Case Name: Bobby Lee RAMDASS, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Ronald J. ANGELONE, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellant; Bobby Lee Ramdass, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Ronald J. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1999-08-03
Citations: 187 F.3d 396
Docket Number: Nos. 98-30, 98-32
Parties: Bobby Lee RAMDASS, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Ronald J. ANGELONE, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellant. Bobby Lee Ramdass, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Ronald J. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee.
Judges: Before WIDENER, MURNAGHAN, and NIEMEYER, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 187
Pages: 396–415

Head Matter:
Bobby Lee RAMDASS, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Ronald J. ANGELONE, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellant. Bobby Lee Ramdass, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Ronald J. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee.
Nos. 98-30, 98-32.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued May 4, 1999.
Decided Aug. 3, 1999.
ARGUED: Katherine P. Baldwin, Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. F. Nash Bilisoly, IV, Vande-venter Black, L.L.P., Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mark J. Earley, Attorney General of Virginia, Office of the Attorney General, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. John M. Ryan, Vandeventer Black, L.L.P., Norfolk, Virginia; Michele J. Brace, Virginia Capital Representation Resource Center, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
Before WIDENER, MURNAGHAN, and NIEMEYER, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
Affirmed in part and reversed in part by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Judge Widener joined. Judge Murnaghan wrote an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
OPINION
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
A Fairfax County, Virginia court convicted Bobby Lee Ramdass of capital murder and sentenced him to death for the murder of Mohammed Kayani during the robbery of the convenience store where Kayani was a clerk. On Ramdass' petition for a writ of habeas corpus, filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the district court granted the writ and ordered the state court to resentence Ramdass, concluding that the state court had denied Ramdass due process by denying him the opportunity established by Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154, 114 S.Ct. 2187, 129 L.Ed.2d 133 (1994), to tell the jury during sentencing that he was ineligible for parole. The district court rejected the other grounds advanced-by Ramdass in his petition.
Accepting the Virginia Supreme Court's state law determination that Ramdass was not, at the time of his sentencing proceedings, legally ineligible for parole, we conclude that Simmons was not applicable. Accordingly, we reverse the district court's order insofar as it concluded that Simmons required the writ to issue. Finding no error in the district court's disposition of the other issues, we affirm the remaining portion of the district court's order.
I
The facts of Kayani's murder are related by the Virginia Supreme Court as follows:
During the night of September 1 and early morning of September 2, 1992, Ramdass and Darrell Wilson, both armed with pistols, were returning home in a car with three other men, Shane Singh, Edward O'Connor, and Candeler-io Ramirez, after abandoning a plan to rob persons at a Roy Rogers restaurant in Fairfax County. On the way, Ram-dass suggested that they rob persons at a 7-Eleven store on Buelah Street in Fairfax County.
Accordingly, near one o'clock on the morning of September 2, the five men entered the 7-Eleven store. Ramdass entered first and "drew" his pistol on Kayani, a 7-Eleven clerk who was behind the cash register. Wilson, who also displayed his pistol, ordered all the customers to lie on the floor and not look at him. The other three men, who were unarmed, took the customers' wallets, money from the cash register, and cigarettes and lottery tickets from the store's stock.
After Ramdass • ordered Kayani to open the safe, Kayani knelt down nfext to the safe and unsuccessfully tried to open it. Ramdass squatted next to Kayani and yelled at him to open the safe "or I'll blow your f head off." Wilson fired his pistol at one of the customers on the floor. Immediately thereafter, Singh, standing behind Ramdass, saw Ramdass shoot Kayani in the head on his second attempt to get the weapon to fire.
Just after .Ramdass shot Kayani, Ramirez returned from a back room in the store. Ramirez saw Ramdass laughing as he stood over Kayani's body. Later, Ramirez heard Ramdass say that he shot Kayani because he "took too long." Shortly thereafter, Ramirez opened the front door, and Wilson, Singh, and O'Connor ran out. As Ramirez held the door open, he urged Ramdass to "[c]ome on." However, Ramdass was "clicking the gun at the people on the floor" and told Ramirez to "[s]hut up or I'll put one in you." One of the customers also heard the clicking of the gun as Ram-dass left.
When they got in the car, Ramirez heard Ramdass ask Wilson, "Why didn't you get rid of the people on the floor?"
After the men divided the robbery proceeds at Singh's home, Ramdass told Ramirez, "Don't tell anybody about this [or] I'll kill you and I'll kill your whole family."
Singh, a co-owner of the gun with Ramdass, testified that -the gun would not fire unless held at a certain angle because the "bullets" in the chamber were not. the right size for the gun. Julian Jay Mason, Jr., a forensic scientist specializing in firearms identification, later examined and test fired the gun. Mason testified that the 9 millimeter cartridges Ramdass used in the gun were smaller than the 38 caliber cartridges specified for the gun. Therefore, when the gun's muzzle was pointed down, the 9 millimeter cartridges slid too far forward to be struck by the firing pin. Mason further testified that when the muzzle was pointed up, the cartridge slid back closer to the firing pin, and the gun could be fired.
Ramdass v. Commonwealth ("Ramdass I "), 246 Va. 413, 437 S.E.2d 566, 568-69 (1993) (footnote omitted). Following in dictment and a trial, a Fairfax County jury found Ramdass guilty of capital murder in the commission of armed robbery as well as illegal use of a firearm. Ramdass had earlier pled guilty to one count of robbery.
