Case Name: Bank of Radford v. Kirby
Court: Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia
Jurisdiction: Virginia
Decision Date: 1902-09-11
Citations: 100 Va. 498
Docket Number: 
Parties: Bank of Radford v. Kirby.
Judges: 
Reporter: Virginia Reports
Volume: 100
Pages: 498–506

Head Matter:
Staunton.
Bank of Radford v. Kirby.
September 11, 1902.
1. Usury&emdash;Transfer of Paper&emdash;Guaranty l)y Seller of Face Yalue.&emdash;If the holder of paper transfers it at a greater rate of discount than the legal rate of interest, and gives an absolute and unconditional guaranty of the payment of the face value of- the paper, the is usurious.
2. Usury&emdash;Application of Payments.&emdash;Where payments have been made upon a debt upon which more than the legal rate of interest has been reserved in the contract, or received, in order to secure the forbearance of the lender, and the borrower himself applies the payment to the interest, or the lender makes the application with the assent of the borrower, the appropriation so made will not be disturbed, unless, within one year thereafter, a suit be instituted by the borrower for its recovery.
Appeal from a decree of tlie Circuit Court of Pulaski county, pronounced March 19, 1902, in a suit in chancery, wherein the appellee was the complainant, and the ¡appellant and another were the defendants.
Reversed.
The opinion states the case.
D. 8. Pollock, for the appellant.
I. H. Larew, for the appellee.

Opinion:
Cardwell, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The facts out of which this appeal arises are as follows: On the 1st day of January, 1895, H. S. Kirby made an assignment by deed to J. D. Chumbley and J. A. Pratt, trustees, of all his property, both real and personal, to secure his various creditors. Among the assets conveyed was a debt against one L. T. Jennings for the sum of $6,500, evidenced by eight notes, dated August 14, 1894; the first seven of the notes being for the sum of $800 each, and the last for $900, and all bearing interest from the 1st day of September, 1894, and being for a part of the purchase money for a tract of land conveyed by the said H. S. Kirby and wife to Jennings. This tract consisted of 605 acres, but to secure the payment of the aforesaid notes a vendor's lien was retained by Kirby on only 100 acres of the tract, Kirby covenanting in the deed to look only to the vendor's lien retained upon the 100 acres for the payment of the sum of $6,500, evidenced by the said notes.
Among the debts for which H. S'. Kirby made provision in his assignment to Chumbley and Pratt, trustees, was a debt due to the Bank of Radford for the sum of $1,700, evidenced by a note, and the sum of $1,500, evidenced by another note, which had 'been renewed but was not yet due. Elizabeth Kirby, the mother of U. S. Kirby, was one of the endorsers on these two notes, and some other notes also secured by the deed of assignment.
In March, 1895, after the bank had brought suit on the $1,700 note against H. S. Kirby as maker, and Elizabeth Kirby and others as endorsers, Elizabeth Kirby concluded that she would take an assignment of the property which H. S. Kirby had conveyed to Chumbley and Pratt, trustees, for the benefit of his creditors, and make herself responsible for the debts thereby secured. The object she had in view was to get time within which to meet the debts for which she was bound as endorser, and protect her own property against liability therefor in ease the trust property should prove insufficient to pay them.
To effect this arrangement, ultimately agreed to by the creditors thereby secured, including the Bank of Radford, H. S. Kirby and wife, Obumbley and Pratt, trustees, and all of the creditors provided for -in the trust deed, joined in a deed to her (which is spoken of in this record as a "composition deed") conveying all of the trust property, and she, by the same deed, created a charge upon 600 acres of her own. land as security for the payment of the debts of the creditors of PI. S. Kirby, provided for in his deed to Ohumbley and Pratt, trustees, with interest on these debts from March 1, 1895.
In this deed, the debt of the Bank of Badford, evidenced by the two notes, the one for $1,700, and the other for $1,500, is • provided for, and stated to be $3,250, with interest .from March 1, 1895, the difference being on account of accrued interest on the $1,700 note and costs in the suit brought thereon previously. By this deed Elizabeth Kirby covenanted and bound herself to take the property conveyed to her in trust for the payment of the debts mentioned therein, and to sell, collect and apply the proceeds therefrom to that purpose alone.
