Case Name: WITTY v. STATE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1914-11-04
Citations: 171 S.W. 229
Docket Number: No. 3260
Parties: WITTY v. STATE.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 171
Pages: 229–238

Head Matter:
WITTY v. STATE.
(No. 3260.)
(Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Nov. 4, 1914.
On Motion for Rehearing, Dec. 9, 1914.)
1.-Ckiminal Law (§ 822 ) — Instructions — Construction.
In determining the correctness of a charge m a criminal case, the charge should be considered as a whole.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1990, 1991, 1994, 1993, 3158; Dec. Dig. § 822. ]
2. Criminal Law (§ 823 ) — Instructions— Error — Curb.
Instructions defining murder in the second degree, and its elements, were not erroneous because they ignored the issue of insanity, where such issue was fully and correctly presented in other instructions.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1992-1995, 3158; Dec. Dig. § 823. ]
3. Homicide (§ 308 ) — Murder in Second Degree — Instructions.
An instruction defining murder in the second degree and its elements need not state the facts or circumstances which will extenuate or excuse the homicide.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 642-647; Dec. Dig. § 308. ]
4. Homicide (§ 294 ) — Instructions— Submission oe Issues — Insanity.
Where, in a homicide case, the defense was insanity, and the state’s evidence tended to prove that defendant was sane when he killed the deceased, the state had a right, equal to that of defendant, to have such issue submitted to the jury by proper instructions.
[Ed. Note. — For other eases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. § 605; Dec. Dig. § 294. ]
5. Homicide (§ 23 ) — Murder in Second Degree — “Malice Aforethought” — 1“Malice.”
The distinguishing characteristic of murder in the second degree is implied malice aforethought. “Malice aforethought” includes all other states of mind under which the killing of a person takes place, without any cause which will in law justify, excuse, or extenuate the homicide. It is a condition of the mind which shows a heart regardless of social duty and fatally bent on mischief, the existence of which is inferred from the acts committed, or words spoken. “Malice” in its legal sense denotes a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or excuse.
[Ed. Note. — Eor other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 35, 39, 40; Dec. Dig. § 23.
For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Malice; Malice Aforethought.]
6. Homicide (§ 22 ) — “Muedee in Second Degree” — “Muedeb in First Degree” — Malice.
“Murder in the first degree” differs from “murder in the second degree,” in that, in the former malice must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, as a fact, while in the latter malice will be implied from an unlawful killing.
[Ed. Note.- — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 35-38; Dec. Dig. § 22.
For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Murder in First Degree; Murder in Second Degree.]
7. Homicide (§ 23 ) — Muedee in Second De-geee — “Implied Malice.” '
“Implied malice,” as an ingredient of murder in the second degree, is that which the law infers from, or imputes to, certain acts however suddenly done.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 35, 39, 40; Dec. Dig. § 23.
For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Implied Malice.]
8. Homicide (§ 270 )— Defense — Insanity-Question EOR Juey.
Where, in a homicide case, the defense was insanity at the time of the killing, evidence of the verdict, judgment, and record of a proceeding wherein defendant was adjudged insane pri- or to the killing, established his insanity at the time of such proceeding and raised a presumption that he was insane at the time of the killing ; but such presumption did not prevent submission of the issue of insanity to the jury.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. § 564; Dec. Dig. § 270. ]
9. Homicide (§ 7 ) — “Muedee”—Elements oe Oeeense.'
Where a person of sound memory and discretion unlawfully kills, another with malice aforethought, he is guilty of “murder,” a crime distinguishable from every other species of homicide by the absence of circumstances reducing it to negligent homicide or manslaughter or justifying the homicide.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. § 12; Dec. Dig. § 7.
For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Murder.]
10. Homicide (§ 11 ) — “Malice Aforethought.”
“Malice aforethought” is the voluntary and intentional doing of an unlawful act by one of sound memory and discretion with the purpose, means, and ability to accomplish the reasonable and probable consequences of the act.
[Ed. Note. — For other eases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 15, 16; Dec. Dig. § 11. ]
11. Words and Phrases — “Deadly Weapon” —“Pistol”—“ Gun . ’ ’
A “deadly weapon” is one which in the manner used is likely to produce death Or serious bodily harm; and, within the meaning of the law, a “pistol” is a “gun.”
[Ed. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Deadly Weapon; Gun; Pistol.]
12. Homicide (§ 151 )-^Btjrden of Proof-Insanity.
Where in a homicide case defendant proved that he was insane at a time prior to the killing, thus raising the presumption that he was insane at the time of the killing, the burden was on the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was sane at the time of the killing and responsible for his acts.
