Case Name: George Bliss et al., as Executor, etc., App'lts, v. Charles B. Fosdick et al., Impleaded, etc., Resp'ts, and Hiram H. Fogg, et al., App'lts
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1895-04-11
Citations: 67 N.Y. St. Rep. 59
Docket Number: 
Parties: George Bliss et al., as Executor, etc., App’lts, v. Charles B. Fosdick et al., Impleaded, etc., Resp’ts, and Hiram H. Fogg, et al., App’lts.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York State Reporter
Volume: 67
Pages: 59–67

Head Matter:
George Bliss et al., as Executor, etc., App’lts, v. Charles B. Fosdick et al., Impleaded, etc., Resp’ts, and Hiram H. Fogg, et al., App’lts.
(Supreme Court, General Term, First Department,
Filed April 11, 1895.)
1. Gift — Causa mobtis.
A gift causa mortis can be revoked by the donor in his life time.
2. Will — Tbusts.
The evidence, read in the light of the circumstances surrounding the transaction, was held not to support the conclusion that testatrix intended to vest absolutely the title to the sharbs of stock in a trustee for the benefit of the corporations by the delivery of the list of names of the intended beneficiaries.
Appeal from judgment rendered in favor of some of the defendants.
This action was brought to determine the title to one thousand shares of the capital stock of the Gutta-Percha & Rubber Manufacturing Company. The appellants claim that the title is in the executors of Elizabeth Fogg, and the respondents assert that the title is in Charles B. Fosdick, as trustee. July 2,1888, Elizabeth Fogg executed her last will and testament, in which George Bliss, Henry Parish and Duncan Smith were nominated as executors. ■ After her making various bequests, she devised and bequeathed the remainder of her estate to Hi ram H. Fogg and John A. Phipps. On Novembers 12, 1890, the Gutta-Percha & Rubber Manufacturing Company issued a certificate (No. 31) to Elizabeth Fogg for 1,000 shares of the stock of that corporation. At some time prior to December 19, 1890, Mrs Fogg’s pastor, the Rev. Williams, handed to her a piece of paper, on which he had written the following:
“I desire to bequeath the one hundred thousand dollars, which
is now in the keeping of-, to the Young Women’s Christian
Association of New York City. This property is my private fortune, and not a part of my late husband’s estate; and I make this disposal thereof because I desire, of my own act, to make a gift to God’s poor.”
On the 19 th of December, 1890, Mrs. Fogg executed a transfer of said shares, printed on the back of certificate No. 31, of which transfer the following is a copy:
“For value received, I have bargained, sold, assigned, and transferred, by these presents, and do hereby sell, assign, and transfer,
to Charles B. Fosdick, the capital stock named in the within certificate; and I do hereby constitute and appoint Charles B. Fosdick my true and lawful attorney, irrevocably, for me, and in my name and stead, to use, to sell, assign, transfer, and set over all or any part of the said stock, and for that purpose to make and execute all necéssary acts of assignment and transfer to one or more persons, to substitute with like full power.
“(Signed) Elizabeth Fogg.
“Dated 19th December, 1890.
“Signed and acknowledged in the presence of Annie Julia Norton.”
