Case Name: JSW STEEL LTD. and JSW Steel Coated Products Ltd., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and AK Steel Corp.; Steel Dynamics, Inc.; California Steel Indus., Inc.; ArcelorMittal USA LLC; and Nucor Corp., Defendant-Intervenors.
Court: United States Court of International Trade
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2018-05-09
Citations: 315 F. Supp. 3d 1379
Docket Number: Court No. 16–00165; Slip Op. 18–51
Parties: JSW STEEL LTD. and JSW Steel Coated Products Ltd., Plaintiffs,
v.
UNITED STATES, Defendant,
and
AK Steel Corp.; Steel Dynamics, Inc.; California Steel Indus., Inc.; ArcelorMittal USA LLC; and Nucor Corp., Defendant-Intervenors.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 3d
Volume: 315
Pages: 1379–1385

Head Matter:
JSW STEEL LTD. and JSW Steel Coated Products Ltd., Plaintiffs,
v.
UNITED STATES, Defendant,
and
AK Steel Corp.; Steel Dynamics, Inc.; California Steel Indus., Inc.; ArcelorMittal USA LLC; and Nucor Corp., Defendant-Intervenors.
Court No. 16-00165
Slip Op. 18-51
United States Court of International Trade.
Dated: May 9, 2018
Mark D. Davis, Davis & Leiman PC, and Irene Huei-min Chen, Chen Law Group LLC, of Washington, D.C., argued for plaintiffs. With them on the brief was Mark B. Lehnardt, Antidumping Defense Group LLC, of Washington, D.C.
Claudia Burke, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, and Nikki Kalbing, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C., argued for defendant. With them on the brief were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Elizabeth Speck, Senior Trial Counsel.
John W. Bohn, Schagrin Associates, of Washington, D.C., argued for defendant-intervenors. With him on the brief was Roger B. Schagrin, Schagrin Associates, of Washington, D.C.

Opinion:
Goldberg, Senior Judge:
This matter concerns the final determination issued by the Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or the "Department") in the countervailing duty ("CVD") investigation of certain corrosion-resistant steel products ("CORE") from India. Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products from India , 81 Fed. Reg. 35,323 (Dep't Commerce June 2, 2016) (" Final Determination "), and accompanying Issues & Decision Mem. ("I & D Mem."). Plaintiffs JSW Steel Limited and JSW Steel Coated Products Limited (collectively, "Plaintiffs" or "JSW"), contest Commerce's use of adverse facts available ("AFA") in connection with a JSW affiliate called JSW Steel (Salav) Limited ("Salav"). Because substantial evidence does not support Commerce's determination, the court remands for redetermination in accordance with this opinion and order.
BACKGROUND
Commerce initiated a CVD investigation into CORE from certain countries, including India, with a period of investigation ("POI") of calendar year 2014. Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products from the People's Republic of China, India, Italy, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan , 80 Fed. Reg. 37,223 (Dep't Commerce June 30, 2015) (initiation). JSW was selected as a mandatory respondent.
As part of its investigation, Commerce issued multiple questionnaires seeking information about JSW and certain affiliates. Questionnaire to the Gov't of India, P.R. 69 (July 31, 2015) ("First Questionnaire"); 1st Supp. Questionnaire from USDOC to JSW, P.R. 167 (Oct. 20, 2015) ("Second Questionnaire"); see JSW 2nd Supp. Questionnaire Response, P.R. 206 (Dec. 16, 2015) ("Third Questionnaire"). In its First Questionnaire, Commerce requested, in relevant part, that JSW "provide a complete questionnaire response for those affiliates where 'cross-ownership' exists" and "the cross-owned company supplies an input product to you that is primarily dedicated to the production of the subject merchandise." I & D Mem. cmt. 11. JSW provided full responses on behalf of itself and an affiliate named JSCPL, both producers of subject merchandise, and also on behalf of ARCL, a cross-owned producer of inputs to subject merchandise. Id. With its response to the initial questionnaire, JSW also provided a list of 55 affiliated companies, including Salav, and indicated why full questionnaire responses were not required for those companies. Affiliated Companies Resp. Ex. 1, P.R. 85 (Aug. 24, 2015). This document stated that Salav was "not in operation" during the POI. Id.
