Case Name: WUHU FENGLIAN CO., LTD., and Suzhou Shanding Honey Product Co., Ltd., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and American Honey Producers Association, and Sioux Honey Association, Defendant-Intervenors
Court: United States Court of International Trade
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2013-02-27
Citations: 899 F. Supp. 2d 1355
Docket Number: Slip Op. 13-27; Court No. 11-00045
Parties: WUHU FENGLIAN CO., LTD., and Suzhou Shanding Honey Product Co., Ltd., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and American Honey Producers Association, and Sioux Honey Association, Defendant-Intervenors.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 899
Pages: 1355–1367

Head Matter:
WUHU FENGLIAN CO., LTD., and Suzhou Shanding Honey Product Co., Ltd., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and American Honey Producers Association, and Sioux Honey Association, Defendant-Intervenors.
Slip Op. 13-27.
Court No. 11-00045.
United States Court of International Trade.
Feb. 27, 2013.
As Amended March 4, 2013.
Yingchao Xiao, Lee & Xiao, of San Mari-no, CA, for Plaintiffs.
Courtney S. McNamara, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for Defendant. With her on the briefs were Stuart F. Delery, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director, and Sapna Sharma, Attorney, United States Department of Commerce, of Counsel.
Michael J. Coursey, R. Alan Luberda, and Benjamin Blase Caryl, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, of Washington, DC, for DefendanL-Intervenors.

Opinion:
OPINION & ORDER
CARMAN, Judge:
Plaintiffs Wuhu Fenglian Co., Ltd. and Suzhou Shanding Honey Product Co., Ltd. (collectively "Plaintiffs"), exporters of honey from the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), challenge a redetermination decision by the U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce") following a remand from this Court. In the Remand Redetermination, Commerce accepted into the administrative record certain documents that Plaintiffs submitted, as required by the Court. Upon evaluation of the record, including the new documents, Commerce determined to rescind antidumping duty new shipper reviews requested by Plaintiffs. See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand ("Remand Redetermination"), ECF No. 82. The Court sustains Commerce's remand redetermination because it is supported by substantial evidence on the record and is otherwise in accordance with law.
Background
Plaintiffs requested new shipper reviews on honey from the People's Republic of China on February 4, 2010. Remand Re-determination at 2. Commerce published a Preliminary Determination on September 10, 2010, rescinding the new shipper reviews on the grounds that the sales made by Plaintiffs did not appear to be bona fide. Honey From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Intent to Rescind New Shipper Reviews, 75 Fed. Reg. 55,-307, 55,308 (Sep. 10, 2010) ("Preliminary Determination"). Commerce's Final Determination came to the same conclusion. Honey From the People's Republic of China: Final Results and Rescission of Anti-dumping Duty New Shipper Reviews, 76 Fed. Reg. 4,289, 4,290 (Jan. 25, 2011) ("Final Determination"). Plaintiffs then challenged the Final Determination by this lawsuit.
I. Remand to Commerce
On April 25, 2012, the Court issued 836 F.Supp.2d 1398, remanding the case to Commerce for redetermination. ECF No. 80. In the remand opinion, the Court required Commerce to accept certain documents from Plaintiffs that Commerce had initially rejected. Plaintiffs had submitted a number of documents by way of rebutting certain data from U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("CBP") that was placed into the administrative record by Commerce. Commerce rejected the rebuttal as untimely. In the absence of any statutory or regulatory deadline for rebutting a filing by Commerce, the Court held that Commerce had wrongly rejected the rebuttal, which had been submitted only 20 days after Commerce's administrative record filing and almost four months before Commerce issued the final results. See 836 F.Supp.2d at 1402-05. The Court therefore required Commerce to accept the rebuttal materials and issue a remand redetermination taking account of them. The Court declined, however, to require Commerce to supplement the remand record with certain factual information, consisting of a protest lodged with CBP by an unrelated exporter of honey from the PRC, which Plaintiffs did not submit during the new shipper review. See id. at 1405.
II. Redetermination on Remand
On remand, Commerce noted that the rebuttal evidence submitted by Plaintiffs contrasted with CBP data Commerce had placed in the record regarding imports of honey from the PRC during the period of review ("POR"). In resolving the conflict in the data, Commerce determined that Plaintiffs' submissions were not as reliable as the CBP data, and therefore reached the same conclusion as in the Final Results: that Plaintiffs' sales were not bona fide and that Commerce would thus rescind the new shipper reviews. Remand Redetermination at 2, 4-5.