This transfer was executed in the forenoon of the day of its date, at 359 Fifth avenue, and handed to Charles B. Fosdick. At this time Mrs. Fogg was confined to her bed by a sickness from which she did not recover. The witness to the transfer (Annie Julia Norton) was the attendant of Mrs. Fogg, her confidential friend,, and had the care of her from early in September, 1890, until her death, which occurred January 3, 1891. After receiving the transfer of the above-mentioned certificate, Mr. Fosdick went directly to the Fifth Avenue Safe-Deposit Company, where he hadi a conversation with George Montague, the president of that cor- ' poration, in which Mr. Fosdick told Mr. Montague of the purpose-of Mrs. Fogg to give the avails of this certificate to chartable corporations; and thereupon Mr. Montague wrote on a small-piece of paper, “The Training School for Nurses," “The Aged and Infirm Clergy Fund,” as two worthy charitable corporations, and handed the. memorandum to Mr. Fosdick, who, later in the day of December 19th, left it with Mrs. Fogg. The night of December 19th and 20th was wholly spent by Mrs. Fogg and Miss Norton in selecting charitable corporations among which the avails of the aforesaid shares of stock should be divided. After making several memorandum, Miss Norton wrote names of the corporations selected, aside from the names of the two corporations written by Mr. Montague, on a single piece of paper. Upon another piece of paper-she wrote the names, “ John Peterson, Carl his sister-in-law, Thomas Doran, Sallie Neilson, and a small breast-pin.” Miss Norton entered no sums opposite the names of these persons. December 20, 1890, at about 9 a. m., Mr. Fosdick called on Mrs. Fogg, having with him a writing which he devised, which had been copied by his. bookkeeper, and which Mrs. Fogg then signed, of which the following is a copy:
“New York, 20th Dec'r, 1890.
“Mr. Charles B. Fosdick — Dear Sir: I this day place in your individual possession, conveying to you, all my right, title, and interest in one thousand (1,000) shares stock óf the Gutta-Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company. From the proceeds thereof, I desire that you do appropriate the sum of one hundred thous- and dollars, in the name of Elizabeth Fogg, in sums of five thousand dollars each, to the various charity organizations of which a list is hereto annexed.
“Very truly yours,
Elizabeth Fogg.”
This paper has remained in the possession of Mr. Fosdick' since its execution. While Mr. Fosdick was in Mrs. Fogg’s room he received from some one (from whom does not appear) the memorandum written by George Montague, the paper on which Miss Norton had written the names of certain corporations, and the paper on which she had written the names, “John Peterson, Carl, his sister-in-law, Thomas Doran, Sallie Neilson, and a small breast-5in.” Mrs. Fogg occupied a room on the second floor of the house. ust as Fosdick was leaving the residence, he met Miss Norton, in the reception room, on the first floor, and handed to her the three pieces of paper and charged her to keep them safe, and thereafter she gave them to Mrs. Fogg. After Miss Norton received the three papers from Mr. Fosdick, he left the house and went to the Fifth Avenue Safe-Deposit Company, where he placed • the stock certificate and the transfer indorsed thereon in Mrs. Fogg’s private box, where, after her death, it was found by her executors. No consideration was received by Mrs. Fogg for the transfer, and the shares have not been transferred on the books of the GuttaPerch & Rubber Manufacturing Company. Later in the day of December 20, 1890, Miss Norton copied the names of the corporations from the two pieces of paper (one written by her the night before, and one written by Mr. Montague) onto the paper on which the Rev. Mr. Williams had written the words above quoted. The following is a copy of the new or transcribed list of corporations, which is known in this litigation as “Exhibit No. 3:”
“Exhibit No. 3.
“ I desire to bequeath the one hundred thousand
dollars which is now in the keeping of-to the
Young Women’s Christian Association of New York city. This property is my private fortune, and not a part of my late husband’s estate ; and I make this disposal thereof because I desire, of my own act, to make a gift to God’s poor.
“ Diet Kitchen, N. Y.
“ Training School for Nurses, N. Y.
“ Aged and Infirm Clerg. Fund, N. Y.
“No.” “St. John’s Guild, of N. Y.
(In pencil.) “Home for Working Girls, W. Eleventh street, N. Y.
“ N. Y. Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, N. Y.
“ Unitarian Employment Society, N. Y.
“ Home for the Aged, N. Y.
“ Old Ladies Home in Charlestown, Mass.
“Original.”
Miss Norton at the same time copied the names of persons onto another piece of paper, which is known in this litigation as “ Exhibit L,” and of which the following is a copy:
This was on a small piece of paper. On one side was the writing to and including “ Training School for Nurses, N. Y.
