Case Name: PEOPLE v. GATES
Court: Michigan Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1990-03-05
Citations: 434 Mich. 146
Docket Number: Docket No. 83363
Parties: PEOPLE v GATES
Judges: Riley, C.J., and Brickley, Boyle, and Archer, JJ., concurred with Griffin, J.
Reporter: Michigan Reports
Volume: 434
Pages: 146–179

Head Matter:
PEOPLE v GATES
Docket No. 83363.
Argued May 2, 1989
(Calendar No. 7).
Decided March 5, 1990.
Certiorari denied by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 25, 1990, 497 US — (1990).
Gregory S. Gates was charged in the Jackson Circuit Court with second-degree criminal sexual conduct involving his minor daughter. The court, Russell E. Noble, J., dismissed the charge on the ground that a jury verdict of no jurisdiction in a Jackson County Probate Court child protective proceeding, which was based on the same facts alleged in the circuit court proceeding, determined that the prosecution had not proven a case of sexual abuse by a preponderance of the evidence, precluding prosecution of the defendant. The jury in the probate court proceeding had been instructed that the issue it was to decide was whether the child came within the jurisdiction of the probate court and that a child comes within jurisdiction of the court if the child’s home or environment is unfit by reason of neglect, cruelty, criminality or depravity on the part of a parent. The Court of Appeals, Maher, P.J., and Shepherd and K. Tertzag, JJ., affirmed in an opinion per curiam (Docket No. 98229). The people were granted leave to appeal, limited to the issue whether, in view of the probate court proceedings, principles of collateral estoppel prohibited the subsequent prosecution of the defendant.
In an opinion by Justice Griffin, joined by Chief Justice ' Riley and Justices Brickley, Boyle, and Archer, the Supreme Court held:
Because the issue of the defendant’s criminal guilt or innocence was not necessarily decided in the prior proceedings in the probate court, principles of collateral estoppel do not prohibit the subsequent prosecution of the defendant.
1. Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue in a _subsequent, different cause of action between the same parties where the prior proceeding culminated in a valid, final judgment and the issue was actually litigated and necessarily determined. There is no set formula for determining whether relitigation of an issue is precluded by collateral estoppel. A critical factor in applying collateral estoppel is the determination of whether the litigants were parties or privy to a party in an action in which a valid judgment was rendered. In this case, a functional analysis of the role of the prosecutor in both proceedings leads to the conclusion that privity is sufficient to satisfy the same-party requirement.
References
Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 324-326, 328, 333; Infants § 16.
See the Index to Annotations under Abuse of Persons; Acquittal; Collateral Estoppel; Juvenile Courts and Delinquent Children; Probate Courts and Proceedings.
2. The issue of the defendant’s alleged sexual abuse of his daughter was the factual focus of the jury trial in the probate court. Even assuming arguendo that the issue was fully litigated, however, it falls short of the requirement that his guilt or innocence necessarily be determined. An issue is necessarily determined only if it is essential to a judgment. In order for collateral estoppel to operate as a bar to a subsequent prosecution, the jury in the earlier proceeding necessarily must have determined that the defendant was not guilty of the offense charged.
3. The inability of a court to determine upon what basis an acquitting jury reached its verdict, is, by itself, enough to preclude the defense of collateral estoppel. Collateral estoppel applies only where the basis of the prior judgment can be ascertained clearly, definitely, and unequivocally. A verdict may conclusively determine certain issues by implication. In this case, had the jury in the probate proceeding found that the probate court had jurisdiction of the child, that verdict necessarily would have determined that the defendant had engaged in the conduct alleged. But because a finding of innocence was not essential to a verdict of no jurisdiction, the verdict did not necessarily determine the issue of criminal guilt or innocence.
4. The purpose, and focus, of a child neglect or abuse proceeding in a probate court is the protection of the child. In contrast, the focus of a criminal proceeding is on the guilt or innocence of the accused. Even though the interests of a child may be affected, such interests are not taken into account in determining whether an accused is guilty of a criminal charge. The disparate purposes of the two types of proceedings argue strongly against the application of collateral estoppel. Even if it is assumed that the quality and extensiveness of the procedures followed by the probate court and the circuit court are comparable, the competence of the probate court to conclusively determine in a child protective proceeding the criminal guilt or innocence of an accused is necessarily compromised by the appropriate focus of the probate court on the protection of children.