A. Honey Export Statistics from PRC
Plaintiffs submitted honey export statistics published by the Ministry of Commerce ("MOC") of the PRC for May 2009, indicating that no honey was exported to the United States that month. Id. at 5. According to Plaintiffs, this report shows the CBP data to be inaccurate, since the CBP data showed entries of PRC honey into the United States during May 2009. Id.
Commerce stated that it has a routine method to resolve situations in which it faces "two conflicting data sources": Commerce gives preferences to "primary data sources, where the Department knows the methodology used to collect the data." Id. at 6.
Applying this analysis, Commerce determined that it would not rely on the PRC honey report because the record lacked information as to how the PRC data was collected and collated; by contrast, the CBP data contained "the actual entry documentation for the shipment, including the Customs 7501 form, invoice, and bill of lading." Id. Commerce specifically noted that the record did not show the definition of "honey" employed by the MOC, "which, alone, could explain why the PRC MOC data indicate no exports." Id. Commerce also noted that the record did not reveal whether the PRC honey report was based on primary export documents, secondary trade reports, or some other source or sources. Id. Finally, Commerce noted that "shipping lag times" might account for the absence of exports in the honey report at a time when the CBP data showed entries of honey from the PRC. Id.
B. Website and Advertising Printouts from PRC Exporter
Second, Plaintiffs submitted printouts from the website and internet advertisements of a certain Chinese honey exporter whose identity is Business Propriety Information and who will therefore be referred to simply as the "Confidential Exporter." Id. at 7. Sales into the United States by the Confidential Exporter were reported in the CBP data that Commerce used in its bona fide analysis. Id. Plaintiffs claim the web printouts and advertisements show that the Confidential Exporter did not export to the United States during the relevant time period, and that as a result the CBP data must be incorrect. Id.
Commerce again applied its technique for resolving questions about the relative reliability of conflicting documents. Commerce determined that no evidence showed when the website printouts were created, whether they were ever updated (and, if so, when), and whether the statements in the documents related to the POR for these new shipper reviews. Id. As a result, Commerce determined that the website and advertising printouts from the Confidential Exporter did not discredit the CBP data. Id.
C. PIERS Data from United States Government
Third, Plaintiffs submitted data from the United States Government Port Import Export Reporting System ("PIERS") which, according to Plaintiffs, show that no honey from the PRC was entered into the United States during May, June, and July 2009. Id. Commerce acknowledged that the PIERS data showed "no entries of honey from the PRC to North America during May 2009." Id. However, Commerce determined that "without knowing the methodologies used to gather and analyze the PIERS data," it could not be given as much weight as the CBP data. Id. at 8. Noting that the CBP data contains entry documentation including the Customs 7501 form, invoice, and bill of lading, Commerce determined that "something as simple as a difference in the collection methodologies between the sources or the different level of specificity of the underlying source of the PIERS data" could explain the discrepancy between the PIERS and CBP data. Id. In this regard, Commerce noted more specifically that PIERS data "are gathered from entries on ships' manifests," while the CBP data incorporated "a variety of actual import documentation," including the Customs entry paperwork that determines the "legal description" of imported goods. Id. at 18. Having already addressed the issue of conflicts between PIERS data and CBP data in other cases, and having developed a policy of giving more weight to CBP data in thé case of such a conflict, Commerce found that the conflicting PIERS data provided no reason to abandon use of the CBP data in this instance. Id. at 8.
D. National Honey Reports from the USDA
Finally, Plaintiffs submitted National Honey Reports from the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") for December 2008, June and July 2009, and September through November 2009. Id. The USDA National Honey Reports contained information at variance with the CBP data as to the price and quantity of honey entered into the United States from the PRC during the period of review; Plaintiffs sought to undercut Commerce's reliance on the CBP data by introducing the honey reports into the record. Id. at 8-9. However, Commerce found the record devoid of evidence as to the methodology by which the honey reports were collected. Id. Commerce also noted that it was not even clear whether the data contained in the honey reports was related to the relevant sales within the POR. Id. Commerce therefore determined that the USDA honey reports could not be given as much weight as the CBP data, which it decided to continue to rely upon.
