Case Name: Daniel Breslin, Appellant, v. William J. Sparks and Alfred A. Sparks, Copartners, Doing Business under the Firm Name of William J. Sparks & Son, Respondents
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1904-07
Citations: 97 A.D. 69
Docket Number: 
Parties: Daniel Breslin, Appellant, v. William J. Sparks and Alfred A. Sparks, Copartners, Doing Business under the Firm Name of William J. Sparks & Son, Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 97
Pages: 69–73

Head Matter:
Daniel Breslin, Appellant, v. William J. Sparks and Alfred A. Sparks, Copartners, Doing Business under the Firm Name of William J. Sparks & Son, Respondents.
Negligence — injury in the use of a, hoisting apparatus from the failure of the driver of a horse attached thereto to stop the horse—where the driver, although under general employment by third persons, has a particular employment by the master of the pai'ty injured, the driver’s general employers are not Uable—rule as to the assumption of obvious risks by employees.
In an action brought to recover damages for personal injuries, it appeared that the plaintiff was a longshoreman in the employ of Emery & Price, and that on the day of the accident he was engaged with others in transferring reels of barbed wire from a lighter to a bark; that the hoisting apparatus consisted of a block and tackle to which the motive power was supplied by a horse upon the dock. The horse and the driver thereof had been supplied by the defendants pursuant to a general arrangement which they had with Emery & Price.
Emery & Price’s foreman stood upon the deck of the bark, and when the plaintiff notified him that the load was ready, blew a whistle which was the signal for the man in charge of the horse to drive the animal away from the bark, thus raising the load. The lighter was much lower than the bark and was, consequently, out of sight of those upon the dock.
•While a load was being hoisted, the plaintiff discovered that one of his fingers had been caught in the hooks which form part of the hoisting apparatus. He called to the foreman and the latter signaled the driver of the horse to stop, but for some reason the horse was not stopped until the load together with the plaintiff had been hoisted to the deck of the bark, and the plaintiff had received the injuries for which he seeks to recover.
Held, that assuming that the accident was due to the negligent failure of the driver of the horse to stop in answer to the foreman’s signal, the defendants were not liable for such negligence, as the driver, while in the general employ of the defendants, was not their servant at the time of the accident, but was a fellow-servant of the plaintiff;
That where a person accepts employment in a business in which others are engaged with him, there is an implied agreement upon his part to assume all the ordinary risks attendant upon such business, including accidents which result from the carelessness of coemployees, and that the foundation upon which this principle rests is unity of service and control;
That if a person is injured by the carelessness of another, and at the time of the accident they are both subject to the orders and control of a common master, they are coservants as to the particular employment in which they are engaged, although one of them may at the same time happen to be in the general service of a third party;
That a person who is temporarily employed, while in the general, service of another, must be treated as to that particular employment as the servant of the person thus employing him, and the person who has the right to directanil control his conduct in that particular business must be regarded as his master;
That under the.doctrine of assumption of obvious risks, and independently of the implied agreement, it might be -fairly said that the p.aintiff had waived any question as to the relations of the driver to the employer or himself by undertaking the work and continuing it with a knowledge of all the facts.
Appeal by the plaintiff^ Daniel Breslin, from-a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendants, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 29th day of October, 1903, upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court after a trial at the Kings County Trial Term.
Melville J. France, for the appellant.
Thomas F. Pearsall, for the respondents.

Opinion:
Woodward, J.:
The plaintiff was a longshoreman in the employ of Emery & Price, and on the day of the accident was engaged with others in transferring reels of barbed wire from a lighter to the bark Meta, lying at pier 12, East river. It appears that the lighter was much lower than the vessel which was being loaded, so that it was out of sight of those upon the dock. An apparatus had been rigged up to the masts on the vessel for suspending block and tackle, and a rope extended through the 'pulleys in such a Way that one end of the same dropped down upon the lighter, while the other crossed over the bark, through the pulleys, and was attached to a horse upon the dock. The end of the rope which fell upon the lighter .was equipped with a hook, and the plaintiff, at the time of his injuries, was engaged in placing several reels of barbed wire .upon hooks attached to the ends of short ropes, which in turn were fastened to the hoisting rope by a single hook. Emery & Price's foreman in charge of the ' loading stood upon the deck of the vessel, and when tlie plaintiff notified the foreman that he had the load ready, the latter blew a signal upon a whistle, and the man in charge of the horse drove the animal away from the ship, raising the load and drawing it to- the deck of the vessel, where it was unhooked, and the operation was again gone through with. At the time of the accident the plaintiff had hooked on the load, had given the signal and the horse had been put in motion, and after the line became tight the plaintiff discovered that one of his fingers had been caught in the hooks. He called to the foreman, the latter gave a signal on his whistle to stop, but for some reason the horse was not stopped until, the load, with the plaintiff, who had grabbed- the main rope with his free hand, was landed upon the deck. The negligence alleged is the failure of the driver of the horse to stop in answer to the signal, although it does not appear from the evidence that the injury, resulting in the loss of a portion of the plaintiff's finger, had not been done before the signal was sounded, or before it was possible for the horse to have been stopped.
