Case Name: Spohn, Respondent, vs. National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, Appellant
Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Wisconsin
Decision Date: 1926-06-21
Citations: 190 Wis. 446
Docket Number: 
Parties: Spohn, Respondent, vs. National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Wisconsin Reports
Volume: 190
Pages: 446–459

Head Matter:
Spohn, Respondent, vs. National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, Appellant.
May 10
June 21, 1926.
For the appellant there was a brief by Hicks & Folonie of Chicago, attorneys, and Nolan, Dougherty, Grubb & Ryan of Janesville, of counsel, and oral argument by Paul N. Grubb.
For the respondent there was a brief by Bagley, Spohn & Ross of Madison, and oral argument by F. A. Ross.

Opinion:
Doerfler, J.
The policy in question is a standard policy, and, pursuant to sec. 203.01 of the Statutes, contained the following provision:
"No one shall have power to waive any provision or condition of this policy except such as by the terms of this policy may be the subject of agreement added hereto, nor shall any such provision or condition be held to be waived unless such waiver shall be in writing added hereto; . . . nor shall any privilege or permission affecting the insurance hereunder exist or be claimed by the insured unless granted herein or by rider added hereto."
"This entire policy shall be void, unless otherwise provided by agreement in writing added hereto, . . . (d) if any change, other than by the death of an insured, take place in the interest, title or possession of the subject of insurance (except change of occupants without increase of hazard) ; or (e) if this policy be assigned before a loss."
These provisions are plain and explicit. - They cover the subject of waiver and prescribe the method which must be pursued in order to effectuate a waiver. Assuming that an agent has authority to waive the conditions and provisions of a policy after it is once issued and delivered, such authority is specifically limited, and such waiver can only ensue where the provisions of the policy have been complied with. A policy of insurance is a contract between the insurer and the insured, and the provisions thereof are binding upon both parties unless such provisions are legally waived or the contract is modified in the manner provided by the terms of the policy. Under these provisions of the standard policy, the policy becomes void if any change takes place in the interest, title, or possession of the subject of the insurance, unless such change is contained in a written agreement added to the policy, there being but one exception, viz. where the insured dies and a devolution of interest thereby ensues by operation of law. Macomber v. Minneapolis F. & M. Ins. Co. 187 Wis. 432, 204 N. W. 331. It may be also stated as a general proposition that restrictions upon an agent's authority to waive conditions after the issuance of a policy are binding on the assured. 14 Ruling Case Law, 1162, 1163. We are herein solely concerned with the subject of waiver or estoppel after a policy has been issued and delivered and up to the time of the loss, and the legal effect of the decision herein is referable only and confined to such period.
The decisions in Wisconsin upon the subject of waiver as to conditions, both before and after the enactment of the first standard policy law, have been exhaustively and ably reviewed in the case of Welch v. Fire Asso. 120 Wis. 456, 98 N. W. 227, and the distinction between a waiver and an estoppel is there clearly treated and defined. The court in the Welch Case, Mr. Justice Marshall rendering the opinion, uses the following language:
"The court has never held, in the face of a policy provision forfeiting the contract for a violation of its provisions by the assured after the issuance thereof, such provision being accompanied by a stipulation that it shall not be deemed waived other than by a writing indorsed thereon, that a waiver could take place in any other manner. The court has often held to the contrary." Citing authorities.
In the Welch Case the doctrine of waiver was 'not involved, and the case was decided solely on the principle of estoppel in pais, — "the principle that one person cannot assume a position in his business relations with another in respect to a transaction of a pecuniary nature upon which such other, acting reasonably, has a right to rely, and after such other has so acted change his position to that other's prejudice and obtain judicial aid to enable him to effectuate his fraudulent purpose." The Welch Case has been repeatedly cited and approved in subsequent decisions of this court, and the law as there laid down is in full force and effect at the present time, and is applicable to contracts of insurance issued under the present standard policy law. Unless, therefore, the facts in the instant case present a situation where the equitable principle of estoppel in pais can legally and logically be said to operate, the position of the defendant company must prevail, and the judgment be reversed with directions to dismiss the complaint.
