Case Name: PORT NECHES-GROVES INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellant, v. PYRAMID CONSTRUCTORS, L.L.P., Appellee
Court: Texas Courts of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 2009-02-05
Citations: 281 S.W.3d 142
Docket Number: No. 09-08-00197-CV
Parties: PORT NECHES-GROVES INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellant, v. PYRAMID CONSTRUCTORS, L.L.P., Appellee.
Judges: Before McKEITHEN, C.J., GAULTNEY and HORTON, JJ.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Third Series
Volume: 281
Pages: 142–152

Head Matter:
PORT NECHES-GROVES INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellant, v. PYRAMID CONSTRUCTORS, L.L.P., Appellee.
No. 09-08-00197-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Beaumont.
Submitted Dec. 11, 2008.
Decided Feb. 5, 2009.
Roger McCabe, Thomas C. Mayo, Me-haffy Weber, P.C., Beaumont, Richard A. Peebles, Law Office of Richard A. Peebles, Baytown, for Appellant.
Dale M. Tingleaf, Houston, Jon B. Bur-meister, Beaumont, for Appellee.
Before McKEITHEN, C.J., GAULTNEY and HORTON, JJ.

Opinion:
OPINION
STEVE McKEITHEN, Chief Justice.
Port Neches-Groves Independent School District appeals a judgment awarding damages, interest and attorney fees to Pyramid Constructors, L.L.P. In five issues, the District: (1) asserts sovereign immunity; (2) contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to liability; (3) contends the trial court erred in granting a motion for instructed verdict on damages and interest; (4) challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the damage award; and (5) erred in awarding attorney fees and interest. We hold the trial court properly exercised jurisdiction because the District is not immune from suit in this case, but hold the trial court erred in granting summary judgment and further erred in granting Pyramid's motion for an instructed verdict. We reverse the judgment and remand the cause to the trial court.
Pyramid, then known as Pyramid Constructors, Inc., sued the Port Neches-Groves Independent School District for breach of an April 1997 school renovation contract. The District filed a counterclaim for breach of contract and breach of warranty and a plea to the jurisdiction based on governmental immunity. In a mediated settlement, Pyramid's liability insurer paid the District $900,000. Pyramid kept its claims for retainage withheld under the contract, together with its claims for interest and attorney fees. The trial court denied the District's plea to the jurisdiction. The District appealed to this Court, which affirmed the order, and to the Supreme Court, which reversed our judgment and remanded the cause to the trial court. Port Neches-Groves I.S.D. v. Pyramid Constructors, L.L.P., 140 S.W.3d 440 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2004), reversed, 201 S.W.3d 679 (Tex.2006). On remand, the trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction, granted summary judgment on liability, granted an instructed verdict and charged the jury only upon the award of attorney fees. The trial court entered a judgment for: (1) $531,012.76 with interest at the rate of 1% per month until paid; (2) $389,912.02 in attorney fees with additional amounts of $35,000 for an appeal, $35,000 for response to petition for review, and $10,000 for briefing in the Supreme Court as found by the jury, plus interest; and (3) costs of court.
First, the District contends it has governmental immunity that has not been waived. The Supreme Court held the "sue and be sued" language of Section 11.151 of the Education Code is not a clear and unambiguous waiver of immunity, but indicated that Pyramid should be provided with an opportunity to raise and develop a record to support other possible bases for a waiver of immunity. See Port Neches-Groves I.S.D. v. Pyramid Constructors, L.L.P., 201 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex.2006). The District argues Pyramid failed to develop a record on remand to establish a waiver of governmental immunity. The post-remand motion for partial summary judgment filed by Pyramid had no summary judgment evidence attached to it, but the body of the motion referred to an affidavit attached to its response to the District's motion for summary judgment. That affidavit and the accompanying settlement agreement were before the trial court. The construction contract was also before the trial court. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(c). Additional evidence germane to the jurisdictional issue was developed during the trial. See Tex. Dep't of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex.2004) ("by reserving for the fact finder the resolution of disputed jurisdictional facts that implicate the merits of the claim or defense, we preserve the parties' right to present the merits of their case at tidal.").
