Case Name: Elizabeth Knoll, Respondent, v. The Third Avenue Railroad Company, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1900-01
Citations: 46 A.D. 527
Docket Number: 
Parties: Elizabeth Knoll, Respondent, v. The Third Avenue Railroad Company, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 46
Pages: 527–531

Head Matter:
Elizabeth Knoll, Respondent, v. The Third Avenue Railroad Company, Appellant.
Negligence — a truck struck at a street intersection by a cable ear and thrown against a person standing on the curbstone—testimony of a physician that the injury would be likely to increase—charge to the jury.
Evidence that, as a cable car and a truck approached each other at a street intersection, the gripman of the car did not check its speed, but, if anything-, increased it, and that while the car was proceeding at the f ull speed of the-cable it struck the truck with such force that the latter was pushed for a considerable distance and struck and injured a person standing on the curbstone, is sufficient, in an action brought by such person against the railroad company, to warrant the jury in finding that the defendant was guilty of negligence and that the plaintiff .was free from contributory negligence.*
Where, on the trial of such action, the family physician of the plaintiff has testified that the plaintiff was suffering from a general mental deterioration and. from deafness, and that such condition would be permanent, he may properly be asked whether the injuries were likely to increase as the plaintiff grew-older.
The court is not bound, after having fully instructed the jury upon the whole-case,' to charge that if they believed the evidence of the defendant they must find a verdict for it, as such a charge would be simply a general summary of instructions which the jury had already received.
In such a case it cannot be said, as a matter of law, whether or not the gripman was bound to anticipate that the driver would attempt to cross the track.
Van Brunt, P. J., dissented.
Appeal by the defendant, The Third Avenue Railroad Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of' the clerk of the county of New York on the 3d day of March, 1899, upon the verdict, of a jury for $2,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 2d day of March, 1899, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made, upon the minutes.
The eighth request to charge referred to in the opinion is as follows, “ that the. gripman of the defendant’s car was not bound to anticipate that the driver of the wagon would turn his horse in front of the car, but that the gripman had the' right to rely upon the assumption that the driver of .the wagon would use reasonable care in the management of his vehicle, and if the accident resulted through the reasonable conduct of the gripman in reliance upon this assumption, your verdict must be for the. defendant, The Third avenue railroad company.”
Alfred Lauterbach, for the appellant.
William L. Mathot, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Rumsey, J. :
The action was brought to recover damages for injuries suffered by the plaintiff on account of the defendant's negligence. The evidence tended to show that on the afternoon of the 1st of June, 1896, the plaintiff was standing at the curb on the southwest corner •of Bleecker street and the Bowery in the city of New York waiting to cross the street.- As she stood there a car of the defendant collided with a truck going diagonally across the street, with such force that the truck was thrown or pushed for a considerable distance and struck the plaintiff, knocking her down and inflicting the injuries complained of.
The questions Upon this appeal will be considered in the order in which they were presented. It is said, first, that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Without attempting to state the evidence it is sufficient to say that the jury would have been justified in finding from it that, as the two vehicles approached, the gripman did not. check the. speed of the car, but, if anything, increased it, so that when the wagon was struck the car was going at the full speed of the cable. In that case it was clearly for the jury to say whether reasonable efforts were made by the gripman to avoid a collision, and, if they found that they were not, the negli genee of the defendant was sufficiently established. The fact that the driver of the truck may also have been guilty of negligence is of no importance in this connection.
The objections taken to the rulings in regard to the admission of the evidence of Dr. Page were properly overruled. He was the .family physician of the plaintiff, and had been called by her to treat her both before and after this injury was received. He testified that before the injury her memory was good, but that after she was hurt she suffered from' a general mental deterioration and from deafness, which had arisen since the accident, and that she had lost her physical strength. He said, also, that these conditions did not exist prior to the accident. Having testified to that condition of the plaintiff, he was asked if he could " with reasonable certainty -state whether these injuries are permanent or not. And, if so, are they permanent or not." To this question an objection was interposed for which no grounds were stated. That objection was -clearly not well taken. (Wallace v. Vacuum Oil Co., 128 N. Y. 579.)