'[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 276-278; Dec. Dig. § 151. ]
13. Homicide (§ 27 ) — Defense—Insanity.
Where it appears from the evidence in a homicide case that at the time of the killing defendant was not of sound mind, but was insane, and that such affection was the efficient cause of the act, he should be acquitted.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 43%, 44; Dec, Dig. § 27. ]
14. Homicide (§ 27 ) — Defense—Insanity.
In order that insanity, whether general or partial, continuous or periodical, shall be a defense in a homicide case, the degree must have been sufficiently great to have controlled defendant’s will and taken from him the freedom of moral action.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 43%, 44; Dec. Dig. § 27. ]
15. Homicide (§ 27 ) — Defense—Insanity.
Where the mind of á defendant accused of murder was sufficiently sound to be capable of reasoning and knowing that the act committed was unlawful and wrong and knowing the consequences of the act, and he had the mental power to refrain from its commission, the defense of insanity is not available.
[Ed. Note — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 43%, 44; Dec. Dig. § 27. ]
16. Homicide (§ 27 ) — Murder in the Second Degree — Elements — “Sound Mind and Discretion.”
The “sound mind and discretion” which is essential to murder in the second degree means that the person committing the homicide must have capacity and reason sufficient to enable him to distinguish between right and wrong as to the particular act he is then doing.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 43%, 44; Dec. Dig. § 27.
For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, Sound Mind and Discretion.]
17. Homicide (§ 294 )— Instructions — Burden of Proof — Sanity of Defendant.
Where in a. homicide case the burden was on the state to establish defendant’s sanity, at the time of the killing, the court properly instructed that such burden would be sustained by evidence sufficient to satisfy the jury of defendant’s sanity beyond a reasonable doubt, and that to ascertain the state of defendant’s mind the jury should look to its condition before the killing and his conduct, acts, and all the surrounding circumstances, and ascertain, if possible, whether his mental condition was such as to enable him to know that he was doing a wrongful and unlawful act.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Gent. Dig. § 605; Dec. Dig, § 294. ]
18. Criminal Law (§ 857 ) — Failure of Defendant to Testify — Deliberations of Juey.
The failure of accused to take the stand as a witness should not be considered against him or alluded to by the jury in their deliberations.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent Dig. §§ 2054, 2055; Dec. Dig. § 857. ]
19. Criminal Law (§ 866 ) — Deliberations of Jury — Determination of Penalty — Quotient Verdict.
On finding the defendant guilty of any degree of murder it is improper for the jury, in fixing the penalty, to decide the same by lot.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 2063; Dec. Dig. § 866. ]
20. Criminal Law (§ 308 ) — Burden of Proof — Reasonable Doubt.
The burden of proof is on the state, and the defendant is presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established by legal evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 731; Dec. Dig. § 308. ]
21. Criminal Law (§ 887 ) — Jury—Deliberations in Criminal Case — Evidence—Instructions.
While the jurors in a criminal case are the exclusive judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the testimony, they are bound by the trial court’s instructions on the law.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 2094; Dec. Dig. § 887. ]
22. Criminal Law (§ 683 ) — Trial—Rebuttal — Defense of Insanity.
In view of Pen. Code 1911, art. 39, prpvid-ing that no act done in a state of insanity can be punished as an offense, and of article 40, providing that the rules of evidence known to the common law in respect to the proof of insanity shall be observed in all trials where that question is in issue, where defendant in a homicide case sought to establish his insanity at the time of the killing, by proving various incidents in his life from his birth to the killing and the mental and physical condition of his relatives, and that the woman killed had exercised such baneful influence over his brother as to affect defendant’s mind, the state was properly permitted to prove in rebuttal other acts of defendant tending to establish his sanity, though such rebuttal evidence showed the commission of other offenses and grossly improper conduct, where its effect was expressly limited to the question whether defendant was sane at the time of the killing.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1615-1617; Dec. Dig. § 683. ]
23. Criminal Law (§ 1169 ) — Examination of Witnesses — Cure of Error.
Where a court stenographer was introduced by the state to prove for impeachment purposes that he had taken and transcribed the testimony of a witness on a former trial of the same case, the admission of. his statement that the copy of the testimony identified by him was the one filed in the Court of Criminal Appeals, thus disclosing defendant’s former conviction, was cured by an instruction that such statement should not be considered for any purpose.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 754, 3088, 3130, 3137-3143; Dec. Dig. § 1169. ]
On Motion for Rehearing.