On other side of page was all that follows.
“ Exhibit L.
John Peterson.......... $4,000
Carl Anderson (his sister-in-law)............ 3,000
(The words ‘ ‘ his sister-in-law ” erased in pencil, and “ Anderson " written above in pencil.)
Thomas Doran............. 500
Sallie Neilson.............. 500
and a small breastpin.
Hassie Lamont (In pencil).................. 500 (In pencil.)
Women’s Emplt. Socy. (In pencil) ..........
“Original.”
As copied by her, this list closed with the word “breastpin.”’ She then pinned the two pieces of pager, Exhibits No. 3 and L, together, and gave them to Mrs. Fogg, and burned the piece from which Exhibits No. 3 and L were copied.
In the afternoon.of December 20, Mr. Fosdick called on Mrs, Fogg and, at her request, wrote a letter to Mr. William M. Prichard, a lawyer, asking him to call on Mrs. Fogg. On the next day (Sunday, December 21st), Mr. Prichard called, pursuant- to the letter. Exhibits No. 3 and L were handed him,, and he drafted a codicil, of which the following is a copy :
“I, Elizabeth Fogg, residing at number 359 Fifth avenue, in the city of New York, having heretofore made and duly executed my last will and testament, do now make, publish and declare this codicil to the same.
“ First. I give and bequeath to John Peterson, four thousand ■dollars; to Carl Anderson, three thousand dollars; to Thomas Doran, five hundred dollars; to Sallie Neilson, five hunnred dollars ; to Hassie Lamont, five hundred dollars.
“ Second. Out of the proceeds of sale of one thousand shares of the Gutta-Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company, which I regard as representing my own own private fortune, and’ not a part of my late husband’s estate, and to transfer which a power has lately been given to Mr. Charles B. Fosdick, I do hereby give- and bequeath the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, to be equally divided among the following charitable associations, to be applied to the benevolent uses administered by them, respectively, that is to say : 1. The Young Women’s Christian Association of New York city. 2. The New York Diet Kitchen. 3. The Training School for Nurses cennected with Bellevue Hospital. 4. The Fund for Aged and Infirm Clergymen, New York. 5. The Home for Working Girls, situate in West Eleventh street, New York. 6. The New York Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital. 7. The Society for the Employment and Relief of Poor Women. 8. The Home for the Aged, New York. 9. Old Ladies’ Home, Charlestown, Massachusetts. I make these bequests because I desire, of my own act, to make a gift to God’s poor; and it is my will that the same stand good to the beneficiaries intended,, whether the above designations are or not their correct legal names, respectively.
“ Third. I name and appoint my friend Mr. Charles B. Fosdick to be one of the executors of my will, in connection with the ex ecutors already named therein, or such of them as shall qualify and act as my executors.
“ Fourth. In all other respects I do hereby ratify and re-publish my said will, and declare the same, as modified by this codicil, to be my last will and testament.
“ In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal at the city of New York, the twenty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and ninely (1890).
“[Sd.] Elizabeth Fogg. [Seal.]
“ Subscribed at the end thereof by the said Elizabeth Fogg, and by her published and declared to be a codicil to her last will and testament, in the presence of us, who, in her presence and in the presence of each other, and at her request, have hereunto subscribed our names, as witnesses, this 21st day of December, 1890.
“[Sd.
“[Sd/
“[Sd.'
Timothy F. Allen, 10 East 36th Street.
Annie J. Norton, 228 Warren St., Brooklyn. Wm. M. Prichard, 128 E. 29th St., New York.”