Pyramid contends Chapter 2251 of the Government Code waives governmental immunity; however, for contracts executed before September 1, 2003, Chapter 2251 does not apply to a payment made by a governmental entity if there is a bona fide dispute between the political subdivision and a vendor about the goods delivered or service performed that causes the payment to be late. See Act of May 4, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 268, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 583, 843; amended by Act of April 25, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 76, § 5.41-.42, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 458, 497; amended by Act of May 26, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1158, § 61, 94, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2570, 2605, 2615; amended by Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 286, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 1252. The 2003 amendment to Section 2251.002(a) of the Texas Government Code does not apply in this case. See Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 286, § 4, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 1255 ("This Act applies only to a contract executed on or after September 1, 2003. A contract executed before September 1, 2003, is governed by the law as it existed on the date the contract is executed, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose."); current version at Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.002(a) (Vernon 2008).
Chapter 2251 provides for recovery of interest on late payments by governmental entities. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.025 (Vernon 2008). The unpaid balance of a partial payment accrues interest unless the balance is in dispute. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.029 (Vernon 2008). If a disputed payment is resolved in favor of the vendor, the vendor is entitled to receive interest on the unpaid balance from the date the payment is overdue. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.042(b) (Vernon 2008). In a formal judicial action to collect an invoice payment or interest due under Chapter 2251, the opposing party shall pay the prevailing party's attorney fees. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.043 (Vernon 2008). Thus, a vendor may recover on a disputed payment and may recover attorney fees, but until the dispute is resolved the vendor cannot recover pursuant to Chapter 2251. Chapter 2251 does not waive governmental immunity for resolving a disputed payment.
The District argues Pyramid is not entitled to recover under Chapter 2251 because a bona fide dispute exists. Specifically, the District contends the retainage is not due until the contract is "fully performed" and Pyramid satisfies the express conditions precedent by paying the subcontractors and submitting lien releases to the architect. Pyramid argues that an action on the payment bond is a subcontractor's sole remedy. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2253.073 (Vernon 2008). Because a subcontractor cannot place a lien on the District's property, Pyramid argues, the required submission of a release of lien is meaningless.
Pyramid contends the law does not require the doing of a vain and useless thing. The ease on which Pyramid relies involved a garnishment. On the date of the application for a writ of garnishment, one of the joint judgment debtors was dead and had died insolvent. Mackey v. Lucey Prods. Corp., 150 Tex. 188, 239 S.W.2d 607, 608 (Tex.1951). An execution against the estate would have accomplished nothing towards reducing the original judgment and execution would have been void because the judgment had to be collected through the probate court. Id. The Court held it was not necessary that the deceased judgment debtor be named in the application for writ of garnishment. Id. In this case, the contract's supplemental conditions required Pyramid to submit to the architect the following documents prior to final payment: (1) contractor's affidavit of payment of debts and claims; (2) contractor's affidavit of release of liens; (3) consent of surety to final payment; (4) general contractor's guarantee; (5) subcontractor's guarantee; (6) subcontractor's lien releases; (7) asbestos affidavit; (8) maintenance and instruction manuals; (9) record drawings; and (10) final list of subcontractors. The contract calls for final payment upon full performance of the contract and the issuance of a final certificate of payment. Thus, regardless of the remedies available to subcontractors, the contract between Pyramid and the District required Pyramid to submit to the architect documents establishing that all debts associated with the project had been paid and all claims had been released before Pyramid would be entitled to final payment. The action required by the contract was not vain and useless.
Pyramid argues that the District was required to pay the retainage upon sub-' stantial completion of each phase of the project because the contract's construction schedule provides for a proportional amount of retainage to be released for all areas where final completion has been achieved. The construction schedule called for release of proportional amounts of retainage upon final completion, not substantial completion. Substantial completion triggers the right to payment other than the retainage, but only full performance triggers the payment of retainage. Nothing in the construction schedule excuses performance of the actions required for final payment in the supplemental con ditions. Assuming the construction schedule allowed Pyramid to apply for a release of retainage as to each phase of the project, the contract between Pyramid and the District required Pyramid to establish that all claims related to that phase had been released before Pyramid could obtain a release of the retainage for that phase of the project. At trial, Pyramid's president testified that Pyramid obtained all releases except one. He also testified that Pyramid paid the subcontractors two-thirds of the retainage owed to them when the District released two-thirds of the retainage. He admitted Pyramid never paid the final one-third owed to the subcontractors, with the exception of a $5,000 claim that was not paid at all and a claim that Pyramid paid in full after the subcontractor prevailed in a lawsuit. He did not identify the phases of the project to which these claims related. Furthermore, Pyramid submitted a single pay application for the full amount of the retainage.
