Case Name: James Kotera, appellant, v. American Smelting & Refining Company, appellee
Court: Nebraska Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Nebraska
Decision Date: 1908-02-06
Citations: 80 Neb. 648
Docket Number: No. 15,012
Parties: James Kotera, appellant, v. American Smelting & Refining Company, appellee.
Judges: Duffie and Epperson, CC., concur.
Reporter: Nebraska Reports
Volume: 80
Pages: 648–655

Head Matter:
James Kotera, appellant, v. American Smelting & Refining Company, appellee.
Filed February 6, 1908.
No. 15,012.
1. Master and Servant: Injury: Appliances. The law requires a master to use reasonable care to provide reasonably safe tools and appliances with which, and a reasonably safe place in which, his servant is to perform the duties assigned him.
2. -: Negligence: Question for Jury. Whether or not a master who requires his servant to stand upon two parallel, horizontal, iron rods 12 inches apart and about 8 feet above the floor, and to draw, by means of an iron hooli, a slide weighing 200 pounds, without providing any railing, or other safeguard, to prevent the servant from falling in the event of his losing his footing, or the hook slipping from the slot in the slide, is guilty of negligence in failing to exercise reasonable care to provide a reasonably safe place for the servant to work is a question of fact for a jury to determine.
3.-: -: -. Whether or not a master, who furnishes a hook, consisting of an iron bar with a hand-hold at one end, and two inches at the other bent at a right angle to the bar, so as to form an elbow to be inserted into a slot, with which to draw a slide weighing 200 pounds, instead of having the elbow of the hook bent at an acute angle to the bar, or in a curve, so as to prevent its slipping out of the slot in the slide, is guilty of negligence in not exercising reasonable care to provide reasonably safe appliances for his servant is a question of fact for a jury to determine.
4. -: Assumption on Risk. A servant has a right to assume that his master has used due diligence in providing reasonably safe appliances with which, and a reasonably safe place in which, the servant is to perform his duties, and does not assume the risk of danger arising from the master’s negligence in that respect, unless the servant knows and realizes such risk of danger.
Appeal from the district court for Douglas county: William A. Bedick, Judge.
Reversed.
T. J. Mahoney and P. A. Wells, for appellant.
John 0. Go win and Isidor Ziegler, contra.

Opinion:
Good, C.
This is an action to recover for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff while in the employment of defendant. The action is grounded upon the alleged negligence of the defendant in furnishing plaintiff with an unsafé and insecure place in which to work, and in furnishing plaintiff with unsafe and insecure tools and appliances with which to perform the task assigned him. The defendant answered, denying negligence upon its part, and alleging contributory negligence and assumption of risk on the part of the pldintiff. Upon the trial, after the plaintiff had introduced his evidence and rested, the court, on motion of the defendant, directed a verdict in its favor and rendered judgment thereon. From that judgment the plaintiff has appealed to this court.
Defendant, in the conduct of its business, uses a number of furnaces constructed of brick and iron, in which it smelts the ores handled by it. There are four of these furnaces in one room, or building. Each of said furnaces is about 8 or 9 feet high. Immediately above each of these furnaces are hoppers, extending about 3-J- feet above them. Upon a level with the tops of the hoppers is an iron plat form, or trackway, over which small cars, containing the ore to be smelted, are hauled, and from which the ore is dumped into the hoppers. In the top of three of the furnaces, and beneath the hoppers, are large iron stoppers, or lids, which are lifted by means of iron handles, or bars, attached- to the lids, by the employees who handle the ore. When a car of ore is ready to be dumped into one of the hoppers, the stopper, or lid, is lifted, the ore dropped through the hopper into the furnace, and the lid is then replaced. The fourth furnace, which is designated as "No. 1," has the same kind of a hopper, but a different manner of opening and closing. On this furnace, and between the top thereof and the hopper, is a slide constructed of fire brick set in a metal frame, which sets over and acts as a lid to the hole in the top of the furnace, through which the ore is fed into it. This slide is from 18 to 21 inches square, and weighs about 200 pounds; and upon two sides thereof there are slots, or eyes, into which an iron hook is inserted, and by means of this hook the slide is drawn horizontally over the furnace when ore