Numerous cases, like Keith v. Royal Ins. Co. 117 Wis. 531, 94 N. W. 295; Hankins v. Rockford Ins. Co. 70 Wis. 1, 35 N. W. 34; Carey v. German American Ins. Co. 84 Wis. 80, 54 N. W. 18; Olbrich v. Mutual Fire Ins. Co. 184 Wis. 413, 198 N. W. 607; Bloomer v. Cicero Mutual Fire Ins. Co. 183 Wis. 407, 198 N. W. 287; Burr v. German Ins. Co. 84 Wis. 76, 54 N. W. 22; and Bourgeois v. Mutual Fire Ins. Co. 86 Wis. 402, 57 N. W. 38, are cited in the brief of the learned counsel for the company, but, not being applicable herein, no usefyl purpose can be served by discussing them in detail. These cases substantially assert the validity of conditions in a policy of fire insurance; refer specifically to the subject of waiver; and hold that where conditions of a policy have been breached by a transfer of interest or title or by placing additional incumbrances upon the property, there being no waiver of the conditions as stipulated in the policy, the policy becomes void from the time of the breach. In other words, these cases involve specifically the breach of a condition, and were not decided upon the equitable principle of estoppel in pais.
In 14 Ruling Case Law, 1179, title "Insurance," § 355, it is said: "Even though an indorsement is required by a policy, an estoppel arises on an agreement to indorse;" and in support of this doctrine the case of Manchester v. Guardian Assur. Co. 151 N. Y. 88, 45 N. E. 381, is cited. The facts in that case are set forth in the opinion as follows:
"Prior to and upon the 8th day of January, 1889, Eben-ezer S. Strait owned certain premises situated in the county of Rensselaer. On that day he procured from the'defendant, through its general agents at Troy, a policy of insurance upon the buildings on the premises insuring him against loss or damage by fire to the extent of $2,000. It was a New York standard fire insurance policy. At that time there were several mortgages upon the property held by the Troy Savings Bank, amounting to $16,000, and this policy with others was held by the bank as collateral, and it was in its possession. On August 1, 1890, Strait conveyed the property insured to Emily J. Manchester, who took immediate possession. The insurance by the defendant was also transferred to her. Shortly after these transfers, Strait, as her agent, notified the general agents of the defendant thereof and requested them to go to the bank where the policy was and make the necessary indorsement upon it, which they agreed to do. This agreement, however, they failed to perform. In the following September a fire occurred by which the property was destroyed."
In the opinion it is said:
"The most important and practically the only question in this case is whether upon those facts the plaintiffs were entitled to recover. The defendant, through its general agents, had notice of the change of ownership, and agreed to indorse upon the policy the defendant's consent to the transfer from Strait to Mrs. Manchester. . . . This agreement it failed to perform. The plaintiffs now seek to recover as damages for a breach of that agreement the loss they have sustained. The defendant endeavors to relieve itself from liability because no consent was actually indorsed upon the policy. In other words, it undertakes to defeat the plaintiffs' action upon the ground of the nonperformance of an act which it expressly agreed itself to perform." (Italics ours.)
The court in substance held that the plaintiffs could recover and that the defendant company was estopped from taking advantage of its failure to do that which it had expressly agreed to do. See, also, 26 Corp. Jur. 307, title "Fire Insurance," § 380, where numerous cases in the federal courts and cases from twenty-five states are cited with approval. So that the doctrine laid down in the Manchester Case seems to be in accord with the overwhelming authority upon the subject in the country. The instant case in its facts is much stronger than those involved in the Manchester Case, supra, for here there was not merely an agreement by the agent to assign the policy and to validate the same by indorsing the consent of the company by the agent, but it was pretended and represented by the agent that such transfer and indorsement had actually taken place, and the assured relied upon such representations, and was expressly assured by the agent that he was fully protected. The equitable doctrine of estoppel in pais is not confined to insurance contracts, but it operates with respect to all contracts, and courts do not hesitate to enforce the doctrine to prevent injustice and fraud in any contract field where it is applicable.
But it is further argued by the learned counsel for the insurance company that Johnson was not a general agent of the company; that he was a mere soliciting agent, with authority to issue policies of insurance, and that when the policy was issued and delivered to the original insured his authority ceased; that the knowledge of the agent at the time of the attempted transfer of the policy was not the knowledge of the company, and that the acts of the agent were not binding upon the company. It is true that under the standard policy the authority of the agent to waive conditions of the policy is limited. It is confined to a waiver in a manner and form provided for in the policy, which requires a waiver and consent in writing indorsed upon the policy. It must also be conceded as a general proposition that a change in title or interest without the approval or consent of the company results in the policy becoming absolutely void. However, it is undisputed in this case that Johnson had the authority to act for the company by consenting to the transfer and to validate the same by his indorsement as an agent. He therefore had power to act in behalf of the company after the issuance of the policy. It is a well known fact that in nearly every case such power rests with the agent who represents the company, and that in most cases the application for a consent and validation is made to the agent.