24. Criminal Law (§ 825 ) — Instruction — Requests — Further Instructions.
Where defendant in a homicide case requested and secured instructions that the burden was on the state to prove defendant’s sanity at the time of the killing, and that he then knew the character of his act and its consequences and had sufficient will power to refrain therefrom, and that if he entertained the insane delusion that deceased had an immediate design on his life, or the life of his mother or brother, and acted thereon, he should be acquitted, the failure of the court to charge on manslaughter, without request, was not error.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 2005; Dec. Dig. § 825. ]
25. Homicide (§ 43 ) — “Manslaughter” — Elements.
To constitute “manslaughter,” as defined by Pen. Code 1911, art. 1128, it is essential that there be not only adequate cause as defined by article 1130, but an existing passion caused by what deceased has said or done.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. § 61; Dec. Dig. § 43.
For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Manslaughter.]
26. Homicide (§ 27 ) — Insanity.
Since insanity goes only to.the punishment and not to the character of an act, it never mitigates a homicide; its only effect being to exempt the slayer from punishment without exonerating him from the charge of committing a homicide.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. § 35; Dec. Dig. § 27. ]
Appeal from District Court, McLennan County; Richard I. Munroe, Judge.
J. B. Witty was convicted of murder in the second degree, and appeals.
Affirmed and rehearing denied.
Edgar Harold and Williams & Williams, all of Waco, for appellant. C. E. Lane, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
For other oases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
For other oases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
For other eases see same topic and section NUMBER in Deo. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep’r Indexes

Opinion:
PRENDERGAST, P. J.
Appellant was convicted of murder in the second degree and his punishment assessed at 15 years' confinement in the penitentiary.
This is the second appeal. The decision in the first is reported in 153 S. W. 1146.
The crime, if committed, was at the time when our murder statute fixing two degrees was in effect, and the case was tried thereunder. No extended statement of the evidence is necessary. The statement of facts comprises more than 200 typewritten pages. Appellant killed the deceased. No question is made of this. He pleaded not guilty. His sole defense was insanity. His attorney made a clear and forcible oral argument when the case was submitted. He also has an able written brief clearly presenting and forcibly urging what he claims were reversible errors in the trial. His first contention Is that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict, in that it failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt his sanity at the time he killed deceased.
In addition to hearing said oral argument and reading and studying his brief, we have carefully read and studied the whole of the evidence. As stated above, it is unnecessary and altogether too lengthy to recite it. We think it is amply sufficient to sustain the verdict and that the jury and lower court were justified therefrom in believing as they did, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant was sane at the time he killed the deceased, and we are not au thorized to set aside the verdict- and judgment on this ground.
'Appellant attacks the charge of the court in some particulars. He also requested several special charges. Some of them were given, others, refused. It is elementary that in considering such matters the whole charge must be considered, and not separate and distinct paragraphs of it alone. Therefore, in view of said attacks made and the special charges requested which were refused, we here give the charge of the court in full and also copy those of his special charges which were given.
The court's .charge is: After the proper heading and the statement to the jury that appellant was charged with murder in the second degree by the unlawful killing of Lula Ozment, and the place and date, and that he pleaded not guilty, we copy:
"1 instruct you that our statute provides that any person of sound memory and discretion who shall unlawfully kill any reasonable creature in being, within this state, with malice aforethought, shall be deemed guilty of murder, and 'murder' is distinguishable from every other species of homicide by the absence of the circumstances which reduce the offense to negligent homicide or manslaughter, or which excuse or justify the homicide.
"(2) The distinguishing characteristic of 'murder in the second degree' is implied malice aforethought. 'Malice aforethought' includes all other states of mind under which the killing of a person takes place without any cause which will in law justify, excuse, or extenuate the homicide. It is a condition of the mind which shows a heart regardless of social duty and fatally bent on mischief, the existence of which is inferred from acts committed or words spoken. 'Malice' in its legal sense denotes a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or excuse.
"(3) 'Malice aforethought' is the voluntary and intentional doing of an unlawful act by one of sound memory and discretion with the purpose, means, and ability to accomplish the reasonable and probable consequences of the act.
"(4) A 'deadly weapon' is one which in the manner used is likely to produce death or serious bodily harm; and, within the meaning of the law, a 'pistol' is a 'gun.'
"(5) Malice is a necessary ingredient of the offense of murder in the second degree. The distinguishing feature, however, so far as the element of malice is concerned, is that in murder in the first degree malice must be proved to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt as an existing fact, while in murder in the second degree malice will be implied from the fact of an unlawful killing.
"(6) 'Implied malice' is that which the law infers from or imputes to certain acts however suddenly done. Thus, when the fact of an unlawful killing- is established, and the facts do not establish express malice beyond a reasonable doubt, nor tend to mitigate, excuse, or justify the act, then the law implies malice, and the murder is in the second degree. And the law does not further define murder in the second degree than if a killing is shown to be unlawful, and there is nothing in evidence on the one hand showing express malice, or which tends to establish any justification, excuse or mitigation on the other, then the law implies malice, and the homicide is murder in the second degree.
