Case Name: In the Matter of John H. Donohue, Respondent-Appellant, v. Arthur Cornelius, Jr., as Superintendent of the Division of State Police, Appellant-Respondent, and Frederick J. Penfold et al., Interveners-Appellants
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1966-06-09
Citations: 17 N.Y.2d 390
Docket Number: 
Parties: In the Matter of John H. Donohue, Respondent-Appellant, v. Arthur Cornelius, Jr., as Superintendent of the Division of State Police, Appellant-Respondent, and Frederick J. Penfold et al., Interveners-Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 17
Pages: 390–398

Head Matter:
In the Matter of John H. Donohue, Respondent-Appellant, v. Arthur Cornelius, Jr., as Superintendent of the Division of State Police, Appellant-Respondent, and Frederick J. Penfold et al., Interveners-Appellants.
Argued March 23, 1966;
decided June 9, 1966.
Louis J. Lefkowitz, Attorney-General (Herbert H. Smith, Ruth Kessler Toch and Walter J. Hogan of counsel), for appellant-respondent.
I. The use of a promotion examination with relative weights of 60% written, 20% oral and 20% training and experience, solely to determine the relative place of a candidate on the eligible list, was within the standards set forth by the Constitution (art. V, § 6). (Matter of Fitzgerald v. Conway, 275 App. Div. 205; Matter of Camfield v. Mealy, 288 N. Y. 149; Matter of Parser v. Krone, 23 A D 2d 516.) II. The content of the training and experience test was in the discretion of appellant Superintendent and unless arbitrary or capricious should not be disturbed by the court. (Matter of Pollak v. Conway, 276 App. Div. 435; Matter of Simone v. Conway, 284 App. Div. 95; Matter of Murray v. McNamara, 303 N. Y. 140.) III. The burden of proof to show illegality or unconstitutionality of the test prepared by the administrative officer is on petitioner who challenged it and not on appellant Superintendent Cornelius. (Matter of Cowen v. Reavy, 283 N. Y. 232; Matter of Barthelmess v. Cukor, 231 N. Y. 435; Matter of Andresen v. Rice, 277 N. Y. 271.) IV. Although the burden of proving illegality lies with petitioner Donohue, the presentation of the undisputed proof by appellant as to the reasons for the use of the service record rating test for training and experience amply justifies the use of the same by appellant Superintendent. (Matter of De Luca v. Gaffney, 282 App. Div. 607.) V. There was no basis for the declaration by Special Term of illegality of the examination for Lieutenant. There was no proof in the record. The modification by the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
John R. Davison for intervenors-appellants.
I. Two occurrences outside the record on this appeal have terminated this controversy. (Matter of Andresen v. Rice, 277 N. Y. 271; Doolittle v. Supervisors of Broome County, 18 N. Y. 155; Schieffelin v. Komfort, 212 N. Y. 520; St. Clair v. Yonkers Raceway, 13 N Y 2d 72; Matter of Adirondack League Club v. Board of Black Riv. Regulating List., 301 N. Y. 219; Matter of Lyon Co. v. Morris, 261 N. Y. 497.) II. Interveners have the rank of Sergeants as the result of a fair competitive promotional test of their qualifications. III. Special Term erred as matter of law in voiding the examination for Lieutenant and the appointments made thereunder.
John H. McCaddin for respondent-appellant.
