Case Name: Charles J. Piper, Jr., Respondent, v. New York State Railways and Others, Appellants
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1918-11-27
Citations: 185 A.D. 184
Docket Number: 
Parties: Charles J. Piper, Jr., Respondent, v. New York State Railways and Others, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 185
Pages: 184–191

Head Matter:
Charles J. Piper, Jr., Respondent, v. New York State Railways and Others, Appellants.
Fourth Department,
November 27, 1918.
Railroads — motor vehicles — collision between street car and jitney bus, resulting in injury to passenger in bus — negligence — question for jury—evidence — erroneous charge permitting recovery upon theory not previously suggested — effect of submission of case to jury upon two theories, one of which is wrong — judgment of reversal.
In an action against the owners and operators of a jitney bus and a street railway company to recover for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff while a passenger in the bus, the complaint alleged that the owners of the bus were at the time of the accident operating at an unlawful rate of speed and in a negligent manner, and that the railway company at the same time operated one of its cars in a negligent manner and through the negligence of its employees caused it to collide with the bus.
Held, that the question of defendant’s negligence was properly submitted to the jury and its verdict in favor of the plaintiff is not against the weight of the evidence.
But since the complaint alleged that there was a collision between the street car and the jitney bus, and the counsel for the plaintiff so stated in his opening, and that was one of the principal questions litigated upon the trial, it was reversible error for the court to so charge the jury as to permit a recovery upon another theory not previously suggested.
The defendant by failing to object to the introduction of certain evidence did not intend to consent to a trial of a cause of action other than the one allegéd, where such evidence was competent upon the cause alleged.
Where a case is submitted to a jury upon two theories, one of which is wrong, it will not justify an affirmance of a judgment in favor of the plaintiff to hold that the case was properly submitted on one theory, and that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the finding on that theory.
Since the error in the charge was prejudicial to the owners of the bus, the judgment upon the general verdict against all of the defendants should be reversed in favor of them all, even though the court may have power to reverse as to the railway company and affirm as to the other defendants. Kruse, P. J., and De Angelis, J., dissented in memorandum.
Appeal by the defendants, New York State Railways and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Herkimer on the 11th day of July, 1916, .upon the verdict of a jury for $3,200, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 13th day of July, 1916, denying defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
Kernan & Kernan [Warnick J. Kernan of counsel], for the appellant New York State Railways.
Edward C. Rice, for the appellants Anna D. Foote and Frank Arnold.
Charles L. Earl, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Hubbs, J.:
The plaintiff was injured while a passenger in a jitney bus owned and operated by the defendants Foote and Arnold. He brought this action against the said defendants and the. New York State Railways jointly. The complaint alleged that the owners of the jitney bus were, at the time of the accident, operating the bus at an unlawful rate of speed and in a negligent manner. It also alleged that the defendant New York State Railways at the same time operated one of its cars in a negligent manner and through the negligence of its employees caused it to collide with the jitney bus. The question of defendants' negligence was submitted to the jury which found in favor of the plaintiff. We believe that question was properly submitted to the jury and that its verdict was not against the weight of the evidence. If it were not for the error in the judge's charge hereinafter referred to the judgment and order should be affirmed.
The complaint alleged in general terms the negligence of the New York State Railways and the negligence of the owners of the jitney. It also alleged specifically that the street car collided with the jitney bus and threw it against a trolley pole, wrecking the bus and injuring the plaintiff. The counsel for the plaintiff, in his opening to the jury, stated that the contention of the plaintiff was that the street car ran into the jitney bus from the rear while going at a dangerous rate of speed. Upon the trial there was a very sharp conflict in the evidence upon the question as to whether or not the street car hit the bus. Several witnesses called by the plaintiff testified that it did. Witnesses called by the defendants testified that the street car was seventy-five feet or more away from the bus at the time of the accident. It was the theory of the defendant New York State Railways that the accident was caused, not by the street car coming into contact with the bus, but on account of the bus skidding and coming into contact with a trolley pole.