"(7) Now-if you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, with a deadly weapon, and that the same was a gun, and an instrument reasonably calculated and likely to produce death by the mode and manner of its use, in sudden passion, and that he was sane at the time, as hereinafter charged, with the intent to kill, did unlawfully and with implied malice aforethought shoot and thereby kill the said Lula Ozment, as charged in the indictment, you will find him guilty of murder in the second degree, and assess his punishment at confinement in the penitentiary for any period that the jury may determine and state in their verdict, provided it be for not less than five years.
"(8) The verdict, judgment, and record of the county court of McLennan county, Tex., which have been introduced in evidence before you, finding that the defendant was insane at the time he was tried in said court, establishes the fact that he was insane at the very time he was tried in said court, and raises the presumption that he was insane at the time he shot and killed Mrs. Lula Ozinent, if he did shoot and kill her; but whether he was sane or insane at the very time the fatal shots were fired is a question which it is your exclusive province to determine from all the facts and circumstances which are in evidence before you.
" (9) You are further instructed that the burden of proof is on the state to show by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was sane at the time he shot and killed Mrs. Ozment, if he did shoot and kill her, and responsible for his acts. In other words, in ordinary cases when insanity is interposed as a defense for the commission of crime on the part of the defendant, the presumption is that he was sane when the crime was committed, until the contrary is shown, and the burden of proof is on the defendant to show that he was insane; whereas, in the case before you the presumption is that this defendant was insane at the time he shot and killed Mrs. Lula Ozment, if he did shoot and kill her, and the burden of proof is on the state to show by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was sane at the time of said shooting.
"(10) No act committed in a state of insanity can be punished as an offense. While in ordinary cases every person charged with crime is presumed to be sane, that is, of sound memory and discretion, until the contrary is shown by proof, in this case the defendant is presumed to have been insane at the time he shot and killed Mrs. Lula Ozment, if he did shoot and kill her, and not responsible for his acts, until the contrary is shown by the proof beyond a reasonable doubt. If under the law as herein given you in charge, and the testimony before you, the guilt of the defendant has been established beyond a reasonable doubt, it devolves on the state to establish by the evidence his sanity at the time of committing the act beyond a reasonable doubt, in order to fix his legal responsibility for said act; that is to say, the burden of proof to establish the sanity of the defendant by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt devolves upon the state at the time of the shooting, if any. If the state has, as before explained, proved the facts which constitute the offense charged in the bill of indictment, by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, your next inquiry will be: Has the state established by proof his sanity beyond a reasonable doubt at the time he shot and killed Mrs. Lula Ozment, if he did shoot and kill her, or has it been established by proof from any source in evidence before you beyond a reasonable doubt? If it has; the law does not excuse him from criminal liability, and you should convict him. The question of the insanity of the defendant has exclusive reference to the act with which he is charged and the time of the commission of the same. If he was sane at the time of the commission of the crime, if any, he is amenable to law. As to his mental condition at the time with reference to the crime charged, it is peculiarly a question of fact to be decided by you from all the evidence in the case before the act, at the time and after. A safe and reasonable test in all cases would be that whenever it should appear from the evidence that at the time of doing the act the defendant was not of sound mind, but was affected with insanity, and that such affection was the efficient cause of the act, and that £e would not have committed the act but for that affection, he ought to be acquitted; for in such case the reason would be at the time dethroned, and the power to exercise judgment would be wanting. But this unsoundness of mind or affection of insanity must be of such a degree as to create an uncontrollable impulse to do the act charged by overriding the reason and judgment and obliterating the sense of right and wrong, depriving the accused of the power of choosing between right and wrong as to the particular act done.
"(11a) Whether the insanity be general or partial, whether continuous or periodical, the degree of it must have been sufficiently great to have controlled the will of the accused and to have taken from him the freedom of moral action, at the time of the commission of the act. AVhere reason ceases to have dominion over mind proven to be diseased, it then reaches the degree of insanity where criminal responsibility ceases and accountability to the law, for the purpose of punishment, no longer exists.
"(b) Whether that degree of insanity existed in the defendant at the time of the alleged crime is the important question on this issue. If it is true that the defendant took the life of the deceased, and at the time the mental and physical faculties were beyond the control of the defendant, or if some controlling mental or physical disease was in truth the acting power within him, which he could not resist, and he was impelled without intent, reason, or purpose, he would not bo accountable to the law. If, on the other hand, his mind was sufficiently sound to be capable of reasoning and knowing the act he was committing to be unlawful and wrong, and knowing the consequences of the act, and had the mental power to resist and refrain from its commission, his plea of insanity would not avail him as a defense.