Of course, if the driver of the horse was a fellow-servant of the plaintiff, there was no cause ,of action, and the dismissal of the complaint was proper; and this is the principal question presented upon this appeal.
It appears that the defendants kept' horses for the purpose of doing this kind of work about the docks; that Emery & Price had •a general arrangement with them to supply horses when needed, and that the defendants, when called upon for a horse, sent it to the premises of Emery & Price, accompanied by a driver, and this was the case on the day of the accident. The driver of the horse was. in the general employ of the defendants, and, assuming that he was negligent in failing to stop, the horse upon a proper signal,' were the defendants liable? Was he the defendants' servant at the time of the accident to such an extent that they are liable for his negligence in the performance of a detail of the work in which he was engaged at the time with the plaintiff and other of the latter's fellow-servants ? We are of the opinion that he was not the servant of the defendants at the time of the accident, but that he was a fellow-servant of the plaintiff. We reach this conclusion because of the principle that where a person accepts employment in a business in which others are engaged with him, there is ah implied agreement upon his part to assume all the ordinary risks attendant upon such business, including accidents which result from the carelessness of coemployees, and the foundation upon which it rests is unity of service and control. (Cunningham v. Syracuse Improvement Co., 20 App. Div. 171,174.) Clearly, if the defendants had sent a horse to Emery & Price, and the latter had taken a man about the dock to -drive the same, the plaintiff would have accepted the risk of injury through the carelessness of such a coemployee, and we discover no difference in the matter because the driver, happened to be in the general employ of the defendants. He was there upon the deck performing a part of the general work of transferring a load from the lighter'to the vessel; he was subject to discharge, not from his.general employment, but from his special employment, by the foreman of Emery <& Price, and his conduct in. driving the horse, in starting and stopping him, in ¡backing him up or moving him forward, or in, starting the work :or discontrnuing'.the same, was as much within the control of Emery & Price, or their foreman, as was the plaintiff. The process -of carrying on the work was simple; the plaintiff- had had a long experience in the same line,, and he knew that if his fingers got caught under the hooks he was liable to be injured, and that the horse and ¡the driver were out of sight, and this risk was exactly the same whether the driver was employed by Emery & Price directly, or indirectly through the defendants. Under -the doctrine of assumption of obvious risks, and independently of the implied agreement, it might be fairly said that the-plaintiff in the present action had waived -any question as -to the relations of the driver to the employer or himself by undertaking .the work and continuing it, knowing all of the facts. (Drake v. Auburn City Ry. Co., 173 N. Y. 466, 473.) In this case there was unity of service and control, and the natural dednction would appear to be that if a person is injured by the. darelessness of another, and at the time of the accident they are both subject to the orders and control 1 of á common master, they are Coservants as to the particular employ- . ment in which they -are:-engaged, although . one of .them may at the same time happen to be in the general service .of a third party; or, to state the matter more concisely, a person who is temporarily employed while in the general service of anpther, must be treated as to that particular employment as the servant of the person thus employing him, and the person who has the fight to .direct and control his com duct in that particular -business must, likewise, be regarded as his master, for it is quite clear .that the existence of a general relation, of master and servant does not- exclude a like relation between tbs servant -and a third party to the ¡extent of the special service in which the.servant may be actually engaged. (Cunningham v. Syracuse Improvement Co., supra, 175, and authorities there cited; Baldwin v. Abraham, 57 App. Div. 67, where the authorities are carefully considered and distinguished. See, also, Howard v. Ludwig, 57 id. 94, 96.)
The conclusion which we have readied is not in conflict with that held in Mills v. Thomas Elevator Co. (54 App. Div. 124). In that case the plaintiff was in the employ of the Manhattan Concrete Company which had a contract for laying concrete floors for a sugar refinery. The concrete company made a contract with the Thomas Elevator Company to put in a hod'elevator and to furnish a man to operate the same. The plaintiff ivas sent to remove an obstruction from the elevator shaft, and while thus engaged was injured by the action of the engineer of the elevator company in starting the elevator without a proper signal. In that case the men were not engaged in the same employment; the elévator company furnished its machine and a man to operate the same; it had no connection with the work for which the plaintiff was employed and the plaintiff had not, therefore, assumed the risks of the engineer's negligence in running the elevator.
The judgment appealed from should he affirmed, wjth costs.
Judgment unanimously affirmed, with costs.