Case Name: WILLIAM S. HOYT, Plaintiff, v. THE QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY, GEORGE L. KENT and others, Defendants; GEORGE L. KENT, Plaintiff, v. THE QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY and others, Defendants
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1879-02
Citations: 24 N.Y. Sup. Ct. 169
Docket Number: 
Parties: WILLIAM S. HOYT, Plaintiff, v. THE QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY, GEORGE L. KENT and others, Defendants. GEORGE L. KENT, Plaintiff, v. THE QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY and others, Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Supreme Court Reports (Hun)
Volume: 24
Pages: 169–188

Head Matter:
WILLIAM S. HOYT, Plaintiff, v. THE QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY, GEORGE L. KENT and others, Defendants. GEORGE L. KENT, Plaintiff, v. THE QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY and others, Defendants.
Corporation — right of, to issue preferred stock — who may object to
A corporation, was authorized by its charter to issue certificates of stock representing the value of their property, in such form and subject to such regulations as they might from time to time by their by-laws prescribe. The company bought property of the value of §10,000,000, and issued stock to that amount. Subsequently, February 24,1870, desiring to raise money, it was resolved at an annual meeting of stockholders, by the unnanimous vote of §75,658 shares, that certificates of stock, upon which five dollars per share should be paid within a time limited, should be preferred shares, and should be entitled- to interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum, to be paid annually out of the net earnings of the company, any surplus remaining to be divided pro rata among the holders of preferred and common stock.
In pursuance of this resolution the owners of 42,913 shares of common stock exchanged them for a corresponding number of preferred shares. Since April, 1870, the capital stock has been represented by such preferred shares and the balance of the shar.es.unexchanged of the common stock, and frequent transfers of both kinds of stock have been made, and such shares have been bought and sold in open market as common and preferred stock, the latter always at the higher price. The amount realized by the transfer of the common into the preferred shares was expended in the current expenses of the company
At the annual meeting of the stockholders, February 24, 1874, a resolution was passed authorizing the holders of the rest of the common stock to convert it, upon the payment of five dollars and interest from February 24, 1870, into preferred stock.
November 24, 1874, an action was brought by a stockholder against the company, and others, a majority of the board of directors and large owners of its common stock, in which it was decreed that the preferred stock issued under the resolution of Februai’y 24, 1870, was valid against the owners of the common stock who had assented to the preference or ratified the same, or became estopped by their acts from disputing it, and that as against such stockholders the company was bound to carry out the contract of preference. The judgmentalso restrained the issue of more preferred stock.
Prior to November 16, 1877, no action had been taken to restrain the issue of the prefex-red stock or have it declax'ed invalid, or prevent the carrying out of the contract of preference; nor previous to the stockholders’ meeting of February, 1874, was any written pretest or any serious objection made to said preferred stock.
November 16, 1877, an action was brought by the holder' of certain shares of common stock, asking that the preferred stock be adjudged to be void.
Held, that as to the parties representing the shares of stock voting in favor of the resolution giving the preference at the meeting of February 24, 1870, the preference was valid and binding.
That in respect to the holders of the balance of the common stock, their subsequent acquiescence deprived them of the right to object to such preference to the same extent that their previous assent thereto would have done.
That if such holders of the common stock had intended to raise any objections it was incumbent upon them to do so promptly, and not allow the public to deal in the preferred stock under the belief, engendered by their silence, that no objection would be made to its validity.
Though mere lapse of time will not show knowledge, yet where it would be inequitable under the circumstances of the case to allow a stockholder, after a great lapse of time, to set aside a transaction where money realized therefrom has been used by the company, it will be imputed to him.
Motion for a new trial on a case and exceptions. The case was beard by the court without a jury, and a decision rendered against the plaintiff, wbicb decision is hereinafter more fully set forth.
The plaintiff Hoyt brought the first of the above entitled actions in his own behalf, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, wbo might come in and contribute to tbe expenses of this suit, and make themselves parties thereto against tbe defendant and other holders of so-called preferred stock, to determine the rights of tbe stockholders, and to have the invalidity of tbe so-called preferred stock adjudged.
From the findings of the court it appeared that tbe defendant, tbe Quicksilver Mining Company, is a corporation created by an act of the Legislature of the State of New York, entitled “ an act to incorporate the Quicksilver Mining Company,” passed April 10, 1866. Pursuant to the second section of said act, the said company, at a meeting of its stockholders, duly held at the city of New York, on the 1st day of March, 1867, adopted certain by-laws, among which were the following:'
* * * # # * *
IV. Certificates of stock, amounting to $10,000,000, shall represent the value of the property of the corporation, and the capital stock shall be divided into 100,000 shares of $100 each.