"(c) It is an essential ingredient of murder in the second degree that the person to be guilty of that crime must be one of 'sound mind and discretion,' the meaning of which is that he must have capacity and reason sufficient to enable him to distinguish between right and wrong, as to the particular act he is then doing. Although a man may be laboring under partial insanity, if he still understands the nature and character of his act, and the consequences, if he has a knowledge that it is wrong and criminal, and mind sufficient to apply that knowledge to his own ease, and to know that if he does the act he will do wrong and receive punishment, such partial insanity is not sufficient to exempt him from responsibility for his criminal act. But if the mind was in a diseased and unsound state, to such a degree that for the time being it overwhelms the reason, conscience, and judgment, and the defendant in committing the crime acted from an irresistible and uncontrollable impulse, then it would be the act of the body, without the concurrence of the mind. In such case there would be. wanting the necessary ingredient of every crime — the intent and purpose to commit it.
"(d) It is necessary that the sanity of the defendant at the time of the killing, if any, should be established by the state, by the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt. It is sufficient if it be established to your satisfaction, beyond a reasonable doubt by the weight or preponderance of evidence; that is, such and so much proof-as reasonably satisfies you of the existence of the sanity of the defendant, at the time the act was committed, beyond a reasonable doubt. To ascertain the condition of the defendant's mind at the time of the killing, you should look to its condition before that time; his conduct, acts, and all other surroundings; ascertain, if possible, whether his mental condition was such as to enable him to know he was doing a wrongful and unlawful act. Look to his acts, conduct, and movements before and on the occasion of the crime, if any, his conduct, acts and movements after the crime, if any, and all other facts in the case, to reach a correct conclusion as to whether the defendant was of sound mind or not.
"(e) In case the jury find from the evidence that the defendant committed the act with which he is charged, but at the time of the commission of the act he was in a condition of mental insanity, as above defined, you will say by your verdict: 'We, the jury, acquit the defendant on the ground of insanity.'
" (12) The failure of the defendant to take the stand as a witness and testify in his own behalf shall not be taken by you as a circumstance against him, nor shall the same be alluded to or commented on by counsel in the case or by you in your retirement while deliberating on your verdict. Such failure on his part to testify shall not be alluded to, commented on, or considered by you for any purpose whatever.
" (13) All of the testimony, if any, of the various witnesses in this case prior to the date of the alleged killing introduced in evidence before you by the state as to the various fights and assaults, if any, by the defendant, and his association and connection, if any, and the mode and manner of his life, if any, and all testimony, if any, as to whether he drank or was in the habit of drinking intoxicating liquors or not, and all testimony introduced by the state as to the conduct, actions, and' demeanor of the defendant after he was placed under arrest, and after hé was confined in jail, and all testimony as to whether he was high tempered or not, are before you, and you are instructed that, if you consider said testimony or any of it at all for any purpose, it is béfo're you for the purpose of aiding you to pass on and determine the question of the sanity or insanity of the defendant at the time of the alleged killing, and is limited to that purpose, and you can consider the same for no other purpose whatever.
"(14) During the trial of this case it has developed that the defendant has heretofore been tried in this court on this same charge. You are instructed that the result of said former trial or trials, if any, is no concern of yours, and you must not when you retire to deliberate on your verdict refer to the same or inquire into it, mention, or consider the same. Your province is to try this case according to the evidence which has been submitted to you under the rulings of the court, and the law applicable thereto, as given you in charge by the court.
"(15) You are further charged that in the event you convict the defendant it is not permissible for you under any circumstances in fixing the penalty to decide the same by lot. It sometimes happens that when juries are unable to agree as to the punishment to be inflicted they decide that each man shall set down the number of years in his judgment the punishment should be, all of which to be added together, and the sum total to be divided by 12, and the quotient so ascertained by that division to constitute the verdict of the jury. This conduct is deciding the case by lot, and is not permissible, and you are instructed in this case that if you convict the defendant you must not consider any propositions of this character, but the punishment, if any, to be assessed, must be determined and agreed upon by each juror on the facts of the case as testified to by the witnesses and the law as given you in charge by the court, and nothing else. "
"(16) In all criminal cases the burden of proof is on the state. The defendant is presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established by legal evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt; and in case you have reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt you will acquit him, and say by your verdict 'not guilty.' You are the' exclusive judges of the facts proved, of the credibility of the witnesses, and of the weight to be given to the testimony, but you are bound to receive the law from the court, which is herein given you, and in the special charges, and be governed thereby."
The special charges requested by appellant which the court gave are:
Special charge 3: "You are charged that in this case the burden is on the state to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant was at the very time he committed the act charged (if he did so) sufficiently sane and free from mental diseases and delusions as to render him amenable to the law. As to what mental diseases or conditions are necessary to exist to make him amenable to the law, you will look to and be governed by the general and special charges given in this case."