Pyramid argues the architect's approval of Pyramid's pay application triggered Pyramid's right to payment of all of the retainage because the attachments showed the project was complete. The architect approved a partial release of retainage on May 17, 2000, but did not approve the application in its entirety. The architect sent letters to Pyramid in June and August 2000 that clearly state the final payment awaited receipt by the architect of the final close-out documents. In addition, an affidavit from Pyramid's president admitted Pyramid did not submit all of the required close-out documents to the architect. Under the facts and circumstances present in this case, a bona fide dispute existed as a matter of law. We hold Chapter 2251 does not operate to waive the District's immunity in this case.
Pyramid contends the enactment of Chapter 271 of the Local Government Code created a legislative waiver of the District's immunity for Pyramid's breach of contract claim. See Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. § 271.152 (Vernon 2005) ("A local governmental entity that is authorized by statute or the constitution to enter into a contract and that enters into a contract subject to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to suit for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject to the terms and conditions of this subchapter."). Section 271.152 applies only to a claim for which immunity had not been waived under prior law. Act of May 23, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 604, § 2, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1548, 1549. Although the case was decided after the effective date of the new statute, Reata did not create new law but merely explained the law as it already existed. See Reata Constr. Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 376 (Tex.2006). The District both filed and settled its counterclaim before the effective date of Chapter 271. Thus, Chapter 271 is inapplicable if by filing the counterclaim the District waived immunity.
Pyramid contends the District waived governmental immunity by filing a counterclaim. By asserting an affirmative claim for relief, the District joined into the litigation process and the trial court acquired subject-matter jurisdiction over claims made against the District "which were connected to, germane to, and properly defensive" to the matters on which the District based its claim for damages. Id. at 377. A Reata waiver does not extend to claims for monetary relief exceeding amounts necessary to offset the District's claims. Id.
The District argues that Pyramid would not be entitled to an offset because it refused to participate in the settlement negotiated by its insurance carrier. Although Pyramid's corporate representative testified that Pyramid did not participate in the settlement negotiated by its insurer, the settlement agreement states that "Pyramid Constructors, Inc. agrees to pay Port Neches-Groves I.S.D. the sum of $900,000.00 dollars, on or before June 10, 2003." Regardless of the circumstances of its execution, the settlement agreement expressly states that Pyramid is the party paying the settlement.
The District also argues Pyramid's claim for retainage is not connected to, germane to, and properly defensive to the District's counterclaim for construction defects. In its opinion remanding the case to the trial court, the Supreme Court noted that "Pyramid should have the opportunity to argue, based on our decision in Reata, that the District does not have immunity from suit." Port Neches-Groves I.S.D. v. Pyramid Constructors, L.L.P., 201 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex.2006). On remand, Pyramid filed a motion for partial summary judgment that sought judgment as to liability based upon the District's settlement of its claims against Pyramid. The only argument even remotely addressing Reata immunity in Pyramid's motion for summary judgment relied solely upon the Supreme Court's opinion in the District's first appeal. Pyramid argued that once the District settled its claim against Pyramid, it no longer retained a bona fide defense to Pyramid's retainage claim. Although provided with an opportunity to argue that the District does not have immunity from suit because Pyramid's retainage claim is connected to, germane to, and properly defensive of the District's settled claims, Pyramid relied solely upon the settlement as a waiver of immunity. Neither the settlement agreement nor the order of dismissal links the District's claims against Pyramid and the architect to Pyramid's claims against the District. To the contrary, the documents state that all claims for contribution by and between Pyramid and the architect were moot and that Pyramid's original claim for retainage under the construction contract has not been resolved by the settlement.
In allowing an offset, the court must specify the claims that arise from the District's suit and limit any recovery to an offset. State v. Fidelity and Deposit Co. of Maryland, 223 S.W.3d 309, 310-11 (Tex. 2007) (surety could offset cost-related dispute against state agency's recovery on performance bond). Here, no connection between the retainage dispute and the District's claims is shown, other than the fact that the two disputes arise out of the performance of the same construction contract. Accordingly, the trial court could not exercise jurisdiction pursuant to Rea-ta.
In response to Pyramid's contention that Chapter 271 waives the District's immunity, the District contends Pyramid consistently asserted that the District waived immunity and argues Pyramid cannot now take the inconsistent position of arguing that the District's immunity was not waived before September 1, 2005. Although not expressly stated as an alternative to its Reata waiver allegations, Pyramid's allegation that immunity has been waived pursuant to Chapter 271 of the Local Government Code can be understood to be an alternative pleading. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 48. Pyramid failed to establish its other bases for jurisdiction; therefore, we consider its alternative pleading.
