Case Name: KASPER SCHANTZ, as Administrator of the Estate of Raphael Schantz, Appellant, v. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY, a Corporation, Respondent
Court: North Dakota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: North Dakota
Decision Date: 1920-12-11
Citations: 47 N.D. 1
Docket Number: 
Parties: KASPER SCHANTZ, as Administrator of the Estate of Raphael Schantz, Appellant, v. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY, a Corporation, Respondent.
Judges: Bronson, J. I concur in the result.
Reporter: North Dakota Reports
Volume: 47
Pages: 1–17

Head Matter:
KASPER SCHANTZ, as Administrator of the Estate of Raphael Schantz, Appellant, v. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY, a Corporation, Respondent.
(180 N. W. 517.)
Master and servant — special interrogatories and general verdict held not inconsistent.
1. In an action for personal injuries, under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, a general verdict was returned in favor of plaintiff for $7,500. Special interrogatories were submitted to the jury, some of which were answered. The court on motion ordered judgment in favor of defendant, on answers made to special interrogatories. Held, that this was error, there being no inconsistencies between the answers to the special interrogatories and the general verdict.
Note. — Authorities holding that a servant’s obedience to orders in attempting to perform dangerous work with knowledge of the situation did not amount to an assumption of risk, if he did not know of or fully appreciate the danger, are collated in a note in 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 838, on attempting dangerous work in obedience to orders, without fully appreciating the danger.
On servant’s assumption of risk in obeying orders to perform obviously dangerous work, see note in 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 830.
Master and servant — knowledge of and appreciation oí danger essential to assumption of risk.
2. One of the defenses pleaded was assumption of risk. It is held, in the circumstances of this ease, in order to show assumption of risk, it must be established by a preponderance of the evidence, that the servant had knowledge of and appreciated the danger incident to the act in the course of his employment about to be performed, from which the injury resulted.
Master and servant — no assumption of risk in obeying command involving danger.
3. Where the master orders and commands the servant to do an act involving extraordinary danger, the servant is justified in obeying the command, and, by so doing, does not assume the risk. In such case, the risk is taken by the master.
Appeal and error — no necessity for preparation of statement of case when error appears on face of judgment roll.
4. In this case, it was not necessary to prepare and present a statement of the case, in order for this court to pass upon the assignments of error, as error appears upon the face of the judgment roll. It shows there was no inconsistencies between the answers to the special interrogatories and the general verdict.
Opinion filed December 11, 1920.
Appeal from judgment of the District Court of Morton County, North Dakota, Honorable W. C. Crawford, Judge.
Reversed and remanded, with directions to enter judgment upon general verdict in favor of plaintiff.
Jacobsen & Murray, for appellant.
“A general verdict and special findings should he reconciled, if possible, and no specific finding should overthrow the general verdict unless entirely inconsistent and irreconcilable thereto.” Drouillard v. Southern P. Co. (Cal.) 172 Pac. 405; Wyldes v. Patterson, 31 N. D. 382, 153 N. W. 631; Cowan v. Mpls. St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 172 N. W. 322.
“A servant only assumes those risks of which he is aware and appreciates.” Umstad v. Colgate Elevator Co. 18 N. D. 309; Gila Valley C. & N. R. Co. v. Hall, 232 U. S. 94, 58 L. ed. 521.
W. F. Burnett and Young, Conmy & Young, for respondent.
“A servant assumes the ordinary risks and dangers of his employment and the extraordinary risks and dangers which he knows and appreciates.” Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Shalstrom, 195 Fed. 729, 115 C. C. A. 515, 45 L.R.A.(N.S.) 387, and cases there cited; Union P. B. Co. v. Marone, 246 Fed. 924.
Where a servant knows and appreciates the danger of the act which he undertakes, he does not any the less assume the risk of injury, or become chargeable with contributory negligence, as the case may be, because he undertakes it under the direction of the master’s representative. Gorman v. Des Moines Brick Mfg. Co. 99 Iowa, 264, 68 N. W. 674; Beau v. Detroit Copper & Brass Bolling Mills (Mich.) 33" N. W. 400; Toomey v. Eureka Iron & Steel Works -(Mich.) 50 N. W. 850; Manson v. G. N. B. Co. 31 N. D. 643; Cook v. N. P. B. Co. 32 N. D. 340; Vanevery v. Soo (N. D.) 171 N. W. 610.

Opinion:
Grace, J.
This appeal is from a judgment in favor of defendant, dismissing the action, upon a general verdict in favor of the plaintiff, in connection with which verdict special interrogatories were returned.