The learned trial justice in his charge instructed the jury that it might find the defendant New York State Railways negligent if its car ran into'the jitney bus. He then instructed the jury as follows: " But if its approach was so rapid and so silent as to create an apprehension, which you find was justified under the facts, that there was a situation of danger, then the driver of the bus had the right to exercise the best judgment he could in an emergency, and if you find that the acts of the State Railways Co. caused that situation; in other words it was a proximate causé; not the proximate but a proximate cause of the injury then you may find a verdict against the State Railways Co." This part of the charge was duly excepted to by counsel for the New York State Railways who, at the close of the main charge, requested the court to charge as follows: " Now I ask your honor to charge the jury that their verdict must be one of no cause of action for the defendant, the New York State Railways, if the jury is satisfied from the evidence that a collision did not occur." The request was refused and the counsel for the said defendant duly excepted.
It is now urged by the defendant New York State Railways that such charge and refusal to charge constituted reversible error.
The complaint alleged that there was a collision between the street car and the jitney bus; the counsel for the plaintiff so stated in his opening and that was one of the principal questions litigated upon the trial. So far as the record is concerned, it does not disclose that the theory upon which the case was submitted to the jury in the part of the charge quoted above was suggested at all upon the trial. There was no amendment of the complaint granted or requested during the trial. It cannot be said, therefore, that the said defendant, by failing to object to the introduction of certain evidence, intended to consent to a trial of a cause of action other than the one alleged. The evidence which was received bearing upon the question so submitted to the jury was competent upon the question of whether or not there was a collision, as alleged in the complaint. (Maneely v. City of New York, 119 App. Div. 382; Coyle v. Third Avenue Railroad Co., 18 Misc. Rep. 9; Limerick v. Holdsworth, 136 App. Div. 323.)
The effect of the part of the charge excepted to and the refusal to charge as requested was to submit to the jury a theory of negligence on the part of said defendant not suggested in any way until the charge was delivered. The said defendant was deprived of the right to meet such theory with evidence and to argue the question before the jury in submitting the case. We believe this constituted reversible error.
The cases of Oldfield v. N. Y. & Harlem R. R. Co. (14 N. Y. 310) and Edgerton v. N. Y. & Harlem R. R. Co. (39 id. 227) have often been cited as sustaining the proposition that under a general allegation of negligence a recovery may be had upon proof of any state of facts from which the jury may find that the injury was caused wholly by the failure of the defendant to use reasonable care. It has been held, however, that those cases are not authority for such a broad statement. (Pagnillo v. Mack Paving & Construction Co., 142 App. Div. 491.)
In any event, the rule is different where the complaint alleges a specific act of negligence, and counsel for plaintiff, in his opening, states that he relies upon the act of negligence stated in the complaint, and there is no consent express or implied by the defendant to have a different theory of negligence submitted to the jury.
Under such circumstances a plaintiff cannot allege one proximate cause of his injury and recover upon another. To permit such a practice would leave a defendant in ignorance of the issue to be submitted to the jury until the very moment when submitted and lead to surprise and confusion in the trial of cases. (Woolsey v. Trustees of Ellenville, 69 Hun, 489; Patterson v. Westchester Electric R. Co., 26 App. Div. 336; Scheu v. Union R. Co., 112 id. 239; Finnegan v. Robinson Co., 124 id. 117; Scott v. International Paper Co., 125 id. 318; Stenger v. Buffalo Union Furnace Co., 109 id. 183.)
It is urged by respondent that the jury was justified by the evidence in finding that the street car came into collision with,the jitney bus, and that, as there is sufficient evidence on that point, the judgment should be affirmed. The difficulty with that contention is that this court is unable to say upon which theory the jury found in favor of the plaintiff. Where a case is submitted to a jury upon two theories, one of which is wrong, it will not justify an affirmance of a judgment in favor of the plaintiff to hold that the case was properly submitted on one theory and that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the finding on that theory. (Hawn v. Malcolm, 171 App. Div. 120.)
There was a general verdict against all of the defendants. The error in the charge was prejudicial to the defendants Foote and Arnold, the owners of the jitney bus, for the jury might have found in their favor if the issue had been confined to the question of whether or not there was a collision as alleged in the complaint. We think, therefore, that there should be a reversal in favor of all of the defendants, even if we have the power to reverse as to the company and affirm as to the individual defendants.
The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.
All concurred, except Kruse, P. J., and De Angelis, J., who dissented in a memorandum by Kruse, P. J.