Case Name: THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. CALVIN ANDERSON CRENSHAW, Defendant and Appellant
Court: District Court of Appeal of the State of California
Jurisdiction: California
Decision Date: 1966-03-31
Citations: 241 Cal. App. 2d 289
Docket Number: Crim. No. 10596
Parties: THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. CALVIN ANDERSON CRENSHAW, Defendant and Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: California Appellate Reports, Second Series
Volume: 241
Pages: 289–302

Head Matter:
[Crim. No. 10596.
Second Dist., Div. Two.
Mar. 31, 1966.]
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. CALVIN ANDERSON CRENSHAW, Defendant and Appellant.
Marshall K. Gordon, under appointment by the District Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Thomas C. Lynch, Attorney General, William E. James, Assistant Attorney General, and David B. Stanton, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Opinion:
HERNDON, J.
Defendant appeals from the judgment entered following a jury trial that resulted in his conviction of the crimes of robbery (Pen. Code, § 211), and pimping (Pen. Code, § 266h).
Appellant's contention regarding the sufficiency of the evidence is without merit. Mrs. Edith Montgomery testified that she was a prostitute who had agreed to work for appellant and had done so for several months. During this period she lived with appellant and gave him all the money she earned. Prom these earnings he paid her living expenses. Appellant drove her to and from the locations where she practiced her profession and physically abused her if she failed to earn certain minimum amounts each night. During the time Mrs. Montgomery worked for appellant, he appeared to have no other means of support than the money she gave him.
In June 1964, Mrs. Montgomery broke off her relationship with appellant. Thereafter, at approximately 5:15 a.m. on August 8, 1964, appellant approached her in an alley and forced her to enter his car by pushing something into her back that she believed was a gun. After they entered the car, appellant did place a gun in the glove compartment and demanded her money. She surrendered $55 to him and subsequently notified the police.
Over appellant's objections, two officers were permitted to testify to statements made by appellant at the police station following his arrest although it was stipulated that he had not been advised of his constitutional rights in accordance with the rules enunciated in People v. Dorado, 62 Cal.2d 338 [42 Cal.Rptr. 169, 398 P.2d 361]. In each statement appellant denied robbing Mrs. Montgomery. However, one of the arresting officers was permitted to testify that during the interrogation of appellant conducted at the police station shortly after his arrest, appellant "further stated that Mrs. Montgomery was one of his whores, and that he was due this money, and that she gave it to him from the previous night's work.' '
This officer at first denied that this statement was made in response to questions propounded to appellant, but upon being shown his contrary testimony given at the preliminary hearing in this matter, the officer frankly conceded that he had been mistaken and that appellant's alleged admissions regarding his pimping activities had been in direct response to his questioning. Thus the officer admitted that the following testimony given by him at the preliminary hearing was correct: " Q. Do you recall anything else you asked him? A. Oh, I asked him numerous questions that I recall. I do not know the exact words I used. In substance I asked him if the victim was one of his whores. Q. Do you recall what he told you? A. He said, 'Yes.' "
Another officer, a sergeant attached to the detective division, testified that after he had read the police report prepared by the arresting officers, he interrogated appellant on the day following his arrest. He confirmed the fact that appellant denied the commission of a robbery but testified that "He further stated that he had three girls working for him, two of whom were girls on the west side of town and he had taken [Mrs. Montgomery] and picked her up off the street, put her in an apartment, bought her clothes, bought her a wig and tried to give her some class but she didn't fit with him very well and they finally broke up. "
By way of defense, appellant contended that Mrs. Montgomery's testimony was fabricated by reason of her jealousy stemming from his marriage to another woman. He conceded that he knew she was working as a prostitute during his relationship with her but denied taking any money from her. He alleged that the funds which he had advanced on her behalf were gifts motivated by his compassion for her. He further admitted taking money from her on the morning of August 8, 1964, but contended that this was a voluntary repayment of Mrs. Montgomery's indebtedness to him for the purchase of a wig.
Appellant admitted having told the officers that she "was one of [his] whores" but went on to explain that he had meant thereby only that she was one whom he had patronized as a customer. During cross-examination appellant denied having told either of the officers who had interrogated him that he "had some girls working for [him] out on the west side, prostitutes" or that he had "met Edith Montgomery on the street and [he was] going to try to give her a little class" or that "she didn't have it and [he wasn't] going to be able to use her with [his] other girls" or that he "had some girls with college educations that [he] used out on the west side. ' '
So far as the pimping charge is concerned, this is a classic ease for the application of the law of the Dorado decision. Every condition precedent to its mandatory application is clearly present:
(1) Appellant had been arrested on the basis of the report to the police by the complaining witness which identified him, described the vehicle he was operating and made these criminal charges against him.
(2) After his arrest and while he was in custody, two different police officers interrogated appellant, first at the police station and later at the city jail.
(3) The accusatory stage obviously had been reached when appellant was arrested. There was no question whatever about his identity. The police were not investigating any unsolved crime. If any crime had been committed as alleged, then appellant was the perpetrator. He was not merely a suspect he was the accused.
