Case Name: Richard R. DOUCETTE, Appellant, v. David J. SHULKIN, M.D., Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Appellee
Court: United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2017-03-06
Citations: 28 Vet. App. 366
Docket Number: NO. 15-2818
Parties: Richard R. DOUCETTE, Appellant, v. David J. SHULKIN, M.D., Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Appellee.
Judges: Before DAVIS, Chief Judge, and LANCE and SCHOELEN, Judges.
Reporter: West's Veterans Appeals Reporter
Volume: 28
Pages: 366–376

Head Matter:
Richard R. DOUCETTE, Appellant, v. David J. SHULKIN, M.D., Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Appellee.
NO. 15-2818
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.
Argued November 2, 2016
Decided March 6, 2017
Shawn D. Murray, of Providence, Rhode Island, was on the brief for the appellant. Zachary M. Stolz, of Providence, Rhode Island, argued before the Court.
Leigh A. Bradley, General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Assistant General Counsel; Selket N. Cottle, Deputy Chief Counsel; and Robert Schneider, all of Washington, D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.
Before DAVIS, Chief Judge, and LANCE and SCHOELEN, Judges.

Opinion:
LANCE, Judge:
The appellant, Richard R. Doucette, appeals, through counsel, a June 1, 2015, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that, in part, denied entitlement to an initial compensable rating for his service-connected bilateral hearing loss. Record (R.) at 1-19. On July 18, 2016, this case was submitted to a panel for decision, and on August 3, 2016, the Court ordered the parties to file supplemental memoranda of law. The parties filed their supplemental memoranda on September 2, 2016. Oral argument was held on November 2, 2016. For the reasons that follow, the Court will affirm the Board's June 1, 2015, decision.
I. FACTS
The appellant served on active duty in the U.S. Marine Corps from November 1972 to August 1975. R. at 37. Shortly after his separation from service, he submitted a claim for entitlement to service connection for hearing loss in his right ear. R. at 1360-63. A February 1976 rating decision denied his claim. R. at 1338.
In March 2004, the appellant submitted a claim for entitlement to service connection for bilateral hearing loss, R. at 1156-57, and underwent a VA audiological examination in June 2004, R. at 1138-39. A July 2004 rating decision denied his claim, as he had not submitted new and material evidence sufficient to reopen his previously denied hearing loss claim. R. at 1127-32. He submitted a timely Notice of Disagreement (NOD), R. at 1121-23, VA issued a Statement of the Case (SOC), R. at 1086-1100, and he perfected his appeal, R. at 1084-85.
The appellant presented testimony at an October 2006 Board hearing. R. at 949-70. In a January 2007 decision, the Board determined that he had submitted new and material evidence to reopen his previously denied claim and remanded the claim for additional development. R. at 894-910. The appellant underwent VA audiological examinations in October 2007, R. at 878-82, December 2008, R. at 806-07, and July 2009, R. at 727-28.
An August 2009 rating decision granted service connection for bilateral hearing loss, rated as noneompensable, effective March 25, 2004. R. at 715-26. The appellant filed a timely NOD. R. at 669-70. He underwent another VA audiological examination in February 2013. R. at 640-49. VA issued an SOC in April 2013, R. at 600-17, and he perfected his appeal the following month, R. at 576-77. The appellant presented testimony at a Board hearing in November 2013. R. at 1401-13.
In the June 2015 decision on appeal, the Board denied entitlement to an initial com-pensable rating for service-connected bilateral hearing loss. R. at 1-19. In doing so, the Board found that a referral for extras-chedular rating was not warranted, as the appellant's symptoms and their resultant effects are adequately contemplated by the rating criteria. R. at 12.
II. THE PARTIES' ARGUMENTS
The appellant does not challenge the Board's determination as to the proper sehedular disability rating. See Cromer v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 215, 217 (2005) ("[I]ssues not raised on appeal are considered abandoned."), aff'd, 455 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Rather, he argues that the Board misapplied 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) and failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its determination that he was not entitled to referral for extraschedular consideration. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 5-13; Reply Br. at 1-8. He specifically contends that the Board failed to explain how his hearing loss disability was properly contemplated by the rating schedule and to adequately "discuss extraschedular consideration in terms of the effects of [his] hearing loss on his functional capacity." Appellant's Br. at 10.