is to be dumped into it. This particular kind of cover had been in use only a year or a year and a half before the accident. It appears that three men are employed at each of these furnaces; one, to attend to the firing of the furnace, is called a "furnaceman," and the other two, to haul the ore and dump it into the furnace through the hopper, are known as "helpers." Across the top of the several furnaces were two iron rods that ran horizontally and formed a part of the construction of the furnaces for holding them in position. These rods were, perhaps, about 1 inch in diameter and were about 1 foot apart, and were evidently 8 or 9 feet above the floor upon which the furnaceman worked. From the evidence it appears that .the plaintiff had worked in this room as a helper and as a furnaceman for a number of years, but until the time of the accident had never worked at furnace "No. 1." It appears that at all of the other furnaces the stoppers, or lids, had been lifted by the helpers. In the case of furnace "No. 1" the slide was operated by the furnaceman in the following manner: The furnaceman, by a ladder, ascended to the horizontal iron rods running across the top of the furnace, and, standing upon these rods without any platform and without any railing, or safeguards, around him, he inserted into the slot, or eye, on the side of the slide an iron hook, by means of which the slide was drawn from over the hole in the furnace. This iron hook was a bar of iron about 31,-feet long, with a hand-hold at one end, and about 2 or 3 inches at the other end bent at a right angle to the bar, so as to form an elbow. It was this elbow that was placed in the slot, or eye, on the slide, by means of which it was drawn from over the hole. On the day previous to the accident the foreman ordered the plaintiff to take charge of furnace "No. 1" on the following evening and act as furnaceman. Pursuant to this order of the foreman, he took charge of the furnace and fired the same, and, when the helpers came to dump the ore for the first time, he climbed upon the rods and inquired of the helpers if the hook was the tool used in opening the slide, and was informed that it was. Thereupon he took the hook, inserted it into the slide, and made two efforts to draw'- it from over the furnace, but failed. He then braced himself, by placing his left hand against the hopper, and exerted more force to draw the slide, Avhen the elbow of the hook slipped out of the slot, and the plaintiff Avas precipitated1 backAvards, and fell to the floor 8 or 9 feet below, and suffered severe injuries.
The accident occurred in the evening about 8 o'clock. At this time the plaintiff was working on AArhat Avas called the "night shift." The room Avas lighted by incandescent electric lamps. It Avas claimed that the lamps Avere covered with dust, smoke and grime to such an extent that they gave a dim and insufficient light for performing the Avork. Plaintiff also contended that the defendant was negligent in not providing a railing, or safeguard, around the place AA'liere the furnaceman had to stand upon the rods wdien draAving the slide, and that the place furnished, in which, to perform the task, was unsafe and dangerous, and that the kind of hook furnished for drawing the slide was an improper appliance; that it should have had the elbow turned either at an acute angle or so as to form a curved hook, so that when placed in the eye and pulled upon it could not slip out. On the other hand, the defendant contends that the light was sufficient to enable the plaintiff to see where and how to place the hook in the eye, and that the lights were the same as had been regularly furnished and by which the labor had been performed for many years, and that, if there was any deficiency in the light, the plaintiff was fully aware of it and assumed the risk incident to performing his labor in a dim light. It also contended that the iron bar with the elbow upon, it was a proper appliance with which to draw the slide, and the rods formed a safe place to stand upon; but that, if they were not a proper appliance and a safe place, the plaintiff was fully cognizant thereof, and that, if any defect existed, it was open and obvious to him, and that by undertaking to perform .the task without protest he assumed the risk of dangers in the performance of the duty assigned him. So far as the dim light is concerned, it appears from the testimony of the plaintiff that by the light furnished he was able to see the eye and to place the elbow therein. Were that the only cause for complaint, we should be constrained to hold that the evidence failed to show that it was the cause of plaintiff's injuries. With reference to the place where the plaintiff had to stand, it Avould certainly seem safe, so far as the strength of the material was concerned.