V. The said certificate shall be in such form as shall be prescribed by the board of directors. * * * *
• XI. No dividend shall be made except from actual surplus profits, and these profits (except a reasonable reserve fund) shall be divided as often as once in six months. All dividends shall be payable at the office of the company in New York.
XIV. The directors may, from time to time, on the credit and responsibility of the company, borrow such sums of money as they may deem consistent with the interests of the company, and as a security for the repayment of such loans they shall have the authority to issue notes of the company, and to pledge or mortgage any shares of stock or other estate, personal or mixed, belonging to the company.
XVI. These by-laws may be altered, amended or repealed, at any regular or special meeting of stockholders, by a vote of a majority in interest of all the stockholders.
The capital stock authorized by the fourth by- aw was issued m one certificate to William Bond, president, and George J. Forest, treasurer of the Quicksilver Mining Company, of Pennsylvania, in payment for mining property purchased of the Pennsylvania company, and for the purpose of being distributed among the holders of the stock of that company, share for share. Said certificate was accordingly decomposed, and certificates were issued from time to time to the holders of stock of the Pennsylvania company, until at the closing of the books, prior to the annual meeting in February, 1870, only 14,864 shares remained unexchanged.
At the time of the passage of the amended by-laws and resolutions hereinafter mentioned, and the issue of certificates of preferred stock pursuant thereto, the said company was greatly embarrassed in its finances, and said measures were adopted as well to secure the means for carrying on the corporate business as also to provide for the payment of the interest on its mortgage debt, and of judgments to a large amount, which were being enforced against it, and after various other measures, and especially a third mortgage for $1,000,000 upon the property of the company had been tried and proved unsuccessful.
At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the company, held pursuant to notice as required by the by-laws, on the 4th Wednesday (24th) of February, 1870, the following amended by-laws and resolutions were adopted by a unanimous vote of 75,658 shares :
By-law IV. Certificates of stock amounting to $10,000,000 shall represent the value of the property of the corporation, and the capital stock shall be divided into 100,000 shares of $100 each. Certificates of stock upon which five dollars ($5) per share shall be paid shall be distinguished as preferred stock.
By-law XI. The preferred stock shall be entitled to interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum from the 1st of May, 1870, to be paid annually out of the net earnings of the company for each year. Should there remain a surplus of earnings after the payment of the said interest upon the preferred stock, then this surplus shall be divided pro rata among the holders of preferred and common stock in proportion to their several interests.
Resolved, That a preferred stock of the company be issued in shares of $100 each, and that the treasurer be directed to open books at the office of the company in the city of New York, and to receive subscriptions to said preferred stock. Such subscriptions shall be received, only from the holders of the common stock of the company, on their surrendering to the company common stock, and paying to the treasurer five dollars on each share of stock surrendered. The common stock so surrendered shall be canceled before the issue of the preferred stock, share for share.
Resolved, That the books for subscription to the preferred stock shall be closed by the board of directors, whenever the interests of the company, in their opinion, will be promoted by so doing.
Pursuant to the resolution passed by the stockholders and board of directors, the books for subscriptions to the preferred stock were opened on the 28th day of March, 1870, and closed upon the- 18th of April following, at 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Previous to the closing of the said books, owners of common stock to the amount of 42,913 shares, subscribed for a corresponding number of shares of preferred stock, and said subscribers to the preferred stock surrendered their said shares of common stock, and paid to the company the sum of five dollars on each share so surrendered, and in consideration thereof the company thereupon issued and delivered to such common stockholders certificates of shares of said preferred stock.
Since April, 1870, of the 100,000 shares of the capital stock of the company, 42,913 shares have been represented by certificates of preferred stock, and 57,087 shares have been represented by certificates of common stock, and said two forms of certificates have been issued and continue to be issued by the said company upon the surrender of like certificates for transfer. During the said period the entire capital stock of the company, both common and preferred, has been transferred, and the certificates thereupon surrendered and new certificates issued, corresponding to those surrendered.
Since May, 1870, the stock of the Quicksilver Mining Company has been regularly called at the stock exchange in the city of New York, and there openly bought and sold m the usual manner under two designations, viz. : “ Quicksilver Common ” and “Quicksilver Preferred,” and upon such sales the price of “ Quicksilver Preferred ” has always been in advance of “ Quicksilver Common,” and reports of such calls, purchases and sales of said stocks have been regularly made by the stock exchange and published in the daily papers in the city of New York
The sum of $214,565 realized from subscriptions to the preferred stock was appropriated by the company to the payment of Its current expenses, the interest on its mortgage debt and of judgments, for which the company was liable.
