Case Name: Francis v. Francis
Court: Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia
Jurisdiction: Virginia
Decision Date: 1879-01
Citations: 31 Gratt. 283
Docket Number: 
Parties: *Francis v. Francis.
Judges: 
Reporter: Virginia Reports
Volume: 72
Pages: 411–414

Head Matter:
*Francis v. Francis.
January Term, 1879,
Richmond.
1. Statutes — Legalizing Colored Marriages. — The act of February 27th, 1866, to legalize the. marriage of colored persons living together as husband and wife at the time the act was passed, includes and applies to colored persons so living together though they were born free.
2. Same — VY b.-i t Evidence of Marriage Necessary. — It is not necessary that there shall be evidence of an actual agreement to take each other as husband and wife, but the relation may be established by proof — by the acts, conduct and conversation of the parties.
3. Alimony — Death of Husband. — A certain sum monthly having been allowed as alimony to the wife, the husband appeals from the decree, and pending the appeal dies. The appellate court affirming the decree, the wife is entitled to the allowance up to the time of his death.
This was a suit in equity in the corporation court of the city of Norfolk, brought in July, 1872, by Emma Jane Francis against Robert Francis. The parties were colored persons, born free. The plaintiff in her bill alleged that in 1852 the defendant persuaded her to live with him as his wife; that she agreed to do so and moved into his house and put herself under his protection; that with his consent and by his instruction she adopted the name he bore, and by that name he recognized and introduced her to his friends as his wife. She lived with him constantly from 1852 until the 25th of November. 1868, during which time she bore him ten children, eight of whom are dead, leaving two, a boy of eleven years old, and a girl eight years of age, now living with and supported by plaintiff.
She further says that at the time when she went to live with the defendant, and during the whole time she *did live with him, up to the 25th of November, 1868, when the defendant left her, they had agreed and undertaken to occupy the relation of husband and wife, and were cohabiting l together as such at the time of the passage ! of an act entitled an act to amend and reenact the 14th section-of chapter 108 of the Code of Virginia for 1860, in regard to the register of marriages, and to legalize marriages of colored persons now cohabiting as man and wife, passed February, 1866.
See Harris v. Harris, 31 Gratt. 13 and note; 1 Min. Inst. (4th Fd.) 308, 309; 1 Min. Inst. (4th Fd.) 268; Smith v. Perry, 80 Va. 563.
She further states that on the 25th of November, 1868, the defendant, without any cause known to her, deserted and left her without means of support; and she is entirely dependent upon her own labor for her support and that of the children of herself and the defendant; that said defendant owns a considerable real estate, and is doing a business in the city from which he derives a large income; and she prays that the said Robert Francis may be required to make suitable provision for the support of herself and the said children during the pend-ency of this suit, and that the court may decree her a separate maintenance for herself and the children, and for general relief.
The defendant, Francis, demurred to the bill for want of equity, but the court overruled the demurrer. He then answered, denying all the allegations of the bill as to their ever agreeing, to live together as man and wife, and denied that he had ever consented to said relation between them.
A number of depositions were taken in the cause, which are sufficiently referred to in the opinion of Judge Staples. The evidence established to the satisfaction of the court below, and this court, the allegations of the bill, that the parties had lived together as husband and wife, and that this relation had been recognized by the defendant up to the year 1868.
The cause came on to be heard on the 11th of November, *1874, when the court being of opinion that the plaintiff, Emma Jane Francis, .and the defendant, Robert Francis, had undertaken and agreed to occupy the relation to each other of husband and wife, and were cohabiting together as such at the time of the passage of the act to legalize the marriage of colored persons cohabiting together as husband and wife, passed February, 1866, and are man and wife, decreed that a commissioner should ascertain and report the estate, both real and personal, and the fee simple and annual value thereof, owned and possessed by the said Robert Francis, including the income arising from his business, and also what would be a reasonable allowance per month as alimony for the. said Erfima Jane Francis.
The commissioner returned his report stating the real estate of the defendant, and the income from his business, and recommended twenty-five dollars a month as a proper allowance to the plaintiff to be paid by the defendant.
The cause came on to be further heard on the 14th of January, 1875, and there being no exception to the report of the commissioner it was confirmed, and the court decreed that the defendant should pay annually to the plaintiff $300, in monthly instalments of $2» each on the first day of each month. And thereupon Robert Francis obtained an appeal to this court. After the appeal the appellant died.
Baker and Walke, for the appellant.
Baker and Borland, for the appellee.

Opinion:
STAPLES, J.
This case brings before this court for the first time the question of the proper construction of an act passed February 27th 1866, "to legalize the marriage of colored persons." It is therein provided that *"where colored persons before the passage of this act shall have undertaken and agreed to occupy the relation to each other of husband and wife, and shall be cohabiting together as such at the time of its passage, whether the rites of marriage shall have been solemnized between them or not, they shall be deemed husband and wife, and be entitled to the rights and privileges, and subject to the duties dnd obligations of that relation in like manner as if they had been duly married by law, and all the children shall be deemed legitimate whether born before or after the passage of this act." Code of 1873, ch. 103, § 4, p. 941.