I. The record at that time showing no proof or finding of any practical necessity which might validate appellant’s promulgation of a promotion regulation whereby the competitive element was diluted by the addition of subjective tests which were accorded an aggregate weight of 40, the constitutional mandate for competition, as implemented by holdings of this court, required Appellate Division reversal of the Supreme Court judgment approving appellant’s regulation. (Matter of Cowen v. Reavy, 283 N. Y. 232; Matter of Andresen v. Rice, 277 N. Y. 271; Matter of Barthelmess v. Cukor, 231 N. Y. 435; Matter of Sloat v. Board of Examiners, 274 N. Y. 367; Matter of Fink v. Finegan, 270 N. Y. 356; Matter of De Luca v. Gaffney, 282 App. Div. 607.) II. The papers on appeal conclusively support the findings of the Special Term, unanimously affirmed by the Appellate Division, that upon remission appellant failed to demonstrate any practical necessity for such a drastic solution of the competitive elements, nor was it shown that the qualities sought to be tested were essential for the position and objective testing techniques were not available. III. The stated objective of this proceeding from its inception on November' 20, 1963 has been nullification of the promotion regulation, article 10, in its entirety. That appellant unilaterally has chosen the strategy of defending but a portion thereof and a single Sergeant’s examination held thereunder should not be affirmed ás a sufficient ground for judicial denial of one half of the relief prayed by petitioner-respondent. IY. Both history and the record contradict appellant’s contention that his choice to promulgate and use the specially ordered service record rating for promotion- examination purposes was dictated by necessity and unavailability of any other rating system. A practical, largely objective system satisfactorily governed State Police competitive promotion examinations for six years prior to its arbitrary rescission and replacement by appellant’s first article 10. (Matter of De Luca v. Gaffney, 282 App. Div. 607.)
John J. Mooney for Department of Civil Service, amicus curiæ.
I. The use as a factor in the promotion examination for State Police Sergeant of service record ratings made pursuant to respondents’ regulations (art. 10) does not contravene section 6 of article Y of the State Constitution. (Matter of Andresen v. Rice, 277 N. Y. 271; Matter of Fitzgerald v. Conway, 275 App. Div. 205; Matter of Davier v. Reavy, 179 Misc. 425; Matter of Fink v. Finegan, 270 N. Y. 356; Matter of Sloat v. Board of Examiners, 274 N. Y. 367; Matter of Bridgman v. Kern, 257 App. Div. 420, 282 N. Y. 375.) II. The weight assigned to service record rating in the examination for State Police Sergeant is not excessive. (Matter of Parser v. Krone, 23 A D 2d 516.)
Arthur J. Harvey for Police Conference of New York, Inc., amicus curiæ.
I. Appellant having failed to show a “ practical necessity ’ ’ for article 10, the order of Special Term voiding the said article and proceedings thereunder should be affirmed. (Matter of Fink v. Finegan, 270 N. Y. 356; Matter of De Luca v. Gaffney, 282 App. Div. 607.) II. Respondent’s so-called proof was confusing and contradictory. (Matter of Andresen v. Rice, 277 N. Y. 271.) III. No precedent seems to exist in New York State for the use of oral examinations in a Sergeant’s promotion examination. IV. The fact that petitioner-respondent is no longer a New York State trooper is immaterial on this appeal. (Matter of Kornbluth v. Rice, 250 App. Div. 654.) V. Since the order and judgment declare article 10 null and void, it necessarily follows that Lieutenants’ examinations, as well as Sergeants’, or any appointments resulting therefrom are voided.

Opinion:
Keating, J.
A promotional examination for Sergeant of the State Police and article 10 of the Department Rules and Regulations under which the examination was held have been discarded as unconstitutional by the Appellate Division, Third Department. Cross appeals are before us.
By an order of May 6, 1965, in an article 78 proceeding, Special Term set aside in its entirety article 10, the examination for Sergeant, and also a promotion examination for Lieutenant which had not previously been argued. On appeal of this order to the Appellate Division, Frederick J. Penfold, a Sergeant, was permitted to intervene on his own behalf and on behalf of the 247 other Sergeants and 5 Lieutenants who had successfully passed the examinations in question and been promoted to their present positions. The Appellate Division sustained so much of the order of the Special Term Justice as annulled the examination for Sergeant but refused to pass on the examination for Lieutenant since the Police Superintendent had not yet had an opportunity to justify the degree of subjectivity in the examination.
In the view we take of the case, we find it unnecessary to reach the merits of the controversy, for we are of the opinion that the order should be reversed and the case dismissed on the ground that petitioner was not a party aggrieved and had no standing to maintain this article 78 proceeding.
It appears that after the Special Term Justice dismissed the original application, the promotion examination was held and was taken and passed "by petitioner. He thus became eligible for promotion to Sergeant. The examination against which he seeks relief has not injured him in any way because he passed it. Moreover, after he became eligible for promotion, charges were instituted against him for failure to obey a lawful command of a superior officer. As a result of these charges, he was found guilty of insubordination on May 29, 1964, and dismissed from the State Police. From these facts the intervenor has argued that petitioner was not a party aggrieved, had no right to maintain this proceeding, and that, even if the examinations were annulled, it would be of no benefit to him since he would be ineligible to take a new promotion examination.