Special charge 9: "You are further instructed that the burden of proof is on the state to prove by a preponderance of evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt that at the time of said act the defendant's mental condition was such that he did know the character of his act, and its consequences, and had sufficient will power to refrain therefrom, and, if it has failed to do so, you will return a verdict of not guilty."
Special charge 11: "If the defendant entertained the insane delusion that the deceased had an immediate design upon his life, or the life of his mother or brother, and acting under any such delusion killed the deceased, in the belief that it was necessary to save his own life, or the life of his mother or brother, he would not be guilty under the law, and in this case, unless the state has shown by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not entertain any such insane delusion at the time he killed the deceased (if he did kill her), you will find the defendant not guilty."
The first attack on the court's charge is of paragraphs 2, 5, and 6. His attack of paragraph 2, in effect, is that that paragraph does not state to the jury what facts or circumstances extenuate the homicide, nor is the same elsewhere stated in the charge, nor does it state the elements of murder in the second degree, and it wholly ignores the issue of insanity as a part of the definition of second degree murder. His attack of paragraph 5 is specially to that part of it which tells the jury, "in murder in the second degrée malice will be implied from the fact of an unlawful killing," which he claims is not only erroneous when the defense is insanity, but is also erroneous as a general statement of the law. And his objections to paragraph 6 are substantially the same.
None of appellant's exceptions are tenable. It is elementary as stated, that when objections are made to specific portions or paragraphs of the court's charge it is necessary to consider the whole. -No charge •*n a murder case can be given in one separate paragraph. It is necessary and proper to give it in many. Christian v. State, 161 S. W. 103 et seq. and authorities there •cited. It is also elementary that the state has a right to a submission of the issues raised applicable to the evidence in its behalf, as well as the accused has such right in his behalf. The theory of the state in this case was, and a large mass of testimony was introduced tending to show it, that the appellant was sane and not insane when he killed the deceased and the state had a right to have that issiie on the state's theory submitted to the jury for a finding. The court, in different paragraphs of his charge which will be readily seen by reading it, made the proper distinction both in behalf of the state and of the appellant along all of these lines. In the second paragraph of the court's charge it was wholly unnecessary to state what facts or circumstances extenuated or excused the homicide. It is a standard form of charge universally approved in murder trials when Implied malice and murder in the second degree are raised. In the other portions of the^charge the court elaborately, specifically, and repeatedly tells the jury, in effect, that they could not convict appellant if he was insane at the time he killed the deceased, but before they could convict they must believe beyond a reasonable doubt that he was then sane. The only justification, excuse, or extenuation for the killing, claimed or raised by the evidence, was insanity, and that was completely, as stated, charged, taking the charge as a whole. What we have said about paragraph No. 2 equally applies to Nos. 5 and 6. These paragraphs are unquestionably correct and have been held so uniformly by the Supreme Court when it had criminal jurisdiction and by this court down to the present time. We have had occasion recently to investigate this matter and have so held, citing and collating some of the authorities. See Cooper v. State, 161 S. W. 1097, 1098.
Appellant's criticism of paragraph 8 of the court's charge is without any merit. So far as that particular paragraph is concerned, it as completely and literally followed the decision of this court on the former appeal of this case as it could well do. However, that paragraph, in considering the criticism, must be considered in connection with all of the other charge of the court on the subject, and, when this is done, we think no just criticism can be made of it. The same may be said of appellant's objections to a part of paragraph 10, and minor paragraphs "b" and "c" of paragraph 11 of the court's charge, and also paragraph 13. In connection with the court's charge must also be considered the three special charges which appellant asked and the court gave. If there was any omission, or what could be considered just criticism of any paragraph of the court's charge as to the question of sanity or insanity, it was fully met and covered by said special charges requested by appellant and given by the court. It may be that the state might complain of the charge in some particulars, but certainly appellant cannot with any show of reason.
Taken as a whole, we think the charge of the learned trial judge, together with the special charges given, is apt in every particular, covers and protects appellant's rights in every possible way raised by the evidence and justified by the law of this case. None of appellant's criticisms of it are tenable, and none of his special refused charges should have been given. We have deemed it unnecessary to take up these several matters and discuss them separately.
