Case Name: PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE APPEALS BOARD, Defendant and Respondent.
Court: Court of Appeal of the State of California
Jurisdiction: California
Decision Date: 1977-10-19
Citations: 74 Cal. App. 2d 150
Docket Number: Civ. No. 16442
Parties: PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE APPEALS BOARD, Defendant and Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: California Appellate Reports, Third Series
Volume: 74
Pages: 150–164

Head Matter:
[Civ. No. 16442.
Third Dist.
Oct. 19, 1977.]
PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE APPEALS BOARD, Defendant and Respondent.
Counsel
Ronald A. Zumbrun, John H. Findley and Sandra R. Johnson for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, and Carol Hunter, Deputy Attorney General, for Defendant and Respondent.

Opinion:
Opinion
EVANS, J.
-An unemployed gardener and home caretaker, Thurman Carroll, was denied unemployment insurance benefits by the Employment Development Department and an administrative law judge, for a two-week period in June 1975, on the ground that Carroll did not follow specific and reasonable instructions of the department to seek farm work, and his minimal efforts to find work indicated he was not available for work.
Upon Carroll's appeal from the ruling of the administrative law judge, defendant board issued Precedent Benefit Decision No. 292 (P-B-292) reversing that ruling and deciding that Carroll was not disqualified for benefits.
Plaintiff foundation filed a complaint in superior court seeking a declaratory judgment to determine the validity of P-B-292. Defendant board answered and moved for judgment on the pleadings. After hearing on the motion, the court orally granted defendant's motion for judgment on the pleadings on the stated ground that plaintiff did not have "standing" to bring the action as an "interested person or organization," under Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2. The judgment which was thereafter entered on October 26, 1976, stated that "[t]he court finds that the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action." It was then ordered that the motion of defendant for judgment on the pleadings be granted and that plaintiff take nothing by its complaint. Although, no demurrer was filed by defendant, the answer denied the allegations in the complaint that plaintiff is an "interested organization" under Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2. Additionally, the notice of motion for judgment on the pleadings asserted a lack of jurisdiction in the cause of action challenging plaintiff's status under section 409.2 and that the pleading did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. It is therefore assumed by the court as well as by the parties that the judgment on the pleadings was rendered on both grounds. (See Dohrmann Co. v. Security Sav. & Loan Assn. (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 655, 661-662 [87 Cal.Rptr. 792].)
On appeal, plaintiff contends that (1) it has demonstrated sufficient "interest" in the matter to give it standing to bring suit, and (2) it has stated facts in its complaint sufficient to constitute a cause of action relating to the merits or correctness of P-B-292.
P-B-292, which plaintiff challenges in its complaint, held that a 64-year-old unemployed home caretaker and gardener had satisfied the "seek work" and "availability" requirements of Unemployment Insurance Code section 1253, subdivisions (c) and (e), and was qualified for unemployment benefits.
Plaintiff asserts its right to bring the instant action for declaratory relief on the basis of pleading allegations which plaintiff argues establish it as an "interested organization" under Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2. (Fn. 1, ante, p. 153.) That section was enacted by the Legislature in 1975 (Stats. 1975, ch. 978, § 2), and has neither been amended nor construed by any reported decision of an appellate court.
Although the language utilized in Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2 appears to be straight forward and unambiguous, allowing any interested person or organization to seek declaratory relief, the trial court did not so view the legislation. It is thus incumbent upon us to determine the meaning and intent ascribed to the section by the Legislature at the time of the enactment.
The defendant asserts that plaintiff, Pacific Legal Foundation, a nonprofit California corporation, is not an interested organization entitled to pursue an action in declaratory relief as authorized by section 409.2.
The terms "interested person" or -"interested organization" may be considered interchangeable and have been the subject of prior decisional interpretation, upon judicial consideration of Code of Civil Procedure section 1060, the general declaratory relief statute referred to in Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2 and Government Code section 11440, allowing any interested person to "obtain a judicial declaration as to the validity of any regulation by bringing an action for declaratory relief in the superior court...."
