Case Name: Caroline Sue RAY v. Roy Thomas SELLERS and Wanda Sue Sellers
Court: Arkansas Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Arkansas
Decision Date: 2003-06-18
Citations: 82 Ark. App. 530
Docket Number: CA 02-981
Parties: Caroline Sue RAY v. Roy Thomas SELLERS and Wanda Sue Sellers
Judges: Bird, Griffen, and Roaf, JJ., agree.
Reporter: Arkansas Appellate Reports
Volume: 82
Pages: 530–539

Head Matter:
Caroline Sue RAY v. Roy Thomas SELLERS and Wanda Sue Sellers
CA 02-981
120 S.W.3d 134
Court of Appeals of Arkansas Divisions I and II
Opinion delivered June 18, 2003
Pamela Fisk, for appellant.
Keil & Goodson, by: John W. Goodson, for appellee.

Opinion:
Josephine Linker Hart, Judge.
Appellant, Caroline Sue Ray, appeals from the circuit court's decree of adoption, which terminated her parental rights to her minor daughter and granted the adoption of the child by appellees, Roy Thomas and Wanda Sue Sellers. Appellant argues in part that the circuit court erred in finding that her consent to the adoption was not required. We agree with appellant, and without addressing her other allegations of error, we reverse.
The facts are as follows: Appellant was incarcerated in the Arkansas prison system when, on April 23, 1999, she gave birth to her daughter. Appellee Wanda Sellers testified that after the child was two months old, she began caring for the child for two days every week. She further testified that the child lived with the child's grandmother for a month, lived with an aunt for two months, and then lived with her and her husband. Wanda Sellers admitted that when the child first began living with them, they did not expect to adopt her; she talked to appellant and understood that the child would be returned to appellant upon her release from prison. Appellee Roy Sellers likewise testified that when the child first came to live with them, it was his understanding that the child would live with appellant after she was released from prison.
On March 28, 2000, appellant became eligible for parole, and on April 4, 2000, appellees filed for guardianship of appellant's daughter. On June 6, 2000, appellant was released from the Arkansas prison, and according to appellees' petition for adoption, Wanda Sellers was appointed guardian on August 29, 2000. Wanda Sellers testified that she and her husband were allowed to set appellant's visitation with the child. She further testified that appellant could only visit her daughter once a month because of her parole requirements, and appellees allowed appellant to see her daughter once on Saturday and once on Sunday. Wanda Sellers did not allow appellant to be alone with the child for fear that appellant would take the child. Roy Sellers testified that even after obtaining the guardianship, he anticipated that the child would live with appellant upon termination of the guardianship.
Appellant remained out of prison until April 14, 2001, when she was arrested by Texas authorities. According to Wanda Sellers, it was her understanding that appellant had not done anything wrong when she was arrested, but she had been picked up because of a charge for which she had been serving time in Arkansas. According to appellant, she was arrested on a "premature release warrant." Wanda Sellers took the child to see appellant when appellant was first arrested.
While Wanda Sellers had placed a block on her telephone to preclude appellant from calling from the prison, she was contacted by appellant's friend about allowing appellant to see the child while appellant was in prison. However, because of her work schedule, she could not take the child to see appellant. Wanda Sellers also testified that the child had been receiving cards and letters from appellant after the petition for adoption, which was filed on January 15, 2002, and amended on January 24, 2002.
Wanda Sellers stated that appellant had contributed a maximum of $350 for the care of the child. She recognized, however, that appellant was unable to support the child while appellant was in prison, and she testified that when appellant was out of prison, she furnished clothes and shoes for the child and three $50 money orders.
In the decree of adoption, the circuit court found that the child had lived with a maternal aunt for approximately two months, a maternal grandmother for approximately one month, and with appellees for two years and nine months. The court noted that appellant, after she was paroled from the Arkansas prison, contributed less than $350 for the support of the child over a ten-month period. The court further observed that appellant had four and one-half years remaining on her prison sentence and would be able to apply for parole in 2004. The court concluded that the adoption was in the best interest of the child and that there had "not been substantial contact or contribution of support by the natural mother." The court consequently terminated appellant's parental rights and granted the adoption.
