Case Name: Adam C. ELLIS, Appellant (Defendant Below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below)
Court: Supreme Court of Indiana
Jurisdiction: Indiana
Decision Date: 2000-10-18
Citations: 736 N.E.2d 731
Docket Number: No. 01S00-9910-CR-632
Parties: Adam C. ELLIS, Appellant (Defendant Below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).
Judges: SULLIVAN and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
Reporter: North Eastern Reporter 2d
Volume: 736
Pages: 731–741

Head Matter:
Adam C. ELLIS, Appellant (Defendant Below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).
No. 01S00-9910-CR-632.
Supreme Court of Indiana.
Oct. 18, 2000.
Donald C. Swanson, Jr., Fort Wayne, Indiana, Attorney for Appellant.
Karen M. Freeman-Wilson, Attorney General of Indiana, Arthur Thaddeus Perry, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, Indiana, Attorneys for Appellee.

Opinion:
SHEPARD, Chief Justice.
Appellant Adam C. Ellis appeals his conviction and sentence for murder, two counts of attempted murder, and burglary. He raises two issues in this direct appeal:
I. Whether the trial court properly refused Ellis' tendered instructions on reckless homicide and criminal recklessness, and
II. Whether the trial court erred when it imposed maximum sentences for the convictions and ordered them served consecutively.
Facts and Procedural History
On the evening of August 5, 1998, Ellis was at his parents' home with a friend, Chris Richardson. Ellis and Richardson played foosball and ate pizza. In anticipation of Ellis' wife coming over, Ellis told Richardson (who had been smoking marijuana) to leave for a while so that Ellis' wife would not complain about his company.
At 12:30 a.m., now August 6th, Angie Ellis arrived to pick up their son Alec. Ellis and Angie were married at the time, but separated. Angie was living at the home of her mother and stepfather. Ellis testified that when Angie arrived to pick up Alec she invited Ellis over to her parents' home to talk. Angie did not want to talk in front of Alec, who was still awake.
Ellis arrived at the home of Angie's parents and saw Angie on the couch kissing Matt Bebout. Ellis left and later returned carrying a .22 caliber handgun.
Ellis entered Angie's parents' home, dressed in all black, and approached Beb-out and Angie, who were still seated on the couch. He shot Bebout in the right cheek, and the bullet lodged in Bebout's neck. Ellis next shot Angie six times, killing her. Ellis then kicked in the bedroom door of Angie's stepfather, Curt Krauss, and shot him in the cheek and hand.
The jury found Ellis guilty of murder, two counts of attempted murder, and burglary. The trial court imposed consecutive sentences of sixty-five years for murder and fifty years for each attempted murder. It also ordered a concurrent twenty-year sentence for burglary. The sentence thus totaled 165 years.
I. Instructions on Criminal Recklessness and Reckless Homicide
Ellis first asserts that the trial court erred when it refused his tendered instructions on criminal recklessness and reckless homicide.
Ellis' argument fails because the trial court was not required to instruct the jury on lesser included offenses based upon the analysis set forth in Wright v. State, 658 N.E.2d 563 (Ind.1995).
In Wright, we indicated that a requested instruction for a lesser included offense of the crime charged should be given if the lesser included offense is either "inherently or factually" included in the crime charged, and if, based upon the evidence presented in the case, there existed a "serious evidentiary dispute about the element or elements distinguishing the greater from the lesser offense . [such that] a jury could conclude that the lesser offense was committed but not the greater...." Id. at 567.
Ellis asked the trial court to instruct the jury on reckless homicide as a lesser included offense of murder and criminal recklessness as a lesser included offense of attempted murder.
Reckless Homicide. Reckless homicide is an inherently included offense of murder. Wright, 658 N.E.2d at 567. The two charges are distinguished only by the lesser culpability required to prove reckless homicide. Id. The remaining question is whether this case presented a serious evidentiary dispute with respect to an element of murder such that a jury could have concluded that the lesser offense was committed but not the greater. Id.
Ellis contends that there was a serious evidentiary dispute regarding his intent based upon his assertion of an involuntary intoxication defense. He reasons that if the jury had determined that he did not have the requisite intent to commit murder, then the jury could have instead concluded that he committed reckless homicide.
Ellis' logic confuses the function of an involuntary intoxication defense.
Involuntary intoxication is a defense to the crime charged if, as a result of the intoxication, the defendant was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of the conduct at the time of the offense. An involuntary intoxication defense disputes the existence of intent. If successful, this defense would negate culpability for any offenses Ellis committed.
This defense does not simultaneously establish the existence of reckless conduct. Rather, a claim that a person acted "recklessly" requires showing that "he engage[d] in the conduct in plain, conscious, and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might result and the disregard involved a substantial deviation from acceptable standards of conduct." Ind.Code Ann. § 35-41-2-2 (West 1998). Therefore, to warrant a jury finding of reckless homicide, Ellis must demonstrate that he acted recklessly.
