Case Name: UNITED STATES v. OREGON-WASHINGTON R. & NAV. CO.
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1918-04-24
Citations: 251 F. 211
Docket Number: No. 229
Parties: UNITED STATES v. OREGON-WASHINGTON R. & NAV. CO.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 251
Pages: 211–214

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES v. OREGON-WASHINGTON R. & NAV. CO.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
April 24, 1918.)
No. 229.
1. Internal Revenue <®=r»9' — Corporation—Excuse Tax — Nature of Act.
Corporation Excise Tax Act Aug. 5, 1909, § 88, must be construed as imposing an excise tax upon tlie right to do business,’ in. corporate form; so, if persons choose the corporate form for business, the corporate income may bo estimated uxkju the assumption that the form is to be regarded as the reality.
2. Internal Revenue (®ns>9 — Corporation Excise Tax — -“Income.”
Under Corporation Excise Tax Ac-t Aug. 5, 1909, § 38, ihe term “income” must be accepted as those more or le.-d. periodic earnings, as distinguished from permanent sources of wealth; hence, where the solo stockholder of a corporation which furnished the capital released a debt in favor of the corporation, such sum should be treated as capital rather than income, though such a. release cannot be treated as a mere matter of bookkeeping, but as adding to the corporate assets.
[13d. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Income.]
3. Pleading <g=»839 — Demurrer—Withdrawal.
Whether the trial court will allow a demurrant to withdraw his demurrer is a matter of discretion, ami whenever a demurrer is interposed the demurrant takes that risk.
4. Pleading <8=»33& — Demurrer—Withdrawal—Airusts of Discretion.
The trial court’s refusal to allow plaintiff, which had demurred to the answer, to withdraw the demurrer on it being overruled, cannot, be treated as an abuse of discretion, where no request to withdraw was made.
Ward, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
In Error to the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.
Action by the United States against the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company. There was a judgment, overriding a demurrer to the answer, and dismissing the complaint, and the United States brings error.
Affirmed.
Writ of error to a judgment, overruling a demurrer to the answer, without leave to plead over, and dismissing the complaint. The complaint; was for an excise tax against (he defendant under section 88 of the Ad; of August 5, 1909 (3(5 Ktat. 112, c. 6). The complaint alleged that’ on January 10, 1918, the de feudant hied its report showing an income of $2,282,192.88, which was incorrect; the true income being $8,472.::81.92. The relief demanded was for 1 per cent, upon the difference, $6,190,769.57, amounting to $(¡1,907.70.
The answer omitting denials, shelved in substance as follows: That the defendant was organized in November, 1910, all its stock being held by the Oregon Short Line Railroad, itself a part of Hie Union Pacific Railroad system and controlled by that company. The Union Pacific Railroad caused certain properties to be conveyed to the defendant by certain subsidiary corporations, which paid for them by a draft in favor of the sellers, drawn by the defendant and accepted by the Short Une. This draft the Short I/me paid, and received back its proceeds from the selling corporations as dividends upon their stock, substantially all of which the Slum, Dine held. The amount of those dividends was somewhat larger than the value of the property conveyed as It stood on the books of the selling corporations or as the value of their stock stood on the books of the Short Line. The amount of this difference was the sum here in question, $6,190,769.57, which therefore showed as a profit on the books of the Short Line.
<S=i>For other cases see same topic & KtflY-NUMBEB in all Key-Numbered Digests & indexes
The payment of the consideration by this acceptance the Short Line charged against the defendant, partly as payment for the stock of the defendant and partly as money lent it; the total sum paid by the Short Line being $50,000,-000 for the stock and $50,450,000 as money lent. Early in 1911 the defendant delivered $40,000,000 of bonds to the Short Line, for which it received a credit of $36,000,000 leaving it indebted to the Short Line for money lent in the sum of about $14,450,000. To prevent an apparent profit to the Short Line from the transaction, it wished to reduce this indebtedness by the amount of that profit, and on June 30, 1911, released its debt against the defendant to the amount of $6,190,769.57. This release the plaintiff seeks to treat as a part of the defendant's income.
