Case Name: Joseph Makoski, as Administrator, etc., of Sylvester Makoski, Deceased, Appellant, v. Union Bag and Paper Company, Respondent
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1909-12-30
Citations: 136 A.D. 110
Docket Number: 
Parties: Joseph Makoski, as Administrator, etc., of Sylvester Makoski, Deceased, Appellant, v. Union Bag and Paper Company, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 136
Pages: 110–116

Head Matter:
Joseph Makoski, as Administrator, etc., of Sylvester Makoski, Deceased, Appellant, v. Union Bag and Paper Company, Respondent.
Third Department,
December 30, 1909.
Master and servant — negligence — death, caused by falling into pulp digester—identity of plaintiff’s intestate with person killed—failure to instruct — contributory negligence.
The plaintiff’s intestate, a Pole, not understanding the English language, was ■ put to work in a bin to shovel chips through an inclined hopper into a pulp digester situated beneath the bin. He was inexperienced, having worked only once in another bin not- similar in construction, and the only instructions were given by motions. When last seen he was engaged in the Work, but subsequently not being found at his post, another workman was substituted to fill ■the digéster. Thereafter corrosive acids and steam were turned into the digester to disintegrate the chips. On the following day as the plaintiff’s intestate could not-be found, the digester was opened and several human teeth and a human bone were found in it. On all the evidence',
Held, that it was for the jury to say whether the remains found in the digester were those of the plaintiff’s intestate; whether he had been properly instructed as to, the dangers of the work and whether he was free from contributory ■ negligence.
'Cochrane, J., dissented, with opinion.
.Appeal by the plaintiff, Joseph Makoski, as .administrator, etc., from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of .the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Saratoga on the 26th day of February, 1909, upon a verdict of no cause of' action rendered by direction of the court, and also from ah order entered in said clerk’s office on the 25th day of February, 1909, denying the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
Irving W. Wiswall [Edgar T. Brackett of counsel], for the appellant.
Rockwood, Scott & McKel/vey [Hash Rockwood of counsel], for the respondent.

Opinion:
Kellogg, J.:
The plaintiff alleges that his son, the intestate, by reason of the defendant's negligence, fell through its chip bin into a pulp digester where he was killed and " eaten " up by the acids therein contained. Chip bin Mo. 1 is a circular wooden tank, about twenty-five feet in diameter and about fifteen feet high from floor to roof. The bottom. of the bin i^ about parallel with its top, and above it is a floor slanting from the side towards an opening in the center, at an angle at its steepest part .of about forty-five degrees. In the center the floor slants down in a kind of a chute to an opening of about twenty-four by twenty-six inches, and below this opening is a movable funnel or hopper which connects the chute with the top of the digester below. The digester is a large cylindrical tank, lined with brick and lead, with a capacity of 50,000 gallons of liquid. The bin is filled with small wooden chips, which run .down the chute into the digester which, when the bin is full, is filled with powerful acids and heated with steam to a temperature of about 300 degrees Fahrenheit. The chips are then cooked in this digester for ten or eleven hours. The slanting floor of the bin and the chute are very smooth. . Inside the bin is a. flat platform about five by ten .feet, upon which a man stands with a fork and forces the chips down into the chute and prevents their clogging, thus insuring a steady flow until the contents of the bin are discharged.
The intestate was an employee in the mill but had had nothing to do with a chip bin until the day in question: The " cooker," Bott gar, required a man to, go into the bin and the intestate was sent. The cooker was a, Swede, the intestate a Polander, and neither could understand the language of the other. From the evidence the jury would have been justified in finding the following additional facts : The cooker took the intestate into bin No. 4 and with a pitchfork and by,his motions showed him what to do, and then left him to discharge the bin, which he did in about half an hour. Bin No. 4 was smaller than No. 1 and' constructed somewhat differently. It sloped inwardly from the top towards the opening in the bottom-The opening was about twelve inches square and there was no flat platform upon which the employee stood. After bin No. 4 was discharged the cooker took the intestate to bin No. 1, and together they lifted the hopper from the floor of the mill and adjusted it between the chip bin and its digester. It is not clear just how much the intestate then saw of the opening in the bin above him, or what- inferences he drew from it, or from the apparently flat bottom of'the bin. They then climbed the ladder leading into the bin. The cooker descended the ladder on the inside. He dug away some of the chips over the platform, leaving it covered with chips to a depth of four or five feet. . With a fork he then indicated to the intestate what was to be done. He then ascended the ladder and the intestate descended into the bin, and when the cooker saw him at work properly he left him there. A sixteen candle power electric light was at the top of the bin and fairly lighted the inside. A few minutes after, at about ten minutes of eleven o'clock, the cooker, who was about to leave for the night and to be replaced by another cooker, ascertained tliat the intestate was at work in the bin. He told Teeling, the cooker taking his place, that there was a green man in the bin, a. Polander who could not speak English. About ten minutes after this information Teeling was informed that the chips were not running from bin No. 1, and that no one was at work therein. He sent another man into the bin who discharged its contents until the digester was full, the acids and steam were turned on and the contents of the digester cooked for ten or eleven hours in the usual manner. In the morning the intestate's father came to the mill inquiring for his son and, upon investigation, his coat, hat and dinner pail.were found in their accustomed place, but nothing could be learned of. his whereabouts and lie was not seen alive thereafter. The digester was immediately cleaned and its contents carefully scrutinized, among which were found three human teeth, a molar, bicuspid and an incisor, and a human patella, the right knee cap. The action of the contents of the digester would be such that it would naturally eat up and destroy the human body, including the bones: the bones found were those which would naturally be destroyed last. The digester had been thoroughly cleaned before the contents of the chip bin were emptied into it that day.