Consequently, a mere assertion of an involuntary intoxication defense does not create a serious evidentiary dispute such that a jury could conclude Ellis did not commit murder, but instead committed the lesser included offense of reckless homicide. The trial court did not err by refusing to instruct the jury on reckless homicide because no serious evidentiary dispute existed.
Criminal Recklessness. We have consistently held that criminal recklessness is not an inherently included offense of attempted murder. Wilson v. State, 697 N.E.2d 466, 477 (Ind.1998). As for whether criminal recklessness is a factually included offense of attempted murder, Wright, 658 N.E.2d at 567, the answer may be discerned from the charging information.
The attempted murder counts, Count II and Count III, of the charging information stated:
Ellis did attempt to commit the crime of Murder by knowingly or intentionally firing a deadly weapon at and against the person of [the victim], which conduct constituted a substantial step toward the commission of the crime of Murder, contrary to the form of the statutes in such cases made and provided by I.C. 35-41-5-1 and I.C. 35-42-1-1(1) and against the peace and dignity of the State of Indiana.
(R. at 46-47.) Because this charge did not include any element of reckless behavior, reckless homicide was not factually included in the crime charged. The trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on criminal recklessness because it was neither inherently nor factually included in the crime charged.
II. Was the Sentence Erroneous?
A. No Violation of Article I, Section 16. Ellis first argues that his 165-year sentence violates Article I, Section 16 of the Indiana Constitution, which states, "Cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense."
In a recent examination of the purpose and scope of Section 16, we stated, "The constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments proscribes atrocious or obsolete punishments and is aimed at the kind and form of the punishment, rather than the duration or amount." Dunlop, 724 N.E.2d 592, 597 (Ind.2000) (citing Ratliff v. Cohn, 693 N.E.2d 530, 542 (Ind.1998)). In Douglas v. State, we indicated that cruel and unusual punishment is that which "constitutes only purposeless and needless imposition of pain and suffering...." 481 N.E.2d 107, 112 (Ind.1985) (emphasis added). The 165-year sentence imposed upon Ellis does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
As for the proportionality clause in Section 16, our Dunlop opinion observed, "We will find a sentence not proportional 'only when a criminal penalty is not graduated and proportioned to the nature of an offense.' " 724 N.E.2d at 597 (quoting Conner v. State, 626 N.E.2d 803, 806 (Ind.1993) (citation omitted)).
The record clearly indicates that the trial judge considered the nature of the offense when he fashioned the sentence. (R. at 1165.) The 165-year sentence is not disproportional to the nature of the offenses committed.
B. Mitigating Factor Properly Omitted. Ellis next argues that the trial court erred when it failed to find his "relatively young" age a mitigating circumstance. (Appellant's Br. at 19.) Ellis was twenty-one years old when he committed the offenses.
The finding of mitigating factors is not mandatory; it rests within the discretion of the trial court. Wingett v. State, 640 N.E.2d 372, 373 (Ind.1994). A court is not obligated "to credit or weigh a possible mitigating circumstance as defendant suggests it should be credited or weighed." Archer v. State, 689 N.E.2d 678, 684 (Ind.1997). "Only when the trial court fails to find a significant mitigator that is clearly supported by the record is there a reasonable belief that it was improperly overlooked." Legue v. State, 688 N.E.2d 408, 411 (Ind.1997).
Focusing on chronological age is a common shorthand for measuring culpability, but for people in their teens and early twenties it is frequently not the end of the inquiry. There are both relatively old offenders who seem clueless and relatively young ones who appear hardened and purposeful. Ellis has not persuaded us that the trial,court abused its discretion in declining to give mitigating weight to the fact that he was twenty-one at the time of the crime. See, e.g., Johnson v. State, 725 N.E.2d 864, 868 (Ind.2000)(age of twenty does not compel finding of mitigation). Compare Trowbridge v. State, 717 N.E.2d 138, 149-50 (Ind.1999)(trial court abused its discretion in rejecting fourteen-year-old defendant's age as a mitigating factor).
C. Consecutive Sentence Exceeded Statutory Limitation. Ellis contends that the court erred in ordering consecutive maximum sentences for murder and two counts of attempted murder.
He relies on Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c), which states in part:
The court may order terms of imprisonment to be served consecutively even if the sentences are not imposed at the same time. However, except for crimes of violence, the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment, . to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct shall not exceed the presumptive sentence for a felony which is one (1) class of felony higher than the most serious of the felonies for which the person has been convicted.
