Case Name: Cindy L. BALAS a/k/a Cindy L. Adkins, Executrix of the Estate of Corporal John J. Balas, Plaintiff, v. Stanley W. TAYLOR, Jr., individually and in his official capacity as the Commissioner of Correction, et al., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the District of Delaware
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2008-07-29
Citations: 567 F. Supp. 2d 654
Docket Number: Civil Action No. 06-592 JJF
Parties: Cindy L. BALAS a/k/a Cindy L. Adkins, Executrix of the Estate of Corporal John J. Balas, Plaintiff, v. Stanley W. TAYLOR, Jr., individually and in his official capacity as the Commissioner of Correction, et al., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 567
Pages: 654–667

Head Matter:
Cindy L. BALAS a/k/a Cindy L. Adkins, Executrix of the Estate of Corporal John J. Balas, Plaintiff, v. Stanley W. TAYLOR, Jr., individually and in his official capacity as the Commissioner of Correction, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action No. 06-592 JJF.
United States District Court, D. Delaware.
July 29, 2008.
Thomas S. Neuberger, Esquire; Stephen J. Neuberger, Esquire; and Cheryl A. Hertzog, Esquire of the Neuberger Firm, Wilmington, DE, for Plaintiff.
Ralph K. Durstein, III, Deputy Attorney General & Stacey Xarhoulakos, Deputy Attorney General of the Department of Justice for the State of Delaware, Wilmington, DE, for Defendants.

Opinion:
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
FARNAN, District Judge.
Pending before the Court are the cross motions for summary judgment filed by Plaintiff Cindy L. Balas and Defendants Taylor, Machtinger, Deloy, Wilkinson, Mears, and Department of Correction of the State of Delaware. (D.I. 57, D.I. 54.) For the reasons discussed below, Plaintiffs Motion will be granted in part and denied in part, and Defendants' Motion will be granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
On September 25, 2006, Plaintiff Cindy L. Balas (also referred to as Cindy L. Adkins), as executrix of the estate of Corporal John J. Balas ("Corporal Balas"), filed this action against Defendants Taylor, Machtinger, Deloy, Wilkinson, Mears, and Department of Correction of the State of Delaware ("DOC") pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Cpl. Balas's suicide was proximately caused by Defendants' retaliation in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. (D.I. 1.) Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that, following Cpl. Balas's union solidarity debate, resignation from the Correction Emergency Response Team in support of a union job action, and refusal to cross a picket line, Lieutenant Truman Mears ("Lt. Mears") retaliated against Cpl. Balas by giving him a mediocre performance evaluation that contained falsified information, refusing to discuss the evaluation with Cpl. Balas and Lt. Mears's supervisor, altering Cpl. Balas's timecard, and constantly monitoring and nitpicking Cpl. Balas. (See D.I. 58.)
I. Cpl. Balas's Union Affiliation and CERT resignation
At the time of his suicide, Cpl. Balas was an eleven year veteran of the DOC. (D.I. 63 at A655.) Cpl. Balas worked in the Property and Receiving Room at Sussex Correctional Institute ("SCI") in Georgetown, Delaware, and also served as a Correction Emergency Response Team ("CERT") member from 1995 through 2004. (Id. at 656.) CERT is a tactical unit composed of an elite group of correctional officers who, in addition to their normal duties, respond to a variety of public safety situations, including escapes. (D.I. 63, T. Mears deposition at A721.) In August of 2004, Cpl. Balas was a member of the Correctional Officers Association of Delaware ("COAD"), a union for prison guards of the rank of sergeant and below. (T. Mears dep. at A756.)
At all times relevant to this lawsuit, Defendant Truman Mears was a Lieutenant, a member of CERT, and Cpl. Balas's immediate supervisor in Property and Receiving. (Id. atA707-08.)
During the summer of 2004, COAD was involved in contentious contract negotiations with the DOC. (Id. At 716-17.) As part of its campaign to pressure the DOC and state elected officials, COAD publicized security lapses in the Delaware prisons and its understaffing concerns, among other issues, through newspaper articles and large billboards. (Id.; Wilkinson dep. at A922; Mumford dep. at A973; Knight decl at A550.) On July 30, 2004, as a way to publicize the "critically low staffing levels," COAD publicly announced that its membership would refuse voluntary overtime (the "job action"). (Knight decl at A560.)
