Case Name: Marie DAVIDSON, n/k/a Marie Myklegard, Claimant and . Appellant, v. HORTON INDUSTRIES, INC., Employer and Appellee, and Sentry Insurance, Insurer and Appellee
Court: South Dakota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: South Dakota
Decision Date: 2002-02-27
Citations: 641 N.W.2d 138
Docket Number: No. 21970
Parties: Marie DAVIDSON, n/k/a Marie Myklegard, Claimant and Appellant, v. HORTON INDUSTRIES, INC., Employer and Appellee, and Sentry Insurance, Insurer and Appellee.
Judges: [¶ 30.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and GORS, Acting Justice, concur.
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 641
Pages: 138–147

Head Matter:
2002 SD 27
Marie DAVIDSON, n/k/a Marie Myklegard, Claimant and Appellant, v. HORTON INDUSTRIES, INC., Employer and Appellee, and Sentry Insurance, Insurer and Appellee.
No. 21970.
Supreme Court of South Dakota.
Considered on Briefs Nov. 13, 2001.
Decided Feb. 27, 2002.
Rehearing Denied April 16, 2002.
Ronald J. Hall of Siegel, Barnett & Schütz, LLP, Aberdeen, South Dakota, for claimant and appellant.
Timothy M. Gebhart of Davenport, Evans, Hurwitz & Smith, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, for appellees.

Opinion:
SABERS, Justice.
[¶ 1.] Marie Davidson, n/k/a Myklegard (Davidson), appeals from a decision denying an award of workers' compensation benefits. We reverse and remand.
FACTS
[¶ 2.] Davidson began working for Horton Industries in 1987. Horton Industries (Horton) makes fan clutches for trucks and buses. Davidson worked in several areas while employed with Horton. She was initially employed as a janitor, then moved into an accounting position. In September 1993, Davidson began working on the assembly floor putting together repair kits. In February or March of 1994, Davidson began working in the final assembly area. At the time of this claim, Davidson was employed in the final assembly area. This job involved assembling fan clutches and lifting and manipulating weights in excess of sixty pounds.
[¶ 3.] On May 10, 1994, while lifting a clutch part, Davidson experienced pain in her neck and right shoulder. Davidson informed her supervisor and left work. On May 11, Davidson was examined by Dr. Purintan who diagnosed right parascapu-lar strain and inflammation. Dr. Purintan prescribed medication and recommended a course of physical therapy. He further recommended that Davidson return to light duty work. In June 1994, Davidson returned to work for four to six hours per day.
[¶ 4.] Davidson's pain did not improve. In September 1994, Horton's insurer appointed a nurse case manager to Davidson to assist in her treatment and return to work. The case manager noted Davidson's complaints of constant tingling in her right arm and hand, burning in her shoulder, and sharp radiating pains in her neck. The case manager arranged for Davidson to be examined by another doctor.
[¶ 5.] Throughout 1994, she was referred to numerous physicians, including Dr. MacDougall, an orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Malek, a neurosurgeon, Dr. Quinlan, an upper extremity orthopedic specialist, and Dr. Blow, a physiatrist, all of whom diagnosed her with chronic arm, shoulder and neck pain related to overuse. The physicians prescribed varying courses of medication and physical therapy and recommended only light work duty. Davidson, however, still did not improve.
[¶ 6.] . During this same time period, Horton and its insurer offered to have Davidson examined at the Mayo Clinic. Two of Davidson's physicians also recommended that she attend a pain clinic, which her employer also offered to pay for. Davidson refused, mostly for personal reasons.
[¶ 7.] On January 24, 1995, Davidson went to the emergency room with severe neck and right shoulder pain where she was treated by Dr. Small. Davidson later returned to see Dr. Small who noted that Davidson had a limited range of motion and experienced extreme tenderness in her right shoulder. Dr. Small recommended that Davidson not work and referred her to an orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Johnson, at the request of her attorney. Horton did not authorize the visit to Dr. Johnson.
[¶ 8.] Dr. Johnson examined Davidson on February 7, 1995, and diagnosed her with myofascial pain disorder. Dr. Johnson recommended that she undergo a functional capacity evaluation (FCE). In late February, the FCE was completed at Sioux Valley Hospital. The FCE indicated that Davidson could perform a light-medium level of work, but should avoid repetitive use of her upper right extremity.
[¶ 9.] In May 1995, Dr. Quinlan approved a position for Davidson in Horton's repair kit area. Horton offered her a job in this area, but she refused the offer based on a recommendation from Dr. Johnson. As a result of her refusal to work, Davidson's temporary disability benefits were terminated after May 28, 1995.
