Case Name: Robert L. Anderson, Plaintiff, v. United States Sec'y of Agriculture, Defendant
Court: United States Court of International Trade
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2007-06-07
Citations: 31 Ct. Int'l Trade 857
Docket Number: Court No. 05-00329
Parties: Robert L. Anderson, Plaintiff, v. United States Sec’y of Agriculture, Defendant.
Judges: 
Reporter: United States Court of International Trade Reports
Volume: 31
Pages: 857–863

Head Matter:
493 F.Supp.2d 1288
Robert L. Anderson, Plaintiff, v. United States Sec’y of Agriculture, Defendant.
Court No. 05-00329
Dated: June 7, 2007.
Robert L. Anderson, Plaintiff pro se.
Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice (David S. Silverbrand), for Defendant United States Secretary of Agriculture.

Opinion:
OPINION AND ORDER
POGUE, Judge:
In Anderson v. United States Sec'y of Agric., 30 CIT _, 462 F. Supp. 2d 1333 (2006) ("Anderson F) , the court remanded an initial determination from the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") denying Plaintiff's application for Trade Adjustment Assistance ("TAA") on the basis of the agency's summary conclusion that Mr. Anderson's net fishing income had not declined during the 2000 to 2003 time period. The court found not in accordance with law the agency's refusal to consider Mr. Anderson's claim that his net income, reported on an accrual basis, had declined during the relevant time period.
The USDA filed its first remand determination with the court on December 11, 2006. Reconsideration upon Remand of the Application of Robert L. Anderson. ("First Remand Determination"). In its first remand determination, the USDA did not, as directed by the court in Anderson I, consider Mr. Anderson's accrual-basis claim, but rather once again found, relying solely on the net fishing income line as presented on Mr. Anderson's tax return as submitted to the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), that Mr. Anderson's income did not decline from the marketing year to the qualifying year. First Remand Determination. Upon review of the first remand determination, the court again remanded the determination to the USDA, ordering the USDA to comply with the court's initial remand order. Anderson v. United States Sec'y of Agric., 30 CIT _, 469 F. Supp. 2d 1300 (2006) ("Anderson IF). On February 9, 2007, the USDA issued its second remand determination, finding that using the accrual method of accounting, Mr. Anderson's income did decline over the period from the marketing year to the qualifying year, and as such found that Mr. Anderson would be entitled to a TAA payment. Reconsideration upon the Second Remand of the Application of Robert L. Anderson ("Sec ond Remand Determination"). The court affirms the results of USDA's second remand determination.
Discussion
As discussed in the court's opinion in Anderson I, Mr. Anderson was part of a group of salmon fishermen that had been certified by the USDA as eligible for TAA. To continue the two-part process for obtaining TAA benefits, Mr. Anderson was then required to demonstrate that he was personally qualified for such assistance, by providing evidence to the USDA that his net fishing income had declined over the relevant two-year period. Anderson I, 30 CIT at _, 462 F. Supp. 2d at 1334.
The net fishing income line on Mr. Anderson's IRS returns indicated that his income had actually increased between 2002 and 2003. Id. at 1335. Mr. Anderson, however, provided other supporting information in conjunction with his TAA application. Id. Mr. Anderson claimed that this other information documented that, considered on an accrual basis, Mr. Anderson's net fishing income had actually declined over the period in question. The USDA never considered Mr. Anderson's supporting information, deeming it unnecessary to do so, because the net fishing income line on his tax return had indicated an increase in income.
The court found that the USDA's determination failed to consider an important aspect of the problem presented and was therefore not in accordance with law. Id. at 1342. Specifically, the court concluded that the USDA's blind application of its regulation 7 C.F.R. § 1580.102(2004), without any consideration of the fact that applicants can report their income on either an accrual or cash basis, leads to the possibility of the USDA treating similarly situated people differently. Id. at 1339. Additionally, the court explained that in adopting the definition of "net farm income," the USDA did not comment on how the regulatory definition would have the effect of including or excluding people based on their election of cash or accrual accounting, and why such effects would be legally acceptable. Id. at 1342. The court remanded the determination to the USDA in order that the USDA:
consider the reasonableness of its regulation as applied to Mr. Anderson, in view of the differences in cash versus accrual accounting, the inequities the agency's application presents, and the fact that applicants elect their accounting technique without knowing that it could adversely impact their eligibility for benefits in the future. On remand, the agency shall reconsider its position and may reopen the record to permit an acceptable alternative solution.
Id.
In the USDA's first remand determination, the USDA refused to comply with the court's order. First Remand Determination; Anderson II, 30 CIT _, 469 F. Supp. 2d 1300. In doing so, the agency cited the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("CAFC") in Steen v. United States, 468 F. 3d 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2006) as standing for the proposition that the USDA's "regulatory definition of the term 'net farm income' as applied to fishing income was reasonable and cannot be condemned as arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute." First Remand Determination at 1 (quoting Steen, 468 F. 3d at 1363). Based on the USDA's reading of Steen, the USDA determined that it had no obligation to evaluate the reasonableness of its application, to Mr. Anderson's accrual-basis claim, of its regulation defining "net fishing income." The agency stated that Steen "explicitly rejected the [PJlaintiff's argument that the agency is barred from using the standards applied under the Internal Revenue Code as a basis for makings [sic] its determination of eligibility of cash benefits under the TAA program." First Remand Determination at 2.