On August 5, 2004, Commissioner Taylor activated five members of the CERT team, including Cpl. Balas, to assist the DOC's Court and Transportation Unit ("transportation unit"). (Id. at A561; Wilkinson dep. at A922.) CERT members, including Cpl. Balas, met that night at the home of Lee Mears (no relation to Lt. Mears) to discuss the activation. (L. Mears dep. at A1054; T. Mears dep. at A733.) Both Cpl. Balas and Defendant Lt. Mears were vocal at this meeting, with Cpl. Balas opposing the activation and Lt. Mears expressing a different view. (Adams dep. at A867.) The five CERT members activated reported for their assignment the next day. (T. Mears dep. at A735.)
On August 6, 2004, the CERT members who had been activated to help the transportation unit were ridiculed, cursed, and called "strike-breakers" by their co-workers. (L. Mears dep. at A1054.) After reporting for duty, the CERT members discovered that only two prisoners would have been released if not transported to court that day, and that the five full-time unit officers could have handled this task. (Id.) Because of this, Cpl. Balas asked Major Hall, the head of CERT, why they had been activated. (Id.) Major Hall's response led Cpl. Balas and other CERT members to believe that their activation was politically motivated. (Id. at A1054-55, A1071.)
At the conclusion of their shift on August 6, 2004, the five assigned CERT members and five additional members met with Warden Kearney and resigned their positions on CERT. (Wilkinson dep. at A923, A925; Foskey dep. at A987-90.) The CERT members told the Warden that they had a "moral obligation to back up our fellow officers that we work with above anything else." (Hastings dep. at A967.) Lt. Mears did not resign. (T. Mears dep. at A738.)
II. Defendant Mears's Allegedly Retaliatory Acts
On September 26, 2004, Cpl. Balas received a performance evaluation of "Meets Expectations" from Defendant Mears. (T. Mears Ex. 11 at A838.) Lt. Mears included in the evaluation an attached letter that purported to explain why Cpl. Balas was receiving a "Meets Expectations," rather than "Exceeds Expectations," as he had in the past. (Id. at A840.) In this attachment, Lt. Mears wrote that he had meetings "with the Sgt. in charge of the area Cpl. Balas works [in] about Cpl. Balas [sic] poor work performance, poor attitude, and his unwillingness to get along with other staff." (Id.) Further, Lt. Mears wrote that "Cpl. Balas is no longer a member of C.E.R.T," and that Mears does "not feel that perfect attendance alone (although commendable) is enough to justify exceeds." (Id.) Lt. Mears also discussed problems he had with Cpl. Balas teaching other correctional officers in QRT training. (Id.) Cpl. Balas received a commendation from Major Townsend for a "job well done" with respect to the QRT training, (T. Mears Ex. 8 at P827.), which the performance evaluation did not mention. Lt. Mears testified that he "didn't document" any of the criticisms mentioned in the attachment prior to writing the evaluation. (T. Mears dep. at A747, A475.)
The policy and procedure of the DOC is to document performance deficiencies (Wilkinson dep. at A935). Defendant Mears's supervisor, Captain Wilkinson, testified that an officer with the attributes described in the attachment to Cpl. Balas's performance evaluation would not meet the expectations set by the DOC. (Id. at A937.)
After learning that Defendant Mears was giving him an evaluation of "Meeting Expectations," Cpl. Balas requested a meeting with Capt. Wilkinson and a union representative to review his evaluation, and refused to sign off on the evaluation until this meeting. (Id. at A927.) Capt. Wilkinson agreed to review the evaluation with Cpl. Balas, but Defendant Mears submitted it up the chain of command before that meeting took place and without Cpl. Balas's signature on it. (Id. at A929, A930-31.)
