Case Name: PEOPLE v. KNIGHT
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1983-01-20
Citations: 122 Mich. App. 584
Docket Number: Docket No. 54393
Parties: PEOPLE v KNIGHT
Judges: Before: Danhof, C.J., and N. J. Kaufman and D. C. Riley, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 122
Pages: 584–596

Head Matter:
PEOPLE v KNIGHT
Docket No. 54393.
Submitted October 8, 1982, at Detroit. —
Decided January 20, 1983.
Chare A. Knight was convicted of second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder in the second degree, Wayne Circuit Court, John M. Wise, J. He was acquitted of felony-firearm and appeals, alleging numerous errors. Held:
1. The defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit second-degree murder was improper. The crime of conspiracy to commit second-degree murder cannot logically exist.
2. The defendant’s conviction of second-degree murder was not inconsistent with his acquittal on the felony-firearm charge. There was sufficient evidence unrelated to the possession of the firearm used in the crime by the defendant’s accomplices to support the defendant’s conviction as an aider and abettor to the commission of the murder.
References for Points in Headnotes
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 327.
81 Am Jur 2d, Witnesses §§ 569, 571.
40 Am Jur 2d, Homicide §§ 44, 53.
76 Am Jur 2d, Trial §§ 1156, 1157.
Inconsistency of criminal verdict as between different counts of indictment or information. 18 ALR3d 259.
21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law § 167.
76 Am Jur 2d, Trial § 1158.
5 Am Jur 2d, Arrest §§ 48, 49.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 590.
81 Am Jur 2d, Witnesses § 478.
63 Am Jur 2d, Prosecuting Attorneys § 29.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence §§ 433-436.
Admissibility, in criminal prosecution, of evidence secured by mechanical or electronic eavesdropping device. 97 ALR2d 1283.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence §§ 708, 731.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 494.
30 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 1103.
Consideration, in determining facts, of inadmissible hearsay introduced without objection. 79 ALR2d 890.
75 Am Jur 2d, Trial § 116 et seq.
Remarks or acts of judge criticizing, rebuking, or punishing defense counsel in criminal case, as requiring new trial or reversal. 62 ALR2d 166.
29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence §§ 320, 333.
3. The police had probable cause to arrest the defendant and his arrest was not unlawful.
4. Since the evidence on the issue of whether the defendant’s confession was voluntarily made was conflicting, the Court of Appeals deferred to the trial court’s findings on that issue because the resolution depends solely on the credibility of the witnesses who testified at the hearing.
5. Reversal of the defendant’s conviction for second-degree murder is not required due to the prosecutor’s calling a witness whom he knew was going to give testimony at the trial inconsistent with her testimony at the preliminary examination. The prosecuting attorney did not offer either version of the witness’s testimony as the correct version but merely presented both versions to the jury.
6. The defendant’s claim that the prosecutor’s questioning of him at the trial concerning a plea-bargaining agreement constituted error requiring reversal is without merit. The evidence was offered to rebut the defendant’s testimony on direct examination that the prosecutor offered to dismiss the charges if the defendant agreed to testify against his coparticipants in the crime. Because the defendant injected the issue at the trial, he may not base a claim of error on the prosecutor’s further questioning of him regarding the subject.
7. The prosecuting attorney was not and should not have been disqualified from trying the case merely because he had participated in unsuccessful plea-bargaining negotiations with the defendant.
8. Any error that may have resulted from the trial court’s failing to suppress evidence of a tape-recorded telephone conversation between a woman with whom one of the coparticipants was residing and the defendant was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The statement that the caller made was not incriminating, the caller was not identified as being the defendant and the other evidence of the defendant’s guilt was so overwhelming that it could not be said that the alleged error aided in convincing an otherwise undecided juror of the defendant’s guilt.
9. The admission of a witness’s testimony concerning a statement made by the victim on the night before he was killed was properly admissible as relating to the declarant’s then-existing state of mind and was not inadmissible hearsay. The Court of Appeals is precluded from considering defendant’s other claims regarding the admission of hearsay evidence because he failed to object to the admission of such evidence at the trial and manifest injustice would not result from not considering the claims.
10. The trial court’s criticism of defense counsel in the presence of the jury does not require reversal. The statements made by the trial court were relatively innocuous and could not have unduly influenced the jury.
11. The search of the defendant’s wallet at the police station following his arrest was a valid search incident to the defendant’s arrest.
12. The trial court did not err in admitting evidence of the defendant’s prior convictions. The trial judge recognized his discretion and weighed the appropriate factors in determining whether to admit the evidence. By considering that the prior convictions were for crimes of violence, the trial judge considered one wrong reason but that does not detract from the conclusion that he properly applied the other appropriate factors in making his decision. The defendant’s conviction of second-degree murder should be affirmed.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Danhof, C.J., concurred. He believed that the trial judge erred in admitting the evidence of the defendant’s prior convictions because the trial judge misapplied the factors to be considered in determining whether to admit such evidence, but that the error was harmless because the evidence against the defendant, including a complete confession, was overwhelming and the nature of the defendant’s testimony was incredible.
