Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Pierre VASQUEZ, a/k/a Peter, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2015-12-11
Citations: 622 F. App'x 83
Docket Number: No. 14-4266
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Pierre VASQUEZ, a/k/a Peter, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI, GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judges, and JED S. RAKOFF, District Judge.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 622
Pages: 83–85

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Pierre VASQUEZ, a/k/a Peter, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 14-4266.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Dec. 11, 2015.
Jillian S. Harrington, Monroe Township, NJ (Martin J. Siegel, New York, NY, on the brief), for Appellant.
Jessica K Fender, Assistant United States Attorney (Amy Lester, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for Appellees.
PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI, GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judges, and JED S. RAKOFF, District Judge.
The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
SUMMARY ORDER
Defendant-Appellant Pierre Vasquez appeals his sentence of 56 months for a Grade B violation of a term of his supervised release, U.S.S.G. § 7Bl.l(a)(2), imposed in connection with his underlying conviction for conspiracy to distribute, and possess with intent to distribute, cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 846, a Class A felony. Vasquez violated his release terms by committing a second-degree assault, N.Y. Penal Law § 120.05, on police officers who attempted to arrest him after they discovered cocaine in a suitcase in the trunk of the car he was driving. We assume the parties' familiarity with the facts and procedural history, and reference them only as necessary to explain our reasoning.
First, Vasquez argues that the district court erred in finding that he knew about the cocaine in the suitcase. He claims that the government failed to prove this fact by a preponderance of the evidence, and that the court should have credited his account that the cocaine was placed in the car by his passenger without his knowledge. The district court based its finding on the facts stipulated by the parties, including the fact that he attempted to flee when he was apprehended, see United States v. Mundy, 539 F.3d 154, 157 n. 2 (2d Cir.2008) ("[P]roof of flight may be received as evidence of consciousness of guilt."); on Vasquez's extensive history of drug offenses; and on Vasquez's own testimony and its credibility, see United States v. Medunjanin, 752 F.3d 576, 589 (2d Cir.2014) ("We may not disturb the factfinder's credibility assessments or its choices between permissible inferences."). "[Wjhere there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous." Id. at 585. The district court therefore did not clearly err in finding that Vasquez more likely than not knew about the cocaine in the car.
Next, Vasquez challenges his sentence as substantively unreasonable, arguing that the district court failed to follow the Guidelines Manual's admonition that "at revocation the court should sanction primarily the defendant's breach of trust, while taking into account, to a limited degree, the seriousness of the underlying violation and the criminal history of the violator." U.S.S.G. ch. 7, pt. A.3(b). Vasquez claims that the district court instead impermissibly based its sentence on (1) the "unsubstantiated" finding regarding the cocaine in the suitcase, (2) his criminal history, (3) the government's "vindictive" recommendation of 60 months of imprisonment, and (4) the fact that this was the government's only opportunity to hold Vasquez responsible for . the narcotics-related conduct constituting his violation of supervised release, which Vasquez claims the government would be unable to prove in a criminal trial. In fact, although the district. court considered Vasquez's criminal history and the conduct underlying the violation, the primary reason why it imposed a sentence above the Guidelines' recommendation of 12 to 18 months of imprisonment, see U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4, was precisely Vasquez's violation of the district court's trust. The district court emphasized the very lenient sentence that Vasquez had requested and had been given in connection with his underlying conviction. Indeed, during that earlier sentencing, Vasquez had acknowledged that an extended period of incarceration would be appropriate were he to fail to abide by the terms of his release. Vasquez's violation of his supervised release, given the district court's lenity, was a clear breach of trust, for which the district court was justified in imposing a sentence beyond the Guidelines' recommendation. The 56-month sentence Vasquez received was within the permissible statutory range, see 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3) (providing a five-year maximum sentence for violations of supervised release when the underlying conviction was for a Class A felony), and it was amply justified by Vasquez's conduct in violating the terms of supervised release after successfully arguing for a lenient sentence based on claims of rehabilitation, see United States v. Rubin, 743 F.3d 31, 39-40 (2d Cir.2014) (a sentence is substantively reasonable unless it "cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions").
Finally, Vasquez argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the district court failed properly to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors and sufficiently to explain its reasons for departing from the Guidelines range. However, the Sentencing Commission's sentencing ranges for violations of supervised release are "policy statements rather than formal guidelines." United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 128 (2d Cir.2008). "[A] court's statement of its reasons for going beyond nonbinding policy statements in imposing a sentence . need not be as specific as has been required when courts departed from guidelines that were, before [U.S. v.] Booker [543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005) ], considered to be mandatory." Id. at 132-33 (alteration omitted). In this case, the district court explicitly stated that it considered the statutory factors, giving an account of the nature and circumstances of Vasquez's violation, describing Vasquez's criminal history, and noting that Vasquez's lenient sentence in the underlying case represented a significant "break" that failed to dissuade Vasquez from reverting to criminal behavior. The district court provided sufficient reasons for its sentence and showed that it appropriately considered the § 3553(a) factors.
We have considered Vasquez's remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.