Case Name: Debra SAXTON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GEM COUNTY; and Dorothy Hartgrove, W.M. Norwood, and William Conrad, in their official capacities as the Board of County Commissioners of Gem County, Defendants-Respondents
Court: Idaho Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Idaho
Decision Date: 1988-02-18
Citations: 113 Idaho 929
Docket Number: No. 16636
Parties: Debra SAXTON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GEM COUNTY; and Dorothy Hartgrove, W.M. Norwood, and William Conrad, in their official capacities as the Board of County Commissioners of Gem County, Defendants-Respondents.
Judges: BISTLINE and HUNTLEY, JJ., and McFADDEN and SMITH, JJ. Pro Tern.,' concur.
Reporter: Idaho Reports
Volume: 113
Pages: 929–935

Head Matter:
750 P.2d 950
Debra SAXTON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GEM COUNTY; and Dorothy Hartgrove, W.M. Norwood, and William Conrad, in their official capacities as the Board of County Commissioners of Gem County, Defendants-Respondents.
No. 16636.
Supreme Court of Idaho.
Feb. 18, 1988.
Idaho Legal Aid Services, Inc., Caldwell, for plaintiff-appellant. Andrew C. Thomas, argued.
Moffatt, Thomas, Barrett & Blanton, Boise, for amicus curiae St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center and St. Alphonsus Regional Medical Center. Phillip S. Oberrecht, argued.
Hopkins, French, Crockett, Springer & Hoopes, Idaho Falls, for amicus curiae University of Utah School of Medicine. Larry L. Goins, argued.
Gem County Prosecuting Atty., Emmett, for defendants-respondents. H. Ronald Bjorkman, argued.
Anderson, Pike & Bush, Idaho Falls, for amicus curiae Catastrophic Health Care Costs Program of the Idaho Counties. Blake G. Hall, argued.

Opinion:
BAKES, Justice.
The appellant, Debra Saxton, appeals a district court decision which held that Gem County is not statutorily required under Idaho's medical indigency statutes to pay physicians' bills incurred by a medically indigent patient in the context of emergency hospitalization. The facts show that Debra Saxton was suffering an acute psychotic episode and was admitted to St. Alphonsus Regional Medical Center through the emergency ward. After her release Saxton filed an application for county assistance with Gem County on January 14, 1985. The application requested: (1) payment for the hospital bill incurred for the treatment at St. Alphonsus for hospitalization from December 31, 1984, to January 14,1985, in the amount of $4,266.89, and (2) payment of her physician's bill resulting from the hospitalization in the amount of $955.00. The physician was not an employee of St. Alphonsus, but has staff privileges and was Saxton's attending physician during her hospitalization. Gem County denied the application, and Saxton requested a hearing. Saxton represented herself pro se in a hearing held March 11, 1985.
Gem County issued a written decision denying appellant assistance for three reasons: (1) appellant had not received "emergency" care; (2) Saxton's application for Social Security benefits might be a resource available to pay the bills; and (3) Gem County was not the obligated county because Saxton had not resided in Gem County for six months prior to her application.
With the assistance of counsel, Saxton filed a request for rehearing April 22, 1985. The request for rehearing was denied on May 1, 1985, and appeal was taken to the district court pursuant to the Idaho Admin istrative Procedures Act. A motion to submit additional evidence, pursuant to I.C. § 67-5215(e), was filed on July 9, 1985, and the motion was granted and the matter remanded to the county commission.
A second hearing was held before Gem County on December 30, 1985. At that time testimony from Saxton and eight exhibits were offered on her behalf. On January 14, 1986, Saxton's application was once again denied. However, this time only one reason was given for the denial. Gem County found that Saxton's medical care was not in response to an "emergency or life-threatening" situation.
On January 29, 1986, the district court ordered briefs, along with the production of the transcripts and exhibits. After considering the briefs and the record, the district court issued a memorandum decision ordering the respondents to pay Saxton's hospital bill at St. Alphonsus. The district court: (1) held "the affidavit (of the physician) and medical records in this case make it abundantly clear that appellant's symptomatic behavior constituted an emergency which required immediate attention"; (2) rejected respondents' argument that the state's medical indigency statutes do not provide for treatment of mental illness, but apply only to physical illness or injury; and (3) rejected the claim that Gem County was legally obligated to pay the physician's bill, finding "no authority for payment to private physicians under the medical indigency statutes which authorize payment only to hospitals." Appellant filed a petition for rehearing on the issue of the physician's fees and the petition was granted. After reviewing briefs submitted by the parties, the district court issued a second memorandum decision which reaffirmed the court's prior holding.
Saxton has appealed the district court ruling that Idaho counties are not obligated to pay physicians' bills incurred in the context of emergency hospitalization for a county assistance applicant who is medically indigent. The respondents have not appealed the district court finding that the county was liable for Saxton's hospital bill. Thus, only the physician's fee issue is before this Court. For the reasons enumerated below, we reverse the district court and hold that Idaho's medical indigency statutes require Gem County to pay the doctor's bill.