The court's charge, as a whole and especially taken in connection with the special charges requested by appellant which were given, is a most admirable presentation of the law of this case applicable to the facts in appellant's favor. It seems to have been prepared with great care and accuracy. It is in conformity with the many charges and a combination thereof expressly and repeatedly and uniformly approved by this court. We refer to some of these cases without discussing and applying them to the charge-in this ease. A mere reading of them, and of the court's charge, demonstrates the accuracy and correctness of the court's charge. Hunt v. State, 33 Tex. Cr. R. 252, 26 S. W. 206; Jordan v. State, 64 Tex. Cr. R. 187, 141 S. W. 786; Cannon v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. R. 467, 56 S. W. 351; Thomas v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 296, 116 S. W. 600; Lowe v. State, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 226, 70 S. W. 206; Harrison v. State, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 164, 69 S. W. 500; Nelson v. State, 43 Tex. Cr. R. 556, 67 S. W. 320; Hurst v. State, 40 Tex. Cr. R. 378, 46 S. W. 635, 50 S. W. 719; Brice v. State, 162 S. W. 874; Anderson v. State, 148 S. W. 802; Kirby v. State, 150 S. W. 455; Nugent v. State, 46 Tex. Cr. R. 67, 80 S. W. 84; Sartin v. State, 51 Tex. Cr. R. 573, 103 S. W. 875; Smith v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 564, 117 S. W. 966; Williams v. State, 7 Tex. App. 163; Clark v. State, 8 Tex. App. 359; Tubb v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 618, 117 S. W. 858; Leache v. State, 22 Tex. App. 279, 3 S. W. 539, 58 Am. Rep. 638; King v. State, 9 Tex. App. 515.
Appellant has two bills to the introduction of certain testimony over his objections. While we do riot copy them, we state them fully. In one, after the proper heading, it states that the state offered its witnesses Y. P. Garrett, A. D. Starling, and Fred Dean, and by each of them proved that some two or three years prior to the homicide appellant had committed an unprovoked assault on each of them at different times and places; and, in addition, Garrett said that he was sick at the time the assault and battery was committed on him; and Dean that appellant had knocked him down in a restaurant and struck him in the face with a ketchup bottle and sugar bowl, while he was down, inflicting very serious injury on him; and Starling, that appellant had knocked him down, stamped him in the face, and broke his jaw. Appellant's grounds of objection were that said matters were remote, prejudicial, and injecting into the case other offenses than the one upon which he was upon trial, was not material to any issue, and threw no light upon the question of whether he was sahe or insane at the time of the homicide. The bill further shows that the court, in passing upon this testimony, and admitting it, and in his charge, instructed the jury that they could consider the same only upon the issue of insanity. This is the whole of this bill.
The other bill, after the proper heading, states that the state introduced its witness Alva Hatch and he was permitted to testify over his objections that he was a police officer in Waco in 1910-11, and as such visited appellant's bedroom on Franklin street just a short time before the homicide and found three lewd women there; that he went to appellant and told him the man who occupied the store under his room was complaining about him having these lewd women up there; that appellant admitted having the women up there and promised to get them out that night, which, so far as the witness knew, he did. Appellant's objections to this evidence was that it tended to show him guilty of other offenses than the one for which he was upon trial, and to degrade him before the jury, and to show that he was guilty of grossly immoral conduct, and was prejudicial to him, not material to any issue, and threw no light upon the issue of his sanity or insanity at the time of the homicide, or any other time. The bill further shows that thé court, in admitting this evidence, limited it to consideration in connection with the issue of insanity and so limited it in his charge to the jury.
In this connection we refer to paragraph 13 of the charge copied above.
Our statute specifically enacts (article 39, P. O.) that:
"No act done in a state of insanity can be punished as an offense."
And (article 40, P. C.):
"The rules of evidence known to the common law in respect to the proof of insanity shall be observed in all trials where that question is in issue."
We therefore go to the text-books for the common law. In the recent very able work on Evidence by Wigmore (volume 1, § 228, p. 278), he says;
"Sanity and insanity are terms applicable to the mode of operation of the mind as judged by some accepted standard of normality. The mode of operation of the mind is ascertainable from the conduct of the person in question, i. e., from the effect produced by his surroundings on his mind when responding by action to those surroundings. Virtually, then, the mind is one; while the surroundings are multifold] and the mode of operation cannot be ascertained to be normal or abnormal except by watching the effects through a multifold series of causes. On the one hand, no single act can be of itself decisive; while, on the other hand, any act what ever may be significant to some extent. The first and fundamental rule, then, will be that any and all conduct of the person is admissible in evidence. There is no restriction as to the kind of conduct. There can be none; for, if a specific act does not indicate insanity, it may indicate sanity. It will certainly throw light one way or the other upon the issue. 'Upon this I believe that no difference of opinion will be found to exist,' said Mr. Justice Patteson, in a celebrated case, 'as to the principle on which such evidence is admissible. Every act of the party's life is relevant to the issue.' There can be no escape from this consequence. There is no distinction in, kind (whatever there may be in degree) between one or another piece of conduct as evidence to be considered; some inference is always possible" — citing authorities.