At the annual meeting of the stockholders in February, 1871, the report of the president was submitted, stating that the by-laws authorizing the preferred stock were adopted at the last annual meeting by a unanimous vote of 75,658 shares, giving a complete copy of such by-laws, with a detailed statement of the amount received for subscriptions to tbe preferred stock and tbe disbursement of tbe same.
At the annual meetings of tbe stockholders of tbe company, held on tbe 24th of February, 1874, tbe following preamble and resolutions were adopted by a vote of 68,274 shares in tbe affirmative to 2,500 in tbe negative :
“Whereas, at a meeting of tbe stockholders, beld February 24, 1870, a resolution was adopted giving tbe privilege of conversion into preferred stock to tbe holders of tbe common stock of tbe company, upon tbe payment of five dollars per share for each share of common stock so converted, and that tbe option of such conversion was duly closed by tbe directors on tbe eighteenth of April followmg, at which time 42,913 shares of preferred stock bad been issued as above provided.
“ And whereas, from tbe report of tbe president, submitted to this meeting, it seems desirable that previous to the payment of dividends tbe same privilege of conversion should be extended to tbe holders of tbe 57,087 shares of tbe common stock now outstanding, it is hereby
“ Resolved, That tbe company will issue its preferred stock to the holders of tbe common stock of tbe company, share for share, upon tbe surrender of such common stock, and tbe payment, at tbe time of issue, of five dollars, and interest from February 24, 1870, upon each share of stock so surrendered.
“ Resolved, That tbe common stock so exchanged shall be canceled previous to tbe issue of preferred stock, share for share.
“ Resolved, That tbe directors be hereby authorized at their option to close the books of tbe preferred stock for tbe purpose of this exchange whenever, in their judgment, tbe interest of tbe company will be promoted thereby, giving days’ notice .previous thereto.”
Previous to tbe commencement of tbe present suit, on or about the 16th day of November, 1877, no suit or legal proceeding of any kind was begun by any common stockholder to restrain the-issue of said preferred stock, or to have tbe same declared invalid, or to prevent tbe carrying out of tbe contract with tbe preferred stockholders ; nor previous to tbe said meeting of stockholders in February, 1874, was any written protest or statement made in. reference to the preferred stock, nor previous to that meeting was any serious or public objection to said preferred stock ever made, or any serious or public question as to its validity raised by any stockholder.
The Quicksilver Mining Company. has realized net earnings in each of the years since May 1, 1871, but neither the entire amount of such net earnings, nor their amount for any of the said years since May 1, 1871, has been definitely ascertained, nor can they be ascertained without an examination and statement of the accounts of said company, with direct reference to the determination of such amounts.
Previous to May 11, 1871, the defendant Kent was not a stockholder in the Quicksilver Mining Company. He was at the commencement of this action, and now is, the owner and holder of 2,500 shares of the preferred stock of said company, standing in his name upon its books, all of which was purchased by him at the New York stock exchange, in the usual maimer of purchases at said exchange, at various times between May 11, 1871, and February 17,1874. He purchased said stock, induced by and relying upon thé terms of the certificate of preferred stock, and without any knowledge of the actual consideration upon which the preferred stock was issued.
On or about the 24th day of November, 1874, an action was brought in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, by the said George L. Kent, as plaintiff, against the said Quicksilver Mining Company and certain others, being a majority of the board of directors of said company, and large owners of its common stock, as defendants, in which the said defendants all appeared and answered, and afterwards a trial and such proceedings were had that, by the judgment of said court, duly made and entered in the office of the clerk of the city and county of New York, on the 27th day of October, 1877, it was, among other things, ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said contract of preference made under the resolution adopted February 24, 1870, and the 42,913 shares of preferred stock issued thereunder, are valid and binding upon the said company, and upon all the stock which voted therefor, and all the other stock known as common, the holders and owners of which have subsequently assented to such preference, or in any way ratified the same, or become estopped by their acts, or omissions to act, from disputing the same; and that said company is bound to respect and carry out the said contract of preference, as against said stock voting therefor, or- subsequently assenting thereto, or ratifying the same according to the terms of said contract. The judgment recovered in the last mentioned action restrained the company from creating other preferred shares, and from paying any of its earnings on any newly issued preferred stock while the plaintiff continued to be the owner of common and preferred shares of its stock. (For the report of this case, see 12 Hun, 53.)
