Case Name: Haji BISMULLAH a/k/a Haji Bismillah, and a/k/a Haji Besmella, Haji Mohammad Wali, next friend of Haji Bismullah, Petitioners v. Robert M. GATES, Secretary of Defense, Respondent; Huzaifa Parhat, et al., Petitioners v. Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense, et al., Respondents
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2007-07-20
Citations: 501 F.3d 178
Docket Number: Nos. 06-1197, 06-1397
Parties: Haji BISMULLAH a/k/a Haji Bismillah, and a/k/a Haji Besmella, Haji Mohammad Wali, next friend of Haji Bismullah, Petitioners v. Robert M. GATES, Secretary of Defense, Respondent. Huzaifa Parhat, et al., Petitioners v. Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense, et al., Respondents.
Judges: Before: GINSBURG, Chief Judge, and HENDERSON and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 501
Pages: 178–204

Head Matter:
Haji BISMULLAH a/k/a Haji Bismillah, and a/k/a Haji Besmella, Haji Mohammad Wali, next friend of Haji Bismullah, Petitioners v. Robert M. GATES, Secretary of Defense, Respondent. Huzaifa Parhat, et al., Petitioners v. Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense, et al., Respondents.
Nos. 06-1197, 06-1397.
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued May 15, 2007.
Decided July 20, 2007.
As Amended Oct. 23, 2007.
Jeffrey I. Lang argued the cause for petitioners Haji Bismullah, et al. Sabin Willett argued the cause for petitioners Huzaifa Parhat, et al. With them on the briefs were Rheba Rutkowski, Neil G. McGaraghan, Jason S. Pinney, Susan B. Manning, John B. Missing, Jennifer R. Cowan, and Jill van Berg.
Douglas N. Letter, Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Gregory G. Katsas, Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General, Jonathan F. Cohn, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Robert M. Loeb and August E. Flentje, Attorneys.
Before: GINSBURG, Chief Judge, and HENDERSON and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
Opinion for the court filed by Chief Judge GINSBURG.
Concurring opinion filed by Circuit Judge ROGERS.
GINSBURG, Chief Judge:
Petitioners are eight men detained at the Naval Station at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Each petitioner seeks review of the determination by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT or Tribunal) that he is ah "enemy combatant." In this opinion we address the various procedural motions the parties have filed to govern our review of the merits of the detainees' petitions. The petitioners as a group and the Government each propose the court enter a protective order to govern such matters as access to and handling of classified information; the petitioners move to compel discovery and for the appointment of a special master; and the Government asks the court to treat the seven petitioners who filed the joint petition in Parhat v. Gates (No. 06-1397) as though each had filed a separate petition to review his status determination.
In order to review a Tribunal's determination that, based upon a preponderance of the evidence, a detainee is an enemy combatant, the court must have access to all the information available to the Tribunal. We therefore hold that, contrary to the position of the Government, the record on review consists of all the information a Tribunal is authorized to obtain and consider, pursuant to the procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense, hereinafter referred to as Government Information and defined by the Secretary of the.Navy as "such reasonably available information in the possession of the U.S. Government bearing on the issue of whether the detainee meets the criteria to be designated as an enemy combatant," which includes any information presented to the Tribunal by the detainee or his Personal Representative.
In addition, we must implement such measures to govern these proceedings as are necessary to enable us to engage in meaningful review of the record as defined above. Therefore, we will enter a protective order adopting a presumption, as proposed by the petitioners, that counsel for a detainee has a "need to know" the classified information relating to his client's case, except that the Government may withhold from counsel, but not from the court, certain highly sensitive information. The protective order also will provide that the Government may inspect correspondence from counsel to a detainee, including "legal mail," and redact anything that does not pertain to the events leading up to the detainee's capture and culminating in the conduct of his CSRT, including such events in between as bear upon the decision of the Tribunal or our review thereof. Finally, the protective order will provide that a lawyer offering his or her services may, as the petitioners propose, have up to two visits with a detainee in order to obtain the detainee's authorization to seek review of the CSRT's determination of his status.
Before entering the protective order, the court will give the parties an opportunity to suggest changes.
I. Background
Each petitioner is a foreign national captured abroad and held at Guantánamo, seeking review of a decision of a CSRT determining that he is an "enemy combatant" and therefore subject to detention for the duration of hostilities. Haji Bismullah was captured in Afghanistan in 2003. Hu-zaifa Parhat and the six other detainees joining his petition are ethnic Uighurs who allege they were captured in Pakistan in approximately December 2001.