Arkansas Code Annotated § 9-9-207 (a) (2) (Repl. 2002) provides in pertinent part that
[cjonsent to adoption is not required of. . .[a] parent of a child in the custody of another, if the parent for a period of at least one (1) year has failed significantly without justifiable cause (i) to communicate with the child or (ii) to provide for the care and support of the child as required by law or judicial decree [.]
"Adoption statutes are strictly construed, and a person who wishes to adopt a child without the consent of the parent must prove that consent is unnecessary by clear and convincing evidence." In re Adoption of Lybrand, 329 Ark. 163, 169, 946 S.W.2d 946, 949 (1997). We review adoption proceedings de novo, and the trial court's decision will not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous, giving due regard to the opportunity and superior position of the trial court to determine the credibility of the witnesses. Vier v. Vier, 62 Ark. App. 89, 93, 968 S.W.2d 657, 659 (1998).
A failure to communicate without justifiable cause is one that is voluntary, willful, arbitrary, and without adequate excuse. In re Adoption of Lybrand, 329 Ark. at 169-70, 946 S.W.2d at 950. It is not required that a parent fail totally in these obligations in order to fail significantly within the meaning of the statutes. Id. at 170, 946 S.W.2d at 950. The one-year period after which a parent may lose the right to consent must accrue before the filing of the adoption petition, and the filing of the petition is the cutoff date. In re Adoption of K.F.H., 311 Ark. 416, 420, 844 S.W.2d 343, 345 (1993). The one-year requirement applies to any one-year period between the date of the child's birth and the date the petition for adoption was filed and is not limited to the year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petition. Id.
Here, the court concluded that there had "not been substantial contact or contribution of support by the natural mother." We conclude that the court's decision to grant the adoption was clearly erroneous, as there was no evidence that appellant's alleged failure to significantly communicate with her child or to provide for the care and support of her child was for a one-year period.
Appellees began caring for the child three months after her birth. Appellant was incarcerated until June 6, 2000. She remained out on parole for approximately ten months until April 14, 2001, at which point she was again incarcerated. There is no testimony regarding appellant's communication or lack thereof with her child during the first three months of the child's fife. Appellant did state that she had called her aunt because she was worried about the child and learned that her aunt had left the child with appellees. She then wrote to appellees and agreed to give them a power of attorney. Wanda Sellers testified that after they began caring for the child, appellant spoke with them regarding the care of the child. Further, appellees presented no testimony regarding whether appellant failed to maintain contact with the child during her second incarceration. The only testimony regarding appellant's communication with her child relates to the ten-month period during which she was not incarcerated, which is two months short of a one-year time period. Further, as for appellant's duty to provide for the care and support of the child, Wanda Sellers acknowledged that appellant was unable to support the child while she was incarcerated. And the ten-month period during which she could contribute financially to the child was two months short of the one-year period.
As we previously noted, adoption statutes are strictly construed, and a person who wishes to adopt a child without the consent of the parent must prove that consent is unnecessary by clear and convincing evidence. While the circuit court found that there had "not been substantial contact or contribution of support by the natural mother," the court did not specify the time period during which the contact or contribution failed to occur. From our review of the record, we cannot say that the evidence established that any period of non-contact or non-contribution lasted for the statutorily mandated one-year period. Given this lack of evidence, we conclude that the circuit court's decision to grant the adoption was clearly erroneous.
Reversed.
Bird, Griffen, and Roaf, JJ., agree.
Stroud, C.J., and Crabtree, J., dissent.
We note that this testimony is contradicted by (1) appellant's testimony that the child lived with her aunt for six or seven months; and by (2) appellees' verified amended petition for adoption in which appellees stated that the child had resided with them since October 1999.