About the time, or shortly before, the "composition deed" of March 5, 1895, was executed, Elizabeth Kirby applied to the-Bank of Badford, through a friend, as her agent, to find out whether, in the event she perfected the arrangement then contemplated, it would buy from her the Jennings debt, and the bank at that time stated that it did not desire such paper; but, after some delay and insistanee on the part of Mrs. Kirby's agent, it finally agreed to purchase the debt, and made her a tentative offer therefor which was thereafter to be more accurately stated. Some days afterwards the sale and transfer of the Jennings debt by Mrs. Kirby to the Bank of Badford was effected. Up to this time Jennings had not executed the bonds, but they were then executed by Jennings to H. SL Kirby, and Mrs. Kirby endorsed her name in blank upon each of them, and delivered them to the bank, the bank agreeing to pay her the sum of $5,090.13, and she to execute, acknowledge and have admitted to record a deed of trust to one B. L. Gardner, trustee.. reciting the fact that she had sold, transferred and assigned the Jennings bonds to the bank for value received; and, as the vendor's lien retained on only 100 acres of the Jennings land was deemed insufficient security for their payment, she conveyed a tract of 200 acres of land in trust as further security for the payment of the said bonds, and to secure their prompt payment to the bank at maturity, and for no other purpose, providing, that if Jennings should make default in the payment of either of the bonds, she was to have 120 days' notice of such default before the trustee (Gardner) was authorized to proceed to sell the land thereby conveyed. This deed to Gardner, trustee, was duly executed by Mrs. Kirby, and admitted to record.
In making this sale of the Jennings debt to the bank, it was agreed between Mrs. Kirby and the bank that the debt payable to the bank above mentioned, which Mrs. Kirby had assumed, and for the payment of which she had provided in the "composition deed," should be allowed as part of the purchase price of the Jennings debt, and the balance of the purchase price placed to the credit of Mrs. Kirby at the bank, which was done; and that balance was shortly thereafter drawn out by her.
When the first of the series of the Jennings bonds became due and payable, Jennings failing to pay the same, the bank brought an action at law thereon against him and recovered the amount thereof; and when the second of the series became due and payable, and Jennings failed to pay, the bank brought suit in equity to enforce the vendor's lien retained on the 100 acres of the Jennings land. To this suit Mrs. Kirby was made a party, and she filed her answer to the bill, practically admitting the bank's ownership of the Jennings bonds, and its right to have the 100 acres of land subjected to the payment thereof. Under the decree of sale in that suit Mrs. Kirby became the purchaser of the 100 acres of land, at the price of $2,000, and paid the purchase money to the commissioner of the court, and by the same decree which confirmed the sale and directed a conveyance to her, it was decreed that the commissioner pay the costs of the suit ont of the purchase money, and then pay off the Jennings bond for $800, with interest, which fell due September 1, 1896, and the bond for $800 and interest due September 1, 1897.
At the next term of the court, in March, 1898, the commissioner having made his report, a final decree was entered in the cause, stating: "It appearing to the court from said report .that after the payment of costs there remained the net sum of $1,880.78 to be applied to the payment of the Jennings bonds; that said net sum was sufficient to pay off the bond, with its accrued interest, which became due September 1, 1896, and leaves a net balance of $927.98, to be credited on the bond due September 1,1897, as of November 5, 1897; and that the commissioner so applied the said sum, showing a balance due on the latter bond of only $21.82, as of November 6, 1897; and there being no exceptions to said report, the same is confirmed, and all the purposes of this suit having been accomplished, the same is stricken from the docket."
On the 10th day of April, 1900, the bank, having previously exhausted its resources against Jennings, and the fourth of his bonds being due and payable, gave notice to Mrs. Kirby of Jennings' failure to pay as provided for in the deed of trust given by her to Gardner, trustee. On August 30, 1900, the trustee advertised the land conveyed by her for sale, to pay the bonds then due and payable, and on the first Monday in November following Mrs. Kirby filed her bill at rules in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court of Pulaski county against the bank and Gardner, trustee, alleging usury in the transaction with her by which the bank became the purchaser of the Jennings bonds, and praying that the sale of the land by the trustee be enjoined. To this bill, the 'bank filed its answer, denying that it had loaned any money to the complainant, and asserting that the transaction between it and the complainant was a bona fide sale of the Jennings bonds to the bank.
Upon a final hearing of the cause, the Circuit Court, by its decree, held that the transaction was usurious; that the bank was only entitled to the sum of $5,090.13, without interest, being the amount received by the complainant for the Jennings bonds, and that the complainant was entitled to have the sum of $2,728.78, paid by Jennings and applied to these bonds as they fell due, deducted from said principal sum of $5,090.13; thus allowing the bank for its debt against the complainant only the sum of $2,361.35, with interest from the date of the decree, and requiring the bank to pay the costs of the suit. From this decree the bank obtained an appeal to this court.
The legislation in this State on the subject of usury is reviewed at length in the opinion of this court by Keith, P., in Munford v. McVeigh, 92 Va. 446, and requires no further discussion here. As was there said: "Hereafter it would seem that in cases involving the charge of usury, the only questions to be considered, are first, was there usury in the transaction; and second, where payments have been made upon an usurious transaction, how should those payments be applied." There, als>, many of the decided cases involving these questions are reviewed, and they, as well as the numerous cases cited in the argument of this case, agree that whether or not there was usury in the transaction is to be determined from the facts and circumstances of the particular case under consideration."
