Case Name: MEDVERSANT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, Plaintiff v. LEVERAGE HEALTH SOLUTIONS, LLC, et al., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2015-07-20
Citations: 114 F. Supp. 3d 290
Docket Number: Civil Action No. 15-1057
Parties: MEDVERSANT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, Plaintiff v. LEVERAGE HEALTH SOLUTIONS, LLC, et al., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 3d
Volume: 114
Pages: 290–299

Head Matter:
MEDVERSANT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, Plaintiff v. LEVERAGE HEALTH SOLUTIONS, LLC, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action No. 15-1057.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
Signed July 20, 2015.
Carl W. Hittinger, Michael Roland Matthias, Teresa Carey Chow, Jeffry W. Duffy, Baker & Hostetler, L.L.P., Philadelphia, PA, Los Angeles, CA, for Plaintiff.
David R. Moffitt, Brittany McCabe, John F. Stoviak, Saul Ewing, L.L.P., Wayne, PA, Philadelphia, PA, Hallie Ritzu, Linda M. Doyle, McDermott Will & Emery, L.L.P., Chicago, IL, Melanie A. Le-ney, Montgomery, MC Cracken;' Walker and Rhoads, L.L.P., Cherry Hill, NJ, for Defendants.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM
EDUARDO C. ROBRENO, District Judge.
This case involves two actions between the same principal parties proceeding in two forums: one, in this Court — the instant action — and another, in arbitration. The issue before the Court is which parties and which claims belong in each of the forums.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A( The Parties
Plaintiff Medversant Technologies, LLC ("Medversant"), a. California LLC with its principal office in Los Angeles, Compl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 1, has been involved in the healthcare provider credentialing industry since 1999. Id. ¶ 19. Credentialing generally refers to the "process used to evaluate the qualifications and practice history of healthcare providers" according to "standards established by states, regulatory bodies, and independent non-profit accrediting organizations." Id. ¶ 18.
Medversant claims to have "revolutionized the industry by developing and patenting its automated web-based credentialing platform, which streamlines healthcare administration, decreases administrative waste, and increases valuable information flow within and outside [of] healthcare organizations to protect patient security." Id. ¶ 19.
Defendant Leverage Heálth' Solutions, LLC ("Leverage") is a Delaware — formed LLC with its principal place of business in Havertown, Pennsylvania. It "provide[s] business development services to companies such as Medversant that sell industry — specific technology and services to healthcare organizations." Id. ¶ 7.
In January of 2010, Leverage (then known as "The Lungen Group") entered into a Business Development and Marketing Agreement ("the Agreement") with Medversant to provide "business development and marketing consultant" services to Medversant. Id. ¶ 22. The Agreement contains an arbitration clause ("Arbitration Clause"). See David Moffitt Decl. Ex. 1, Agreement § 30 [hereinafter Agreement], ECFNo. 13-3.
In the course of the Medversant-Lever-age business relationship, according to Medversant, Leverage "gained comprehensive knowledge" of Medversant's trade, secrets relating to its eredentialing methods and technology. Compl ¶ 25.
In August of 2012, pursuant to the Agreement, Medversant directed Leverage — through its agents, Defendants Richard Lungen, Charles J. Falcone, and David Reilly (collectively with Leverage, "the Leverage Defendants") — to negotiate Medversant's purchase of Defendant Aperture Credentialing, LLC ("Aperture"), a eredentialing company with its principal place of business in Louisville, Kentucky, from its then-owner Optum. Id. ¶ 9, 26-28. Although "Medversant entrusted [the Leverage Defendants] with communicating with Optum . throughout 2013 about Medversant's anticipated purchase of Aperture," id/ ¶ 28, "Optum's communications about the intended sale of Aperture waned, and the sale . was never consummated," id. ¶ 29.