Commerce issued a supplemental questionnaire requesting, in relevant part, that JSW provide information concerning subsidies for any cross-owned companies that "supply any inputs to the production of CORE or to the production of other inputs to the production of CORE." Second Questionnaire; I & D Mem. cmt. 11. In response, JSW explained that no additional companies beyond ARCL fit this description.
Finally, in its second supplemental questionnaire, Commerce requested that JSW "revise [its] questionnaire response to cover subsidies received by all of [JSW's] Indian subsidiaries . or explain why [JSW] believes it is not necessary to report subsidies received by these other divisions." Third Questionnaire; I & D Mem. cmt. 11. Again, JSW responded that no additional companies were responsive to Commerce's questionnaire. In sum, the three questionnaires essentially sought information concerning those affiliates of JSW whose subsidies might be attributable to JSW in this CVD investigation.
Commerce then published its preliminary determination, calculating JSW's CVD rate at 2.85%. Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products from India , 80 Fed. Reg. 68,854 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 6, 2015) (prelim. determ.) (" Preliminary Determination "), and accompanying Issues & Decision Mem. After the Preliminary Determination , Commerce conducted an on-site verification at JSW. JSW Verification Report, P.R. 257 (Apr. 12, 2016). After Commerce arrived for verification, JSW informed Commerce that JSW had inadvertently and erroneously reported that Salav had not been operational during the POI. Id. at 5. On this basis, JSW had not discussed Salav or its subsidies in response to any of Commerce's questionnaires. However, JSW explained that, while Salav had in fact been operational for the final two months of the POI, questionnaire responses were still not required for Salav on the separate basis that Salav does not produce an input responsive to Commerce's questionnaires. JSW Case Br. 9-15, P.R. 264 (Apr. 21, 2016).
Commerce rejected JSW's representations about Salav as untimely "new factual information" that did not qualify as a "minor correction" and that Commerce was not obligated to verify. I & D Mem. cmt. 11. Commerce concluded that JSW had withheld requested information concerning Salav, thereby impeding Commerce's investigation. Id. On these same facts, Commerce also determined that JSW had not fully cooperated in the investigation, warranting the use of adverse facts available ("AFA"). Id.
Thereafter, Commerce issued its Final Determination , calculating JSW's final CVD rate at 29.46%, 81 Fed. Reg. at 35,324, 25.22% of which resulted from Commerce's use of AFA related to JSW's alleged failure to disclose requested information concerning Salav, I & D Mem. Sec. 5. Plaintiffs timely filed this action to contest the CVD rate and Commerce's determination that AFA was appropriate.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) and will sustain Commerce's countervailable subsidy determinations unless they are "unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law," 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).
DISCUSSION
I. Facts Available and Adverse Facts Available
Commerce "shall" fill gaps in the record using "the facts otherwise available"
("facts available") when a respondent: (A) "withholds information that has been requested by [Commerce]," (B) "fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission of the information or in the form or manner requested," (C) "significantly impedes a proceeding," or (D) "provides such information but the information cannot be verified." 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A)-(D).
Further, Commerce may use AFA, that is, it may select from the facts available in a manner adverse to the respondent, if the gap in the record was caused by the failure of the respondent to cooperate to the best of its ability. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). Thus, AFA is appropriate only when Commerce has first made a supported finding under § 1677e(a) that information is missing from the record for an enumerated reason, followed by a separate finding under § 1677e(b) that there has been a failure to cooperate.