The plaintiff Hoyt was at the time of the commencement of the present action, and is now the owner and holder of 1,000 shares of the common stock of the Quicksilver Mining Company. He purchased said 1,000 shares of stock between October 11, 1877, and November 19, 1877, during the pendency of the suit of Kent v. The Quicksilver Mining Company, referred to in the pleadings in the action, and knew of the pendency of that suit, and of the relief sought by Kent therein. He had, prior to his purchase of said 1,000 shares of stock, been the owner and holder of preferred stock ; and about the time of his aforesaid purchase he sold said preferred stock. This action was commenced November 16, 1877, and by an amended summons and complaint the said Kent was made a party defendant on November 26, 1877. His said purchase of the 1,000 shares was made with the expectation and intention of asserting, in some manner and by the aid of legal proceedings, the rights now claimed by him.
The court found, as conclusions of law, that the contract- of preference authorized by the amended by-laws and resolutions adopted on the 24th of February, 1870, and contained in the certificates of preferred stock, was within the corporate powers of the Quicksilver Mining Company ; that the action of the Quicysilver Mining Company in adopting said by-laws and resolutions, and issuing said certificates, was a legitimate and proper exercise of its corporate power, as the same existed under its charter; that the contract of preference being within the corporate powers of the company, and in apparent pursuance of the authority conferred by its charter, is presumptively valid; and the same not having been objected to within a reasonable time and in a proper manner by any stockholder of the company is binding upon the company and its stockholders in favor of the defendant Kent, and all other holders of such preferred stock ; that the holders of the 75,658 shares of stock who voted in favor of said amended by-laws and resolutions thereby assented to and authorized the action of the company in making said contract of preference, and said contract is valid and binding as against all owners and holders of the stock so voted upon; that the stockholders of the Quicksilver Mining Company, by acquiescing in the action of the company in making said contract of preference, and appropriating the moneys realized therefrom, have assented to and ratified said contract, and the same is binding upon them by reason of such assent and ratification; that the defendant, George L. Kent, is entitled to judgment as prayed for in his answer; and the court directed a reference for the purpose of the accounting so prayed for.
George L. Kent, November 13, 1877, • commenced a second action in the Supreme Court, first judicial department, against the Quicksilver Mining Company, George D. F. Manice and other holders of the so-called “ common stock,” ostensibly to establish the affirmative rights of the preferred stockholders, and for an accounting and distribution of the net earnings, with preference in such distribution to the plaintiff and other preferred stockholders.
In the present action brought by Hoyt, the proceedings of Kent in his second suit were stayed, and he in turn applied for a stay against Hoyt. It was finally agreed that both actions be brought on for trial at the Special Term before Mr. Justice Barnard, and tried at the same time.
Thomas E. Stillman <& William Allen Buttler, for the plaintiff Hoyt.
The right of the plaintiff to maintain this equitable action, for the purpose of securing the relief demanded, and the power of the court to grant such relief, are well established. (Ang. &. Ames on Corp., §§ 391, 393; Dodger. Woolsey, 18 How. [U. S.], 331, and cases cited on page 341; Solomons v. Laing, 14 Jurist [Dec., 1850], 279; Coleman v. Eastern Counties Railway Co., 10 Beav., 1; Pearce v. Mad. and Ind. R. R. Co., 21 How., 441; Bloxam v. Met. Railway Co., L. R. 3 Ch. App., 343, note. The attempted creation by the Quicksilver Mining Company, in February, 1870, of a so-called “ preferred stock,” was unauthorized and illegal. (Ang. & Ames on Corp., § 393; 1 Lindley on Part, and Companies, 628; Livingston v. Lynch, 4 John. Ch., 573; Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co. v. Riche, L. R., 7 Eng. and I. App., 643; per Malin’s V. C; in Melhado v. Hamilton, 21 Week. Rep., 619; Hutton v. Bcarboro Cliff Co., 2 Drewry and Smales, 514, 521; and see opinion of Lord Ch. Westbury; 8. C., affirmed on appeal, 13 Week. Rep., 631; Brice’s Ultra Vires [Green’s ed.], page 147, note ; and see cases cited by Daniels, J., in Kent v. Quicksilver Mining Co., 19 Hun, 53.) The creation of the so-called “preferred stock’’ cannot be upheld as an exercise of the power of the corporation to borrow money on the pledge of its net earnings. (Taft v. Hartford Providence and Fishkill R. R. Co., 8 R. I., 310; Williston v. 'Mich. 8o. and FT. Ind. R. R., 13 Allen, 400; Jones v. Terre Haute and Altan R. R. Co., 57 N. Y., 196; Henry v. The Great Northern Railway Co., 1 DeGex. & J., 606, page 637.) The right of the plaintiff to maintain this action and to the relief sought thereby is not barred or affected by any assent, acquiescence or lapse of time. On the facts proved there ' is no question of laches or estoppel in the case. (Herman on Estopel, pages 415, 416, 419; Shapley v. Abbott, 42 N. Y., 443, pages 448, 449; Knettle v. Newcomb, 31 Barb., 169; N. F. and Oswego Midland R. R. Co. v. Van Horn, 57 N. Y., 373: Hutchins v. Hubbard, 34 id., 24; Coleman v. Eastern Counties Railway Co., 10 Beav., 1; Miranville\. Silverthorne, 48 Penn., 147; Mechanics' Bank v. N. F. and N. II. R. R. Co., 13 N. Y., 599; McCready v. Rumsey, 6 Duer, 574.)
