Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James David THORNBRUGH, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1993-10-18
Citations: 7 F.3d 1471
Docket Number: Nos. 89-5166, 89-5173
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James David THORNBRUGH, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before HOLLOWAY, BRIGHT, and SEYMOUR, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 7
Pages: 1471–1476

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. James David THORNBRUGH, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 89-5166, 89-5173.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
Oct. 18, 1993.
Vicki Mandell-King, Asst. Federal Public Defender (Michael G. Katz, Federal Public Defender, with her on the briefs), Denver, CO, for defendant-appellant, cross-appellee.
Kathryn H. Phillips, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Tony M. Graham, U.S. Atty., with her on the brief), Tulsa, OK, for plaintiff-appellee, cross-appellant.
Before HOLLOWAY, BRIGHT, and SEYMOUR, Circuit Judges.
The Honorable Myron H. Bright, United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.
James David Thornbrugh was convicted of three counts of armed bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) & (d) (1988), and three related counts of possession of firearms during the commission of a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (1988). The district court sentenced Thornbrugh as a career offender on the robbery counts. Based on Thornbrugh's total offense level of 34 and his criminal history level of VI, the court determined the resulting guideline range for the robbery counts to be 262 to 327 months. With respect to the gun charges, the court held section 924(c) to require a mandatory five year sentence on one count and mandatory twenty year consecutive sentences on each of the other two counts, for a total of forty-five years in addition to the sentence to be imposed on the robbery counts. When added to the guideline range of 262 to 327 months for the robbery counts, the additional forty-five years produced a possible range of 802 to 867 months. The district court departed downward from the range applicable to the robbery counts, imposing only three months for the three robberies in addition to the forty-five year sentence on the section 924(c) counts for a total of 543 months imprisonment.
Thornbrugh appealed his convictions and his sentences. The government cross appealed, challenging the court's decision to depart downward. We affirmed Thorn-brugh's conviction, United States v. Thombrugh, 962 F.2d 1438 (10th Cir.1992), but held in a separate en banc opinion that his sentence was improperly enhanced under section 924(c) and remanded for resentenc-ing, United States v. Abreu, 962 F.2d 1447 (10th Cir.1992) (en bane). In light of our decision that resentencing was necessary, we did not address the government's cross appeal. See Thornbrugh, 962 F.2d at 1441, n. 1.
The Supreme Court subsequently construed section 924(c)(1) and rejected the rationale upon which our en banc determination in Abreu was based. See Deal v. United States, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 1993, 124 L.Ed.2d 44 (1993). The Court vacated our judgment in Abreu and remanded for further consideration in light of Deal. United States v. Abreu, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 2405, 124 L.Ed.2d 630 (1993). In a published opinion filed recently, the en banc court concluded that Deal is dispositive of the section 924(c)(1) issue. See United States v. Abreu, 997 F.2d 825 (10th Cir.1993) (en banc). Accordingly, the court withdrew the mandate and affirmed Thornbrugh's enhanced sentences under section 924(c)(1). We must now address the government's challenge to the downward departure on Thornbrugh's robbery sentences.
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, pursuant to which the sentencing guidelines were promulgated, provides:
The court shall impose a sentence of the kind, and within the range, referred to in [the sentencing guidelines in effect when the defendant is sentenced] unless the court finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a sentence different from that described.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) (1988). When a sentencing court invokes an invalid ground in deciding to depart, the resulting sentence constitutes an incorrect application of the guidelines which the court of appeals may review under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f) (1988). See Williams v. United States, — U.S. -, -, 112 S.Ct. 1112, 1118-19, 117 L.Ed.2d 341 (1992). "[I]t is an incorrect application of the Guidelines for a district court to depart from the applicable sentencing range based on a factor that the Commission has already fully considered in establishing the guideline range or . on a factor that the Commission has expressly rejected as an appropriate ground for departure." Id. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 1119. "In determining whether a circumstance was adequately taken into consideration, the court shall consider only the sentencing guidelines, policy statements, and official commentary of the Sentencing Commission." 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b). We review de novo whether the district court relied on an improper factor in deciding to depart. See United States v. Maldonado-Campos, 920 F.2d 714, 719-20 (10th Cir.1990).
In this case, the district court explained its decision to depart as follows:
Concerning departure and what the Court conceives to be the mitigating factor here, the Court does not believe that the Sentencing Commission could adequately have considered the effect of the cumulative sentence of 45 years mandatory under Counts 4, 5 and 6 as said mandatory sentence relates to the minimum guideline range required in Counts 1, 2 and 3. The minimum range therein is 262 months. The defendant is 40 years of age with a life expectancy of approximately 35 years. While the facts herein and the offenses committed under which the defendant has been found guilty are very serious, the Court thinks a downward departure is justified in reference to the minimum guideline range of 262 months under Counts 1, 2 and 3. The effect of 924(c) in the finding of guilt of the defendant concerning Counts 4, 5 and 6 requires the Court to sentence the defendant to 45 years or a mandatory 540 months. The Court thinks departure is justified herein and will depart from the minimum guideline range as I've stated in reference to Counts 1, 2 and 3 by 259 months and hereby imposes a sentence, as I stated, of a total of 543 months.