In the end, then, Commerce determined that the CBP data was the most reliable of the available data regarding honey imports from the PRC to the United States during the POR, and therefore found no reason in the newly-submitted data to alter its analysis of whether Plaintiffs' sales were bona fide. Consequently, Commerce determined again that Plaintiffs' sales were not bona fide and affirmed its recission of the new shipper reviews.
Jurisdiction and Standard op Review
The Court has jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(l), (a)(2)(B)(ni). In reviewing Commerce's remand redetermination, the Court will "hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found . to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law." 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i).
Analysis
Plaintiffs raise three main critiques of Commerce's Remand Redetermination. First, Plaintiffs attack the procedural propriety of the Remand Redetermination, contending that it is "unacceptably incomplete" owing to Commerce's refusal on remand to accept into the record the CBP Protest filed by an unrelated importer. Comments on the Department of Commerce's Final Results of the Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand ("Plaintiffs' Comments") at 3, ECF No. 85.
In a similar vein, Plaintiffs contend that the substance of the Remand Redetermination is "unacceptably inaccurate" and therefore must be overturned because Commerce acted unfairly in failing to consider the contents of the rejected CBP Protest. Id.
Plaintiffs also assert that, in any case, Commerce acted contrary to the weight of the record evidence in finding that the PRC honey export data, website and advertising printouts from the Confidential Exporter, PIERS data, and USDA honey reports were all less reliable than the CBP data. Id. at 26-28.
The Court finds that each of these critiques fails to undermine the Remand Re-determination for the reasons set forth in detail below.
I. Commerce Properly Refused to Accept the CBP Protest
Plaintiffs do not argue that they submitted the CBP Protest documents into the record in a timely fashion. Plaintiffs instead offer several reasons why Commerce was wrong to refuse, on remand, to reopen the record and accept the CBP Protest despite its untimely submission.
Plaintiffs assert that Commerce "had a reasonable amount of time in which to consider the information contained in the CBP Protest" because the Court gave Commerce sixty days to submit its Remand Determination. Id. at 6. Plaintiffs also insist that Commerce rejected the CBP Protest with no lawful basis, "as doing so unduly hampered Commerce's ability to accurately determine the dumping margins" and improperly substituted finality for accuracy. See id. at 7-10.
Plaintiffs also argue that the Court should apply a doctrine that would constructively define the administrative record in this way: the CBP Protest, since it was filed before another federal government agency, was therefore "a matter of federal government record" that was "already in the government's [i.e. Commerce's] possession," putting Commerce "on judicial notice of the content and substance of the CBP Protest." Id. at 7. Plaintiffs eventually rise to what may be their most creative expression of this argument, urging the Court that, "because the CBP Protest is a byproduct of and pertains directly to the accuracy of the CBP data used by Commerce, the substance of the CBP Protest is within, or at the very least an essential and inseparable appurtenance of, the original administrative record." Id. at 10. (Presumably, the natural consequence of these last two arguments would be to redefine the CBP Protest as being a part of the record already, although Plaintiffs leave that deduction for the Court to reach on its own.)
In explaining why these arguments fail, it is appropriate to begin by pointing out two relevant prior decisions in this case. On May 25, 2011, the Court entered an order denying Plaintiffs' First Motion to Stay. See ECF No. 10 (motion), ECF No. 28 (order). Plaintiffs' motion sought to delay the case until such time as a final decision was rendered on the CBP Protest. The Court indicated that it was denying the stay in part "[u]pon consideration of . the responses in opposition filed by Defendant and Defendant-Intervenor." See Order, ECF No. 28. The opposition filings referenced in the order focused almost entirely on the argument that Plaintiffs' motion improperly sought to stall the case until the CBP Protest was decided. See generally Defendant's Response in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Stay, ECF No. 25; Defendant-Intervenors' Response in Opposition to Motion to Stay, ECF No. 26. Both defendant-side parties argued that such a stay would function to surreptitiously introduce the contents of the CBP Protest into the administrative record, which would be improper because the CBP Protest was not filed until after Commerce's final determination and therefore was not before the Department when it rescinded Plaintiffs' new shipper reviews.
