Case Name: United States v. Sheldon & Co.
Court: United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1912-02-01
Citations: 2 Ct. Cust. 485
Docket Number: No. 494
Parties: United States v. Sheldon & Co.
Judges: Before Montgomery, Smith, Barber, De Vries, and Martin, Judges.
Reporter: Court of Customs Appeals reports
Volume: 2
Pages: 485–504

Head Matter:
United States v. Sheldon & Co.
(No. 494).
Gum Resin a Crude Drug not Advanced in Condition.
The importation is of gum resin or rosin. This is the product of the ordinary treatment that oleoresin or crude turpentine is subjected to in order to separate its two contents. By the application of heat the turpentine is vaporized, passed through a worm, and condensed; the resin content being at the same time run off from the boiler of the still into a vat, but cleansed, in passing through screens, of chips, bark, insects, and dirt, accumulated in taking the turpentine from the tree. These processes have been uniformly held not to advance an articlé from its crude state; not to advance it either in value or condition as those terms are used and uniformly construed in revenue statutes. They merely serve to get the article by itself. The terms “in a crude state” are broad enough to include as “crude” all the grades of resin shown by the record in this case. — Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. v. United States (94‘Fed. Rep., 822); United States v. Godwin (91 Fed. Rep., 753); Schoenemann p. United States (119 Fed. Rep., 584).
United States Court of Customs Appeals,
February 1, 1912.
Appeal from Board of United States General Appraisers, G. A. 7107 (T. D. 30982).
[Affirmed.]
D. Frank Lloyd, Assistant Attorney General (Thos. J. Doherty on the brief), for the United States.
Curie, Smith & Maxwell (W. Wickham Smith of counsel) for appellees.
Before Montgomery, Smith, Barber, De Vries, and Martin, Judges.
Reported in T. D. 32245 (22 Treas. Dec., 204).

Opinion:
De Vries, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court;
This case concerns an importation from southern France and Spain of merchandise returned by the appraiser and assessed by the collector at the port of Chicago as "gum resin" advanced in value or condition, as provided in paragraph 20 of the tariff act of 1909.
It is claimed by the importer to be entitled to free entry under paragraph 559 of said act as "gum resin crude, not advanced in value or condition by any process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture."
Other claims which we deem irrelevant are made.
The'- imported article is the' well known translucent, compact, brittle, pulverizable rosin of commerce imported in barrels.
It is agreed by both parties to the action, and seems to have been considered in the commerce of-the country for many years, that this article is a gum resin. Confirmation of this from 1884, at least, to date will be found in T. D. 6694; G. A. 1528 (T. D. 12977); G. A. 3063 (T. D. 16099); G. A. 3133 (T. D. 16304); G. A. 3892 (T. D. 18090), and the record.
This controversy concerns the single question whether, or not, such resin so. imported has been "advanced in value or condition by any process or treatment whatever from the condition of a crude drug to a condition beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drug and prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture."
While the merchandise was produced in southern France and Spain; the testimony in the record is almost wholly devoted to the methods of production of resin or rosin in this country.
The terms "resin" and "rosin" seem to be used,- commercially at least, interchangeably.
The method of production abroad is set forth in a certificate duly authenticated and admitted in evidence. It recites:
The raw rosin or "gemme'' (gum of trees) is harvested in pots placed near the lower part of incisions made in seaside pines.
This matter, which contains a certain proportion of water- and- impurities, such as wood shavings, pine needles, and insec'ts, is brought in barrels to the works, which are located near the place of production.
Such works consist of boilers, used for the purpose of melting the "gemme" (gum of trees) in order to remove thereform all the impurities contained therein, and of stills (alembics) of various systems for extracting by means of distillation the oil of turpentine which the "gemme" (gum of trees or resin) contains. The residuum left from said distillation leaves then the still (alembic), passes through sieves and forms the so-called colophony or rosin ("Brái").
Its color is clear during the first months of the harvest, April, May, and June, and it becomes dark during- the end of the campaign in the months of October and November.