The complaint states an action against the defendant for personal injuries, under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, U. S. Comp, Stat. § 8657-8665. A general verdict was returned in favor of tho plaintiff for $7,500. The only question involved in this appeal is whether the special findings destroyed the general verdict.
The following are the special interrogatories and the answers, where answer was made:
Question 1: Did Raphael Schantz know, or should he, in the exercise of reasonable care, have known, that he might be injured if he attempted to catch the moving freight train?
Answer: He should have known.
Question 2: Did the father and mother of Raphael Schantz suffer any actual, pecuniary or money loss because of Raphael's death ?
Answer: -
Question 3: If you answer the preceding question in the affirmative, what is the amount of that loss ?
Answer: -
Question 4: Was the proximate or real cause of Raphael Schantz's death the injury received at Harmon?
Answer: No.
Question 5: What is the damage suffered because o± pain and suffering endured by Eaphael Schantz ?
Answer: $7,500.
Question 6: Was the injury received by Eaphael Schantz, at Harmon, an accident for which no one in particular is to blame ?
Answer: No.
Subsequent to the return of the general verdict, the defendant made a motion for judgment on the special questions answered by the jury. The court granted the motion, and ordered judgment in favor of the defendant for a dismissal of the action on its merits, and for costs and disbursements, and judgment was entered accordingly.
The order for judgment and judgment is based upon the summons, complaint, answer, general verdict, special interrogatories, motion for judgment by the defendant, based upon the special interrogatories, and motion for judgment by the plaintiff, for judgment on the general verdict. ,
The complaint, after alleging the corporate character of defendant, and that it was engaged in interstate commerce at the times mentioned in the complaint, contains, in substance, the following allegations:
That by reason of the premises it became the duty of said defendant, its agents, servants, and section foremen, to give the plaintiff's intestate, Eaphael Schantz, who was a minor of sixteen years of age, and who was inexperienced and did not appreciate the danger, due warning of the dangerous incident of said employment; that it became the duty of the defendant and its servants to furnish the plaintiff's intestate a safe and suitable motor car to carry him to and from different points of work; that it became the defendant's duty to slow down and stop its trains for the said deceased to get on when it sought to carry the deceased and the rest of the crew on its trains from and to points of work; that it became the duty of the defendant's section foreman, to wit, Peter Barron, to give proper and safe orders to the said deceased, and to properly and safely supervise the carrying and the method of carrying the deceased to and from points of work; that it became the duty of the defendant, its agents, and servants, to commit no act or to omit to do any act which would, could, or might injure the deceased; that it was the duty of the defendant and its servants to use due care towards the deceased, aud properly provide for his safety and welfare while engaged in said employment.
That on said 26th day of April, 1916, while the said defendant, with its said servants, including the deceased, was engaged in interstate commerce as aforementioned, and while the said deceased was acting as such servant and in the lawful performance of his duties as aforesaid, the said deceased, together Avith the rest of the crew, were returning from work to the town of Mandan, and were riding on said gasolene motor car provided and furnished by the defendant for carrying said section crew as aforesaid; that said gasolene motor car Avas Avholly unsuitable for the purpose for Avhich it was used, as it was old, worn out, and defective; that there was a large crew riding thereon; that it was overloaded with tools; that such overloading was done at the orders and command of the foreman of thfe defendant's company; that by reason thereof said motor car failed to run and became stalled at a certain point on said road near the town of Harmon, North Dakota ; that at said time there was one of the defendant's freight trains, Avhich had customarily been used for carrying the defendant's crew to Mandan, running on said branch road toAvards Mandan; that the said defendant's foreman informed the deceased, together Avith the rest of the crew, that he would go up the track towards the coming train and flag it, thereby causing it to slow down, and commanded, ordered, and directed the deceased, together Avith the rest of the crew, to catch the said coming freight train and ride upon it into Mandan; that the deceased and other members of the crew suggested to the said foreman that said train Avas running too fast for them to catch; that the said foreman thereupon assAired the deceased that it Avas not coming too fast, that he could catch it easily without any danger; that the said foreman thereupon walked up the track a short distance toward the coming train and pretended and attempted to flag same; that while said train Avas passing the deceased and the rest of the crew at a high rate of speed, the deceased, together with the rest of the crew, pursuant to said command and order of the said foreman, and being then and there lawfully performing his duties engaging in interstate commerce Avith the defendant, attempted to catch and get on said train; that AA'hile so attempting, and while the deceased was using due care and being free from fault, he was thrown under the wheels of said moving train, thereby crushing and mangling his leg, fracturing and bruising other parts of his body, head and abdomen, and thereby injuring vital internal organs of his body, and thereby tearing loose the flesh and muscles of his legs, which would make and did make the deceased a permanent cripple and invalid.