In September of 2004, Cpl. Balas discovered that Defendant Mears had altered his time card to show that Cpl. Balas had taken an emergency vacation day rather than a holiday or scheduled vacation. Lt. Mears testified that he changed Cpl. Ba-las's time card because of a complaint from staff that they were unable to get emergency vacation time because of their race, "something that had nothing to do with [Cpl. Balas]." (T. Mears dep. at A753-54.) Lt. Mears returned Cpl. Balas's timecard to its original form at Capt. Wilkinson's request. (Wilkinson dep. at A939.)
In October of 2004, Cpl. Balas told his wife that he was going to file a grievance disputing his performance evaluation, because he believed it was retaliatory. (Adkins dep. at A1011.) Plaintiff has produced a copy of a completed COAD grievance form, dated October 4, 2004, that was found in Cpl. Balas's home. (A587-588.) The COAD shop steward testified to giving Cpl. Balas the grievance form, to recognizing his own signature on it, and to having "no idea" whether Cpl. Balas actually filed the grievance. (Ackenbrack dep. at A1045.) Defendants were not aware of Cpl. Balas filing any grievance. (D.I. 56, Wilkinson dep. at A230-34; D.I. 56, T. Mears dep. at A173-174.)
On February 19, 2005, Cpl. Balas committed suicide.
STANDARD OF LAW
In pertinent part, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) provides that a party is entitled to summary judgment if a court determines from its examination of "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any," that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
A court should not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence. Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000). To properly consider all of the evidence without making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence, a "court should give credence to the evidence favoring the nonmovant as well as that evidence supporting the moving party that is uncontradicted and unim-peached, at least to the extent that that evidence comes from disinterested witnesses." Id. at 151, 120 S.Ct. 2097 (internal citations omitted).
To defeat a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must "do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.... In the language of the Rule, the non-moving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)(internal citations omitted). The mere existence of some evidence in support of the non-movant will not be sufficient to support a denial of a motion for summary judgment; there must be enough evidence to enable a jury to reasonably find for the non-movant on that issue. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Thus, if the evidence is "merely cobrable, or is not significantly probative," summary judgment may be granted. Id.
DISCUSSION
The Court will discuss the contentions raised in the parties' cross motions for summary judgment as follows: (1) whether Plaintiffs damage claims arising from the Cpl. Balas's suicide are procedurally barred; (2) whether summary judgment is appropriate with respect to Plaintiffs claims against Defendants Taylor, Ma-chtinger, Wilkinson, and Deloy; (3) whether summary judgment is appropriate with respect to Plaintiffs claim against Defendant Mears; (4) whether Defendant Mears is entitled to qualified immunity; and (5) whether the DOC, as an agency of the state of Delaware, is protected by Eleventh Amendment immunity.
I. Whether Plaintiffs Damage Claims are Limited to those Arising During the Lifetime of Cpl. Balas
Defendants contend that Plaintiffs claims for damages arising from the suicide of Cpl. Balas are barred by her failure to plead a wrongful death action under Delaware law. Defendants contend that Plaintiff brought a § 1983 claim based on Delaware survival action principles, and that, in the absence of a wrongful death action, Plaintiff cannot attribute Cpl. Ba-las's suicide to the alleged retaliation by Defendants. In response, Plaintiff contends that available remedies in § 1983 actions are not limited to those commonly recovered in pure state law survival actions.
Plaintiff brought this First Amendment retaliation action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983, however, provides no guidance for how to evaluate damages. Frontier Ins. Co. v. Blaty, 454 F.3d 590, 598 (6th Cir.2006). Federal law incorporates the law of the forum state where section 1983 is "deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies," provided the state law is not inconsistent with the federal law or Constitution. 42 U.S.C. § 1988; see also Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584, 589-90, 98 S.Ct. 1991, 56 L.Ed.2d 554 (1978); Frontier Ins., 454 F.3d at 598. Various courts of appeal have examined state survival and wrongful death laws to determine whether they fulfill the compensation and deterrent purposes of section 1983, and if not, what federal common law remedies are available. See, e.g., Frontier Ins., 454 F.3d at 599-604; Berry v. City of Muskogee, 900 F.2d 1489 (10th Cir.1990).