A. The Regulations
In a July 2004 Memorandum for the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of Defense established skeletal procedures for the conduct of CSRT proceedings with respect to foreign nationals held at Guantanamo to "review the detainee's status as an enemy combatant." The Secretary of the Navy, who was "appointed to operate and oversee [the CSRT] process," promptly issued a memorandum specifying detailed procedures (Navy Memorandum), which are still in effect.
Pursuant to those procedures, a CSRT reviews the determination, made after "multiple levels of review by military officers and officials of the Department of Defense," (E-l § B) that a detainee is an "enemy combatant," defined as "an individual who was part of or supporting Taliban or A1 Qaida forces, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners." (E-l § B) A Tribunal is composed of "three neutral commissioned officers" who were not involved in the "apprehension, detention, interrogation, or previous determination of status of the detainee[ ]." (E-l § C(l)) The Tribunal is to "determine whether the preponderance of the evidence supports the conclusion that each detainee meets the criteria to be designated as an enemy combatant." (E-l § B) There is a rebuttable presumption that the Government Evidence, defined as "such evidence in the Government Information as may be sufficient to support the detainee's classification as an enemy combatant" (E-l § H(4)) is "genuine and accurate" (E-l § G(ll)).
The Tribunal is authorized to request the production of "reasonably available information in the possession of the U.S. Government bearing on the issue of whether the detainee meets the criteria to be designated as an enemy combatant," (E-l § E(3)) and the Recorder, a military officer, is charged with obtaining from government agencies and reviewing all such Government Information (E-2 § 'C(l)). The Recorder must present, orally or in documentary form (E-2 § C(6)), both the Government Evidence and, if any there be in the Government Information, all "evidence to suggest that the detainee should not be designated as an enemy combatant." (E-l § H(4), E-2 § B(l)) In advance of the Tribunal hearing, the Recorder must prepare an unclassified summary of the relevant Government Information and provide the summary to the detainee's Personal Representative, also a military officer. (E-2 § C(2), (4))
Each detainee's Personal Representative reviews the Government Evidence the Recorder plans to present to the Tribunal (E-3 § C(3)), has access to the Government Information (E-3 § C(2)), and meets with the detainee to explain the CSRT process. The Personal Representative may not, however, share classified information with the detainee. (E-3 § C(4)) The Personal Representative "shall present information to the Tribunal if the detainee so requests" and "may, outside the presence of the detainee, comment upon classified information submitted by the Recorder." (E-3 § C(5)) The detainee may testify or introduce relevant documentary evidence at the hearing, but may not be compelled to answer questions. (E-l § F(6)-(7)) He also may .present the testimony of any witness who is "reasonably available and whose testimony is considered by the Tribunal to be relevant." (E-1 § F(6))
After the hearing, the Recorder compiles a "Record of Proceedings," consisting of (1) a statement of the time and place of the hearing and the names of those present; (2) the Tribunal Decision Report cover sheet, which is accompanied by (a) the classified and unclassified reports made by the Recorder "upon which the Tribunal decision was based" and (b) copies of all documentary evidence presented to the CSRT; (3) a summary prepared by the Recorder of each witness's testimony; and (4) the summary report written by any dissenting member of the Tribunal. (E-2 § C(8), E-l § G(12))
Each Tribunal has a "Legal Advisor" with whom the members may consult regarding legal, evidentiary, procedural, and like matters. (E-l § C(4)) The Legal Ad-visor reviews for legal sufficiency both the CSRT's rulings on whether witnesses and evidence are reasonably available and its ultimate determination of the detainee's status. (E-l § 1(7)) The Legal Advisor forwards the Record of Proceedings to the "Director, CSRT," (E-l § 1(5)) who reviews the decision as well. (E-l § 1(8), E-2 § C(10)) If approved by the Director, CSRT, then the decision becomes final. (E-l § 1(8))
B. The Statutes
In December 2005 the President signed into law the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA), Pub.L. No. 109-148, § 1005(e)(2)(A), 119 Stat. 2742-43, which vests in this court exclusive jurisdiction "to determine the validity of any final decision of a [CSRT] that an alien is properly detained as an enemy combatant." Section 1005(e)(2)(C) of the Act provides:
The jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on any claims with respect to an alien under this paragraph shall be limited to the consideration of—
(i) whether the status determination of the Combatant Status Review Tribunal with regard to such alien was consistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense for Combatant Status Review Tribunals (including the requirement that the conclusion of the Tribunal be supported by a preponderance of the evidence and allowing a rebuttable presumption in favor of the Government's evidence); and
(ii) to the extent the Constitution and laws of the United States are applicable, whether the use of such standards and procedures to make the determination is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.