In Residents of Beverly Glen, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (1973) 34 Cal.App.3d 117, 125 [109 Cal.Rptr. 724], the term "interested person" as used in Government Code section 11440 and Code of Civil Procedure section 1060 was determined to be identical in use and should be so construed. Government Code section 11440 refers to the declaration relief provision of the Code of Civil Procedure as does Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2.
We acknowledge the fundamental principle that when a regulation (the precedent benefit decision) is challenged, the person asserting the challenge must be a person or organization who is subject to the regulation or affected by it. (American Friends Service Committee v. Procunier (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 252, 255 [109 Cal.Rptr. 22].) By its complaint, plaintiff alleges that it employs 32 persons. Such employees are subject to dismissal and have the right of personal termination of employment. They are therefore eligible, under the Unemployment Insurance Code, to seek unemployment insurance. As such, the employer as well as the employee are affected by precedent benefit decisions relating to eligibility for insurance. Although P-B-292 is not directly addressed to plaintiff as a party, its effect may be applicable to it in the future in the event of termination of employment by an employee. (See Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Cal. State Bd. of Pharmacy (1966) 241 Cal.App.2d 229 [50 Cal.Rptr. 489].)
The defendant ascribes to the term "interested organization" a much more restrictive interpretation. It alleges that the interested organization, in order to bring the declaratory relief proceeding authorized by section 409.2, must have an immediate and direct interest to employees occupying the same status as the employee in the precedent benefit decision. Such an interpretation would require an act of judicial prestidigitation.
In determining the meaning and intent of the section, we employ a fundamental rule of statutory construction that where possible, the court should ascertain the legislative intent in order to effectuate the purpose of the law. Upon review of the available history of section 409.2, we conclude that plaintiff is, in fact, an interested person and/or an organization with standing to bring the action for declaratory relief. (Committee of the Rights of the Disabled v. Swoap (1975) 48 Cal.App.3d 505 [122 Cal.Rptr. 52]; Select Base Materials v. Board of Equal. (1959) 51 Cal.2d 640, 645 [335 P.2d 672].)
The history of the present section 409.2 and its evolution reveals a contrary intent. The legislative analyst prepared an analysis of Assembly Bill No. 1638 (now Unemp. Ins. Code, § 409.2) prior to its adoption. It provides in part, "At present, any action of the Appeals Board is subject to judicial appeal by the claimant or any party representing him. This bill would broaden the authority to challenge the board's decision so that persons or. organizations not directly involved with the case may seek judicial review." (Italics ours.) That analysis was prepared on August 20, 1975. Subsequent to that time and prior to the gubernatorial signing of the bill, Assemblyman Tom Bane, author of the measure, addressed himself to. Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr., urging support for the bill. His letter in part stated, "AB 1638 also provides that any interested person or organization may bring an action for declaratory relief as to the validity of any precedent decision. Standing to bring such an action for declaratory relief would be the same as in writs of mandamus challenging administrative regulations. For all practical purposes, precedent benefit decisions are regulations and should be treated accordingly." These two documents dealing with the background and intent underlying the legislative" enactment do not reveal a restrictive attitude toward the definition of interested persons or organizations, but disclose a departure from the then existing right of appeal limited only to the parties, their counsel, or the director.
The enactment as illuminated by the stated intent of the Legislature and its author intended to include any interested party who may be subject to any actual precedent benefit decision to have standing to seek in a judicial declaratory relief action a modification or overruling of that precedent benefit decision. As the court stated in Residents of Beverly Glen, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 34 Cal.App.3d at page 122, "In recent years there has been a marked accommodation of formerly strict procedural requirements of standing to sue (Professional Fire Fighters, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 60 Cal.2d 276 [32 Cal.Rptr. 830, 384 P.2d 158]) and even of capacity to sue {Daniels v. Sanitarium Assn., Inc., 59 Cal.2d 602 [30 Cal.Rptr. 828, 381 P.2d 652]) where matters relating to the 'social and economic realities of the present-day organization of society' (Daniels at p. 607) are concerned."