Opinion of the Court
1. Criminal Law — Evidence of Prior Convictions — Impeachment.
A trial court does not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions for impeachment purposes after balancing the appropriate factors for such a determination but also considering an improper factor, i.e., whether the prior convictions involved crimes of violence, where the court did not base its decision solely on the improper factor but properly weighed the appropriate competing factors.
Concurrence in Part by Danhof, C.J.
2. Conspiracy — Second-Degree Murder.
There is no crime of conspiracy to commit second-degree murder since such a crime cannot logically exist, it being anomalous to speak in terms of planning to commit a crime which by definition is committed without premeditation and deliberation.
3. Criminal Law — Inconsistent Verdicts.
The rule announced by the Supreme Court that jury verdicts need not be consistent should not be applied retroactively, and jury instructions in cases decided prior to the announcement of the rule which, consistent with the then-extant law, indicated that jury verdicts must be consistent and that inconsistent verdicts must be set aside unless explained on some rational basis should not be held to provide grounds for reversal on appeal.
4. Weapons — Felony-Firearm.
Possession of a firearm while committing or attempting to commit a felony is a separate crime from the underlying felony; therefore, where a defendant is charged as an aider and abettor of the underlying felony it is not necessary for the prosecution to establish that the defendant assisted his accomplices in obtaining or retaining possession of the firearm used to commit the felony to convict the defendant as an aider or abettor of the underlying felony and in such a case a verdict of guilty of second-degree murder and not guilty of felony-firearm is not inconsistent (MCL 750.227b, 767.39; MSA 28.424[2], 28.979).
5. Appeal — Arrest — Felonies — Probable Cause.
A court, in reviewing a claim that a police officer lacked probable cause to arrest the defendant, must determine whether facts available to the officer at the moment of arrest would justify a fair-minded person of average intelligence in believing that the suspected person had committed a felony; each case must be analyzed in light of the particular facts confronting the arresting officer.
6. Criminal Law — Confessions — Voluntariness — Appeal.
An appellate court, when reviewing a trial court’s rulings on the voluntariness of a defendant’s confession, must examine the entire record and draw its own conclusions; however, if there is conflicting evidence and the determination of voluntariness is largely dependent on the credibility of witnesses, the appellate court should defer to the trial court’s findings.
7. Criminal Law — Cross-Examination of Defendant.
A prosecutor’s questioning, even if improper, does not result in reversible error where the questions are asked in inquiring into issues raised by the defendant.
8. Prosecuting Attorneys — Plea-Bargaining Agreements.
A prosecuting attorney is not prohibited from trying a criminal case against a defendant because the prosecuting attorney participated in unsuccessful plea-bargaining negotiations with the defendant.
9. Evidence — Tape Recordings.
Any error that may have resulted was harmless and reversal of a defendant’s conviction was not required where the trial court refused to suppress evidence of a tape recording obtained without a warrant of a police-initiated telephone conversation between the defendant and a woman with whom a coparticipant in the crime was residing where the statement that the caller made was not incriminating, the caller was not identified as the defendant, and the other evidence of the defendant’s guilt was so overwhelming that it could not be said that the alleged error aided in convincing an otherwise undecided juror of the defendant’s guilt.
10. Evidence — Hearsay.
A statement of a declarant’s then-existing state of mind which shows the declarant’s intent, plan, motive, or design is admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule (MRE 803[3]).
11. Evidence — Hearsay — Appeal — Preserving Question.
Failure to raise objections in the trial court to the admission of alleged hearsay evidence will preclude appellate review absent manifest injustice.
12. Criminal Law — Judicial Criticism of Defense Counsel.
A defendant’s claim that the trial court improperly interrupted and criticized defense counsel in a manner which deprived the defendant of a fair trial must be considered in the context of the court’s duty to control the proceedings; reversal of the defendant’s conviction is not required where the trial court made relatively innocuous statements which could not be said to have unduly influenced the jury.
13. Evidence — Prior Convictions.
The admission of evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions on an improper basis, i.e., because the prior convictions were for "crimes of violence”, is not grounds for reversed of his conviction where the error complained of was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because of the overwhelming nature of the evidence against the defendant, including a complete confession, and the incredible nature of the defendant’s testimony at the trial.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and A. George Best, II, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Richard J. Card, for defendant on appeal.
Before: Danhof, C.J., and N. J. Kaufman and D. C. Riley, JJ.

Opinion:
Per Curiam.
We agree with Chief Judge Danhof's analysis of all issues in this case except one. We do not believe that the trial court erred when admitting evidence of the defendant's prior convictions. The "crimes of violence" standard used by the trial court is wrong. It appears nowhere in case law or the Rules of Evidence. But the judge did not base his decision solely on this standard. The record shows that the judge recognized his discretion and recognized both the prejudicial and probative elements in admitting evidence of similar crimes. People v Crawford, 83 Mich App 35, 39; 268 NW2d 275 (1978). By announcing that these were crimes of violence, the trial judge announced one wrong reason for admitting evidence of the convictions but this does not detract from the fact that he properly applied the Crawford factors in reaching his decision. Thus, the decision was not erroneous, despite the surplusage.