Case Name: Gray v. Hinton and others
Court: United States Circuit Court for the District of Nebraska
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1881-02-25
Citations: 7 F. 81
Docket Number: 
Parties: Gray v. Hinton and others.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 7
Pages: 81–85

Head Matter:
Gray v. Hinton and others.
(Circuit Court, D. Nebraska.
February 25, 1881.)
1. Entibe Contract—Want of Mutuality—Part Performance.
The defendants agreed with the X. Railway Company that “ in consideration of one dollar, * * * and the advantages thereafter to accrue by the construction of said railway through” certain precincts, they would pay the company a certain sum when the railroad had been graded, and a certain further sum when the company had tied and ironed its roadway through the precincts, according to a proposition which provided, among other things, that the railroad should he constructed before a certain date. After the time for construction had elapsed, suit was brought on the contract, alleging that the company had graded its road, but there was no allegation that the road had been completed, and upon demurrer to the petition, hdd—
(1) That such being the intention of the parties the contract was an entirety, and the plaintiff could not recover for the grading without alleging the completion of the road, or offering some sufficient excuse for the failure to do so.
(2) That there being nothing in the contract to bind the company to complete the road, it did not originally bind the defendants, for want of mutuality, and would become binding on them only by a full performance of the agreement of the company; part performance would not he sufficient.
Demurrer to Petition.
The facts, as they appear by the allegations of the petition, are as follows:
The Nebraska Railway Company was a corporation organized for the purpose of constructing a road from Brownsville to Lake City. The precincts of Ohio and Falls City, in the county of Richardson, had voted to subscribe for a certain amount of the capital stock of said railway company, for the purpose of aiding the construction of said railroad. The railway company contracted for the construction of the road through the said precincts of Ohio and Falls City. Litigation being threatened by parties adverse to the policy of granting aid by the precincts above mentioned, the defendants in this suit, 150 in number, signed the contract upon which this suit is brought.
The contract, in so far as it is material to be considered, is as follows:
The consideration for its execution on the part of the defendant is stated to he “ the sum of one dollar, to us in hand paid by the Nebraska Railway Company, and tie advantages thereafter to accrue by the construction of said railway through the precincts of Ohio and Falls City.”
And the defendants agree as follows:
To pay jointly and severally to the Nebraska Railway, or its order, the sum of $65,000, in lawful money of the United States of America, to be paid in instalments as follows, to-wit: $10,500 thereof when said railway company shall have graded its road-bed and built its culverts through the precinct of Ohio according to the terms of the foregoing proposition; $35,-000 thereof when the said Nebraska Railway Company shall have graded its roadi-bed and built its culverts through the precinct of Falls City according to the terms of the foregoing proposition; $19,500 when said Nebraska Railway Company shall have graded, tied, and ironed its roadway through the precincts of Ohio and Falls City, according to the foregoing propositions,—each instalment of which shall be truly and promptly paid.
The “foregoing proposition” referred to in this agreement, among other things, provided that the railroad should he constructed before December 1, 1876. The petition alleges that the grading was completed in accordance with the contract, but there is no allegation that the road has ever been completed. The time for the completion of the road, according to the terms of the agreement, had elapsed before the commencement of this suit. The defendant files a general demurrer to the petition, under which he insists—First, that the contract is not binding on the defendants for want of mutuality; second, that the contract is an entirety, and as the plaintiff has commenced this action after expiration of the time within which the railroad company was to have completed the railroad, he cannot recover without alleging .and proving a full performance of the contract on the part of the company, or, in other words, that it has finished the road; third, that the plaintiff cannot recover without alleging performance of all the stipulations of the- contract to be performed upon the part of the railroad company.
O. P. Mason, for plaintiff.
E. W. Thomas, for defendants.

Opinion:
McCrary, C. J.
