instructions.
The failure of the trial court to give a requested instruction on lesser included offenses does not require a reversal of a conviction of armed robbery where the record reveals that the defendant merely requested an instruction on lesser included offenses without specifying the particular lesser-offense instruction he desired.
7. Criminal Law—Appeal and Error—Instructions to Jury—Included Offenses—Evidence—Retroactivity—Alibi.
Case precedent requiring a trial court to give a specifically requested jury instruction on a lesser included offense where the evidence adduced at trial would support a guilty verdict of the lesser charge is retroactively applicable even where the defendant asserts an alibi defense.
8. Statutes—Included Offenses—Degrees of Crime—Instructions to Jury.
The statute allowing conviction for lesser included offenses must be construed as extending to all cases in which the statute has substantially, or in effect, recognized and provided for the punishment of offenses of different grades or degrees of enormity, wherever the charge for the higher grade includes a charge for the lesser (MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055).
9. Constitutional Law—Supreme Court—Clear Statement.
The Supreme Court has a duty of clear statement (Const 1963, art 6, §6)
Appeal from Recorder’s Court of Detroit, Justin C. Ravitz, J.
Submitted January 4, 1977, at Detroit.
(Docket No. 26508.)
Decided March 29, 1977.
Albert Clemons was convicted of armed robbery. Defendant appeals.
Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Research, Training and Appeals, and Larry L. Roberts, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
M. Jon Posner, for defendant on appeal.
Before: Allen, P. J., and D. E. Holbrook and D. C. Riley, JJ.

Opinion:
Allen, P. J.
Claiming four instances of error at the trial court level, defendant appeals of right from an April 16, 1975 conviction by jury of robbery armed, MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797. On April 30, 1975, he was sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 6 to 12 years.
I
Was the lineup impermissibly suggestive?
Defendant claims that it was since he was the only one in the lineup wearing a suit and the suit was a distinctive white plaid which he allegedly wore when the robbery took place in the identifying witness's apartment. A like argument was made and rejected in People v Jones, 44 Mich App 633, 637-638; 205 NW2d 611 (1973).
"Several courts have concluded that wearing of the same clothing at arrest and subsequent lineup will not vitiate the lineup, even where the clothing serves to draw attention away from other lineup participants. Hernandez v State, 7 Md App 355; 255 A2d 449 (1969), Presley v State, 224 Md 550; 168 A2d 510 (1961), cert den, 368 US 957; 7 L Ed 2d 389; 82 S Ct 399 (1961). See also 39 ALR3d 487 § 9, p 500.
"In any event, the identification witness's trial testimony renders the objection insignificant. She stated her identification was hinged on a more crucial factor, defendant's face. Thus, the case is easily distinguished from People v Hutton, 21 Mich App 312, 331 (1970), where the defendant's distinctive clothing was the pivotal identifying factor."
As in Jones, the complainant in the case before us testified that it was defendant's face, not his clothes, that made identification. When faced with the question of whether an identification is impermissibly suggestive, two factors are particularly important: (a) the length of time the witness is with the accused during the offense, and (b) the time elapsing between the offense and the identification. People v Solomon, 391 Mich 767; 214 NW2d 60 (1974), adopting then Chief Judge T. J. Lesinski's dissent in People v Solomon, 47 Mich App 208, 216; 209 NW2d 257, 260 (1973). The robbery of complainant's apartment lasted more than two hours during which time the complainant was not blindfolded. Nothing in the transcript supports counsel's argument that while tied and bound in the apartment the complainant could see little but his assailant's feet. The lineup and identification occurred on the day following the crime. Based on these circumstances we hold that the lineup procedure was not impermissibly suggestive.
II
Did the trial court err in refusing to instruct on lesser included offensesas requested by the defendant?
At the conclusion of proofs, defense counsel informed the court that he would request jury instructions on lesser included offenses but did not spell out which particular lesser included offenses would be requested. Whereupon the trial court responded that since alibi was the defense, the court felt that the charge should be "robbery armed or nothing". Relying on People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379; 236 NW2d 461 (1975), and People v Chamblis, 395 Mich 408; 236 NW2d 473 (1975), defendant argues that this is error mandating reversal and a new trial.