While preparing the codidil, Mr. Prichard wrote in pencil the word “No” on Exhibit No. 3, at the left of the words “ St. John’s Guild, of N. Y.” On Exhibit L he canceled in pencil the words “ his sister-in-law,” wrote above the word “ Anderson,” and also wrote between the heavy black line and the word “ original the two lines now a part of Exhibit L. By the codicil, bequests are made to all the persons mentioned in Exhibit L, and to all the corporations mentioned in Exhibit No. 3, except no bequest is made to “St. John’s Guild, of N. Y.” After the codicil was executed, Exhibits No. 3 and L. were handed by some one to Miss Norton, who retained them for more than a year, and then gave them to Mr. Duncan Smith, one of the executors, who asked her for all of the papers left by the testatrix. January 3, 1891, thirteen days after the execution of the codicil, the testatrix died ; and April 15, 1891, her will and codicil were duly admitted te probate, and letters testamentary thereon were issued to the four persons nominated in the will and codicil, as executors thereof. She left a large estate, more than sufficient to pay all of the legacies. May 15, 1891, the residuary legatees and devisees executed and delivered to the executors the following instrument :
“Whereas, Elizabeth Fogg, late of the city of New York, on or about the 20th day of December, 1890, delivered to Charles B. Fosdick, Esquire, of the city of New York, now one of the executors of her will, one thousand shares of the stock of the Gutta-Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company, properly indorsed for transfer upon the books of the said company, accompanied by a paper conveying to him all her right title and interest in said stock, and desiring him, from the proceeds thereof, to appropriate the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, in the name of Elizabeth Fogg, in sums of five thousand dollars each, to the various charity organizations of which a list was in said paper stated to be thereto annexed, while in fact no such list was annexed to said paper, or delivered to said Charles B. Fosdick; and whereas, there after, and on the 21st day of December, 1890, the said Elizabeth Fogg executed a codicil to her last will, which will and codicil were on the 15th day of April, 1891, proved and admitted to probate before the surrogate of the county of New York, as the last will ' and testament of the said Elizabeth Fogg, deceased, in and by which codicil the said testatrix, among other things, gave and bequeathed, out of the proceeds of the sale of the said one thousand shares of the Gutta Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company, one hun-, dred thousand dollars, to be equally divided among certain charitable associations enumerated in said codicil; and whereas, the validity of said charitable bequests, or some of them, may be called in question by reason of the fact that the said codicil was made and executed less than two months before the death of the testatrix ; now, therefore, we, Hiram H. Fogg and John A. Phipps, residuary legatees under the last will and testament of the said Elizabeth Fogg, deceased, in consideration of the premises and of our mutual signature hereto, do hereby consent to the payment by the said executors of each and all of the said bequests to charitable corporations made in and by the said codicil, irrespective of the validity or invalidity of any of said bequests, and authorize the executors of the said last will and testament to pay each and all said bequests; and we hereby waive all o'ur and each of our claim to all and every part of the said one hundred thousand dollars so given and bequeathed by the said codicil of the said testatrix, but upon the understanding that the said Charles B. Fosdick shall relinquish all claim to the said stock so delivered by the said testatrix to him during her lifetime, and execute all such papers as shall be necessary to vest the title to the same fully and completely in the executors of the said last will and testament. In witness whereof, we have hereto set our hands and seals this 15th day of May; 1891.
“ Hiram H. Fogg. [Seal.]
“ John A. Phipps. [Seal.] ”
Upon this evidence the learned special term held that by the transfer of certificate No. 31, executed December 19. 1890, by the writing dated December 20, 1890, and by the list of beneficiaries, Exhibit No. 3, and by the delivery by Elizabeth Fogg to Charles B. Fosdick of those three papers, 11 there was created an absolute and perfect gift of the said stock, or the proceeds thereof, to the extent of $100,000, and of the dividends thereon, from the said Elizabeth Fogg to the said Fosdick, in trust for the following charitable corporations, that is to say ” (the ten corporations mentioned in Exhibit No: 3, to be divided equally among them).
J. Hampden Dougherty, for appellants executors of Elizabeth Fogg; Levi S. Tenney, for appellants residuary legatees and devisees ; James E. Chandler, for respondent St. John’s Guild ; Edward B. Hill, for respondent Charles B. Fosdick.