Second, the Court's order remanding this case to Commerce for redetermination incidentally disposed of a further attempt by Plaintiffs to introduce the CBP Protest into the administrative record. See Plaintiffs' Motion to Supplement Administrative Record, ECF No. 73. The Court denied the motion, and also indicated that it would not require Commerce to add the CBP Protest to the administrative record on remand. (See 836 F.Supp.2d at 1405 (stating that the Court was "disinclined to obligate Commerce to accept or consider factual information that was not presented during the underlying administrative proceeding").)
For the third (and final) time, the Court now rejects Plaintiffs' attempts to place the CBP Protest at the center of this case. The Court finds that Commerce's decision not to reopen the administrative record on remand was a completely reasonable exercise of its authority. As Commerce explained to Plaintiffs, reopening the record at the time Plaintiffs' request was filed would have hampered Commerce's ability to complete the remand proceeding in the time allotted by the Court, and Defendant-Intervenors would not have had a fair chance to respond to the CBP Protest adequately. Defendant's Response to Plaintiffs Comments upon Commerce's Final Remand Redetermination ("Defendant's Response") at 9, ECF No. 95.
Plaintiffs also urge the Court to misapply the "NTN/Timken doctrine," which in certain circumstances requires that the Department accept late factual submissions in order to properly weigh the need for accuracy against the need for finality. See NTN Bearing Corp. v. United States, 74 F.3d 1204, 1208 (Fed.Cir. 1995); see also Timken U.S. Corp. v. United States, 434 F.3d 1345, 1353-54 (Fed.Cir. 2006). That doctrine is inapplicable here because the CBP Protest is not the kind of untimely factual submission that falls within the NTN/Timken doctrine, which "stresses] that, at the preliminary results stage, Commerce abuses its discretion where it refuses to let a respondent establish an accurate dumping margin by correcting mistakes in its response." Fischer S.A. Comercio, Industria and Agricultura v. United States, 34 CIT-, -, 700 F.Supp.2d 1364, 1375 (2010). The doctrine is not as broad as Plaintiffs urge. It is limited to the correction of mistakes in timely factual submissions to ensure an accurate assessment at the final determination stage, which is inapplicable here. And in any case the doctrine has never been extended to require Commerce to reopen the record in a relatively brief remand redetermination in which the Court, rather than the trade laws, provides the deadlines. The Court declines to extend the NTN/Timken doctrine in that manner today.
As to Plaintiffs' contentions that the CBP Protest should be considered to be constructively within the administrative record due to the fact that it is tangentially related to documents previously considered in the record before Commerce, Plaintiff cites no authority for this concept, apart from using the legalese "judicial notice." However, the briefest of references to Black's Law Dictionary reveals that judicial notice involves "[a] court's acceptance, for purposes of convenience and without requiring a party's proof, of a well-known and indisputable fact; the court's power to accept such a fact." Black's Law Dictionary, 9th Ed., at 923. A party may not invoke an inherent power of the Court, especially to assert rights against Commerce, much less to resolve a contested matter such as the classification of entries in a CBP Protest. The Court also rejects Plaintiffs' notion that the Court may, essentially by fiat, interpret the administrative record to include a protest filed after Commerce reached its final determination on that record.
For all' of these reasons, the Court concludes that Commerce acted appropriately when it rejected the CBP Protest from the record on remand, and consequently upholds that portion of the Remand Redetermination.
II. Commerce Correctly Declined to Consider the Contents of the CBP Protest
The Court also rejects Plaintiffs' argument that Commerce reached an improp erly inaccurate result because it refused to examine the contents of the CBP Protest. This point can be seen as moot given the Court's decision that Commerce properly rejected the CBP-Protest from the remand record, but the Court believes it is still appropriate to briefly examine this contention in the alternative.
Plaintiffs describe the purported relevance of the CBP Protest this way:
In a nutshell, an importer unrelated to Plaintiffs made entries of a product it described as non-subject merchandise. CBP reclassified it as honey. Commerce relied on the data from these entries in its unfavorable analyses of the Plaintiffs' U.S. sales. The unrelated importer subsequently filed an official protest, arguing that their [sic] entries were not of honey, and supporting their [sic] argument with laboratory analyses. The results of this protest are pending.
