Case Name: DOT COM ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC., Plaintiff, v. THE CYBERBINGO CORPORATION, Escape Technologies, Gonzalo Gomez and Jose Perez Parades, Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the Western District of New York
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2006-03-22
Citations: 237 F.R.D. 43
Docket Number: No. 04-CV-383A(F)
Parties: DOT COM ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC., Plaintiff, v. THE CYBERBINGO CORPORATION, Escape Technologies, Gonzalo Gomez and Jose Perez Parades, Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Rules Decisions
Volume: 237
Pages: 43–46

Head Matter:
DOT COM ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC., Plaintiff, v. THE CYBERBINGO CORPORATION, Escape Technologies, Gonzalo Gomez and Jose Perez Parades, Defendants.
No. 04-CV-383A(F).
United States District Court, W.D. New York.
March 22, 2006.
Hodgson Russ, LLP, Catherine G. Cooley, of Counsel, Buffalo, for the Plaintiff.
Nixon Peabody LLP, Susan C. Roney, Esq., Buffalo, for the Defendants.
Michael Jason Lee, Esq., Irvine, CA, for the Defendants.

Opinion:
DECISION and ORDER
FOSCHIO, United States Magistrate Judge.
JURISDICTION
On January 25, 2005 by order of Hon. Richard J. Arcara, the matter was referred to the undersigned for all pretrial proceedings. The matter is presently before the court on Plaintiffs motion to compel filed November 18, 2005 (Doc. No. 24) ("Plaintiffs Motion").
BACKGROUND and FACTS
Plaintiff commenced this action alleging infringement of a patent owned by Plaintiff for the operation of bingo games via the Internet. Defendant Escape Technologies is alleged to be an affiliate of Defendant Cyberbingo and supplier of software enabling Cyberbingo to infringe Plaintiffs patent; Defendant Gomez is alleged to be a controlling person of Cyberbingo and Defendant Parades is alleged to be a controlling person, as a director, of Defendant Escape. Included in Defendants' answer is Defendants' affirmative defense that Plaintiffs patent is invalid based on obviousness and a counterclaim for a declaratory judgment upon the same ground.
Following oral argument on December 14, 2005 and several subsequent discovery status conferences, Plaintiff withdrew its motion except as to Interrogatories Nos. 8, 9 and 10 of Plaintiffs First Set of Interrogatories, dated June 26, 2005 ("the Interrogatories" or "Plaintiffs Interrogatories"). Interrogatory No. 8 asked Defendants to "[ijdentify person^)," including Defendants' employees, as defined, "with the most knowledge or information concerning any prior art which defendants contend anticipates, makes obvious, renders unenforceable, or invalidates" Plaintiffs patent. Interrogatory No. 9 requests Defendants to "[sjtate all facts upon which defendants base their allegation" that Plaintiffs patent is invalid, "and identify all documents relating thereto." Interrogatory No. 10 requests Defendant to "[ijdentify every item of prior art that defendants contend supports their contention" that Plaintiffs patent is void.
For their answers to the Interrogatories, dated October 28, 2005, Defendants objected based, inter alia, on grounds of vagueness and overbreadth, that the Interrogatories were premature, and that Defendants would respond to each interrogatory "at an appropriate time." Exhibit J to Plaintiffs Motion at 7-8. Specifically, Defendants maintain that the Interrogatories are contention interrogatories and as such should only be answered following a "substantial amount of discovery." Defendants' Memorandum of Law, filed December 6, 2005 (Doc. No. 31) at 5-6 (citing cases). Defendants' position fails for two reasons.
First, none of the Interrogatories are contention interrogatories. A contention interrogatory is one where "an answer to the interrogatory involves an opinion or contention that relates to fact or the application of law to fact . " Fed.R.Civ.P. 33(c) ("Rule 33(c)"). Steven Baicker-McKee, William M. Janssen, and John B. Corr, FEDERAL CIVIL RULES HANDBOOK, (2006 Thomson West) at 698 (noting availability of contention interrogatories pursuant to Fed.R .Civ.P. 33(c) and citing cases). As is apparent from a plain reading of Plaintiffs Interrogatories, none, contrary to Defendants' assertion, request Defendants to provide "an opinion or contention that relates to fact or the application of law to fact." Rule 33(e) (underlining added). Specifically, Interrogatory No. 8 seeks the identity of persons with the knowledge that supports Defendants' invalidity defense based on prior art. Plaintiffs Interrogatory No. 9 requests Defendants state the facts which support Defendants' invalidity defense. Similarly, Interrogatory No. 10 demands Defendants particularize, ie., "identify," the prior art upon which Defendants' prior art defense is predicated.
