Case Name: Succession of FERTEL
Court: Louisiana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Louisiana
Decision Date: 1945-06-05
Citations: 23 So. 2d 234
Docket Number: No. 37657
Parties: Succession of FERTEL.
Judges: O’NIELL, C. J., concurs and assigns reasons.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 23
Pages: 234–246

Head Matter:
208 La. 614
Succession of FERTEL.
No. 37657.
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
June 5, 1945.
Dissenting Opinion June 20, 1945.
Rehearing Denied July 17, 1945.
Albert B. Koorie, E. R. Schowalter, and M. C. Scharff, all of New Orleans, for appellant Barney Fertel.
Leon S. Cahn, of New Orleans, for appellant Mrs. Nettie Fertel Warren.
Benjamin M. Goodman, of New Orleans, for appellant Mrs. Annie Fertel Buhberg.
Sidney G. Roos, of New Orleans, for ap-pellee Rodney Fertel.

Opinion:
ROGERS, Justice.
This case involves the interpretation of the will of Mrs. Julia Deiches Fertel, who died at her domicile in New Orleans on December 5, 1941. Mrs. Fertel was survived by her husband, Sam Fertel, and by three children, Mrs. Nettie Fertel Warren, Mrs. Annie Fertel Buhberg and Barney Fertel. She also left a grandson, Rodney Fertel Weinberg, son of Mrs. Buhberg by a previous marriage.
The will of Mrs. Fertel, made in olo-graphic form and duly proved and registered according to law, is as follows:
"1st January 1936.
"My Last Will
"Everything I possess. I leave (the use of it to my husband during his life time, at his death it goes as following.
"To my 2 daughters Nettie and Annie and to my grand son Rodney Fertel Weinberg.
"To my son Barney Fertel I leave One hundred dollars per month for the main-taince during his life time only to be paid, out of the Estate.
"None of the properties cannot be sold or mortgaged, twenty years from hence.
"This will includes my box at the Bank of Commerce N O.
"Julia Fertel"
Sam Fertel, the husband of the testatrix, enjoyed the use of her property until he died on August 24, 1943. No attempt was made by anyone to enforce or to attack the will during his lifetime. Shortly after his death, Barney Fertel filed a suit attacking his mother's will, and Rodney Fer-tel Weinberg filed a suit seeking to have the will made effective as to him. The suits were heard together in the district court after issue joined by all parties, and judgment was rendered sending Rodney Fertel Weinberg into possession of 7/27th of the estate of the testatrix, recognizing the legitime of Barney Fertel, whom the testatrix sought to disinherit, and giving him 6/27ths, and giving Mrs. Nettie Fertel! Warren and Mrs. Annie Fertel Buhberg each 7/27ths of her estate. The judgment: specifically decreed that the legacy to Bar ney Fertel of $100 per month be included in his legitime. It was also ordered that the provision prohibiting the sale or mortgage of the property for twenty years be reputed as not written.
All the litigants appealed from the judgment except Rodney Fertel Weinberg, who answered the appeal. In his answer Rodney Fertel Weinberg asked that the disin-herison of Barney Fertel be recognized and enforced; that he be awarded one-third instead of seven twenty-sevenths of the estate of the testatrix and that if Barney Fertel be not held to be disinherited that his legitime be made up from the share of Mrs. Warren and Mrs. Buhberg, instead of from the share of Rodney Fertel Weinberg.
This litigation is the result of the attempt of Mrs. Fertel in disposing of her large estate by will to favor her daughters and her grandson over her son. Barney Fer-tel, the son of the testatrix, brought his suit for the purpose of ascertaining whether the will was valid in whole or in part and of obtaining a judicial determination of .his rights thereunder. He charged that the will was ambiguous and not capable of interpretation; that it contained a prohibition substitution and that the attempted disposition in favor of Mrs. Warren and Mrs. Buhberg was void as not having been declared an ex;tra portion.