B. The Arbitration Proceedings
At some point over the course of their partnership, relations between Leverage and Medversant soured, to the extent that Medversant filed a demand for arbitration before the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") — pursuant to the Arbitration Clause of the Agreement — against Leverage on May 19, 2014 ("AAA Arbitration"). See Moffitt Decl. Ex. 3, Demand for Arbitration. In describing its claims to the AAA Administrator on June 16, 2014, Medversant stated, "[t]his matter involves claims by Medversant seeking damages for breach of the Agreement and for tort damages arising out of the negligent acts and omissions of [Leverage's] employees or agents in the performance of its responsibilities under the Agreement." Id. Ex. 4, Letter to AAA Administrator 1.
On October 14, 2014, Medversant filed an' expanded statement of claims in the pending AAA Arbitration proceeding. See id. Ex. 5, Expanded Statement of Claims. With this expanded statement, the claims asserted by Medversant in the AAA Arbitration now include, inter alia, breach -of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and breach of fiduciary duty constituting fraud. Id.
C. The Instant Action ,
In September of 2014, in the midst of the AAA Arbitration proceedings, Leverage itself acquired and began to operate. Aperture, see Compl. ¶8, 30-33-accord-•ing to Medversant — "in direct competition with Medversant," id. ¶33. Medversant did not learn of this acquisition until January- 2015. Id. ¶ 34. While Aperture had hitherto been "a poorly performing ere-dentialing business," it now advertises possession of "proprietary tools" and touts itself as the "nation's largest and most experienced healthcare provider credentialing company." Id. ¶ 37.
Medversant asserts that the acquisition constituted a breach of the Leverage Defendants' fiduciary obligations under the Agreement. It further alleges that Defendants have misappropriated its trade secrets in order to unfairly compete with Medversant "for certain clients desiring fully automated provider credentialing." Id. ¶ 38-39.
On March 2, 2015,'Medversant filed the instant Complaint, asserting claims of fraud (Count I) and tortious interference with contract (Count III) against the Leverage Defendants, and claims of unfair competition (Count II), misappropriation of trade secrets (Count IV), and, civil conspiracy (Count V) against all Defendants. Id ¶ 45-91. Medversant seeks compensatory, consequential, and punitive damages; reasonable attorneys' fees; and injunctive relief against Defendants.
On April 1, 2015, the Leverage Defendants filed a motion to compel arbitration of the claims pending in the instant action, seeking to require Medversant to litigate all of its claims against the Leverage Defendants in the AAA Arbitration proceedings now pending. ECF No. 13. Aperture then filed a motion to stay the instant case pending the completion of the AAA Arbitration proceedings between Medver-sant and the Leverage Defendants. ECF No. 11. Medversant filed responses to both motions, ECF Nos. 26, 28, and the Leverage Defendants moved for leave to file a reply brief, EOF No. 29. The motions are ripe for disposition,
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to compel arbitration is decided using the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss standard when "it is apparent, based on the face of a complaint, and documents relied upon in the complaint, that certain of a party's claims are subject to an enforceable arbitration clause." Guidotti v. Legal Helpers Debt Resolution, L.L.C., 716 F.3d 764, 776 (3d Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Questions of arbitrability are "undeniably . issue[s] for judicial determination." AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc'ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986). In determining whether to compel arbitration, the Court must answer two threshold questions: "(1) Did the parties seeking or resisting arbitration enter into a valid arbitration agreement? (2) Does the dispute between those parties fall within the language of the arbitration agreement?" John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Olick, 151 F.3d 132, 137 (3d Cir.1998). Unless both questions are answered in the affirmative, arbitration will not be compelled.
As to the second question of whether a dispute falls within the scope of an arbitration clause, the Supreme Court has declared that there is a "liberal federal policy favoring' arbitration," AT & T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 131 S.Ct. 1740, 1745, 179 L.Ed.2d 742 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under the Federal Arbitration Act (the "FAA"), "any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration," Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). The Supreme Court has further stated that the "presumption of arbitrability" "is particularly applicable where the [arbitration] clause is . broad." AT & T Techs., 475 U.S. at 650, 106 S.Ct. 1415. "Cases holding that the arbitration clauses at issue are narrow have generally relied -on expressly limiting the scope of the clause to specific subject matter." United Steelworkers of Am., AFL-CIO-CLC v. Rohm & Haas Co., 522 F.3d 324, 331 (3d Cir.2008).
