Case Name: Schuster v. Dutchess County Mutual Insurance Co.
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1886-04-13
Citations: 1 N.Y. St. Rep. 415
Docket Number: 
Parties: Schuster v. Dutchess County Mutual Insurance Co.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York State Reporter
Volume: 1
Pages: 415–417

Head Matter:
Schuster v. Dutchess County Mutual Insurance Co.
(Court of Appeals,
Filed April 13, 1886.)
1 Insurance (fire)—Policy on different classes of property a severable contract—Effect of false statement as to one class.
Where, by the policy of insurance different classes of property are insured for separate and distinct amounts, such policy must be considered, not as a contract entire in itself, but as one which is severable, and in which tlie separate amounts specified may be distinguished, and a recovery had for one of them without regard to others.
2. Same—Statement as to ownership.
An untrue statement as to the ownership of real estate in such policy, not fraudulently made, would not defeat a recovery as to personal property insured thereby.
Appeal from general term New York supreme court, third department, affirming judgment for plaintiffs.
T. F. Bush, for appellant, Dutchess Co. Mut. Ins. Co.
Thornton A. Niven, for respondents, Phoebe Schuster and another.
See 19 Weekly Digest, 187. The action has been before the general term before (30 Hun, 222).

Opinion:
Miller, J.
In the case of Merrill v. Agricultural Ins. Co. (73 N. Y., 452), this court held that where, by a policy upon several separate and distinct classes or species of property, each of which is separately valued, the sum total of the valuations is insured on payment of a premium in gross, the contract is severable, and a breach of a condition avoiding the policy as to one of the items does not affect it as to the others; at least, when there is nothing in the terms, in the nature of the contract, or of the different subjects of the insurance, or in the surrounding circumstances, from which it can be inferred that the insurer would not have been likely to have assumed the risk on one or several of the subjects of the insurance, unless induced by the profit or advantage of having a risk upon all. In the case cited there was a separate insurance upon the buildings erected on the real estate, as well as upon the personal property. By the policy different classes of property were insured for separate and distinct amounts, and, under the case cited, it must be considered, not as a contract entire in itself, but as one which is severable, and in which the separate amounts specified may be distinguished, and a recovery had for one of them without regard to the others.
The same view of the question was taken in an elaborate opinion in the unreported case in this court of Heacock v. Saratoga Mutual Fire Insurance Co. In that case the policy insured the plaintiff on his woolen factory and on his machinery separately, and it appeared that the plaintiff had no title to the real estate, yet a recovery was had for the value of the machinery separately. The case is strikingly analogous to the one under consideration, and, taken in comiection with Merrill v. Agricultural Insurance Co., supra, appears to be conclusive upon the question presented. The alleged false representation here consisted in the statement made as to the ownership of the building insured, and while such representation rendered the policy void as to the real estate, and, if made with full knowledge of its falsity, might affect the entire policy, the facts connected with it were a proper subject for consideration in reference to the personal property which was-severed from the real estate, in determining whether a fraud was intended; and, in view of the authorities cited, it was a question for the jury to decide whether, under the circumstances, there was an intent to defraud, or whether the misrepresentations were made under a misapprehension as to ownership of the property.
The counsel for the appellant insists that the negotiation for this policy was vitiated by the false representation in the application, and no contract resulted from it, and we are referred to numerous authorities to sustain the position that a false representation of a material fact is sufficient to avoid a policy of insurance made on the faith of it, whether the false representation be by mistake or design; that such false representation, whether known to be untrue or not, defeats the policy under the contract of insurance contained in the same, and places a misrepresentation upon the same footing as a breach of warranty. There is no doubt as to the general application of the rule stated; but, as we have seen, the authorities cited make a distinction, and allow a severance between separate items of insurance on property in the same policy, and in such a case the rule referred to is not applicable.
It is claimed that a distinction exists between the case of Merrill v. Agricultural Insurance Co. and the one considered, but we are unable to perceive any difference between the two cases which prevents the application of the same principle to both of them. In the present case the insured, by their agent, misrepresented that they were the owners of the real estate, while in the case cited the insured placed an incumbrance on the property after the policy was issued; but the same principle applies to both cases, inasmuch as the amounts insured in the policies were severable. Nor can it, we think, be said that it was unnecessary to consider the question now presented in the case cited, and for that reason it is not in point.
The appellant's counsel also insists that any recovery by the plaintiffs is barred by the misrepresentation and false swearing in the proof of loss. This is claimed under the provision in the policy that "any misrepresentation or concealment or fraud or false swearing in any statement or affidavit in relation to loss or damage shall forfeit all claim by virtue of this policy, and shall be a full bar to all remedies upon the same." Upon the trial there was evidence tending to show that the plaintiffs supposed and believed they were the owners of the real estate, and that they made the affidavit accordingly. If this was done honestly and in good faith, while laboring under a mistake in law as to their ownership, there is no ground for claiming that the representation was fraudulent, and that it should prevent a recovery. This question, and all others as to the plaintiff's fraudulent intent, were submitted to the consideration of the jury, and as they found for the plaintiffs their verdict must be regarded as final and conclusive.
No error was committed by the court in refusing to charge, as requested, that if the jury believed from the evidence that Mr. Schuster made and swore to the proof of loss, and delivered it to the defendant, intending thereby to obtain from the defendant the amount of insurance upon the house, knowing that the insured were not the owners of it, such false proof of loss precluded a recovery by the plaintiffs. The court, upon the trial, charged generally that if there was fraud, not limiting it to the personal property, there could be no recovery ; thus presenting that question to the consideration of the jury. The request, as made, asked the court to charge that an untrue statement, not fraudulently made, as to the real estate, would defeat a recovery as to the personal. This would have established an erroneous rule for the guidance of the jury, and in refusing the request as made the court followed the decisions already cited.
The judgment should be affirmed.
All concur, except Rapallo, J., absent.