In closing that section, on page 283, he quotes Justice Clifford of the United States Supreme Court, in United States v. Holmes, 1 Cliff. 98, 109, Fed. Cas. No. 15,382, as follows:
"One of the suggestions was that the government, in attempting to rebut the testimony offered by the prisoner on this point (of insanity), should have been limited to the explanation or denial of the particular transactions, acts, conduct, and declarations introduced by the prisoner to make out his defense. (It) cannot be sustained. Most men in the course of their lives, in times of excitement produced by disease or otherwise, do many strange and peculiar acts, and oftentimes give utterance to eccentric or unusual language; and it is obvious that if a person accused of crime may select and offer in evidence all the dark spots of his life, or every peculiar and unusual act and declaration, and be allowed to exclude all the rest, that many guilty offenders must escape, and justice often be defeated, because the means of ascertaining the truth are excluded from the jury. (Whenever the accused has offered his acts, conduct, and declarations, before and after the homicide), the government may offer evidence of other acts, conduct, and declarations of the accused within the same period to show that he was sane,, and to rebut the evidence introduced for the defense."
See, also, 2 Greenl. Ev. § 371; Webb v. State, 5 Tex. App. 009; Warren v. State, 9 Tex. App. 633, 35 Am. Rep. 745; Burwell on Insanity, pp. 245-247; 1 Clevenger, Med. Juris, of Ins. pp. 184, 267. We have found no authority to the contrary.
In this connection the record shows that the appellant introduced witnesses who testified to many facts and circumstances of what appellant said and did from the time he was born up to the killing. In addition, even testimony to the mental and physical condition of both his father and his mother at the time of his conception. Also, of the insanity of some of his collateral kin, his cousins, even beyond the third degree; that the woman appellant killed was a prostitute and had been continuously for many years; that she had illegitimate children, one 14 or 15 years old at the time of the killing, another some 10 years old then; that for several years before the killing she had, in effect, gotten hold of his younger brother when he was only a good-sized young boy and had iived in adultery with him for years, and that he was about to marry her; that her influence over his young brother was such that he could not induce him to break up the relationship, although he and his whole family had repeatedly and earnestly tried, themselves, and had officers also to do so; that her conduct was such and her spell and influence over his brother such as that it ran him crazy, and that he entertained the insane delusion that she had immediate designs upon his life and that of his mother and of his said brother, and that he was thus insane from these causes at the time of the killing. The state, in order to refute this and to show that he was not insane, but that he was sane at the time he killed the woman, introduced a large number of witnesses and proved the various acts, conversations, and conduct of the deceased during the same time, but more particularly these matters for several years just prior to the homicide and up to it, and for some time thereafter. These acts objected to by said bills were introduced along the same line and solely on the question of whether or not appellant was sane or insane at the time he killed the woman, expressly so limited at thfe time of its introduction and again specifically so by the charge of the court. In our opinion they were properly admitted for the purposes limited, and none of appellant's objections thereto were good.
By another bill it is shown that the court stenographer, Hall Etter, was introduced by the state to prove that he had taken and correctly transcribed the testimony of Mrs. Y. E. Witty, a witness on the former trial of the case, which he desired to offer for the purpose of impeaching her by contradictory statements, she having been a material witness for appellant on this trial, and held, at the time he was testifying, a copy of the statement of facts which the county attorney had secured from the Court of Criminal Appeals, which had been sent up as a statement of facts on a former appeal of this case. After the witness testified to the correctness of her testimony on a former trial, appellant's attorney crossed him and proved that said copy of her testimony was not in the form of question and answers but a narrative statement. Then the county attorney, in an ordinary tone and as a cross-examination of what had been brought out by appellant's counsel, asked the witness, "This is the same copy that was filed in the Court of Criminal Appeals, is it not?" which was in the presence of the jury and heard by them; to which the witness answered, "Yes," before counsel could object. That appellant then did object to the question and answer because it was an improper reference to the fact that defendant had, on a previous trial, been convicted. The court thereupon instructed the jury that they would not consider said question or answer for any purpose, yet appellant took his bill. In this connection we call attention to paragraph 14 of the court's charge above copied. This certainly would not tie a sufficient ground to authorize this court to reverse this case. Baines v. State, 43 Tex. Cr. R. 498, 66 S. W. 847; Campbell v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 160, 32 S. W. 774; Brantly v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 293, 59 S. W. 892; Smith v. State, 52 Tex. Cr. R. 351, 106 S. W. 1161, 15 Ann. Cas. 357; Arnwine v. State, 54 Tex. Cr. R. 213, 114 S. W. 796; Morrison v. State, 39 Tex. Cr. R. 523, 47 S. W. 369; Salazar v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 313, 116 S. W. 819; Coffman v. State, 165 S. W. 946.
The judgment is affirmed.