5. In this case, because the issue of the defendant’s criminal guilt was not necessarily decided in the prior proceedings in the probate court, the principles of collateral estoppel do not prohibit the prosecution of the defendant.
Reversed and remanded.
Justice Levin, joined by Justice Cavanagh, dissenting, stated that the Court of Appeals did not err in concluding that this prosecution is barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel. The entire record in the probate proceeding should be assessed in deciding whether the verdict of no jurisdiction constituted a determination by the jury that the defendant had not sexually abused his daughter. That decision cannot properly be premised on a construction of a single sentence in the instructions viewed in the abstract, separate and apart from the entire record.
The language of the jurisdiction statute and the phrasing of the instructions reflect recognition that some acts of criminal misconduct might not render a home unfit for a child. The jury was thus properly instructed that whether a parent’s violation of the criminal law renders the home or environment of the child an unfit place for the child is for the jury to decide upon the basis of all the evidence in the case. There was, however, no evidence or argument, separate and apart from the evidence tending to show that the defendant had committed the act of sexual abuse and the evidence to the contrary, focusing on or tending to show whether the home or environment was or was not fit. 'Because no evidence was introduced focusing on whether the home was fit, even were the jury to find that the criminal conduct alleged in fact occurred, the majority’s assertion that factors other than the defendant’s guilt or innocence may have been the basis of the verdict of no jurisdiction is tenuous at best.
In deciding whether an issue of fact was actually litigated and determined, a court should assess the entire record and decide the question on the basis of the probabilities and not possibilities. Where the trier of fact/court renders alternative determinations of fact or law, either of which would have supported the earlier judgment, neither determination is essential to the judgment. Where, however, only one issue is litigated, only one issue could have been determined, and ordinarily there is no reason to suppose that another issue, not litigated, was determined or was determinative. In this case, the only issue that was litigated was whether the defendant had sexually abused his daughter. The overwhelming probability is that that was the factual issue determined by the jury, when it rendered its verdict. The people failed to convince the jury of the defendant’s guilt. He should not be subjected to relitigation of the same basic issue — whether he sexually molested his daughter — in a criminal prosecution.
This case demonstrates that a function of the probate court proceeding may in fact be to determine whether a parent engaged in criminal misconduct with respect to a child. Where the probate court petition is based solely on an allegation of parental criminal misconduct with respect to the child, the fate of both the child and the parent are inextricably tied to the determination of the parent’s guilt or innocence. The probate court cannot act to protect the child by acquiring jurisdiction of the child, unless the jury finds that the parent is guilty of the criminal misconduct respecting the child charged in the petition. Where sexual abuse is charged, the purpose sought to be achieved by initiating the abuse/neglect proceeding can only be realized upon a finding by the jury that the parent did in fact commit the charged act of criminal misconduct respecting the child.
In an abuse/neglect proceeding, various considerations may inform the jury’s verdict. The application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel in a particular case does not, however, depend on what may occur in another case. It depends on what occurred in the particular case. In this case, the only issue pled, litigated, and submitted to the trier of fact was the defendant’s guilt or innocence. No evidence bearing on any other issue was provided for the jury’s consideration. Collateral estoppel effect should not be denied where there is issue identity, where only one issue was pled, litigated, and submitted to the jury, because in another case more than one issue might be litigated or because there is in theory a difference in the primary purposes of the two proceedings.
168 Mich App 384; 423 NW2d 668 (1988) reversed.
1. Criminal Law — Probate Court — Child Protective Proceedings — Collateral Estoppel.
Where the issue of a defendant’s criminal guilt or innocence is not necessarily decided in a prior child protective proceeding in probate court, principles of collateral estoppel do not prohibit the subsequent prosecution of a defendant.