[¶ 10.] In April 1996, Horton arranged for Davidson to be examined by Dr. Beng-ston at the Mayo Clinic. Dr. Bengston diagnosed her with chronic right shoulder myofascial pain syndrome. He. recommended that she avoid repetitive activity involving her right shoulder and concluded that she had reached her maximum medical improvement. He further concluded that her permanent partial disability would be zero-percent. On April 22, 1996, Horton and its insurer again terminated Davidson's temporary disability benefits.
[¶ 11.] Horton again offered Davidson a position in the repair kit area and she returned to work on May 30, 1996. After approximately thirty minutes of work, she left, complaining of pain. Davidson returned to see Dr. Small who recommended no further work.
[¶ 12.] In September 1996, Davidson underwent another FCE at the Mayo Clinic. The second FCE showed greater restrictions than the first one and indicated she should not do repetitive activities with her upper right extremity. Dr. Bengston assigned Davidson a five-percent impairment rating and stated that she had reached maximum medical improvement. Horton's insurer paid out the benefits available to her under this rating and cut off all weekly benefits.
[¶ 13.] On September 25, 1996, Horton and its insurer arranged for an independent medical exam by Dr. Tountas. After his exam, Dr. Tountas was unable to identify any underlying condition causing Davidson's pain. He further stated that Davidson could return to full-time work without any restrictions and that she did not have any permanent partial disability.
[¶ 14.] In October 1996, Horton made Davidson another offer to return to work in the repair kit area. Davidson attempted to return to work in January 1997, but left work after less than one hour because of pain.
[¶ 15.] Davidson filed a petition for hearing with the Department of Labor, Division of Labor and Management (Department) on September 21, 1995, seeking an award of all available workers' compensation benefits, including medical, temporary total disability, permanent partial dis ability and Cozine benefits and permanent total disability benefits under the odd-lot doctrine. A hearing was held before the Department, on November 5 and 6, 1997. On February 12, 1999, the hearing examiner found against Davidson, denying her claim for workers' compensation benefits. On March 26, 1999, the hearing examiner entered findings of fact, conclusions of law and an order and judgment. The hearing examiner's findings and conclusions stated that Davidson was not a credible witness and failed to support her claim for benefits with objective medical findings.
[¶ 16.] On April 7, 1999, Davidson filed a petition for review with the Secretary of Labor. The Secretary affirmed. Davidson then appealed her claim to the Fifth Circuit. Davidson filed briefs almost one year later and requested that the circuit court remand the case to the Department for reconsideration of its decision in light of new and material evidence. The circuit granted the motion to remand, but the Department determined that the new evidence was not material and had no impact on its original decision. The circuit court then affirmed the decision of the Department in its entirety on April 10, 2001 and entered judgment on April 16, 2001.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶ 17.] This Court's standard of review for workers' compensation cases is well established:
We have often stated that "'[u]nder SDCL 1-26-37, when the issue is a question of fact, then the clearly erroneous standard is applied to the agency's findings; however, when the issue is a question of law, the actions of the agency are fully reviewable.' " Brady Mem'l Home v. Hantke, 1999 SD 77, ¶ 8, 597 N.W.2d 677, 679-80 (quoting Wagaman v. Sioux Falls Constr., 1998 SD 27, ¶ 12, 576 N.W.2d 237, 240 (citations omitted)). Under our review, "we are required to give 'great weight to the findings and inferences made by Department on factual questions.' " Id. (citations omitted). Further, " '[i]f after careful review of the entire record we are definitely and firmly convinced a mistake has been committed, only then will we reverse.'" Id. (additional citations omitted).
Belhassen v. John Morrell & Co., 2000 SD 82, ¶ 11, 613 N.W.2d 531, 535.
[¶ 18.] WHETHER THE DEPARTMENT ERRED IN DETERMINING CLAIMANT WAS NOT ENTITLED TO WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS, INCLUDING MEDICAL, TEMPORARY TOTAL DISABILITY, PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABILITY AND COZINE BENEFITS AND PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY BENEFITS UNDER THE ODD-LOT DOCTRINE.
[¶ 19.] This Court has stated that when the issue presented " ⅛ a question of law, the actions of the agency are fully reviewable.'" Belhassen, 2000 SD 82 at ¶ 11, 613 N.W.2d at 535 (quoting Brady Mem'l Home, 1999 SD 77 at ¶ 8, 597 N.W.2d at 679-80). For all the reasons stated herein, the Department erred in its findings of fact and conclusions of law. It is simply not right when seven doctors basically give a diagnosis of chronic right shoulder myofascial pain syndrome and reach a prognosis that claimant should not work for a period of time, for the hearing examiner to ignore such evidence in favor of a very brief independent medical exam conducted by a physician hired by the claimant's employer. It is not enough to ignore the substantial evidence of pain because the cause cannot be determined. While we recognize that an agency may disregard one expert's opinion in favor of another, it cannot disregard the similar opinions of numerous medical experts in favor of one expert hired by the insurer under these circumstances. Upon review of the entire record, we are firmly convinced that the Department's action constitutes error in a conclusion of law. Because we believe basic errors have been made by ignoring seven similar medical reports, Davidson was denied a fair hearing and we reverse and remand.