At the sentencing phase of trial, the Commonwealth of Virginia sought the death penalty, arguing that Ramdass presented "a continuing serious threat to society" — the "future dangerousness" predicate for imposition of the death penalty. See Va.Code Ann. § 19.2-264.2. In support of this argument, the Commonwealth presented evidence of Ramdass' history of theft-related crimes beginning at age 14 and his pattern of recidivism during periods of escape or probation. More specifically, the prosecution detailed how, within three months of his release on mandatory parole after serving four years of a seven-year sentence for robbery, Ramdass committed a series of at least six armed robberies. The first two robberies occurred on August 25, 1992, when Ramdass robbed a Pizza Hut in Fairfax County, abducting a woman and hitting a man. Four days later, he robbed a clerk at an apartment-hotel in Alexandria and struck him in the head with a gun. On August 30, 1992, he shot and robbed a cab driver. Later that evening, he robbed a clerk at a Domino's Pizza in Arlington. Finally, Ramdass killed Mohammed Kayani on September 2, 1992, during the sixth robbery in this eight day spree. See Ramdass I, 437 S.E.2d at 574. Ramdass' counsel responded to the prosecution's argument by asserting that "Ramdass will never be out of jail. Your sentence today will insure that if he lives to be a hundred and twenty two, he will spend the rest of his life in prison."
During sentencing deliberations, the jury asked: "if the Defendant is given life, is there a possibility of parole at some time before his natural death?" While recognizing that Virginia law did not permit a sentencing jury to be informed of the defendant's parole eligibility, Ramdass' counsel nevertheless maintained that "the [jurors'] question itself implies that they have a perception that if they give a life sentence that he will be out in a very short period of time" and that it was necessary to inform the jury otherwise with "some kind of language that would balance out that perception." Over defense counsel's objection, the trial judge told the jurors that they "should impose such punishment as [they] feel is just under the evidence and within the instructions of the Court" and that they "are not to concern [them]selves with what may happen afterwards." The jury returned a verdict recommending death on the capital murder count, based upon Ramdass' "future dangerousness," and recommending four years imprisonment on the firearm count.
At the sentencing hearing in April 1993, Ramdass' counsel urged the court to impose a sentence of life in prison instead of death in light of Ramdass' ineligibility for parole under Virginia's three-strikes provision. See Va.Code Ann. § 53.1-151CB1). Defense counsel proffered to the court that three jurors had told him that they would have imposed a life sentence rather than death if they had known that Ramdass would not be eligible for parole. Rejecting defense counsel's request, the court sentenced Ramdass to death.
On direct appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court, Ramdass argued, inter alia, that his death sentence violated the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution because the trial judge prevented him from telling the jury that he was parole ineligible, a potentially mitigating factor. Rejecting that argument, the Virginia Supreme Court stated that Ramdass had advanced "no persuasive reason" to modify prior Virginia precedent holding that "a jury should not hear evidence of parole eligibility or ineligibility because it is not a relevant consideration in fixing the appropriate sentence." Ramdass I, 437 S.E.2d at 573 (citing Wright v. Commonwealth, 245 Va. 177, 427 S.E.2d 379, 392 (1993)).
From that court's decision, Ramdass filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court. While that petition was pending, the United States Supreme Court decided Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154, 114 S.Ct. 2187, 129 L.Ed.2d 133 (1994), holding that when a prosecutor argues future dangerousness to a capital sentencing jury, a defendant who is parole ineligible has a due process right to respond to that argument by informing the jury, through argument or instruction, of his ineligibility for parole. After deciding Simmons, the Supreme Court granted Ramdass' petition for certiorari and remanded his case to the Virginia Supreme Court for reconsideration in light of Simmons. See Ramdass v. Virginia, 512 U.S. 1217, 114 S.Ct. 2701, 129 L.Ed.2d 830 (1994).
On remand, Ramdass asserted that because he was ineligible for parole under Virginia's three-strikes statute, Simmons applied to his ease and required that he be allowed to "meet the state's case against him" by informing the jury of his parole ineligibility. The Virginia Supreme Court, however, reaffirmed Ramdass' death sentence, concluding that the holding of Simmons was not implicated. Noting that Simmons applies "only if Ramdass was ineligible for parole when the jury was considering his sentence," the Virginia Supreme Court determined that Ramdass was "not ineligible for parole since he had only two separate felony offenses within the meaning of [the three-strikes provision]." Ramdass v. Commonwealth ("Ramdass II"), 248 Va. 518, 450 S.E.2d 360, 361 (1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). While recognizing the Pizza Hut conviction and the Kayani murder conviction as predicate offenses under the three-strikes statute, the court rejected Ram-dass' argument that the January 7, 1993 jury verdict of guilty in the Domino's Pizza robbery was also a predicate conviction because "[j]udgment had not been entered on that verdict." Id. Accordingly, the court stated, "it cannot be considered as a conviction" under the three-strikes provision. Id., (citing Smith v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 589, 113 S.E. 707, 709 (1922)).