Finding that the agency failed to comply with the court's remand order by reading the holding of Steen too broadly, the court once again remanded the matter to the USDA. Anderson II, 30 CIT _, 469 F. Supp. 2d 1300. The court noted that, in Steen, the CAFC explicitly qualified its holding regarding the net fishing income regulation. Specifically, the CAFC stated: "Mr. Steen does not contend that his tax returns distort the net amount of his income derived from all fishing sources in the two relevant years. . . .''Anderson II, 30 CIT at _, 469 F. Supp. 2d at 1300-01; Steen, 468 F. 3d at 1364. Because Mr. Anderson raised just such a claim — that his cash-basis tax returns distorted the net amount of his income derived from all fishing sources in the two relevant years — the court remanded the matter to the USDA for reconsideration consistent with the court's remand orders. Anderson II, 30 CIT at _, 469 F. Supp. 2d. at 1301.
In the second remand determination the USDA reopened the record, and requested additional documentation from Mr. Anderson, advising him that:
Acceptable documentation includes supporting documentation from a certified public accountant orattorney, or relevant documentation and other supportingdocumentation and other supporting financial data, suchas financial statements, balance sheets, and reportsprepared for or provided to the Internal Revenue Serviceor another U.S. Government agency.
Second Remand Determination at l. In response to the Department of Agriculture's request, Mr. Anderson provided a letter from his accountant, with accompanying Schedule C's prepared using the accrual form of accounting (as opposed to the cash form of accounting originally used by Mr. Anderson in his tax returns). Id. at 3. The accountant's statement reconstructed Mr. Anderson's cash-basis tax filing, to present accrual-basis Schedule C's. Id. In the letter, Mr. Anderson's accountant also includes the normal tax-filing disclaimer, stating:
Our compilation was limited to presenting in the form prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service information that is the representation of the owner. We have not audited or reviewed the financial statements referred to above, and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or anyother form of assurance on them.
This report is intended solely for the information anduse of Robert L. Anderson and the United States Department of Agriculture for determining qualification under the Trade Adjustment Assistance for Farmers program, and is not intended and should not be used by anyone other than these specified parties.
Second Remand Determination at 2; Letter from Charles E. Morgan, CPA, Jason, Morgan & Hent, PLLC, to Mr. Anderson (Apr. 6, 2007), Attach, to Pl.'s Resp. to USDA Letter {"Reply Letter").
In commenting on the information provided by Mr. Anderson in response to the agency's request for additional information, the USDA stated that
[t]he agency does not regard this documentation which according to his certified public account [sic] only relies upon Mr. Anderson's representations, rather than documentation or other supporting financial data reported to the Internal Revenue Service or another U.S. Government agency, without any audit or review of the statements, in conjunction with the certified public accountant's unwillingness to express an opinion or any assurance on them, as complying with the certification that his net fishing income was less than that during the pre-adjustment year. The very purpose of requiring such documentation is to verify the producer's certification that his income actually declined in order to determine eligibility for cash benefits. Merely presenting Mr. Anderson's representations on Schedule C's does not adequately support his certification that his net fishing income was less than his income in the pre-adjustment year. Furthermore, the certified public accountant's limiting the use of the report to Mr. Anderson and the Department of Agriculture does not meet the requirement in the regulation that the net fishing income be net profit or loss reported to the Internal Revenue Service. 7 C.F.R. § 1580.102 (2004). In addition, it appears that these revisions to his income are not being reported to the Internal Revenue Service.
Second Remand Determination at 3.
Despite this analysis, the agency then determined, based on Mr. Anderson's submissions, that his "income on an accrual basis declined from the pre-adjustment year, 2001, to the most recent marketing year, 2002." Id. at 3. Based on that finding, the USDA further found that "[i]f this Court's decision is the final decision after all opportunities for appeal have been exhausted, based upon an accrual method of accounting . . . Mr. Anderson would be entitled to a TAA payment." Id. at 4.
Mr. Anderson, in his Reply Letter, stated that he provided information in accordance with the plain language of the USDA's regulation and the agency's request to Mr. Anderson for supporting documentation. Mr. Anderson, a pro se plaintiff, stated, in his response:
I did provide supporting documentation from a CPA. This supporting documentation was provided to the USDA, (a US government agency). The regulation asked me to provide supporting documentation from a CPA, OR a report prepared for, or provided to a US government agency. I provided both.
Reply Letter at 2 (emphasis in original).