2. Criminal Law — Collateral Estoppel — Subsequent Prosecution.
Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue in a subse quent, different cause of action between the same parties where the prior proceeding culminated in a valid, final judgment and the issue was actually litigated and necessarily determined.
3. Criminal Law — Collateral Estoppel.
The inability of a court to determine upon what basis an acquitting jury reached its verdict, is, by itself, enough to preclude the defense of collateral estoppel; collateral estoppel applies only where the basis of the prior judgment can be ascertained clearly, definitely, and unequivocally.
4. Criminal Law — Probate Court — Child Protective Proceedings — Collateral Estoppel.
The purpose, and focus, of a child neglect or abuse proceeding in a probate court is the protection of the child; in contrast, the focus of a criminal proceeding is on the guilt or innocence of the accused; the disparate purposes of the two types of proceedings argue strongly against the application of collateral estoppel; even if it is assumed that the quality and extensiveness of the procedures followed by the probate court and the circuit court are comparable, the competence of the probate court to conclusively determine in a child protective proceeding the criminal guilt or innocence of an accused is necessarily compromised by the appropriate focus of the probate court on the protection of children.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Joseph S. Filip, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jerrold Schrotenboer, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Nicholas Smith for the defendant.
Amicus Curiae:
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Robert H. Cleland, Prosecuting Attorney, and Susan L. LeDuc, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan.

Opinion:
Griffin, J.
In view of a jury verdict of "no jurisdiction" in a child protective probate proceed ing, we are asked to determine whether the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars subsequent prosecution of the defendant for criminal sexual conduct where the factual allegations against defendant in both proceedings are essentially the same. Because the prior probate court verdict did not necessarily determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant, we hold that the principles of collateral estoppel do not apply.
i
In February, 1986, the Michigan Department of Social Services petitioned the juvenile division of the Jackson County Probate Court to take jurisdiction of a child, then three years and ten months old, on the basis of allegations that defendant, her father, had sexually abused her. The petition initiated child protective proceedings, the adjudicative phase of which leads to a determination of whether statutory grounds exist for juvenile court jurisdiction. If such grounds are found to exist and the court assumes jurisdiction, dispositional proceedings are conducted thereafter to determine what action, if any, should be taken with respect to the child. MCR 5.961 et seq.
At the time the petition was filed in probate court, the defendant father had been divorced from the child's mother for a period of two months. Although the child lived with her mother, defendant had been awarded joint custody of the child from the date of the couple's legal separation in February, 1985, and prior to the filing of the petition, he had physical custody of the child every weekend. However, following the filing of the petition, unsupervised visitations by the child in the home of her father were suspended.
Defendant contested the petition and requested a jury trial. After the petition was filed, but prior to the jury trial held in probate court, the prosecuting attorney, who represented the dss in the probate proceeding, filed a criminal complaint and warrant in the Jackson Circuit Court, charging defendant with second-degree criminal sexual con duct, on the basis of the same facts alleged in the probate court petition.
In the probate court trial which took place on June 16 and 17, 1986, the testimony dealt almost exclusively with the allegations of sexual abuse. At the close of the trial, the probate court instructed the jury that the issue it was to decide was whether the child came within the jurisdiction of the court. The jury was further instructed that a child comes within the jurisdiction of the court if the child's home or environment is unfit for the child by reason of neglect, cruelty, criminality, or depravity on the part of a parent.
The jury was given a verdict form which allowed it to check off one of two verdicts: jurisdiction, or no jurisdiction. The jury returned a verdict of "no jurisdiction."
The judge then asked the jury, "Do you say upon your oath that you find the minor . is not a neglected minor in the manner and form as the People have in their information in this cause charged?" Each of the jury members responded affirmatively.
On July 28, 1986, the probate judge granted a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and then ordered a new trial. However, the Jackson Circuit Court subsequently reversed, reasoning that the jury verdict deprived the probate judge of jurisdiction to grant such relief.