Soon after arriving at Guantánamo, many a detainee, either personally or through a "next friend" acting on his behalf, sought release by filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the district court. Beginning in January 2006, after the DTA was enacted, some detainees, in- eluding the petitioners, filed in this court petitions seeking both review of a status determination by a CSRT and a writ of habeas corpus. See, e.g., Paracha v. Gates, No. 06-1038. In October 2006 the Congress passed and the President signed into law the Military Commissions Act (MCA), Pub.L. No. 109-366, § 7, 120 Stat. 2635-36, which stripped the district court of jurisdiction over habeas petitions filed by or on behalf of "an alien detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination." MCA § 7(a), 28 U.S.C. § 2241(e)(1). Meanwhile, we had stayed the petitions filed in the court of appeals, including those of Bismul-lah and the Parhat Petitioners, pending this court's decision in Boumediene v. Bush, 476 F.3d 981, 990-91, cert. denied, — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1478, 167 L.Ed.2d 578, cert. granted, — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 3078, — L.Ed.2d - (2007). In that case we held that, because the common law writ of "habeas corpus would not have been available in 1789 to aliens without presence or property within the United States," the Congress did not violate the Suspension Clause of the Constitution, U.S. Const, art. I, § 9, cl. 2, when it stripped the federal district court of jurisdiction to hear any habeas petition filed by "an alien detained by the United States." We now take up the motions pending in the petitioners' DTA cases.
C. The Motions
In order to resolve preliminary issues before this court reviews the merits of their claims, all the petitioners filed motions to (1) enter the protective order previously entered by the district court in all habeas cases brought by Guantánamo detainees (Status Quo Order); (2) compel discovery, allowing the petitioners to gather all evidence available to the Government at the time the CSRT was held and to present to the court such evidence as was not presented to the CSRT; and (3) appoint a special master to hold hearings and make factual findings, as necessary to address disputes arising from the proposed protective and discovery orders. In his motion to compel discovery, Bismullah also seeks counsel access to (1) the Record of Proceedings (classified and unclassified) before his CSRT; (2) the Government Information regarding Bismullah; (3) any statements or letters in support of Bismul-lah; (4) other documents relating to Bis-mullah's CSRT, including "records, notes, memoranda and correspondence of the Tribunal members, Recorder, Personal Representative, or other person who participated in Bismullah's CSRT"; and (5) other "reasonably available documents or information in the possession of the U.S. government" bearing upon whether Bis-mullah meets the criteria to be designated an enemy combatant.
In their motion to compel discovery, the Parhat Petitioners seek counsel access to (1) the CSRT records (classified and unclassified) for all seven Parhat Petitioners and for 13 other Uighur men allegedly taken into custody at the same time and place; (2) records created in Kandahar, Afghanistan or Guantánamo regarding any Parhat Petitioner's status as an enemy combatant; (3) records of the State Department's effort to persuade foreign governments to grant asylum to any of the 20 Uighurs, including the Parhat Petitioners; (4) the Government's files regarding interrogation of each Parhat Petitioner; (5) records concerning the conduct of the Recorder in all CSRT proceedings concerning any of the Parhat Petitioners; (6) records concerning any visit to Guantánamo of any official of the People's Republic of China in order to interrogate any Uighur detainee, upon which interrogation the petitioners are concerned the Tribunal may have relied in designating them enemy combat ants; and (7) records concerning any Par-hat Petitioner's affiliation with the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, which the Government designated a "terrorist organization" pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(II) more than two years after the Parhat Petitioners allege they were captured, see 69 Fed.Reg. 23,555 (2004), and with which the Parhat Petitioners allege, in apparent anticipation of the Government Evidence, they have no affiliation.
For its part, the Government moves the court to enter a substantially revised version of the protective order entered by the district court (Government's Proposed Order), before the entry of which it apparently refuses to turn over to counsel for the petitioners any classified information and "any information designated by the Government as protected information." The Government also proposes the court treat the petition filed by the seven Parhat Petitioners as seven separate petitions.