The Court concludes that when all relevant factors herein are considered such as a reasonable sentence in light of the seriousness of the six counts of which the defendant was found guilty, in light of the defendant's prior history, and including the defendant's life expectancy. Of course, were it not for the mandatory cumulative effect of the 540 months relative to Counts 4, 5 and 6, the Court would not consider and would not be justified in the substantial downward departure of the 259 months relative to Counts 1, 2 and 3.
Transcript of Sentencing Hearing, Sept. 13, 1989, at 15-17. The court apparently departed downward because it believed the Commission had not adequately considered that a cumulative sentence comprising both enhanced punishment under section 924(c)(1) and punishment for the underlying crime could produce a total sentence in excess of a defendant's life expectancy.
We begin our review by pointing out that the guidelines generally reject age as a ground for departure.
Age (including youth) is not ordinarily relevant in determining whether a sentence should be outside the applicable guideline range. Age may be a reason to impose a sentence below the applicable guideline range when the defendant is elderly and infirm and where a form of punishment such as home confinement might be equally efficient as and less costly than incarceration.
U.S.S.G. § 5H1.1. We have interpreted this guideline to mean that age, without more, is an insufficient mitigating factor, although when considered with other factors it could be "germane." See United States v. Bowser, 941 F.2d 1019, 1024 (10th Cir.1991) (per curiam).
The court also relied on the cumulative effect of the lengthy enhanced sentences under section 924(c)(1) added to the sentences imposed on the underlying crimes. The guidelines and commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1, applicable to offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 2113, do not mention the effect of a mandatory consecutive enhancement under section 924(c)(1). However, the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, applicable to sentences under section 924(c)(1), cross-references section 2B3.1. The Sentencing Commission obviously considered the fact that a defendant would be subject to punishment under section 924(c) in addition to the sentence imposed for the underlying crime. See United States v. Foote, 898 F.2d 659, 666 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 838, 938, 111 S.Ct. 112, 342, 112 L.Ed.2d 81, 307 (1990).
In sum, the court in departing here relied on one factor which the guidelines expressly state is ordinarily inappropriate and one factor which has already been considered in formulating the guidelines. Although such factors might justify a departure if they are sufficiently unusual either in degree or in kind, see United States v. White, 893 F.2d 276, 278 (10th Cir.1990), those circumstances are not present here. Thornbrugh is a forty year old felon who robbed three banks with a gun. He is not the "atypical case" whose "conduct significantly differs from the norm." U.S.S.G. Ch. 1, Pt. A4(b). Moreover, the Supreme Court in Deal made plain its conclusion that Congress intended by section 924(c)(1) to effect the enormous cumulative increases in a single sentence when a bank robber uses firearms during a series of bank robberies. Congress itself made plain its intention in section 924(c)(1) that the mandatory firearms sentence be "in addition to the punishment provided for [the underlying] crime of violence." We must therefore conclude that the sentence imposed here was an incorrect application of the guidelines.
In so doing, we observe that the sentence the district court imposed in departing downward from the guidelines, which exceeded the defendant's life expectancy by approximately nine years, would appear sufficient to comply with the purposes of the Sentencing Reform Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We also point out that this court has expended scarce judicial resources in considering whether a sentence that will outlive a defendant is impermissibly low. In remanding for resentencing, we recognize that the district court will now have to expend its time and resources in imposing a sentence that will presumably extend even further beyond Mr. Thornbrugh's ability to complete it. Moreover, we are in sympathy with the compelling pragmatic considerations set out in the dissent. Nonetheless, we believe our holding is mandated by the construction of section 924(c) and the articulation of Congressional intent set out in Deal. We are not at liberty to substitute our judgment for that of the Supreme Court, Congress, the Sentencing Commission, or the United States Attorney.
Accordingly, we VACATE the sentences imposed by the district court on the section 2113 convictions and we REMAND for further proceedings.
. Thornbrugh filed a motion for clarification of our en banc order which we construe as a petition for rehearing to the panel and hereby grant. In his motion for clarification, Thornbrugh pointed out that upon remand for resentencing as directed by the en banc opinion in Abreu, the district court resentenced him to 262 months on the bank robbery counts, plus consecutive sixty months sentences on each of the section 924(c) convictions. Mr. Thornbrugh appealed that sentence in No. 92-5145, United States v. Thornbrugh. In a separate order entered herewith, the court has vacated that second sentence, 7 F.3d 1046 (Table) (10th Cir.1993).
In addition, the motion for clarification brought to our attention the fact that we had never disposed of the government's cross-appeal in the original appeal. We do so here.
. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(a) provides: "If the defendant, whether or not convicted of another crime, was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) or § 929(a), the term of imprisonment is that required by statute."