Thereafter, the Jackson Circuit Court dismissed the criminal charges against defendant on the ground that the jury verdict in probate court determined "that the prosecution had not proved a case of sexual abuse by a preponderance of the evidence." The Court of Appeals affirmed. 168 Mich App 384; 423 NW2d 668 (1988). We then granted leave to appeal, limited to the issue whether, in view of the prior proceedings in probate court, principles of collateral estoppel prohibited the subsequent prosecution of defendant. 431 Mich 904 (1988).
ii
Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue in a subsequent, different cause of action between the same parties where the prior proceeding culminated in a valid, final judgment and the issue was (1) actually litigated, and (2) necessarily determined. Jacobson v Miller, 41 Mich 90, 93; 1 NW 1013 (1879); Howell v Vito's Trucking & Excavating Co, 386 Mich 37, 42; 191 NW2d 313 (1971); Restatement Judgments, §68, p 293. 1 Restatement Judgments, 2d, § 27, p 250.
We believe it is important at the outset to recognize that in the body of case law applying this principle the vast majority of cases involve the applicability of collateral estoppel where there are two civil proceedings. Cases involving "crossover estoppel," where an issue adjudicated in a civil proceeding is claimed to be precluded in a subsequent criminal proceeding, or vice versa, are relatively recent and rare.
A
There is no set formula for determining whether relitigation of an issue is precluded by collateral estoppel. Initially it is necessary, according to the First Restatement of Judgments, to establish that the same parties are involved in both proceedings. This Court last affirmed the "same party" requirement in Howell, supra at 42, wherein we said that one of the "critical factors" in applying collateral estoppel is the determination of whether the respective litigants were parties or privy to a party to an action in which a valid judgment has been rendered.
Although the named-party plaintiff in the instant case is the People of the State of Michigan, in practical terms the party against whom collateral estoppel is asserted is the Jackson County Prosecutor, who also represented the Department of Social Services in the probate court proceeding. Defendant argues that even though the Department of Social Services was the nominal party in the earlier proceeding, both the department and the prosecutor's office are creatures of the state and thus should be considered to be the same party. We agree. A functional analysis of the role of the prosecutor in both proceedings is appropriate in this case, and leads us to conclude that privity is sufficient to satisfy the "same party" requirement.
In analyzing whether an issue was "actually litigated" in the prior proceeding, the Court must look at more than what has been pled and argued. We must also consider whether the party against whom collateral estoppel is asserted has had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue. Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc v Univ of Illinois Foundation, 402 US 313, 329; 91 S Ct 1434; 28 L Ed 2d 788 (1971).
It is clear that the issue of defendant's alleged sexual abuse of his daughter was the factual focus of the jury trial in probate court. The transcript reveals that the testimony of the witnesses and the arguments of the parties centered on the allegation of sexual abuse that is also the basis of the criminal charge. At least in this sense, it can be said that the issue whether defendant sexually abused the child was "actually litigated."
We do not overlook that the rules governing child protective proceedings in probate court are significantly different than the rules which apply to criminal trials. As we will later discuss, such procedural differences raise serious doubt about the soundness of applying "cross-over estoppel" in situations such as this case presents. However, we do not base our decision on a finding that the prosecutor was seriously disadvantaged or otherwise denied a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue of defendant's alleged criminal conduct. Indeed, in its brief the amicus curiae Prosecuting Attorneys Association stated that it is "fair to say that the issue was fully litigated."
We move now to a discussion of the principal ground on which our decision rests.
B
Assuming arguendo that the issue as to which collateral estoppel is asserted has been fully litigated, we conclude that the instant case falls short with respect to another requirement, i.e., that the issue be "necessarily determined" by the judgment in the prior proceeding. An issue is necessarily determined only if it is "essential" to the judgment. 1 Restatement Judgments, 2d, §27, p 250, comment h, p 258. In order for collateral estoppel to operate as a bar to a subsequent prosecution, the jury in the earlier probate proceeding must necessarily have determined that defendant was not guilty of the criminal sexual conduct charged in the prosecutor's complaint. MacKenzie v Union Guardian Trust Co, 262 Mich 563, 581-582; 247 NW 914 (1933).