Plaintiffs' Comments at 11-12.
The Court refuses to require that Commerce examine the merits of any CBP Protest related to CBP data it wishes to use before it may rely on such CBP data in determining the final results of a new shipper review. Such a rule would, as Commerce rightly worries, either force Commerce to consider the content of protests and intrude on the statutory authority of Customs, or endlessly delay new shipper reviews while Commerce deferred to CBP and the courts to finalize classification questions. Defendant's Response at 10-11. The statutory presumption of correctness that attaches to Customs' classification decisions would also be weakened and, potentially, rendered a nullity.
The Court immediately sees several significant practical concerns stemming from such a precedent. Commerce would likely be prevented, in practice, from relying on CBP data. Reliance on CBP data would always raise the potential that a future protest filed after Commerce's final determination would effectively undo the Commerce proceeding, and require Commerce to reopen its proceeding and record pending (1) the outcome of the protest before Customs, (2) any appeal of a denial by Customs to the Court of International Trade, (3) the conclusion of any appeals of a CIT decision to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court, and (4) the eventual final legal settlement of all issues related to proper customs classification of the involved goods. This would be a deeply problematic result.
Not only that, but the Court fears that such a rule could give importers who sought a new shipper review a perverse ability to tamper with Commerce's proceedings. By protesting before Customs the classification of entries that formed the basis of new shipper reviews that they initiated before Commerce, importers could force Commerce into conflict with Customs, potentially obtain contradictory determinations from the two agencies, and render the time limits on new shipper reviews a virtual nullity.
Plaintiffs contend that, "[c]onsidering what the Plaintiffs stand to lose vis-a-vis what can only be a minor and nonrecurring inconvenience to Commerce or CBP of having to wait to wind up their procedures, . the minimum of fairness requires that all involved parties at least wait for the results of the CBP Protest." Plaintiffs' Comments at 12. The Court disagrees for the reasons described above, and affirms Commerce's decision to decline to consider the contents of the CBP Protest in its Remand Redetermination.
III. Commerce's Reliance on the CBP Data Rather Than Plaintiffs' Submissions
The Court finds that Commerce properly considered the PRC honey export data, website and advertising printouts from the Confidential Exporter, PIERS data, and USDA honey reports that Plaintiffs submitted. Commerce's decision that these sources of data were all less reliable than the CBP data was supported by the record evidence and otherwise in accordance with law, and is therefore affirmed.
A. Commerce Properly Found the CBP Data More Reliable than the PRC Honey Export Data
Plaintiffs' attack on Commerce for weighing the CBP data as more reliable than the PRC honey export data fails because it is (1) based on assumptions that are not part of the record and (2) adopts a backwards approach that Commerce should have the burden of proving unreliability of record data, rather than Plaintiffs having a burden to demonstrate the reliability of data they placed in the record. Commerce correctly rejected these contentions, and the Court therefore affirms the agency's decision to rely on the CBP data over the PRC honey export data.
Plaintiffs begin by arguing that "Commerce was fully aware that the MOC is a Chinese Government entity essentially equivalent to Commerce." Plaintiffs' Comments at 15. Plaintiffs rely on "common knowledge" and (again) "judicial notice" to support their assertion that the "MOC obtains its data directly from Chinese customs documentation." Id. Plaintiffs do not cite (and the Court has not located) any evidence in the record to establish the truth of these assertions. Plaintiffs also urge that it "was improper for Commerce to treat China's data with any less deference than it would the data of other modern countries." Id. "[T]he sensible assumption," Plaintiffs contend, "is that official PRC government data— which the MOC data is — is collected by PRC government officials at the involved ports of export." Id. at 17.
The remainder of Plaintiffs' arguments on the PRC honey export data are suggestions that Commerce failed in a duty to build an adequate record as to the data's reliability. Plaintiffs suggest that "a minimal and reasonable inquiry by Commerce would have revealed" the reliability of the data, id. at 15; that it was "unreasonable" for Commerce to question whether the MOC data came from primary sources "when there is nothing on the record to suggest as much," id. at 17; and that "Commerce had ample time in which to make basic inquiries in order to satisfy its concerns" about the MOC data, id.