III. DISCUSSION
A. The Leverage Defendants' Motion to Compel Arbitration
The Leverage Defendants have moved for.' the Court tt> compel arbitration and dismiss the Complaint or; in the alternative, to dismiss Count I of the Complaint for failure to state a claim for fraud. Here, the parties do not dispute the validity of the Arbitration Clause — the first threshold question the Court must answer — and, in fact, Medversant has invoked said clause in it? pending AAA Arbitration proceedings with Leverage. Rather, Medversant contends that this .dispute does not fall within the- scope of the Arbitration Clause — which' goes -to the second threshold question the Court must decide.
The Third Circuit, in CardioNet, Inc. v. Cigna Health Corp., 751 F.3d 165 (3d Cir.2014), laid out. the analytical framework that a court should apply in determining the scope of an arbitration clause. The underlying district court case involved a suit between plaintiffs CardioNet, Inc., and LifeWatch Services, Inc. — providers of outpatient cardiac telemetry ("OCT") devices that allow physicians to monitor cardiac arrhythmias — and defendant insurance company CIGNA Health Corporation. CardioNet, Inc. v. Gigna Health Corp., 945 F.Supp.2d 620, 622 (E.D.Pa.2013) (Robreno, J.). In 2007, the plaintiffs' joined the defendant's provider network by entering into identical Administrative Service Agreements with the defendant, which set the rate at which .the defendant would reimburse the plaintiffs for certain "Covered Services." Id. The agreements contained an arbitration clause which stated that "[arbitration is the exclusive remedy" for "[disputes . regarding the performance- or interpretation of the Agreement." Id. at 625-26.
For several years, Defendant provided coverage for the OCT services offered by the .plaintiffs, finding that "there [wa]s sufficient evidence in the published peer reviewed literature supporting the use" of the plaintiffs' devices. Id. at 622 (internal quotation marks omitted). Then, in 2012, Defendant issued a "Physician Update" announcing that it would no longer cover the OCT devices "because they Were experimental,' investigational and unproven." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The plaintiffs filed suit against the defendant, alleging that because of the policy change, "OCT orders for CIGNA patients have virtually ceased, and orders for non-CIGNA patients have also been adversely [ajffected." Id. at 623.- In their complaint, the plaintiffs raised claims — both directly, on their own behalf, and derivatively, as assignees of certain patients who used their services — under, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), along with breach of contract claims, all related to the defendant's allegedly wrongful withdrawal of coverage. Id.
In response, the defendant moved to compel arbitration pursuant to the arbitration clause in the parties' agreement. The district court determined that the arbitration provision was broad, "therefore creating a presumption of arbitrability" that was applicable to the claims before the court regarding the defendant's withdrawal of coverage. Id. at 625-26. Accordingly, the district court granted the defendant's motion to compel arbitration. Id. at 628.
The Third Circuit reversed, however, reasoning that .(1) certain contractual language would be rendered "nugatory" without a narrowing circumscription of the arbitration clause,. CardioNet, 751 F.3d at 174, and that (2) "[t]he resolution of the[ ] claims [did] not require construction of, or even reference to, any provision in the Agreement," id at 175. Essentially, the Third Circuit viewed the district court's analysis .of the arbitration clause's scope as going beyond the narrow ambit of disputes "regarding the performance or interpretation of the Agreement." Id. at 174. The Third Circuit held that, because "the facts underpinning the[] . claims d[id] not concern the performance or interpretation of the parties' Agreement," the "claims f[e]ll outside the scope of the Agreement's arbitration' clause." Id. at 176.