The law requires a master to use reasonable care to provide reasonably safe tools and appliances for his servant, and a reasonably safe place in which to perform the duties assigned him. This rule of law is well established, and has been upheld in the following decisions of other courts: Burns v. Delaware & A. T. & T. Co., 70 N. J. Law, 745; Buehner v. Creamery Package Mfg. Co., 124 Ia. 445; Walker v. Simmons Mfg. Co., 131 Wis. 542. It has been ►so expressly decided in tliis court, as to the duty of the master to furnish reasonably safe tools and appliances, in the case of Vanderpool v. Partridge, 79 Neb. 165. Under this rule, can it be said as a matter of law that the defendant was not guilty of negligence in requiring the plaintiff to stand and balance himself upon the iron rods and use enough force to pull a slide weighing 200 pounds, without any railing, or safeguards, to prevent his falling in case the hook should slip or he should lose his footing? We think this question must be answered in the negative. There is no reason apparent why a railing, or safeguard, could not have been constructed around the place where plaintiff was required to stand to perform the duty. And it would appear that it would have been much safer to have provided a hook with the elbow turned at an acute angle, or in a curve, so as to prevent its slipping from the eye, or slot, in the slide when pulled upon. At least, we are convinced that the evidence is such as would have warranted a jury in finding that the defendant was negligent in the appliances furnished, and in its failure to provide railings, or safeguards, around the place in which plaintiff Avas required to stand while drawing the slide. Upon the question of defendant's negligence, there was ample evidence, in our vieAv, to require the submission of the case to the jury.
The more vital question in the case is: Did the plaintiff assume the risk of the danger to Avhicli he was exposed? It is a Avell-recognized rule of law that a servant ordinarily assumes the risk of the dangers that are usually incident to Ms employment. But this does not require him to assume the risk of dangers due to the negligence of the master, unless such risk is knoAvn to him. The servant has a right to assume that the master has used due diligence to proAide,suitable appliances in the operation of bis business, and he does not assume the risk of his employer's negligence in performing such duties. The employee is not obliged to pass judgment upon his employer's methods of transacting his business, but may assume that reasonable care will be exercised in furnishing the appliances, necessary for its operation. Choctaw, O. & G. R. Co. v. McDade, 191 U. S. 64; New Omaha T.-H. H. L. Co. v. Dent, 68 Neb. 674; New Omaha T.-H. E. L. Co. v. Rombold, 73 Neb. 259; Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. v. McCarty, 49 Neb. 475. The rule of employer's liability, however, is different where the servant knows of the defects, or where they are so plainly observable that he would be presumed to know of them. From the record it is apparent that the plaintiff had only a superficial, general knowledge of how the slide was operated by seeing others perform that duty. He had seen this done repeatedly in the year and a half that it Avas in operation; The kind of hook used was simple, and the manner of using it would be apparent to any man of ordinary intelligence. The lack of any railing, or guard, Avas also open and apparent, and, if plaintiff had been injured by falling from the rods while climbing upon them, or about to attend to his duties, we think he Avould not be in a position to complain. But there are other circumstances Avhich the record does not shoAV that plaintiff knew. It is not shown that at the time of the accident he kneAV the weight of the slide, or the strength required to move it. Nor is it shown that he kneAV, or had reason to know, that there was any danger of the hook slipping out of the eye. But, even if he should be supposed to know of the danger of the hook slipping from the eye, still, unless he had some approximate knowledge of the weight of the slide and the poAver or strength necessary to draw it aside, he Avould not realize the danger to which he Avould be exposed by standing in such a place to operate it. Under these circumstances, Ave do not think it can be said that the danger was open and'obvious, nor that from his observation he Avas negligent in not knowing the amount of force necessary to operate, the slide. We think it was a question of fact for the jury to determine from the evidence whether or not the plaintiff assumed the risk of danger in operating the slide. It must not be overlooked that he had not operated the slide before. He therefore liad no knowledge from actual experience of- tbe power necessary to be exerted, and, until be bad made tbe attempt to operate fcbe slide, we tbink it cannot be said that be was in a position to knoAV and fully realize tbe danger of injury in attempting to operate it without any safe-' guards or railings. We are constrained, therefore, to bold that, under all tbe circumstances, the case presented was one that should have been submitted to tbe jury for its determination, and that it was error in tbe trial court to bold as a matter of law that tbe defendant was not liable.'
We therefore recommend that tbe judgment of tbe district court be reversed and tbe cause remanded for a neiv trial.
Duffie and Epperson, CC., concur.
By tbe Court: For the reasons given in tbe foregoing opinion, tbe judgment of tbe district court is reversed and tbe cause remanded for further proceedings.
Reversed.