Petitioner did not dispute these facts but, instead, asserted that he had a right as a private citizen and taxpayer to maintain the proceeding. The court below disposed of this by saying: " We find no merit in the intervenors' contention that petitioner's subsequent passing of the examination or dismissal from the Division of State Police rendered the case moot (e.g., Matter of Andresen v. Rice, 277 N. Y. 271, 281)." (24 A D 2d 794.)
The question, however, is governed by the recent case of St. Clair v. Yonkers Raceway (13 N Y 2d 72) and petitioner does not have a right as a citizen and taxpayer to bring this action.
There were, of course, many cases prior to St. Clair. As early as 1821, in a suit charging public officials with failing to properly supervise a lottery, Chief Judge Spencer reviewed the law: " I consider the point beyond all dispute, that for a misbehavior of an officer, in his office, either for misfeasance or nonfeasance, no one can maintain an action against him, unless he can show a special and particular damage to himself." (Butler v. Kent, 19 Johns. 223, 226.)
Thereafter, several cases, notably Doolittle v. Supervisors of Broome County (18 N. Y. 155), Schieffelin v. Komfort (212 N. Y. 520), and Bull v. Stichman (273 App. Div. 311, affd. 298 N. Y. 516), defined more clearly the requirement that a person may challenge the validity of a governmental act only if it affects his private rights.
' In Schieffelin, Judge Chase stated that it was not the intention of the people by the Constitution to confer upon the judicial branch general authority at the suit of a citizen as such to sit in review of the acts of other branches of government. The court could set aside such an act only in a controversy between litigants where it was sought to enforce personal rights —- as distinguished from rights in common with the great body of people — or to enjoin, redress or punish wrongs affecting the life, liberty or property of an individual litigant. Jurisdiction is not given to the courts as guardians of the rights of the people generally against illegal acts by the executive or legislature, but when a controversy arises between litigants, the court must then follow the Constitution and may incidentally pass upon an act of the executive or legislative branches while determining the individual rights of the parties.
In St. Glair we reconsidered the question of whether or not a citizen taxpayer has the right to challenge the validity of a statute duly passed by the Legislature. Our answer was that he did not: " Thus we have found anew that the rationale propounded in Doolittle v. Supervisors of Broome County (18 N. Y. 155) and Schieffelin v. Komfort (212 N. Y. 520) remains sound today. It seems to us proper ' that the courts of this state have denied the right of a citizen and taxpayer to bring before the court for review the acts of another department of government simply because he is one of many such citizens and taxpayers ' ". (13 N Y 2d, supra, p. 76.)
While it is true that St. Glair involved a challenge to a legislative act, not an executive act, and that St. Glair was a proceeding for declaratory judgment, not an article 78 proceeding, the rule of law with which we are dealing is too broad to be so easily distinguished. It is a rule of law designed to prevent the courts from giving judicial interpretations of legislative acts or executive rulings- in the absence of injury or threatened injury to one's personal rights. Since the petitioner in this action has demonstrated no personal injury suffered as a result of the acts complained of, and since he has made no showing to bring his case within the exception to the rule of practice under which this court on occasion decides questions which even though moot as between the parties affect the entire State or transactions of a similar character which are numerous and likely to arise with frequency, we are compelled to dismiss his action. (Matter of Adirondack League Club v. Board of Black Riv. Regulating Dist., 301 N. Y. 219.)
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, without costs, and the matter remitted to Special Term with directions to dismiss the petition on the ground that the issue is moot.
Chief Judges Desmond and Judges Fuld, Van Voobhis, Burke, Scileppi and Bergan concur.
Order reversed, without costs, and matter remitted to Special Term for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion herein.
In an article 78 proceeding brought by petitioner to review his dismissal, the Appellate Division has upheld the action of the Superintendent (Matter of Donohue v. New York State Police, 25 A D 2d 908).