In Hankins v. Rockford Ins. Co. 70 Wis. 1, 35 N. W. 34, it is said:
"Whenever an insurance company authorizes any person to do any one of the things thus specified, it cannot disclaim the agency of such person in the doing of anything necessarily implied in the specific act thus authorized."
Having granted to the agent the authority to consent to a change in ownership and to validate such change, the acts of the agent become the acts of the company, and it is bound by such acts. So that it can be said that when Johnson represented and pretended that all of the necessary requisites had been complied with and that the plaintiff was fully protected, the plaintiff having relied upon such representations and statements and having changed his position in regard to the same to his detriment, the company will not now be heard to complain or to profit by the failure of its agent.
But it is further argued by counsel for the company that on the 15th day of August, 1923, when the plaintiff applied to the agent for a transfer of the policy and for its validation, the plaintiff and the company were entire strangers; that the contract of insurance had been previously breached by a transfer of the interests of the assured; and that therefore, under the decision in the case of Macomber v. Minneapolis F. & M. Ins. Co. 187 Wis. 432. 204 N. W. 331, no estoppel could result. In the Macomber Case the plaintiff furnished the money with which to purchase the property insured, and placed it in the name of his wife. At the time of the fire he claimed to be the equitable owner of the property and therefore entitled to the insurance. Under the law of insurance such equitable ownership finds no recognition. Therefore, in that case, the plaintiff and the insurance company were utter strangers, and it was there held, in substance, that to recognize the plaintiff's interest it would be necessary for a court to create a contract which the parties themselves failed to create. These facts, therefore, materially distinguish the Macomber Case from the instant case, and the decision can in no way have a bearing upon the determination of the instant case. True, in the instant case the policy had become void, but the plaintiff was not a total stranger to the insurance company in the sense that Macomber was such a stranger. The application made to the agent on the 15th day of August was one for a validation of a policy which was voided merely by the failure to comply with certain conditions contained in the written policy. In legal effect it may be said, in a sense, that the application of the plaintiff for a validation amounted to a request for a continuance of the policy. In other words, it had the same effect as an application for a new policy. The premium for the full term of the policy had been paid to the insurance company and was retained by it. The policy had still the greater portion of a year to run. In other words, there was on August 15th in the hands of the company a portion of the unearned premium. This unearned premium constituted in part the consideration on the part of the company for its agreement to validate the policy to the end of the term for the benefit of the new owner.
The case therefore presents a situation where the plaintiff did everything that an ordinarily prudent man would do under the same or similar circumstances, and was led to believe by the agent who had authority to represent the company that he was fully protected, which, of course, was untrue, and under the decision in the Macomber Case it is strongly intimated that had the facts in the case been otherwise an estoppel in pais could have resulted.
Counsel for the company also assert that the court was not warranted in answering the first two questions of the special verdict; that there was a material conflict between the testimony of the plaintiff and of Roesling and the defendant Johnson. We have examined the record with great care, and are satisfied that, while an apparent conflict exists, the testimony of Johnson is so conflicting and contradictory that had the first two questions been submitted to the jury, with a different result, the answers thereto could not have been sustained. Johnson testified that in the interim between his adverse examination and the trial he had suffered a severe illness which affected his memory. No useful purpose would be served in reviewing the testimony of Johnson elicited on the adverse examination and on the trial, and we will therefore refrain from doing so. Suffice it to say that the action of the court was fully warranted and justified.
With the views thus expressed, it will be unnecessary to consider the other points raised in the case.
No appeal having been taken from the judgment of the lower court dismissing the complaint as against Johnson, the case against the latter is not before us and cannot be considered. In other words, the legal effect of the failure to appeal, in so far as the instant case is concerned, is the same as though no action had ever been prosecuted against Johnson. The holding of this court is merely to the effect that Johnson was the agent of the company on August 15, 1923 : that he had authority to act in behalf of the company as its agent, to validate the policy as to the plaintiff; that in law the acts of Johnson were the acts of the company; and that the practically undisputed evidence warrants the application of the equitable principle of estoppel in pais as against the company; and -that the company is estopped by the facts in this case from taking advantage of a situation by which plaintiff was led to assume that everything had been done to fully protect his interests and that he relied upon this situation created by the company, to his detriment.
By the Court. — The judgment of the lower court is affirmed.