Case Name: Walter Durkin, an Infant, by Michael T. Durkin, His Guardian ad Litem, Appellant, v. The City of New York, Respondent
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1911-10-20
Citations: 146 A.D. 472
Docket Number: 
Parties: Walter Durkin, an Infant, by Michael T. Durkin, His Guardian ad Litem, Appellant, v. The City of New York, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 146
Pages: 472–475

Head Matter:
Walter Durkin, an Infant, by Michael T. Durkin, His Guardian ad Litem, Appellant, v. The City of New York, Respondent.
Second Department,
October 20, 1911.
Municipal corporation' — park land —statute authorizing sale — real propertyliability of city to licensees — no affirmative duty.
Where the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Brooklyn park com- ■ missioners to sell certain lands which had been formerly acquired by the city for park purposes at such times as they should deem expedient, the city was thereby at once relieved from any trust obligation to maintain the lands as a public park.
After the passage of the act the liability of the city with respect to the land was the same as that of a private individual owning similar lands similarly situated; the sale of the land was not .a condition precedent to the termination of the trust to maintain it as a park. ■
Persons passing over such land are mere licensees and assume the risks incident to the condition of the premises when they enter thereon.
The fact that the city officials knew that the public was in the habit of passing over this land to the same degree, but to no greater degree, than over -the adjoining land of private individuals, imposed upon the city no duty of active diligence to protéct pedestrians, from injury.
Appeal by the plaintiff, Walter Durkin, an infant, etc., from a judgment of the Supreme Court'in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 8th day of December, 1910, upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court after a trial at the Kings County Trial Term.
Rufus O. Catlin [Jacob Brenner with him on the brief], for the appellant.
James D. Bell [ Jesse W. Johnson and Archibald P. Watson with him on the brief], for the respondent.

Opinion:
Burr, J.:
The crucial question in this case is as to the nature and extent of the duty which defendant owed plaintiff with regard to the property upon which the latter was injured. It was a vacant plot of ground upon Eastern parkway, near Underhill avenue. Originally it was acquired by the former city of Brooklyn for park purposes (Laws of 1860, chap. 488, as amd. by Laws of 1861, chap. 340). By a subsequent act (Laws of 1870, chap. 373, as amd. by Laws of 1873, chap. 795) it was provided that the Brooklyn park commissioners should be authorized to contract and sell at public auction, at such times and on such terms and conditions as they should deem expedient, a portion of said lands lying easterly of Elatbush avenue and including the premises in question. A large portion of such land has been sold and conveyed, but a part thereof, including the lot upon which plaintiff was injured, still belongs to the city. The effect of this was to relieve the city from any trust ' obligation to maintain this parcel of land as a public park and to empower it to sell the same. (Brooklyn Park Commissioners v. Armstrong, 45 N. Y. 234; City of Brooklyn v. Copeland, 106 id. 496.) This was within the legislative power. and discretion. (Id.) After the passage of this act the liability of the city with respect to this land was the same as that of a private individual owning similar land similarly used. Appellant contends that .the trust imposed upon the city to hold these lands for a public use was not terminated until the land was actually sold and conveyed. This seems to us too narrow and literal a construction of the language of the act. By the act of 1860, as amended, the city acquired the fee -of these lands, impressed, it is true, with a trust for the benefit of the public. From that trust the city could not by its own act absolve itself. The Legislature might grant such absolution. (Brooklyn Park Commissioners v. Armstrong, supra.) This it did when by the act referred to it declared that the city need not longer retain these lands for park purposes. The sale and conveyance was not a condition precedent to the termination of the trust. It was rather in the nature of an act in furtherance of it by putting the city in a position by which it could improve -the remainder of the lands taken for a park through the proceeds of the sale of this portion thereof. To hold otherwise would produce strange and difficult complications. By the act of 1870 the park ' commissioners were authorized, among other things, before sale to lay out streets through such unused portion of the park lands, and to grade, pave, curb and gutter the same. But if the trust was not completély terminated until all the lands were sold, if a single lot- somewhere within the tract, 25 feet wide by 100 feet deep, remained in the ownership of the city, would the land in all of these streets still remain under the control of the park commissioners as part of the park, and would they be responsible for the care and maintenance thereof instead of the city officials ordinarily charged with -the performance of such duties ? And so long as' one lot. of the dimensions specified remained unsold, were the park commissioners obliged to maintain and improve this as a park, using therefor a portion of the proceeds of the sale of the residue of such lands, and be responsible for the condition thereof, even although this single .lot might be far removed from the remainder of the lands used for park purposes ? We think not. The fact that to the knowledge of the city .officials the public were in the habit of passing over this land to the same degree but to no greater degree than the land of private individuals immediately adjoining it, imposed no duty of active and affirmative diligence upon the city to protect persons from injury. Persons so using the land were mere licensees and assumed the risks incident to the condition of the premises when they entered upon the same. (2 Thomas Neg. [2d ed.] 2103; Cusick v. Adams, 115 N. Y. 55; Birch v. City of New York, 190 id. 397; Englehardt v. Central New England R. Co., 139 App. Div. 786.)
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, without costs.
Present — Jenics, P. J., ITirschberg, Burr, Thomas and Carr, JJ.
Judgment modified by striking out the words "Upon the merits " and as so modified judgment unanimously affirmed, without' costs.