Case Name: PPG INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee, Vitro Flotado, S.A. and Vidrio Plano de Mexico, S.A., Defendants
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1991-03-22
Citations: 928 F.2d 1568
Docket Number: No. 88-1175
Parties: PPG INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee, Vitro Flotado, S.A. and Vidrio Plano de Mexico, S.A., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Volume: 928
Pages: 1568–1584

Head Matter:
PPG INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee, Vitro Flotado, S.A. and Vidrio Plano de Mexico, S.A., Defendants.
No. 88-1175.
United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.
March 22, 1991.
Rehearing Denied April 17, 1991.
Suggestion for Rehearing In Banc Declined May 20, 1991.
Terence P. Stewart, Stewart & Stewart, Washington, D.C., argued for plaintiff-appellant. With him on the brief were Eugene L. Stewart, David Scott Nance and William A. Fennell.
A. David Lafer, Atty., Commercial Litigation Branch, Dept, of Justice, Washington, D.C., argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief were John R. Bolton, Asst. Atty. Gen., David M. Cohen, Director and Velta A. Melnbrencis, Asst. Director. Also on the brief were Robert H. Brumley, Gen. Counsel, M. Jean Anderson, Chief Counsel for International Trade and Lisa B. Koteen, Acting Sr. Counsel for Policy, Office of the Gen. Counsel for Internation al Trade, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, of counsel.
David A. Amerine, Brownstein Zeidman & Schomer, Washington, D.C., argued for defendants. With him on the brief was Irwin P. Altschuler.
Before NIES, Chief Judge, SMITH, Senior Circuit Judge, and MICHEL, Circuit Judge.
Chief Judge Nies assumed the position of Chief Judge on June 27, 1990.
This case was heard prior to the time Senior Circuit Judge Smith took Senior status on June 1, 1989.

Opinion:
NIES, Chief Judge.
This appeal is from the decision of the United States Court of International Trade in PPG Indus., Inc. v. United States, 11 CIT 344, 662 F.Supp. 258 (1987), upholding the determination of the International Trade Administration (ITA or agency) that unprocessed float glass from Mexico was not subject to countervailing duties under 19 U.S.C. § 1303(a) (1982) by reason of certain programs instituted by the government of Mexico, namely, the Trust Fund for the Coverage of Exchange Risks (FI-CORCA) and the sale of natural gas at controlled prices. The trial court concluded that the administrative record did not establish that the benefit from these programs constituted a "bounty or grant" within the meaning of section 1303(a) as a matter of law or fact. We affirm.
I
The issue in this appeal broadly concerns what type of domestic subsidy received by a foreign producer from its government gives rise to a countervailing duty under 19 U.S.C. § 1303 upon importation of its goods into the United States. The goods in question, "float glass," a type of flat glass, were imported from Mexico during the period January 1 to September 30, 1983. See Unprocessed Float Glass From Mexico, 48 Fed.Reg. 56095 (Dec. 19,1983) (Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination). In pertinent part, Section 1303 provides:
[Wjhenever any country . shall pay or bestow, directly or indirectly, any bounty or grant upon the manufacture or production or export of any article or merchandise produced in such country, then upon the importation of such article or merchandise into the United States, there shall be levied and paid, in all such cases, in addition to any duties otherwise imposed, a duty equal to the net amount of such bounty or grant____
Under this part of the statute the question would be phrased in terms of what is a "bounty or grant." However, because of the interrelationship of section 1303 and 19 U.S.C. § 1677, the following provision of section 1677(5) is also pertinent:
The term "subsidy" has the same meaning as the term "bounty or grant" as that term is used in section 1303 of this title, and includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(A) Any export subsidy described in Annex A to the Agreement (relating to illustrative list of export subsidies).
(B) The following domestic subsidies, if provided or required by government action to a specific enterprise or industry, or group of enterprises or industries, whether publicly or privately owned, and whether paid or bestowed directly or indirectly on the manufacture, production, or export of any class or kind of merchandise:
(i) The provision of capital, loans, or loan guarantees on terms inconsistent with commercial considerations.
(ii) The provision of goods or services at preferential rates.
(iii) The grant of fund or forgiveness of debt to cover operating losses sustained by a specific industry.
(iv) The assumption of any costs or expenses of manufacture, production, or distribution.