Following CardioNet, it is now clear that "[i]n assessing whether a particular dispute falls within the scope of an arbitration clause," a court looks not to the labels or legal theories attached to the claims — as apparently the district court in CardioNet had done — but rather it must "focus[] On the factual underpinnings of the claim." Id. at 173 (second alteration in original). (quoting Medtronic AVE Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 247 F.3d 44, 55 (3rd Cir.2001)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In this case the Arbitration Clause states that "[a]ny disputes that arise between the parties with respect to the performance of this' agreement shall be submitted to arbitration by the American Arbitration Association." Agreement § 30. The crucial issue is, therefore, whether under CardioNet the facts underlying the parties' dispute relate "to the performance of this agreement." See CardioNet, 751 F.3d at 174-75.
The Complaint raises claims of fraud, unfair competition, tortious interference with contract, misappropriation of trade secrets, and civil conspiracy. Focusing on the factual underpinnings of this dispute and putting the legal theories aside, as required by CardioNet, it appears that Medversant's five claims for relief can essentially be reduced to two factual allegations: (1) Leverage was contractually-obligated to aid Medversant in acquiring Aperture, but instead fraudulently violated that obligation by acquiring Aperture itself without informing Medver-sant; . and (2) Leverage misappropriated Medversant's confidential trade secrets.
Although cast as tort claims, Medver-sant's claims are nevertheless within the scope of the Arbitration Clause, given that "the facts underpinning . [P]laintiff s claims" inextricably "relate to the performance" of the Agreement. Id. at 176. For instance,. Medversant's misappropriation claim is in substance a claim that Leverage breached the confidentiality and nondisclosure provisions in Paragraph 12 of the Agreement. That paragraph states that "information obtained by or provided to the other party in carrying out the Services provided for hereundér .-.. will be maintained in confidence by that party and that parties will not publish nor disclose to third persons nor otherwise make use of such confidential information." Agreement ¶ 12. In fact, the Complaint specifically refers to this confidentiality provision in the Agreement. Compl. ¶ 73. Focusing on the factual basis rather than - the legal theory behind Medversant's misappropriation claim, the scope of and the' alleged breach of. the confidentiality provision in the Agreement renders, this claim as a "dispute arising between the parties with respect to the- performance of this agreement." See CardioNet, 751 F.3d at 173.
Medversant also asserts that Medver-sant and Leverage contractually "agreed" that Leverage would "serve as Medver-sant's sales executive and take full responsibility for marketing and business development on Medversant's behalf," * Compl. ¶24 — a commitment that Medversant alleges was a fraudulent misrepresentation, given the Leverage Defendants' subsequent conduct. The facts underlying Med-versant's fraud claim in the Complaint arise out of an allegedly breached obligation to pursue an acquisition of Aperture on Leverage's behalf as Medversant's "business development and marketing consultant" under* the Agreement, See id. ¶ 22-25. Thus, this claim constitutes a "dispute arising between the parties with respect to the performance of this agreement." See CardioNet, 751 F.3d at 173.
The same can be said for Medversant's unlawful competition, tortious interference with contract, and civil conspiracy claims. Given that the Leverage Defendants would have been free to pursue Aperture themselves absent the Agreement (under which they were to pursue Aperture on behalf ¡of Medversant), their actions would not then have been potentially tortious. These allegedly wrongful acts each precisely mirror a corresponding contractual duty that Medversant avers the Leverage Defendants violated. Accordingly, these claims substantially depend upon and relate to "the performance" of the Agreement, for without it, Medversant could not allege that Leverage's conduct was fraudulent, tortiously interfering, unfairly competitive, or actionably conspiratorial. Id.
Because the Court finds that the FAA applies, and because the claims against Leverage fall within the .scope of the Arbitration Clause, the Court will grant the motion to compel arbitration.
B. Claims Against the Individual Defendants
The Third Circuit has stated that "arbitration agreements may be upheld against non-parties where the interests of such parties are directly related to, if not congruent with, those of a signatory." Pritzker v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 7 F.3d, 1110, 1122 (3d Cir.1993) (citation omitted).