That tho said injuries were caused wholly by the defective appliances, tools, and equipment of the defendant, and the neglect of the defendant and its servants as aforesaid, among other things, in this, that the motor car for carrying' the men was unsafe and not a proper or safe machine for its purpose designed; that it was a dangerous method to require section men and the deceased to catch and jump upon a moving freight train as a means of being carried to and from their points of work; that the said foreman was negligent and careless in ordering and commañding the deceased to catch and get on a fast moving train, the deceased being then and there a youth, inexperienced, and not appreciating the dauger of the act; that said foreman carelessly and negligently failed to give the proper signal to tho train crew of the moving train to stop or slow down so as to make it safe for the deceased to get on; that the train crew of said moving train carelessly and negligently failed to stop or slow down for the deceased to get on, the said train crew knowing that the deceased and the rest of tho section crew were contemplating to catch such freight; that said foreman was careless and negligent in assuring the deceased that it was safe to catch such moving train, and further in assuring the said deceased that said train was not moving at a fast rate of speed; that all of the negligence of the defendant aforementioned contributed to the said injuries.
That by reason thereof the deceased was made sick, sore, and lame, and suffered terrible physical and mental pain, and was confined to the hospital under the care of a physician continuously until on or about tho 20th day of August, 1916, when the said Raphael Schantz, deceased, died; that the said deceased, at the time of the injuries, was sixteen years of age, in good health, strong mentally and physical!}', and had been for years previous engaged in performing manual labor and capable of earning about $75 per month; that the deceased-if he had lived, would never have been able to perform any kind of labor thereafter, or earn any money, on account of such injuries; that said deceased has suffered damages in all by reason thereof in the sum of fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000) and at the time of his death did have a valid claim against the said defendant in said sum for said injuries ; that the said deceased left no surviving wife or children; that he was unmarried and had no issue whatsoever,- that he did leave surviving him his parents, to wit; Kasper Sehantz, his father, and Mary Anna Sehantz, his mother; -that he also left surviving him his brothers and sisters, being seven in number; that said parents reside in the city of Mandan, North Dakota, and that they were at all times herein-mentioned citizens of the United States.
Then follows an allegation that the deceased was, at the time of his injuries, employed by the defendant and engaged in interstate commerce. The foregoing constitutes plaintiff's first cause of action. The complaint sets forth a second cause of action, based upon the loss of services of the deceased to his parents, who are alleged to be unable to support themselves by reason of being in feeble health, and that they, were dependent upon Raphael Sehantz for their living, and by reason of his death claimed damages in the sum of $10,000.
The answer denies that Raphael Sehantz was in its employ as a section laborer on April 25, 1915, but alleges that he was in its employ on April 18, 1916, and was injured on that date. It denies that ho was engaged in interstate commerce when injured, or that he-was injured thi-ough the negligence of the defendant or the section foreman, and alleges that he was injured through his own fault and negligence, which contributed to his injury.
This case has heretofore been before this court. See Schantz v. Northern P. R. Co. 42 N. D. 377, 173 N. W. 556. In that case, the trial court directed a verdict in favor of the defendant, -and judgment was entered thereon. On appeal to this court, the judgment was reversed. It was there, in effect, held that, for the assumption of risk to be available to the defendant, it should be pleaded, and that the question of assumption of risk was one for the consideration of the jury. The case was remanded for a new trial. The case was tried upon the same pleadings that were in the former case.
Prior to the retrial the defendant made a motion to amend -its answer. The amended answer is substantially the same as the original, with the exception that it contains an allegation that Raphael Schantz was injured because of one of the ordinary and usual risks of the business in which he was engaged, and because of a risk which he, appreciated and assumed.
It appears that the motion and proposed amended answer were served upon Jacobson and Murray, attorneys for the plaintiff, on August 22, 1919. It appears, by affidavit of Connelly, attorney for the defendant, that he received the motion papers from Watson, Young, & Conmy, prior to September 15, 1919, and that he thereafter turned them over to J. M. Hanley, Judge; and it further appears that when the motion papers were delivered to the said judge, that he advised the affiant that J. K. Murray, attorney for the plaintiff, had advised him over the telephone that he could not be present on the 15th day of September, 1919, when the motion was set to be heard. He never did appear before said court in regard to said motion. The motion was not heard nor determined before the trial, which was on or about January 15, 1920. The motion was granted and amendment of the answer permitted by an oi'der of the court dated February 17, 1920. In the court's order, allowing the amendment, it is stated that the action was tried on the issues presented in the amended answer.