19 U.S.C. § 1677(5) (1982). From this provision it becomes clear that the countervailing duty statute contemplates two types of subsidies which give rise to additional duties: (1) export subsidies, that is, a benefit conferred only on goods that are exported, all of which are countervailable unless de minimis, and (2) domestic subsidies which may or may not be countervailable. With respect to the latter type of subsidy, the ITA has interpreted the statute to require that a domestic subsidy must be provided to a "specific enterprise or industry, or group of enterprises or industries" to be countervailable. See Certain Steel Products From Belgium, 47 Fed.Reg. 39304, 39328 (1982) (Appendix 4). Under this standard, the FICORCA program and Natural Gas pricing policies established by the Mexican government did not constitute, per ITA, a countervailable "bounty or grant" within the purview of Section 1303 because they were not directed by their terms to the float glass industry or a group of specific industries nor, in actual implementation, did the programs in fact bestow a benefit on a specific industry or group.
II
Standard of Review
The Supreme Court has instructed that the courts must defer to an agency's interpretation of the statute an agency has been charged with administering provided its interpretation is a reasonable one. As the Supreme Court has succinctly stated: "When faced with a problem of statutory construction, this Court shows great deference to the interpretation given the statute by the officers or agency charged with its administration." Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16, 85 S.Ct. 792, 801, 13 L.Ed.2d 616 (1965); accord K Mart v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281, 291, 108 S.Ct. 1811, 1817, 100 L.Ed.2d 313 (1988); United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., 474 U.S. 121, 131, 106 S.Ct. 455, 461, 88 L.Ed.2d 419 (1985); Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2782, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984); Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 1318 (Fed.Cir.1986); Kester v. Horner, 778 F.2d 1565, 1569 (Fed. Cir.1985) ("To sustain an agency's construction of its authority, we need not find that its construction is the only reasonable one, or even that it is the result we would have reached had the question arisen in the first instance in judicial proceedings."), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 854, 107 S.Ct. 190, 93 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986); Corning Glass Works v. United States Int'lkTrade Comm'n, 799 F.2d 1559, 1565 (Fed.Cir.1986). Moreover, the Secretary of Commerce through the ITA has been given great discretion in administering the countervailing duty laws. As we noted in Smith Corona Group v. United States, 713 F.2d 1568, 1571 (Fed. Cir.1983) in discussing the Secretary's comparable authority under the antidumping law:
The Tariff Act of 1930, as amended by the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, establishes an intricate framework for the imposition of antidumping duties in appropriate circumstances. The number of factors involved, complicated by the difficulty in quantification of these factors and the foreign policy repercussions of a dumping determination, makes the enforcement of the antidumping law a difficult and supremely delicate endeavor. The Secretary of Commerce . has been entrusted with responsibility for imple- meriting the antidumping law. The Secretary has broad discretion in executing the law.
These considerations are equally applicable to administration of the countervailing duty statute. As this court's predecessor has repeatedly opined, countervailing duty determinations involve complex economic and foreign policy decisions of a delicate nature, for which the courts are woefully ill-equipped. United States v. Hammond Lead Prods., Inc., 440 F.2d 1024, 1030, 58 CCPA 129, cert. denied, 404 U.S. 1005, 92 S.Ct. 565, 30 L.Ed.2d 558 (1971); United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d 1209, 1216, 64 CCPA 130 (1977), aff'd, 437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978).
The Supreme Court's direction in Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844-45, 104 S.Ct. at 2782-83, could not be clearer:
We have long recognized that considerable weight should be accorded to an executive department's construction of a statutory scheme it is entrusted to administer, and the principle of deference to administrative interpretations
"has been consistently followed by this Court whenever decision as to the meaning or reach of a statute has involved reconciling conflicting policies, and a full understanding of the force of the statutory policy in the given situation has depended upon more than ordinary knowledge respecting the matters subjected to agency regulations. See, e.g., National Broadcasting Co. v. United States, 319 U.S. 190 [63 S.Ct. 997, 87 L.Ed. 1344 (1943)]; Labor Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc., 322 U.S. 111 [64 S.Ct. 851, 88 L.Ed. 1170 (1944) ]; Republic Aviation Corp. v. Labor Board, 324 U.S. 793 [65 S.Ct. 982, 89 L.Ed. 1372 (1945)]; Securities & Exchange Comm'n v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194 [67 S.Ct. 1575, 91 L.Ed. 1995 (1947)]; Labor Board v. Seven-Up Bottling Co., 344 U.S. 344 [73 S.Ct. 287, 97 L.Ed. 377 (1953) ].