The colophony is thereupon placed in barrels of pine wood which contain, in general, 3'to 400 kilograms of matter.
The most detailed, as well as probably the most accurate, description of the process of the production of resin is found in Spons' Encyclopaedia (vol. 3, p. 1680):
Rosin or Colophony and Rosin-oil. — The several kinds of rosin, colophony, or resin proper are the solid residues obtained by the distillation of the turpentine. The crude turpentine or oleo-resin is submitted to aqueous distillation in a copper vessel, in place of the old-fashioned iron still which produced a red-coloured oil. The still is charged with crude oleo-resin in the early morning; heat is applied until the mass attains a uniform temperature of 100°-158°. The distillation continues, a mixture of water and turpentine-oil passing over into a wooden separating-tub; when the liquid shows 9 parts of water to 1 part of turpentine-oil, the distillation is stopped, the still-cap is removed, and the hot rosin remaining in a fluid condition in the still is drawn off hy a tap near the bottom, and passed through a fine strainer into a vat, whence it is baled by long-handled wooden buckets into barrels for sale.
The grade of rosin depends (1) upon the quality of the crude oleo-resin uuder treatment, and (2) upon the skill with which the operation is conducted.
In Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (vol. 3, p. 343), article "Resins; Colophony," it is stated;
Colophony. — Colophony is the residue which remains after the volatile oil Iras been removed by distillation from the oleo-resins, the crude turpentine which exude from the various species of coniferae. It varies somewhat, according as it is derived from the one or the other species, and with the method employed for its production. The browner resins are mostly of-American origin, rvhile those of a lighter colour come by way of Bordeaux, being the yield of an inhabitant of the districts of Lahdes and the Gironde. It varies in colour from pale amber to dark red-brown.
These described processes of the production of the resin of commerce differ in no substantial particular from those described by the several witnesses in this record.
There is no controversy that the material which first exudes from the trees and is caught in' the receptacles is an oleoresin generally known as "crude turpentine"; that the distillation process employed, to which this oleoresin or crude turpentine is subjected, vaporizes the turpentine in the oleoresin, whereupon it alone passes through the worm of the still, is cooled, condensed, and collected in receptacles-The heat applied by this process is not sufficient to vaporize and therefore distil the rosin content of the oleoresin, but melts it sufficiently only to permit of the escape of the turpentine. By and as a part of the same process the residue of the oleoresin in the still is let off through strainers .into a vat. The straining is but a minor incidental part of the process of separating the two contents of the •oleoresin. Before it cools it is deposited in barrels, where by the action of the air it becomes hardened. The products of this operation are turpentine and the resin or rosin .of commerce. The turpentine has been distilled, in that it has been vaporized, passed through the worm of the still, and then condensed. The rosin content has been heated, but not distilled or vaporized, and in being run off from the boiler of the still into a vat is passed through screens which take therefrom the chips, barks, insects, and dirt which accumulate therein in the reclamation of the oleoresin from the trunk of the tree. It is then deposited in the kegs of commerce. In this condition, as thus deposited in the kegs of commerce, so far as this record shows, it in no sense differs in the slightest particular from its condition as found in the trunk of the tree. Nor does it differ in the slightest degree from its condition during any step of its processing from the tree to the barrels of commerce save that it is separated by heating from the turpentine in one instance, and separated by screening from dirt and chips in the other instance. It has had no process applied thereto, save that of heating to permit the. escape of the turpentine, and, if it may be dignified by the term process, the straining into the vat through sieves taking therefrom the chips, barks, insects, and dirt, not therein an element of its natural condition, but deposited therein as an accident of its reclamation from its parent condition. The straining does not advance its crude or natural condition per se, but more nearly restores it to its crude or natural condition.