"If the lesser offense is one that is necessarily included within the greater, the evidence will always support the lesser if it supports the greater." Ora Jones, supra, at 390.
"Unarmed robbery is a lesser included offense of armed robbery. It is armed robbery absent the element of use of a weapon. If there is evidence to allow the case to go to the jury on the higher armed robbery offense, there must necessarily be evidence adduced at trial to support a charge of unarmed robbery." Chamblis, supra, at 424.
In response, the people assert that Jones and Chamblis stated new rules which are not retroactive and do not apply to the instant case. Prior to Jones and Chamblis it had been well established that failure to give a requested lesser included charge is not error where the lesser offense is not supported by the evidence. People v Giddens, 18 Mich App 588, 589; 171 NW2d 596 (1969), lv den, 383 Mich 760 (1970), People v Tyrone Williams, 38 Mich App 146, 149; 195 NW2d 771 (1972). As was stated in the majority opinion in People v Netzel, 295 Mich 353, 359-360; 294 NW 708 (1940), cert den, 313 US 592; 61 S Ct 1116; 85 L Ed 1546 (1941).
" 'To instruct the jury in a criminal case that the defendant cannot properly be convicted of a crime less than that charged, or to refuse to instruct them in respect to the lesser offences that might, under some circumstances, be included in the one so charged—there being no evidence whatever upon which any verdict could be properly returned except one of guilty or one of not guilty of the particular offence charged—is not error; for the instructing or refusing to instruct, under the circumstances named, rests upon legal principles or presumptions which it is the province of the court to declare for the guidance of the jury.' Sparf & Hansen v United States, 156 US 51, 103 (15 Sup Ct 273)."
Admittedly, the law governing requested instructions on lesser included offenses, where the testimony clearly establishes that a different offense occurred or is devoid of any testimony supporting the lesser offenses, is confused. Compare People v Lovett, 396 Mich 101, 102; 238 NW2d 44 (1976), with the concurring opinion of Judge Bashara in People v Harrison, 71 Mich App 226, 228; 247 NW2d 360 (1976). Furthermore, People v Lovett, supra, also an armed robbery case, strongly suggests that the statement quoted earlier from page 390 of Ora Jones applies retroactively. See also a trinity of cases which follow the Lovett approach. People v Jackson, 70 Mich App 478; 245 NW2d 797 (1976), People v Harrison, supra, and People v Charles Jackson, 71 Mich App 395; 249 NW2d 132 (1976). But the Supreme Court in Lovett did not address the retroactivity question since it failed to mention that the trial occurred before the decision in Ora Jones or Chamblis. Indeed, Lovett, a case involving a requested charge on attempt to commit, so clearly represented a retroactive situation, that the failure of the Supreme Court to mention retroactivity suggests to us the Court may have based its decision on the statute on attempts, MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055.
Be this as it may, we are constrained to observe that neither Ora Jones, Chamblis nor Lovett involved situations where alibi was the defense. Thus, they are not necessarily controlling, even if retroactive, in an alibi situation. We further note that at the time of trial in the present case the trial court properly applied the law as it was then understood. Given these facts and the further fact that it is still unsettled whether Ora Jones applies retroactively, we conclude that in the case before us it was not error for the court to refuse the lesser included charges.
Ill
Was defendant denied effective assistance of counsel?
Counsel's ingenuity and tenacity in pursuing the lesser included offense instructions suggests the answer to this question is "no". Nevertheless, defendant now argues that counsel's failure to move to suppress the lineup identification or to move to suppress a statement given to the police denied defendant effective representation. Defendant has not moved for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing on the issue raised. Thus, we have no record upon which review may be based. People v McKenzie, 67 Mich App 356, 362; 241 NW2d 205 (1976), People v Taft, 70 Mich App 634; 247 NW2d 319 (1976).
IV
Did the trial court err, reversibly, in its instruction that an alibi is "relatively easy to advance and hard to refute or disprove"?