"Crimes of violence" is a defined term, a straightforward list, including such crimes as murder and aggravated battery. It does not include attempted murder. Ind. Code Ann. § 35-50-l-2(a)(West 1998). Ellis therefore argues that this statutory limit applies to his two attempted murder convictions, such that the total sentence for his two attempted murders should not exceed the presumptive sentence for murder, fifty-five years (one felony class higher than attempted murder).
The State responds with two arguments. First, the State claims that the limitation of consecutive sentencing does not apply because a lesser included offense of attempted murder, i.e. aggravated battery, is specifically listed in the statute as a crime of violence.
In support of this argument, the State relies on Jackson v. State, 698 N.E.2d 809 (Ind.Ct.App.1998), in which the court determined that even if the crime charged, (there, as here, attempted murder) is not specifically listed in the statute, it may nevertheless be excluded from the sentencing limitation. Id. at 813-14. Relying on Johnson v. State, 464 N.E.2d 1309, 1311 (Ind.1984), the Jackson court decided that aggravated battery was a lesser included offense of attempted murder because the charging information contain[ed] all the essential elements necessary to convict the defendant of battery. Jackson, 698 N.E.2d at 813. Consequently, the Jackson court held, in light of the information and the evidence presented at trial, "the restrictions of the sentencing statute do not apply_" Id. at 814.
Our Johnson opinion seems ill-suited for this purpose. The issue in Johnson was whether aggravated battery could be a lesser included offense of attempted murder as part of its determination that a jury instruction stating the claim was proper. Johnson, 464 N.E.2d at 1310-11.
A better analysis of the consecutive sentencing statute appears in Ballard v. State, 715 N.E.2d 1276 (Ind.Ct.App.1999). In Ballard, the issue was whether battery as a class C felony was intended to be included as a crime of violence. Id. at 1279. In considering whether the statute was ambiguous and required interpretation, the court stated, "[T]he statute is clear. The legislature delineated the exact crimes by name and citation that were to be considered violent crimes." Id. at 1280. The court observed that if the legislature had intended to include other crimes, then the offense "would have appeared in [the] Indiana Code section." Id. We agree.
Second, the State argues that Ind.Code § 35-50-l-2(c) does not apply at all as long as any of the convictions for which Ellis received consecutive sentences was a crime of violence. This argument relies on Payne v. State, 688 N.E.2d 164 (Ind.1997).
In Payne, and in Greer v. State, 684 N.E.2d 1140 (Ind.1997), we examined a previous version of the statute in the course of determining whether various convictions fell within the sentencing limitation. The statute then in effect exempted "murder and felony convictions for which a person receives an enhanced penalty because the felony resulted in serious bodily injury" from the limitation. Payne, 688 N.E.2d at 165; Greer, 684 N.E.2d at 1141. We applied a multiple step process to facilitate this determination. The second step of inquiry questioned whether any of the consecutively sentenced convictions satisfied the statutory exemption. Payne, 688 N.E.2d at 166.
In Payne and Greer, the challenged consecutive sentences were either all covered by the limit or all not covered. Payne, 688 N.E.2d at 166; Greer, 684 N.E.2d at 1142-43. We therefore were not called upon to decide how the statute is applied when less than all of the crimes on which sentencing is being imputed are covered.
Construction of the statute is necessary because it involves some ambiguity as to whether the existence of one crime of violence is sufficient to exempt each of the consecutively sentenced convictions from the statutory limitation.
"[T]he rule of lenity requires that criminal statutes be strictly construed against the State." Walker v. State, 668 N.E.2d 243, 246 (Ind.1996)(citing Bond v. State, 515 N.E.2d 856, 857 (Ind.1987)). Adherence to this rule requires that we interpret the statute to exempt from the sentencing limitation (1) consecutive sentencing among crimes of violence, and (2) consecutive sentencing between a crime of violence and those that are not crimes of violence. However, the limitation should apply for consecutive sentences between and among those crimes that are not crimes of violence.
Therefore, the trial court erred when it ordered Ellis' sentences for the two counts of attempted murder to be served consecutively for a total term of 100 years. This portion of the sentence exceeded the statutory limitation. The limitation should have been fifty-five years for consecutive sentencing, i.e., the presumptive sentence for the felony one class higher than attempted murder.
The trial court did not err, however, by ordering the murder sentence served consecutively to the two counts of attempted murder without limitation. Therefore, Ellis may properly be sentenced for sixty-five years for murder, to be served consecutively with a fifty-five year sentence for the attempted murders, resulting in a total sentence of one hundred and twenty years.
Conclusion
We reverse the decision of the trial court in part and affirm in part, and remand for sentencing as indicated.
SULLIVAN and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
BOEHM, J., dissents in part with separate opinion in which DICKSON, J., concurs.