Pursuing state post-conviction relief, Ramdass again asserted in his state habe-as petition that Simmons required that the jury be accurately informed as to his parole eligibility status, although he did not specifically challenge the Virginia Supreme Court's determination in Ramdass II that under Virginia law he was not ineligible for parole. Ramdass also claimed that his trial counsel were constitutionally ineffective for, inter alia, failing to investigate and to object to the appointment of Dr. Stanton Samenow as his mental health expert because Dr. Samenow was "notoriously pro-prosecution" and refused to work with the defense. In arguing the ineffective assistance of counsel, Ramdass stated also that he was denied the reasonable assistance of a mental health expert at trial, in violation of both Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985) (holding that in limited circumstances, a criminal defendant has a Fourteenth Amendment right to access to a competent psychiatrist) and Virginia Code § 19.2-264.3:1 (entitling indigent capital defendants to the assistance of a mental health expert). The Virginia Supreme Court dismissed the petition. It ruled that Ramdass' Simmons claim was barred from review under the rule of Hawks v. Cox, 211 Va. 91, 175 S.E.2d 271 (1970) (holding that an issue previously decided against the petitioner on direct appeal may not again be considered on post-conviction review), and it summarily rejected Ramdass' ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Seeking habeas relief in the federal courts, Ramdass filed this petition in February 1997, alleging, among other things, unconstitutional error in the trial court's failure to allow the jury to consider his alleged parole ineligibility. He also claimed that trial counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to investigate the views and reputation of Dr. Samenow, for failing to object to his appointment, and for failing to seek alternative mental health testimony. Finally, he alleged that his Fourteenth Amendment right to the assistance of a mental health expert had been violated, either under Ake or by deprivation of a state-created right to such assistance provided in Va.Code Ann. § 19.2-264.3:1. The district court granted Ramdass a writ of habeas corpus based on the Simmons claim, dismissed the remaining claims, and ordered the state trial court to resentence him. See Ramdass v. Angelone, 28 F.Supp.2d 343, 356-74 (E.D.Va.1998). From the district court's order, the Commonwealth of Virginia appealed to challenge the Simmons ruling, and Ramdass cross-appealed to preserve his claim on various other grounds rejected by the district court.
II
In its appeal, the Commonwealth of Virginia raises two issues: (1) that the Simmons claim was defaulted because it was not properly raised in state court, and (2) that Ramdass is, in any case, not entitled to relief under Simmons because, had he been sentenced to life imprisonment, he would not have been parole ineligible under Virginia law.
The Commonwealth's first point— that Ramdass failed to preserve his Simmons claim by raising it in state court as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b) (barring federal courts from entertaining habeas petitions from individuals who have not exhausted their state court remedies)— does not merit an extended discussion. Prior to filing his federal habeas petition, Ramdass raised his core Simmons claim— that due process entitled him to inform the jury that he was ineligible for parole — to the Virginia Supreme Court on at least three separate occasions: in his first direct appeal, in his direct appeal on remand from the United States Supreme Court, and in his state habeas petition. Indeed, the most compelling evidence that Ramdass did not default his Simmons claim is the fact that the Virginia Supreme Court disposed of that claim by declaring it barred from review on state habeas by the rule of Hawks v. Cox, 211 Va. 91, 175 S.E.2d 271 (1970), which proscribes the relitigation of claims that have already been adjudicated on the merits in state court on direct appeal.
While it is true, as the Commonwealth points out, that Ramdass did not specifically contest the parole eligibility determination in his state habeas petition, he did assert the broader, more basic claim, which he had made all along, that the trial court's refusal to give the jury that information on his request violated his constitutional right to due process. We believe that the Commonwealth's characterization of Ramdass' Simmons claim for this purpose is unduly narrow. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not err in finding that the Simmons claim was not defaulted. We now turn to the merits.
A
Understanding first the precise rule in Simmons will aid our analysis of Ram-dass' claims. In Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154, 114 S.Ct. 2187, 129 L.Ed.2d 133 (1994), the prosecutor had argued to the jury during the penalty phase of trial that the death sentence was appropriate because Simmons, who had assaulted and killed several elderly women, was a future danger to society. To rebut this argument, Simmons contended that because he was only a threat to elderly women, none of whom he would ever encounter in prison, he did not pose such a danger. He proffered evidence, that he was legally ineligible for parole and requested an instruction to the jury that if sentenced to life imprisonment, he would remain imprisoned "for the balance of his natural life." Id. at 160, 114 S.Ct. 2187. The trial court denied Simmons' request to inform the jury, either by argument or instruction, of his ineligibility for parole under South Carolina law. The United States Supreme Court ruled that this denied Simmons due process as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 156, 171, 114 S.Ct. 2187 (Blackmun, J., plurality opinion); id. at 178, 114 S.Ct. 2187 (O'Connor, J., concurring). We recognize Justice O'Connor's concurrence as the controlling opinion in Simmons because it represents the narrowest grounds upon which a majority of the Court agreed. See Keel v. French, 162 F.3d 263, 270 (4th Cir.1998), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 2353, 144 L.Ed.2d 249 (1999); Townes v. Murray, 68 F.3d 840, 849 (4th Cir.1995); see also O'Dell v. Netherland, 521 U.S. 151, 158, 117 S.Ct. 1969, 138 L.Ed.2d 351 (1997).
Writing for the plurality, Justice Black-mun held "that where the defendant's fu~ ture dangerousness is at issue, and state law prohibits the defendant's release on parole, due process requires that the sentencing jury be informed that the defendant is parole ineligible." Simmons, 512 U.S. at 156, 114 S.Ct. 2187. When the jury lacks such information, the plurality noted, there is a real danger that the state will "suceeed[ ] in securing a death sentence on the ground, at least in part, of . future dangerousness, while at the same time concealing from the sentencing jury the true meaning of its noncapital sentencing alternative, namely, that life imprisonment meant life without parole." Id. at 162, 114 S.Ct. 2187.