Plaintiff contends that the federal remedies fashioned in Berry are appropriate here in light of the deficiencies of Delaware's survival action, but this contention ignores the broader remedies afforded by Delaware's wrongful death action. In deed, Defendants' contention is that Plaintiff is estopped from asserting damage claims stemming from Cpl. Balas's suicide because she failed to file a wrongful death action, not because Delaware law provides no such remedies. Thus, the question before the Court is whether Plaintiffs pleading properly encompasses damage claims arising from Cpl. Balas's death.
Paragraph one of Plaintiffs Complaint states "[t]his is a civil survival action for compensatory and punitive damages and for injunctive relief brought by the Estate of a deceased Correctional Officer whose death was proximately caused by a Department wide policy of retaliation . in violation of the decedent's rights . under the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution." (D.I. 1, ¶ 1.) Paragraph two states "[t]he cause of action arises under 42 U.S.C. § 1983." (Id., ¶ 2.) Paragraph three labels the complaint "this survival action." (Id., ¶ 3.) Paragraph one hundred thirty nine requests, inter alia, damages stemming from Cpl. Balas's death, including "future or front pay" and "loss of earning capacity." (Id., 1139(C).)
The Court concludes that Plaintiff has properly pled a section 1983 retaliation claim that incorporates Delaware tort law principles, including those encompassed in a wrongful death action. Section 1983 does not require a plaintiff bringing a section 1983 claim to specify whether it is incorporating state tort law principles, or if it is, which principles it relies on. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983, 1988; Robertson, 436 U.S. at 589-90, 98 S.Ct. 1991. Defendants contend that Plaintiff has filed a survival action and would need to have instead filed a wrongful death action to avail herself of the remedies provided in § 3724. Plaintiff, however, has not asserted a state law survival action only, but rather a First Amendment retaliation action pursuant to section 1983, which incorporates state law principles as necessary. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The Court concludes that Plaintiffs Complaint, as styled, gives Defendants adequate notice of damage claims arising from Cpl. Balas's death. In other words, despite labeling the Complaint a "survival action," Plaintiff filed this action pursuant to section 1983 and pled broad damage claims, such that Defendants will not be prejudiced if Delaware wrongful death damages principles are incorporated into this action. Accordingly, the Court will deny Defendants' Motion for partial Summary Judgment on these damage claims.
II. Claims Against Defendants Taylor, Machtinger, Wilkinson, and Deloy
By her Answering Brief, Plaintiff states that she "does not oppose the dismissal of defendants Deloy, Wilkinson, Machtinger or Taylor," leaving only Lt. Mears and the DOC as named defendants. (D.I. 65 at 4.) Accordingly, the Court will grant Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to Defendants Taylor, Ma-chtinger, Wilkinson, and Deloy.
III. Whether Summary Judgment is Appropriate on Plaintiffs Public Employee Retaliation Claim Against Lt. Mears
Public employee claims of retaliation for engaging in protected First Amendment conduct are analyzed using a three-step approach. Hill v. City of Scranton, 411 F.3d 118, 125 (3d Cir.2005). First, the employee must show that the activity is protected. Second, the employee must show that the protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the alleged retaliatory action. Lastly, the employer may defeat the employee's claim by demonstrating that the same adverse action would have taken place in the absence of the protected conduct. Id.
A. Whether Cpl. Balas Engaged in Protected Activity
The first prong of the retaliation test, which concerns the protected status of the employee's activity, is a question of law. Hill, 411 F.3d at 127.
By her Motion, Plaintiff contends that Cpl. Balas engaged in conduct protected by the First Amendment through his: (1) union membership; (2) union solidarity debate with Defendant Mears; (3) symbolic speech of resigning from CERT and refusing to cross a picket line; and (4) filing a union grievance. In response, Defendants contend Cpl. Balas's alleged protected conduct was pursuant to his official duties and thus not protected by the First Amendment.