The Secretary responds that the Board did not clearly err when it found that the appellant was not entitled to referral for extraschedular consideration and that it provided an adequate statement of reasons or bases to support its decision. Secretary's Br. at 8-27. In particular, he asserts that the appellant fails to cite any evidence that his service-connected bilateral hearing loss presents such an exceptional disability picture that evaluation under the rating schedule is inadequate. Id.
III. ANALYSIS
This case hinges on two issues: first, whether the schedular rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate specific functional effects of hearing impairment; and second, the interplay between schedular and extraschedular evaluations for hearing loss.
A. Schedular Evaluations for Hearing Loss
The rating criteria for hearing loss, unlike a majority of the conditions in VA's rating schedule, do not list any specific symptoms or functional effects. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.85 (2016), 4.86 (2016). Instead, VA evaluates service-connected hearing loss through the mechanical application of a veteran's audiometric testing results to a rating table. See Lendenmann v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 345, 349 (1992). Specifically, VA conducts two audiometric tests for compensation purposes: a puretone audiome-try test, which measures puretone decibel thresholds at 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hertz, and a controlled speech discrimination test, the Maryland CNC. 38 C.F.R. § 4.85(a), (d). Based on the results of these tests, each ear is assigned an evaluation corresponding to the level of hearing impairment using either Table VI, which requires results from both tests, or, in certain circumstances, Table Via, which requires only the puretone threshold results. 38 C.F.R. § 4.85(b), (c), (h), 4.86. The evaluations for each ear are combined using Table VII to determine the appropriate disability rating. 38 C.F.R. § 4.85(e), (h).
VA first proposed the current rating criteria for hearing loss in May 1987. See 52 Fed. Reg. 17,607 (May 11, 1987). VA explained that the "new schedule provides for evaluating hearing loss based on a combination of puretone averages and speech discrimination," measuring a veteran's ability to hear sound at specific frequencies and volumes and to identify spoken words, respectively. 52 Fed. Reg. at 17,607. These tests would "provide[ ] for a more accurate representation of actual hearing impairment by recognizing that individuals with slight to moderate decibel loss as determined by puretone averaging may have significant impairment in speech discrimination and vice versa." 52 Fed. Reg. at 17,607. VA adopted the revised schedule on November 18, 1987, effective December 18, 1987. 52 Fed. Reg. 44,117, 44,117 (Nov. 18,1987).
In April 1994, VA proposed two amendments to § 4.85 to recognize exceptional patterns of hearing impairment that were not fully contemplated by the existing criteria. See 59 Fed. Reg. 17,295 (Apr. 12, 1994). The first proposed amendment contemplated a pattern of hearing loss where "speech discrimination tests in a controlled setting are often near normal, [but] they do not reflect the true extent of difficulty understanding speech in the everyday work environment, even with the use of hearing aids." Id. at 17,296. The second proposed amendment contemplated a pattern of hearing loss constituting "an extreme handicap in the presence of any environmental noise, [which] often cannot be overcome by the use of hearing aids." Id. VA explained that "[t]he intended effect of these two new provisions is to fairly and accurately assess the hearing disabilities of veterans as reflected in a real life industrial setting." Id. VA adopted the proposed amendments on May 11, 1999, effective June 10, 1999. 64 Fed. Reg. 25,-202 (May 11, 1999).
In sum, when evaluating hearing loss, VA measures a veteran's ability to hear certain frequencies at specific volumes and to understand speech, using rating tables to correlate the results of audiometric testing with varying degrees of disability. In light of the plain language of § 4.85 and 4.86, as well as the regulatory history of those sections, the Court holds that the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate the functional effects of decreased hearing and difficulty understanding speech in an everyday work environment, as these are precisely the effects that VA's audiometric tests are designed to measure. Thus, when a claimant's hearing loss results in an inability to hear or understand speech or to hear other sounds in various contexts, those effects are contemplated by the schedular rating criteria. However, as the rating criteria do not otherwise discuss, let alone account for, other functional effects, such as dizziness, vertigo, ear pain, etc., the Court cannot conclude that the rating schedule, on its face, contemplates effects other than difficulty hearing or understanding speech.
