Case Name: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. Craig R. MORRISON
Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1980-03-21
Citations: 275 Pa. Super. 454
Docket Number: No. 1404
Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. Craig R. MORRISON.
Judges: Before CERCONE, President Judge, and PRICE, VAN der VOORT, SPAETH, HESTER and WIEAND, JJ.
Reporter: Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports
Volume: 275
Pages: 454–472

Head Matter:
418 A.2d 1378
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. Craig R. MORRISON.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued March 23, 1979.
Filed March 21, 1980.
William R. Hagner, Assistant District Attorney, Paoli, for Commonwealth, appellant.
Fred T. Cadmus, III, West Chester, for appellee.
Before CERCONE, President Judge, and PRICE, VAN der VOORT, SPAETH, HESTER and WIEAND, JJ.
Judge DONALD E. WIEAND is sitting by special designation.

Opinion:
PRICE, Judge:
The instant appeal by the Commonwealth is from an order by Judge Thomas A. Pitt, Jr., of the Chester County Court of Common Pleas, suppressing evidence seized pursuant to a warrant executed at appellee's residence. After reviewing the record, we find no violation of appellee's fourth amendment right to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure, and reverse the order of the trial court.
During the first week of October 1977, Trooper Clifford Shaw, a narcotics investigator with the Pennsylvania State Police, went to the residence of appellee in West Goshen Township, Chester County. Appellee was not at home, and Trooper Shaw spoke with his sister. The trooper stated to appellee's sister that he had heard that appellee was in the process of converting a barn located on the premises into a home, and misrepresented that he was contemplating a similar conversion of a barn that he owned. He requested permission to examine the structure to get an idea how the work should be performed. The trooper was in plain clothes and at no time did he identify himself as a member of the Pennsylvania State Police. Permission was granted, and Trooper Shaw examined the outside of the barn, although he did not venture inside. No incriminating evidence was obtained. The trooper did not explain why he was investigating appellee during the first week in October 1977.
As early as October 15, 1976, and again on October 17, 1977, Trooper Shaw received information from two sources indicating that appellee was storing large quantities of drugs in the barn in West Goshen Township. On November 1,1977, Trooper Shaw returned to appellee's residence. This time appellee was present and working outside the barn. Trooper Shaw, again in plain clothes, gave a false name and misrepresented to appellee that he had purchased a bam and was interested in converting it into a photography studio, but that he lacked the technical expertise to carry out the planned conversion. Appellee showed the trooper various items of craftwork on the outside of the barn. Trooper Shaw then requested permission to enter and inspect the interior. Appellee refused, explaining that the interior was rather dirty, and that he wanted to delay any inspection until it could be cleaned. Without any further request by the trooper, appellee then approached a large shuttered window, pulled open the shutters and invited Trooper Shaw to inspect the interior. Making a visual inspection through the window, Trooper Shaw observed a quantity of marijuana.
Later that same day, Trooper Shaw secured a search warrant. On November 2, 1977, the warrant was executed and approximately eighty pounds of marijuana recovered from appellee's bam. On February 28,1978, appellee filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized during the November 2, 1977 raid. At a hearing on April 20, 1978, appellee testified that his consent to Trooper Shaw being on the premises was the direct result of the trooper's failure to properly identify himself and his misrepresentation regarding his purpose in wishing to view the bam. The trial court ruled that the evidence was inadmissible based, inter alia, upon the involuntary nature of the appellee's consent. We disagree and hold that the intrusion was with consent and was not an unreasonable invasion of appellee's fourth amendment right of privacy.
In determining whether appellee's consent to the visual search of his premises, albeit procured through the fraudulent representation of Trooper Shaw, was nevertheless voluntary, we begin with the basic tenet that the fourth amendment is intended to safeguard from unreasonable government intrusions those areas in which a person displays a reasonable expectation of privacy. United States v. Chadwick, 433 U.S. 1, 97 S.Ct. 2476, 53 L.Ed.2d 538 (1977); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967). With few exceptions, an intrusion into a place of privacy may not be effected absent a warrant issued based upon probable cause. See, e. g., Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978); Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971). One of these exceptions is when a criminal suspect consents to the search. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973); Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 90 S.Ct. 1969, 26 L.Ed.2d 409 (1970); Katz v. United States, supra. Instantly, we must determine whether consent may be deemed "voluntary" when procured by a police official who misrepresents both his identity and purpose.
In Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra, the Supreme Court was required to define the voluntariness of consent for fourth amendment purposes. In that case, the police had stopped a vehicle containing a driver and five passengers for a minor traffic offense. The police requested and obtained permission to search the trunk of the vehicle, and incriminating evidence against one of the passengers was discovered. The issue on appeal was whether permission to search could be deemed voluntary in the absence of an express warning that the suspect had a right to refuse that permission. In rejecting petitioner's contention that the right to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure was analogous to the fifth amendment provision against self-incrimination and the sixth amendment right to counsel, thus requiring a modified Miranda warning prior to the consensual search, the Supreme Court undertook an extensive analysis regarding the fourth amendment protection.