"... If this choice represents a reasonable accommodation of conflicting policies that were committed to the agency's care by the statute, we should not disturb it unless it appears from the statute or its legislative history that the accommodation is not one that Congress would have sanctioned." United States v. Shimer, 367 U.S. 374, 382, 383 [81 S.Ct. 1554, 1560, 6 L.Ed.2d 908] (1961).
Accord, Capital Cities Cable, Inc. [v. Crisp ], ante [467 U.S. 691], at 699-700 [104 S.Ct. 2694, 2700-2701, 81 L.Ed.2d 580 (1984)].
This particular discretion applies equally to resolving what constitutes a "bounty or grant." As a predecessor of this court has stated:
Congress' intent to provide a wide latitude within which the [Secretary] may determine the existence or nonexistence of a bounty or grant, is clear from the statute itself, and from the congressional refusal to define the words 'bounty,' [or] 'grant' . in the statute or anywhere else, for almost 80 years.
United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d at 1216. And, in reporting the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, Congress acknowledged that, under the provision here at issue, "[t]he Secretary of the Treasury has discretion in determining what is a bounty or grant." Report of the Committee on Finance of the United States Senate on H.R. 4537, S.Rep. No. 96-249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 84 (1979) [, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1979, pp. 381, 470.] See also Berger, Judicial Review of Countervailing Duty Determinations, 19 Harv. Int'l L.J. 593, 604-606 (1978); O'Neill, United States Countervailing Duty Law: Renewed, Revamped and Revisited—Trade Act of 1974, 17 B.C. Indus. & Comm. L.Rev. 832, 864 (1976); Butler, Countervailing Duties and Export Subsidization:
A Reemerging Issue in International Trade, 9 Va.J.Int'1 L. 82, 125 (1969).
Given these circumstances, appellant's burden on appeal is a difficult one, for it must convince us that the interpretation of "bounty or grant" adopted by the ITA is effectively precluded by the statute. PPG's efforts have been unsuccessful.
Ill
Requirement of Specificity
PPG first mounts a broadside attack on ITA's interpretation that a domestic subsidy must benefit a specific industry or group for such subsidy to constitute a "bounty or grant" within the meaning of § 1303. Per PPG, the legal test for determining whether a benefit is a "bounty or grant" for countervailing duty purposes is whether "that benefit allows goods to be sold for less in the United States than would otherwise be possible." PPG contends that the ITA's specificity test goes against (1) the language of the statute, (2) longstanding judicial definitions of "bounty or grant", and (3) the Congressional purpose behind the countervailing duty statutes.
A.
PPG urges that the broad language used in Sections 1303 and 1677(5) requires the term "bounty or grant" to be interpreted, as a matter of law, as broadly as possible. In section 1303, PPG points to the word "any" preceding "bounty or grant", the reference to "direct or indirect" bounties or grants, the phrase "paid or bestowed", and the inclusion of benefits whether "on production, manufacture or export." In section 1677(5), the salient language, per PPG, is "but is not limited to," which precedes the enumerated examples of benefits which may constitute a "subsidy."
This language itself, individually or collectively, does not compel a definition of "bounty or grant" as all encompassing of domestic subsidies as PPG seeks. As interpreted by the ITA, the broad term "domestic subsidy" is limited by the language of section 1677(5)(B) in that such subsidy is countervailable only if provided by the foreign government to a "specific enterprise or industry, or group of enterprises or industries." In the ITA's view, this limitation in the statute would be made superfluous by an interpretation that every domestic subsidy on imported goods which confers a competitive advantage vis-a-vis U.S. competitors is a countervailable "bounty or grant."