In her concurrence, Justice O'Connor recognized that when a state prosecutor argues future dangerousness to the jury, the defendant's only opportunity to rebut that argument will often be by telling the jury that "he will never be released from prison." Id. at 177, 114 S.Ct. 2187. Justice O'Connor went on to conclude that
in such a case the defendant should be allowed to bring his parole ineligibility to the jury's attention — by way of argument by defense counsel or an instruction from the court — as a means of responding to the State's showing of future dangerousness. And despite our general deference to state decisions regarding what the jury should be told about sentencing, I agree that due process requires that the defendant be allowed to do so in cases in which the only available alternative sentence to death is life imprisonment without possibility of parole and the prosecution argues that the defendant will pose a threat to society in the future.
Id.
Accordingly, the grounds on which both the plurality and Justice O'Connor agree are summarized in Townes v. Murray, 68 F.3d 840, 850 (4th Cir.1995):
Simmons does not hold, as the plurality opinion at one point put it, that "due process requires that the sentencing jury be informed that the defendant is parole ineligible," id. at [156, 114 S.Ct. 2187] (plurality opinion). It only holds more narrowly that "[w]here the State puts the defendant's future dangerousness in issue, and the only available alternative sentence to death is life imprisonment without possibility of parole, due process entitles the defendant to inform the capital sentencing jury — by either argument or instruction — that he is parole ineligible." Id. at [177, 114 S.Ct. 2187] (O'Connor, J.).... Put in terms familiar from philosophical and jurisprudential debates over the proper meaning of "equality" and "equal protection," the defendant's right, under Simmons, is one of opportunity, not of result.
In short, a defendant in a capital case is constitutionally entitled, under Simmons, to inform the sentencing jury of parole ineligibility by argument or, on his request, by instruction from the court when (1) the prosecution makes the "future dangerousness" argument that the defendant will pose a threat to society in the future and (2) the only available alternative sentence to death is life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
It is undisputed in this case that Ramdass meets the first requirement. The prosecutor at Ramdass' sentencing proceeding argued that the death penalty was necessary solely because Ramdass was a future danger to society. Whether Ramdass meets the second requirement is the principal source of dispute in the appeal before us. Resolution of this issue depends on how Simmons defines parole ineligibility and whether, under the standards for making that determination, Ramdass was ineligible for parole at the time of the penalty phase of trial.
B
In Ramdass II, the Virginia Supreme Court held that Simmons did not apply to Ramdass' case because Simmons required legal ineligibility for parole and Ramdass was not ineligible for parole under Virginia law. The Court concluded that if sentenced to life imprisonment on the Kayani murder, Ramdass would not have been "convicted of three separate felony offenses" of murder, rape, or armed robbery as required for parole ineligibility under Virginia's three-strikes statute. Va.Code Ann. § 53.1-151(B1). According to the court, Ramdass' qualifying convictions at the time were (1) the Pizza Hut armed robbery conviction, upon which judgment had been entered, and (2) the Kayani murder conviction. The court acknowledged that a jury had also returned a verdict finding Ramdass guilty of armed robbery in the Domino's Pizza incident. But, relying on Smith v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 589, 113 S.E. 707 (1922), which held that conviction does not occur until judgment is entered, the court concluded that the Domino's Pizza robbery could not be counted as the third strike under the Virginia statute because the court had not entered judgment on that guilty verdict at the time that the jury in this case was deliberating Ram-dass' sentence. See Ramdass II, 450 S.E.2d at 361.
Ramdass contends that the Virginia Supreme Court misconstrued Simmons as requiring a state law determination of parole ineligibility rather than "the functional and common-sense [im]possibility of parole" as the trigger for the right to inform the jury of parole ineligibility. Moreover, even if state law governs the parole ineligibility determination for purposes of applying Simmons, Ramdass, in substance, accuses the Virginia Supreme Court of attempting to avoid the application of Simmons by adopting a novel and highly technical definition of "convicted" in the three-strikes provision. Further, Ramdass maintains that even if a conviction requires the entry of judgment, as Ramdass II held, the Domino's Pizza guilty verdict should count as a conviction because the entry of judgment was nondiscretionary, purely ministerial, and legally insignificant. In short, Ramdass argues for a pragmatic, functional, nonlegalistic concept of when a defendant is ineligible for parole.
Because Ramdass advances an erroneous interpretation of Simmons, we must begin by turning to Simmons itself. Simmons grants capital defendants a due process right in state trials to advise a jury of parole ineligibility only when the only alternative to a sentence of death is a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. That condition cannot be a general question of practicality determined by a federal habeas court, as Ramdass argues. Parole eligibility is. a state law question. Under Simmons, only those capital defendants who are parole ineligible under state law at sentencing are constitutionally entitled to inform the jury that they will be ineligible for parole if sentenced to life imprisonment. In other words, a trial court must determine the question of whether Simmons applies to a particular defendant based on whether state laiv renders that defendant ineligible for parole. See Simmons, 512 U.S. at 156, 114 S.Ct. 2187 (Blackmun, J., plurality opinion) (limiting the holding to situations where "state law prohibits the defendant's release on parole"); id. at 176, 114 S.Ct. 2187 (O'Connor, J., concurring) (citing South Carolina statutes to demonstrate that for Simmons "the only available alternative sentence to death . was life imprisonment without the possibility of parole").