Opinion:
Follett, J.
Under the release of May 15, 1891, the only parties having a- pecuniary interest in this litigation are St. Guild and the residuary deviseés and legatees, unless it should happen that a division, under the alleged trust, of the proceeds of the 1,000 shares among the ten corporations would give every one of the nine corporation mentioned in the codicil a greater sum than would the division of $100,000 among said nine corporations. The plaintiffs and Charles B. Fosdick are interested simply in carrying out the wishes of Elizabeth Fogg, and in relieving themselves from liability. There is no evidence — and, indeed, it is not .asserted — that Exhibit No. 3 was ever delivered to Charles B. Fosdick, or that he ever saw it until after the death of the testatrix, unless he saw it when the codicil was drafted; but at about nine A. M., December 20th, he did see and hold in his hands for a few moments the three pieces of paper, the contents of which were afterwards, and on the same day, copied onto Exhibit No 3 and L. In reaching the conclusion that the list of beneficiaries was delivered to Mr. Fosdick, the learned trial court must have held (1) that the three pieces of paper were handed by Mrs. Fogg to him; and (2) with the intent on her part to deliver them to him for the purpose of effecting a gift by means of the transfer of the shares of stock and those papers. The fact that three papers were subsequently copied and burned in the presence of Mrs. Fogg militates against the theory that she understood that they had been delivered to Mr. Fosdick, and formed part of a completed transaction. Mr. Fosdick testified on this trial, as he did ' on the first trial, that he did not consider that the list had been delivered to him, but supposed- that the codicil would do away with all that had been done between them. The first paper relied on to establish a trust is the transfer of the shares, which is absolute in form. The second paper is the letter of December 20th, signed by Mrs. Fogg, and addressed to Mr. Fosdick. The first paragraph of this letter refers to the transfer made the day before, which Mr. Fosdick had with him when the letter was signed and -delivered. The second paragraph reads as follows:
"From the proceeds thereof, I desire that you do appropriate the sum of $100,000, in the name of Elizabeth Fogg, in sums of $5,000 each, to various charity organizations, of which a list is hereunto annexed."
No list was ever annexed to this letter, and no list naming twenty corporations was ever made by or for Mrs. Fogg. Mr. Fosdick testified that this letter was devised by himself, and copied by his bookkeeper; that he (Fosdick) stopped at Mrs. Fogg's on his way down town on the morning of December 20th, when the letter was signed. Therefore, he must have been informed December 19th of her purpose to divide $100,000 among twenty charitable corporations. Mrs. Fogg and Miss Norton spent the night of December 19 th and 20th in a vain attempt to name twenty charitable corporations which should receive the sum, but abandoned the attempt, and Mrs. Fogg concluded to divide the sum among ten corporations. In order to uphold the trust declared by the judgment of the special term, the letter of December 20th must be eliminated from the case, as it is entirely inconsistent with the trust adj udged to exist. The only evidence left of an intent to establish a trust consists of the transfer of the shares of stock of Exhibit No. 3, and the testimony given by Miss Norton. From the time Mrs. Fogg's pastor wrote for her that which subsequently became the caption of Exhibit No. 3, down to the time when her codicil was executed, the idea of Mrs. Fogg, plainly disclosed by the evidence, was to bequeath the shares or the avails of them to charitable corporations, which she finally did. That which was done by the testatrix during the night of December 19th and 20th, and during the day of the 20th, was preparatory to the execution of the completed codicil; and perhaps she was in hopes that, in case she died before the codicil was executed, her wishes would in some way be carried out. The codicil refers expressly to the shares as those transferred to Mr. Fosdick, and it names every person and corporation mentioned on Exhibits No. 3 and L, except St. John's Guild, which, for some reason, she omitted from the list of her •beneficiaries. The interview between Mrs. Fogg and Mr. Fosdick