(4) The interrogations were designed to elicit incriminating statements. It is difficult in these circumstances to discern any other possible purpose in the repeated questioning.
(5) These interrogations did elicit incriminating statements, according to the testimony of the officers which was received over appellant's objections. These statements were exculpatory so far as the robbery charge was concerned, but they admitted every element of the crime of pimping.
(6) Realistically regarded as constituting a confession, these statements were prejudicial per se. In any event, the testimony that appellant made such statements was strongly prejudicial. Without this evidence, the jury had only to weigh appellant's testimony against that of the complaining witness.
(7) As above noted, it was stipulated that appellant was not given any advice concerning his constitutional rights and there was no waiver thereof.
Prom the foregoing it follows as a matter of course that the conviction on the pimping charge must be reversed.
In so ruling we wish to make unmistakably clear that nothing in our decision, or in the cited decisions of our higher courts, is designed to prohibit law enforcement officers from obtaining voluntarily supplied information from any person, whether he be deemed an accused or a suspect and whether such information is solicited before or after his formal arrest. As we read the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 [84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977], and the decision of our Supreme Court in People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, their fundamental message is that such information, whether exculpatory or incriminatory, should be solicited, obtained and, if relevant, subsequently received into evidence subject only to the restriction that such information shall not be obtained by means of an accusatory interrogation of a person conducted while he is unaware of his constitutional rights.
The only limitation imposed by these decisions upon the use of self-incriminating statements is simply that after the accusatory stage has been reached, the accused must be informed of his rights before any further interrogation designed to elicit incriminating statements can properly be conducted to obtain admissible evidence. Unless the accused is so informed of his rights at this stage, it cannot be said that he has intelligently chosen to waive their protection.
Certainly these controlling decisions of our highest courts convey no implication that self-incrimination is something inherently evil and to be condemned under all circumstances. On the contrary, they clearly indicate that confessions and self-incriminating statements very properly may be obtained and introduced into evidence provided only that they must not be obtained by methods which threaten to impair constitutionally protected rights. More recent decisions of our Supreme Court have not contradicted or impaired the validity of the following comment found in the concurring opinion of Chief Justice Traynor in People v. Garner, 57 Cal.2d 135, 163-164 [18 Cal.Rptr. 40, 367 P.2d 680]:
"As many commentators and courts have recognized, there is a 1 compulsion to confess ' to crime. Wigmore states the point colorfully: 'The nervous pressure of guilt is enormous; the load of the deed done is heavy; the fear of detection fills the consciousness; and when detection comes, the pressure is relieved; and the deep sense of relief makes confession a satisfaction. At that moment, he will tell all, and tell it truly. To forbid soliciting him, to seek to prevent this relief, is to fly in the face of human nature. ' (Wigmore on Evidence, 3d ed. § 851 at p. 319; see, e.g., Commonwealth v. Agoston, 364 Pa. 464 [72 A.2d 575, 581, 583].) A psychiatrist explains the phenomenon of confessions in terms of subconscious but overpowering guilt feelings and desire for punishment. ' There is . an impulse growing more and more intense suddenly to cry out his secret in the street before all people, or in milder cases, to confide it at least to one person, to free himself from the terrible burden. The work of confession is thus that emotional process in which the social and psychological significance of the crime becomes preconseious and in which all powers that resist the compulsion to confess are conquered. ' (Reik, The Compulsion to Confess, p. 267.)
' ' So long as the methods used comply with due process standards, it is in the public interest for the police to encourage confessions and admissions during interrogation. (See Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568 [81 S.Ct. 1860, 6 L.Ed.2d 1037, 1040 n. 2, 1044 n. 17]; State v. Smith, 32 NJ. 501, 534 [161 A.2d 520]; Commonwealth v. Agoston, 364 Pa. 464 [72 A.2d 575, 581]; Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596, 614 [68 S.Ct. 302, 92 L.Ed. 224] [dissenting opinion].) "
However, as stated in Escobedo v. Illinois, supra, 378 U.S. at p. 490: "We have also learned the companion lesson of history that no system of criminal justice can, or should, survive if it comes to depend for its continued effectiveness on the citizens ' abdication through unawareness of their constitutional rights. No system worth preserving should have to fear that if an accused is permitted to consult with a lawyer, he will become aware of, and exercise, these rights. If the exercise of constitutional rights will thwart the effectiveness of a system of law enforcement, then there is something very wrong with that system. ' '
On the other hand, the innocent person, who has become a suspect or an accused by reason of false accusations made by others, or by reason of strongly incriminating circumstantial evidence which has caused the suspicion of guilt to focus upon him, still retains the unimpaired right and privilege immediately to undertake to clear himself from such mistaken or misdirected suspicion by voluntarily presenting the true factual picture as he knows it. We wholly fail to perceive how the pronouncements of our higher courts regarding the need to inform an accused of his constitutional rights can possibly be interpreted as a mandate that law enforcement officers must refrain from communicating with him.