In this connection, in ASG Indus., Inc. v. United States, 610 F.2d 770, 67 CCPA 11 (1979), our predecessor court dealt with certain benefits under West German regional development programs, which the ITA rejected as countervailable even though directed to a "specific" group of industries because the benefits did not have the requisite effect on international trade. While holding such benefits to be countervailable if more than de minimis, the court in ASG emphatically rejected ASG's test that "any benefit (that is not de minimis) bestowed by a foreign government in connection with the production of merchandise requires a countervailing duty." ASG, 610 F.2d at 777. The ASG court held that this test, which is the same as PPG's proposed test, "ignores the clear wording of the statute____ [A]ll relevant circumstances are to be taken into account." Id. (Emphasis added.) When the statute is read as a whole, a "specificity" requirement is neither precluded nor unreasonable as a matter of statutory construction.
B.
PPG next argues that its broad interpretation of "bounty or grant" is required in order to be in line with longstanding judicial precedent. According to PPG, the courts (including the Supreme Court) "have consistently defined 'bounty or grant' and 'subsidy' in terms of the effect of foreign government programs on the ability of foreign producers to sell their products for less in the U.S." For this proposition, appellant quotes statements from Downs v. United States, 187 U.S. 496, 23 S.Ct. 222, 47 L.Ed. 275 (1903); G.S. Nicholas & Co. v. United States, 249 U.S. 34, 39 S.Ct. 218, 63 L.Ed. 461 (1919); United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978); the aforementioned ASG Indus., Inc. v. United States, 610 F.2d 770, 67 CCPA 11 (1979); Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308 (Fed.Cir.1986) and from various lower court opinions in those cases.
These authorities do not present, as PPG asserts, a bulwark of historical judicial precedent defining "bounty or grant" so as to preclude a requirement of beneficial "specificity" for domestic subsidies. The passages cited by PPG amount simply to isolated, broad statements taken out of context with reference to a different version of the statute in some instances and without reference to the actual benefit considered in the particular case. In Downs, for example, the Supreme Court held that a remission on exportation by the Russian government of a tax imposed on sugar through the issuance of saleable certificates was an indirect bounty. In that case, the benefit was an export bounty, not a domestic subsidy of the sugar industry. Likewise, Nicholas involved the payment by the British government of allowances upon exportation of certain British spirits.
It is surprising that PPG can find support in Zenith Radio Corp. for its advocacy of a sweeping inclusion of all competitive benefits under the rubric of "bounty or grant." There, the Secretary of Treasury (who then administered this statute), in in-terpretating the very language at issue here, held that the remission of an indirect tax on electronic products upon export was not a "bounty or grant" within the meaning of the statute. In affirming, the Court held the interpretation by the Secretary to be reasonable, stating:
More fundamentally, as the Senate Committee with responsibility in this area recently stated, " 'the issues involved in applying the countervailing duty law are complex, and . internationally, there is [a] lack of any satisfactory agreement on what constitutes a fair, as opposed to an "unfair," subsidy.'" S.Rep. No. 93-1298, p. 183 (1974). In this situation, it is not the task of the judiciary to substitute its views as to fairness and economic effect for those of the Secretary.
Zenith Radio Corp., 437 U.S. at 458-59, 98 S.Ct. at 2449. Finally, ASG, discussed above, and Georgetown Steel, 801 F.2d 1308 (Fed.Cir.1986), which held nonmarket economies to be outside the purview of countervailing duty laws, did not discuss the specificity test, much less rule it out.
In sum, the statutory term "bounty or grant" has not been defined, as a matter of law, by the courts to encompass every domestic subsidy conferring a competitive advantage and, thus, does not mandatorily prohibit the limitation of countervailable domestic subsidies in the present statute to benefits provided only to a specific industry or group of industries.
C.