Speech by private citizens on matters of public importance lies at the heart of the First Amendment. See, e.g., Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network Of Western New York, 519 U.S. 357, 377, 117 S.Ct. 855, 137 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997). An employee's speech addresses a matter of public concern when it can be "fairly considered as relating to any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community." Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983); Pro v. Donatucci, 81 F.3d 1283, 1288 (3d Cir.1996). Non-verbal conduct is "protected by the First Amendment when the nature of [the] activity, combined with the factual context and environment in which it was undertaken, shows that the activity was sufficiently imbued with elements of communication to fall within the [First Amendment's] scope." Tenafly Eruv Ass'n, Inc. v. Borough of Tenafly, 309 F.3d 144, 158 (3d Cir.2002)(internal punctuation omitted)(quoting Spence v. Washington, 418 U.S. 405, 409-10, 94 S.Ct. 2727, 41 L.Ed.2d 842 (1974)); Troster v. Pa. State Dep't of Corrections, 65 F.3d 1086, 1090 (3d Cir.1995). In this "fact-sensitive, context-dependent inquiry," a court analyzes both the intent of the expressive "speaker" and the success that person had in communicating their message. Troster, 65 F.3d at 1090. "First, we examined whether the officer intended subjectively (i.e., actually intended) for his conduct to communicate to persons whom he expected to observe it (i.e., his intended audience).... Second, we considered whether observers understood the message the officer intended his conduct to convey." Tenafly, 309 F.3d at 161.
The Court concludes that Cpl. Ba-las's resignation from CERT constitutes symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment. To begin, the resignation of Cpl. Balas and nine other CERT members can only be understood in light of the public dispute over contract negotiations between the COAD union and DOC management. The extent to which Delaware's prisons were understaffed, and the subsequent imposition of voluntary and mandatory overtime on officers, was a major issue in COAD's labor dispute and a point of emphasis in its media campaign. The COAD job action of refusing all voluntary overtime spoke directly to this issue, as did the Commissioner's decision to activate the CERT team to supplement the Court and Transportation unit. In this context, the resignation of ten CERT team members, including Cpl. Balas, was significant. The record evidence demonstrates that the resigning CERT members intended their resignation to communicate support of the job action to prison management (Adam dep. at A869-70; West dep. at A889, A890), and that prison management understood that this was the message the CERT members intended to convey (Hasting dep. at 967; Shockley dep. at A957). Further Cpl. Balas even told Captain Wilkinson that they had resigned "to support COAD." (Wilkinson dep. at A926.) Accordingly, the Court concludes that Cpl. Ba-las's resignation from the CERT team constituted symbolic speech on matters of public concern, and as such was conduct protected by the First Amendment.
Speech made by public employees "pursuant to their official duties" is not protected under the First Amendment. Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 164 L.Ed.2d 689 (2006). Defendants' contention that resigning from CERT is pursuant to a CERT member's official duties is difficult to understand, given that a resignation in the circumstances present here is in effect a refusal to perform one's job duties. The Court thus concludes that Cpl. Balas's resignation from CERT was not pursuant to his official duties, but rather was symbolic speech made in his capacity as a citizen for First Amendment purposes. Cf. Foraker v. Chaffinch, 501 F.3d 231 (3d Cir.2007)(finding prior statements made in the chain of command, and a later statement to the State Auditor ordered by superiors, pursuant to official duties). Accordingly, insofar as the Court decides as a matter of law that Cpl. Balas's conduct conferred protected status under the First Amendment, it will grant Plaintiffs Motion and deny Defendant's Motion.
B. Whether Summary Judgment is Warranted on Prongs Two and Three
Under the second prong in a public employee retaliation claim, the employee must show that the protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the alleged retaliatory action. Hill, 411 F.3d at 125. Under the third prong, the employer may defeat the employee's claim by demonstrating that the same adverse action would have taken place in the absence of the protected conduct. Id.
The Court finds that genuine issues of material fact exist for prongs two and three of Plaintiffs retaliation claim, such that summary judgment for either party under Rule 56(c) is inappropriate.
IV. Whether Defendent Mears is Entitled To Qualified Immunity
A public official is entitled to qualified immunity if the official's conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights that a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). Whether an official is entitled to qualified immunity is a purely legal question, Acierno v. Cloutier, 40 F.3d 597, 609 (3d Cir.1994), in which a court first asks the threshold question: "Taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right," Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001). If such a violation can be made out, the court next asks "whether the right was clearly established" Id. This second inquiry does not require exact factual correspondence between the right asserted and prior case law, as "officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law even in novel factual circumstances." Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002). Rather, application of qualified immunity turns on the "objective legal reasonableness of the action, assessed in light of the legal rules that were clearly established at the time it was taken;" the salient question is whether "reasonable officials in Defendants' positions could have believed that their conduct was lawful." Doe v. Delie, 257 F.3d 309, 318 (3d Cir.2001) (internal quotes and citations omitted).