II. Analysis
The parties fundamentally disagree about what constitutes the record to which this court must look as it reviews a CSRT's determination that a petitioner is an enemy combatant. The parties agree that the court should enter a protective order before the Government gives counsel for the petitioners (all of whom have the requisite security clearance) access to classified and protected information, and that the protective order must provide a method for counsel to communicate to a detainee nonclassified but confidential information, in writing and in person. The parties disagree, however, over several particulars. The petitioners ask the court to enter the protective order entered by the district court in the aforementioned habeas cases, and the Government proposes a substantially different order.
A. The Record
The petitioners argue the court must look beyond the Record of Proceedings and consider all evidence reasonably available to the Government, which may include evidence neither the Recorder nor the detainee's Personal Representative nor the detainee put before the CSRT. In addition, they point out that many of the procedures specified by the Department of Defense for the conduct of a CSRT address steps to be taken before the hearing, and argue that therefore the court must have available to it information sufficient to enable review of a detainee's claim that the Government did not comply with a pre-hearing procedure. For example, Bismullah contends, on information and belief, that the Recorder for his proceeding failed to gather and examine potentially exculpatory evidence and to present that evidence to the Tribunal. Bismullah also alleges the Tribunal acted arbitrarily and capriciously by, for example, ruling that Bismullah's brother was not "reasonably available" to testify or submit an affidavit. The Parhat Petitioners similarly allege the Recorder failed to present the Tribunal with statements made by military interrogators advising them as early as 2003 that they soon would be released. The Parhat Petitioners also seek information regarding other Uighur detainees in order to support their claims that the Government acted arbitrarily by finding the Parhat Petitioners to be enemy combatants while finding similarly situated detainees were not enemy combatants. Finally, the petitioners contend that, even if the court does not review the Government's compliance with pre-hearing procedures, they are entitled to discovery directed at determining whether exculpatory material was withheld from the Tribunal.
The petitioners propose not only to compel discovery but also to supplement the record with such evidence as they discover relevant to their claims. As counsel for the petitioners said at oral argument, their request is "not strictly speaking for discovery [but] for the court to have the complete record before it." Here they rely upon NRDC v. Train, 519 F.2d 287, 291-92 (D.C.Cir.1975), in which we held that after the plaintiffs made a "substantial showing" that the EPA had not filed with the court the entire administrative record of the matter under review, they were "entitled to an opportunity to determine, by limited discovery, whether any other documents which [were] properly part of the administrative record had been withheld." Thus, the petitioners contend the court appropriately considers supplemental extra-record information when the "procedural validity of the [agency's] decision" is "under scrutiny," Esch v. Yeutter, 876 F.2d 976, 991 (D.C.Cir.1989), because, for example, the agency excluded documents that might have been adverse to its decision, see Kent County, Del. Levy Court v. EPA 963 F.2d 391, 395-96 (D.C.Cir.1992).
The Government's position is that the record before the court is properly limited to the Record of Proceedings, as compiled by the Recorder. According to the Government, the plurality in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 538, 124 S.Ct. 2633, 159 L.Ed.2d 578 (2004), "rejected free-wheeling discovery" for even a citizen detained as an alleged enemy combatant as long as there was a formal military proceeding "akin" to a CSRT in which the detainee could present his version of the facts. The Government believes that by directing this court to "determine the validity of any final decision of a Combatant Status Review Tribunal," DTA § 1005(e)(2)(A), the Congress intended to "evoke[ ] this Court's familiar function of reviewing a final administrative decision based upon the record before the agency." In support of that position and the lack of any need for discovery, the Government contends the Record of Proceedings is sufficient for meaningful review by the court, because a ruling on the reasonable availability of a witness or of evidence must be made on the record; the Personal Representative's communication to the detainee is largely scripted, leaving no need to produce "[his] notes, memoranda and correspondence"; and the actions of the Recorder, whose task is routine and subject to a strong "presumption of regularity," is subject to challenge by the detainee, who may testify on his own behalf, and by the detainee's Personal Representative, who may review the Government Information.