The District entered into a contract with Pyramid and did not waive governmental immunity before September 1, 2005. See Tex. Loo. Gov't Code Ann. § 271.152 (Vernon 2005). Accordingly, the District's immunity is waived subject to the terms and conditions of Sections 271.151 through 271.160 of the Local Government Code. Id. Issue one is sustained in part and overruled in part.
In its fifth issue, the District contends the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees and interest. The terms and conditions of Chapter 271 limit recovery against a local governmental entity. Id. Generally, attorney fees are not recoverable under Chapter 271. See Tex. Loa Gov't Code Ann. § 271.153, 271.159 (Vernon 2005). In its brief to this Court, Pyramid states "it does not seek to recover attorney fees under Chapter 271 of the Local Government Code which waives [the District's] governmental immunity in cases such as this, but under Chapter 2251 of the Government Code.... " Thus, Pyramid does not argue that it is entitled to recover attorney fees pursuant to Chapter 271. Generally, only "interest as allowed by law" may be recovered under Chapter 271. Tex. Loa Gov't Code Ann. § 271.153. The supplementary conditions to the contract between Pyramid and the District expressly excluded the contractual provision for interest. As discussed elsewhere in this Opinion, the existence of a bona fide dispute precludes operation of the interest provision contained in Chapter 2251. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.029. Although Section 271.152 waives the District's governmental immunity from a suit for breach of the construction contract, Pyramid cannot recover either attorney fees or interest. We sustain issue five.
In its second issue, the District contends the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment. In reviewing the granting of a summary judgment, we accept as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, indulge every reasonable inference in favor of the non-movant, and resolve any doubts in the non-movant's favor. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985). The summary judgment will be affirmed only if the movant establishes its right to summary judgment as a matter of law. Tex.R. Crv. P. 166a(c). Pyramid's motion for summary judgment argued three distinct events entitled Pyramid to recover the retainage as a matter of law: (1) the completion of each phase of the project; (2) the architect's acceptance of Pyramid's pay application; and (3) the settlement and non-suit of the District's claims against Pyramid.
As discussed in our analysis of the District's first issue: (1) Pyramid failed to establish that it met all of the conditions for payment as to each phase of the project; (2) a bona fide dispute existed as a matter of law; and (3) the architect did not accept Pyramid's entire pay application. Accordingly, Pyramid's first two grounds cannot support summary judgment. The trial court held that the District "released Pyramid from all claims, reserving none" and "may not therefore raise any affirmative defenses to Pyramid's suit including the 'bonafide dispute' defense to Pyramid's contentions under Chapter 2251 of the Government Code." The trial court also found that the District breached the contract as a matter of law when it "failed to release the retainage in its possession after it settled its counterclaim and therefore Pyramid is entitled to recover under Chapter 2251 of the Government Code the retainage and such interest and reasonable attorney fees as it may prove."
Pyramid argues that by dismissing its affirmative claims for relief the District waived its defenses to Pyramid's retainage claim. Pyramid relies in part on the language of the settlement agreement, which identifies the claim being released as "arising from or related to the events and transactions which are the subject matter of this case" and Pyramid argues this language includes the District's defenses to Pyramid's retainage claim.
"Waiver requires intent, either the 'intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.' " In re General Elec. Capital Corp., 203 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex.2006) (quoting Sun Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Benton, 728 S.W.2d 35, 37 (Tex.1987)). For waiver to be implied, "intent must be clearly demonstrated by the surrounding facts and circumstances." Jernigan v. Langley, 111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex.2003). When the surrounding facts are undisputed, the question becomes one of law. Id. at 156-57. An unambiguous contract must be enforced as written. Lopez v. Munoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 5.W.3d 857, 862 (Tex.2000). Ambiguity is a question of law. Id. at 861. "A contract is not ambiguous if it can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation." Id.
In this case, the settlement agreement states that Pyramid "retains all causes of action for retainage withheld under the contract" and the order of dismissal states that Pyramid's "original claim for retainage under the construction contract at issue is preserved as between Plaintiff Pyramid Constructors, Inc. and Port Neches-Groves I.S.D. This claim has not yet been resolved and is still active[.]" Thus, the settlement agreement expressly excludes Pyramid's retainage claim and is silent regarding the District's defenses to the excluded claim. Because the District did not expressly waive its defenses to the claim that was expressly excluded from the settlement agreement, as a matter of law those defenses were not waived by the settlement agreement. We sustain issue two.
