Case Name: Maria T. Lopes, as Administratrix of the Estate of Manuel D. Lopes, Deceased, Respondent, v. Harold R. Rostad et al., Respondents, and County of Nassau, Appellant, et al., Defendants; County of Nassau, Third-Party Plaintiff-Respondent, v. S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellant; Vito Martino, Respondent, et al., Plaintiff, v. County of Nassau, Appellant, and Palma Rostad et al., Respondents; County of Nassau, Third-Party Plaintiff-Respondent, v. S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellant
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1978-12-06
Citations: 45 N.Y.2d 617
Docket Number: 
Parties: Maria T. Lopes, as Administratrix of the Estate of Manuel D. Lopes, Deceased, Respondent, v Harold R. Rostad et al., Respondents, and County of Nassau, Appellant, et al., Defendants. County of Nassau, Third-Party Plaintiff-Respondent, v S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellant. Vito Martino, Respondent, et al., Plaintiff, v County of Nassau, Appellant, and Palma Rostad et al., Respondents. County of Nassau, Third-Party Plaintiff-Respondent, v S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 45
Pages: 617–625

Head Matter:
Maria T. Lopes, as Administratrix of the Estate of Manuel D. Lopes, Deceased, Respondent, v Harold R. Rostad et al., Respondents, and County of Nassau, Appellant, et al., Defendants. County of Nassau, Third-Party Plaintiff-Respondent, v S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellant. Vito Martino, Respondent, et al., Plaintiff, v County of Nassau, Appellant, and Palma Rostad et al., Respondents. County of Nassau, Third-Party Plaintiff-Respondent, v S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellant.
Argued October 26, 1978;
decided December 6, 1978
POINTS OF COUNSEL
E. Richard Rimmels, Jr., for appellant.
I. The County did not have the duty to direct and control the method of performing work. (Matter of Town of Saratoga, 160 App Div 60, 211 NY 543; Caldwell v State of New York, 39 Misc 2d 898, 22 AD2d 834; Morris v State of New York, 10 AD2d 754; Uppington v City of New York, 165 NY 222; Olsen v Chase Manhattan Bank, 10 AD2d 539, 9 NY2d 829; Ramos v State of New York, 34 AD2d 1056; Leahy v Botnick, 35 AD2d 898; Mazzocchi v Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth., 12 Misc 2d 805, 13 AD2d 455; Tallarico v Long Is. Light. Co., 45 AD2d 845, 38 NY2d 733.) II. County of Nassau owed no duty to plaintiff that was breached. (Harris v Village of East Hills, 41 NY2d 446; Rinaldi v State of New York, 49 AD2d 361; Berkshire Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v State of New York, 9 AD2d 555; Williams v County of Saratoga, 266 App Div 431, 291 NY 782; Tharrett v County of St. Lawrence, 24 AD2d 700; Karl v State of New York, 279 NY 555; Wright v Belt Assoc., 14 NY2d 129; Gasper v Ford Motor Co., 13 NY2d 104; Persichilli v Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth., 16 NY2d 136.) III. The proximate cause of the accident was solely the negligence of Rostad. (Kirchhoff v County of Erie, 24 AD2d 551, 18 NY2d 849; River v City of New York, 11 NY2d 856; Bolsenbroek v Tully & Di Napoli, 12 AD2d 376,10 NY2d 960.)
David Rosenberg, Peter M. Pryor, Abraham I. Marglin and David J. Wiener for third-party defendant-appellant.