Considering the resin content alone, as in the tree, its crudest condition, the object being to take it from the tree and pack it in barrels, no process or treatment has been applied thereto which has advanced its value or condition as found in the tree, other than essential to the proper packing. The first process recovered it from the tree but did not change the rosin content per se. The second process reclaimed it from the turpentine and the dirt, leaves, and insects deposited therein by the first process, but did not change the rosin per se. The result of all these processes left it in a condition for proper packing and advanced it no further from its crudest, natural, parent condition in the tree than essential to its proper packing. In the language of the court in United States v. Godwin (91 Fed. Rep., 753), "it had no effect upon, the article itself, other than to get it by itself." Each process was essential to pack the drug found in the tree in a condition nearest possible to its parent or crudest condition. So that, considered from the mechanical standpoint, if "crude" in the statute refers to the condition of original repose of the article, this article has not as imported been advanced therefrom further than essential to proper packing.
While it appears from the record that the oleoresin or crude turpentine as'it exudes from the tree is sometimes the subject of com; merce in this country, it does not appear from the record that such is an article of commerce abroad, or ever has been imported. When so bought and sold in this country it is as "crude turpentine" and not as "resin." Likewise, while it is shown from the record that there sometimes appears in the commerce of this country an article styled "unstrained resin," which consists of the resinous residue left in the boiler of the still having there within the chips, barks,'insects, and dirt, it does not appear by the record that such is an article of commerce abroad or is or ever has been imported.
The contention oí tlie Government in this case, as stated by the Assistant Attorney General (Record, p. 71), is:
I am going to show that the crude gum resin of the paragraph is this crude turpentine, and inferentially and also by direct testimony X shall show that the resin is an advanced product made from that.
This position, however, counsel for the Government seems to have abandoned at the hearing in tills court, and the position taken that the residue in the still which has not completed its ordinary processing to become resin, but which is sometimes bought and sold as "unstrained resin," is the crude resin of commerce, and that the straining constitutes an advance in value or condition.
When and as it comes forth in due and regular course from this mechanism of production it becomes the article known in trade and commerce and in science as "gum resin" or rosin. The fact that in some cases an incomplete production called "unstrained" resin is put upon the markets, necessarily produced by eliminating part of the regular process of producing resin, does not militate against the contention that the true scientific and commercial article is the one produced in the regular process. The fact that the immature article is bought and sold as "unstrained" resin indicates that it is not the true resin which is bought and sold as "resin" only, the purchaser indicating the color or other quality, all of which facts are conclusively shown by the Government's witnesses. "Unstrained" as here used plainly iinplies unfinished or partly processed resin. It is not the common resin of commerce either as shown by this record or the lexicographic definitions thereof.
As imported and as bought and sold in this country the merchandise is a brittle, solid mass in barrels. Its condition forbids it being subjected per se to final or further uses without substantial processes being applied. If used for making oils it must be treated with sulphuric acid and then caustic soda and distilled. As medicinal ointments it must be pulverized and compounded with other medicinal ingredients. If in varnishes, refined and combined with linseed oil. If in so.ap, by distillation and combination with lime, soda, and other alkalies.
The record shows that' a variety of grades of resin are produced. There is a consequent variety of prices dependent upon the grade of the article. Among the well recognized grades of resin are those dependent upon color. Some of the witnesses speak of "unstrained" resin as a grade of the commercial article. Each grade is known and recognized in commerce and produced by a single process, the output of which becomes, for the first time, one of the grades of the resin of commerce. By the slightest change in the process there would be produced a different grade. The increase of the heat in the samé apparatus will result in a light or a dark resin. The young tree of to-day will produce a light grade, whilst the same tree years hence will produce a dark grade. Likewise, the grade may depend upon the country of origin or the geography of any particular country whence it comes. We have authority that the imported resins of southern France and Spain, such as this importation, are much lighter in color than those of this country. Each is equally when and as produced gum resin in a crude state.
It is contended, as stated by the Government counsel, that only the crudest form or grade of resin known to the commerce of this ' country comes within purview of paragraph 559. This is not in accord with the .decisions and is ah interpretation we think not authorized hy the language of the statute. The statute does not say "drugs- in the crudest state," but "drugs in a crude state." There are undoubtedly many grades of almost if not every class of crude drugs. One may be more crude than another, but so long as it is in a crude state, within the definitions, it is equally within the terms of this statute. To hold otherwise would confine the application of the statute, not to all such drugs in a crude state, but to those only in the crudest state of the particular crude drug. Indeed, the use of the article "a" in the paragraph in the place of "the" indicates any one of several "crude" states that may occur.