George 8. Hamlin, Grosv. P. Lowrey and John II. Porter, for the plaintiff and defendant Kent.
By its charter the Quicksilver Miffing Company was invested with a general authority to create preferred stock. (Redf. on R. [3d ed., vol. 2], 208; Bates v. Androscoggin and Kennebec R., 49 Marne, 491; Bvansville, etc., Railway v. Bvansville, 15 Ind. Rep., 395; Ilazelhurst v. Savannah R. R., 43 Georgia, 53; Lockhart v. Van Alstyne, 31 Mich., 81.) The general authority conferred by the charter to create preferred stock, and the regularity of this issue created a presumption of validity upon which subsequent purchasers had a right to rely, and which in the present position of parties cannot be questioned. (The New York Firemen’sIns. Co. v. Sturges, 2 Cow., 664; Safford v. Wyckoff, 4 Hill, 442; Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. v. Perry, 3 Sand. Ch. R., 339; Same v. Clowes, 3 Corns., 470; Chatauqua County Bank v Bisley, 19 N. Y., 381; Willmarth v. Crawford, 10 Wend., 344.) Parties dealing with a corporation, are bound to see that transactions upon which they rely are within the apparent authority conferred by the charter, but they are not bound to look further. (Ritchie v. Ashbury R. Co., 9 Exch., 227; Royal British Bk. v. Turquand, 6 E. & B., 332; Totterdell v. The Fareham, etc., Co., Eng. Law Rep. [1 C. P.], 678; Commissioners of Hnm Co., Indiana, v. Aspinwall et al., 21 How. [U. S.], 545; Webb v. Herne Bay Commissioners, Law Rep. [5 Q. B.], 642.) The acquiescence of all the stockholders rendered absolute the presumption of validity. It worked a surrender of any right which they had to object to the preferred stock, and amounted to a ratification of the action of the company in ereatingit. (Cairncross v. Larimer, 7 Juris. [N. S.], 149; London Permanent Building Society, 17 W’kly Rep., 514; affirmed on App., 21 Law Times [N. S.], 8; Parish v. Wheeler, 22 N. Y., 494; Bissell v. Mich. South. R. R. Co., id., 258; Be Oroff v. Am. Linen Thread Co., 21 id., 124; Whitney Arms Co. v. Barlow, 63 id., 68; Ilazellmrst v. Savannah R. R. Co., 43. Ga., 53; Society for Savings v. City of New London, 29 Conn., 174; Fvans v. Smallcombe, Law Rep. [3 II. L.], 240; Sfflackman v. Fvans, id., 171; Richie v. Ashbury Co., Law Rep. [7 Eng. & Irish App.], 653; Phosphate of Lime Co. v. Green, Law Rep. [7 C. & P.], 43.)
Van Cotí <& Winslow, for the Quicksilver Mining Company.

Opinion:
Dykman, J.:
It is not necessary to decide whether the resolution of February 24, 1870, directing the issue of preferred stock is ultra vires or not. If all the shares had been voted on at the meeting which adopted it, and had voted in the affirmative, it would have been binding- on the company, and it follows that so far as the issue of the stock was sanctioned by the 75,658 shares voting for it, it is. to that extent valid and binding now. In respect to the holders, of the balance of the common stock, their subsequent acquiescence deprives them of the right to challenge the act, to the same extent, as their previous license would have done. If they intended to raise any objection it was incumbent on them to do so promptly, and not allow the public to deal in the preferred stock under the belief engendered by their silence and inaction that no objection would be made against its validity ; this they failed to do, and having remained silent when equity and good conscience required, them to speak, they ought not to be permitted now to object when, equity requires them to keep silent.
It is quite true that mere lapse of time will not show knowledge» of the issue of the stock in the remaining holders of the common stock, but under all the facts and circumstances of the case, such, knowledge must be imputed to them, and it would be inequitable to allow them after the great lapse of time to disturb the stock after the money raised by its sale has all been used for the benefit, of the company and cannot now be restored.
The judgment of the Special Term should be affirmed, with, costs.