Rodney Fertel Weinberg, in his suit, asserted the validity of the will and alleged that its effect was to disinherit Barney Fertel. In support of his allegations, he set forth certain specific instances of cruelty committed on the part of Barney Fer-tel. towards his mother. On objection by counsel representing Barney Fertel, the trial judge refused to permit the introduction of any evidence as to the alleged dis-inherison on the ground that the testatrix did not set forth in the will any reason for disinherison as required by law. The final contention of Rodney Fertel Weinberg was that he should be recognized as a legatee of one-third of the estate of the testatrix and sent into possession thereof. Neither Mrs. Warren nor Mrs. Buhberg joined Barney Fertel in his attack upon the will, nor did they join Rodney Fertel Weinberg in his demand that the will be carried out exactly as written. They took the position that irrespective of whether the will is valid or invalid or reducible because of the encroachment on the legi-time due Barney Fertel, they are entitled to one-third of the estate of the testatrix, as two of the three forced heirs in an intestate succession, or as legatees of one-third each under the will, or, as forced heirs, entitled to one-third of the legitime plus one-third each of the disposable portion as universal legatees.
In support of the demand of Barney Fertel that the will of Mrs. Julia Deiches Fertel be declared void as creating a prohibited substitution, counsel for Barney Fertel have submitted an elaborate argument replete with references to the French authorities and to the decisions of this Court.
We find it unnecessary to enter into an extended comment upon the argument of counsel or to indulge in a lengthy discussion of the authorities referred to by them. Their contention is fully met and adversely disposed of by the recent decision of this Court in the Succession of Blossom, 194 La. 635, 194 So. 572, 575. The question involved in that case is similar in every respect to the question involved in this case. All the cases relied on by counsel for Barney Fertel were carefully considered and analyzed in the Blossom case and there is nothing in the French authorities cited by them that detracts from the force of the decision in that case.
The disposing portion of the will of Mrs. Fertel reads as follows: "Everything I possess. I leave the use of it to my husband during his life time, at his death it goes as following. To my two daughters Nettie and Annie and my grandson Rodney Fertel Weinberg, To my son Barney Fertel I leave one hundred dollars a month during his lifetime only to be paid out of the estate."
The disposing language of the will in contest in the Blossom case reads as follows : "I give and bequeath to Annie Baker, my adopted daughter, now at El-wyn, Pa., the usufruct of my property— and at her death I wish this property to be equally divided between Evelyn B. Kern of Toledo Ohio — and George D. Marshall of Shreveport, Louisiana."
An examination of these wills reveals that while differing slightly in their wording, they are identical as to substance.
After a careful consideration of the contentions of counsel and of the cases cited by them, the Court held that the will in the Blossom case was valid. In the course of its opinion the Court made the following correct observation:
"In the case at bar, the property itself was not bequeathed to the adopted daughter of the testatrix. The testatrix bequeathed to her the usufruct of the property and bequeathed the property itself to Evelyn B. Kern and George D. Marshall. Therefore, at the death of the testatrix the usufruct vested in one person and the naked ownership thereof in others. Such stipulations in a last will are valid under Article 1522 of the Code."
So in this case the property itself was not bequeathed to the husband of the testatrix. The testatrix bequeathed to him the use of the property and bequeathed the property itself to her two daughters and her grandson. Therefore, at the death of the testatrix the usufruct vested in her surviving husband and the naked ownership of the property vested in the named legatees.
Counsel for the adopted daughter in the Blossom case advanced the same argument in their attack on the will that counsel for Barney Fertel is advancing in this case —that the naked ownership of the property did not vest in the named legatees at the death of the testatrix. This Court held that the argument was unsound and that it was contrary to the jurisprudence. The Court quoted with approval from the Succession of Law, 31 La.Ann. 456, as follows :
" the testatrix bequeathed all her property to her husband 'during his natural life', and the will provided that 'at his death, the half of my property or money (shall) go to' certain named legatees.
"The will was attacked on the ground that it contained a prohibited substitution. But the court held that the bequest to the husband was the usufruct of the property, and, speaking of the clause in the will that 'at his death' the property should go to another, the court said: 'We admit that the words used by the testatrix do not describe and convey — as fully as she could have described and conveyed them — her wishes and her intentions; but — from those words — only one inference can be drawn, and it is that — at the death of the testatrix — her estate would pass to her preferred legatees, subject to the usufruct bequeathed to her husband.'
"The phrase 'at the death of the testatrix' is italicized in the text. That case is on all fours with the one now under consideration. The only difference is that in that case the testatrix bequeathed to her husband her property during his natural life, which the court held to be a bequest of the usufruct. In the instant case the testatrix bequeathed to her adopted daughter the usufruct of her property. In that case, as in this one, the will specified that, 'at the death' of the person who was given the usufruct, the property itself should pass to another. In Succession of Law, supra, the court held that the naked ownership of the property passed to the legatees at the death of the testatrix."