When Ramdass argues that Simmons ' applicability is not conditioned on "a state's determination of 'parole ineligibility' at the moment of capital sentencing" but rather on a nonlegalistic "commonsense [imjpossibility of parole," he advances a new interpretation of Simmons that is simply incompatible with the logic of Simmons itself. In relying on Justice O'Connor's statement that Simmons applies in "cases in which the only available alternative sentence to death . is life imprisonment without possibility of parole," id. at 177, 114 S.Ct. 2187, to argue that a federal, functional, standard applies to parole ineligibility determinations, Ramdass ignores the Simmons plurality's repeated reference to state law as the determining factor for whether or not a defendant is ineligible for parole. See, e.g., id. at 156, 114 S.Ct. 2187 ("We hold that where the defendant's future dangerousness is at issue, and state law prohibits the defendant's release on parole, due process requires that the sentencing jury be informed that the defendant is parole ineligible" (emphasis added)); id. at 165, 114 S.Ct. 2187 (observing that the defendant's ability to use parole ineligibility to rebut a future dangerousness argument depends "on the fact that he was legally ineligible for parole" (emphasis added)); id. at 165 n. 5, 114 S.Ct. 2187 ("The Due Process Clause will not tolerate placing a capital defendant in a straitjacket by barring him from rebutting the prosecution's arguments of future dangerousness with the fact that he is ineligible for parole under state law" (emphasis added)). Moreover, his reliance on Justice O'Connor's language is also misplaced. Ramdass' interpretation not only reads too much into Justice O'Connor's phraseology, but it also takes the phrase out of context. Nothing in Justice O'Connor's concurrence indicates that she disagreed with the plurality and believed that the parole eligibility determination was governed by anything other than state law. On the contrary, she cited state law to show that Simmons himself was ineligible for parole, see id. at 176, 114 S.Ct. 2187, and she concluded that Simmons was entitled to communicate his parole ineligibility to the jury because "the only alternative sentence to death under state law was life imprisonment without possibility of parole," id. at 178, 114 S.Ct. 2187 (emphasis added). See also id. at 176, 114 S.Ct. 2187 ("In a State in which parole is available, the Constitution does not require (or preclude) jury consideration of that fact").
In addition, Ramdass' argument for equating legal parole ineligibility with a common-sense impossibility of parole is at odds with case law from this circuit. Under Ramdass' theory, defendants who are, as a practical matter, unlikely to be paroled — perhaps because a state only rarely grants parole or because the defendant would be over a hundred years old when finally legally eligible — would be entitled to a Simmons instruction. Yet, we have consistently refused to apply Simmons to cases in which the defendants were not legally ineligible for parole at the time of sentencing. See, e.g., Roach v. Angelone, 176 F.3d 210, 220 (4th Cir.1999) (refusing to extend Simmons to apply to a defendant who would not become eligible for parole for twenty-five years, under state law); Keel v. French, 162 F.3d 263, 270 (4th Cir.1998) (holding that "[sjince Keel would have been eligible for parole had he not been sentenced to death, [citing state law], he is not entitled to any relief under our current interpretation of Simmons"), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 119 S.Ct. 2353, 144 L.Ed.2d 249 (1999); Fitzgerald v. Greene, 150 F.3d 357, 367 (4th Cir.) (declining to apply Simmons after Virginia Supreme Court determined defendant was not ineligible for parole under the three strikes statute because his convictions arose out of the same transaction), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 389, 142 L.Ed.2d 321 (1998).
Finally, as a matter of simple logic, the fact that a defendant will have no possibility of parole if given a life sentence can only stem from the legal conclusion that state law bars eligibility for parole. Because parole eligibility is entirely a creature of state law, Ramdass' conception of practical or functional parole eligibility must inevitably collapse into a determination of state law.
Even were we persuaded by Ramdass' theory that practical rather than legal parole ineligibility suffices to trigger Simmons, we would conclude that it was not "clearly established" as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Cf. Keel, 162 F.3d at 269. This statutory provision, which requires that the state court decision at issue be inconsistent with "clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States," 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), "imports an anti-retroactivity principle into federal habeas law." Green v. French, 143 F.3d 865, 873 (4th Cir.1998). It resembles, but does not simply codify, the anti-retroactivity doctrine of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). In fact, we have observed that the standard of § 2254(d)(1) is "even more stringent" than Teague. Weeks v. Angelone, 176 F.3d 249, 266 n. 9 (4th Cir.1999); see also Gosier v. Welborn, 175 F.3d 504, 510 (7th Cir.1999) (noting that § 2254(d)(1) "closes the escape hatches in Teague"). Thus, either under Teague or under § 2254(d)(1), Ramdass' argument for an extension of Simmons would fail.
C
Having determined that Simmons applies only to a capital defendant who, under state law, is legally ineligible for' parole at the time of sentencing, we turn to the question of whether Ramdass meets this threshold requirement. The Virginia Supreme Court held that, under the three-strikes statute, he did not. See Ramdass II, 450 S.E.2d at 361. The district court held that the state court's conclusion was an unreasonable determination of fact. See Ramdass v. Angelone, 28 F.Supp.2d at 365.
As an initial matter, we clarify that the parole eligibility determination is a question of law, not fact, as the Virginia Supreme Court has recognized. See Fitzgerald, 150 F.3d at 367 (citing Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 249 Va. 299, 455 S.E.2d 506, 510 (1995)). Accordingly, to the extent that the district court's decision to grant the writ rested on the unreasonable-determination-of-fact rationale, it cannot stand.