The appellant claims that the doctor bills are chargeable to Gem County based upon the Idaho medical indigency statutes, located at chapters 34 and 35 of Title 31 of the Idaho Code. In these sections the legislature has somewhat ambiguously codified the county's duty to care for its medically indigent citizens. A careful reading of the statutes fails to directly answer the physicians' fees question. Thus, we must resolve this question by determining what the legislature intended as it promulgated and modified the statutes. In order to resolve the legislature's intent, we must review the historical development of Idaho's indigency statutes. As Justice Holmes once stated, "Upon this point a page of history is worth a volume of logic." New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U.S. 345, 349, 41 S.Ct. at 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921).
The original medical indigency scheme enacted by the legislature envisioned counties providing for the needs of their indigent and medically indigent citizens by the means of poor farms and houses and county hospitals. The counties hired physicians who attended to the medical necessities of these indigent people. The statutory language of those early days required that the county employ a physician for these purposes. Section 2171 Rev.Stat. 1887. As times and conditions changed, the counties discontinued the poor farms and in many instances began to rely upon private hospitals rather than county-operated hospitals. The county physician was replaced by private physicians working through these private hospitals. To meet the changing conditions the 1974 legislature changed the language of Section 2171 Rev.Stat. 1887, which had required the county to employ a county physician, to the present day permissive language of I.C. § 31-3402. The changes from mandatory language of the prior statute to the permissive language of today's statute is at the crux of the respondents' argument that doctors' services are not covered.
Respondents specifically argue that when the legislature removed the counties' mandatory duty to employ a county physician the legislature indicated its intent that doctor bills were not covered by the medical indigency statutes. However, the historical development of medical indigency law in Idaho does not support this conclusion.
In Idaho Falls Consolidated Hospital v. Bingham County Board of County Comm'rs, 102 Idaho 838, 642 P.2d 553 (1982), Justice Bistline, in a special concurrence, summarized the historical background of today's statutes. Justice Bistline wrote:
"A considered review of the history of the legislative scheme thus leads to the inescapable conclusion that the legislature in 1974 created the class of 'medically indigent,' and that this classification is wholly independent and separate from the indigent sick, and from the otherwise poor or indigent. What is learned from the review is that it has always been the sense of the people of Idaho, speaking first through their territorial legislatures, then through their Constitutional delegates, and since 1889 through their state legislatures, that medical care and necessities of life will not be denied to those unfortunate few who would suffer and sometimes perish if the same were not provided by the largess of the people acting through their government, which taxes for that very purpose." 102 Idaho at 845, 642 P.2d at 560.
Continuing:
"The statutory scheme now is, and has long been that, other than in cases of emergency, application for relief must first be made to the county. When relief is granted, it is in the form of an order, and the order is simply that the county, playing its part in the promotion of our common welfare, takes some of the money which it has collected through taxation, and purchases for the unfortunate indigent that which he must have and is unable to purchase for himself, i.e., groceries, fuel, medical and hospital services, and in the other field I have mentioned, legal services, where he has been named as an accused. It is a clear application of the doctrine of parens patriae, and clearly within the contemplation of our Idaho Constitution as well as most civilized societies." 102 Idaho at 846, 642 P.2d at 561 (emphasis added).
Viewed in their totality, the Idaho indigency statutes are not exclusively hospital reimbursement provisions. They have historically covered all of the needs of indigents, including food, clothing, housing and medical and hospital services. We do not perceive the 1974 amendment to I.C. § 31-3402, changing the mandatory requirement that a county employ a county physician to a permissive requirement, to express a clear legislative intent that the medically indigent be deprived of the emergency services of a doctor. Viewed in their historical perspective, Idaho's medical indigency statutes include the services of physicians. To interpret those statutes so as to cover only hospital services, but not physician services, would, in effect, deprive the medically indigent of any meaningful medical treatment. Hospitals could hardly perform their function and engage in any treatment, particularly the kind of treatment contemplated by the emergency medical statutes, without physicians being involved in every step of that medical treatment. To accept the county's argument would deprive indigents not only of physi dans' services, but also any meaningful hospital services.
Accordingly, we conclude that the emergency indigent medical care provided for in I.C. § 31-3202, and chapters 34 and 35 of Title 31, Idaho Code, includes reasonable charges for doctor's services, as determined by the factfinder, whether or not the doctor is a paid staff employee of a hospital, or an independent practitioner. Our interpretation is based entirely upon our discernment of the legislature's intentions from reading the foregoing statutes in their historical perspective.
Reversed. Costs to appellant. No attorney fees.
BISTLINE and HUNTLEY, JJ., and McFADDEN and SMITH, JJ. Pro Tern.,' concur.
. "31-3402. Employment of physician. — The board may employ a physician to attend, when necessary, the patients of the county hospital, provided, however, that the board of county commissioners may enter into contracts with groups of licensed physicians for medical attendance upon patients of the county hospital or other persons receiving medical attendance at county expense. They may provide for the employment, at some kind of manual labor, of such of the patients as are capable and able to work and the attending physicians must certify to the person in charge or lessee of the county hospital the names of such of the patients as are incapable of manual labor, and when any such patient becomes capable the physician shall certify the fact." (Emphasis added.) value for assessment purposes____ (Emphasis added).