Case Name: ANDREW J. THOMAS, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. THE LOANERS' BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
Court: New York Superior Court
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1875-01-04
Citations: 6 Jones & S. 466
Docket Number: 
Parties: ANDREW J. THOMAS, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. THE LOANERS’ BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
Judges: 
Reporter: Reports of cases argued and determined in the Superior Court of the city of New York
Volume: 38
Pages: 466–471

Head Matter:
ANDREW J. THOMAS, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. THE LOANERS’ BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
Before Monell, Ch. J., and Curtis, J.
Decided January 4, 1875.
PRACTICE—STRIKING OUT A REPLY.
In an action to recover damages for the conversion of personal property, the defendant set up in the answer, as. a counterclaim, a cause of action arising upon contract, without sufficient allegations to show that it arose out of the same transactions set forth in the complaint.
Held, that a reply to such an answer should not be stricken out, although on demurrer to the answer, or on motion of the plaintiff to make the answer more definite and certain, the court could have determined as to its sufficiency, and whether a reply was necessary. Yet if the plaintiff left the answer on the record in form and substance, and has taken issue upon it by his reply, he has made it a material issue, and the reply can not be stricken out. Upon demurrer, the court may look at the sufficiency of a preceding pleading, but it is not so on a motion to strike out a pleading.
A counter-claim is not a defense to an action. Issue must be taken to it by demurrer or reply, or the defendant may move for judgment.
The Code is not subject to the narrow construction, that new matter set up in a reply, may not be inconsistent with the complaint, in cases where the counter-claim set up in the answer, is in no way connected with the cause of action set forth in the complaint.
If the counter-claim arose out of the same transaction, then, doubtless, the matter in avoidence in the reply must not be inconsistent with the complaint.
While*' a defendant is allowed, by way of cross-action, to allege a separate cause of action against the plaintiff, and may move for judgment, if not replied to, the latter should be allowed to confess and avoid by a reply.
Appeal from an order.
The motion below was to strike out a reply.
The complaint alleged :
“That on and prior to June 20, 1874, the plaintiff was the lawful owner, and entitled to the immediate possession of two single-stone diamond ear-rings, and one single-stone diamond ring, of the value of three thousand five hundred dollars; that the defendant became possessed of said diamonds, and being so in possession thereof, refused to deliver them to the plaintiff on demand duly made therefor, and then and there, before the commencement of this action, the said defendant wrongfully and unlawfully converted the same to its own use, to the damage of the plaintiff.”
The defendant, after alleging that the diamonds had been pledged by the plaintiff to the defendant, upon a loan of money; the non-payment of the loan, and a sale of the pledge, &c., for a further and separate answer and counter-claim, alleged:
“ That upon August 18,1873, the defendant lent and advanced to the plaintiff the sum of eighteen hundred dollars, which the said plaintiff promised to pay to the defendant in thirty days thereafter, with interest thereon, and then and there deposited with the plaintiff two single-stone diamond ear-rings, and one single-stone diamond ring, of the value of two thousand dollars, as pledges for the payment of the said loan.”
“That no part of said loan has been paid, and there is now due to the defendant, by the plaintiff, upon said-loan, the sum of two thousand dollars, which said sum the defendant demands shall be recouped and deducted from the plaintiff’s claim in this action.”
To the counter-claim, the plaintiff- replied as follows : “ That the loan therein mentioned was made by the defendant to the plaintiff, on the corrupt and unlawful agreement between them that the plaintiff would pay, and the defendant should receive, for the use of said sum of one thousand eight hundred dollars, for thirty days, two dollars for each and every hundred dollars so loaned, which sum was a greater rate of interest than seven dollars upon one hundred dollars, for one year, to wit, at the rate of twenty-four dollars upon one hundred dollars for one year ; that, in pursuance of said agreement, the said defendant demanded, and the said plaintiff paid to said defendant the sum of thirty-six dollars for the use and forbearance of said loan of one thousand eight hundred dollars, for thirty days, whereby the said loan and the said agreement became, and were, and are usurious and void.”