It is insisted that the parties to this suit, although they were colored persons, and living together as man and wife at the time of the passage of the act, - are not within the influence of its provisions, inasmuch as they were free before the war, and might have been lawfully married under the laws then in force; that the sole object of this legislation was to provide a remedy for persons emancipated by the wa'r, who, being slaves, could not legally contract the marriage relation, and who, from want of proper information, even after freedom acquired, might not understand the necessity and propriety of so doing.
It must be admitted there is great force in this reasoning. There is no doubt that the legislature, in adopting this provision, had reference mainly to slaves emancipated by the war. But it is impossible to say that this was the sole purpose of the act. The words include all "colored persons," no matter how or when their freedom was acquired. When the legislature has used words of a plain and positive import the courts cannot put upon them a construction which amounts to holding the legislature does not mean what it has actually expressed. Dwarris on Statutes, 181-4, 209. 204, 5 and 8; Floyd, trustee, v. Harding, 28 Gratt. 401.
*This very case, as will be hereafter seen, vindicates the wisdom and propriety of extending this provision to all classes of colored persons.
The next question is as to the character of proof requisite to show that the parties are within the statute. It has been very properly said it was not the intention of the legislature to force upon persons the relation of husband and wife against the consent of either. It must appear they have agreed to occupy that relation. The fact that they have so agreed is, however, not always susceptible of direct proof. The courts must, in many cases, infer it from the circumstances. It is not necessary that the parties shall have expressly agreed to live together as husband and wife. The agreement or understanding may be implied, as in other cases, from their conduct and declarations. In the present case there is no positive proof of an express agreement of the appellant and the appellee to occupy the relation to each other of husband and wife. But the circumstances tending to show an implied understanding of that sort are almost as satisfactory as the direct testimony of unimpeached witnesses to the fact. It appears that they lived together in the house of the appellant as early as the year 1852, and so continued down to November, 1868, when the appellant abandoned the appellee and intermarried with another woman. During that time the appellee gave birth to ten children — all of them by the appellant; never denied by him or questioned by any other person, so far, as the record discloses, until, in 1868, the appellant, as a pretext, no doubt, for his contemplated abandonment, raised a question as to the paternity of a son then eleven years of age. It further a-ppears that the appellant for many years prior to 1866 recognized the appellee as his wife, spoke of her as such to persons with whom he had dealings or with whom he was acquainted; the children were treated by him as his own; and in *every respect he conducted himself as if he had been the husband by the rites of matrimony duly solemnized. The mother and the sisters of the appellant visited the house and recognized them as husband and wife. One circumstance worthy of observation is that the appellee had been excluded from the Baptist church for some time previous to February, 1866, in consequence of her connection with the appellant. When the act. already adverted to was passed by the legislature legalizing that connection, as was supposed, the appellee was restored to the church, and thereafter recognized as a regular member in good standing. The appellant, when informed of this matter, merely said he was not yet married; but he continued to live with the appellee as his wife, so called her and uniformly recognized her throughout the years 1866-67 to November, .1868.. These facts are proved by eight or nine witnesses, and in a manner carrying entire conviction of the truth of the testimony.
The appellant, oh the other hand, has introduced two witnesses — neither his mother nor sisters, as might have been expected, nor even his neighbors and friends by whom he was surrounded. One of them is a white man. living at the time in the country, but who did business as a butcher in the same market with the appellant. All his information is derived from what the appellant told him at the market, and it is very apparent that much of the conversation occurred after the appellant had determined to abandon the appellee for the woman he wished to marry.
The difficulty with regard to both witnesses introduced by the appellant is that they prove too much, and most of their statements are in direct conflict with the well-established facts of the case. The appellant was examined as a witness in his own behalf. Without undertaking now to determine whether he is a competent witness, I think it is sufficient to say that no weight can be *attached to his testimony. He does not hesitate to make the most reckless assertions or denials, utterly inconsistent with his previous conduct for fifteen years and the whole tenor of the evidence. His deposition shows that he is either ignorant or regardless of the obligations of an oath. My opinion, therefore, is, that the circuit court did not err in holding that the appellee was, under the act of February, 1866, the lawful wife of the appellant at and after the passage of that act, and the appellant could no more release himself of the duties and obligations of that position by any act of his than he could if he had been legally united to the appellee by the rites of matrimony.
It seems, however, that since this appeal was taken the appellant has died, leaving a will, by which he devised his estate to his mother and an infant son, in whose names the appeal has been revived. The corporation court, by the decree of the 14th January, 1875, directed the appellant to pay annually to the appellee the sum of $300, in monthly instalments of $25, on the 1st day of each month, that sum being, in the opinion of the court, a sufficient maintenance and support for the appellee. The question is as to the effect of the death of the appellant upon this branch of this decree. Alimony is a proportion of the husband's estate allowed to the wife for her maintenance and support during the period of their separation, and only continues with their.joint lives. It ceases with the death of either of the parties. 2 Bishop on Marriage and Divorce, § 350. The death of the appellant, therefore, puts an end to the provision in favor of the appellee. It could not, however, affect her right to those instal-ments which, under the decree of the court, accrued before the death occurred. So far as these instalments are concerned, the affirmance by this court of the decree leaves the appellee in the same condition *as if no appeal had been taken. The record does not show the date of the appellant's death. The case must, therefore, be remanded to the corporation court of Norfolk with instructions to that court to ascertain the amount which had accrued at the death of the appellant, and so to modify its own decree as to require the payment of the same to the appellee out of the estate of the appellant.