According to the Complaint, Defendants Lungen and Falcone are Managing Members of Leverage, and Reilly is- Senior Operations Consultant at Leverage. Compl. ¶ 10-12. Even though these individual Defendants were not personal signatories to the Agreement, under Pritzker the Arbitration Clause applies to them because their interests are "directly related to" those of Leverage, 7 F.3d at 1122— which is borne out by the fact that Med-versant's claims against the individual Defendants are identical. to those raised against Leverage. Accordingly, the Court will grant the Leverage Defendants' motion to compel arbitration as to the individual Defendants as well.
C. Aperture's Motion to Stay
Aperture is not a party to the arbitration agreement. Nor is its interest in the outcome of the litigation "directly related" to the interest of Leverage. Id. Under these circumstances) Aperture has moved to stay the proceedings against it pending the resolution of the arbitration between Medversant and the Leverage Defendants. "[The] decision [to stay litigation] is one left to the district court . as a matter of its discretion to control its docket." Mendez v. Puerto Rican Int'l Cos., 553 F.3d 709, 712 (3d Cir.2009) (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp., 460 U.S. at 20 n. 23, 103 S.Ct. 927). In determining whether a stay should be granted, the Court "must weigh competing interests," Landis v. N. Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254-55, 57 S.Ct. 163, 81 L.Ed. 153 (1936), considering factors such as the risk of prejudice to the non-moving party,, potential hardship or inequity to the proponent of the stay, and interests in judicial economy and efficiency, see id.
The Court will exercise its discretion to stay the action against Aperture for at least three reasons.
First, this Court may stay a case "to abide the outcome of another [proceeding] which may substantially affect it or be dispositive of the issues," Bechtel Corp. v. Local 215, Laborers' Int'l Union of N. Am., AFL-CIO, 544 F.2d 1207, 1215 (3d Cir.1976)—which is of principal importance here, given the substantially overlapping claims against both Aperture and the Leverage Defendants, and the risk of inconsistent rulings. If the Leverage Defendants prevail in the AAA Arbitration proceedings, the claims against Aperture will be resolved; if Medversant prevails, it can at that time resume the instant case.to pursue its remaining claims against Aperture.
Second, a stay would not materially prejudice Medversant, since it could renew any remaining claims against Aperture upon the completion of the AAA Arbitration between Medversant and the Leverage Defendants.
And third, a stay would avoid unnecessarily duplicative efforts by the parties and would best serve the interests, of judicial economy and efficiency.
Therefore, the Court will grant Aperture's motion to stay thé* action pending the conclusion of the AAA Arbitration proceedings.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant the Leverage Defendants' motion to compel arbitration, and will grant Aperture's motion to stay pending the, conclusion of the AAA Arbitration proceedings between Medversant and the Leverage Defendants. An appropriate, order follows. ,
ORDER
AND NOW, this 20th day of July, 2015, for the reasons stated in this Court's memorandum dated July 20, 2015, it is hereby ORDERED that:
• Defendant Leverage's Motion to Compel Arbitration' and to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint (ECF No. 13) is GRANTED, and Plaintiff Medversant shall arbitrate its claims against Leverage, as well as against individual Defendants Richard Lungen, Charles Falcone, and David Reilly;
• Defendant Leverage's Motion for Leave to File a Reply Brief (ECF No. 29) is GRANTED; and
• Defendant Aperture's Motion to Stay (ECF No. 11) is GRANTED, and the matter will hereby be STAYED and placed in suspense UNTIL FURTHER ORDER of the Court.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. The facts are taken from the Complaint and from exhibits regarding the pending arbitration proceedings, and are viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion to compel arbitration-namely, the Plaintiff. See infra note 7.
.Section 4 of the Agreement states that the Agreement would terminate on January 31, 2015, provided thát other grounds for termi- • nation or default, including the following, do not arise:
(i) [Leverage] represents any other vendor competing with Medversant other than as agreed upon in writing by the parties[;]
(ii) [Leverage] violates the noncompete agreement contained in Section 13 of this Agreement^] [or] .