In this case, as in the Succession of Law and in the Succession of Blossom, the will specifies that, at the death of the person who is given the usufruct of the property, the property shall pass to the preferred legatees. And since in the Succession of Law and Succession of Blossom the Court held that the wills were not invalid on the theory that the naked ownership of the property did not vest in the legatees until after the death of the usufructuary, we find no warrant in law for holding that on the same theory the will in this case is invalid.
Counsel for Barney Fertel argue that the will is ambiguous and incapable of interpretation. They insist that from a reading of the instrument it is not at all clear what the testatrix had in mind when she wrote it. They say it is obvious that her underlying idea was to give the use of her property to her husband and, at his death, to the named beneficiaries, but that she placed a restriction of twenty years nonalienation and hypothecation on the whole use. They further say that the testatrix either wanted to bequeath the ownership of her property to her husband for his lifetime and, on his death, to the three named legatees, or she wanted to bequeath the use of her estate to her husband for his lifetime and, at his death, to the three named legatees.
The judge of the district court correctly ordered that the provision of the will forbidding the sale or mortgaging of the property of the testatrix for twenty years be repudiated and considered as not written. This Court has uniformly held that such statements in a will are purely precatory in their nature and reputed as not written. Succession of Feitel, 176 La. 543, 146 So. 145.
One of the cardinal rules laid down by the Civil Code in Article 1712 for the interpretation of wills is that: " the intention of the testator must prin cipally be endeavored to be ascertained, without departing, however, from the proper signification of the terms of the testament." Another rule of interpretation of equal importance is laid down by Article 1713 of the Civil Code in these words: "A disposition must be understood in the sense in which it can have effect, rather than that in which it can have none."
These rules have been strictly adhered to by this Court in numerous cases involving the interpretation of wills. Typical of these cases is the Succession of McBurney, 165 La. 357, 115 So. 618, holding that the first and cardinal rule among the general rules for the interpretation of wills is that the intention of the testator must be ascertained, and all other rules are only means to that end. And Succession of Wilcox, 165 La. 803, 116 So. 192, holding that the only function of the Court is to determine and carry out the intention of the testator if it can be ascertained from the language of the will.
It is evident from a reading of the will that it was written by the testatrix without the aid of counsel. The law is indulgent in all such cases. It exempts language from technical restraint and obeys the clear intention however informally conveyed. If obscured by conflicting expressions, it seeks the intention in a purpose, consistent and rational, rather than the reverse; and, of two interpretations, it selects that which saves from total intestacy. The testator's intention is his will. This is the first rule of interpretation, to which all others are reduced. The intention must be enforced as far as it can be done legally. Succession of Blakemore, 43 La.Ann. 845, 9 So. 496.
When a will is executed, a reasonable and natural presumption is that the testator intends to dispose of his entire estate. There is no presumption that he intends to die intestate as to any part of his estate when the language he uses will clearly carry the whole.
We shall now consider the will of Mrs. Fertel in the light of the legal principles to which we have hereinabove referred. Although the words used by the testatrix in describing and conveying her wishes and intentions may not be as clear as they would be if she had availed herself of legal. advice in drafting her will, nevertheless in our opinion only one inference can be drawn from those words, and it is that at her death her entire estate should pass to her two daughters and grandson, subject to the usufruct bequeathed to her husband and to the legacy of $100 per month bequeathed to her son.
There is nothing in the words used by the testatrix in drafting her will to induce the belief that it was not her intention to dispose of all her property. On the contrary, the language of the will indicates otherwise. The testatrix begins by showing that she is making her will and that she is dealing with everything she possesses. The presumption is, if it is necessary to indulge in presumptions in arriving at her intention, that the testatrix made her will for the purpose of disposing of her entire estate in the event of her death.
In her will Mrs. Fertel says:
"Everything I possess. I leave the use of it to my husband during his life time, at his death it (everything I possess) goes as following. To my 2 daughters Nettie and Annie and to my grandson Rodney Fertel Weinberg. To my son Barney Fertel I leave One Hundred dollars per month for the maintaince during his life time only to be paid out of the Estate." (Brackets ours.)
