Case Name: Franico SETIAWAN, Petitioner, v. Alberto GONZALES, Attorney General of the United States of America, Respondent
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2005-04-19
Citations: 128 F. App'x 873
Docket Number: No. 04-1051
Parties: Franico SETIAWAN, Petitioner, v. Alberto GONZALES, Attorney General of the United States of America, Respondent
Judges: 
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 128
Pages: 873–875

Head Matter:
Franico SETIAWAN, Petitioner, v. Alberto GONZALES, Attorney General of the United States of America, Respondent
No. 04-1051.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Submitted pursuant to LAR 34.1(a) March 29, 2005.
Decided April 19, 2005.
Alfonso Caprara, Philadelphia, PA, for Petitioner.
Richard M. Evans, Douglas E. Ginsburg, John D. Williams, Marshall T. Golding, United States Department of Justice, Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
Before ALITO, SMITH, and ROSENN, Circuit Judges.
(Amended pursuant to Rule 43(c), Fed. R.App. pro.).

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
PER CURIAM.
Franico Setiawan ("Setiawan"), a native and citizen of Indonesia, seeks review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals ("the BIA"). The BIA affirmed the Immigration Judge's denial of Setiawan's applications for asylum, withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"), and protection under the Convention Against Torture (the "Torture Convention"). Setiawan, a practicing Christian of Chinese descent, claims to have suffered past persecution and to fear future persecution because of his ethnicity and his religion. As we write for the parties only, we do not set out the facts. We conclude that the BIA's decision was supported by substantial evidence, and we deny Setiawan's petition.
I.
Because Setiawan does not raise any argument in his brief regarding the BIA's denial of protection under the Torture Convention beyond the conelusory statement that the BIA erred in denying protection, he has not preserved the issue for review. Lie v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530, 532, n. 1 (3d Cir.2005).
II.
We will affirm the BIA's decision that Setiawan was not eligible for asylum if there is substantial evidence to support it. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992). The administrative findings of fact supporting a final order of removal cannot be reversed unless the administrative record was such that "a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A)-(B).
An applicant for asylum bears the burden of establishing that he has suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a)-(b); Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 482 (3d Cir.2001). If an applicant cannot meet the standard for asylum, this Court may assume that the applicant cannot meet the higher standard for withholding of removal. Lukwago v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 182 (3d Cir.2003).
III.
To qualify for withholding of removal, an alien must show that if he returned to his country, it is more likely than not that his life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Senathirajah v. INS, 157 F.3d 210, 215 (3d Cir.1998). If an alien is able to establish past persecution, then it is presumed that his life or freedom would be threatened were he to return to his country. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i) (2004). "In order to establish eligibility for asylum on the basis of past persecution, an applicant must show (1) an inci dent, or incidents, that rise to the level of persecution; (2) that is on account of one of the statutorily-protected grounds; and (3) is committed by the government or forces the government is either unable or unwilling to control." Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 592 (3d Cir.2003) (quotations and citations omitted).
" '[Persecution' is an extreme concept that does not include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive." Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1243 (3d Cir. 1993); accord Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 961 (9th Cir.1996) (en banc) ("Persecution is an extreme concept, which ordinarily does not include '[discrimination on the basis of race or religion, as morally reprehensible as it may be.' " (alteration in original) (citation omitted)); see also Nelson v. INS, 232 F.3d 258, 263 (1st Cir.2000) ("To qualify as persecution, a person's experience must rise above unpleasantness, harassment, and even basic suffering.").
Setiawan alleges that he and his family suffered several violent attacks by street thugs in Indonesia, but the BIA's conclusion that these attacks did not rise to the level of persecution is supported by substantial evidence. Victims of discrimination and random violence of the sort Setia-wan alleges are not victims of persecution as legally defined; the harm is not of a sufficient degree. Moreover, the alleged attack by the "singing beggars" or "road singers" does not constitute persecution because it was not on account of a protected ground. On Setiawan's own telling, the thugs were seeking money, not seeking to harm Setiawan on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. There is no evidence that the road singers targeted Setiawan and his family because they were Indonesians of Chinese descent, or because they were Christians, or because they were on their way to church.
Finally, Setiawan offers no evidence in support of his claim that the State Department, major non-governmental organizations, and news agencies have reported "serious and increasing attacks on Christians in Indonesia." The riots in May of 1998 and the events that Setiawan witnessed were terrible. But he offers no evidence that these events were the norm before or since, much less that attacks on Christians or persons of Chinese descent are increasing in frequency or severity. Nor does he offer evidence that the Indonesian government is unable or unwilling to stop such attacks. See Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 592. Thus, there is insufficient evidence to compel the conclusion that there is a pattern or practice of persecuting persons similarly situated to Setiawan, and Setiawan cannot be relieved of the duty to demonstrate that he has been or would be individually targeted for persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(i)(A)-(B); Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84 (3d Cir.2001).
TV.
As Setiawan failed to establish his eligibility for asylum, he necessarily failed to meet the higher standard of eligibility for withholding of removal. See Lukwago, 329 F.3d at 182.
V.
For the reasons given above, we deny Setiawan's petition.