I. The court below erred by disregarding the express contractual indemnity agreement between the County and Zara, and instead awarding the County indemnity at common law. (Feller v Sano-Rubin Constr. Co., 82 Misc 2d 890; Fenner v Continental Diving Serv., 543 F2d 1113; Dole v Dow Chem. Co., 30 NY2d 143; Williams v D. A. H. Constr. Corp., 42 AD2d 877; Rock v Reed-Prentice Div. of Package Mach. Co., 39 NY2d 34; Rogers v Dorchester Assoc., 32 NY2d 553; Cormier v Rowan Drilling Co., 549 F2d 963; D'Agosta v Royal Netherlands S. S. Co., 301 F2d 105; Schroeder v Braun & Co., 502 F2d 235; United States Steel Corp. v Hartford Acc. & Ind. Co., 511 F2d 96.) II. The courts have upheld a variety of analogous contractual provisions by which parties to the contract have prearranged the remedies and procedures to be employed in the event of litigation. (James Talcott, Inc. v Wilson Hosiery Co., 32 AD2d 524; Bonnie-Lassie Sportswear v Century Factors, 283 App Div 702; Waterside Holding Corp. v Lask, 233 App Div 456; Lerner v Rivera, 25 Misc 2d 558; Linker v Herrard, 13 Misc 2d 445; Amazon Mgt. Corp. v Paff, 166 Misc 438; Adelphi Enterprises v Mirpa, Inc., 33 AD2d 1019; National Rental v Szukhent, 375 US 311; Syracuse Plaster Co. v Agostini Bros. Bldg. Corp., 169 Misc 564.) III. The County’s duty "to maintain the highway in a reasonable safe condition” does not require it to affirmatively insure the safety of Zara’s employees. It is, therefore, not liable to plaintiffs for their injuries and third-party defendant Zara, in turn, has no duty to indemnify. (Canepa v State of New York, 203 Misc 694, 282 App Div 145; Turner v City of Newburgh, 109 NY 301; Gille v State of New York, 197 Mise 1043; Ingham v State of New York, 4 Misc 2d 1; Khoury v County of Saratoga, 267 NY 384; Aschmutat v State of New York, 17 Misc 2d 553; Boyce Motor Lines v State of New York, 280 App Div 693, 306 NY 801; Bird v State of New York, 2 Misc 2d 244; Goodman v State of New York, 203 Misc 945; Viggiano v State of New York, 47 Misc 2d 205.) IV. On the basis of principles already enunciated, the County, as owner, may not be held liable absent a finding of direct and immediate supervision and control by its inspectors. (Persichilli v Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth., 16 NY2d 136; Zucchelli v City Constr. Co., 4 NY2d 52; Ortiz v Uhl, 39 AD2d 143, 33 NY2d 989; Wright v Belt Assoc., 14 NY2d 129; Ramos v State of New York, 34 AD2d 1056; Kappel v Fisher Bros. 6th Ave. Corp., 29 AD2d 578, 39 NY2d 1039; Tallarico v Long Is. Light. Co., 38 NY2d 733; Dawson v Diesel Constr. Co., Div. of Carl A. Morse, Inc., 51 AD2d 397; Freeo v Victor A. Pirosi, Inc., 54 AD2d 684; Scavone v State Univ. Constr. Fund, 46 AD2d 895.) V. In view of defendant Rostad’s uncontroverted testimony, the trial court should have ruled, as a matter of law, that the absence of traffic cones was not a proximate cause of the accident. (Natina v Westchester County Park Comm., 49 Misc 2d 573; Boyce Motor Lines v State of New York, 280 App Div 693; Cruz v State of New York, 38 AD2d 764; Frohm v State of New York, 34 AD2d 724.)
Marshall D. Sweetbaum and Bernard P. McSherry for Maria T. Lopes, respondent.
I. The County of Nassau was charged with a duty of maintaining its roads and highways in a reasonably safe condition. (Tharrett v County of St. Lawrence, 24 AD2d 700; Karl v State of New York, 279 NY 555; Huston v Chenango County, 253 App Div 56, 278 NY 646; Klepper v Seymour House Corp., 246 NY 85; Meil v Syracuse Contrs., 19 AD2d 10; Shaffer v State of New York, 256 App Div 1053; Neddo v State of New York, 194 Misc 379, 275 App Div 492, 300 NY 533.) II. The absence of any warning devices on the highway was a concurring proximate cause of the accident resulting in the death of decedent, Lopes. (Segal v State of New York, 79 Misc 2d 529; Marton v McCasland, 16 AD2d 781.)
E. Richard Rimmels, Jr., for third-party plaintiff-respondent.
This court should not disturb the judgment in the third-party action. (Williams v D. A. H. Constr. Corp., 42 AD2d 877; O’Dowd v American Sur. Co., 3 NY2d 347.)

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
Wachtler, J.