The inability of a court to determine upon what basis an acquitting jury reached its verdict, is, by itself, enough to preclude the defense of collateral estoppel. See anno: Modern status of doctrine of res judicata in criminal cases, 9 ALR3d 203, 240. Collateral estoppel applies only where the basis of the prior judgment can be ascertained clearly, definitely, and unequivocally. See Dowling v United States, 493 US —; 110 S Ct 668; 107 L Ed 2d 708 (1990); Sealfon v United States, 332 US 575; 68 S Ct 237; 92 L Ed 180 (1948).
The verdict in the first proceeding need not explicitly have addressed the issue to be precluded, however. The fact that a verdict is a general verdict may make the determination of what issues have been decided problematic, but it does not automatically bar the application of collateral estoppel. Ashe v Swenson, 397 US 436, 444; 90 S Ct 1189; 25 L Ed 2d 469 (1970). In Ashe, the United States Supreme Court suggested that in the case of a general verdict of acquittal in a criminal trial the determination of what was necessarily determined by the verdict should start with an examination of the record of the prior proceeding and culminate in an inquiry "whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to foreclose from consideration." Id. See also Dowling, supra.
That a verdict may conclusively determine certain issues by implication can be illustrated by the instant case. Had the jury in the earlier proceeding found that the probate court had jurisdiction of the child, that verdict would necessarily have determined that defendant had engaged in the conduct alleged, because that conduct was the only basis submitted to the jury for bringing her within the jurisdiction of the court. A finding that the petition's allegations were proved by a preponderance of the evidence was thus essential to a verdict of jurisdiction.
The verdict of "no jurisdiction," however, does not support the opposite conclusion. In the instant case, the probate judge stated to the jury:
I do instruct you that this is a child protection case. It is not a criminal case. Therefore, the issue before you is not that of guilt or innocence but the issue is whether [the child] comes within the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Division of the Jackson County Probate Court. You should not consider this proceeding to be in anyway [sic] involved with the criminal law so far as your deliberations are concerned.
The clear import of that instruction is that even if the jury believed that a criminal violation had occurred, it was not required to find the child's home or environment to be unfit so as to warrant jurisdiction. In short, a finding of innocence was not essential to a verdict of no jurisdiction; thus, the verdict did not "necessarily determine" the issue of criminal guilt or innocence.
Furthermore, during the course of the trial the jury learned that the child's mother had exclusive physical custody of the child and that visitations with her father had ceased. The jury might have concluded on that basis alone that the child did not require the protection of the probate court. Thus the jury's verdict could rationally have been based on grounds other than a determination of defendant's innocence of the allegations in the petition.
III
Apart from our conclusion that defendant's guilt or innocence was not necessarily determined by the jury verdict in the probate proceeding, the purposes of a child protective proceeding and a criminal proceeding are so fundamentally different that application in this instance of collateral estoppel would be contrary to sound public policy.
The purpose and focus of a neglect or abuse proceeding in the juvenile division of the probate court is the protection of children. To this end, proceedings may be initiated by anyone who has information that a child is in need of the court's protection. To maximize protection of the child, and at the same time safeguard the interests of parents whose children are the subject of a petition, the court rules provide for expedited proceed ings. The probate court's protective function is also promoted by procedure which allows for a rehearing or a new trial whenever new evidence comes to light suggesting that the child needs court protection. MCR 5.992.
In contrast, the focus of a criminal proceeding is on the guilt or innocence of the accused. The interests of children may be affected, e.g., those related to the accused, but such interests are not taken into account in determining whether an accused is guilty of criminal charges. As the United States Supreme Court stressed in Standefer v United States, 447 US 10, 25; 100 S Ct 1999; 64 L Ed 2d 689 (1980):
"[T]he purpose of a criminal court is not to provide a forum for the ascertainment of private rights. Rather it is to vindicate the public interest in the enforcement of the criminal law while at the same time safeguarding the rights of the individual defendant." [Quoting United States v Standefer, 610 F2d 1076, 1093 (CA 3, 1979). Emphasis added.]
The disparate purposes of the two types of proceedings argue strongly against the application of collateral estoppel. If we were to endorse the proposition that a determination of no jurisdiction in a child protective proceeding operates to collaterally estop criminal charges, we would invite the risk that the proper functions of the two proceedings would be compromised.