We approach questions concerning the content of the record we are to review mindful that the DTA directs this court to "determine the validity" of a Tribunal's "status determination" with particular reference to whether it was made "consistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense, . including the requirement that the conclusion of the Tribunal be supported' by a preponderance of the evidence." DTA § 1005(e)(2). As the petitioners point out, many of the procedures specified by the Secretary relate to steps the Recorder and others must take before the Tribunal holds a hearing. In order to review compliance with those procedures, the court must be able to view the Government Information with the aid of counsel for both parties; a detainee's counsel who has seen only the subset of the Government Information presented to the Tribunal is in no position to aid the court.. There is simply no other way for the counsel to present an argument that the Recorder withheld exculpatory evidence from the Tribunal in violation of the specified procedures. Even if the Recorder's actions are entitled to a presumption of regularity, as the Government maintains — but which is not at all clear because a CSRT does not have the transparent features of the ordinary ad ministrative process and the Recorder is not the final agency decisionmaker, see Martino v. U.S. Dep't of Agric., 801 F.2d 1410, 1412-13 (D.C.Cir.1986) — that presumption is not irrebuttable, see, e.g., NRDC v. SEC, 606 F.2d 1031, 1049 n.23 (D.C.Cir.1979) (listing methods of rebutting presumption of regularity); but it would be irrebuttable, in effect, if neither petitioners' counsel nor the court could ever look behind the presumption to the actual facts. In addition, the court cannot, as the DTA charges us, consider whether a preponderance of the evidence supports the Tribunal's status determination without seeing all the evidence, any more than one can tell whether a fraction is more or less than one half by looking only at the numerator and not at the denominator.
The petitioners argue that once counsel have seen the Government Information relative to a particular detainee, they may need discovery in order to ensure "the Government has actually collected all [documents it is required to collect]." They believe, that is, they may be able to make a particularized showing of need for specific documents in addition to those obtained by the Recorder.
We deny the petitioners' motions to compel discovery, without prejudice to renewal, because they have not made a showing sufficient to justify compelling discovery at this stage of these proceedings. First, the petitioners do not need discovery in order to challenge a CSRT's ruling that a requested witness or item of evidence was not "reasonably available"; as the Government points out, that ruling must be made on the record, which should be sufficient to determine whether the Tribunal acted in accordance with the specified procedures. Nor does a detainee petitioner need information regarding the conduct of another detainee's CSRT proceeding. Such information is not relevant to our review, and therefore not necessary for a counsel's representation of his detainee client; the Act authorizes this court to "determine the validity of any final decision of a [CSRT]," DTA § 1005(e)(2)(A), and our jurisdiction under the Act is expressly "limited to the consideration of' whether a detainee's status determination was "consistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense for [a CSRT]," including the requirement that the Tribunal's status determination be supported by a preponderance of the evidence, DTA § 1005(e)(2)(C)(i). The Act does not authorize this court to determine whether a status determination is arbitrary and capricious because, to use the petitioners' example, it is inconsistent with the status determination of another detainee who was detained under similar circumstances. If a preponderance of the evidence in the record — broadly understood to include the Government Information and not just the Government Evidence, plus any evidence submitted by the detainee or his Personal Representative— supports the Tribunal's finding, then the Tribunal's status determination must be upheld, provided, of course, the determination was otherwise made in accordance with the "standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense." DTA § 1005(e)(2)(C)®.
B. The Protective Order
Pursuant to the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, which authorizes the court to issue "all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of [its] jurisdiction! ]," we shall enter a protective order resolving the points in contention between the parties in such a way as to ensure the parties do not frustrate the court's ability to review a CSRT determination under the DTA. Cf. Telecom. Research & Action Ctr. v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70, 75-76 (D.C.Cir.1984) (holding pursuant to All Writs Act that court of appeals "may resolve claims of unreasonable delay [by agency] in order to protect its future jurisdiction" to review final agency action). The order we enter, following an opportunity for the parties to suggest changes, will be the order proposed by the Government, as modified to conform to this opinion.
1. Counsel Access to Classified Information
The Government proposes to turn over to counsel for a petitioner only information that was presented to the CSRT and that "the Government has determined petitioners' counsel has a 'need to know,' " which in practice the Government anticipates will mean turning over all the Government Information with limited exceptions for information that pertains to anyone other than the detainee, highly sensitive information, and information pertaining to a highly sensitive source. Such highly sensitive information, which the Government represents will rarely be found and redacted, would be made available to the court ex parte and in camera in the event the detainee seeks judicial review of his status determination.
Petitioners' counsel, each of whom has a security clearance, contend they have a "need to know" all information about their clients' cases and related cases in order effectively to participate in the adversarial process of review in court. Petitioners argue that ex parte and in camera review of highly sensitive classified information, as the Government proposes, is not an adequate substitute for the judgment of counsel in identifying exculpatory evidence and evidence that the Tribunal, the Recorder, or the Personal Representative failed to comply with the procedures specified for the conduct of a CSRT.