S. Zara Contracting Co., Inc. (Zara), by contract with the County of Nassau (County) undertook a sanitary sewer construction project. On September 3, 1971 at 9:00 a.m., while repairing a manhole in connection with the project, Manuel Lopes and Vito Martino, both employees of Zara, were struck by an automobile driven by Harold Rostad and owned by his mother Palma Rostad. As a result of the accident Lopes died and Martino suffered personal injuries.
The accident occurred in the northbound lane of Babylon Turnpike, a two-lane county highway in the Village of Free-port. Just prior to the accident Harold Rostad had been driving in the southbound lane at approximately 30 mph. At that time the weather was clear, the road was dry, and nothing obstructed Rostad's vision, nor otherwise interfered with his driving. Except for a red flag attached to a tripod located about 50 feet south of the manhole in the northbound lane, no warning devices of any kind had been placed to alert on-coming traffic of the potential hazard of the construction zone.
It was the responsibility of Joseph Duffe, a civil engineer employed by the County, to supervise a team of County engineers who inspected Zara's work to assure that the project was progressing satisfactorily. There was no indication, however, that the County, through Duffe or otherwise, had taken any actions by which it assumed the responsibility of placing warning devices around the job site. To the contrary, the contract between the County and Zara stated that "[t]he Contractor shall provide to the satisfaction of the [County] Engineer and at his own expense, suitable barricades and warning signs for the protection of pedestrians and vehicular traffic" (Contract, art 6).
Two separate actions, jointly tried before a jury, were brought against the Rostads and the County of Nassau, one for the wrongful death of Lopes and the other in negligence for the personal injuries sustained by Martino. The County, by way of a third-party action, sought common-law indemnification (see Dole v Dow Chem. Co., 30 NY2d 143) from Zara in both actions. Finding for the plaintiffs in each case the jury apportioned the damages 70% against the Rostads and 30% against the County. By stipulation of the parties, the court considered the County's indemnification claim and awarded judgment over against Zara on the theory of common-law indemnification for the entire contribution of the County to the plaintiffs' recoveries. The Appellate Division affirmed unanimously and we granted leave to appeal.
The plaintiffs' theory of liability against the County is that sections 102 and 139 of the Highway Law impose a nondelegable duty on the County to supervise construction work on County roads, and for liability for injuries sustained as a result of dangerous road conditions. The primary issue is whether the nondelegable duty of the County to maintain its roads in a safe condition, which concededly applies to the traveling public, extends to employees of an independent contractor who suffer injuries caused in part by the contractor's negligence while working on a County road construction project. We hold that the County's nondelegable duty does not apply in such a case.
It has long been established that a governmental body, be it the State, a county or a municipality, is under a nondelegable duty to maintain its roads and highways in a reasonably safe condition, and that liability will flow for injuries resulting from a breach of the duty (Neddo v State of New York, 194 Misc 379, affd 275 App Div 492, affd 300 NY 533). Because the duty is nondelegable, even if the dangerous condition of the road, which caused the injury, is created by an independent contractor, the obligation imposed on the governmental body nevertheless remains fixed (Pettengill v City of Yonkers, 116 NY 558).
The source of this duty is not only the common law, but also statute. Section 102 of the Highway Law provides: "The County superintendent shall 1. Have general charge and supervision of the work of constructing, improving, repairing and maintaining all county roads". The consequent liability of a county for breaching this duty is also prescribed by statute: "When, by law, a county has charge of the repair or maintenance of a road the county shall be liable for injuries to person or property sustained in consequence of such road being defective, out of repair [or] unsafe because of the negligence of the county, its officers, agents or servants" (Highway Law, § 139).
Although the County concedes, as indeed it must, that it is subject to this statutory nondelegable duty, it argues that the legislative policy behind the statutes was to protect the traveling public exclusively. Since the injured parties in this case were employees of an independent contractor, and were injured through the contractor's negligence while working at the job site, the County urges that they were not part of the traveling public. Hence the County claims it owed them no duty to maintain the road in a safe condition.