Typically, a child protective proceeding is initiated by the petition of a person other than the prosecutor. Once the petition is filed, however, the prosecutor must be available at the request of the probate court to review the petition for legal sufficiency and to appear at the proceedings. MCR 5.914.
To avoid the effect of collateral estoppel, if it were to be made applicable, a prosecutor would be required to develop criminal charges indicated by the petition and bring them to trial before a determination concerning jurisdiction could be reached in the probate proceeding. However, the burden of proving criminal charges beyond a reasonable doubt, added to problems presented by conflicting procedural and scheduling requirements of the two courts, would make it extremely difficult, and often impossible, for the criminal charges to be brought to trial in circuit court in advance of the jurisdiction determination in probate court.
Thus, the petitioner or the prosecutor would face an unfortunate choice that is not in the public interest: whether to proceed on the petition in probate court because of concern for the child, or to delay the probate proceeding because of concern that a verdict of nonjurisdiction would preclude criminal prosecution of the accused.
We are persuaded by public policy considerations that such an election between criminal and child protective proceedings should not be judicially imposed through the application of collateral estoppel. See Joiner v State, 500 So 2d 81 (Ala Crim App, 1986).
Our conclusion that collateral estoppel should not apply in such situations is reinforced by the Restatement of Judgments, 2d, which instructs that another exception to the general rule of issue preclusion is available when:
A new determination of the issue is warranted by differences in the quality or extensiveness of the procedures followed in the two courts or by factors relating to the allocation of jurisdiction between them . [Id., § 28(3), p 273.]
This exception focuses on an "analysis of the comparative quality and extensiveness of the procedures followed in the two courts, of their relative competence to deal with the particular issue, and of the legislative purpose in allocating jurisdiction between them." Reporter's Note, 1 Restatement Judgments, 2d, § 28, p 287.
Even if it were to be assumed that the "quality" and "extensiveness of the procedures followed in the two courts" (probate and circuit) are comparable, we believe that the "competence" of the probate court to conclusively determine in a child protective proceeding the criminal guilt or innocence of an accused is necessarily compromised by the appropriate focus of the probate court on the protection of children. Further, the disparity of "legislative purpose in allocating jurisdiction" as between the two courts was underscored by the Legislature when it inserted this language in the statute under which the petition to protect the child was filed:
Proceedings under this chapter shall not be considered to be criminal proceedings. [MCL 712A.1; MSA 27.3178(598.1).][ ]
IV
Because the issue of defendant's criminal guilt or innocence was not necessarily decided in the prior proceedings in probate court, principles of collateral estoppel do not prohibit the prosecution of defendant. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and vacate the order dismissing the criminal charges against defendant. We remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Riley, C.J., and Brickley, Boyle, and Archer, JJ., concurred with Griffin, J.
The initial petition read:
On or about 02-13-86, [the child] was interviewed by petitioner. During this interview, [she] stated that her father had touched her "pee pee reeil hard." While stating this, [she] showed petitioner what she meant by placing both of her hands on her vaginal area. [She] further illustrated this while using the sexually explicit dolls by placing the adult male doll's hand on her . . . vaginal area. [She] stated that when this occurred, she had no clothes on.
[She] further revealed that she had not told her mother of her father's actions because she was afraid of what her father would do.
After the petition was filed, the dss was represented by the Ingham County Prosecutor, who was allowed to amend the petition to add:
It is also alleged that: This touching by the father could be reasonably construed as being for purposes of sexual arousal or gratification.
The petition referred to MCL 712A.2; MSA 27.3178(598.2). As amended, the allegations fell within the scope of MCL 712A.2(b)(2); MSA 27.3178(598.2)(b)(2), which at the time provided:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, the juvenile division of the probate court shall have:
(b) Jurisdiction in proceedings concerning any child under 17 years of age found within the county:
(2) Whose home or environment, by reason of neglect, cruelty, drunkenness, criminality, or depravity on the part of a parent, guardian, or other custodian, is an unfit place for such child to live in.
The statutory grounds for juvenile court jurisdiction are found in MCL 712A.2; MSA 27.3178(598.2).