We think it clear that this court cannot discharge its responsibility under the DTA, particularly its responsibility to determine whether a preponderance of the evidence supports the Tribunal's determination, unless a petitioner's counsel has access to as much as is practical of the classified information regarding his client. Counsel simply cannot argue, nor can the court determine, whether a preponderance of the evidence supports the Tribunal's status determination without seeing all the evidence. Therefore, we presume counsel for a detainee has a "need to know" all Government Information concerning his client, not just the portions of the Government Information presented to the Tribunal.
That presumption is overcome to the extent the Government seeks to withhold from counsel highly sensitive information, or information pertaining to a highly sensitive source or to anyone other than the detainee but presents such evidence to the court ex parte and in camera. Therefore, as required in the Status Quo Order, except for good cause shown, the Government shall provide notice to counsel for the petitioners on the same day it files such information ex parte. The court does not require the Government to disclose such information to counsel because, consistent with our rule of deference, "[i]t is within the role of the executive to acquire and exercise the expertise of protecting national security. It is not within the role of the courts to second-guess executive judgments made in furtherance of that branch's proper role." Ctr. for Nat'l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 932 (D.C.Cir.2003); Stillman v. CIA, 319 F.3d 546, 548 (D.C.Cir.2003) ("Precisely because it is often difficult for a court to review the classification of national security information, '[w]e anticipate that in camera review of affidavits, followed if necessary by further judicial inquiry, will be the norm' ").
The Government also proposes unilaterally to determine whether information is "protected," meaning that petitioners' counsel must keep it confidential and file under seal any document containing such information. For example, the Government would designate as "protected" information "reasonably expected to increase the threat of injury or harm to any person" and information already designated by the Government to be "For Official Use Only" or "Law Enforcement Sensitive."
It is the court, not the Government, that has discretion to seal a judicial record, cf. United States v. El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d 158, 160 (D.C.Cir.1997) ("The decision whether to seal a judicial record is . committed to the discretion of the district court"), which the public ordinarily has the right to inspect and copy, Nixon v. Warner Commc'ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 597, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978). Therefore, insofar as a party seeks to file with the court nonclassified information the Government believes should be "protected," the Government must give the court a basis for withholding it from public view.
2. Counsel Access to Detainees
Both the Status Quo Order and the Government's Proposed Order define "legal mail" as correspondence between a detainee and his counsel with respect to subjects properly within the scope of counsel's representation. The parties do not disagree about the rules governing mail sent by a detainee to his counsel, but they do disagree about how mail from counsel to the detainee client should be handled and about the scope of counsel's representation under the DTA.
Under both proposed Orders, a Privilege Team composed of Department of Defense personnel would open an envelope labeled as legal mail and addressed to a detainee. Under the Status Quo Order, the Privilege Team would search legal mail only for contraband, such as staples, paper clips, or other nonpaper items; under the Government's Proposed Order, however, legal mail would be searched for prohibited content, that is, anything outside the scope of the attorney's representation (of which more below). The Government's Proposed Order also would limit "legal mail" to:
documents and drafts of documents that are intended for filing in this action and correspondence directly related to those documents that—
i. are directly related to the litigation of this [DTA] action [and]
ii. address only (a) those events leading up to this detainee's capture or (b) the conduct of the CSRT proceeding relating to this detainee[,]
thereby implicitly but effectively limiting the scope of counsel's representation to the DTA action. The Government's Proposed Order also would expressly prohibit counsel from communicating any information outside the scope of their representation.
The petitioners object to this regime, first pointing out that under the Status Quo Order, counsel have long been prohibited from telling a detainee about:
ongoing or completed military intelligence, security, or law enforcement operations, investigations, or arrests . or current political events in any country that are not directly related to counsel's representation of that detainee.
Because their counsel have never breached this provision, the petitioners claim the Government does not need to screen for content any legal mail their counsel might send them. The Government responds that while the Status Quo Order was in effect, some counsel — though the Government does not suggest counsel for the present petitioners — did use legal mail to inform their clients about prohibited subjects, including military operations in Iraq, terrorist attacks, Hezbollah's attack upon Israel, and the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison. The Government asserts such information can "incite detainees to violence" or cause "unrest," such as a riot, hunger strike, or suicide — as, indeed, it has done in the past.
At the least, the petitioners contend, counsel may legitimately represent the detainees in efforts to find alternate ways of ending their detention, including diplomatic means, and therefore must be able to correspond with the detainees regarding such alternatives; for example, they might want to correspond concerning which countries are suitable for seeking asylum. Using nonlegal mail is not a good alternative to using legal mail, they say, because it is very slow and heavily redacted. Moreover, the petitioners assert the attorney-client privilege, which is intended to "encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and the administration of justice," Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399, 403, 118 S.Ct. 2081, 141 L.Ed.2d 379 (1998) (internal quotation marks omitted), applies to the communications between counsel and the detainees.