(iii) [Leverage] commits gross negligence, fraud or any civil or criminal act which results in Medversant liability[.] David Moffitt Decl. Ex. 1, Interim Business Development and Marketing Agreement § 4(a)(ii), ECF No. 13-3.
. Medversant claims that "throughout the course of [their] business relationship ., [the] Leverage [Defendants] . did not adequately perform [their] marketing and business development duties." Compl. ¶ 44.
. The Arbitration Clause states that "[a]ny disputes that arise between the parties with respect to the performance of this agreement shall be submitted to arbitration by the American Arbitration Association." Agreement § 30.
. Leverage filed counterclaims against Med-versant in the AAA Arbitration proceeding, alleging that Medversant unjustifiably stopped paying Leverage the monthly $15,000 commission required by the Agreement in May 2013, despite the fact that Leverage continued to provide marketing services to Medversant. See Moffitt Deck Ex: 9, Leverage Counterclaims ¶ 11, 18.
. Richard Lungen and Charles Falcone are managing members of Leverage, and David Reilly is Senior Operations Consultant at Leverage; Falcone and Reilly also became, respectively, Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President of Aperture. Compl. ¶ 10-'12.
. In the alternative, the Leverage -Defendants have moved to dismiss Plaintiff's fraud claim as insufficiently pled.
.' Although Aperture's brief specifically requested a stay only until the Court rules on the Leverage Defendants' motion to compel arbitration, see Aperture Mot. Stay 8, counsel for Aperture requested at the June 15, 2015, hearing on these motions that the matter be stayed pending the conclusion of the AAA Arbitration between Medversant and the Leverage Defendants. The Court will accept this latest and final representation of Aperture's position, and will so construe its motion to stay.
. When considering a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must "accept as true all allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom, and view them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." DeBenedictis v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 492 F.3d 209, 215 (3d Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).
. Because the Court will grant the Leverage Defendants' motion to compel arbitration, the Court need not consider Defendants alternative motion to dismiss the fraud claim.
.Although Medversant argues in its response that California law — rather than the FAA — controls in this case, see Pl.'s Resp. Mot. Compel 6, at the hearing regarding the motion to compel held on June 15, 2016, Medversant conceded that the FAA governs in this matter. Accordingly, the Court need not visit the parties' discussion regarding the applicability of the FAA.
., Rather, the Third Circuit pointed out that "the adjudication of [some of the plaintiffs'] claims depends on whether the Physician Update — a document completely distinct from the Agreement — is deceptive and misleading, and whether any deceptions therein caused a cognizable injury to the [plaintiffs]." Id. at 175.
. The claims Medversant has raised in arbitration are supported by a number of factual allegations that are similar to those set forth in the instant Complaint. For example, in the Expanded Statement of Claims it filed in the arbitration, Medversant 'alleges that "on repeated occasions [and] without permission of Medversant, [Leverage] disclosed confidential and proprietary information and systems of Medversant to actual and potential competitors of Medversant." Moffitt Decl. Ex. 5, Expanded Statement of Claims ¶ 3(b). Med-versant also asserts that despite Leverage's duties as "agent" and "fiduciary of Medver-sant," it "intentionally' . foster[ed] its-own interests over those of. Medversant, possibly with the intention of taking over Medversant, such as disclosing confidential information and systems of Medversant and disparaging Medversant in the healthcare community"— conduct that "constitute^] oppression, malice; and/or fraud on the part of Leverage." Id. ¶ 7, 10.
. The Court further notes that, at the hearing on these motions, counsel for Defendants Lungen, Falcone, and Reilly represented that said Defendants have each agreed to participate in arbitration between the Leverage Defendants and Medversant, should the Court so order.
. Upon the completion of the arbitration between Medversant and the above-mentioned Leverage Defendants, the Court will issue further scheduling orders to facilitate litigation of this matter between Medversant and Aperture, should the parties elect to so proceed at that time.