Case Name: Grace Vandeymark, Respondent, v. Marshall J. Corbett, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1909-03-10
Citations: 131 A.D. 391
Docket Number: 
Parties: Grace Vandeymark, Respondent, v. Marshall J. Corbett, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 131
Pages: 391–395

Head Matter:
Grace Vandeymark, Respondent, v. Marshall J. Corbett, Appellant.
Third Department,
March 10, 1909.
Conversion—evidence—- when transaction sale, not bailment — master and servant — liability of master for acts of servant — court — reversal of Justice’s Court.
A County Court should reverse the judgment of a Justice’s Court only where the judgment is so plainly against the weight of evidence that it can be seen that the justice could not reasonably have arrived at the .conclusion which he made. 1 .
Where, in an action for the conversion of cattle which had been sold únder an execution, it is shown that the animals were in the possession of the execution debtors and were the product of their farm, evidence that a former owner of the cattle promised to give them to plaintiff, the daughter of the execution debtor if she stayed home and took care of him, the former owner, falls short of establishing a transfer of title to her, and, in the absence either of a delivery or of a visible change in the possession and use of the- property or bf a written agreement, the animals being worth over fifty dollars, shows nothing more than an executory contract for a future transfer by will or otherwise.
A bill of sale from a former owner of a cow, the ancestor of the cattle in suit does not avail the plaintiff where such owner left it with another to double in two years. Such transaction was a sale, not a bailment, the title passed and the vendee was under no obligation to restore the identical cow.
Where a sheriff leaves property on which lie has levied, temporarily in the custody of an employee of a third person, the master is not liable for conversion upon the employee’s refusal to surrender it on the demand of an adverse claimant, for such custody is not within the scope of the servant’s employment.
Appeal by the defendant, Marshall J. Oorbett, from an order of the County Court of Broome county, entered in the office of the clerk of said county on the 21st day of July, 1908, reversing a judgment of the City Court of Binghamton in favor of the defendant, and granting a new trial.
- Himnan, Howard & Hattell, for the appellant.
Albert S. Barnes, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Sewell, J.:
This action was brought to recover damages for the alleged con-. version of cattle and poultry levied upon and sold by a sheriff, under an execution issued out of the Court of Common Pleas of Susquehanna county, Penn., against the property of Fred Adams, the father of the plaintiff, and Sarah Adams, his wife.
The complaint alleged that during the month of November, 1906 and for a long time prior thereto, the plaintiff ivas the owner and in the possession of the property in question, and that on or about the 17tli day of December, 1906, the defendant wrongfully took possession of and unlawfully and wrongfully converted said property to his own use. The order appealed from states that the judgment of the City Court was reversed " for errors of law and also because said judgment is contrary to and against the weight of evidence." The principal issues of fact in the case were (1) Whether the plaintiff was the owner of tlie cattle. (2) Whether they were converted by the defendant.
It was undisputed that the cattle were in the possession of the execution debtors at the time of the levy; that they were raised upon a farm occupied by them under a contract of sale given to Sarah Adams; that the business was carried on in her name, and that Fred Adams did the work and managed the business for her. The plaintiff claimed that the cattle were the increase of a cow purchased by Abbie Adams at a sheriff's sale in the year 1897, and that she then left the cow with Charles Adams to double. She testified " I told him i-f I left the cow he could have it to- double in two years." She also testified that the cow and increase remained there. " I never took anything away from him, I didn't do it for my own benefit."
Fred Adams, the. principal witness for the plaintiff, testified that the cow was kept on the farm about four years; that she had four calves, and they were kept on the farm ; that they also increased ; that no other stock was brought on the farm during these ten years; that he started ten years ago with this one cow on the farm and ended up with fourteen cattle, and that he knew the fourteen head of cattle on the farm in November, 1906, could be traced back to that cow because " I was there and took care of them and' raised them-."
The plaintiff claimed title to the property under a bill of sale from Abbie Adams, dated November 13, 1906, and under a contract claimed to have been entered into with Charles Adams. She testified that a short time before his death, " He told me if I would stay and take care of him as long as he lived and after he was dead paid his doctor bill and his expenses, I could have all of the cattle that was on the farm."
Fred Adams, her father, testified that he heard the conversation and that his father said that: " He would give her his interest in the stock if she would take care of him through his sickness, see that he was cared for." Arthur Yandeymark, her husband, testified that he was present and that Charles Adams said: " If she would stay home and take care of him and see that he had burial and everything she might have everything that belonged to him."
Though this evidence proceeded wholly from parties having a direct or indirect interest in the question at issue, I think it warranted a finding that the cattle belonged to the execution debtors. It is true that possession is only presumptive evidence of ownership; but beyond that there was in this case the conceded fact that the cattle were raised by them and were the products of their farm and business, which made the presumption well nigli conclusive. .