Examples may be found in United States v. Merck (66 Fed. Rep., 251), wherein the court expressly said of a drug held crude that the imported article "varies much in quality." In G. A. 4191 (T. D. 19528), quoted infra, the examiner at the port of New York testified concerning crude gutta-percha, held to'be free,-and uniformly passed as free as crude gutta-percha, that what "he had examined at different times varied very considerable in character, some being almost pure gum, while others contained large proportions of woody fiber, debris of the tree, etc.; that such samples varied in color, the outside of some being-light brown, others grayish color, and the inside of a lighter shade."
Under the construction contended for only the-crudest form of this gutta-percha could be admitted free, and so, without doubt, with reference -to every article coming within the provisions of paragraph 559. Such a construction would render the statutes practically nugatory.
It would seem that where the differences between two grades of the same drug resided solely in the presence in the one of impurities which can be removed by processes which "do not change the character of the drug itself," as in Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. v. United States (94 Fed. Rep., 822); and which impurities are "no part of the article itself, " as in G. A. 6370 (T. D. 27360); T. D. 19123; and "other than to get the drug by itself," as in United States v. Godwin (91 Fed. Rep., 753); "though adding slightly to their value" do not amount to "an advance in value or condition" as those words are used in this paragraph, as held in Schoenemann v. United States (119 Fed. Rep., 584).
Conceding for the purpose of consideration that the residue in the still in the midst of its processing and before it is passed through the screens in the process'of production is the resin of commerce in its crudest form, the authorities are uniform that the mere straining of a product or article to recover therefrom the chips, barks, insects, dirt, etc., or any extraneous matter, does not constitute an advance in the value or condition contemplated by the tariff revenue statutes. This is true, indeed, even where the presence of such foreign substances are not accidents of the process of production, but are incidents of its parent condition.
What constitutes a "crude" article under the tariff laws not advanced in condition or value has long been well established by customs interpretation.
Screening and cleansing are not refining. Heating and drying are not necessarily manufacturing processes, and straining, cleansing, screening, heating, and drying are not held to advance an article from its crude condition to an advanced condition or value.
As early as 1891, the Board of General Appraisers in passing upon ' elaterium, G. A. 747 (T. D. 11572), which is the sediment'of the juice from the squirting cucumber, said:
The only formula rve have for preparation of this article is from the British Pharmacopoeia, as follows: "Cut the fruit lengthwise and lightly press out the juice. Strain it through a hair sieve, and set aside to deposit. Carefully pour off the supernatant liquor, pour the sediment on a linen filter, and dry it on porous tiles, in a warm place."
While elaterium may be a crude drug, the hoard is of the opinion that it is not a drug such as the beans, barks, gums, etc., enumerated in paragraph 560, all of which are natural products obtained without artificial manipulation.
The case arose under the tariff act of 1890, and was on appeal ultimately decided by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, United States v. Merck (66 Fed. Rep. 251), reversing the decision of the board. The exact provision of the statute within which it was sought to bring the article was—
560. Drugs, in a crude state, and not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture.
Notwithstanding the fact that native foreign substances had been screened from the imported article it was held by the court to be. within the paragraph as not refined and a crude drug. The court said:
It is cut in two, when the juice flows out, which, is allowed to stand until the sediment is deposited at the bottom. The juice is poured off, and the sediment is dried as quickly as possible, to avoid fermentation. The British Pharmacopoeia contains the following formula for the preparation of the drug as imported: [Here is quoted the definition given by the board.]
It is imported in little cakes, and varies much in quality. It is not used in this form by the physician. It is not only a drug, but a crude drug, and is the crudest form in which elaterium is known. It is not reasonable to call the simple process of evaporation and of drying, by which it has been brought into the condition of a drug, a process of manufacture which has advanced the article beyond the condition of a crude drug. The juice has become, by evaporation and drying, a crude drug, but nothing more.