PPG urges that ITA's interpretation of the law is contrary to the intent of Congress that the countervailing duty law neutralize all subsidies that allow foreign goods to be sold for less in the United States. PPG discerns this single overriding congressional purpose from a consistent historical pattern of expansion of the reach of the countervailing duty laws by legislative enactments. While a review of the history of legislation regarding the countervailing duty laws does evidence the intent of Congress to broaden the reach of these laws, at the same time, Congress has effectuated such intent incrementally by the specific language chosen in each enactment, and each enactment pertained to specific situations as detailed therein. As an example, after the general "bounty or grant" language was added in 1897 to the original enactment which only affected export bounties on sugar, the law was expanded in 1909 to cover any governmental unit of a country. See Tariff Act of 1909, Pub.L. No. 61-5, ch. 6 § 6, 36 Stat. 11, 85 (1909). Later, in 1921 the statute was amended to include as eountervailable bounties or grants bestowed on the manufacture of an exported product rather than solely by reason of the act of exportation, for the first time bringing domestic subsidies into the law. See Tariff Act of 1922, Pub.L. No. 67-318, Title III § 303, 42 Stat. 935; Subsidies, 18 Geo.Wash.Int'l J. of Law & Economics at 302-3. The next change noted by PPG occurred in 1974 when Congress delineated specific procedures to be followed in the conduct of a countervailing duty investigation, in particular setting time limits and providing U.S. industries the right to obtain judicial review of duty determinations. See Trade Act of 1974, Pub.L. No. 93-618 § 331, 88 Stat. 1978, 2049-53. And finally, the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 was enacted to conform the U.S. countervailing duty law to the requirements of GATT. See supra, n. 2. In this enactment, Congress added Section 1677(5), wherein the language "specific enterprises or industries, or group of enterprises or industries" used by the ITA in determining whether a domestic subsidy is a "bounty or grant" is found. None of these enactments mandates that the terms "bounty or grant" must encompass every subsidy provided by the government to industries within that country.
As appellant has acknowledged in its briefs, Section 1677(5) was enacted to conform U.S. countervailing duty law to the GATT Subsidies Code. The GATT Subsidies Code contains the specific statement:
Signatories recognize that subsidies other than export subsidies are widely used as important instruments for the promotion of social and economic policy objectives and do not intend to restrict the right of signatories to use such subsidies to achieve these and other important objectives which they consider desirable. [Subsidies Code, art. 11, para 1, emphasis in original.]
PPG's definition of "bounty or grant," as applied to domestic subsidies, would override the narrower definition of "domestic subsidy" in section 1677(5) and to a large extent would nullify the Congressional purpose of conforming our law with GATT.
The view that these complicated statutes have only one purpose, namely, to protect U.S. industry from every competitive advantage afforded by foreign governments, is simplistic and myopic. The congressional debates and the objectives listed in the GATT Subsidies Code indicate that numerous public policies, some of which conflict with overcoming a competitive advantage, entered into enactment of these statutes and must be considered by ITA.
The GATT Subsidies Code specifically states that:
Signatories note that among such objectives are:
(a) the elimination of industrial, economic and social disadvantages of specific regions,
(b) to facilitate the restructuring, under socially acceptable conditions, of certain sectors, especially where this has become necessary by reason of changes in trade and economic policies, including international agreements resulting in lower barriers to trade,
(c) generally to sustain employment and to encourage re-training and change in employment,
(d) to encourage research and development programmes, especially in the field of high-technology industries,
(e) the implementation of economic programmes and policies to promote the economic and social development of developing countries,
(f) redeployment of industry in order to avoid congestion and environmental problems.
Subsidies Code, art. 11, para. 1. The broad brush single purpose approach PPG advocates does not accord with the multi-pur-pose objectives set forth above.
D.
Finally, as a reason to prohibit the ITA's specificity test, PPG argues that such a test yields the "absurd" result that the more widely a domestic subsidy is available and the more products that benefit from it, the less likely it would be that the subsidy would be countervailable. That is essentially the policy argument which has flared from time to time in Congress and it remains a policy choice for Congress in the first instance, not the courts. When some members of Congress in 1984 sought to make natural resource subsidies counter-vailable per se where an industry was a disproportionate user, the legislation failed to be enacted. Indeed, the limited scope of that proposed legislation undercuts PPG's argument that the ITA is now precluded under the statute from requiring specificity in connection with any type of domestic subsidy. Had the legislation been enacted, it would not have affected application of a specificity test in general, for example in connection with FICORCA.
E.
In sum, the ITA's interpretation of section 1303 is reasonable that domestic subsidies must be bestowed only on a specific enterprise or industry or a specific group of enterprises or industries to be counter-vailable. Therefore, the ITA's interpretation must be upheld by the courts.
IV
Accepting that "specificity" is a requirement for countervailability of a domestic subsidy, PPG argues that the requirement of specificity must be deemed met — as a matter of law — if the recipients of the subsidy are simply "identifiable." That is, if a company or companies which receive benefits can be named, they would be "identifiable" and "specific." While PPG asserts this argument primarily in connection with FICORCA which has fewer participants than the natural gas pricing program, no reason is given for excluding the latter. It would appear that industrial customers of natural gas from the state monopoly could also be identified.