It will therefore appear that there are three dispositions in the will—one to the husband of the testatrix, one to her daughters and grandson, and one to her son. These several dispositions are constituent parts of a single plan devised by the testatrix for disposing of her entire estate. Her will, when considered in its entirety and not merely from the language used in one disposition, evidences the unmistakable intention of the testatrix to give all her property to her daughters and grandson, subject only to the use of the property by her husband during his lifetime and the payment to her son of $100 a month for life.
With reference to the proposition urged in the alternative by counsel for Barney Fertel that the disposition in the will in favor of Annie Fertel Buhberg and Nettie Fertel Warren is void as not having been declared to be an advantage or extra portion, it suffices to say that the proposition can not be maintained. This case, so far as that proposition is concerned, falls within the decision of this Court in Jordan v. Filmore, 167 La. 725, 120 So. 275. In that case, which is the leading case on the subject, this Court unequivocably held that in testaments mortis causa it was not necessary for a testator to express an inten tion to give the favored child an advantage or extra portion, as the mere bequest itself was sufficient evidence of the testator's intention. It was pointed out that the necessity for expressing an intention to give an advantage to a forced heir was confined to donations inter vivos and not to testaments.
Counsel for Barney Fertel contend, however, that the decision in Jordan v. Filmore should not be accepted as authority in this case because it stands alone and is contrary to a number of decisions by unanimous courts holding to the contrary; and furthermore, that the Court in rendering its opinion has misconstrued the holdings in some of the decisions reviewed therein.
The decision in Jordan v. Filmore was reached after a careful consideration and full discussion of the question of whether, when the disposable portion is given to a prospective heir by testament, it must be expressly declared to be an extra portion in order to exempt the legatee from collation. We see no reason for disturbing the rule established in that case, which, in effect, was followed by the decisions of this Court in Succession of Levy, 172 La. 602, 134 So. 906, and Winbarg v. Winbarg, 177 La. 1071, 150 So. 21.
The contention of Rodney Fertel Weinberg, in his answer to the appeal that the intention of the testatrix was to disinherit her son, Barney Fertel, and asking that such disinherison be recognized and enforced, can not be considered. The judge of the district court, on proper objection, correctly excluded the testimony which Rodney Fertel Weinberg attempted to offer in support of his contention, on the ground that the testatrix did not express in her will any reasons for such disinherison as required by Article 1624 of the Civil Code. Otherwise, no question is made, or could be made, of the correctness of the judgment so far as it recognizes Barney Fertel as a forced heir of the testatrix and awards him his legitime.
Mrs. Nettie Fertel Warren and Mrs. Annie Fertel Buhberg are not interested in either upholding or in defeating the will of their mother. In either case each must receive one-third of the estate, as intestate heirs if the will is held to be invalid, and, as legatees, if the will is held to be valid. Therefore, so far as. they are concerned, the question of the validity or invalidity of the will, in its entirety, is submitted without argument. Their complaint, urged with much earnestness on this appeal, is that if this Court affirms the judgment of the district court recognizing the right of Barney Fertel to his legitime, then the judgment appealed from is erroneous in dividing the residue of the estate equally among Nettie Fertel Warren, Annie Fertel Buhberg and Rodney Fertel Weinberg. Specifically, their contention is that the legitime of the three forced heirs, or two-thirds of the decedent's estate, should be first satisfied before applying the dispositions of the will, and that only the disposable portion, or one-third of the decedent's estate, should be divided equally among the three forced heirs.
In disposing of the issues involved in this case, the judge of the district court handed down an ably written opinion. In his opinion, he assigns the following reasons for the ruling complained of.
"A testator has the right to make any disposition of the estate he or she desires as long as the legitimes of the forced heirs are protected. Legitime is a portion of an estate a forced heir has a right to claim if an attempt is made to deprive him of it. His claim, if upheld, reduces the value of the estate to be divided among the other heirs, in an amount equal to the legitime that has been claimed successfully by the forced heir.
"Barney claims his legitime, two-ninths of the estate, and is upheld in that claim. That leaves seven-ninths of the estate to be divided among the other heirs mentioned in the will. In effect, 'Everything I possess' is now seven-ninths of the original estate.