As such, none of the Interrogatories "involve[ ] an opinion or contention that relates to fact or the application of law to fact." Rather each interrogatory requires Defendants provide the factual basis for Defendants' invalidity defense and related counterclaim, because of prior art as alleged in Defendants' answer. Significantly, the Interrogatories do not ask Defendants to explain why or how, as a matter of opinion or otherwise, such prior art establishes the invalidity of Plaintiffs patent, nor do the Interrogatories require Defendants to advance legal argument in support of their defense or coun terclaim; rather, the Interrogatories simply require Defendants disclose the evidentiary basis upon which such a determination may be made at trial, presumably, with the assistance of expert opinion and legal argument based on such facts.
As relevant to this case, Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(1) requires disclosure of the name and address of persons who have discoverable evidence which "the disclosing party may use to support its . defenses." Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(1)(A). Thus, as to Interrogatory No. 8, the request for the identity of persons having knowledge of the basis for Defendants' prior art defense is essentially duplicative of information required to be disclosed, pursuant to Rule 26(a)(1)(A), without resort to formal discovery. How such requested information is thus transmuted into an interrogatory the response to which may be described as a contention, as Defendants maintain, is not explained by Defendants. Similarly, requesting that Defendants reveal at an early point the factual underpinnings for a patent invalidity defense, particularly relating to the alleged existence of prior art, upon which Defendants intend to rely, does not prematurely "chain" Defendants to the reasoning by which Defendants conclude, or will later contend, Plaintiffs patent should be found to be invalid. See United States ex rel. Tyson v. Amerigroup Illinois, Inc., 230 F.R.D. 538, 541 (N.D.Ill.2005) (answers to contention interrogatories may be altered as discovery progresses) (citing cases).
Thus, Interrogatories Nos. 8, 9, and 10 straightforwardly seek the basis for Defendants' prior art defense and, as such, do not involve the application of law to facts. They do not require Defendants to state a legal argument in support of the defense or Defendants' related counterclaim. If, as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b)(2), (3), Defendants have a good faith belief that such a defense will ultimately be viable, the "prior art" upon which the defense is grounded must reasonably be known to Defendants so as to enable Defendants to specify such prior art at this time. The same is true for Defendants' counterclaim seeking an invalidity declaration.
To an extent, preparing an answer to any interrogatory seeking to disclose the factual basis of a claim or defense will employ a degree of legal analysis and reasoning by the answering party; however, by this logic all interrogatories may be considered as contention interrogatories justifying deferral of responses, a result that would defeat the objective of liberal pretrial discovery in federal civil cases. Thus, even if a modicum of reasoning and judgment based on facts may be needed to formulate answers to Plaintiffs Interrogatories, that does not warrant their treatment as contention interrogatories justifying deferred answers pursuant to Rule 33(c). Defendants' papers do not present a persuasive reason to conclude otherwise in this case.
Second, even if Plaintiffs Interrogatories are treated as contention interrogatories, they should be answered at this time. While contention interrogatories are often deferred in patent cases, Brown v. United States, 179 F.R.D. 101, 105 (W.D.N.Y.1998) (citing cases), yet contention interrogatories seeking the bases for Defendants' prior art and obviousness defenses are enforced, even at an early stage in such cases. See Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966) (in patent infringement action the "scope and content" of prior art is relevant to defendant's "obviousness" defense); Braun Medical, Inc. v. Abbott Laboratories, 155 F.R.D. 525, 527 (E.D.Pa.1994) (as plaintiffs interrogatories concerning prior art were designed to clarify issues and narrow scope of dispute in patent infringement action, defendant's responses would not be deferred even if such interrogatories sought defendant's contentions). Here, Defendants defend on the basis that Plaintiffs patent is invalid because of prior art and obviousness, Amended Answer 1135, and requested declaratory relief to that effect. Id . ¶ 54. As such, Defendants are expected to have, even at an early stage, some good faith basis in fact and law for such claim and defense. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b)(2), (3). Accordingly, Plaintiffs Interrogatories which primarily seek the basis for the defense and related counterclaim, even if they are assumed to constitute contention interrogatories, should be answered at this time.
CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs motion to compel answers to Plaintiffs Interrogatories is GRANTED. Defendants' answers shall be served not later than 10 days following service of this Decision and Order. As Plaintiff, at oral argument, withdrew its request for sanctions pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(a)(4), none are awarded.
SO ORDERED.
. Taken from the pleadings and papers filed in this action.
. A contention is defined as "a point advanced or maintained in a[n] . argument." Webster's Third New International Dictionary (unabridged) at 492.