Without expressing any view as to whether the attorney-client privilege applies in this context, we must agree that "full and frank communication" between a detainee and his counsel will help counsel present the detainee's case to the court, and thereby aid the process of review with which we have been charged by the Congress. Regrettably, however, we cannot disagree with the Government that past breaches of the Status Quo Order by some counsel for detainees justify the Government's proposal to narrow the topics about which all counsel may correspond with a detainee and to hold all counsel accountable by screening the legal mail they send to their detainee clients.
Relatedly, we agree with the Government that the scope of representation authorized by the DTA is limited, in the words of the Act, to the pursuit of judicial review to "determine the validity of any final decision of a [CSRT]." We read the Government's proposal, however, to limit the content of the correspondence between petitioners and their counsel to "those events leading up to this detainee's capture" and the "conduct of the CSRT proceeding relating to this detainee," so as to include events occurring between the detainee's capture and his CSRT hearing, such as the claim of at least three of the Parhat Petitioners that they were told by military personnel as early as 2003 they would be released. This is necessary to enable counsel to follow such leads as his client can provide regarding exculpatory evidence that might be "reasonably available," but which the Recorder nonetheless failed to "obtain and examine."
In the protective order to be issued, we will include the Government's proposal to allow a Privilege Team, composed of personnel from the Department of Defense, to review legal mail in order to ensure counsel's correspondence does not include content outside the scope of the previous paragraph. The proposed procedure protects the confidentiality of communications between counsel and the detainee by providing that the Privilege Team may not disclose the content of a communication to anyone unless counsel for a detainee seeks court intervention to prevent the Privilege Team from screening or redacting information sent to the detainee, in which event the Privilege Team "may disclose the material at issue to a Special Litigation Team [in the Department of Justice and] . to the Commander [at Guantánamo] or his representatives, including attorneys for the Government." The Special Litigation Team, none of whose members may litigate the merits of a petition brought by a detainee, represents the Privilege Team in any dispute over screened or redacted information.
3. Attorney Access to Prospective Clients
The Government refuses to give counsel access to classified information or to the legal mail system until counsel provides "written evidence" that a detainee has personally authorized counsel to represent him, even when a next friend purports to act on behalf of a detainee. To that end, the Government proposes to allow a lawyer one visit to Guantánamo to meet with a potential detainee client for up to a total of eight hours in which to obtain the detainee's authorization to pursue a petition for review of the detainee's status determination. The Government asserts the eight-hour limit is needed to prevent an "unwieldy and unworkable situation," apparently referring to the burden upon the base administration of accommodating numerous visits by lawyers to meet with potential clients.
The Government believes a detainee's personal authorization is "strongly [to be] preferred" because a putative next friend probably does not satisfy the requirements for standing. See Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 163, 165, 110 S.Ct. 1717, 109 L.Ed.2d 135 (1990) (holding in habeas action "next friend" who is "truly dedicated to the best interests of the person on whose behalf he seeks to litigate" has standing to act on behalf of prisoner who is "unable to litigate his own cause due to mental incapacity, lack of access to court, or other similar disability"). For one thing, each detainee has been notified of his right to seek review under the DTA. In addition, some detainees, according to the Government, "revel in their status as enemies of the United States" and should be allowed to choose not to participate in a DTA action.
The petitioners' counsel object to the eight-hour limit upon their effort to persuade a detainee to pursue an action under the DTA because, they say, the detainees are so distrustful that it can take longer than that to persuade one to engage counsel. They propose that a lawyer be allowed to visit a detainee as a potential client twice, for an unspecified period of time, as has been allowed until now under the Status Quo Order.
We conclude the requirement of the Status Quo Order that a lawyer "provide evidence of . authority to represent the detainee . after the conclusion of a second visit with the detainee" is reasonable in that it allows the lawyer time to earn the detainee's trust and to discuss whether the detainee wants to file a petition for judicial review. The Government has not shown that two visits rather than one will harm its interests or overburden its resources. On the contrary, the Government itself has allowed that a detainee represented by counsel should not be limited to three visits with retained counsel — as the Government had first proposed in this case — because, based upon an evaluation of the "resources and needs at Guantanamo" by Rear Admiral Harry B. Harris, Commander of the Joint Task Foree-Guantánamo, the Government determined such a limitation "is no longer warranted." Though the Government asserts its proposed one visit/eight-hour limitation upon meetings between a lawyer and a potential client is still "warranted and appropriate in light of the operations" at Guantánamo, it has made no showing that a lawyer's additional visit to see a potential client imposes any greater burden upon it than does a lawyer's additional visit to a client he or she already represents.