"There is a vast difference between those rights that protect a fair criminal trial and the rights guaranteed under the Fourth Amendment. Nothing, either in the purposes behind requiring a 'knowing' and 'intelligent' waiver of trial rights, or in the practical application of such a requirement suggests that it ought to be extended to the constitutional guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures.
A strict standard of waiver has been applied to those rights guaranteed to a criminal defendant to insure that he will be accorded the greatest possible opportunity to utilize every facet of the constitutional model of a fair criminal trial .
The protections of the Fourth Amendment are of a wholly different order, and have nothing whatever to do with promoting the fair ascertainment of truth at a criminal trial. Rather, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter's opinion for the Court put it in Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25, 27, 69 S.Ct. 1359, 93 L.Ed. 1782, the Fourth Amendment protects the 'security of one's privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the police . . . .' In declining to apply the exclusionary rule of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, 84 A.L.R.2d 933, to convictions that had become final before rendition of that decision, the Court emphasized that 'there is no likelihood of unreliability or coercion present in a search-and-seizure case,' Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 638, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601. . The Fourth Amendment 'is not an adjunct to the ascertainment of truth.' The guarantees of the Fourth Amendment stand 'as a protection of quite different constitutional values — values reflecting the concern of our society for the right of each individual to be let alone. To recognize this is no more than to accord those values undiluted respect.' Tehan v. United States ex rel. Shott, 382 U.S. 406, 416, 86 S.Ct. 459, 15 L.Ed.2d 453." Id. at 241 — 42, 93 S.Ct. at 2055.
In determining the proper test for voluntariness under the fourth amendment, the Court established the following guidelines:
"[Wjhether a consent to a search was in fact 'voluntary' or was the product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of all the circumstances.
. [I]f under all the circumstances it has appeared that the consent was not given voluntarily — that it was coerced by threats or force, or granted only in submission to a claim of lawful authority — then we have found the consent invalid and the search unreasonable." Id. at 227, 233, 93 S.Ct. at 2048, 2051 [emphasis added].
Therefore, the voluntariness of a defendant's consent to a search is determined by whether the consent was procured through force or other coercion. Because appellee has not claimed that his consent to the search by Trooper Shaw was the result of force or coercion, we cannot conclude that the consent was involuntary under the standards of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra. Nor do we find any trace of inherent coercion, since the nature of the request to view the interior of the bam carried an implication that appellee was free to prohibit such a view. See United States v. Griffin, 530 F.2d 739 (7th Cir. 1976); cf. Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 88 S.Ct. 1788, 20 L.Ed.2d 797 (1968); Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 68 S.Ct. 367, 92 L.Ed. 436 (1948); Amos v. United States, 255 U.S. 313, 41 S.Ct. 266, 65 L.Ed. 654 (1921) (consent involuntary when given in response to lawful claim of authority). Finally, we find distinguishable those cases cited by appellee in which the activity of the undercover agent went beyond a mere misrepresentation to gain access, Gouled v. United States, 255 U.S. 298, 41 S.Ct. 261, 65 L.Ed. 647 (1921) (rummaging through private papers), or were decided prior to the decision in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra, regarding the voluntariness aspect of a fourth amendment search. See Fraternal Order of Eagles v. Unit ed States, 57 F.2d 93, (3d Cir. 1932) ("false representations" prohibited); United States v. Reckis, 119 F.Supp. 687 (D.Mass.1954); United States v. Mitchneck, 2 F.Supp. 225 (M.D.Pa.1933) ("fraud and stealth" prohibited); Commonwealth v. Wright, 411 Pa. 81, 190 A.2d 709 (1963) ("deceit and misrepresentation" prohibited); Commonwealth v. Szukics, 212 Pa.Super. 517, 243 A.2d 198 (1968) (dicta) ("stealth deceit or misrepresentation" prohibited).
We note, moreover, that the nature of certain crimes permits, and even requires, the police to resort to various forms of stealth to adequately perform their investigative functions. Thus, trickery has been recognized as a permissible means for securing confessions, see, e. g., Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731, 89 S.Ct. 1420, 22 L.Ed.2d 684 (1969); Commonwealth v. Jones, 457 Pa. 423, 322 A.2d 119 (1974); Annot., 99 A.L.R.2d 772 (1965), for gaining the confidence of criminal perpetrators by undercover agents, see, e. g., Lewis v. United States, 385 U.S. 206, 87 S.Ct. 424, 17 L.Ed.2d 312 (1966); United States v. Glassel, 488 F.2d 143 (9th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 941, 94 S.Ct. 1945, 404 L.Ed.2d 292 (1974), and in the execution of a search warrant. See, e. g., Commonwealth v. Duncan, 257 Pa.Super. 277, 390 A.2d 820 (1978) (opinion in support of affirmance); Commonwealth v. Regan, 254 Pa.Super. 555, 386 A.2d 89 (1978). Therefore, based upon the totality of the circumstances, we cannot conclude that the ruse employed by Trooper Shaw was so inherently coercive as to render appellee's consent involuntary, nor do we believe that the consent was obtained in a manner such that the evidence seized should be deemed unreliable.