Francis G. Caffey, U. S. Atty., of Néw York City (Ben A. Matthews, Asst. U. S. Atty., of New York City, of counsel), for the United States.
Henry W. Clark, of New York City, for defendant in error.
Before WARD and ROGERS, Circuit Judges, and LEARNED HAND, District Judge.

Opinion:
LEARNED HAND, District Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1, 2] The act in question has been authoritatively held to be an excise upon the.right to do business in corporate form, Anderson v. Forty-Two Broadway Co., 239 U. S. 69, 36 Sup. Ct. 17, 60 L. Ed. 152; Stratton's Independence v. Howbert, 231 U. S. 399, 34 Sup. Ct. 136, 58 L. Ed. 285. As such the income is the measure of the tax upon the right, and not the property upon which the tax is assessed. If persons choose the corporate form for business, we think that the corporate income may be estimated upon .the assumption that the form is to be regarded as the reality. Indeed, this is nearly a corollary from the premise that the tax is upon the right to do business in that form. We are not, therefore, disposed to say that a sole stockholder's release of a debt against the corporation is mere matter of bookkeeping. As the stockholder views it, that is no doubt the case, at least while the corporation stays solvent; indeed, it is no more than if a mortgage were changed into a debt. Viewed from the corporation's side, we cannot, however, agree that the increased value of the stockholder's shares is to be deemed a charge upon the corporation equivalent to the canceled debt. His right as stockholder is, it is true, a chose in action; but it is, of course, not to be taken as a claim upon the corporation when its net assets are in question, else it could never get any increase of assets, for shares are always proportionally increased in value as the assets increase. At least when we have, as here, a question turning upon the right to use the corporate form, we must treat the release as involving an actual addition to the corporate assets.
However, the tax, though it includes income "from all sources," nevertheless includes "income" only, and the meaning of that word is not to be found in its bare etymological derivation. Its meaning is rather to be gathered from the implicit assumptions of its use in common speech. The implied distinction, it seems to us, is between permanent scources of wealth and more or less periodic earnings. Of course, the term is not limited to earnings from economic capital; i. e., wealth industrially employed in permanent form. It includes the earnings from a calling, as well as interest, royalties, or dividends, though in the case of corporations this may he of slight importance. Yet the word unquestionably imports, at least so it seems to us, the current distinction between what is commonly treated as the increase or increment from the exercise of some economically productive power of one sort or another, and the power itself, and it should not include such wealth as is honestly appropriated to what would customarily be regarded as the capital of the corporation taxed.
Now, it seems to us hardly arguable that the cancellation of the debt in question was not in the category of capital. The corporation had just commenced its business; the cancellation of the debt was a means of contribution to its capital account, quite as though the money had been contributed by the stockholder only to enhance the value of his stock. The financial relief, so given, will, it is true, be eventually reflected in the income, since the defendant will no longer be entitled under the act to deduct the interest on the debt; but that only brings out more clearly its character as capital contribution. We regard the difference as precisely equivalent to the difference between the cancellation of a portion of the mortgage bonds and a cancellation of an equal proportion of their coupons. Common usage would, if we are right, unfailingly allocate the first as an increase in capital assets and the second as an increase in income. That, as we view it, is the proper test of the act.
Nor does Stratton's Independence v. Howbert, supra, look to the contrary. The court divided in that case upon the propriety of regarding as income the whole of each yearly extraction of minerals from a deposit necessarily limited in amount; but the decision proceeded upon the assumption that the common understanding of the term "income" did not cut so fine, but lumped together the whole gross output. Our present decision depends altogether upon the correctness of our own interpretation of the same common usage, when applied to a case like this.
The District Court refused to allow the plaintiff to plead over, upon the ground that the matter rested in its discretion and that the plaintiff had not asked for any exercise of that in discretion, but based its claim upon an absolute right. We agree that the cases are very rare in which a party should not be allowed to withdraw a demurrer, which is all that would have been necessary here; for no further pleading was proper, unless the defendant demanded it. Still the matter does lie in discretion, and the demurrant always accepts the risk of being taken at his word. There are certainly no grounds shown in the record which would justify our saying that the refusal was an abuse of discretion, at: least in the face of the statement in the opinion that no such appeal to it was made.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs.