Case Name: Susan Whitton Eckhart v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Court: Supreme Court of Virginia
Jurisdiction: Virginia
Decision Date: 1981-09-11
Citations: 222 Va. 447
Docket Number: Record No. 801373
Parties: Susan Whitton Eckhart v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Judges: Present: All the Justices.
Reporter: Virginia Reports
Volume: 222
Pages: 447–453

Head Matter:
Richmond
Susan Whitton Eckhart v. Commonwealth of Virginia
September 11, 1981.
Record No. 801373.
Present: All the Justices.
Robert G. Cabell, Jr., for appellant.
Joan W. Murphy, Assistant Attorney General (Marshall Coleman, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Opinion:
COCHRAN, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Richard Alan Eckhart and Susan Whitton Eckhart, his wife, were tried jointly by the court, sitting without a jury, on indictments charging each with possession with intent to distribute more than one-half ounce and less than five pounds of marijuana. Each was found guilty as charged. Richard was sentenced to serve ten years in prison, with four years suspended; imposition of sentence on Susan was suspended for 20 years, and she was placed on probation. On Richard's appeal, in which the sole issue was the admissibility of certain allegedly hearsay evidence, we affirmed his conviction. Eckhart v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 213, 279 S.E.2d 155 (1981). The sole issue on Susan's appeal is the sufficiency of the evidence against her.
On November 13, 1979, about 10:14 p.m., police officers executed a search warrant in Henrico County at 7002 Tulane Avenue, a residence in which an informant had reported that a man named "Snake" lived. When Richard Eckhart identified himself as "Snake" and acknowledged that he lived there, a copy of the search warrant was served upon him. In the living room when the officers entered the dwelling were eight persons, including Richard, all of whom were detained there while the search was conducted.
As Trooper L. O. Gwaltney, III of the Virginia State Police, proceeded to search the premises, he discovered Susan Eckhart, with a baby in her lap, sitting on a stool between the doorways of the two bedrooms that were located at the end of a hallway. Standing in the hallway, Gwaltney observed a baby crib containing baby "pampers" and clothing in the bedroom "directly" at the end of the hallway. On a newspaper on the floor next to the crib, he saw a box marked "Scales," several pieces of tin foil, a large roll of aluminium wrap, a knife, and a razor blade, all of which could be seen from the living room by an observer standing at the hallway. From the hall, Gwaltney also saw three wooden pipes in plain view in the living room.
Making a thorough search of the bedroom containing the crib, Gwaltney found and seized various metal foil packages of plant material, 15 packages in one plastic bag, nine packages in another, three in another, and two other plastic bags containing similar material. He seized a set of scales, the knife and the razor blade. In the same room, under a table in a paper bag covered by blue jeans and shirts, Gwaltney found and seized six metal foil packages of plant material in the form of solid blocks. Each block was approximately six inches long by four inches wide by one to two inches high. Gwaltney testified that when he stood where Susan had been sitting in the hall, if he faced the bedrooms he could see into them, and that in the bedroom with the baby crib he could have seen all the articles that he seized except the large paper bag that was covered by clothes.
Chemical analysis revealed that the plant material seized during the search of this bedroom comprised 2,232 grams, approximately 4.9 pounds, of marijuana. The officers found no marijuana in the other bedroom, which appeared to Gwaltney to be the one used by the occupants of the house.
Gwaltney testified that he found on the premises a blank check with the names and address of Richard A. Eckhart and Susan W. Eckhart, 7002 Tulane Avenue, printed thereon, and a copy of a telephone bill, dated October 20, 1979, for services charged to "S. Whitton" at the same address. Susan informed the officer that her name was Whitton before she married Richard.
Neither Susan nor Richard admitted ownership of the marijuana and none was found on either of them. There was evidence that Betty Jean Tucker, one of the group detained in the living room during the search, told the officers that the marijuana was hers but, upon further questioning, retracted the statement.
After the Commonwealth's evidence had been completed, Susan's motion to strike the evidence was overruled. Susan offered no evidence.
Susan's conviction is based upon evidence of her constructive possession of marijuana. The applicable law is summarized in Womack v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 5, 255 S.E.2d 351 (1979). Constructive possession may be shown by establishing that the marijuana was known to and subject to the dominion and control of the accused. Knowledge of the presence and character of the controlled substance may be shown by evidence of the acts, statements or conduct of the accused. Mere proximity to the controlled substance, however, is insufficient to establish possession. Id. at 7, 255 S.E.2d at 352. Nevertheless, the possession need not be exclusive. Ritter v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 732, 741, 173 S.E.2d 799, 805-06 (1970).
Susan contends that the evidence is insufficient to show that she had knowledge of the existence of the marijuana or any dominion or control over it. She says that her proximity to the marijuana was all that was established. She stresses the lack of evidence to show that a light was on in the bedroom where the marijuana was found or that there was sufficient light from other areas to reveal to her, as she sat in the hall, the controlled substance and related paraphernalia. She argues that the evidence shows that the baby was on her lap and fails to show any suspicious acts or furtive gestures on her part, fails to show how long the marijuana had been in the room, and fails to establish how far from that room she was sitting when the officers conducted the search.
We do not agree with Susan's assessment of the evidence. The circumstantial evidence indicated that she and Richard were cotenants of the residence. The court could reasonably infer, as Susan's counsel conceded in oral argument before us, that the baby Susan held was hers. Accordingly, the court could reasonably conclude that the room containing the crib and "pampers" was used, at least in part, by or for the baby.
Although there was in evidence no measurement of the distance from Susan's stool to the bedroom where the marijuana was seized, Trooper Gwaltney testified that he saw the incriminating objects, which he described, on the floor of the bedroom as he stood in the hallway, and that an observer standing where Susan sat could have seen these objects. The inference is compelling that either the light was on in the bedroom or the room was illuminated by light from other sources.
There is no presumption of knowing or intentional possession of the marijuana from Susan's occupancy of the residence. Code § 18.2-250.1. Her occupancy of the premises as a cotenant, however, is a factor to be considered with other evidence in determining whether she had constructive possession. Gillis v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 298, 301, 208 S.E.2d 768, 770-71 (1974). Here, Susan, age 21, who had attended college for two years, was sitting outside the open door to a room in which substantial quantities of packaged marijuana and related paraphernalia were visible. The trial court could reasonably conclude that she was aware of the contents of the room and had stationed herself where she could exercise dominion and control over the marijuana.
The quantity of the controlled substance, the manner in which it was packaged, and the presence of paraphernalia used in the packaging process were sufficient to show an intent to distribute. See Dutton v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 762, 764-65, 263 S.E.2d 52, 54 (1980); Colbert v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 1, 4, 244 S.E.2d 748, 749 (1978); Hunter v. Commonwealth, 213 Va. 569, 570, 193 S.E.2d 779, 780 (1973). Therefore, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to support Susan's conviction for possessing marijuana with the intent to distribute it, and we will affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Affirmed.