More significantly, parole eligibility is a question of state law and therefore is not cognizable on federal habeas review. The AEDPA provides explicitly that a federal court "shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) (emphasis added). Because the definition of what constitutes a conviction in Virginia's three-strikes statute and the application of that state law definition to the facts of Ramdass' case are purely questions of state law, we have no power to revisit these questions on federal habeas review.
Even if we were not so constrained, however, we would be unpersuaded by Ramdass' argument that the Virginia Supreme Court adopted an artful, form-over-substance interpretation of the three-strikes statute to thwart his Simmons claim. At most, Ramdass can complain about the effect of the random timing of his trials. If judgment had been entered on the Domino's Pizza robbery verdict 19 days earlier, then Ramdass would have been ineligible for parole under the three-strikes statute and accordingly entitled to inform the jury of that fact. However, given that Ramdass committed the Pizza Hut robbery, the Domino's Pizza robbery, the Kayani murder and robbery, and several other potentially qualifying offenses within several days of each other, the random order in which he was tried for these various offenses was entirely foreseeable, dictated only by the docket of the relevant county court. In fact, it is equally possible that Ramdass could have been tried on the most serious charge — the Kayani murder — first, in which case he would have had only one qualifying conviction, at the time of sentencing and, thus, would be an additional conviction short of making a valid Simmons claim.
Second, Ramdass characterizes the Virginia Supreme Court's rebanee on Smith v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 589, 113 S.E. 707 (1922) (discussing the meaning of the term "conviction" in the context of a statute removing public officials from office upon conviction of crimes of moral turpitude), as a judicial version of grasping at straws. Yet, sound reasoning supports Smith's holding that conviction requires an entry of judgment, rather than simply a jury verdict. Cf. Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(d)(1) (requiring an entry of judgment signed by the judge). Even though Smith's factual predicate is wholly unrelated to parole eligibility, the age-old rationale underlying its definition of conviction is designed to protect defendants. Requiring the entry of judgment — even if it appears to be only a formal step of the process — in contexts in which additional negative consequences are to be imposed based on the conviction, provides an additional layer of procedural protection against unfairness or corruption.
Third, Ramdass attempts to portray the Smith decision as an irrelevant relic. While the Virginia Supreme Court had not cited this case in a published opinion since the 1920s, the intermediate appellate court has observed that "Virginia courts have defined the word 'convicted' in accordance with Smith, but only in the context of a defendant who has been confronted with some type of forfeiture." Fields v. Commonwealth, 5 Va.App. 229, 361 S.E.2d 359, 362 (1987) (purporting to limit Smith to its facts). As a type of forfeiture, parole ineligibility fits neatly within the narrow circumstances in which the Smith definition of conviction is appropriate, or even necessary. Upon amassing a given number of convictions for certain crimes, a defendant forfeits his right to be considered for parole under the standard operation of the parole system. This is precisely the kind of serious deprivation that should not occur without the solemn imprimatur of the court's entry of judgment on the decision of the jury. Finally, the fact that the Virginia Supreme Court has remanded for re-sentencing upon finding a Simmons violation in another case defeats the implication that the Virginia Supreme Court is somehow hostile to enforcing the Simmons right. See Mickens v. Commonwealth, 249 Va. 423, 457 S.E.2d 9 (1995).
We have included this discussion only in an effort to dispel Ramdass' insinuation that the Virginia Supreme Court acted craftily in denying his Simmons claim. In the end, however, we reiterate that this dispute about the meaning of the Virginia three-strikes statute is wholly a question of state law that cannot provide the basis for a federal court to grant the writ of habeas corpus. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).
Ill
On his cross-appeal, Ramdass contends that the district court erred in dismissing, either as defaulted or meritless, the following four other claims in support of his habeas petition: (1) the Virginia Supreme Court's determination that he was eligible for parole as of the time of sentencing under Virginia law was so arbitrary as to violate due process; (2) the denial of access to assistance from a mental health expert violated his right to due process; (3) the ineffective assistance of counsel denied him the constitutional right to counsel; and (4) the denial of funds for expert assistance and an evidentiary hearing violated his right to due process. We address these claims in order.
A
First, Ramdass claims that the Virginia Supreme Court's interpretation of the three-strikes provision was so inconsistent with Virginia precedent and so arbitrary that it violated due process. In response to the Commonwealth's contention that this claim was defaulted' by failure to raise it in state court, he argues that it could not have been defaulted because the Virginia Supreme Court in fact addressed it simply by concluding that he was parole eligible under Virginia law. This argument, however, proves too much. Carried to its logical conclusion, Ramdass' argument would mean that every judicial ruling carries with it an implicit, due process rubber-stamp. There is no evidence that the Virginia Supreme Court's parole eligibility determination silently encompassed an additional conclusion that the parole eligibility finding itself comported with due process. Because, as Ramdass concedes, ineffective assistance of state habeas counsel will not show cause for his default, see Mackall v. Angelone, 131 F.3d 442, 446-49 (4th Cir.1997), we have no power to reach the merits of this independent due process claim on federal habeas. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). In any event, we would reject the claim on the merits for the reasons given in our discussion in Part 11(C), above.
B
Ramdass next challenges the district court's rejection of his claims that he was illegally denied the assistance of a mental health expert based on two, separate theories: (1) the due process right to access to a mental health expert under Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985), and (2) the due process right to non-arbitrary enforcement of Virginia Code § 19.2-264.3:1, which grants capital defendants the assistance of a mental health expert. Although the district court did not distinguish between these two arguments, holding that they were defaulted, we conclude (1) that the Aké claim was preserved but that the Virginia Supreme Court did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law in dismissing it, and (2) that the claim based on the arbitrary enforcement of state law was defaulted.