However this may be, it seems to me clear that the plaintiff acquired no right to the property by the assignment from Abbie Adams, for if the terms of the letting to Charles Adams were as claimed by her, he was under no obligation'to restore the identical cow, and the title to it was changed. There was a sale and not a bailment. (Wilson v. Finney, 13 Johns. 358; Hurd v. West, 7 Cow. 752; Foster v. Pettibone, 7 N. Y. 433; Reed v. Abbey, 2 T. & C. 380.)
It also seems to me clear that the various and somewhat loose and uncertain statements, as to what transpired between the plaintiff and Charles Adams, fall short of establishing a complete sale or transfer of title to her, and that it was nothing more than an executory contract for the future transfer of his property by will or otherwise.
In support of this view we have the fact that no evidence was given on the part of the plaintiff tending to show a delivery of the cattle to her; that she ever exercised any act of ownership or control over them, or intimated that she had an interest therein before the levy. In addition to this, it appeared by the evidence of the defendant, the sheriff and another witness that she then claimed a calf, stating that " her grandfather left her a cow and calf, and the calf was there and she would like to get that calf." It will also be observed that the valué of the property was conceded to be over fifty dollars; that the alleged agreement was not in writing; that the property was not present; that there was no visible change in the possession or use of it,, and that nothing was done that the law required to vest the title in the plaintiff. A careful examination of the evidence has convinced me that the judgment of the City Court should not have been reversed as against the weight of evidence. Prior to the amendment -of section 3063 of the Code of Civil Procedure. by chapter 553 of the Laws of 1900, a County Court was not permitted to reverse a judgment as against the weight of evidence where the evidence was conflicting. (Ludlum v. Couch, 10 App. Div. 603; Norton v. Arvernam Co., 14 id. 581; Clark v. Daniels, 29 id. 600; Northridge v. Astarita, 47 id. 486; Burnham v. Butler, 31 N. Y. 480.) In the Burnham case the court stated the rule as follows: " ' That where on a trial in a justice's couyt there is evidence on both sides, and even where there is only slight evidence in support of the cause of action on which there is a recovery, the County Court is not authorized to reverse the judgment, although such court may arrive at a conclusion upon the facts of the case, or the weight of evidence, different from that drawn by the justice.' " It is well settled that the authority conferred by that amendment is to be exercised only where the judgment is so plainly against the weight and preponderance of proof that it can be seen that the justice could not reasonably have arrived at the conclusion which he made. (Murtagh v. Dempsey, 85 App. Div. 204; Brewer v. Califf, 103 id. 138; Clinton v. Frear, 107 id. 571; McRavy v. Barto, 114 id. 262.) Tested by this rule, it is clear that the learned county judge erred in reversing the judgment of -the City Court.
I am also of the opinion that the plaintiff did not prove that the defendant was guilty of conversion. There was no claim or pretense that the defendant ever had the actual possession or control of the cattle. On the contrary, the evidence established the fact that he exercised no dominion over them, and at all times insisted that he had nothing to do with the property. It did appear that, after the levy was made, the sheriff left the property for a time in the custody of Charles Lasure, one of the defendant's employees, and that Lasure refused to surrender it in response to a demand, by the plaintiff. The theory of the plaintiff seems to have been that the defendant was responsible for the act of Lasure in refusing to deliver the property.
The general rule is that a master is liable for the acts of his employee done within the scope of his employment, but it is well settled that this rule only applies when the relation of master and servant is shown to exist between the wrongdoer and the person sought to he charged for the result of the wrong, at the time and in respect to the very transaction out of which jhe injury arose. In Wyllier v. Palmer (137 N. Y. 248, 257) Judge O'Brien said: "The fact that the party, to whose wrongful or negligent act- an injury may be traced, was at the time in the general employment and pay of another person, does not necessarily make the latter the master and responsible for liis acts. The master is the person in whose business he is engaged at the time, and who has the right to control and direct his conduct." In Higgins v. Western Union Telegraph Co. (156 N. Y. 75, 79) the- court said: "Beyond the scope of his employment the servant is as much a stranger to his master as any third person, and the act of the servant, not done in the execution of'the service for which he was engaged, cannot be regarded as the act of the master," aii-fl cited Wyllie v. Palmer (supra) and McInerney v. D. & H. C Co. (151 N. Y. 411).
It was substantially undisputed that Lasure represented the sheriff in retaining possession of the cattle; that he was engaged in doing his work, and that'the sheriff alone had the right to control or direct him in that particular employment. Under such circumstances, it is apparent, I think, that the trial court did not err in finding, as it apparently did, /that the plaintiff did not sustain the relation of master to Lasurp at the time of the alleged conversion.
It follows that the judgment of the City Court was not contrary to the evidence or contrary to law, and that the judgment of the County Court should be reversed, with costs, and the judgment of the City Court affirmed, with costs.
All concurred; Smith, P. J,, and Kellogg, J., in result.
Judgment of the County Court reversed and judgment of the City Court affirmed, with costs to the defendant in this court and in the County Court.