Citing People v McCoy, 392 Mich 231, 240; 220 NW2d 456 (1974), and this Court's recent interpretation thereof in People v Eaton, 68 Mich App 740; 243 NW2d 723 (1976), defendant vigorously argues that the trial court's instruction on alibi is reversible error. Prior to giving this instruction the court gave copies thereof to counsel. Defense counsel objected to that portion thereof which is underscored below and called to the trial judge's attention People v McCoy The trial judge responded that he, too, had reviewed McCoy and had concluded that if he added a cautionary instruction with respect to identification of the defendant, the McCoy error would be corrected. Defense counsel persisted in his objection and the trial judge proceeded to give the alibi instruction as he had proposed plus a cautionary instruction on identification. Significantly, the trial court's interpretation of McCoy is virtually identical with the people's interpretation thereof in People v Eaton, 68 Mich App 740, 742; 243 NW2d 723 (1976), and in the appeal now before us. In Eaton, the people's position was rejected albeit reluctantly. Because reversal was ordered in Eaton, defendant concludes reversal should be ordered here. For the reasons stated below, we disagree.
The instruction in the instant case differs from the offending instruction in McCoy in three significant respects. First, the language was meaningfully different. Rather than employing the words "is easily proven" the court used the words "easy to advance". The difference between "prove[n]" and "advance" is more than a semantical device for the purpose of avoiding the McCoy-Eaton result. The word "prove" tends to confuse by implying the burden of proof shifts to the defendant. Second, the charge omitted the sentence "if it is established that the defendant was not in a position so he could have committed the crime". McCoy found this sentence objectionable because it strongly implied that it was defendant's burden to prove the alibi. Third, the trial judge included a cautionary instruction requested by defendant on identification. In McCoy, the cautionary instruction was omitted, thereby resulting in what the Supreme Court found to constitute an unbalanced instruction. In summary, we find that the instruction in McCoy was or might be construed to be unbalanced in the sense of shifting the burden of proof to the defendant whereas the instruction given in the instant case specifically negated that impression.
In our judgment the thoughtfully sculptured instruction given by the trial court was balanced. Defendant received a fair trial.
Affirmed.
D. E. Holbrook, J., concurred.
"Q. Now, during a good part of the time these men were in your apartment and they were not in your view; isn't that true?
"A. They was keeping a pretty good check on me.
"Q. But you didn't see them all the time?
'A. Yes. They was steady walking over me."
Jones and Chamblis were each decided December 18, 1975. Trial in the instant case was in April 1975.
"The Prosecution, members of the jury, has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant committed the crime charged and that he and [sic] therefore was present at the time and place of the offense alleged.
"By raising an alibi defense the Defense does not acquire the burden of proof. The burden of proof stays with the Prosecution and never shifts to the Defense.
"If the alibi defense raises a reasonable doubt in your mind as to the Defendant's presence at the scene of the alleged crime, or his participation therein, you should return a verdict of not guilty.
"In other words, the Prosecution has to overcome or disprove the alibi defense and they must do so beyond a reasonable doubt.
"At the same time, members of the jury, you should examine any alibi testimony carefully. Because an alibi is relatively easy to advance and hard to refute or disprove.
"I should add that in offering the defense of alibi, a Defendant in no way concedes the commission of a crime. As I've told you before, the Prosecution has the burden of proof as to all the elements of the offense charged." (Emphasis supplied.)
"The Court:
"And the Court in that [McCoy] opinion, indicated that they felt the Court was giving rather selective cautionary instruction.
"In other words, the Court did not give an accomplice instruction which would have been a cautionary instruction that might have been beneficial to the Defendant. And the Court noted a lack of balance in the giving of cautionary instructions.
"My own view, after reading the McCoy decision, was, I certainly don't pause nor hesitate to give a cautionary instruction with respect to the question of identification."
"We have a very simple task to perform. We find the offending language and we reverse. But, we do so reluctantly. There should be room for a trial judge to denigrate an alibi defense. " People v Eaton, 68 Mich App 740, 742-743; 243 NW2d 723 (1976). (Emphasis supplied.)
We also note that the objectional language in People v Eaton, supra, was "easy to prove" rather than "easy to advance".