"If the usury be established, the measure of relief will be that the lender can only recover the principal sum loaned or forborne, subject, of course, to the rule laid down in Munford v. McVeigh, supra, touching the application of payments." Greer v. Hale, 95 Va. 533.
Mr. Minor, in discussing the "Doctrine of Usury" (3 Minor's Inst., part 1, pp. 306-7 and 8), cites a number of cases in which it was held that the particular transaction under review was or was not usurious, and says: "It should further be observed, that an apparent assignment of a security may sometimes in fact amount to a loan, as where the assignor, having parted with a security at a greater discount than the legal rate of interest, becomes hy law, or hy special agreement, liable for the full amount due on its face. Endorsers of negotiable securities are thus liable by law; and the assignor of a common law security may assume a similar responsibility hy special contract; and in these cases, therefore, an endorsement or assignment at a discount, exceeding the prescribed rate of interest, is usurious." In support of this statement of the law, the cases of Whitworth v. Adams, 5 Rand. 33, and Bell v. Calhoun, 8 Gratt. 22, are cited, and- the correctness of those decisions has never been questioned.
In words other than those employed hy the learned author just quoted, no matter hy what shift or device a lender of money is to receive therefor a rate of interest or profit greater than is allowed hy law, the transaction is to be regarded as usurious.
What, therefore, is the transaction we have under review? It cannot be questioned, in fact, it seems not to be controverted, that the undertaking of appellee is an absolute and unconditional guaranty of the payment of the several instalments of the Jennings debt, principal and interest, at maturity. The provision in the contract that she was to have notice of the default of Jennings before the land was advertised for sale to pay what was due the appellant, in no way qualifies that guaranty, and appellee's liability for the Jennings debt, regardless of his solvency or his 'ability or willingness to pay, attached immediately on entering into the contract. In effect, the appellant said to appellee, I will not buy the Jennings debt at any rate of discount, but if you will guarantee the payment of its several instalments at maturity, and without condition, and make your guaranty good by deed of trust on real estate, I will pay you $5,090.13 for the debt so guaranteed and secured. This was exactly the transaction between the parties, and the result of it was that the ap.peU.ee received from the appellant the sum of $5,090.13, for which she gave her unqualified and unconditional guaranty, made good by deed of trust on her land, to pay back to tbe appellant tbe amount of tbe Jennings debt, witb accrued interest, at maturity; tbe difference between tbe amount sbe received from appellant and tbe amount of tbe Jennings debt, witb interest at maturity, being, as is conceded, 9 per cent, per annum on tbe $5,090.13. Tbis was nothing more nor less than a device or shift by which tbe appellant, for $5,090.13 loaned or advanced, was to receive from tbe borrower, tbe appellee, $6,500, and interest thereon at 9 per cent, in instalments—3 per cent, per annum in excess of tbe rate of interest allowed by law, and, therefore, tbe Circuit Court did not err in so treating the transaction.
Tbe transaction being a loan, and usury thereon established, tbe appellant can only recover tbe principal sum loaned, but as to tbe application of tbe amounts received by tbe appellant on account of tbe Jennings debt, tbe rule laid down in Munford v. McVeigh, supra, is to govern, viz: that "where payments have been made upon a debt upon which a greater rate of interest than that allowed by law is reserved in tbe contract, or received, in order to procure the forbearance of tbe lender, and the borrower himself applies tbe payment to tbe interest, or tbe lender makes tbe application witb tbe assent of tbe borrower, tbe appropriation so made will not be disturbed unless within one year thereafter a suit be instituted by tbe borrower for its recovery.".............
The appellant received tbe amount due on tbe first of tbe series of Jennings bonds—$848—-in 1895, and on Kovember 6, 1897, it received tbe further sum of $1,880.78 from tbe sale of tbe 100 acres of land upon which a vendor's lien bad been reserved to secure tbe payment of those bonds, making a total of $2,728.78 received, and these payments were applied to tbe payment of tbe Jennings debt, pursuant to the agreement between tbe appellant and tbe appellee, and by authority of tbe court in a suit to which appellee was a party. Tbe application of these payments, so made, cannot be disturbed, since tbis suit, in which, for the first time, the appellee asks relief from the usury in her transaction with the appellant, was not instituted till November, 1900, much more than one year after the last of the payments were made.. Sec. 2823 of the Code; Exchange Bank v. Fugate, 93 Va. 821.
Leaving undisturbed the application of these payments to the satisfaction of the debt due from appellee, the appellant was entitled to a decree against her for the balance of the debt remaining unpaid, with interest only from the date of the decree, together with the benefit of the security for its payment afforded by the deed to Gardner, trustee, above mentioned. The decree appealed from, in so far as it is in conflict with this view, is erroneous, and will, in this respect, be reversed and annulled, and the cause 'be remanded to be further proceeded with in accordance with the views herein expressed, but as the appellant is the party substantially prevailing in this court, the costs of this appeal will be decreed in its favor against appellee.
Reversed.