The motion to strike out the reply was denied, and the defendant appealed.
R. Sewell, for appellant.
J. Flynn, for respondent.

Opinion:
By the Court.—Monell, Ch. J.
Under the Code, the answer of the defendant may contain a statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counterclaim. If a counter-claim, it mast arise out of the transaction set forth in the complaint, when the action is not upon contract.
This action is not upon contract, and the counterclaim set up in the answer, is of a cause of action arising upon contract ;• so that without sufficient allegations that it arose out of the transactions set forth in the complaint, the matter alleged would not be the subject of counter-claim. There is no such allegation. The subject, as stated, is entirely independent of the plaintiff's cause of action—has no relation whatever with it, and is a separate cause of action growing out of a contract. But the sufficiency of that pleading can not be examined by us upon this appeal, nor could it be by the court below. Upon demurrer, the •court- may look at the preceding pleading. It is not so upon a motion to strike out. hi or are we to assume, for the purpose of sustaining it as a counterclaim, that it necessarily is related to, tor connected with, the matter stated in the complaint. The pleader has not so stated it, and it stands upon the record as a separate cause of action (Brown v. Buckingham, 11 Abb. Pr. 387). We might, it is true, in passing upon its sufficiency, assume that it must necessarily have arisen out of the transaction set forth in the •complaint, as otherwise it could not be alleged as a counter-claim; but the question is not before us, and we must, for the purposes of this appeal, regard it as coming within the provision of the Code; as having-been properly and sufficiently pleaded; and, if sustained by proof, as entitling the defendant to judgment in its favor.
The only question, therefore, is, can or should the reply be stricken out %
A counter-claim is not a defense to an action. A defendant may admit the whole of the plaintiff's cause of action, and set up a new and separate cause of action against the plaintiff; and may obtain affirmative relief, wholly without reference to any claim of the plaintiff against him. Hence, the Code distinguishes it from a defense to the action, and allows it as a mode of settling several controversies in'one action; and because it is Tiew and independent of the plaintiff's case, issue must be taken upon it by a reply ; and if not replied to, the defendant may move for judgment. A counter-claim not being a defense, a reply to it can not be demurred to, although it may contain new matter. The demurrer being expressly confined to replies to defenses (Code, § 155 ; White v. Joy, 13 N. Y. 89).
The ground upon which the motion was urged, was, that the reply was a " departure" from the complaint, and should, therefore, be stricken out. The reply-authorized by the Code, allows any new matter to be-all eged not inconsistént with the complaint, and it. is claimed, that as the complaint is in tort, the reply sets up, as an avoidance of the counter-claim, matter-arising upon contract.
The difficulty with this whole question is in the-manner the counter-claim is alleged in the answer. If the pleader had connected it with the diamonds, which the plaintiff avers have been wrongfully converted by the defendants, then, probably no reply would have been necessary. For if the loan was made-upon the same diamonds mentioned in the complaint, it, in connection with the contract of pledge previously set up in the answer, would be a defense to the plaintiff's action, and not a counter-claim. But there is no such identity between the subject of the complaint and the counter-claim ; and the latter stands out as a separate cause of action, upon which, if not replied to, the defendant may move for judgment.
Had the plaintiff demurred to the counter-claim,, or moved to make it more definite, the court could have determined as to its sufficiency, and whether a reply was necessary ; but having left it upon the record in its form and substance, and taken issue upon it by his reply, he has made it, I think, a material issue (Livingston v. Miller, 8 N. Y. 289).
I cannot give to the Code so narrow a construction as that the new matter set up in a reply may not be inconsistent with the complaint, in cases where the counter-claim is in no way connected with the plaintiff' s case. If the matter constituting the counter-claim, arose out of the same transaction stated in the complaint, then, doubtless, within the terms of the Code, the matter in avoidance may not be inconsistent. But while a defendant is allowed, by way of cross-action, to allege a separate cause of action against the plain tiff, and may move for judgment if not replied to, the-latter should be allowed to confess and avoid.
The order should be affirmed, with costs.
Curtis, J., concurred.