See MCL 712A.17; MSA 27.3178(598.17); also MCR 5.971(B). The child's mother did not oppose the petition.
The criminal complaint alleged that defendant had violated MCL 750.520c(l)(a); MSA 28.788(3)(l)(a), which provides:
(1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the second degree if the person engages in sexual contact with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists:
(a) That other person is under 13 years of age.
As defined by MCL 750.520a(k); MSA 28.788(1)00, "sexual contact" includes "the intentional touching of the victim's or actor's intimate parts or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the immediate area of the victim's or actor's intimate parts, if that intentional touching can reasonably be construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification."
The child testified that defendant touched her "hard" in the vaginal area, causing pain, once while she was sleeping in a living room chair, and that defendant told her not to tell her mother. She testified that defendant touched her "about five [other] times." Karen DuPage, a family therapist, testified that she interviewed the child upon request of the Department of Social Services and that, in her opinion, the child had been molested by her father on a number of different occasions. Defendant took the stand and denied touching his daughter for any improper reason or abusing her in any way, although he admitted innocently touching her vaginal area at times when helping her use the bathroom or take a bath.
In this appeal we are not required to consider whether defendant's prosecution is barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution. US Const, Ams V, XIV.
We use the term "collateral estoppel" to refer to issue preclusion. This Court generally uses the term "res judicata" to refer to what is often called "claims preclusion," which covers the preclusive effect of a judgment upon a subsequent proceeding on the basis of the same cause of action. Jones v Chambers, 353 Mich 674; 91 NW2d 889 (1958).
The Second Restatement is limited to the effect of prior adjudications in civil litigation, and does not deal with the effect of a prior civil judgment in a subsequent criminal prosecution. The ensuing citations to the Second Restatement are made with this observation in mind.
We borrow the efficient term "cross-over estoppel" from Brenner, "Crossing-overThe issue-preclusive effects of a civil/criminal adjudication upon a proceeding of the opposite character, 7 N 111 L R 141 (1987), in which the phenomenon is reviewed and analyzed.
The rendition of a judgment in an action does not conclude parties to the action who are not adversaries under the pleadings as to their rights inter se upon matters which they did not litigate, or have an opportunity to litigate, between themselves. [Restatement Judgments, § 82, pp 384-385.]
A person who is not a party but who is in privity with the parties . . . is . . . bound by and entitled to the benefits of the rules of res judicata. [Restatement Judgments, § 83, p 389.]
This is the conclusion reached by the Court of Appeals in People v Watt, 115 Mich App 172, 175; 320 NW2d 333 (1982), lv den 413 Mich 926 (1982). The Court of Appeals in the instant case found Watt to be dispositive. 168 Mich App 384, 388; 423 NW2d 668 (1988).
One commentator has observed that "[i]n recent decades, there seems to have developed a nearly universal agreement among judges and scholarly commentators alike that res judicata cannot be soundly administered by means of resolute adherence to a battery of self-enclosed rules . as constituting the sole and sufficient grounds of decisions in cases involving the preclusive effect of judgments." Instead, collateral estoppel determinations increasingly are the product of "multifaceted analysis and balancing of competing and vaguely defined governmental and private interests . . . ." Holland, Modernizing res judicata: Reñections on the Parklane doctrine, 55 Ind L J 615, 618-619 (1980).
For example, see MCR 5.972(C)(1) (the burden of proof in a probate proceeding is a preponderance of the evidence); MCR 5.965(B) (6) (a referee, rather than a judge, may preside at the trial); MCR 5.972(C)(2) (statements by a child which do not fall within an exception to the hearsay rule are admissible under certain circumstances). See also n 20.
Of course, the heightened burden of proof in a criminal trial would prevent the prosecutor from asserting collateral estoppel against a defendant in the criminal trial.