It is urged by the defendant that the facts stated are not sufficient evidence to justify a iinding that the plaintiff's intestate was killed in the digester, and that the evidence as to the fork which he is supposed to have had tends to show that he probably left this bin in the way he entered it. Bottgar swears that the night following, twenty hours after the disappearance of the intestate, McKinnon, a superintendent of the defendant, " sent me after the fork ; I found it on the top of the bin." He swears it was the same fork the intestate had; that there was red paint upon it; that the handle was split somewhat, and that the next time it was used it broke off. The evidence is not entirely satisfactory about the fork. Two forks are at each bin, usually near the bottom of the stairs when not in use,, although sometimes a man leaving the bin leaves the fork on top of the bin at the place where Bottgar swears he found this fork. The evidence shows that two or three men were at the bin after the intestate; no one seems to have seen this fork on top of the bin until McKinnon sent Bo.ttgar after it. The evidence of one witness indicates that the forks were all alike and none of them had paint on them. The witnesses were all employees of the defendant and probably favorable to it. It may be that Bottgar was mistaken about the identity of the fork; it may be that Teeling in going into the bin was mistaken in saying that he did not take this fork with him. It is not quite clear whether Teeling took a fork which he had which came from some other place in the mill, or whether he took one of the regular forks belonging to this bin. It was a fair question for the jury what effect, if any, should be given to the testimony as to the fork. It was also a fair question for the jury to determine how much knowledge the intestate acquired as to theihole in the bin, and the manner of its construction, while he was assisting in putting the hopper between the bin and the digester. There is no evidence suggesting any source from which the human teeth and bones could enter the digester except' as we may infer that they were the remains of the intestate. It does not appear that upon other occasions any like bones were ever found. The- disappearance of the intestate and the finding of the human teeth and patella in the digester is at least some evidence that the facts are related to each other and that -the intestate met his death there. The evidence of the defendant's employees indicates that the slide between the chute and the digester was half closed. • That would reduce the open space to about twelve by twenty-three inches, and it was- a. fair question for the jury whether, if the opening was half closed, a man of the intestate's form could and did pass through it. The intestate apparently had no knowledge of this bin except what he acquired while aiding in lifting on the hopper and such as.he gained by working in bin No. 4 where -the- opening at the bottom was not to exceed twelve inches square and which would not permit a thickset man about twenty-two inches across the shoulders to pass through. There was no platform in bin No. 4 and he had no information that there was one in bin No. 1. If the opening at the bottom in bin No. 1 had been the same as in bin No. 4 it is probable the intestate would not- have met his death. The jury had the right to say that the defendant was negligent in putting the intestate into this place without instructions as to the hidden or unknown danger which existed. His experience in bin No. 4, so far as it. gave him any information, gave him false information as to the situation in bin No. 1. Bin No. 4 might have been entirely safe, while the situation in bin No. 1 was dangerous to one not acquainted with all the facts.
Sufficient facts existed to warrant a determination by the jury that the defendant's negligence caused the intestate's death. •
It is evident that if the defendant was guilty of negligence in sending the intestate into this bin, without informing him of the dangers and of the precautions necessary to guard against them, that he was not called upon to exercise any great care to avoid dangers as to the existence of which he had' no knowledge or informa tion. Not knowing the situation he could not guard against unsuspected dangers. The evidence would, therefore,- warrant the jury in saying that no negligence of the intestate contributed to his death.
The court should have submitted the case to the jury. The judgment should, therefore, be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.
All concurred, except Cochrane, J., dissenting in opinion.