II. Substantial Evidence Does Not Support Commerce's Use of Facts Available
The court finds that Commerce applied AFA without substantial evidence to support the required threshold finding that there was a gap in the record warranting the use of facts available. Commerce premised its use of facts available on two grounds: JSW withheld "requested information" about Salav, § 1677e(a)(2)(A), thereby impeding the proceedings, § 1677e(a)(2)(C). I & D Mem. cmt. 11. Quite simply, Commerce has failed to show that it requested information concerning Salav that was then withheld by JSW.
JSW admits that its initial representation-that Salav was not operational during the POI-was false. However, the operational status of JSW's various subsidiaries during the POI was not "requested information." Rather, Commerce requested, in relevant part, information concerning cross-owned companies which supply an input "that is primarily dedicated to the production" of CORE, see First Questionnaire, or is used in the production of an input to CORE, see Second Questionnaire. Therefore, whether JSW withheld requested information concerning Salav, as Commerce claims, is a function of whether evidence indicates that Salav supplied an input for the production of CORE or for the production of an input to CORE.
During verification, JSW informed Commerce that, during the final two months of the POI, Salav produced direct reduced iron, or DRI, and made a small shipment of DRI to JSW's Dolvi facility. JSW Verification Report 5. DRI is an input for a diverse range of products, including some products that, in turn, could be used in the production of CORE.
However, according to JSW, the Dolvi facility (i) is the only JSW facility capable of processing DRI, (ii) is incapable of producing subject merchandise, and (iii) did not send any inputs during the POI to Vijayanagar, the only JSW facility capable of producing subject merchandise. JSW Case Br. 13-15; Hearing Tr. 33-34, P.R. 277 (May 6, 2016); JSW Am. 56.2 Mot. for Summ. J. 28, ECF No. 48 (Apr. 28, 2017) ("JSW 56.2 Mot."). Additionally, JSW notes that "because Salav DRI was sent to Dolvi only at the very end of the POI, even some minuscule portion of that DRI was theoretically made into hot-rolled coil, which was in turned [sic ] rolled into cold-rolled coil, and then was eventually further converted by JSW Coated into CORE, that final manufacturing step would necessarily have taken place after the POI." See JSW 56.2 Mot. 28. Moreover, JSW asserts that Commerce can corroborate this information because Commerce verified JSW's responses regarding its production process. See JSW Case Br. 13-14. Thus, JSW reasons that, although DRI can generally be an input to products that are inputs to CORE, Salav did not supply-and could not have supplied-a relevant input at a relevant time. As a consequence, full questionnaire responses were not required for Salav.
Commerce does not point to any record evidence contradicting JSW's representations concerning Salav. Rather, Commerce insists that "JSW's belated assertion that [Salav]'s input should not be considered as primarily dedicated to subject merchandise is unsubstantiated" and "unreliable." I & D Mem. cmt. 11. But Commerce's refusal to verify, justified or otherwise, does not constitute "substantial evidence on the record." See Olympic Adhesives, Inc. v. United States , 899 F.2d 1565, 1574 (Fed. Cir. 1990) ("To show that [respondent]'s responses were incomplete, the [agency] would have to put forth at least some evidence" in support of that conclusion). If JSW is correct that Salav did not provide an input to subject merchandise or to a relevant downstream product, then JSW did not withhold requested information about Salav.
In arguing that information concerning Salav was in fact requested, Defendant, the United States, notes that "[i]t is not within the [sic ] JSW's discretion to determine what information Commerce needed for the investigation...." Def. Resp. to Pl. Mot. for J. on Agency R. 16, ECF No. 61 ("Def. Resp."). This proposition is true, but misplaced here. The dispute between the parties is not whether certain requested information is necessary. See, e.g. , Ansaldo Componenti, S.p.A v. United States , 10 CIT 28, 37, 628 F.Supp. 198, 205 (1986) (respondent was not entitled to withhold requested information on the basis that it believed the information "could not serve as a basis for Commerce's administrative review."). The essential dispute is whether the information was requested at all. In other words, while Commerce has latitude to request a wide range of information, it is only entitled to receive what it actually requests. See Olympic Adhesives, Inc. , 899 F.2d at 1572-75 ("[A] submitter need only provide complete answers to the questions presented in an information request.").
