Case Name: J. Graves vs. Woodbury; J. & D. Graves vs. Woodbury
Court: New York Court for the Correction of Errors
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1843-02
Citations: 4 Hill & Den. 559
Docket Number: 
Parties: J. Graves vs. Woodbury. J. & D. Graves vs. Woodbury.
Judges: 
Reporter: Hill's Reports
Volume: 4
Pages: 559–563

Head Matter:
J. Graves vs. Woodbury. J. & D. Graves vs. Woodbury.
if A. recover judgment against C., and the latter obtain judgment against A. and B., a set-off may be ordered on the application of A., notwithstanding the objection that the parties to both records are not identical. Per Cowen, J.
The order will be made though it appear that the judgment in C.’s favor has been assigned to a third person, for a valuable consideration, and without notice of the existence of the other judgment. Per Cowen, J.
Otherwise, however, if the right of set-off did not exist at the time of the assignment.
Accordingly, A. having recovered judgment agamst C., a suit was commenced by A. and B. against C., which was referred; and, a short time before the making of the referee’s report, which found a large balance due to C., but after the referee had heard the matter and C. had ascertained what the report would be, he assigned the demand to D. for a valuable consideration, and judgment was duly perfected upon the report: Held\ that A. was not entitled to a set-ofij inasmuch as no such right existed when the assignment was made; the judgment in ■ -C.’s favor having been perfected afterwards.
Set-off of judgments. In the first entitled cause the plaintiff obtained judgment for $1562,75 on the 2d of July, 1838. In the other cause, judgment was rendered for the defendant on the report of a referee for $1235,49 on the 7th of November, 1842. Jacob and Daniel Graves were partners, having a joint interest in the subject matter of the second suit; but, before the commencement of the action, the partnership was dissolved under an agreement that J. Graves should take all the assets and discharge all the debts and liabilities of the firm. Woodbury, the defendant, was insolvent. The report of the referee in the last entitled cause was made in the spring of 1839, the demand having been immediately before assigned, for a valuable consideration, to J. 0. Pettingal. It appeared by the affidavit of J. Graves that the assignment to Pettingal was made after the referee had expressed his opinion, but before the signing of the report. It did not appear when notice of the assignment was given to J. Graves.
R. Haight, for J. Graves,
moved to set off so much of the first judgment as would be sufficient to discharge the other. He cited Grah. Prac. 347 to 349, 2d ed.
S. J. Cowen,
in behalf of Pettingal, the assignee, cited Barb, on Set-off, 34, 38; Ramsey’s appeal, (2 Watts, 228, 230.)

Opinion:
By the Court,
Cowen, J.
Jacob Graves being creditor in a judgment against Woodbury, and debtor in a judgment recovered by Woodbury, presents the usual case for a set-off; and it is no objection that the latter judgment is against Jacob Graves and another jointly. (Simson v. Hart, 14 John. 63, 75, and the cases there cited.) It is my duty, therefore, to direct a perpetual stay of Woodbury's execution on Graves' entering satisfaction upon his judgment for so much as the judgment against him and Daniel Graves amounts to, unless Pettingal has acquired such a right to the latter judgment as entitles him to object. That he purchased and took an assignment of this judgment for a valuable consideration, even without notice, would form no objection, if the right of set-off existed at the time ; for an assignee takes subject to all equitable as well as legal defences which can be urged against the assignor. (Cooper v. Bigalow, 1 Cowen, 56, 206.) The case of Ramsey's appeal (2 Watts, 228, 230) is referred to as holding a different rule ; but we must follow the case cited from my reports, until we can be brought to see that it was an obvious departure from principle. So far from that,' it accords with the general doctrine. There is no pretence here that Pettingal wanted notice of Jacob Graves' judgment when the assignment was executed ; and if Graves' right of set-off had then attached, as against the assignor, the case is identical with that of Cooper v. Bigalow.
I am inclined to think, however, that, under the peculiar circumstances of this case, no right of set-off in any form had attached at the time of the assignment. Clearly no legal right under the statute existed, for the debt due to Jacob Graves severally could not be allowed to compensate a debt due from him and another jointly. (Mont. on Set-off, 23.) His own demand alone was in judgment. Had Woodbury's been also in judgment when he assigned, a right to set off'would have arisen independently of the statute, on the doctrine peculiar to setting off judgments, under which the courts have not been exact in requiring the mutual debts to be due to and from the same number of persons. The right thus to depart from the general rule, however, never arises till judgment is actually entered on both sides. Here, according to Jacob Graves' own aEdavit, the demand against him and Daniel was assigned to Pettingal even before the referee had signed his report of the balance due. At that time, there could be no pretence of a right to move summarily for the set-off, (Ex parte Bagg, 10 Wend. 615 ; People v. Judges of Delaware C. P., 6 Cowen, 598.) Though the referee had expressed his opinion, neither of the parties nor even the referee himself was concluded. But it would have been the same thing if the report had been signed. It was still open to revision, if erroneous, on the motion of either party. It was but prima facia evidence of the debt, like the judgment in 6 Cowen, ut supra" In Garrick v. Jones, (2 Dowl. Pr. Gas. 157,) the party moving had obtained a verdict, which he sought to set off against a judgment in favor of his adversary. The motion was denied on the sole ground that final judgment had not been obtained. (See also Johnson v. Lakeman, id. 646.)
It follows that Pettingal purchased a demand against which no right of set-off existed at the time; and Graves has not shown that he suffered any thing for want of immediate notice of the assignment, if there was such want of notice, which he does not aver. When Pentingal, some years after, perfected the judgment, the demand then for the first time came into a shape which would have subjected it to a set-off; but then, by motion only, even if the right had still continued in Woodbury. Legally and formally it did continue in him; but he had parted with all his equitable right; nothing existed; nothing arose which could be objected against the Woodbury claim when he assigned it; and the judgment upon which the set-off is sought to be raised, was equitably in favor of the assignee. In an equitable sense there never was any judgment in favor of Wood-bury ; therefore nothing to which Graves cotild oppose his demand. The case is, I think, within the principle of Hackett v. Connett, (2 Edw. V. Ch. Rep. 73.) There, the defendant had a demand against the complainant, which was incapable of being countervailed by a set-off, because such demand was unliquidated. Pending suit, he assigned it to Alcock, who obtained judgment; whereupon the complainant filed his bill to compel a set-off of the judgment against previous decrees for costs in his favor on the dismissal of bills filed by Connett. Vice Chancellor M'Coun held that the assignee having taken the demand before any right to set off the decrees existed, had acquired a claim paramount to that of the assignor; and, on that ground, denied the relief prayed for. It is true, that notice of the assignment was, in that case, immediately, and before judgment obtained, given to the complainant. But the only object of such a notice is, to put the debtor on his guard against dealing with the assignor or perhaps obtaining other demands against him on the belief that he still continues the equitable owner. Could it be made apparent that Graves has suffered any injury for want of notice, the question would be different.
Pettingal seems to have fairly obtained an assignment as an indemnity against liabilities for Woodbury, amounting to something near if not quite the balance reported due from J. & D. Graves; and, under the circumstances, I think he is entitled to collect that balance by execution, notwithstanding the cross judgment in favor of Jacob Graves.
Motion denied,