B. Extraschedular Referral
1. General Background
As this Court has held on multiple occasions, the Board generally must consider referral for extraschedular consideration only "'[w]here there is evidence in the record that shows exceptional or unusual circumstances or where the veteran has asserted that a schedular rating is inadequate.'" Yancy v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 484, 493 (2016) (quoting Colayong v. West, 12 Vet.App. 524, 536 (1999); see also Thun v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 111, 115 (2008) ("When either a claimant or the evidence of record suggests that a schedular rating may be inadequate, the Board must specifically adjudicate the issue of whether referral for an extraschedular rating is warranted."), aff'd sub nom. Thun v. Shinseki, 572 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2009). In other words, although "[e]xtraschedular rating consideration is a component of [an] appellant's claim for an increased rating," Brambley v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 20, 23 (2003), the Board is not obligated to analyze whether referral is warranted if "§ 3.321(b)(1) [is] neither specifically sought by [the claimant] nor reasonably raised by the facts found by the Board," Dingess v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 473, 499 (2006), aff'd, 226 Fed.Appx. 1004 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see also Robinson v. Peake, 21 Vet.App. 545, 552 (2008) (holding that the Board is required to consider all issues raised by a claimant or reasonably raised by the evidence of record), aff'd sub nom. Robinson v. Shinseki, 557 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Thus, although the parties agreed at oral argument that an extrasche-dular analysis was required in all cases before the Board, see Oral Argument at 11:11-23, 26:03-27:10, 55:36-45, this Court has squarely rejected that contention. See Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 493-94; Smallwood v. Brown, 10 Vet.App. 93, 98 (1997).
Once the claimant or the record raises the issue of whether extraschedular referral is warranted, the Board must determine whether the case presents an exceptional or unusual disability picture with such related factors as frequent periods of hospitalization or marked interference with employment. 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(2016). "The determination of whether a claimant is entitled to an extras-chedular rating . is a three-step inquiry." Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115 (clarifying that, although the Court in Thun identified three "steps," they are, in fact, necessary "elements" of an extraschedular rating). The first step in the inquiry is to determine whether "the evidence before VA presents such an exceptional disability picture that the available schedular evaluations for that service-connected disability are inadequate." Id.; see Sowers v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 472, 478 (2016) ("The rating schedule must be deemed inadequate before extraschedular consideration is warranted."). "Therefore, initially, there must be a comparison between the level of severity and symptomatology of the claimant's service-connected disability with the established criteria found in the rating schedule for that disability." Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115. If the adjudicator determines that the available schedular ratings are inadequate, the second step of the inquiry requires the adjudicator to "determine whether the claimant's exceptional disability picture exhibits other related factors," such as marked interference with employment or frequent periods of hospitalization. Id. at 116. Then, if the first two steps have been satisfied, the adjudicator must refer the claim to the Under Secretary for Benefits or the Director of the Compensation Service for a determination of whether an extraschedular rating is warranted. Id.
"[T]he first Thun element compares a claimant's symptoms to the rating criteria, while the second addresses the resulting effects of those symptoms." Yancy, 27 Vet. App. at 494. Although the first and second Thun elements are interrelated, they "involve separate and distinct analyses," and "[i]f either element is not met, then referral for extraschedular consideration is not appropriate." Id.
2. Extraschedular Referral for Hearing Loss
Nothing in the rating criteria for hearing loss changes these general requirements for when referral for extraschedular consideration is warranted, and the Board is only obligated to discuss extraschedular referral for hearing loss when there is evidence in the record which reveals that the appellant's hearing loss presents exceptional or unusual circumstances or where the appellant has asserted that a schedular rating is inadequate. See Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 493; Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115; Dingess, 19 Vet.App. at 499; Smallwood, 10 Vet.App. at 98.
To the extent that the appellant asserts that Martinak v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 447 (2007), requires the Board to address a claimant's functional impairment resulting from hearing loss, Appellant's Br. at 9-11, his argument is misplaced. Martinak imposes neither a general requirement on the Board to engage in an extraschedular analysis nor specific requirements on the Board once it decides that an extraschedu-lar discussion is warranted. Rather, Marti-nak held that the applicable regulatory provisions require VA examiners to elicit information from a claimant concerning the functional effects of his or her disability. 21 Vet.App. at 455. Although the Court noted that a VA audiologist's description of the functional effects of a claimant's hearing loss can aid the Board in making an extraschedular determination, nowhere did it hold that the Board has a duty to engage in an extraschedular analysis in all hearing loss claims. See id.