Finally, we do not believe that the investigative technique employed by Trooper Shaw was so egregious as to warrant the invoking of the exclusionary doctrine to preserve the integrity of the judicial system or discourage intolerable police conduct. See Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 99 S.Ct. 2248, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1979); United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974); Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961); Commonwealth v. Musi, 486 Pa. 102, 404 A.2d 378 (1979). In the instant case, the investigating officer had a reasonable suspicion that appellee was storing marijuana and other drugs in his barn. In an effort to gather further evidence to either substantiate or dispel his suspicion, Trooper Shaw assumed an undercover role and resolved his uncertainty upon viewing the interior of the appellee's barn. In an analogous context involving an undercover agent, the Supreme Court has stated:
"Neither this Court nor any member of it has ever expressed the view that the Fourth Amendment protects a wrongdoer's misplaced belief that a person to whom he voluntarily confides his wrongdoing will not reveal it. . 'The risk of being overheard by an eavesdropper or betrayed by an informer or deceived as to the identity of one with whom one deals is probably inherent in the conditions of human society . . . .' [Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427 [83 S.Ct. 1381, 10 L.Ed.2d 462]], at 465, 10 L.Ed.2d [462,] 486." Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 302-03, 87 S.Ct. 408, 413, 17 L.Ed.2d 374 (1966).
See Lewis v. United States, supra; Commonwealth v. Herron, 243 Pa.Super. 319, 365 A.2d 871 (1976). Appellee attempts to distinguish those cases involving undercover agents who conceal their identity to purchase drugs from a willing seller from the instant case in which both the identity of the agent and his purpose were concealed. It is appellee's contention that in the Hoffa, Lewis, and Herron cases cited above, the defendants fully intended to reveal the incriminating evidence to the informants and were only mistaken regarding their undercover role. In contrast, appellee claims that he only intended to permit Trooper Shaw to view the interior of his barn for purposes of observing the interior decorations, but did not intend to reveal the incriminating evidence, and that the trooper's action in observing marijuana amounted to a "surreptitious and general search" beyond that which was authorized. We find this claim to be without merit and reject appellee's assertion that his unarticulated subjective intent is the touchstone by which a consensual search may be conducted. See United States v. Raines, 536 F.2d 796 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 925, 97 S.Ct. 327 (1976). Indeed, the supreme court of this Commonwealth has determined that even a policeman's misrepresentation regarding his subjective intent is permissible. See Commonwealth v. Brown, 437 Pa. 1, 261 A.2d 879 (1976), aff'd sub nom. on habeas corpus, Brown v. Brierley, 438 F.2d 954 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 402 U.S. 997, 91 S.Ct. 2182, 29 L.Ed.2d 163 (1971). As this court stated in Commonwealth v. Weimer, 262 Pa.Super. 69, 75, 396 A.2d 649, 651 (1979), "One cannot envelope [sic] oneself with the cloak of fourth amendment protection while leaving gaping holes in the fabric."
Therefore, we conclude that appellee's consent to the search was voluntary and was not procured through force or coercion, express or implied, and that the investigative technique employed by Trooper Shaw was not contrary to public policy.
The order of the trial court suppressing the evidence is reversed, and the case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
SPAETH, J., files a concurring opinion in which WIEAND, J., joins.
. We note that although several courts have decided, subsequent to Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra, that fraud and misrepresentation renders involuntary a consensual search, see, e. g., United States v. Griffin, 530 F.2d 739 (7th Cir. 1976); United States v. Rothman, 492 F.2d 1260 (9th Cir. 1974); United States v. Robson, 477 F.2d 13 (9th Cir. 1973); In re Robert T., 8 Cal.App.3d 990, 88 Cal.Rptr. 37 (1970), in most of these cases the discussion regarding fraud and misrepresentation was dicta and unrelated to the specific events under scrutiny. Moreover, as authority for such a conclusion, the courts typically cited Gouled v. United States, supra, in which an undercover agent rummaged through the defendant's papers in his absence, and Bumper v. North Carolina, supra, in which consent to search was obtained in response to a misrepresentation by the police that they had a valid search warrant and the person was without authority to resist their search. Therefore, the dicta expoused by the courts is of questiona ble value, and the authority for that dicta is wholly inapplicable to the instant case. Other courts that have recently confronted the issue have impliedly held that a misrepresentation made to secure permission to conduct a search does not render the permission involuntary. Cf., United States v. Raines, 536 F.2d 796 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 925, 97 S.Ct. 327, 50 L.Ed.2d 293 (1976); United States v. Novello, 519 F.2d 1078 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1060, 96 S.Ct. 797, 46 L.Ed.2d 651 (1976).