The standard for state court exhaustion prior to filing a federal habeas petition is not, as the Commonwealth suggests, whether a petitioner presented the "identical" claim in state court but rather whether he "fairly presented" his federal claim to the state court. "A claim is fairly presented when the petitioner presented to the state courts the substance of his federal habeas corpus claim. The ground relied upon must be presented face-up and squarely; the federal question must be plainly defined." Matthews v. Evatt, 105 F.3d 907, 911 (4th Cir.1997) (emphasis added and internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Under this standard, Ramdass did include in his state habeas petition at least the "substance" of his federal claim that he was denied a mental health expert in violation' of due process under Ake. Even though the claim appeared under the heading of ineffective assistance of counsel and the sub-heading of failure to secure a mental health expert, Ramdass nonetheless grounded his claim on the seminal Supreme Court case, Ake. He summarized the holding of Ake and alleged facts in support of his claim that Dr. Samenow was pro-prosecution and refused to assist the defense by identifying any mitigating factors for the sentencing phase. Even so, the Virginia Supreme Court dismissed this claim, finding that it had no merit. In doing so, the Virginia Supreme Court did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
Ake provides a right to assistance of a mental health expert only if a defendant made a showing to the trial court that his mental state was at issue in his defense of the charges or if, in arguing future dangerousness in the sentencing phase, the prosecution used expert psychiatric testimony. See Ake, 470 U.S. at 82-83, 105 S.Ct. 1087 (noting that the need for the assistance of a psychiatrist is "readily apparent" either when "the defendant is able to make an ex parte threshold showing to the trial court that his sanity is likely to be a significant factor in his defense" or "when the State presents psychiatric evidence of the [capital] defendant's future dangerousness" during the penalty phase (emphasis added)). Neither condition was met here.
The due process claim for the arbitrary enforcement of a state statute was defaulted because, in his state habeas petition, Ramdass stated only that his rights under the state statute had been denied. This is no more than a state law question. Ramdass did not make the further argument, necessary to make the claim cognizable on federal habeas review, that this denial constituted a violation of his right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).
C
In support of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Ramdass argues that his trial counsel were deficient in failing to object to Dr. Samenow's appointment and in failing to seek assistance from an alternative mental health expert once they realized that Dr. Samenow would not be helpful. We conclude that the Virginia Supreme Court did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law in dismiss ing this claim for lack of merit. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
To prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Ramdass must meet two well-established requirements. First, he "must show that counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). This is a difficult showing to make because in assessing the reasonableness of counsel's course of action, "[o]ur review . is highly deferential" to counsel. Wilson v. Greene, 155 F.3d 396, 403 (4th Cir.1998) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052). Second, he must demonstrate "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. The district court, assuming arguendo that Ramdass could satisfy the deficiency prong of Strickland, ruled that Ramdass's ineffective assistance claim failed because he could show no prejudice. See Ramdass, 28 F.Supp.2d at 370. We agree.
Instead of presenting testimony from Dr. Samenow, who had failed to identify any mitigating factors in his report on Ramdass, Ramdass' trial counsel presented testimony from Ramdass, his brother, his mother, and a probation officer during the penalty phase in an attempt to establish mitigating factors. Because the jury was aware of the dysfunctional circumstances of Ramdass' childhood, Ramdass cannot now show a reasonable probability that psychiatric testimony as to the same circumstances would produce a different result. Moreover, neither Ake, 470 U.S. at 83, 105 S.Ct. 1087, nor Virginia Code § 19.2-264.3:1(A) creates a right to a particular expert. Accordingly, Ramdass cannot show a reasonable probability, as required by Strickland, that the Virginia Supreme Court would have either removed Dr. Samenow upon objection or appointed an additional expert upon request.
D
On Ramdass' final point, we conclude that, because Ramdass failed to make out a prima facie case as to his mental health expert and ineffective assistance claims, the district court did not err in denying Ramdass funds for expert assistance or an evidentiary hearing.
IV
In sum, we reverse the district court's decision to grant Bobby Lee Ramdass' petition for a writ of habeas corpus based upon a Simmons violation. Because Simmons is limited to situations where state law renders the defendant legally, not merely practically, ineligible for parole, we conclude that the Virginia Supreme Court did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law when it ruled that Simmons did not apply to Ramdass' case because Ramdass was not ineligible for parole under Virginia law. In addition, we affirm the district court's opinion as to the remaining issues raised by Ramdass on cross-appeal. The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.
. Ramdass' parole eligibility at the time of the sentencing hearing was governed by Virginia's three-strikes statute, which provides that an individual is ineligible for parole if he has been "convicted of three separate felony offenses" of murder, rape, or armed robbery, which "were not part of a common act, transaction or scheme." Va.Code Ann. § 53.1-151(B1). At the time the jury was deliberating his sentence in this case, Ramdass had already been sentenced (the week before) to 76 years imprisonment in connection with the Pizza Hut armed robbery. In addition, about three weeks earlier, on January 7, 1993, a jury had returned a verdict finding Ramdass guilty in the Domino's Pizza armed robbery, for which it recommended an 18-year sentence. The court, however, had not yet entered judgment in that case. It did so nearly three weeks after the jury in this case concluded its sentencing deliberations.