Moreover, requiring an extraschedular analysis in all hearing loss cases runs contrary to the purpose of extraschedular ratings: to recognize exceptional or unusual circumstances. Compare 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2016), with 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b). Section 4.1 provides "that percentage ratings represent as far as can practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations" and that "the degrees of disability specified are considered adequate to compensate for considerable loss of working time from exacerbations or illnesses proportionate to the severity of the several grades of disability." However, § 3.321(b)(1) provides that in the "exceptional case where the schedular evaluations are found to be inadequate," VA may approve "an extra-schedular evaluation commensurate with the average earning capacity impairment due exclusively to the service-connected disability or disabilities." If the Board were required to conduct an extraschedular discussion in all hearing loss cases, that would suggest that the majority of, if not all, hearing loss claimants are under-compensated, which would in turn suggest an issue with the schedular rating criteria rather than the individual claimants' disability ratings. Stated otherwise, if the Board were required to engage in an extraschedular analysis in all hearing loss cases, the average loss of earning capacity due to hearing loss could no longer be considered average. Such an outcome appears contrary to the Secretary's determination as to how hearing loss should be compensated.
To be clear, although the Court holds that the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate the functional effects of difficulty hearing and understanding speech, the Court does not suggest that the rating criteria contemplate all functional impairment due to a claimant's hearing loss. On the contrary, a hearing loss claimant could provide evidence of numerous symptoms, including—for purposes of example only— ear pain, dizziness, recurrent loss of balance, or social isolation due to difficulties communicating, and the Board would be required to explain whether the rating criteria contemplate those functional effects. In general, however, the Secretary's decision to rate hearing loss disabilities by the application of a veteran's audiometric testing results to rating tables does not alter the circumstances under which the Board must discuss whether referral is appropriate in an individual veteran's appeal. See Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 493; Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115; Dingess, 19 Vet.App. at 499; Smallwood, 10 Vet.App. at 98; see also Lendenmann, 3 Vet.App. at 349.
C. Application to the Appellant's Claim
Turning to the merits of the appellant's claim, he asserts that his hearing loss results in difficulty in distinguishing sounds in a crowded environment, locating the source of sounds, understanding conversational speech, hearing the television, and using the telephone. Appellant's Br. at 8. These difficulties, however, are each a manifestation of his difficulty hearing or understanding speech which, as the Court discussed above, is contemplated by the schedular rating criteria for hearing loss. See ante at 368-70. These functional effects thus did not reasonably raise the issue of whether referral for extraschedu-lar consideration was warranted, the appellant did not assert below that his sche-dular rating was inadequate, and he does not now otherwise identify any evidence of record which reveals that his hearing loss presents an exceptional or unusual disability picture. Accordingly, the Court holds that the Board was not obligated to discuss extraschedular referral in this case. See Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 493. Nevertheless, as the Board did provide an extraschedu-lar analysis, the Court will discuss it.
In its decision, the Board found that the appellant's "symptoms and their resultant effects are contemplated adequately by th[e rating] criteria" and that his service-connected bilateral hearing loss "disability picture is not unusual or exceptional," as "the criteria reasonably describe it." R. at 12. In so finding, the Board explained that in October 2004, VA issued the appellant a hearing aid for his left ear. R. at 11; see R. at 1076-77. The Board discussed a February 2013 VA medical examination which noted that the appellant used his hearing aid on a part-time basis and that "he reported difficulty understanding and difficulty hearing in most situations" and that "this difficulty is worse in noisy situations." R. at 11-12; see R. at 645. The Board noted the appellant's testimony at the October 2006 Board hearing in which he "testified that having to ask others to repeat themselves is embarrassing, that he has to turn the television volume up, and that he does not know where sound is coming from in noisy situations which makes them overwhelming." M; see R. at 955. The Board also discussed the February 2013 VA examiner's opinion, with respect to the appellant's ability to work, that he "would have difficulty locating sounds particularly without his hearing aid" and that he "should be able to use the telephone with his right ear and to communicate in most situations especially if given preferential seating." R. at 12; see R. at 645. The Board determined that "the resultant effect of [the appellant's] symptoms[,] in combination!,] is difficulty hearing." R. at 13. Ultimately, the Board concluded that as "the rating criteria are adequate, referral for consideration of the assignment of an extraschedular rating is not warranted." Id.