Plaintiffs miss the point with these arguments. The Court does not review Commerce's decisions to ensure that they are based on sensible assumptions, but rather for evidentiary support in the administrative record and consistency with law. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i) (the Court will "hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found . to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law"). Indeed, any Commerce decision that was based on assumptions — sensible or otherwise — would be very unlikely to survive a substantial evidence challenge before this Court.
Plaintiffs also mistakenly press for the Court to impose a duty on Commerce to assemble the administrative record of substantial evidence upon which its decisions must be made. However, it is Plaintiffs — not Commerce — who bear the burden of creating a record of relevant data in a timely fashion. Alloy Piping Prods., Inc. v. United States, 26 CIT 330, 349-50, 201 F.Supp.2d 1267, 1284 (2002) ("The general rule" is that "the respondent bears the burden and responsibility of creating an accurate record within the statutory time-line"). Plaintiffs cite no authority that would oblige Commerce to gather, on be half of Plaintiffs, information for the record to ensure that Commerce has a complete understanding of the methodology behind Plaintiffs' submitted data. Nor is the Court aware of any such authority.
The Court therefore finds that Commerce fulfilled its duty in regard to examination of the MOC data: Commerce considered the nature of the data, the available information as to the veracity and weight the data should be accorded, and then made a reasonable, evidence-supported decision to rely instead on the CBP import data that conflicted with the MOC data. Remand Redetermination at 5-6, 10-13; Defendant's Response at 13-14. The Court affirms that determination as supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.
B. Commerce Properly Found the CBP Data More Reliable than the Website and Advertising Printouts from the Confidential Exporter
Plaintiffs have similarly thin grounds to attack Commerce's treatment of the printouts from the website of the Confidential Exporter. In the case of these documents, Plaintiffs' arguments are founded on the misapprehension that Commerce did "not give the printouts of the web site of the PRC exporter consideration." Plaintiffs' Comments at 20. Plaintiffs cite instances in which Commerce has relied on similar documents and quibble with Commerce for interpreting ambiguous language in the documents as suggesting that the Confidential Exporter might, in fact, export to the United States. Id. at 18-19.
The Remand Redetermination makes it clear that Commerce did, in fact, consider the printouts from the Confidential Exporter. Remand Redetermination at 14-16. Although Plaintiffs wish the Court to substitute Plaintiffs' weighing of those documents for Commerce's weighing, that is not the nature of the Court's inquiry. Instead, the Court finds that Commerce considered the documents and found no evidence in the record from which it could conclude that they were more reliable than the CBP data with which they directly conflicted. Id. Therefore, the Court affirms Commerce's decision in the Remand Redetermination not to rely on the Confidential Exporter's website printouts over the CBP data.
C. Commerce's Reliance on the CBP Data Instead of the PIERS Data Was Supported by Substantial Evidence
In challenging the Department's decision to accord more weight to the CBP data than to the PIERS data, Plaintiffs assert that, despite a long history of relying on PIERS data, Commerce departed from its practice and did not give Plaintiffs' PIERS submissions full consideration in this case. Plaintiffs' Comments at 22 ("Commerce knows the PIERS data is probative"), 23 (it is unreasonable for "Commerce not to give the PIERS summaries full consideration"). Plaintiffs claim repeatedly that Commerce has a long practice of obtaining and using PIERS data, is intimately familiar with the collection methodologies underlying PIERS data, knows that it is as accurate as CBP data, and accords it the same weight as CBP data. Id. at 20-23.
Plaintiffs also argue that, absent specific evidence that the PIERS data were unreliable, Commerce should be forced to either rely on them or obtain the underlying data to resolve any questions about their adequacy. Id. at 20 ("there is nothing in the record to indicate that [PIERS data] is any less reliable or accurate than the similarly collected CBP data"), 21 (Commerce, if "sincerely concerned about the corrobo ration provided by the entry documentation," could have affirmatively obtained it).