To determine the proper scope and breadth to be accorded these statutes and the duty they impose, we must be guided primarily by the intent of the Legislature. "In many cases the evident policy of the legislature is to protect only a limited class of individuals. If so, the plaintiff must bring himself within the class in order to maintain an action based on the statute" (Prosser, Torts [4th ed], § 36, p 194; Chotapeg, Inc. v Bullowa, 291 NY 70, 74; Dean v Baumann, 39 AD2d 138, affd 32 NY2d 756). Only if the person seeking redress comes within the protective orbit of the statute, will his claim based upon a breach of a statutory duty be upheld (Van Gaasbeck v Webatuck Cent. School Dist., 21 NY2d 239, 244-245; Beauchamp v New York City Housing Auth., 12 NY2d 400, 401; Di Caprio v New York Cent. R. R. Co., 231 NY 94).
Application of this principle to sections 102 and 139 of the Highway Law compels the conclusion that the duty which they create was intended by the Legislature, and has been interpreted by the courts of this State, to extend to the traveling public, pedestrians, motorists and the like, but not to employees of an independent contractor working on a construction project.
Since the inception of this nondelegable duty the courts have consistently indicated that it is intended to protect the traveling public. In Storrs v City of Utica (17 NY 104, 108) we said: "The principles suggested become plain propositions in the case of a municipal corporation which owes to the public the duty of keeping its streets in a safe condition for travel." Using nearly identical language in a more recent case we again stated that "[t]he city owed to the public the absolute duty of keeping its streets in a reasonably safe condition for travel" (Annino v City of Utica, 276 NY 192, 196; Weiss v Fote, 7 NY2d 579, 584; Restatement, Torts 2d, § 418).
The reason that the principal object of the duty is the traveling public is apparent. One responsibility of government is to provide the public with roads and highways for travel. With this responsibility comes the further obligation to assure, insofar as is reasonably possible, that the thoroughfares of travel will be constructed and maintained in a safe condition. A governmental body would hardly have fulfilled its responsibility if the roadways it provided for public use were a source of public danger. It is for this reason that "[governments have ever been most zealous to afford special protection to the users of streets, highways and other means of transportation" (1936 Report of NY, Law Rev Comm, p 955).
But the duty, although stringent with respect to the traveling public, should not be rashly extended to protect those for whose sake the duty was not conceived. While engaged in the tasks assigned them, the employees of an independent contractor which has undertaken a road construction project may be exposed to risks. Being in control of the daily operation of the project, the employer, not the governmental body with which it is under contract, is in the best position to maintain safe working conditions and to remedy whatever dangers may exist. Indeed the employer-employee relationship places a duty on the independent contractor to see to the safety of its workers. If the contractor is remiss in this duty and by its acts or omissions subjects its workmen to danger, it is the contractor which must face liability (cf. Caldwell v State of New York, 39 Misc 2d 898, affd 22 AD2d 834).
So it is with the case now before us. Although the County would not be insulated from liability if the independent contractor's negligence had caused injury to a traveler (Pettengill v City of Yonkers, 116 NY 558, supra), a different rule must apply here. The independent contractor was in control of the work site, and the jury found the contractor negligent in failing to position adequate warning devices. This negligence was a proximate cause of the automobile accident. The contractor's failure to protect its own workers cannot throw the County into liability, particularly where, as here, the contractor had assumed the responsibility to place warning devices (Contract, art 6).
Because we hold that the County did not owe a nondelegable duty to the injured parties in this case to maintain the road in a safe condition, we need not reach the further issue of whether the contractual indemnification clause superseded the County's right to seek common-law indemnification from Zara.
Accordingly the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed and the complaints dismissed against the County of Nassau. The third-party claims of the County against Zara should be dismissed as moot.
Chief Judge Breitel and Judges Jasen, Gabrielli, Jones, Fuchsberg and Cooke concur.
Order reversed, with costs to defendant County of Nassau only against plaintiffs, and the complaints against defendant County of Nassau and the third-party complaints against S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co., Inc., dismissed.
. Having charged the jury on the nondelegable duty of the County to maintain its roads in a reasonably safe condition under the common law and section 102 of the Highway Law, the court refused to charge the jury on section 139. Such a charge, as the trial court noted, would have been redundant since section 139 imposes no duty on the County beyond that of which the jury had already been instructed.
. In this case we are not presented with, nor do we resolve, the issue of the County of Nassau's liability under section 241 of the Labor Law.