. Three weeks earlier, Ellis had taped steel wool and an empty two-liter plastic bottle to the barrel of the gun to create a silencer. (R. at 846-847.) Ellis does not recall shooting the weapon. (R. at 854.)
. Ellis' tendered instruction on criminal recklessness stated, in part:
Included in the crime of Attempt Murder, charged in this case, is the offense of Criminal Recklessness. Criminal Recklessness is defined as follows: A person who recklessly inflicts serious bodily injury on another person commits criminal recklessness, a Class D felony. However, the offense is a Class C felony if committed by means of a deadly weapon.
(R. at 124.)
The instruction on reckless homicide stated, in part: Included in the crime of Murder charged in this case is the offense of Reckless Homicide. Reckless Homicide is defined as follows: A person who recklessly kills another human being commits reckless homicide, a Class C felony. (R. at 128.)
.Indiana Code § 35-42-1-1 states that a person commits murder if he "knowingly or intentionally kills another human being." Indiana Code § 35-42-1-5 states "[a] person who recklessly kills another human being commits reckless homicide...."
. At trial, Ellis presented testimony that Richardson put two "hits" of LSD in Ellis' slice of pizza. (R. at 903.) Ellis also presented expert testimony explaining the effects of LSD intoxication. (R. at 979.) The expert characterized LSD intoxication as "an alteration of the senses and the emotions." (R. at 1001.) The expert stated that he believed "with medical probability that [Ellis] was in an LSD intoxicated state." (R. at 997.) Based upon this information, Ellis asserted an involuntary intoxication defense. (R. at 1095.)
. See Heyward v. State, 470 N.E.2d 63, 64 (Ind.1984) (finding a similar involuntary intoxication instruction, based upon previous versions of Ind.Code § 35-41-3-5 and 35-41-3-6(a), was correct).
. In Wilson v. State, we discussed a defendant's assertion, based upon an insanity defense, that there was a "serious evidentiary dispute" regarding his intent to commit murder. 697 N.E.2d 466, 474-75 (Ind.1998). We explained that his argument was misplaced because "[a]ny dispute raised by the insanity defense concerns whether a defendant had any culpable intent at all. The 'serious evidentiary dispute' called for by Wright is a dispute over which offense a defendant may have committed, the lesser or the greater." Id. at 475. Therefore, we held that because the mere assertion of an insanity defense did not create a "serious evidentiary dispute," the trial court did not err in refusing the defendant's instructions on reckless homicide. Id.
. Negating culpability would have been difficult, in light of Ellis' declared intention a few weeks earlier to kill Angie and any person that she dated, "because if he can't have her nobody can." (R. at 809-11.)
. Note, we do not hold that an involuntary intoxication defense precludes an instruction on reckless homicide. Rather, we hold that this defense, alone, does not establish the existence of a serious evidentiary dispute so as to allow a jury to conclude that reckless homicide was committed instead of murder.
. See Wilson, 697 N.E.2d at 477 (deciding, with respect to the analysis of a similar charge, that criminal recklessness was not factually a lesser included offense of the attempted murder).
. Ellis also argues that the sentence imposed by the trial court was cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. (Appellant's Br. at 19.) This claim is waived for failure to provide authority concerning any applicable principles and to make a separate argument as required by Ind. Appellate Rule 8.3(A)(7). Dunlop v. State, 724 N.E.2d 592, 600 n. 6 (Ind.2000)(citing Kindred v. State, 540 N.E.2d 1161, 1168 (Ind.1989)).
. In Clark v. State, 561 N.E.2d 759, 765 (Ind.1990), we noted that "courts are not at liberty to set aside a legislatively sanctioned penalty because it may seem too severe to the Court. [An][a]ppellant does nevertheless have a right to have the proportionality of his penalty reviewed under the Indiana Constitution."
.Aggravating factors included:
One, the gravity of the Defendant's committed crimes far out weighs his alleged good character and any prospect he may have had for rehabilitation. Two, the seriousness of the crimes committed by their varying nature invoke horror and repugnancy. Three, the extreme brutality with which the crimes were committed. Four, the testimony at trial shows two quotes, one, "He would kill her so that no one else could have her" [sic], second, "I will kill her and the guy she is with" [sic]. Following that, five, the intensive planning of the crimes, although very short in time, A. Changing into black clothes and gloves to commit the crimes, B. the silencer on the weapon, C. the shooting with the intent to kill two people other than Angie Ellis to eliminate possible witnesses, even kicking in the door to go into the bedroom to shoot Mr. Krauss, showed an intense planning and awareness of what he was doing. D. the shooting of Angie Ellis by firing not one bullet but six bullets into her body.
(R. at 1165-66.)
. The court found one mitigating factor, "that there is no prior criminal record." (R. at 1165.)
. This language has since been repealed and replaced with the list now at issue in this case.