Case Name: VALUE RENT-A-CAR, INC., Appellant, v. Colin GRACE, Sr., Appellee
Court: Florida District Court of Appeal
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 2001-03-14
Citations: 794 So. 2d 619
Docket Number: No. 2D00-2843
Parties: VALUE RENT-A-CAR, INC., Appellant, v. Colin GRACE, Sr., Appellee.
Judges: LENDERMAN, Associate Judge, concurs.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 794
Pages: 619–623

Head Matter:
VALUE RENT-A-CAR, INC., Appellant, v. Colin GRACE, Sr., Appellee.
No. 2D00-2843.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.
March 14, 2001.
Jeffrey D. Kottkamp of Henderson, Franklin, Starnes & Holt, Fort Myers, for Appellant.
Kenneth J. Sobel of Greenspoon, Marder, Hirschfeld, Rafkin, Ross & Berger, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for Appellee.

Opinion:
STRINGER, Judge.
Value Rent>-A-Car appeals the dismissal of its indemnity suit, with prejudice. Because the complaint in this case states a cause of action, we reverse.
On December 19, 1996, appellee, Cohn Grace, Sr., rented a vehicle from Value Rent-A-Car and executed a rental agreement which contained the following indemnification clause:
INDEMNIFICATION: I AGREE TO DEFEND, INDEMNIFY AND HOLD YOU HARMLESS FROM AND AGAINST ANY AND ALL CLAIMS, COSTS, DAMAGES, EXPENSES, FEES, FINES, PENALTIES, ATTORNEY FEES AND SPECIAL DAMAGES INCURRED BY YOU ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE OPERATION, POSSESSION AND/OR USE OF THE CAR, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY AND ALL CLAIMS, COSTS, DAMAGES, EXPENSES, FEES, FINES, PENALTIES, ATTORNEYS FEES AND SPECIAL DAMAGES TO THIRD PARTIES ARISING OUT OF THE OPERATION AND/OR USE OF THE CAR.
Two days after taking delivery of the car, Mr. Grace was involved in a collision which resulted in injuries to his son, Colin Grace, Jr., and to his wife, Karen Grace. Consequently, Karen Grace filed a personal injury action individually and as next friend of Colin Grace, Jr. The complaint named Value Rent-A-Car as a defendant and alleged its vicarious liability based on the dangerous instrumentality doctrine. Appellee, Colin Grace, Sr., was not party to the suit.
Value Rent-A-Car subsequently filed a complaint against Colin Grace, Sr., for contractual and common law indemnity. The two cases were consolidated for discovery purposes. Mr. Grace moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of action, alleging parental immunity which makes a parent immune from suit by an unemancipated minor for negligent and unintentional torts. Mr. Grace essentially argued that because his son could not sue him for injuries sustained in the collision, Value Rent-A-Car also could not maintain an action against him for damages payable to his son in connection with the accident. The trial court granted the motion on the authority of Ard v. Ard, 414 So.2d 1066 (Fla.1982), and Joseph v. Quest, 414 So.2d 1063 (Fla.1982). In Ard and Joseph, the supreme court held that parents are immune from suit by their children and can only be held liable to the extent of available liability coverage, provided the policy does not contain an exclusion for injuries caused by household or family members. Ard, 414 So.2d at 1067; Joseph, 414 So.2d at 1065. Because allegations of the complaint do not affirmatively and clearly show the applicability of parental immunity as an affirmative defense, we reverse. Vause v. Bay Med. Ctr., 687 So.2d 258, 261 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996).
This court reviews the trial court's decision granting a motion to dismiss de novo. Ruiz v. Brink's Home Sec., Inc., 777 So.2d 1062 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). On review of a trial court's order granting a motion to dismiss, this court may look only to the four corners of the complaint. Id. at 1064. An affirmative defense may serve as a basis for a motion to dismiss only if the defense appears within the four corners of the complaint. Randles v. Moore, 780 So.2d 158 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). However, "if the court is required to consider matters outside of the four corners of the complaint, then the cause is not subject to dismissal on the basis of [an] affirmative defense." Vause, 687 So.2d at 261.
The complaint in this case alleges that Mr. Grace agreed to indemnify Value Rent-A-Car pursuant to the terms of the rental agreement. Copies of the rental agreement, as well as the complaint in the underlying action, were attached to Value Rent-A-Car's complaint and were incorporated therein by reference. On its face this complaint states a cause of action for indemnity. Neither this complaint nor the complaint in the underlying action establish an absence of liability insurance available to Colin Grace, Sr. Establishing an absence of liability coverage would be necessary to prevail on the affirmative defense of parental immunity.
On appeal, Mr. Grace argues that based on Ard and Joseph, Value Rent-A-Car was obliged to plead the existence of liability coverage in its complaint in order to state a cause of action for indemnity. We disagree. If we adopted this reasoning, it could be extended to other causes of action creating the unreasonable burden of requiring plaintiffs to plead facts which would eliminate every affirmative defense available under law. Affirmative defenses and the existence of facts which have bearing on the viability of an action are best fleshed out in the litigation process by way of motions for summary judgment or judgment on the pleadings. Wilson v. News-Press Publishing, Co., 738 So.2d 1000, 1001-02 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999).
Reversed.
LENDERMAN, Associate Judge, concurs.
ALTENBERND, A.C.J., concurs specially.
. Our holding is based solely on the procedural posture of the case which precludes dismissal. As Judge Altenbernd suggests in his concurrence, we do not, and indeed need not, make a determination as to whether the doctrine of parental immunity would bar recovery under these facts.