In G. A. 3687 (T. D. 17639), the subject of consideration was papaw milk powder. The board-found:
We find from the evidence that the article is a powder, obtained from the papaw melon, or carica papaya. To secure this material the melon is sacrificed and the juice which runs is caught in pans. . It is then taken from the pans and laid on flat surfaces in the sunlight until the moisture is evaporated. The resulting solid is then passed through a sieve for the removal of mechanical impurities. It is then packed in tins and exported. j
It was held by the board that this article was free of duty under paragraph 470 of the tariff act of 1894 as—
Drugs, which have not been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other'process of manufacture. '
The United States Circuit Court, Southern District of New York, United States v. Godwin (91 Fed. Rep., 753), in passing upon this principle and subject matter, stated:
This article is a powder from the juice of tho papaw melon, caught in pans, dried' in the sun, sifted to take out foreign substances, packed in tins, and exported. It was such a drug as those named, if not one of them, and was not edible. Drying in the sun was not refining, nor a process of manufacture. Frazee v. Moffitt (20 Blatch., 267, 18 Fed. Rep., 584). Neither was the sifting out of mechanical impurities. Ithadno effect upon the article itself, other than to get it by itself.
The books fairly teem with decisions supporting this principle. Where the drying, or sifting, or screening, or other manipulation of the imported article does not affect the article per se, as found in its natural condition, "other than to get it by itself," such does not -constitute an advance in value or condition of the article per se. It has uniformly been held, for example, that seeds, to make which a commercial commodity, must in every instance have been preceded by the cutting of the parent stalk, the separating of the seed therefrom, and tho screening out of chaff and other impurities, thus reclaiming it in its natural condition, do not thus advance from a condition as a crude drug, where such are drugs. And that is true and such process must be applied before few if any of the associate drugs covered by paragraph 559 can possibly be packed.
"Barks" are separated and put in that condition by cleaving, as -are bulbous roots, fruits, and flowers. "Dried fibers" are separated by cleaving in the first instance and the exposure to the heat in the second instance, which is all that has been done to the rosin. "Dried insects" are subjected to beat in order that they may be dried. While it is true that the natural heat may accomplish the result ordinarily, artificial heat is usually applied just as in the case of rosin. Grains are not alone separated from their natural condition by cleaving,. but they are cleaned by screening, a precisely similar process to that whereby rosin is run through a screen.into the vat as it comes from the boiler of the still. The comparison is the more instructive because the paragraph itself directs it when it states, " drugs such as," etc. See G. A. 1379 (T. D. 12730); G. A. 1377 (T. D. 12728); G. A. 1376 (T. D. 12727); G. A. 1375 (T. D. 12726); G. A. 2151 (T. D. 14152); G. A. 523 (T. D. 11080); G. A. 1381 (T. D. 12732); G. A. 1380 (T. D. 12731); G. A. 1379 (T. D. 12730); G. A. 5272 (T. D. 24204); G. A. 4171 (T. D. 19454), and decision before and hereinafter cited.
In G. A. 4191 (T. D. 19528) the question was whether the imported article was crude gutta-percha. The board stated:
That it was crude gutta-percha, differing from the crude gutta-percha of commerce only in having a portion of the impurities removed, and been made more uniform in grade by reboiling, and thus fitting it for use especially in making golf balls.
Dr. Wainwright, chemist in the laboratory in this port, who made an analytical examination of the merchandise, testified in substance that it was freer of such impurities as woody fiber, sand, and the like than the samples of so-called gutta-percha with which he had compared it, but that it contained á small amount of such impurities. He also testified that the crude gutta-percha he had examined at different times varied very considerably in character, some being almost pure gum, while others contained large proportions of woody fiber, debris of the tree, etc.; that such samples varied in color, the outside of some being light brown, others grayish color, and the inside of a lighter shade; that the sample of the merchandise in question was darker than any gutta-percha he had seen before, and was more uniform and homogeneous in texture.