Under § 7482, Comp. Laws 1918, the trial court has power to allow amendment, either before or after judgment, in furtherance of justice and on such terms as may be proper. We will assume, in the furtbei discussion of the matters here involved, that the amended answer .was properly allowed.
The general verdict returned by the jury was as follows: "We, the jury, impaneled and sworn to try the above-entitled action, do find for the plaintiff and against the defendant, and assess his damages at the sum of $7,500. Jarris Estrop, Foreman."
Section 7632, Comp. Laws 1913, provides: The verdict of a jury is either general or special. (1) A general verdict is that by which they pronounce generally upon all or any of the issues either in favor of the plaintiff dr defendant. Section 7633 provides: The court may also direct the jury, if they render a general verdict, to find in writing upon any particular questions of fact, and further states that, when the special findings of fact are inconsistent with the general verdict, the former controls the latter, and the court must give judgment accordingly.
A general verdict pronounces upon all or any of the issues. The issues referred to in § 7632 are issues of fact. Under § 7605, the issue of fact arises upon material allegation in the complaint, controverted by the answer, or upon new matter in the answer not requiring reply, or controverted by reply; and upon new matter in the reply, unless an issue of law is joined thereon.
Under § 7508, issues of fact, where for the recovery of money, must be tried by the jury unless it is waived as therein provided. The question is then presented, What are the issues of fact in this case ? Those must be determined from the pleadings. An inspection of them will disclose many issues of that character, which were all, with the exceptions to be hereinafter noted, determined in favor of the plaintiff, by the general verdict.
The general verdict determined that Raphael Schantz was inexperienced and did not appreciate the danger incident to said employment; that it was the duty of the defendant to slow down and stop its train for Raphael Schantz, the deceased, when it sought to carry the deceased and the rest of the crew on its trains from and to points of work; that it was the duty of the defendant's section foreman, Peter Barron, to give proper and safe orders to Raphael Schantz, and to properly and safely supervise the carrying and the method of carrying him to and from points of work; that Raphael Schantz was engaged in interstate commerce at the time he received his injury; that Peter Barron, the section foreman,, informed Raphael Schantz that he would flag the train and cause it to slow down, and that he commanded, ordered, and directed Raphael Schantz and the rest of the crew to catch the freight train and ride upon it to Mandan; that Raphael Schantz and the members of the crew suggested that the train was running too fast; that the foreman assured Raphael Schantz it was not coming too fast, and that he could catch it easily without any danger; that Raphael Schantz, pursuant to the command and order of the foreman, attempted to catch and get on the train, and while so attempting, and while he was using due care, and being free from fault, he was thrown under the wheels of the moving tráin, his leg mangled and fractured, and his body otherwise bruised, and his vital organs •injured, and he was made sick, sore, and lame, and suffered terrible physical and mental pain, and was confined to the hospital until the 20th day of August, 1916, when he died.
The general verdict determined that the defendant was negligent and careless in the manner alleged in the- complaint, and that such negligence contributed to the injuries. It determined in favor of plaintiff every material allegation of the complaint controverted by the answer, resulting in an issue of fact, including Raphael Schantz's knowledge and appreciation, if any, of his danger, and his assumption of risk, except in so far as any of said issues were determined by the special questions submitted to the jury.
The answer to question 1, supra, does not show that Raphael Schantz had any knowledge of his danger. The answer is not that he knew, but that he should have known, in the exercise of reasonable care, of his danger, • and that he might be injured if he attempted to catch the moving freight train. What he should have known, and what he actually did know, are two entirely separate and distinct matters. There is no special question asked and answered, showing that he knew and appreciated his danger. Hence, it must-follow that the general verdict determined that he neither knew nor appreciated his danger. Until it affirmatively appears that he both knew of and appreciated his danger, it cannot be said that he assumed the risk. Yuha v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S. Ste. M. R. Co. 42 N. D. 179, 171 N. W. 855; Martin v. Hill, 66 Wash. 433, 119 Pac. 849; Kansas City, M. & O. R. Co. v. Roe, — Okla. —, 180 Pac. 371; Lyons v. New Albany, 54 Ind. App. 416, 103 N. E. 20; Chesapeake & O. R. Co. v. De Atley, 241 U. S. 313-316, 60 L. ed. 1019-1021, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 564; Gila Valley, G. & N. R. Co. v. Hall, 232 U. S. 94, 58 L. ed. 521, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 229; Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 58 L. ed. 1062, L.R.A.1915C, 1, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 635, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 475, 8 N. C. C. A. 834; Umsted v. Colgate Farmers Elevator Co. 18 N. D. 318, 122 N. W. 390.