"Dividing the remainder of the estate, 'everything I possess,' equally between Annie Fertel Buhberg, Nettie Fertel Warren, and Rodney Fertel Weinberg, we find that the legitimes of Annie Fertel Buhberg and Nettie Fertel Warren are protected.
"Since the legitime is the only portion of an estate that a forced heir can claim as a legal right, Annie Fertel Buhberg and Nettie Fertel Warren have no claim against the estate. Their legitimes have been protected.
"The intent of the testament seems to be in perfect accord with this division:
"Obviously Mrs. Fertel intended to leave all of her estate to her two daughters and her grandson, but this she could not do. The Court must follow the mandate of the Revised Civil Code of Louisiana; Barney Fertel is a forced heir, and he is entitled to his legitime, and it is the duty of this Court to give effect to the law.
"It certainly was the intent of the testator to give Barney Fertel less than her two daughters and her grandson. The favoritism expressed in the testament is for the two daughters and the grandson.
"The will in unimpeachable terms gives all of the property to Annie and Nettie, the two daughters, and Rodney Weinberg, the grandson, subject only to the use of the property by the surviving husband during his lifetime and to the payment to Barney Fertel of one hundred dollars a month for life. It is self-evident that the will did not favor Barney Fertel, and to give him his legitime in addition to the one-hundred dollars a month for life would be a substitution of a favoritism by the Court, rather than a following of. the favoritism expressed in the testament. The one hundred dollars per month must be considered as included in the legitime.
"Mr. Fertel is now dead. That leaves the ownership of the balance of the property, seven-ninths, to be divided directly between Annie, Nettie, and Rodney Weinberg.
"The contention of learned Counsel for Annie Fertel Buhberg and Nettie Fertel Warren that their clients each should receive one-third of the disposable portion plus their legitime is based on the erroneous assumption that the will gave to their clients each one-third of the estate. The will does not declare they are to receive one-third of the estate any more than it declares that Rodney Fertel Weinberg is to receive one-third of the estate. According to the language of the will, after the death of the ustífructor, the estate:
" 'Goes as following: (Referring to 'Everything I possess')
" 'To my two daughters Nettie and Annie and to my grandson Rodney Fertel Weinberg.'
"If the contention of the daughters is correct, Barney should receive more than Rodney, and Annie and Nettie would likewise get more .than Rodney; but this would not be carrying out the expressed intention of the testatrix who wanted to favor equally her two daughters and her grandson.
" 'Disposition must be understood,' says the Code, 'in .the sense in which it can have effect, rather than that in which it can have none.'
"The will did not intend that either of the two daughters should be favored over the • other, nor did the will intend that either of the two daughters should be favored over the grandson. The will did intend that all three should be favored over Barney.
"Of course the Court must protect Barney in his legitime, but at the same time it must, in a legal way, follow the favoritism expressed in the testament.
"There seems but one way this can be done:
"Barney Fertel should receive his legi-time, which is 1/3 of 2/3, or 2/9 or 6/27; (There should be included in making up this amount the bequest of one hundred dollars a month.)
"Mrs. Nettie Fertel Warren should be protected in her legitime, and by the terms of the will she should be favored over Barney; (She should receive, therefore, 1/3 of 7/9, or 7/27.)
"Mrs. Annie Fertel Buhberg, who is favored equally with her sister, should receive 1/3 of 7/9, or 7/27;
"Rodney Fertel Weinberg is equally favored by the testatrix with her two daughters, and therefore, in order to carry out that expressed favoritism, he should receive 1/3 of 7/9, or 7/27."
In conformity with those reasons, the trial judge ordered that the parties, by proper and appropriate proceedings, be sent into possession of the property in the proportion of 6/27ths to Barney Fertel and of 7/27ths each to Mrs. Nettie Fertel Warren, Mrs. Annie Fertel Buhberg and Rodney Fertel Weinberg, and judgment was rendered accordingly.
In their brief, counsel for Mrs. Warren and Mrs. Buhberg say: "The real basis of the contention of the three forced heirs, including Barney, is their right to their legitime, by priority and preference, which is enforceable against the stranger equally as well as against a coheir. This case does not involve an attempt to equalize shares among coheirs. What we are trying to do is to satisfy the rights of forced heirs under a testament which, on its face, encroaches upon the legitime."