[¶ 20.] Furthermore, in this case, a significant portion of the expert testimony was presented by means of deposition, affidavit and exhibit. This Court has stated that "[w]hen reviewing evidence presented by deposition, we do not apply the clearly erroneous rule but review that testimony as though presented here for the first time." Foltz v. Warner Transp., 516 N.W.2d 338, 340 (S.D.1994) (quoting Day v. John Morrell & Co., 490 N.W.2d 720, 723 (S.D.1992)) (citations omitted). See also, Truck Ins. Exchange v. CNA, 2001 SD 46, ¶ 6, 624 N.W.2d 705, 708 (stating this Court reviews "findings based on deposition testimony and documentary evidence under a de novo standard of review"). In Foltz, this Court reversed the Department of Labor's denial of workers' compensation benefits because it disagreed with the Department's review of the evidence. 516 N.W.2d at 346-47. The Department supported its denial of benefits by relying solely on the deposition testimony of the employer and insurer's medical experts and ignoring the opinions of three other medical experts. Id. at 346. Accordingly, this Court reversed the Department with a direction to enter judgment in favor of the claimant. Id. at 347.
[¶ 21.] This case presents a similar issue. The key issue is whether Davidson established unemployability because of her pain. This issue is dependent upon both the credibility of Davidson and the medical evidence offered to support her claims of pain. The Department denied an award of workers' compensation benefits because it found that Davidson was "not a credible witness." The Department stated that Davidson "has not established that she is obviously unemployable due to continuous, severe and debilitating pain. In fact, there is no basis in the record to explain Claimant's significant pain complaints." In the Department's findings of fact, the examiner focused primarily on the deposition testimony of Horton's expert Dr. Tountas, who claimed he was unable to reach a diagnosis as to Davidson's condition because of lack of objective findings.
[¶ 22.] The findings of fact contain little about the hearing testimony of Dr. Small, and nothing about the sworn affidavits from Dr. MacDougall, Dr. Johnson, and Dr. Blow. Again, the Department stated that the "weight of the medical testimony" indicated "there is no basis in the record to explain Claimant's significant pain complaints." We disagree. Our review of the record reveals there is evidence supporting Davidson's claims of pain. In their sworn affidavits, Dr. MacDougall, Dr. Johnson and Dr. Blow stated they believed Davidson suffered from myofascial pain disorder to the upper right extremity caused by repetitive overuse. Merely because these physicians were unable to readily ascertain the cause of Davidson's pain does not justify ignoring their sworn statements.
[¶23.] This Court has stated that "a claimant purporting to suffer from continuous and debilitating pain must be credible, and any medical diagnosis based on an inaccurate and incomplete medical history cannot insulate a claimant from the Department's findings." Schneider v. South Dakota Dep't of Transp., 2001 SD 70, ¶ 14, 628 N.W.2d 725, 730. In Schneider, a plurality Court upheld a decision by the Department of Labor which rejected the claimant's and medical expert's testimony as incredible because the claimant gave an incomplete representation of his injuries. 2001 SD 70 at ¶ 16, 628 N.W.2d at 730. Schneider is clearly distinguishable from the case at hand. Davidson has not presented a medical diagnosis "based on an inaccurate and incomplete medical history." She has not made inconsistent statements concerning her medical history. Rather, her case is based on the medical testimony of several doctors all of whom basically agree that she suffers from myo-fascial pain syndrome. Furthermore, the insurer's doctor stated that he did not question the opinions of Davidson's treating doctors and did not believe that she was malingering or faking or that she suffers no pain.
[¶ 24.] The Department also claims Davidson's testimony regarding her pain is not credible because of surveillance videotapes showing her engaging in certain activities such as weed pulling in her garden and carrying items with her right arm. With respect to these videotapes, the Department stated that "Claimant is shown moving with ease and at no time does she appear to be in any physical discomfort." Another videotape of Davidson shows her performing the duties of her job in the repair kit area on January 30, 1997. The Department again states that "it is impossible to accept Claimant's testimony that she was experiencing such extreme pain after viewing the video." Davidson, however, was unable to continue this work after less than one hour.