By his reply brief, Lt. Mears contends that he is entitled to qualified immunity because the conduct Plaintiff alleges to be retaliatory was not clearly established as actionable during the relevant time period. With respect to part one of the qualified immunity inquiry, Lt. Mears does not contest the proposition that the facts alleged by Plaintiff reveal a constitutional violation. In response, Plaintiff contends that an individual's right to be free from retaliation for union association, free speech, and petitioning the government is clearly established law.
With respect to part one of the qualified immunity inquiry, the Court concludes that the facts alleged by Plaintiff could support a contention of a constitutional violation. Viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, Cpl. Balas was given a mediocre performance evaluation that contained falsified criticism, denied an opportunity to discuss that evaluation with Lt. Mears' supervisor, had his time card altered, and was constantly monitored and nitpicked in retaliation for his union membership, symbolic speech (resigning from CERT) in support of the union job action, and refusal to cross the picket line. To be actionable, retaliatory conduct need only be "sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness" from exercising her free speech rights. Suppan v. Dadonna, 203 F.3d 228, 235 (3d Cir.2000). The Court finds that the facts alleged by Plaintiff satisfies this low deterrence threshold. See O'Connor v. City of Newark, 440 F.3d 125, 127-28 (3d Cir.2006).
Turning to part two of this inquiry, the Court concludes that a reasonable officer in Defendant Mears' position could not have believed that his actions were constitutionally permissible. Notably, Defendant Mears testified that he knows it is illegal to retaliate against an employee who belongs to a union or files a grievance. (T. Mears dep. at A715-16.) Supreme Court case law clearly established decades ago that the First Amendment encompasses union membership and activity, and prohibits retaliation for such activity. See, e.g., United Transp. Union v. State Bar of Mick, 401 U.S. 576, 578, 91 S.Ct. 1076, 28 L.Ed.2d 339 (1971); Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Emp., Local 1315, 441 U.S. 463, 464-65, 99 S.Ct. 1826, 60 L.Ed.2d 360 (1979). Similarly, the Third Circuit held that, as of 1982, the law has been clearly established that a public employee cannot be retaliated against for exercising First Amendment rights. Bennis v. Gable, 823 F.2d 723, 733 (3d Cir.1987). As already discussed, the retaliatory conduct need only be "sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness" from exercising their free speech rights. Suppan, 203 F.3d at 235. The Suppan court found a "campaign of harassment which though trivial in detail may have been substantial in gross," and which culminated in a lowered ranking on a promotion list, to be actionable under section 1983. Id. Under the factual scenario alleged by Plaintiff, and in light of the clearly established law discussed above, the Court concludes that a reasonable officer in Defendant Mears's position could not have believed his actions to be constitutionally permissible. Accordingly, Defendant Mears is not entitled to qualified immunity and the Court will deny Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment in this respect.
Y. Whether the Department of Correction is Protected by-Eleventh Amendment Immunity
By their Motion, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs claims against the DOC, an agency of the state of Delaware, are barred because the Eleventh Amendment provides immunity from such actions. In response, Plaintiff contends that the DOC is a properly joined defendant for the sole purpose of collecting attorneys' fees and costs.