on the morning of December 20th occupied about one half hour, which time, according to the theory of the respondents, she completed the execution of a trust in favor of the ten corporations mentioned on Exhibit No. 3, and during the same half hour executed a declaration of trust, dividing the avails of the shares, "in sums of five thousand dollars each, to the various charity organizations of which a list is hereto anne'xed." Thus in the same half hour an attempt was made to establish two wholly inconsistent trusts. Trusts are not to be established by such evidence. The evidence, read in the light of the circumstances surrounding the transaction, does not support the conclusion that Mrs. Fogg intended absolutely to vest the title of the shares in Mr. Fosdick, as trustee, for the benefit of St. John's Guild and the other corporations mentioned in Exhibit No. 3. But assuming that, at the close of the interview between Mrs. Fogg and Mr. Fosdick on the morning of the 20th, she intended to vest him with the title of the shares, for the purpose of giving the proceeds to the ten corporations after her death; the judgment cannot be sustained. It is not asserted, and cannot be successfully maintained, that Mrs. Fogg intended this gift to take effect in her lifetime. Miss Norton testified that, during the night of December 19th and 20th, Mrs. Fogg believed that she was about to die, and expressed the opinion that she would not live until morning. The witness testified:
"During that night she was apprehensive of dying before morning. That is what she said, and so expressed herself to me, although I personally did not think there was any immediate danger of her death. She did, however, express a danger of dying before morning. She was then in bed, and she remained continuously in bed until the time of her death, on the 3d of January, 189Í. She had been in bed several days previously. Q. And she died during this same illness ? A. Yes. Q. Without ever recovering? A. Yes. Q. Attended by both night and day nurses right along ? A. Yes. Q- And continuously failing, to the end ? A. Yes."
"Sound policy requires that the laws regulating gifts causa mortis should not be extended, and the range of such gifts should not be enlarged. Ridden v. Thrall, 125 N. Y. 572, 581,. 35 St. Rep. 913. Such gifts are not favored by the courts. Delmotte v. Taylor, 1 Redf. Sur. 417; Rockwood v. Wiggin, 16 Gray, 402 ; Michener v. Dale, 23 Pa. St. 59 ; Hatch v. Atkinson, 56 Me. 326. The presumption is that a gift made during a last sickness is intended to take effect at the donor's death, even though it be not so declared. Pom. Eq. Jur. § 1146. If there was a gift, it was made in apprehension of death, — a gift donatio causa mortis. Such a gift can be revoked by the donor in his lifetime. Merchant v. Merchant, 2 Bradf. Sur. 432, 444; Bloomer v. Bloomer, id. 339, 347 ; Parker v. Marston, 27 Me. 196; Barket v. Hassell, 107 U. S. 602 ; Pom. Eq. Jur. § 1146; 3 Redf. Wills (3d ed.) 343 ; 2 Kent Comm. 444. A revocation can be effected by a change of purpose, and undoing what has been done. Mrs. Fogg had burned the papers which were shown to Fosdick December 20th, and the copy (Exhibit No. 3) had been altered by writing the word "No'' against the words "St. John's Guild," which, under the circumstances, was as potent evidence of her intent to revoke the gift previously intended, or made to that corporation, as though the word "Revoked" had been written in the place of "No," or the exhibit burned. The stock certificate and the transfer indorsed thereon were then locked in her private box in the safe-deposit company, and were as effectually in her possession and under her control as they would have been had they lain under her pillow.
She declared in her codicil that the assignment of the shares to Mr. Fosdick was intended as a power to transfer them, and Fosdick testified that the codicil was read to him before it was executed, and he assented- to its terms. Under the evidence, we think, assuming that Mrs. Fogg intended on December 20th to make a gift to St. John's Guild of $10,000, by means of a trust to take effect after her death, that it was effectually revoked on December 21, 1890. It does not seem necessary to discuss' the question whether a gift cama mortis may be made subject to a trust. Story, Eq. Jur. (13th ed.) § 607. The judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellants, to abide the event.