Case Name: MEDICAL JET, S.A., Appellant, v. SIGNATURE FLIGHT SUPPORTPALM BEACH, INC., Appellee
Court: Florida District Court of Appeal
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 2006-11-15
Citations: 941 So. 2d 576
Docket Number: No. 4D05-1760
Parties: MEDICAL JET, S.A., Appellant, v. SIGNATURE FLIGHT SUPPORTPALM BEACH, INC., Appellee.
Judges: IMPERATO, CYNTHIA G., Associate Judge, concurs.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 941
Pages: 576–581

Head Matter:
MEDICAL JET, S.A., Appellant, v. SIGNATURE FLIGHT SUPPORTPALM BEACH, INC., Appellee.
No. 4D05-1760.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.
Nov. 15, 2006.
Barbara J. Riesberg of Roth, Rousso, Katsman & Schneider, L.L.P., Aventura, for appellant.
John M. Murray, Michael G. Shannon and Christopher E. Doran of Murray, Marin & Herman, P.A., Coral Gables, for appellee.

Opinion:
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
GROSS, J.
We grant appellee, Signature Flight Support-Palm Beach, Inc.'s, motion for rehearing, withdraw the original panel opinion, and affirm the judgment. Under well established principles of law, the statute of limitations barred appellant, Medical .Jet, S.A.'s, action for breach of contract concerning the inspection and repair of its aircraft.
Medical Jet owned an aircraft registered in Argentina. In 1998, Medical Jet entered into an agreement with appellee, Signature Flight Support-Palm Beach, Inc., providing that Signature Flight would inspect and repair the aircraft. Medical Jet contends that Signature Flight represented that it had current certification from the Argentine aircraft regulatory authority. Signature Flight performed the work and returned the aircraft to Medical Jet on April 23,1998.
According to Medical Jet, the Argentine authorities grounded the aircraft on May 14, 1999 because the plane failed to pass its annual inspection; the reason for that failure was that Signature Flight lacked a current certification number from the Argentine regulatory body.
In 1999, Medical Jet sued Signature Flight for breach of contract. That action was dismissed for failure to prosecute in July, 2003. Medical Jet filed the complaint here at issue on August 27, 2003. The circuit court granted a motion for judgment on the pleadings, ruling that the five-year statute of limitations of section 95.11(2)(b), Florida Statutes (2004), barred the cause of action.
The statute of limitations for a contract founded on a written instrument is five years. See § 95.11(2)(b), Fla. Stat. (2004). "A cause of action accrues [for statute of limitations purposes] when the last element constituting the cause of action occurs." § 95.031(1), Fla. Stat. (2004). Signature Flight breached the contract when it performed the contract work without the proper certificate from the Argentine government. If the cause of action accrued at the time of the breach, then accrual could have occurred no later than April 23, 1998, the date that Signature Flight returned the plane to Medical Jet. If this is correct, then the August 27, 2003 lawsuit fell outside the five-year statute of limitations.
The dissent believes that the cause of action did not accrue until May 14, 1999, when the Argentine regulatory authority grounded Medical Jet's aircraft. The basis of that belief is that Medical Jet suffered no actual damages until the plane was grounded on May 14, 1999, and that such damage was the last element giving rise to the cause of action. See § 95.031(1), Fla. Stat. (2004).
For a breach of contract action, it is well established that a statute of limitations "runs from the time of the breach, although no damage occurs until later." 18 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 2021A (3d ed. 1978). Florida has followed this general rule that a cause of action for breach of contract accrues at the time of the breach, "not from the time when consequential damages result or become ascertained." Fradley v. County of Dade, 187 So.2d 48, 49 (Fla. 3d DCA 1966); see Meyer v. Roth, 189 So.2d 515 (Fla. 3d DCA 1966). This court cited Fradley and Meyer with approval in Dovemnuehle, Inc. v. Lawyers Title Ins. Corp., 478 So.2d 423, 424 (Fla. 4th DCA 1985).
The general rule is consistent with the policy behind the statute of limitations, which is to "prevent unreasonable delay in the enforcement of legal rights" and "to protect against the risk of injustice." Hawkins v. Barnes, 661 So.2d 1271, 1272 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995). The rule provides an "objective, reliable, predictable and relatively definitive" rule that has "long governed this aspect of commercial repose of disputes." Ely-Cruikshank Co., Inc. v. Bank of Montreal, 81 N.Y.2d 399, 599 N.Y.S.2d 501, 615 N.E.2d 985, 988 (1993). This is not one of those exceptional cases where the general rule does not apply. See 18 Williston, at § 2026A. The dissent's approach to the "accrual" concept in breach of contract cases seeks to introduce the delayed discovery doctrine into Florida contract law. The supreme court rejected an expansion of the delayed discovery doctrine in Davis v. Monahan, 832 So.2d 708 (Fla.2002).