ITA does not follow PPG'S specificity test. The ITA's specificity test is two-fold. If the domestic subsidy is provided by its terms to a particular enterprise or industry or group of enterprises or industries, it is countervailable without further inquiry. If the benefit appears by its terms to be nominally generally available to all industries, the benefit may nevertheless be countervailable if, in its application, the program results in a subsidy only to a specific enterprise or industry or specific group of enterprises or industries. See 1 Commerce Department Speaks on Import and Export Administration, 1984 at 319, 476-77 n. 26; see, e.g., Anhydrous and Aqua Ammonia from Mexico, 48 Fed.Reg. 28523 (June 22, 1983) (Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination); Certain Softwood Products from Canada, 48 Fed.Reg. 24159 (May 31, 1983) (Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination); Certain Steel Products From the Netherlands, 47 Fed. Reg. 26335, 26336 (June 17, 1982) (Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination). As the ITA recently summarized its position:
Based on our six years of experience in administering the law, we have found thus far that the specificity test cannot be reduced to a precise mathematical formula. Instead, we must exercise judgment and balance various factors in analyzing the facts of a particular case in order to determine whether an "unfair" practice is taking place.
Among the factors we consider are: (1) the extent to which a foreign government acts to limit the availability of a program; (2) the number of enterprises, industries, or groups thereof which actually use a program, which may include the examination of disproportionate or dominant users; and (3) the extent to which the government exercises discretion in making the program available. The Department must consider all of these factors in light of the evidence on the record in determining the specificity-in a given case.
Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 51 Fed.Reg. 37453 (1986). See also Countervailing Duties: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 54 Fed.Reg. 23366, 23379 (May 31, 1989).
This standard is in accord with the decision of the Court of International Trade involving an investigation into imports of carbon black from Mexico, authored by Judge Carman, in Cabot Corp. v. United States, 9 CIT 489, 620 F.Supp. 722 (1985) dismissed as unappealable, 788 F.2d 1539 (Fed.Cir.1986); see also Cabot Corp. v. United States, 694 F.Supp. 949 (Ct.Int'l Trade 1988) (Carman, J.); PPG Indus., 662 F.Supp. at 264 (Carman, J.); Alberta Pork Producers' Marketing Bd. v. United States, 11 CIT 563, 669 F.Supp. 445 (1987); Can-Am Corp. v. United States, 11 CIT 424, 664 F.Supp. 1444 (1987). As explained in Cabot, 620 F.Supp. at 732, application of the de facto aspect of the specificity test requires a "case by case" analysis to determine whether "there has been a bestowal upon a specific class." Judge Carman restated the Cabot specificity test in this case in terms of inquiring into "whether there is a discrete class of beneficiaries" noting that in Cabot
[t]he record established that no enterprise or industry in Mexico other than the carbon black industry had the technology or ability to make commercial use of the [subsidized carbon black feedstock]. Thus, although the favorable price for carbon black feedstock was nominally available to all Mexican enterprises and industries, it appeared that the program actually conferred a benefit upon a specific enterprise or industry, or group of enterprises or industries.
PPG Indus., 662 F.Supp. at 266 and n. 5 (emphasis in original).
PPG does not contend that either FI-CORCA or the natural gas program confers a benefit de facto on the float glass industry as a discrete, selective or targeted class comparable to the class identified as possible de facto sole recipients of the carbon black feedstock subsidy in Cabot. While PPG asserts it meets a specificity test, PPG seeks reversal not as a matter of fact but law; PPG simply wants a different defacto test based merely on the recipients of the subsidy being identifiable.
Nothing in the statute mandates PPG's interpretation that specificity is met merely if recipients of a domestic subsidy are identifiable. Moreover, given the policy choice involved in adopting PPG's interpretation, this is a matter on which a court must defer to the agency. Thus, this argument does not require reversal. The statute does not mandate that "specific" means no more than "identifiable."
V
Falling back to an even narrower position, PPG asserts that the FICORCA and natural gas subsidy programs fit within the ITA's specificity standard. At this point, review of the details of these programs is appropriate.
A.
FICORCA is a trust fund for the coverage of risks provided by the government of Mexico to industries on an eligibility basis. In its original petition to initiate an investigation, PPG argued to the ITA that the Mexican float glass producers were eligible for this program; that the program guarantees the rate at which debt- or companies buy foreign exchange to pay extended debt; and that program participation in FICORCA by the eligible float glass industry made such products subject to countervailing duties.