Ordinarily, in cases where the master has given no positive command or order to the servant, to perform an act in the course of employment, and where the defense of assumption of risk is a proper one, the question of assumption of risk is one of fact for the jury. But, as we shall see, this is not true where the master has given a positive order or command to the servant, to do an act in the course of the employment, involving more than ordinary danger.
' It will be observed that the complaint alleges that the section foreman commanded, ordered, and directed Raphael Schantz, together with the rest of the crew, to catch the freight train and ride upon it into Mandan; that Raphael Schantz and the other members of the crew suggested to the foreman that the train was running too fast for them to catch; that the foreman assured Raphael that it was not coming too fast and that he could easily catch it without any danger.
By the general denial, this became an issue of fact, and the general verdict resolved it in favor of plaintiff's intestate.
Aside from the question of the deceased's extreme minority, and considering the matter as though deceased wcre a person of maturity, wo think the principle is clear that there is no assumption of risk, in the circumstances of this case, where the master, through another acting under his authority, gives an order, incident to the work, to a servant under his control and direction, which the servant obeys. The risk in such case is taken exclusively by the master.
Cook v. St. Paul, M. & M. R. Co. 34 Minn. 45, 24 N. W. 311, 16 Am. Neg. Cas. 247; Strong v. Iowa C. R. Co. 94 Iowa, 380, 62 N. W. 799; Louisville,. H. & St. L. R. Co. v. Armstrong, 137 Ky. 146, 125 S. W. 276; Schlavick v. Friedman-Shelby Shoe Co. 157 Mo. App. 83, 137 S. W. 79; Swanson v. Union Stock Yards Co. 89 Neb. 361, 131 N. W. 594; Sherman v. Texas & N. O. R. Co. 99 Tex. 571, 91 S. W. 561; Johnson v. Motor Shingles Co. 50 Wash. 154, 96 Pac. 962; Dalton v. Ogden Gas Co. 126 Ill. App. 502; Mattoon City R. Co. v. Graham, 138 Ill. App. 70, 234 Ill. 483, 84 N. E. 1070, 14 Ann. Cas. 853; Shirk v. Chicago & E. I. R. Co. 140 Ill. App. 22; Wells & F. Co. v. Kapacznyski, 218 Ill. 149, 75 N. E. 751; Koofos v. Great Northern R. Co. 41 N. D. 176, 170 N. W. 861.
Respondent contends that the burden is on plaintiff to show there was error in directing the entry of judgment in defendant's favor; and that this cannot be done unless there is a settled statement of the case, which here has not been presented, and, hence, the testimony is not before the court. We think, however, in this case the error appears upon the judgment roll. Thei'e is no inconsistency between the answers to the special interrogatories and the general verdict. Hence, it was error to enter judgment upon the special questions.
Under § 7632, supra, the general verdict pronounces upon all or any of the issues. The issues are formed by the pleadings. An inspection thereof will disclose the issues. Such issues are, by the general verdict,' decided in favor of the plaintiff or defendant, as the case may be, excepting only such of them as are decided upon special interrogatories.
Under our statute, and as a general principle of law, we think it must be plain "that a general verdict upon issues and evidence properly submitted must be presumed to have decided every fact or deduction therefrom essential to support it, while the special finding must be limited to and controlled by its specific terms. The general verdict must be understood as establishing the truth of every material averment of the complaint, except in so far as such averments are contradicted or modified by the answers to the interrogatories.
"In determining whether the special findings are inconsistent with the general verdict, so that the latter must be held to be controlled by the former, the court is not permitted to regard the evidence introduced on the trial. Ordinarily resort can be had only to the findings and verdict and to the pleadings. The question to be decided is not whether, in the light of the evidence adduced, the general verdict is inconsistent with the facts found, the remedy in case of such inconsistency being a new trial, but whether, accepting the facts found within the issues as verities, there is irreconcilable conflict between them and the general verdict." See Clementson Special Verdict, pp. 134-136.
The damages recovered are upon plaintiff's first cause of. action. Special interrogatory No. 5 and the answer thereto clearly show this to be true. The general verdict must have been given likewise. No damages were recovered upon the second cause of action. There is no inconsistency between the answers to the special interrogatories and the general verdict. The judgment should have been entered upon the general verdict, and defendant's motion for judgment upon the special questions and answers should have been denied.
The judgment appealed from is reversed. The case is remanded to the trial court, with directions to enter á judgment upon the general verdict in favor of plaintiff.
The appellant is entitled to his costs and disbursements on appeal.
Bronson, J. I concur in the result.