The general rule is consistent with the wording of section 95.031(1) that ties "accrual" to the occurrence of the last element giving rise to a cause of action. Since at least nominal damages are sustained at the time of a breach of contract, all of the elements necessary to maintain a lawsuit and obtain relief in court are present at the time of the breach. See Abbott Lab., Inc. v. Gen. Elec. Capital, 765 So.2d 737, 740 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000); Ely-Cruikshank Co., 599 N.Y.S.2d 501, 615 N.E.2d at 986-87; T & N PLC v. Fred S. James & Co. of New York, Inc., 29 F.3d 57, 59-60 (2d Cir.1994) (applying New York law).
Courts in other jurisdictions recognize that the statute of limitations in a breach of contract action accrues at the time of the breach, even though the actual damage does not occur until later. See Howarth v. First Nat'l Bank of Anchorage, 540 P.2d 486, 490-91 (Alaska 1975) (stating that the statute of limitations usually "begins to run in contract causes of action" at "the time of the breach of the agreement, rather than the time that actual damages are sustained as a consequence of the breach"); First Trust Nat'l Ass'n v. First Nat'l Bank of Commerce, 220 F.3d 331 (5th Cir.2000); Cavanaugh v. City of Omaha, 254 Neb. 897, 580 N.W.2d 541, 544 (1998) (holding that a "cause of action in contract accrues at the time of the breach or failure to do the thing that is the subject of the agreement," even though "the plaintiff may be ignorant of the existence of the cause of action"); State v. Holland Plastics Co., 111 Wis.2d 497, 331 N.W.2d 320, 325 (1983).
A case similar to this one is ABB Industrial Systems, Inc. v. Prime Technology, Inc., 120 F.3d 351 (2d Cir.1997), because it involves a breach of contract where a plaintiff incurred damages years after the breach as a result of action required by a governmental agency. In that case, ABB Industrial purchased real property on September 11, 1985; the vendor warranted that "the property was in compliance with all environmental laws." Id. at 354. After 1989, ABB learned that the property was contaminated by hazardous chemicals, in violation of two federal environmental statutes. In 1992, ABB began the extensive cleanup of the site required by the environmental laws.
ABB filed suit against the vendor for breach of contract on September 18, 1991, six years and one week after it closed on the property. Id. at 360. The applicable statute of limitations was six years. Id. The second circuit rejected the argument that the statute of limitations began to run at some point after the contamination was discovered, when ABB incurred damages to clean up the property; the court held that the "contract was breached, if at all, on the day it was executed," so that the statute began to run on September 11, 1985. Id.
Other cases similarly hold that a breach of contract action accrues at the time of the breach, not when later events create the bulk of a plaintiffs damages.
For example, in Nardo v. Guido DeAscanis & Sons, Inc., 254 A.2d 254 (Del.Sup. Ct.1969), a building contractor breached a contract in 1957 by improperly placing roof rafters. The buyers noticed dampness problems in 1959, but did not realize that the condition arose from the placement of the rafters. After attempts to fix other dampness conditions, the buyers became aware of the rafters installation problem in 1965 or early 1966. Id. at 255. The buyers filed suit against the contractor on July 3, 1967, claiming breach of contract and negligence. The Delaware court held that the cause of action for breach of contract accrued at the time of the breach, "in 1957 when the roof rafters were improperly installed," so that the claim was barred by the statute of limitations. Id. at 256; see also Kennedy v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 135 Conn. 176, 62 A.2d 771 (1948) (holding that where contractor defectively installed wall insulation in 1935, but the injuries did not "become apparent until December, 1945," the cause of action for breach of contract accrued in 1935, so that the action was barred by the statute of limitations).
Similarly, Johnson v. Crisler, 156 Miss. 266, 125 So. 724 (1930), involved a breach of contract action against an "abstractor of titles to land" who "made a false certificate to such abstract of title" on February 2, 1925 that certain property was free of liens. Later, it appeared that the property was subject to a special tax assessment. The Supreme Court of Mississippi held that the cause of action accrued at the time of the breach, February 2, 1925, not the later time when the damages from the breach occurred, i.e., when an assessment was applied to the property. Id. at 724-25.
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
IMPERATO, CYNTHIA G., Associate Judge, concurs.
MAY, J., dissents with opinion.