After reviewing Plaintiffs Complaint and the applicable law, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs joinder of the DOC is impermissible. "[T]he substantive protections of the Eleventh Amendment do not prevent an award of attorney's fees against the Department's officers in their official capacities." Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 692, 98 S.Ct. 2565, 57 L.Ed.2d 522 (1978). The Supreme Court has elaborated: "[t]he holding of Hutto, therefore, was . that the Eleventh Amendment did not apply to an award of attorney's fees ancillary to a grant of prospective relief." Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 280, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989) (citation omitted). Here, unlike in Hutto, Plaintiff is seeking attorneys' fees directly from a state agency, rather than from state officers in their official capacity. The sole remaining individual Defendant in this action, Lieutenant Truman Mears, (see supra, Discussion § I) is named only in his individual capacity (D.I. 1, ¶ 10). Moreover, the prospective (or injunctive) relief sought by Plaintiff in her Complaint is no longer applicable, given that Defendant Mears is the only remaining defendant and that the prospective relief sought pertained only to Defendants Taylor, Ma-chtinger, and Deloy. The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiffs claim against the DOC for attorneys' fees is impermissible, as no claims for prospective relief remain and attorneys' fees against a state are only permitted under the Eleventh Amendment when ancillary to a grant of prospective relief. See 491 U.S. at 280, 109 S.Ct. 2463. Accordingly, the Court will grant Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to Defendant DOC.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed, the Court concludes as a matter of law that (1) Cpl. Balas's conduct conferred protected status under the First Amendment, (2) Defendant Mears is not entitled to qualified immunity, and (3) the DOC is improperly joined as a defendant and is entitled to summary judgment. Further, the Court concludes that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment should be granted with respect to Taylor, Machtinger, Wilkinson, and Deloy. For the remaining elements of Plaintiffs public employee retaliation claim, the Court finds that genuine issues of material fact exist, such that summary judgment for either party under Rule 56(c) is inappropriate. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Motion will be granted in part and denied in part, and Defendants' Mo tion will be granted in part and denied in part.
An appropriate order will be entered.
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
ORDER
At Wilmington, this 29 day of July 2008, for the reasons discussed in the Memorandum Opinion issued this date;
NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (D.I. 57) is GRANTED in part, insofar as the Court decides as a matter of law that Cpl. Balas's conduct conferred protected status under the First Amendment, and DENIED in part, insofar as the Court denies summary judgment on the remaining elements of Plaintiffs retaliation claim;
2. Defendants' Motion For Summary Judgment (D.I. 54) is GRANTED in part, insofar as the Court decides as a matter of law that the DOC is improperly joined in this action and grants summary judgment with respect Defendants Taylor, Machtinger, Wilkinson, Deloy, and the DOC, and DENIED in part, insofar as the Court decides as a matter of law that Defendant Mears is not entitled to qualified immunity and denies summary judgment on the remaining elements of Plaintiffs retaliation claim.
. Because only the qualified immunity inquiry and the first prong of Plaintiff's retaliation claim (whether Cpl. Balas has engaged in conduct protected by the First Amendment) warrant summary judgment, see infra, the Court will limit its recitation of facts to those relevant to these issues.
. Hereinafter, Witness testimony contained in Document Items 58-64 will be cited as "[Deponent Name] dep. at A[### ]."
Del.Code Ann. tit. 10, § 3724(d) (2008).
. For damages under a wrongful death action, Delaware law provides:
(d) In fixing the amount of damages to be awarded under this subchapter, the court or jury shall consider all the facts and circumstances and from them fix the award at such sum as will fairly compensate for the injury resulting from the death. In determining the amount of the award the court or jury may consider the following:
(1)Deprivation of the expectation of pecuniary benefits to the beneficiary or beneficiaries that would have resulted from the continued life of the deceased;
(2) Loss of contributions for support;
(3) Loss of parental, marital and household services, including the reasonable cost of providing for the care of minor children;
(4) Reasonable funeral expenses not to exceed $7,000, or the amount designated in § 5546(a) of Title 29, whichever is greater;
(5) Mental anguish resulting from such death to the surviving spouse and next-of-kin of such deceased person....
. "Enter a judgment against the individual defendants, jointly and severally, for funeral expenses and other compensatory damages, including lost wages, back pay, pension and other benefits, for future or front pay, loss of earning capacity, emotional distress, humiliation, embarrassment, and injury to reputation." (D.I.l, ¶ 139(C).)
. Given the sufficiency of the CERT resignation in conferring protected status under the First Amendment, the Court will focus its analysis on the resignation without addressing whether the other conduct Plaintiff raises confers protected status. Cpl. Balas's union membership, pre-resignation speech with Defendant Mears, and alleged union grievance all directly relate to the CERT members' decision to resign.
. Defendant do not contend that the COAD job action and larger labor dispute were not matters of public concern.