Counsel for Bismullah, who represent Bismullah's putative next friend, maintain they need present only "evidence of . authority to represent the detainee," rather than the Government's proposed consent form bearing the detainee's signature. They argue that requiring counsel to produce evidence both that a detainee authorizes counsel to act on his behalf and that he authorizes the filing of a petition submitted by a detainee's next friend would, in effect, "eliminate next friend cases" by requiring "that each next friend action become a direct action."
In Whitmore, the Supreme Court concluded that the Congress, in enacting 28 U.S.C. § 2242 ("Application for a writ of habeas corpus shall be in writing signed and verified by the person for whose relief it is intended or by someone acting in his behalf'), had codified the historic practice of allowing a "next friend" to file a petition for habeas corpus on behalf of a prisoner. 495 U.S. at 162-63, 110 S.Ct. 1717. Therefore, when the Congress later authorized this court to review the status determination of a CSRT upon the basis of a claim brought "by or on behalf of an alien [detainee]," DTA § 1005(e)(2)(B), we understand it to have permitted a next friend to petition for review of a CSRT determination when the detainee is "unable to litigate his own cause due to mental incapacity, lack of access to court, or other similar disability." Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 165, 110 S.Ct. 1717. Hence, we reject the Government's proposal to require a detainee personally to authorize a next friend to act on his behalf when a petitioner asserting next friend standing can demonstrate the detainee is under such a disability. After two visits between a lawyer and a detainee, either the lawyer should be able to obtain the detainee's express authorization to represent him in a DTA action or the would-be next friend should be able to obtain, through the lawyer, evidence of the detainee's disability and best interests sufficient to perfect the next friend's standing. See id. ' We reject the Government's proposal to require that the detainee sign a form authorizing the filing of the petition submitted by a putative next friend; the inquiry into whether a would-be next friend has standing is necessarily a matter to be determined case by case.
4. Miscellaneous
We do not believe it necessary to appoint a special master to hold hearings, order discovery, or make factual findings because we have resolved the pending procedural disputes between the parties. We therefore deny without prejudice the petitioners' motion to appoint a special master.
The Government's motion that the court consider separately the claims jointly filed by the seven detainee petitioners in Parhat v. Gates is granted. In order to evaluate the merits of each Parhat Petitioner's claims, we must review a separate record of that petitioner's status' determination. Accordingly, each Parhat Petitioner will be assigned a separate case number and each case will be separately briefed and assigned to a merits panel, absent further order of this court, see Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit § V.A. ("[C]ases involving . the same, similar, or related issues, may be consolidated"), III.H. (2007); Fed R.App. P. 3(b).
III. Conclusion
We conclude the record on review consists of the Government Information, that is, all "reasonably available information in the possession of the U.S. Government bearing on the issue of whether the detainee meets the criteria to be designated as an enemy combatant." We grant in part and deny in part, as explained in this opinion, both the petitioners' and the Government's motions for a protective order; deny without prejudice the petitioners' motions for discovery and for the appointment of a special master; and grant the Government's motion separately to consider the claims brought by each of the petitioners in Parhat v. Gates, No. 06-1397.
The Clerk of the Court will enter in each of these cases a Protective Order consistent with the foregoing opinion and assign a separate docket number to each Parhat Petitioner.
So ordered.
The Secretary of the Navy attached to his memorandum three 'enclosures,'' to which we refer below in our citations to the CSRT procedures as "E-l," "E-2," and "E-3."
A Tribunal member designated by the Tribunal President (E-l § H(9)) must "document the Tribunal's decision on the [CSRT] Report cover sheet . which [serves] as the basis for the Recorder's preparation of the Tribunal record."
Insofar as the task of gathering Government Information was performed by someone other than the Recorder, Decl. of Rear Admiral (Retired) James M. McGarrah ¶ 4-6 (May 31, 2007), as our concurring colleague points out may have happened, or the Recorder has failed altogether to gather certain Govern-merit Information, as Bismullah alleges, a panel reviewing the merits of a CSRT status determination will be in a position to resolve whether the procedure followed was "consistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense for [a CSRT]." DTA § 1005(e)(2)(C)(i).