The demurrer raises the question whether suit can be maintained on the contract upon the facts disclosed by the petition. The plaintiff sues after the expiration of the time within which, by the terms of the contract, the road was to have been finished. It is alleged that the grading was completed according to the contract, but it is not alleged that the road was finished. The question .is whether, under the contract, plaintiff can recover for the grading without alleging that ho has finished the road, or offering some sufficient excuse for his failure to do so; or, in other words, we are to consider whether the agreement to do the grading was a contract separate and distinct from and independent of the agreement to finish the road, so that the plaintiff can sue upon the contract and recover for the grading without alleging compliance, or readiness to comply, with the other part of the agreement. Speaking of the "entirety of contracts," Mr. Parsons says:
" The question whether a contract is entire or separable is often of great importance. Any contract may consist of many parts, and these may be considered as parts of one whole, or as so many distinct contracts entered into at one time and expressed in the same instrument, but not thereby made one contract. No precise rule can be given by which this question in a given case may be settled. Like most other questions of construction, it depends upon the intention of the parties, and this must be discovered in each ease by considering the language employed and the subject-matter of the contract." 2 Pars Con. 517.
From what appears upon the face of this contract we are to determine whether it was the intention of the parties to make one contract for the construction of a railroad, or two separate contracts,—one for the grading, and the other for the bridging, tying, and ironing of the roadway through the precincts of Ohio and Falls City. It seems pretty clear that the subject-matter of the contract was an entirety, to-wit, a completed railroad. The case is not like many we find cited in the books, in which two or more separate and distinct articles of property are sold and conveyed by a single instrument, for separate and distinct prices, at one and the samo time. In such cases it often appears that the purchase of each article was a separate and distinct transaction, and intended to be so regarded by the parties to the contract. There is in such cases no necessary connection between the several articles sold and conveyed. There is nothing from which it can be inferred that it was not the intention of the purchaser to secure one without also securing the others. The case before us, however, is quite different. It cannot be supposed that the defendants would have employed the railroad company to do the grading alone, without it had at the same time agreed to go on and complete the road. The contract itself declares that the consideration for the contract, on the part of the defendants, was the benefits they were to receive by the construction of the road through the two precincts named. Suppose the railr.ad company, or its contractors, after completing the grading, had failed or refused to go on and complete the road upon the demand of the defendants. Would it be contended that the plaintiff, under such circumstances, could maintain an action upon the contract ? • This is probably the test. See Robinson v. Green, 3 Met. 159. If it were alleged in the petition that the railroad company, or the contractors, completed the grading, and were ready, able, and willing to go on and finish the road; that they offered to do so, and were prevented by the act or fault of defendants, —a very different question would arise. But an allegation that the grading was completed, without more, is insufficient, because it is manifest that the defendants did not intend to bind themselves to pay for grading, and leave the contractors at liberty to finish the road or not, at their option. The parties must have understood that the defendants were binding themselves to pay a large sum of money to secure the construction of the railroad through the precincts in which they resided and held property. If the proposition upon which this action is based, to-wit, that the defendants were to pay the price named for the grading whether the road was completed or not, had been suggested at the time of the execution of the contract, no one of the defendants would have assented to it. They undoubtedly regarded the contract as an entirety. Such was the intention; and the construction of the contract, as to its being several or entire, depends upon the intention of the parties to it.
But, independently of this consideration, there can, I think, be no doubt upon another question which is presented by this record. The contract itself shows no mutuality. The de< fendants bound themselves to pay a certain sum of money, provided plaintiffs assignor, the railroad company, would complete a certain railroad; but there is nothing in the contract to bind the company to complete the road. The performance of the contract by the railroad company would avoid this objection. The rule is that where one party agrees to pay a certain sum of money if another party will do certain acts, the latter is not bound; but the agreement of the former may be considered as a request to the latter to do the acts named, and the doing of the acts is an assent, and the promise thereby becomes mutual and obligatory. But this case presents the question whether a performance of a part of the acts specified, and a failure to perform another part, will answer the objection that there is no mutuality. The rule is that performance is an assent to the terms proposed; but I know of no authority for the proposition that part performance will amount to an assent. See 13 Ohio St. 94, where it is distinctly held that "this rule does not appear to be applicable where the act done only constitutes a part of tho consideration, and shows no assent to the terms of the contract." The performance by the party to whom the offer is made takes the place of a formal acceptance of a proposition to contract; but a part performance, without an offer to make full performance, is not an acceptance, no more than an acceptance in writing of a part of a proposition could be regarded as an acceptance of the whole. In such a case, whatever the rights of the plaintiff might be in a suit upon the quantum meruit, he has no right of action upon the contract itself.
The demurrer to the petition is sustained.