Plaintiffs' assertions are unconvincing. Plaintiffs have it backwards when they suggest that Commerce must rely on the PIERS data absent evidence that it is unreliable; in fact, Commerce must find substantial evidence to support any data upon which it rests its decision. The Court therefore rejects this attack by Plaintiffs. The Court also finds that Commerce gave full and careful consideration to the PIERS data. Commerce explained that it found the CBP data more reliable because the CBP data was drawn from a variety of entry documents, including CBP documents that determine the legal description of merchandise contained in entries, while the PIERS data was obtained only from ship manifests and did not have the same legal weight as the CBP data. Remand Redetermination at 18. Commerce therefore reasonably applied its long-standing policy of giving weight to CBP data over PIERS data in situations where the data conflict. Id. Commerce explained that its reliance on PIERS data in past proceedings never found it more reliable than conflicting CBP data. Id. at 17-18. Far from failing to consider the PIERS data, Commerce fully considered it but came to a conclusion that was not to Plaintiffs' liking. However, the agency's decision was supported by substantial evidence in the record and is therefore affirmed.
D. Commerce's Reliance on the CBP Data Instead of the USDA Honey Reports Was Also Supported by Substantial Evidence
Plaintiffs claim that the USDA honey reports reveal that the CBP data are flawed as to price and quantity. Plaintiffs' Comments at 24. In attacking Commerce's decision not to rely on the USDA honey reports, Plaintiffs contend that Commerce should be "considered aware of the data collection methodology and content" of the USDA reports since Commerce and the USDA are "each part of the same branch of the federal government" and are therefore "parts of the same entity." Id. at 23-24. From this basis, Plaintiffs argue that Commerce refused to give the USDA honey reports "serious consideration," since it did not rely on them despite a lack of evidence in the record to suggest that the USDA reports were flawed.
Again Plaintiffs mischaracterize Commerce's determination. Commerce in fact gave careful consideration to the honey reports. This is demonstrated by Commerce's decision not to rely on the reports because the record lacked evidence about the time span during which the information was collected or the Harmonized Tariff Schedule numbers employed in the reports. Remand Redetermination at 9. As a result, Commerce was unable to tell whether the honey reports even related to the POR as issue. Id. Commerce also points out again that it is Plaintiffs that bear the burden of demonstrating the reliability of the USDA reports, not Commerce. Id. at 20-21; Defendant's Response at 20. Given that Commerce closely evaluated the substantial evidence in the record when determining that the USDA honey reports were not as reliable as the CBP data, the Court affirms that decision.
E. Commerce's Redetermination Is Supported by Totality of Evidence
Plaintiffs argue that the totality of the evidence overcame any presumption that the CBP data were accurate. Plaintiffs' Comments at 26-28. Since the CBP data Commerce chose to rely upon conflicts with all other information on the record, goes this argument, the agency's "prefer ence for and reliance on CBP data [became] unreasonable." Id. at 27. Plaintiffs urge the Court to overturn the redetermination because all of the sources in the record "are consistent in that they all point to the same conclusion, that the CBP data is wildly incorrect." Id.
Plaintiffs overstate their argument. While each of the four sources of data submitted by Plaintiffs conflicts with the CBP data in one way or another, that does not mean that these four data sources agree with each other about the nature of imports of PRC honey into the United States during the POR, or whether Plaintiffs' imports were bona fide. Commerce is not required to use perfect data, but to make careful determinations based on the most reliable data in the record. The Court is satisfied that Commerce has done so here. The Court rejects the notion that the mere presence of numerous less reliable data sets im the record can automatically impugn the reliability of the best record evidence.
Plaintiffs' remaining contentions have been examined and found without merit.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, the Court finds that Commerce's Remand Redetermination is based upon substantial evidence in the record and is in accordance with law, and it is therefore
ORDERED that the Remand Redetermination be, and hereby is, SUSTAINED.
. This particular issue was already addressed in the Final Determination of Commerce, issued prior to the Court's remand in this case, and the accompanying Issues and Decisions Memorandum. The Court's remand did not invalidate this analysis. Commerce also addressed the precise question of whether to rely upon PIERS data or CBP data in the case of a conflict between the two in a 2007 determination, Preliminary Recission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the People's Republic of China, 72 Fed. Reg. 32,-072 (June 11, 2007). In that case, Commerce articulated a policy of weighing CBP data more heavily than conflicting PIERS data since the CBP data is based on primary import documentation, including entry paperwork that provides the appropriate legal clas sification of the goods contained in the entry, while PIERS data is simply drawn from ship manifests. Remand Redetermination at 18; Defendant's Response to Plaintiff's Comments upon Commerce's Final Remand Redetermination at 17-18, ECF No. 95.