The crude gutta-percha of commerce, therefore, has, as a rule, undergone a process of boiling and contains impurities in varying percentages which must be removed by expensive and difficult processes in order that the gutta-percha itself may be profitably utilized. . .
It does not appear that the merchandise here in question has been subjected to a process other than that of boiling, and it seems that this was done for the purpose of eliminating impurities and rendering the article uniform or homogeneous in texture. Some impurities still remain. Aside from these the only constituent of the merchandise is gutta-percha, which has not undergone any process of manufacture whereby its commercial name or essential character has been changed. It has simply had a greater proportion of the adulterants or impurities removed from it than most so-called crude gutta-percha of commerce."
The article was held to be free as crude gutta-percha.
In G. A. 4585 (T. D. 21714), the subject of decision was spruce gum. The board stated:
The gum is in small, irregular lumps, which, after being scraped from the tree, have been cleaned by hand of sticks, bark, moss, and similar extraneous matter.
It was held to be crude and entitled to admission free of duty under paragraph 548 of the tariff act of 1897.
In G. A. 4606 (T. D. 21804), the question was whether the product of the sago palm was free of duty as "crude sago." The board stated the facts as follows:
It appears from the testimony in the case that the article before us is a product of the sago palm, and is made in the following manner: The outside wood part is partially taken off, and the pith, from which the sago is produced, is allowed to rest and partly decompose. It is then pressed through a linen cloth into a trough of flowing water, which carries off the inert matter, sticks, etc. The resulting mass, which is a thick and heavy paste, is placed in a cylinder and subjected to a rotary motion, which gives it a rounded form, then, partially baked, again rotated and partially baked, and the process repeated until the article assumes the condition in which itis imported.
Obviously the reclaimed mass is the identical thing from which the sticks, trash, etc., have been separated, and is the same mass which goes into commerce. The board held that it was entitled to free entry as crude sago.
In Littlejohn v. United States (119 Fed. Rep. 483, 484), the United States Circuit Court, Southern District of New York, confirmed that view and held that the pulp of the sago tree was properly dutiable as crude sago. The court, in part, said:
The second claim of the Government is that it is a completed article when imported, .and is fit for present use. This fact might be decisive in some cases, but is not a universal or safe test. In this case the processes of cleansing are essential to fit it for trade .and commerce in this country; they neither refine nor manufacture it, but only serve to remove the impurities. Such processes are not sufficient to change its character from a crude product to a manufacture.
In G. A. 6303 (T. D. 27162), the subject of consideration was fir balsam, drawn from the tree and submitted to a process of straining for purification. The board said:
A number of trade witnesses were examined at the hearings, and there was substantial agreement among them that the merchandise is in the crudest form in which it is bought and sold in trade in the United States, and while the assistant appraiser and the official examiner connected with the drug department in the United States .appraiser's office at the port of New York expressed the opinion that the merchandise was in the crude form, nevertheless they state that they had seen it imported in less pure condition — i. e., containing pieces of the bark of the tree.
It is in evidence on the part of the protestant that after this balsam was drawn 'from the tree it was submitted to a process of straining for the purpose, of eliminating therefrom "bits of sticlcs, bark, chips, and dirt." Ordinarily such a process of purification might be considered as a process of refining, provided the merchandise was usually imported without being submitted to such process; but on the record before us we think the opinion is justified that such a process of purification is not to be considered as a refining of the merchandise since it appears that it is regarded by the trade generally as being in the crude condition as thus imported and is bought and' sold as such.
Tlie merchandise was found to be a drug in a crude state, not .advanced in value or condition, and entitled to free entry.
In G. A. 6370 (T. D. 27360), tlie subject of consideration was gum copal. The board said:
Paragraph 548 provides, among other things, for "gums" and "gum resin." The Century Dictionary says that copal is "a hard, transparent, amber-like resin, the product of different tropical trees, melting at a high temperature, and used in the manufacture of varnishes." It seems to us quite clear that it comes within purview of paragraph 548 and should be admitted free of duty.