The District's third issue contends the trial court erred in granting Pyramid's motion for instructed verdict. "In reviewing the granting of an instructed verdict, we must determine whether there is any evidence of probative force to raise a fact issue on the material questions presented." Szczepanik v. First S. Trust Co., 883 S.W.2d 648, 649 (Tex.1994). "We consider all of the evidence in a light most favorable to the party against whom the verdict was instructed and disregard all contrary evidence and inferences; we give the losing party the benefit of all reasonable inferences created by the evidence." Id. "If there is any conflicting evidence of probative value on any theory of recovery, an instructed verdict is improper and the case must be reversed and remanded for jury determination of that issue." Id.
After entering a summary judgment on liability and hearing testimony regarding the dates on which Pyramid substantially completed each phase of the project, the trial court refused to submit questions on substantial completion, the dates of completion, and the amount of retainage due for each phase of the project, but granted an instructed verdict based upon calculations submitted by Pyramid. As we noted above, substantial completion did not trigger Pyramid's right to payment and Pyramid did not file applications for proportional release of retainage but filed a single pay application for the full retainage. The instructed verdict of $531,012.76 with interest to run at the rate of 1% per month until paid is based upon Pyramid's testimony regarding when Pyramid completed each phase of the project and its calculation of the proportion each phase held to the whole, with interest added pursuant to Chapter 2251. The bona fide dispute between the parties regarding Pyramid's right to payment precludes the operation of Chapter 2251. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.029 (Vernon 2008). Furthermore, the contract required Pyramid to submit the close-out documents to the architect before the architect would certify payment of the retainage. The architect did not unconditionally accept Pyramid's pay application, but identified the documentation required for final completion. Pyramid did not conclusively establish its right to payment. Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting an instructed verdict. We sustain issue three.
Issue four challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the damages awarded in the judgment. In response, Pyramid argues that "the contract between the [pjarties could not be clearer." While we agree that the contract is unambiguous, we disagree that the uncontro-verted evidence established Pyramid sustained damages in the amount of $531,012.76. In considering the District's second and third issues, we hold that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on liability and instructing a verdict on damages based upon an unsupportable construction of the settlement agreement. There is no evidence that Pyramid sustained damages in the amount of $531,012.76 as a result of a breach by the District. Furthermore, the record in this case indicates the conditions precedent have not been satisfied. The District did not move for summary judgment on liability, however, and neither the trial court nor the jury considered whether Pyramid satisfied the conditions precedent to its right to release of the retainage. Therefore, we do not render judgment. See CRA, Inc. v. Bullock, 615 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1981) ("In this situation where upon appeal it is determined that the summary judgment was improperly granted, the appeal does not afford a basis for rendering a judgment for the non-moving party."). We reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
. Although the trial court submitted a single question regarding attorney fees to the jury, the Supreme Court had remanded the case to the trial court for a reconsideration of the District's plea to the jurisdiction and the trial court's partial summary judgment on liability did not specifically rule on the plea. See Port Neches-Groves I.S.D. v. Pyramid Constructors, L.L.P., 201 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex.2006). If the trial court ruled on the plea before trial or we presume a deemed jury finding on factual issues relating to jurisdiction, the sufficiency of the evidence supporting jurisdiction can be challenged on appeal following trial on the merits. See Univ. of Houston v. Barth, 265 S.W.3d 607, 611 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet. h.).
. For contracts executed after September 1, 2003, the exclusion is limited to Subchapter B (Sections 2251.021-.030). In such a case, Subchapter D provides a remedy to a vendor for nonpayment through suspension of performance. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2251.051 (Vernon 2008).
. As the District notes in its brief, the section of the contract regarding progress payments excludes reduction of retainage from the formula for calculating progress payments.
. Hearing the case on a docket equalization order, the Amarillo Court held that the subcontract required Pyramid to release accumulated retainage to its subcontractor without regard to whether Pyramid or the District breached the construction contract. See Pyramid Constructors, L.L.P. v. Sunbelt Controls, Inc., No. 07-03-0443-CV, 2005 WL 464896, *3 (Tex.App.-Amarillo Feb.28, 2005, no pet.) (mem.op.)
. The Supreme Court's initial opinion in Rea-ta pre-dates the statute. See Reata Constr. Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 373 (Tex.2006).
. In the charge conference the District argued that if the trial court rejected the District's argument that Pyramid's right to payment required final completion — including submis sion of the close-out documents to the architect — rather than substantial completion, then the trial court should submit the issue to the jury. The District's request was contingent on the denial of its motion for directed verdict based upon Pyramid's failure to meet its burden of proof regarding its performance of the conditions precedent to a right to payment.