. The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), establishing the applicable standard of review, provides in relevant part:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim.—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
. It is undisputed that the Supreme Court decided Simmons before Ramdass' direct appeal was final. See Ramdass v. Virginia, 512 U.S. 1217, 114 S.Ct. 2701, 129 L.Ed.2d 830 (1994) (granting Ramdass' petition for certio-rari on direct appeal and remanding to the Virginia Supreme Court for reconsideration in light of Simmons); cf. O'Dell v. Netherland, 521 U.S. 151, 117 S.Ct. 1969, 138 L.Ed.2d 351 (1997) (declaring that Simmons announced a "new rule" under Teague for all already final convictions). Accordingly, the anti-retroactivity component of § 2254(d) would not bar application of Simmons to Ramdass' habeas petition on retroactivity grounds if Simmons is otherwise applicable as a matter of substantive law.
. In fact, § 2254(d)(1) can be seen as stricter in that it does not recognize Teague's two traditional exceptions which permit retroactive application of new rules which either "place[ 1 certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law-making authority to proscribe" or are "watershed rules of criminal procedure." See Green, 143 F.3d at 873 (quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at 311-12, 109 S.Ct. 1060).
. I note that I concur only in the judgment . on the Ake claim. Ake provides that under certain circumstances "the State must, at a minimum, assure the defendant access to a competent psychiatrist who will conduct an appropriate examination and assist in evaluation, preparation and presentation of the defense." Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 83, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985). Ram-dass presented ample evidence to show that Dr. Stanton Samenow's professed and public views make him incompetent to aid a defendant in finding and presenting mitigating factors at a defendant's sentencing phase, and that Dr. Samenow did not conduct an appropriate examination. Dr. Samenow has pub licly stated that criminals are a "different breed of person," (J.A. at 347), who seek to manipulate the system for their own ends. He has abandoned sociologic, psychologic, and mental illness explanations for criminal behavior and holds the view that "[m]ost diagnoses of mental illness [in criminals] resulted from the criminal's fabrications." (J.A. at 348.) Dr. Samenow's published works state that circumstances have nothing to do with criminal violations and that "providing the criminal with an opportunity to present excuses deferred him and us further and further from change." (J.A. at 348.) According to a report submitted to the district court by Dr. Reuben Roller, Dr. Samenow's views obviate his ability to evaluate mitigating factors relating to the history or character of a criminal defendant "because he is of the opinion that no mitigating factors can exist." (J.A. at 474.) Even if Dr. Samenow were to abandon his public beliefs and identify mitigating factors, his testimony would be subject to damaging impeachment on cross-examination from his own publicly expressed views. In fact, the record shows that just that happened at another capital sentencing trial. Further, Dr. Roller opined that Dr. Samenow's examination of Ramdass was "incomplete, deficient and inadequate according to conventional psychological standards." (Id.) Dr. Roller's preliminary evaluation of the records available to Dr. Samenow indicated seven specific factors ignored by Dr. Samenow which could be considered significant factors in mitigation. It is also worth noting that Dr. Same-now has been at the center of at least two other constitutional challenges. See Swann v. Taylor, 173 F.3d 425, 1999 WL 92435, at *6-*9 (4th Cir.1999) (unpublished table disposition) (claiming Ake violation); Wright v. Angelone, 151 F.3d 151, 161 (4th Cir.1998) (claiming ineffective assistance of counsel for using Dr. Samenow).
We have suggested that Ake requires only an expert and an examination, see Wilson v. Greene, 155 F.3d 396, 401 (4th Cir.1998), not a competent expert and an appropriate examination, hut see id. at 409 (Michael, J., concurring) (noting that the Wilson majority did not squarely reject the right to an appropriate examination). I agree that Ake does not require "effective assistance of a psychiatric expert." See, e.g., Pruett v. Thompson, 996 F.2d 1560, 1573 n. 12 (4th Cir.1993). In my view, though, the Supreme Court requires more than just a warm body with a prefix attached to his name; Ake provides a right to a "competent expert" and an "appropriate examination." Ake, 470 U.S. at 83, 105 S.Ct. 1087. (I note that competence and appropriateness, based on objective professional criteria, are entirely different than effectiveness). Ultimately, however, Ramdass' Ake claim must fail. On direct appeal I would follow the Tenth Circuit and hold that Ake applies when the state presents any evidence on future dangerousness and the indigent defendant establishes the likelihood his mental condition is a significant mitigating factor. See Castro v. Oklahoma, 71 F.3d 1502, 1513 (10th Cir.1995); Liles v. Saffle, 945 F.2d 333, 340-41 (10th Cir.1991). Compare Tuggle v. Netherland, 79 F.3d 1386, 1387-88 (4th Cir.1996) (describing the Ake right as arising when the prosecution first presents psychiatric testimony), with Swann, 173 F.3d 425, 1999 WL 92435, at *2 (stating Ake applies "when a capital defendant's future dangerousness is to be a significant factor at the penalty phase of the trial"). Constrained by the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 amendments to 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1) (West Supp.1999), however, I believe that Ake's application when the prosecution has not presented its own psychiatric evidence on future dangerousness is not clearly established by the Supreme Court. Cf. Rogers v. Gibson, 173 F.3d 1278, 1285 n. 5 (10th Cir.1999) (stating that it is doubtful that applying Ake when state has not presented psychiatric evidence of future dangerousness is clearly established by the Supreme Court).