Case Name: Prabir DHAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, New York City Department of Transportation (NYC DOT), Mr. Bojidar Yanev, Administrative Engineer & Executive Director, NYC DOT Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Mr. Jyotish Shah, Administrative Engineer & Director, NYC DOT BI, Thirugnanam Mohan, Civil Engineer, NYC DOT Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Mr. Radu Georgescu, Assistant Civil Engineer, NYC DOT, Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Ms. Shakera Khandakar, Assistant Corporate Counsel, NYC Law Department, the City of New York, Erica Caraway, John and Jane Doe, said names being fictitious, the persons intended being those aided and abetted the unlawful conduct of the named Defts, Defendants-Appellees
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2016-07-15
Citations: 655 F. App'x 864
Docket Number: 15-2698-cv
Parties: Prabir DHAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, New York City Department of Transportation (NYC DOT), Mr. Bojidar Yanev, Administrative Engineer & Executive Director, NYC DOT Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Mr. Jyotish Shah, Administrative Engineer & Director, NYC DOT BI, Thirugnanam Mohan, Civil Engineer, NYC DOT Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Mr. Radu Georgescu, Assistant Civil Engineer, NYC DOT, Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Ms. Shakera Khandakar, Assistant Corporate Counsel, NYC Law Department, the City of New York, Erica Caraway, John and Jane Doe, said names being fictitious, the persons intended being those aided and abetted the unlawful conduct of the named Defts, Defendants-Appellees.
Judges: PRESENT: José A. Cabranes, Christopher F. Droney, Circuit Judges, Jeffrey Alker Meyer, District Judge.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 655
Pages: 864–866

Head Matter:
Prabir DHAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, New York City Department of Transportation (NYC DOT), Mr. Bojidar Yanev, Administrative Engineer & Executive Director, NYC DOT Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Mr. Jyotish Shah, Administrative Engineer & Director, NYC DOT BI, Thirugnanam Mohan, Civil Engineer, NYC DOT Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Mr. Radu Georgescu, Assistant Civil Engineer, NYC DOT, Bridge Inspection and Management (NYC DOT BI), Ms. Shakera Khandakar, Assistant Corporate Counsel, NYC Law Department, the City of New York, Erica Caraway, John and Jane Doe, said names being fictitious, the persons intended being those aided and abetted the unlawful conduct of the named Defts, Defendants-Appellees.
15-2698-cv
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
July 15, 2016
For Plaintiff-Appellant: Prabir Dhar, pro se, Elmhurst, NY.
For Defendants-Appellees: Deborah A. Brenner, Janet L. Zaleon, of counsel, for Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, NY.
PRESENT: José A. Cabranes, Christopher F. Droney, Circuit Judges, Jeffrey Alker Meyer, District Judge.
The Honorable Jeffrey Alker Meyer, of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiff-appellant Prabir Dhar ("Dhar"), proceeding pro se, appeals from the July 27, 2015 judgment of the District Court, dismissing with prejudice his complaint for employment discrimination and retaliation. We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
"We review the grant of a motion to dismiss de novo, accepting as true all factual claims in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiffs favor." Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 714 F.3d 739, 740-41 (2d Cir. 2013). To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a complaint must plead "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Although a court must accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint, that requirement is "inapplicable to legal conclusions." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). Because Dhar proceeds pro se, we "interpret his papers liberally to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest." Willey v. Kirkpatrick, 801 F.3d 51, 62 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).
We analyze retaliation claims under the familiar burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). To state a prima facie claim of retaliation, a plaintiff must show "(1) participation in a protected activity; (2) that the defendant knew of the protected activity; (3) an adverse employment action; and (4) a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action." Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 316 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). To withstand a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must identify a protected activity and an adverse employment action and plead facts sufficient to "give plausible support to a minimal inference of discriminatory motivation." Id. at 311.
We agree with the District Court that Dhar's allegations do not support a claim of retaliation. Dhar- alleged that he suffered retaliation for filing complaints against defendants in federal court. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Although this is a protected activity of which defendants were aware, Dhar failed to allege a sufficient causal connection between that activity and the alleged adverse employment actions—namely, his June 2014 negative performance evaluation and his July 2014 suspension without pay. Instead, Dhar has alleged only temporal proximity between those events.
While temporal proximity can support an inference of retaliation for purposes of establishing a prima fade case, the proximity must be. "very close." Abrams v. Dep't of Pub. Safety, 764 F.3d 244, 254 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Dhar filed complaints in 2010 and 2012; the purported retaliation occurred in 2014. Even if we take into account Dhar's arguments that defendants' knowledge of the protected activity did not occur until June 2011 (when they were served with the first complaint), and that Dhar's suspension in July 2014 stemmed from events that occurred in March 2012, the temporal gaps are too great to raise a plausible inference of discrimination. See, e.g., Clark Cty. Sch. Dist, v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 274, 121 S.Ct. 1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001) ("Action taken . 20 months later suggests, by itself, no causality at all."); Hollander v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 895 F.2d 80, 85-86 (2d Cir. 1990) (holding that there was insufficient evidence of a "causal nexus" when the only evidence was temporal and there was a three-and-a-half-month lapse between the complaint and the alleged adverse action).
CONCLUSION
We have reviewed the remaining arguments raised by Dhar on appeal and find them to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the order of the District Court.
. Dhar alleged claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a) ("Title VII"); the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law § 296; the New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(l)(a); the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101; the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 651; the New York State Public Employees Safety and Health Act, N.Y. Lab. Law § 27-a; and the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C.. § 3729.
. Although Dhar was not suspended until 2014, the suspension process was initiated on July 18, 2013, Even assuming that the retaliatory act took place in July 2013 and not when Dhar was actually suspended, however, we would still find the resulting ten-month gap too great,