Human experience has not shown that the tongues of the innocent will be silenced by their awareness that they are not required to plead their innocence to the police and that, if they choose, they may have the aid of counsel in order to insure that they may not, by reason of inexperience or ineptness, give answers to "loaded" questions which subsequently may be reported in such a manner that they may appear to constitute evidence of their guilt.
Mrs. Montgomery, a woman with a record of arrests for prostitution, had made a complaint that she had been robbed by appellant. She had identified him, his pink Cadillac and the gun contained in its glove compartment. The officers had located appellant, the described car and the gun, thereby partially corroborating Mrs. Montgomery's report. In such a factual situation it would be correct to refer to the crime or crimes reported by Mrs. Montgomery as "unproven," but neither realistically nor semantically could they be accurately described as "unsolved." Appellant very clearly and definitely was ' ' the accused. ' '
If appellant had asserted his right to counsel and his right to remain silent after his arrival at the police station, could the officers properly have denied them? Our Supreme Court in Dorado has established the law that the existence of these rights is not dependent upon their assertion and that their waiver will not be presumed in the absence of evidence that the party against whom the waiver is charged was aware of their existence.
"Finally, we must recognize that the imposition of the requirement for the request would discriminate against the defendant who does not know his rights. The defendant who does not ask for counsel is the very defendant who most needs counsel. We cannot penalize a defendant who, not understanding his constitutional rights, does not make the formal request and by such failure demonstrates his helplessness. To require the request would be to favor the defendant whose sophistication or status had fortuitously prompted him to make it." (People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 351.)
The requirement that statements, whether incriminatory or exculpatory, be taken only from a person who has been enlightened as to his rights would appear to place no intolerable burden upon our law enforcement officers. They need engage in no esoteric legal analysis of the subtle and almost indefinable factors that may properly distinguish a mere "suspect" from an "accused." If any doubt whatsoever exists in the mind of an officer as to the proper classification to be made of the party to be examined, the officer may remove all possibility of error or blunder by the simple process of advising such person of his rights whenever such doubt exists. (See footnotes 9, 10 and 11 in People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d at p. 355, for examples of the standards already in use by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the military authorities and certain county law enforcement agencies.)
As we have previously noted, the giving of such advice will not infringe upon the "rights of the innocent." Neither will they remove the incentive of the police to talk to any suspect and to pursue all appropriate inquiries and investigatory procedures. (Cf. In re Lopez, 62 Cal.2d 368, 374 et seq. [42 Cal.Rptr. 188, 398 P.2d 380].)
Finally, we are cognizant of the rule enunciated in Escobedo, page 491 [378 U.S.], and stressed in People v. Stewart, 62 Cal.2d 571, 579 [43 Cal.Rptr. 201, 400 P.2d 97], that an accused must be made aware of his rights before the police undertake '1 a process of interrogations that lends itself to eliciting incriminating statements." (Italics added.) That is to say, it is not a requirement of the rule that the process of interrogation be such that it "compels," "coerces," "tricks," or "traps" an accused into making incriminating statements. It is sufficient if it "lends itself" to eliciting such statements.
It seems to us that the interrogations conducted in the instant case clearly "lent" themselves and were calculated to elicit incriminating statements. They did produce the incriminating statements regarding the pimping charge which, as we have indicated, were of such a prejudicial nature that the conviction on this count must be reversed.
However, the receipt of these incriminating statements does not require a reversal of the conviction of the crime of robbery. On this subject both the testimony of the officers and that of the appellant are in complete agreement, i.e., the officers testified that appellant at all times clearly denied his guilt and appellant concedes their accuracy in this regard. Viewing the record as a whole, "we are not of the opinion that it is reasonably probable that a result [with respect to the robbery charge] more favorable to [appellant] would have been reached had the testimony regarding [his] statements not been admitted. Such admission did not constitute reversible error under the provisions of section 4%, article VI, of the California Constitution, or under the tests enunciated in either People v. Watson, 46 Cal.2d 818, 835 [299 P.2d 243], or Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 86-87 [84 S.Ct. 229, 11 L.Ed.2d 171]." (People v. Cockrell, 63 Cal.2d 659, 668-669 [47 Cal.Rptr. 788, 408 P.2d 116].)
Since we reverse the conviction of the crime of pimping, we do not reach the question whether or not it was prejudicial error for the court to fail to give a cautionary instruction (CALJIC 410 (rev.)) relating to the difficulty of defending against charges involving sexual offenses.
Finally, nothing in the record before us provides any basis for appellant's bald assertion that the trial court erred in refusing to grant him probation. Since its granting is an act of "grace and clemency," it is within the broad discretion of the court to grant or deny probation and no abuse of that discretion is shown here. (People v. Cortez, 199 Cal.App.2d 839, 843-844 [19 Cal.Rptr. 50].)
The judgment as to Count 1 (robbery) is affirmed and as to Count 2 (pimping) is reversed.
Roth, P. J., concurred.