The appellant asserts that "the Board failed to offer any explanation, beyond a cursory conclusion" that the schedular criteria were adequate, for its determination that referral for extraschedular consideration was not warranted and cites evidence that he argues the Board failed to address, namely his difficulty distinguishing sounds in a crowded environment, locating the source of sounds, understanding conversational speech, hearing the television, and using the telephone. Appellant's Br. at 8. As discussed at length above, however, the Board specifically accounted for the appellant's resultant effects of his hearing loss, but determined that his symptoms were not exceptional or unusual. R. at 11-13. The Board discussed the appellant's entire disability picture and ultimately determined that, given that his disability picture was not exceptional or unusual, the sche-dular rating criteria adequately contemplated his hearing loss. R. at 6-13; see Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 494. The Court holds that, when read as a whole, the Board's decision is understandable and facilitates judicial review. See id.; Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115; see also Prichett v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 370, 375 (2006) (Board decision generally should be read as a whole).
Further, although the appellant asserts that the Board misapplied the second Thun step, his arguments are unavailing. Appellant's Br. at 10-13. A review of the record reveals that there is no evidence of marked interference with employment or frequent periods of hospitalization or any other evidence that would render his disability picture as "exceptional or unusual." See 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b). Moreover, given the Board's determination that the first step of Thun was not satisfied, and assuming without deciding that the Board erred in its analysis of the second Thun step, any error is harmless. See Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 406, 129 S.Ct. 1696, 173 L.Ed.2d 532 (2009) (holding that the Veterans Court must "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"); Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 494. The appellant has not alleged any symptoms that can be considered exceptional or unusual for a claimant suffering from hearing loss and does not cite evidence that the Board failed to consider. The Court holds that the appellant has failed to demonstrate clear error in the Board's finding that referral for extrasche-dular consideration was not warranted, and its decision is understandable and facilitates judicial review. See Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115; Hilkert v. West, 12 Vet.App. 145, 151 (1999) (en banc) ("An appellant bears the burden of persuasion on appeals to this Court."), aff'd per curiam, 232 F.3d 908 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (table); see also 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1); Allday v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 517, 527 (1995).
D. Other Matters
Finally, although the Court acknowledges the limits on its ability to review the content of the rating schedule, it will offer a few additional comments regarding VA's evaluation of hearing loss. The rating criteria for hearing loss operate in a manner unique among the other disabilities in the rating schedule by mechanically applying test results to a table without expressly listing any specific symptoms or functional effects. This distinctiveness has led to confusion and inconsistent results for both veterans suffering from hearing loss and adjudicators evaluating their claims. Notwithstanding the Court's holding that the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate the functional effects of decreased hearing and difficulty understanding speech in an everyday work environment, the lack of explicit symptoms in the rating criteria complicates VA's evaluation and the Court's review of hearing loss cases. The Court is thus compelled to question whether it is time for VA to revisit this portion of the rating schedule in a manner addressing the concerns of the appellant, the majority, and our dissenting colleague. If the Secretary were to revise the rating criteria for hearing loss and provide additional guidance on what symptoms the rating criteria contemplate, it could only improve agency adjudication and judicial review of hearing loss claims.
IV. CONCLUSION
Upon consideration of the foregoing, the Board's June 1, 2015, decision is AFFIRMED.
. The Court lacks jurisdiction over the claims for entitlement to an increased disability rat ing for his service-connected chronic low back strain, currently rated as 40% disabling, and to a total disability rating based on individual unemployability that were remanded and they will not be addressed further. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a), 7266(a); Howard v. Gober, 220 F.3d 1341, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
. Oral argument was held at the Emory University School of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. The Court extends its appreciation to the law school for its hospitality.
. To the extent that the appellant may disagree with how degrees of hearing impairment correspond with various disability ratings, the Secretary's policy decisions regarding how to measure and compensate hearing loss disabilities and to not compensate hearing loss until it reaches a specific level are decisions beyond the Court's authority to review. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252(b) ("The Court may not review the schedule of ratings for disabilities . or any action of the Secretary in adopting or revising that schedule.''); see also Wingard v. McDonald, 779 F.3d 1354, 1356-57 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (discussing this Court's inability to review the schedule of ratings for disabilities); Copeland v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 333, 338 (2015); Prokarym v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 307, 311-12 (2015).
. The Board noted that the appellant "has reported some dizziness, unsteadiness, and imbalance'' but it explained that "there is no indication in the VA treatment records or upon any VA medical examination that these symptoms are due to his [bilateral hearing loss]." R. at 12. On appeal, the appellant neither challenges the Board's finding that his dizziness, unsteadiness, and imbalance are not attributable to his bilateral hearing loss nor cites evidence suggesting otherwise.