As a result of its investigation, the ITA found:
FICORCA is a trust fund set up by the Mexican government and the Bank of Mexico operating through the country's credit institutions. All Mexican firms with registered debt in foreign currency and payable abroad to Mexican credit institutions or to foreign financial entities or suppliers may purchase, at a controlled rate, the amount in dollars necessary to pay principal on the loan. All loans which are covered by the program must be long-term or be restructured on a long-term basis. The program was terminated December 20, 1982. Companies had until October 25, 1983 to register for the program. We verified that the float glass companies did not have any rescheduling of debt during our period of investigation. The float glass companies have not used the program. We also have verified documentation that the program is available to all Mexican firms with foreign indebtedness; it is not targeted to a specific industry or enterprise, groups of industries or enterprises, or to companies located in specific regions. FICORCA is also not tied in any way to exports.
Float Glass From Mexico, 49 Fed.Reg. at 23099. On that basis, the ITA determined that the FICORCA program was not countervailable. Id. PPG attacks this conclusion because the program contains certain "eligibility requirements", which per PPG, limits the group and makes it "specific."
The trial court is correct that the existence of eligibility requirements does not suffice to identify a discreet class which has been afforded the benefits of a "bounty or grant." See, e.g., Carlisle Tire and Rubber Co. v. United States, 5 CIT 229, 564 F.Supp. 834, 836 n. 3 (1983) (Tax benefit not countervailable where not every company can meet eligibility criteria). Although eligibility requirements may, if sufficiently narrowly tailored, de facto render the benefit one targeted to a specific industry or group of industries, the Court of International Trade and the ITA both determined that these eligibility requirements did not present such a case. See PPG Indus., 662 F.Supp. at 266; Float Glass From Mexico, 49 Fed.Reg. at 23099. PPG's arguments are unpersuasive that ITA's application of the specificity standard to FICORCA is unsupported by substantial evidence or otherwise not in accordance with law.
B.
Natural Gas Pricing Policy
The Mexican government holds a monopoly on the sale of basic fuels in Mexico. Operating through a state-owned facility, Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), Mexico sells natural gas produced in Mexico at controlled prices. There are two categories of natural gas prices in Mexico, one for industrial use and a higher price for residential use. The prices set by the Mexican government for industrial users are well below the export price for Mexican natural gas and the world market price.
Before the ITA and the Court of International Trade, PPG asserted that preferential discounted natural gas rates were given to the float glass industry as compared to other industries, thus bringing the subsidy under section 1677(5)(B)(ii). Upon investigation, the ITA found that the evidence was to the contrary, stating:
We verified that the float glass companies paid the published price for natural gas which was available to all industries, and therefore received no benefit.
Float Glass From Mexico, 49 Fed.Reg. at 23099. The trial court affirmed. PPG Indus., 662 F.Supp. at 272. This issue is not raised on appeal.
In its reply brief, PPG appears to argue for the first time that the float glass industry is part of a larger specific group, that is, "energy-intensive" industries, and that, therefore, it meets the specificity test. In this connection, it must be noted that this was not the first case to raise the issue of the countervailability of the Mexican natural gas program, in none of which was this domestic subsidy program countervailed. The basic determination with respect to the program was made in Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination on Anhydrous and Aqua Ammonia from Mexico. See 48 Fed.Reg. 28523 (June 22, 1983). Despite the "energy-intensive" nature of that industry, the ITA ruled that the Mexican subsidization of natural gas was not countervailable. This conclusion was also reached in connection with Portland Hydraulic Cement Clinker from Mexico. See 48 Fed.Reg. 43063 (Sept. 21, 1983) (Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination).