The board then expressly rests its decision and approves of the view taken by the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in T. D. 19123. That T. D. is instructive, in that it gives the view of the department as well as the Board of General Appraisers upon these processes and this subject. It concerns gum copal, and states:
I have to inform you that the department is of the opinion that the removal of scurf from suck gum is not a process of advancement in value or condition from a crude state within the meaning of paragraph 548 of the tariff act of'July 24, 1897, inasmuch as the scurf is no part of the article itself, but simply foreign matter adhering thereto, and consequently that the merchandise in question is entitled to free entry as a gum resin under said paragraph.
In the early case of Frazee v. Moffitt, decided in the United States Circuit Court, Northern District of New York (18 Fed. Rep., 584, 587), we find language announcing distinctly this same' principle. The question was whether, or not, baled hay was, or was not, raw or a manufactured article. The court said:
Many articles are properly called raw which have undergone some manipulation. Cotton is picked from the bolls, and cleaned by ginning, and baled. Yet it is raw cotton in the bale. Wheat is cut, and the grains ar.e threshed out, and then subjected to a cleaning machine, and then bagged. Yet it is raw wheat in the bag. So with other grains. The cotton and the grains undergo 'such change and preparation as exposure to light, and natural or artificial heat, and air, and the manipulation they receive, produce, or allow, be it more or less. Yet neither the cotton nor the grains would be said to be manufactured. Salt and sugar are new articles. Cotton and grains are the same articles they were when on the plant with its roots in the earth. So hay is the same article it was when it was stalks of grass with roots in the earth. Dried apples would not be called a manufactured article, though the apple is peeled and cored and sliced, and dried by exposure to the sun and manipulation. The substance of dried apples is still apples. The substance of dried grass or hay is still grass. Change of name and manipulation do not necessarily constitute manufacture.
The .word "crude" as used in tariff laws has by construction, and a long and consistent fine of decisions been given a moaning somewhat variant from its common and accepted meaning, the frequent reenactment of the term in the statute having been tantamount to a confirmation thereof. What constitutes a refining or advance in con'dition from the crude state of the article has, likewise, been the subj ect of judicial and legislative construction, and it is not every manipulation, though it may add something to the valúe or condition of the article, which may be held to bring it within such language of the statute. Its presence in, a tariff act requires that it be construed with a thought to its apposite conditions provided in the act, to wit, manufactured or a condition of substantial advancement by processing.
We find confirmation of this statement. Thus in Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. v. United States (94 Fed. Rep., 822, 823) the court said:
As Dr. Baker states, it is crude as a metal, but not crude as a mineral. It is not " crudo " in the common or dictionary sense of an article not manufactured, but it is "crude" in the sense of an article not refined. I think it is an article in a "crude" state, in the tariff sense of "crude!"
. It appears from an examination of said act that Congress defines articles of this character as crude, not necessarily by inquiring whether they may or may not have been the result of some manufacture, but by reason of the use to which they are to be applied. Thus, in said act of 1894, the manufactured article glycerin is spoken of as crude, not purified; aluminum, as a manufactured article in crude form; and tartar, bladders, sounds, bones, camphor, coal tar, paper stock, and potash, as crude.
Inasmuch as all of said articles or substances have necessarily undergone some preliminary process of manufacture, and are considered crude only by referring to the purpose for which they are to be used, I think that this article may be ' crude ' ' under the tariff designation, although it is the result of a manufacture; and I am inclined to think, in opposition to the contention of the United States, inasmuch as this article is ordinarily only the accidental resultant product from the manufacture of zinc, that it is in its nature a crude by-product. That it is sifted without changing its character, and that care is taken not to expose it to the air, is not sufficient-to make it a manufacture.