The plain language of the regulation, with which Mr. Anderson sought to comply, supports Mr. Anderson's interpretation. 7 C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(6)(2004); see Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 588 (2000)(An agency's interpretation of its own regulation is not entitled to deference when it is contrary to the plain language of the regulation). The USDA, as indicated by its comments quoted above, seems to believe that its regulations require more than is stated by their terms. This, however, in addition to ignoring the plain language of the regulation, ignores the court's two previous rulings which require the USDA to evaluate the reasonableness of its application of 7 C.F.R. § 1580.102, upon which the USDA relies for its definition and determination of net income, to Mr. Anderson. Remand Determination at 2; Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Comments Upon Remand at 5. The agency cannot have it both ways. If it wished to invoke 7'C.F.R. § 1580.102 as a basis for rejecting Mr. Anderson's filing, it was required to explain why its reasons for doing so were reasonable and in accordance with law.
Despite the USDA's refusal to evaluate the effects of its regulation on individual producers, in light of the fact that farmers are in the unique position of being permitted to choose accrual or cash accounting as a means of reporting their income, and despite the agency's seeming rejection of Mr. Anderson's supporting information, the USDA did approve the granting of TAA benefits to Mr. Anderson pending the exhaustion of the agency's opportunities for appeal. Therefore, this court affirms the remand determination only as to the results. See Hontex Enters., Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT _, 425 F. Supp. 2d 1315 (affirming the conclusion of a remand determination, but finding the summary and discussion sections not to be in accordance with the remand instructions).
SO ORDERED.
Familiarity with the court's decision is presumed.
For example, Mr. Anderson cited evidence of delayed payment for fish sold.
Notwithstanding the USDA's assertion that it had no need to revisit the reasonableness of the regulation as applied to Mr. Anderson, the USDA separately found that "based on the evidence in the record, it [was] not possible to surmise how Mr. Anderson's Schedule C's would have been calculated had he chosen the accrual method of accounting, nor is it possible to ascertain whether the IRS would have accepted them if they were submitted in such a manner." First Remand Determination at 2.
As the court further explained in Anderson II, the agency's action in the first remand was not only wrong on the law; it was also improper procedurally. The agency is not free to disobey remand instructions by invoking its interpretation of precedent. Its choices are to ask for rehearing, to accede or to fully comply under protest. Anderson II, 30 CIT _, 469 F. Supp. 2d.at 1301.
The Department of Agriculture based this advice upon its own regulation, Y C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(6). This regulation explains the form of documentation that can be provided to demonstrate to the agency that an individual producer's net fishing income was less than that during the producer's pre-adjustment year. The regulations state that an applicant shall provide either:
(i) Supporting documentation from a certified public accountant or attorney, or (ii) Relevant documentation and other financial data, such as financial statements, balance sheets, and reports prepared for or provided to the Internal Revenue Service or another U.S. Government agency.
Y C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(6)(2004); see also Second Remand Determination at 2.
The USDA, in its second remand determination, provided no further analysis of the reasonableness of its application of its regulation to Mr. Anderson, but rather continued to object to the usage of the accrual method of accounting to determine whether or not Mr. Anderson's net fishing income declined, stating:
[t]he agency disagrees with the application of the accrual method of accounting in determining whether Mr. Anderson's net fishing income declined, because Mr. Anderson had reported his net fishing income on a cash basis to the Internal Revenue Service, and is only doing so under protest, in accordance with the Court's Order.
Second Remand Determination at 2.
The court notes that in its initial opinion, it had directed the USDA to reexamine the reasonableness of its regulation (and the regulation's interaction with farmers' legal right to choose to report their business income on either a cash or accrual basis), as applied to Mr. Anderson, in light of the fact that the regulation has the effect of treating similarly situated people differently. Anderson 7, 30 CIT at _, 462 F. Supp. 2d at 1339; see Former Employees of Merrill Corporation v. United States, 31 CIT _, Slip Op. 07-46 at 27 (Mar. 28, 2007). The USDA has yet to make a reasonableness determination, as it first relied on Steen to avoid evaluating the reasonableness of the application of the regulation, and then sidestepped the issue altogether in the second remand determination by stating that it was applying the accrual method "only . under protest, in accordance with the Court's order." Second Remand Determination at 2. Accordingly, the court considers the issue waived.
Mr. Anderson claims, and Defendant does not dispute, that his attempts at compliance with the USDA's rules included a conversation with a contact person at the USDA in order to "clarify exactly what the USDA wanted," as the "USDA's letter requesting supporting documentation was not clear to [Mr. Anderson]Reply Letter at 2 (emphasis in original). According to Mr. Anderson, he was told "that they wanted me to have a CPA recalculate my 2001 and 2002 fishing income on an accrual basis, using an IRS style format." I'd.
Under 7 C.F.R. § 1580.102, the USDA defines net farm in come as "net farm profit or loss, excluding payments under this part, reported to the Internal Revenue Service Schedules C or C-EZ for individuals or taxable income . . during the tax year that most closely corresponds with the marketing year under consideration." 7 C.F.R. § 1580.102(2004).