[¶ 25.] The Department's reliance on these tapes is questionable. See Foltz, 516 N.W.2d at 346 (questioning the Department of Labor's reliance on surveillance tapes and determining that they were of little consequence in assessing claimant's credibility). At the hearing, Davidson readily admitted to engaging in weed pulling and grocery shopping, but stated that she had to continue with some normal daily activities despite the pain. Moreover, this Court further questions the Department's reliance on these videotapes, because after reviewing them, we were unable to find any activity demonstrating significant use of Davidson's upper right extremity. Attacking Davidson's credibility on the basis of a few videotapes which provide only brief glimpses of activities which she admits to doing is insufficient to counter the medical testimony of Dr. Small, Dr. MacDougall, Dr. Johnson and Dr. Blow. The medical conclusion of myo-fascial pain syndrome reached by these four physicians was not substantially challenged by Horton at the time of the depositions or by these videotapes.
[¶26.] The hearing examiner failed to support its finding that Davidson's testimony is not credible with any substantial evidence. In Johnson v. Albertson's, this Court upheld a hearing examiner's determination that claimant's testimony was incredible. 2000 SD 47, ¶ 24-27, 610 N.W.2d 449, 455. This Court concluded that there was "substantial evidence to support the determinations of the hearing examiner and the Department that [claimant] was not a credible witness and, thus, her subjective testimony as to pain could also be determined not to be credible." Id. at ¶ 26. The hearing examiner found that there was evidence that claimant was malingering, that there was a discrepancy between claimant's injury and the objective findings, that claimant failed to comply with her prescribed treatment, and that her testimony at the hearing conflicted with statements made at earlier dates. Id. at ¶ 27-33. Because of the substantial evidence in the record, this Court stated that the hearing examiner was correct in rejecting the expert opinions of five doctors who supported the claimant's complaints of injury. Id. at ¶ 25. This Court agreed "with the hearing examiner's finding that since [claimant] was lacking in credibility and because 'the opinions of [claimant's] expert witnesses regarding her condition were based in large part on what she told them, the opinions of those experts lack an adequate foundation.' " Id.
[¶ 27.] Again, the Johnson case is clearly distinguishable from the one at hand. The hearing examiner's determination that Davidson is incredible is not supported by substantial evidence. Furthermore, the opinions of Davidson's experts were not based merely on Davidson's complaints of pain and cannot be said to lack an adequate foundation. Because the Department does not support its determination that Davidson's testimony is incredible, it cannot justifiably reject the expert opinions of numerous doctors in favor of one hired by the insurer under these circumstances.
[¶ 28.] The burden of proof in workers' compensation cases lies with the claimant. The " 'claimant has the burden of proving all facts essential to compensation[.]' " Phillips v. John Morrell & Co., 484 N.W.2d 527, 530 (S.D.1992) (quoting King v. Johnson Bros. Constr. Co., 83 S.D. 69, 73, 155 N.W.2d 183, 185 (1967)). This Court has stated that:
Having recognized the burden of proving all the essential facts of his claim is on the claimant, it becomes necessary to evaluate the evidence to determine whether the claimant has in fact met this burden. It should be noted proof need not arise to a degree of absolute certainty, but an award may not be based upon mere possibility or speculative evidence.
Foltz, 516 N.W.2d at 342 (citing Mehlum v. Nunda Coop. Ass'n, 74 S.D. 545, 546, 56 N.W.2d 282, 283 (1952)). Expert medical testimony couched in terms of probability is sufficient to sustain a workers' compensation claimant's burden of proof. Hanten v. Palace Builders, Inc., 1997 SD 3, ¶ 15, 558 N.W.2d 76, 80.
[¶ 29.] Davidson presented evidence to prove facts essential to compensation under workers' compensation law. The Department erred when it ignored this evidence. We conclude for all of the reasons stated above that Davidson was denied a fair hearing. Because Davidson has made a prima facie showing, the burden now shifts to the employer to show that some form of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to the claimant. See Kester v. Colonial Manor of Custer, 1997 SD 127, ¶ 28-30, 571 N.W.2d 376, 381 (holding that after claimant establishes prima face case of disability, the burden shifts to the employer to show that some suitable work is available). Accordingly, we reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[¶ 30.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and GORS, Acting Justice, concur.
[f 31.] AMUNDSON and KONENKAMP, Justices, dissent.
. There is some dispute as to the length of the examination. In his deposition, Dr. Tountas claimed that he saw Davidson for "at least 30 minutes." At the hearing, Davidson testified that Dr. Tountas spent only 15-20 minutes with her, and only 5-10 minutes on the physical exam.
. In fact, when reviewing these tapes, other than the retum-to-work video, the Court was only able to find one instance where Davidson was seen using her right arm. The majority of the tapes showed only panoramic views of Davidson's house, car and garden.