Defendant also insists that JSW's arguments concerning Salav are irrelevant because Commerce is not required to trace specific inputs into specific subject merchandise. But that is also not the issue. Rather, JSW's asserts that Salav-produced DRI could not have been a part of the production of any subject merchandise during the POI. Defendant has pointed to no specific evidence casting doubt on this assertion.
Citing past practice, Defendant goes one step further and argues that JSW should have interpreted the questionnaire to include an affiliate "even if the [affiliate's] inputs are not actually used [to produce subject merchandise] during a given period of investigation or review." Def. Resp. 19. While this may be Commerce's practice in ultimately attributing subsidies, the idea that Commerce requested such information from JSW in this proceeding is belied by the fact that Commerce permitted JSW to provide no questionnaire responses for certain companies-including, initially, Salav-on the basis that those companies were "not in operation" during the POI. See Affiliated Companies Response Ex. 1; JSW Verification Report 4. This would clearly be an inadequate response under Defendant's theory that the POI has no limiting effect on JSW's questionnaire responses.
Certainly JSW put Commerce in a predicament. The eleventh hour timing of JSW's correction concerning Salav made it difficult for Commerce to fully verify the new information. And on this basis, Commerce refused to verify JSW's representations concerning Salav. But the fact remains: the essence of JSW's belated assertion is that it never withheld "requested information" concerning Salav. Therefore, Commerce must point to something on the record to support its determination, under § 1677e(a), that in fact JSW withheld requested information. Adverse inferences are not record evidence. A desire to punish untimely corrections is not record evidence. Without substantial evidence that requested information was withheld, Commerce was not permitted to supplement the record with facts available under § 1677e(a). Consequently, Commerce was also not permitted to use AFA under § 1677e(b).
Because Commerce failed to support its use of facts available under § 1677e(a), the court does not reach the merits of Commerce's determination that JSW also failed to cooperate to the best of its ability per § 1677e(b). The court also does not reach the arguments raised by JSW as to the reasonableness of the CVD rate applied by Commerce.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
Commerce may have been entitled to refuse to verify the belated information concerning Salav. But that decision had consequences, namely, there is no record evidence to support Commerce's use of facts available. Commerce cannot cherry-pick those parts of JSW's correction that it hopes will support the application of AFA and reject the rest as untimely. The record is closed on Salav. Thus, on remand, Commerce must recalculate JSW's CVD rate without regard to Salav.
Upon consideration of all papers and proceedings herein, it is hereby:
ORDERED that the Final Determination is remanded to Commerce for redetermination in accordance with this Opinion and Order that is in all respects supported by substantial evidence, in accordance with law, and supported by adequate reasoning; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce shall recalculate JSW's CVD rate without regard to Salav or any subsidies Salav may have received; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce shall have ninety (90) days from the date of this Opinion and Order in which to file its remand redetermination, which shall comply with all directives in this Opinion and Order; that the Plaintiff and Defendant-Intervenor shall have thirty (30) days from the filing of the Remand Redetermination in which to file comments thereon; and that the Defendant shall have thirty (30) days from the filing of Plaintiff and Defendant-Intervenor's comments to file comments.
It is uncontested that cross-ownership exists between JSW and Salav.
Because common facts and arguments underlie JSW's alleged withholding and impeding, the court will combine its discussion of these two grounds.
Compare Ozdemir Boru San. v. Tic. Ltd. Sti. , 41 CIT -, -, 273 F.Supp.3d 1225, 1235 (2017) (sustaining Commerce's use of facts available and AFA in light of record evidence discovered at verification that, contrary to respondent's questionnaire responses, respondent "was eligible for, and did receive" a certain subsidy).