In Schoenemann v. United States (119 Fed. Rep., 584, 587), the Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, announced the same principle, reversing the circuit court, board, and the collector. The question was whether certain shells from which marine animals had been taken and the shells themselves cleansed, by being put into a tub with chloride of lime and then washed with clean water, in order to remove all animal matter, dirt, and offensive smell, were free, as "shells not sawed, cut, polished or otherwise manufactured, or advanced in value from the natural state." The court stated:
It is, however, contended that the shells have been "advanced in value from the natural state," within the meaning of those words in the paragraph referred to, and that therefore they are excluded from the free list. We do not think, however, that the cleansing of these shells, in the manner disclosed by the evidence and already discussed, though adding slightly to their value, effected a change in them "from the natural state." Seashells are the hard, organized substances forming the exterior covering and protection of certain marine animals, and these .hard, bony coverings are not changed from their natural state by having these animals and the adventitious and foreign matter clinging to them removed. They are no part of the shell, and the natural state of the shell remains after this removal takes place. It would be as reasonable to say that the natural state of the shell existed only when the marine animal, which it contained and protected, was present, as to say that there was a change from the natural state, wrought by cleansing it from foreign substances which werenopart of it.
These authorities are in exact accord with-the conclusion of Judge Lacombe in Standard Varnish Work v. United States (59 Fed. Rep., 456). In that case there were placed in the retort palm oil, animal grease, and tallow, wliicli were boiled in the process of obtaining stearin. It was the residuum which did not find its way through-the worm of the retort that was the subject of consideration by the court. The court said of this:
It is not in itself a raw material; it is not found in nature; and, although something left over in the manufacture of candles, it is no longer either the tallow, or the animal grease, or the palm oil.
It is exactly true. The residuum there that came from the retort was the component of the various things that went into the retort, "no single raw material coming therefrom." The contrary is the case here; the oleoresin, which consists of resin and turpentine, is put into the retort and the residuum taken therefrom is the single raw material, rosin. It does consist of only "one of the things placed in the retort," and does not consist of a combination of things. It is "not chemically a new body; or a new creation." • On the contrary it is one of the same elements, one of the same creations, one of the identical things that was placed in the retort before and which is returned therefrom in its natural state.
• Further illustration of a similar definition attached to the word "crude" as used in tariff revenue laws is found in McKesson v. United States (113 Fed. Rep. 996), wherein the merchandise was the product of a process by which the gangue or slag and rock were removed and only the ore of antimony was imported. Tt was held to be crude . within that term under the tariff act of 1897.
This court in repeated decisions has approved that doctrine. See United States v. Salomon (1 Ct. Cust. Appls. 246; T. D. 31277). And in United States v. Michelin Tire Co. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 518; T. D. 31544), this court held that where old scrap or crude rubber was chopped and there was separated therefrom particles of iron, such as rivets, valves, etc., grinding the rubber into smaller particles, chemically treating, washing, riffling, and blowing these, are all done to separate the rubber from the other component materials of the old scrap or refuse from which it was reclaimed; in short, to recover or reclaim the rubber content of these old articles in a shape suitable for transportation or marketing did not carry it out óf the category of "crude" rubber in paragraph 579 of the tariff act of 1909.
Wherefore it is concluded:
1. If the "crude state" of the statute refers to the resin as found in the tree, the resin as imported in the barrels is identical therewith except so far as it may necessarily be changed or advanced by its recovery therefrom and its "proper packing" in the barrels.
2. The processing of the crude turpentine to the resin in the vats or barrels is by a single mechanism, one of the results of which is to eliminate the chips, bark, and dirt. If a part of this mechanism is removed or a part of the process eliminated the product is not the well known resin of commerce or science, but an unfinished product or resin called "unstrained resin."
.3. If "unstrained" resin be deemed a finished article, then it becomes one of the several grades of the resin of commerce. While there is nothing in the record to show that article more crude or less valuable than many of the other grades, assuming it to be the crudest grade, it does not exclude.the. other grades of resin from the terms of the statute, "in a crude state," for that term is broad enough to include as "crude" all the grades of resin shown by this record. •
• 4. Assuming that the resinous residue in the midst of the processing of the crude turpentine at the point where it is separated from the turpentine is the resin of commerce, and that it is thereafter separated from the chips, bark, and dirt by screening, those processes have been uniformly held not to advance an article from its crude condition either in value or condition as those terms are used and uniformly construed in revenue statutes.
The article therefore is entitled to free entry, and the decision of the Board of General Appraisers should be affirmed.