In Associated Boat Industries v. Marshal (1951) 104 Cal.App.2d 21 [230 P.2d 379], the court held that an association, suing on behalf of its members to secure a declaration as to the validity of certain administrative regulations, was not an interested person within the meaning of the declaratory relief statute there involved. (Gov. Code, § 11440.) We distinguish that case on the posture of its facts and those here presented. The decision in Associated Boat Industries was limited to the question of whether an incorporated trade association, whose members are subject to the regulations attacked but which itself is not subject to those regulations, is an interested person within the meaning of the statute. In the present instance, Pacific Legal Foundation, as a nonprofit California corporation and employer, is or could be subject to the effects of P-B-292.
The complaint identifies plaintiff Pacific Legal Foundation as a nonprofit, tax-exempt, public-interest law foundation, organized under the laws of the State of California and composed of residents of various cities and counties in the state who are employers of workers covered by state unemployment insurance. Further, as an employer, Pacific Legal Foundation had 32 workers covered by the Unemployment Insurance Code and as such, they are required to contribute to the unemployment insurance fund. In that capacity, Pacific Legal Foundation and its members are interested parties as designated in Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2. The pleading asserted that P-B-292 would, if permitted to stand, subvert the legislative intent expressed in Unemployment Insurance Code section 100 by increasing the number of eligible claimants for unemployment assistance resulting in an increase of employer contributions necessary to support the increased unemployment benefit payment.
The granting of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is in essence a decision on the merits, and when used in a declaratory relief proceeding, the granting of the motion amounts to a declaratory judgment on the merits in favor of defendant. (Wilson v. Board of Retirement (1957) 156 Cal.App.2d 195, 201 [319 P.2d 426].) The court's minute order, in granting defendant's motion for judgment on the pleadings, indicated as follows, "The Court granted the motion on the basis the Plaintiff did not have any standing to file the suit." However, the formal judgment signed by the court stated, "The court finds that the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action," The ambiguity in the court's ruling requires us to review the allegations of the complaint and decide in addition to the standing issue whether or not sufficient facts for a cause of action were alleged.
The underlying historical circumstances upon which plaintiff Pacific Legal Foundation asserted its alleged cause of action were not disputed. The claimant, seeking unemployment insurance benefits following a period of several months of employment, was asked by the Employment Development Department to seek farm work. He returned to his local employment office in Maiysville periodically for continuing eligibility interviews, and there indicated that he had checked three newspaper advertisements for caretaker work and had contacted an employment agency regarding that type of employment. His only attempt to seek farm labor consisted of one visit to the Marysville State Employment office. On this status, he was found ineligible for unemployment benefits by the Department, applying Unemployment Insurance Code sections 1253, subdivision (c), and 1253, subdivision (e). The claimant appealed the finding to an administrative law judge and was again found ineligible under section 1253, subdivision (c). His appeal to the Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board resulted in the precedent decision finding eligibility for benefits. Those basic facts were not disputed but were rather admitted by the answer allowed by California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board. Thus, the questions raised by the complaint are basically questions of law. The questions of law presented are whether the claimant in P-B-292 was ineligible for unemployment benefits under Unemployment Insurance Code sections 1253, subdivision (c), and 1253, subdivision (e). The issues presented a justiciable controversy. Although the plaintiff on appeal has argued the merits of the issues framed by the pleading, we will not consider that aspect of the appeal, but will leave that decision for the trial court.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for trial.
Reynoso, J., concurred.
Unemployment Insurance Code section 409.2, enacted in 1975, reads as follows in its entirety: "Any interested person or organization may bring an action for declaratory relief in the superior court in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure to obtain a judicial declaration as to the validity of any preceden] decision of the appeals board issued under Section 409 or 409.1."
Unemployment Insurance Code section 100 provides in pertinent part: "As a guide to the interpretation and application of this division the public policy of this State is declared as follows: ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Legislature therefore declares that in its considered judgment the public good and the general welfare of the citizens of the State require the enactment of this measure under the police power of the State, for the compulsory setting aside of funds to be used for a system of unemployment insurance providing benefits for persons unemployed through no fault of their own, and to reduce involuntary unemployment and the suffering caused thereby to a minimum. "It is the intent of the Legislature that unemployed persons claiming unemployment insurance benefits shall be required to make all reasonable effort to secure employment on their own behalf."