The standard jury instructions approved by the Probate Judges Association of Michigan make this point even more emphatically:
Instruction 25
The legal definition of criminality is the same as the common understanding of the word criminality. Criminality is present when a person violates the criminal laws of the State of Michigan or of the United States. Whether a parent's violation of the criminal laws of the State of Michigan or of the United States renders the home or environment of the child an unñt place for the child to live in is for you to decide based on [sic] all of the evidence in the case. [Owens, Juvenile jury instructions, Inter-com 21, 33 (April, 1989). Emphasis added.]
We are aware of the dangers of a "hypertechnical" analysis of what has been necessarily determined by a judgment, a danger warned of by the United States Supreme Court in Ashe, supra at 444. In the instant case, our conclusion that the jury verdict did not determine the issue of criminal guilt or innocence is not based on the fact that the verdict did not address that issue, but on the fact the instruction to the jury made clear that a determination of criminal guilt or innocence was not essential to its verdict.
The Supreme Court of Kentucky applied similar reasoning in its rejection of collateral estoppel in Gregory v Kentucky, 610 SW2d 598 (Ky, 1980). Gregory had argued that an express finding in a prior dependency hearing that he had not sexually abused his sons es-topped his subsequent prosecution for first-degree sodomy. Unlike the instant case, dependency was found in the first proceeding, on the basis of considerations other than the allegations of sexual abuse. The court rejected Gregory's claim of collateral estoppel because the criminality of Gregory's actions was not before the first court, which was charged generally with the well-being of the children, and because the first court's express findings on sexual abuse were not essential to its decision.
Such a public policy exception is recognized by 1 Restatement Judgments, 2d, § 28, p 273:
Although an issue is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, and the determination is essential to the judgment, relitigation of the issue in a subsequent action between the parties is not precluded in the following circumstances:
(5) There is a clear and convincing need for a new determination of the issue (a) because of the potential adverse impact of the determination on the public interest or the interests of persons not themselves parties in the initial action .
See State v Fagan, 66 NY2d 815; 498 NYS2d 335; 489 NE2d 222 (1985), and State v Alvey, 67 Hawaii 49; 678 P2d 5 (1984), for recent applications of this exception.
MOL 712A.1K1); MSA 27.3178(598.11X1).
If a petition is filed and the child has been removed from the home, a preliminary hearing must take place within twenty-four hours. MCR 5.965(A). If the child remains outside the home, the trial must take place within forty-two days. If the child has not been taken into court custody, the deadline for trial is six months. MCR 5.972(A).
See n 20.
At least one appellate decision in Michigan has relied upon a substantial difference in the purpose of the proceedings as a basis for denying collateral estoppel to issues common to both proceedings. Thangavelu v Dep't of Licensing & Regulation, 149 Mich App 546; 386 NW2d 584 (1986), lv den 425 Mich 864 (1986).
Other state courts have applied similar reasoning. In re Katherine & Kimberly B, 126 Misc 2d 1085; 484 NYS2d 788 (1985); Gregory v Kentucky, n 17 supra at 600; State v Fagan, n 18 supra, and State v Alvey, n 18 supra. Cf. Lockwood v Superior Court, 160 Cal App 3d 667; 206 Cal Rptr 785 (1984).
A similar analysis was recently employed by this Court to reject the argument that an mesc adjudication denying unemployment benefits should operate to preclude litigation of issues in a subsequent suit for breach of an employment contract. Storey v Meijer, Inc, 431 Mich 368, 372-373; 429 NW2d 169 (1988).
Prior to 1988 PA 224, the second quoted sentence provided, "Proceedings under this chapter shall not be deemed to be criminal proceedings."
Plaintiff also argues that collateral estoppel should not preclude defendant's criminal prosecution because there is no mutuality of estoppel, citing Restatement Judgments, §80 et seq., and Howell, supra at 45-46. If the jury had found that the probate court did have jurisdiction over the child, defendant would not have been precluded from defending himself against the criminal charge. Cf. 1 Restatement Judgments, 2d, §27-29, pp 250-303; IB Moore, Federal Practice, ¶ 0.441[3. — 2], p 734, and Bernhard v Bank of America Nat'l Trust & Savings Ass'n, 19 Cal 2d 807; 122 P2d 892 (1942). Since we are not required by this case to do so, we choose not to revisit the mutuality rule in Howell at this time.