From a reading of the will it is obvious that the testatrix did not intend to encroach upon the legitime of Mrs. War ren and Mrs. Buhberg. Her clear intention, so far as they are concerned, was to leave her entire estate to them and her grandson, Rodney Fertel Weinberg, and thereby to deprive only her son Barney of his legitime. Counsel, in their argument, assume that the will must be considered as disposing only of the disposable portion of the estate of the testatrix, and hence, when Rodney Fertel Weinberg, a stranger to the estate, claims his legacy, he can demand only' one-third of the disposable portion. We think counsel are in error in their assumption. The law is plain that the estate of the deceased person consists of his estate in its entirety and not merely the disposable portion thereof. The law also establishes the right of a forced heir to claim the legal portion coming to him out of the estate of the testator. The right needs only to be asserted to be allowed. Succession of Harris, 179 La. 954, 155 So. 446. But the forced heir does not have to claim his legitime. Fie may waive his right to do so. Nolan v. Succession of New, 31 La. Ann. 552.
As is well expressed in the opinion of the district court, "the contention of learned counsel for Annie Fertel Buhberg and Nettie Fertel Warren that their clients each should receive one-third of ithe disposable portion plus their legitime is based on the erroneous assumption that the will gave to their clients each one-third of the estate. The will does not declare they are to receive one-third of the estate any more than it declares that Rodney Fertel Weinberg is to receive one-third of the estate."
According to the language of the will, the entire estate of the testatrix is bequeathed to Mrs. Warren, Mrs. Buhberg and Rodney Fertel Weinberg. It is a mere coincidence, due to the fact there are three legatees, that under the will each legatee is to receive one-third of the estate. When therefore Rodney Fertel Weinberg claims his legacy, his claim is for one-third of the estate and not merely for one-third of the disposable portion.
In Jordan v. Filmore, 167 La. 725, 120 So. 275, 278, we held that the only right of a forced heir, who had by the will been deprived of all his share in the estate, was to claim from the other heirs his legitime. We said: "All that the testator has to do in the distribution of his estate among his heirs as he sees fit, to be sure that his will shall be carried out, is to avoid impinging upon the legitime 'which the law reserves to each of his forced heirs." This holding and quotation were referred to with approval in Walet v. Darby, 167 La. 1095, 120 So. 869, and Succession of Smith, 182 La. 389, 162 So. 21.
Since the legitime is the only portion of an estate that the forced heir can claim as a legal right and since the disposition in the will of Mrs. Fertel does not impinge upon the legitime of Mrs. Nettie Fertel ' Warren and Mrs. Annie' Fertel Buhberg, they have no claim therefor against the estate. Their legitime is fully protected under the terms of the will.
The French authorities cited by counsel for Mrs. Warren and Mrs. Buhberg apparently treat the estate of the deceased as consisting of only the disposable portion and not of the entire estate. None of the examples referred to appear to be appropriate to the will under consideration. In all the cases referred to, a designated portion or amount of the decedent's estate was left to the legatees. As we have herein-above pointed out, the will of Mrs. Fertel does not specifically declare that she leaves one-third of her estate to her preferred legatees. She merely declares that she leaves all that she possesses, meaning her entire estate, to those legatees, subject to the usufruct given her husband and to the payment of $100 per month to her son.
The contention of Barney Fertel that he should be awarded, in addition to his legitime, the legacy of $100 per month to be paid out of the disposable portion, is discussed in the opinion of the trial judge which we have hereinabove quoted. As is correctly shown in the opinion, it is obvious that-it was not the intention of the testatrix to give Barney Fertel the legacy of $100 a month in addition to his legitime. As a matter of fact, it was the clear intention of the testatrix under her will that Barney Fertel should receive nothing more out of her estate than the $100 per month expressly bequeathed to him. We find no merit in the contention.
Since this case was argued and submitted, Rodney Fertel Weinberg has filed a petition in this Court setting forth that under a judgment of the Civil District Court, Parish of Orleans, rendered and signed on March 13, 1945, he was granted permission to change his name to that of Rodney Fer-tel, and asking that in any judgment ren dered herein this Court recognize this change in petitioner's name.
For the reasons assigned the judgment appealed from is affirmed and it is further ordered that in said judgment the change of the name of Rodney Fertel Weinberg to Rodney Fertel be recognized.
O'NIELL, C. J., concurs and assigns reasons.
FOURNET, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
HIGGINS, J., takes no part.