The answer to the question was, " I believe the injury that she is suffering from is permanent." The defendant moved to strike out that answer because it was not responsive, and his motion was •denied. This clearly was proper, because the answer was responsive to the last part of the question.'
The witness was then asked if the consequences to which he had "testified were permanent, and to that he answered, "Yes, sir." He was next asked, " Are they at all likely to be reduced, or is the extent of these injuries at all likely to be increased as Mrs. Knoll grows' older?" This was objected to on the grounds that it was speculative and indefinite, but the objection was overruled and the witness answered, " I regard the increase of mental deterioration as being practically settled. As she grows older she will deteriorate more, mentally." In response to further questions he said again •that her deterioration was progressive and that her deafness had increased, in his opinion.
We can see no error in the ruling in regard to this question. The witness was testifying to the effect of an existing ailment which had .•already resulted from the injury to the plaintiff and not as to the probable outbreak of a new disease having its cause in the original injury. As to the latter he would not have been permitted to say that such a disease would occur unless he -was able first to testify that he could determine its probability with reasonable certainty. But as he was questioned as to the continuance of a present existing-condition, it was not necessary to limit the question in .that way, because a competent witness giving testimony of that nature is at liberty to state what* from his observation and experience, will be-the probable effect of a present condition. Thé evidence was clearly competent, we think, within the case of Griswold v. The New York Central & H. R. R. R. Co. (115 N. Y. 61, 64; S. C., 44 Hun, 236); Clegg v. Met. St. Ry. Co. (1 App. Div. 207, and cases cited); Stever v. The New York Central & H. R. R. R. Co. (7 id. 392).
The cases of Atkins v. The Manhattan Ry. Co. (57 Hun, 102) and Rlate v. Third Ave. R. R. Co. (16 App. Div. 287) are instances-where opinions were permitted to be given as to a condition which might probably result from an injury, but which had not yet been developed, and in each the distinction spoken of in the cases above was recognized.
The .fact that the word " likely " was used in the question instead of the word " probable," upon which some stress was laid, was of no-importance. While the two words, .are not synonymous, yehin this-connection their meaning is practically the same.
The other rulings upon admission of evidence to which exceptions-were taken, have been examined and do not seem to need comment..
The defendant excepted to the action of the court in taking from, the jury the question of contributory negligence. There is nothing-in the evidence which would warrant the finding by the jury that; any act of the plaintiff tended to produce; the accident which befell her. She was in a place where she had a right to be, and so was not guilty of negligence in being there, and no person could, have supposed that any such occurrence then would happen. For that reason it was- not error for the court to refuse to leave the question of contributory negligence to the jury.
- The court was -requested to charge -as follows: V If you believe the-testimony -of the- defendant, the Third Avenue Railroad Company's-witnesses, your verdict must be for the defendant, the Third Avenue Railroad -.Company." - This request was properly refused. The-court had fully instructed the jury upon the whole ease, and it was- not error to refuse to give what was simply a general summary of the instructions which the jury had already received.
The eighth request to charge was properly refused. It was for the jury to say upon the whole case whether the conduct, of the gripman in view of the surrounding circumstances was reasonably careful, and it could not be said as a matter of law whether or not he was bound to anticipate that the driver would attempt to cross the track. The place was the intersection of two streets where trucks have a right to cross the track, and it would have been a serious error for the' court to say to the jury that a gripman of a cable car had no reason to anticipate that a wagon would attempt to cross the track there. If there were any legal conclusion to be drawn from the situation it was that a street crossing was precisely the place where a gripman should anticipate that a wagon would cross the track, and should be on guard against a collision if one should cross.
Ilpon the whole case, therefore, we think there was no error, and the judgment and the order appealed from must be affirmed, with costs.
Patterson, O'Brien and Ingraham, JJ., concurred; Van Brunt, P. J., dissented.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.