Indeed, ultimately the Mexican natural gas program was held by the ITA after remand to be noncountervailable in the Cabot investigation where it was also at issue. This determination was affirmed by the court on June 7, 1989. See Carbon Black From Mexico, 55 Fed.Reg. 5643 (February 16, 1990) (Amendment to Final Determination) and 51 Fed.Reg. 13269 (April 18, 1986) (Preliminary Determination) and citations therein. Because no additional information was provided by PPG to cause ITA to review its prior determination that the program was not countervaila-ble as a general proposition by reason of the differential in pricing between Mexican and foreign prices of natural gas, the ITA did not do so in this case and, therefore, limited its inquiry to the only other charge made by PPG, namely, that special discounts were afforded the float glass industry. Float Glass From Mexico, 48 Fed. Reg. at 56095 (Dec. 19, 1983) (Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination). Neither the ITA nor the court below discussed "energy-intensive" as a category of "specific" industries, inasmuch as it appears to be an argument raised only on appeal. Nevertheless, it also appears quite clear from ITA's prior determinations that ITA does not recognize "energy-intensive" as a category of "specific" industries. In the ammonia and cement investigations, the subsidized resources are reported to have accounted for eighty percent and fifty percent of cost, respectively. See Subsidies, 18 Geo.Wash.J. of Int'l Law & Economics at 309-310. Here, energy is alleged to be 6.7 percent of production costs.
As previously noted, in response to ITA's uniform decisions that no countervailing duties resulted from the Mexican gas pricing policies, legislation was introduced and defeated which would have made subsidies for natural resources countervailable where certain requirements were met, such as substantial use. The debate on the issue showed greatly divergent views on whether this type of subsidy was "unfair." Yet this is exactly the question PPG now puts to this court to decide by judicial fiat. While the ITA might in its discretion have defined "specific" to in-elude as a category, energy-intensive industries, perhaps with guidelines, it has not done so. Disproportionate use is, under the ITA's specificity standard, a factor to be considered but is not in and of itself controlling. See supra at 1576-77. In the absence of clear directions from Congress, it cannot be said that the ITA's failure to make "energy-intensive" into a "specific" group of industries within the meaning of section 1303 is unreasonable, much less an abuse of discretion.
VI
Conclusion
The decision of the Court of International Trade that the Mexican government FI-CORCA program and natural gas programs are not countervailable on imports of float glass is
AFFIRMED.
SMITH, Senior Circuit Judge, concurs in the result.
. Mexico, at the time of this investigation, was not a "country under the Agreement [GATT subsidies code]". Thus, Section 303 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. § 1303) applies in this case rather than the countervailing duty provisions implemented in the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (19 U.S.C. § 1671-1677g).
. This section was added by the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, Pub.L. No. 96-39, Title I, § 101, 93 Stat. 144, 176 in response to the U.S.'s adherence to the newly created "subsidies code" of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). See PPG Indus., 662 F.Supp. at 262-263. For a full explanation of the relationship between Section 1303 and the provisions added to conform U.S. law with the GATT Subsidies Code, see Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. United States, 7 CIT 339, 590 F.Supp. 1237, 1239-41 (1984).
. This section was amended in 1988 by Pub.L. No. 100-418, Title I, Subtitle C, part 2 § 1312, 102 Stat. 1184. This amendment added a "Special Rule" that precluded a determination that a benefit was not countervailable solely because it was "nominally generally available." In essence, it codified that portion of the decision in Cabot v. United States, 9 CIT 489, 620 F.Supp. 722 (1985), which rejected nominal general availability as a test for countervailability.
. See J. Bello and A. Holmer, Subsidies and Natural Resources: Congress Rejects a Lateral Attack on the Specificity Test (hereinafter "Subsidies"), 18 Geo.Wash. J. of Int'l Law & Economics 297, 305-08 (1984) (Discussion of some of the congressional concerns for including "specificity" language).
. For a thorough and reasoned analysis of the import of the Downs opinion, see United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d 1209, 1212-16, 64 CCPA 130 (1977), aff'd, 437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978).
. The relevant Senate Report specifically states:
The committee believes the procedures and standards under [the] new title [on countervailing duties for GATT signatories] are a significant improvement over existing law and practice and should be applied to section [1]303____
S.Rep. No. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 104, reprinted in 1979 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 381, 490. See Canadian Fur Trappers Corp. v. United States, 884 F.2d 563, 567 (Fed.Cir.1989) ("Congress made the provisions of 19 U.S.C. § 1671-1677[g] applicable to actions fitting under the amended section 1303.").
. See Subsidies, 18 Geo.Wash.J. of Int'l Law & Economics at 320. The debate continues to rage. See D. Nance, Natural Resource Pricing Policies and the International Trading System, 30 Harv.Int'I L.J. 65 (1989).