Case Name: Territory of Montana, respondent, v. Stears, appellant
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 1875-08
Citations: 2 Mont. 324
Docket Number: 
Parties: Territory of Montana, respondent, v. Stears, appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 2
Pages: 324–331

Head Matter:
Territory of Montana, respondent, v. Stears, appellant.
Criminal law — mwder — degrees — indictment. The statutes of Montana (Cod. Sts. 273, § 21) make murder to consist of two degrees. The killing of a human being with malice aforethought, by means of poison, lying in wait, torture, or other willful, deliberate or premeditated means, or in the perpetration or the attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery or burglary, is murder of the first degree. All other cases of killing with malice aforethought, express or implied, are murder of the second degree. The form of the indictment may be the same in both cases, and the degree of the offense is to be determined by the evidence of deliberation, premeditation, torture, etc.
Same — verdict. The verdict of the jury alone, without reference to the indictment, judge’s charge, or record of the evidence, must designate and express the degree of the offense, as well as the guilt. It is not enough to find one guilty as charged in the indictment, though the indictment may clearly charge the offense in the first degree. The j ury alone must find the degree of the offense from the evidence, and designate it in their verdict. A failure to do so vitiates the verdict, and nullifies any judgment based thereon.
Appeal from Third District, Lewis and Glarhe County.
Stears was indicted at tbe March term, 1875, witb Wheatley and another party, for the murder of Franz Warl. Wheatley and Stears were convicted, and Wheatley was hung June 29, 1875. Stears was again convicted at his second trial, and suffered death at the hands of the law.
J. J. WilliaMS, for appellant.
J. K. Toole, District Attorney, Third District, for respondent-

Opinion:
Wade, C. J.
The indictment in this case charges that the defendant, William H. Stears, on the 30th day of April, 1875, at the county of Lewis and Clarke, and Territory of Montana, " with force and arms, in and upon one Franz Warl, did make an assault, feloniously, willfully, and of his deliberate and premeditated malice, and of his malice aforethought, and that the said William H. Stears, with a certain leaden slung-shot, with which he, the said William H. Stears, was then and there armed, the said Franz Warl, in and upon the side and back of the head of the said Franz Warl, then and there feloniously, willfully, and of his deliberate and premeditated malice, and of his malice aforethought, did strike and bruise, giving to the said Franz Warl, then and there, with the leaden slung-shot aforesaid, in and upon the said back and side of the head of the said Franz Warl, one mortal wound, of which said mortal wound the said Franz Warl then and there instantly died. And so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do say that the said William H. Stears the said Franz Warl then and there, in manner and form aforesaid, feloni-ously, willfully, and of his deliberate and premeditated malice, and of his malice aforethought, did kill and murder, contrary," etc.
Upon this indictment the defendant was tried, and the jury returned the following verdict: " We, the jury, find the defendant guilty, in manner and form as he stands charged in the indictment."
Judgment was entered upon the verdict without objection, and the defendant sentenced to be hanged by the neck until dead.
There were no exceptions taken at the trial, no motion for a new trial or in arrest of judgment. Tbe defendant, witbin three days of tbe time fixed for bis execution, appeals to tbis court, and tbe question raised in tbe argument relates to tbe sufficiency of tbe yerdict to support tbe judgment. Tbe judgment rendered and sentence given were as upon a verdict of murder in tbe first degree. Does tbe verdict authorize tbe judgment and sentence ?
Juries have been instructed in several murder cases in tbis Territory, that if they found the defendant guilty of murder in tbe first degree, to return such a verdict as was rendered in tbis case, and if tbe precedent is wrong, it cannot be corrected too soon.
1. Tbe statute of tbe Territory requires that tbe jury before whom any person is indicted for murder shall be tried, shall, if they find such person guilty thereof, designate by their verdict whether it be murder in tbe first degree or second degree. An analysis of tbe elements that compose tbe crime of murder in tbe first and second degree will show tbe reason of tbis requirement.
Under our statute murder is defined to be " the unlawful killing of a human being, with mabce aforethought, either express or implied." Murder thus defined is divided into two degrees — the first degree and tbe second degree — but whether of tbe first or second degree, tbe killing must be unlawful, and attended with malice aforethought, either express or implied. Murder in tbe first degree is defined to be: " All murder which shall be perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait, torture, or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which shall be committed in tbe perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any arson, rape, robbery or burglary." All other kinds of murder are declared to be murder in tbe second degree. If tbe killing was occasioned in tbe absence of deliberation and premeditation, but accompanied with malice aforethought, either express or implied, and not in tbe perpetration or attempt to perpetrate either of tbe crimes above named, or by lying in wait, torture, or poison, tbe same would be murder in tbe second degree.
Murder at common law is thus defined: " When a person of sound memory or discretion unlawfully lrilleth any reasonable creature in being and under tbe king's peace, with malice aforethought, either express or implied."
Tbis is, in legal effect, tbe same as tbe general definition of murder, under our statute, and having adopted the common-law description of the crime, it follows that an indictment for murder, good at common law, is good under the statute.
An indictment for murder at common law charged that the defendant " feloniously, willfully, and of his malice aforethought," did the act that caused the killing; and under such an indictment the defendant could be convicted of murder in the first or second degree.
Before a conviction of murder in the first degree could be had at common law, it was necessary, precisely as it is under our statute, that the element of settled deliberaUon, premeditation, purpose and design enter into the crime; that the murder should have been perpetrated by some kind of deliberate and premeditated killing, or by lying in wait, torture, poison, or in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any arson, rape, robbery or burglary, in which cases deliberation and premeditation were presumed; and before a conviction could be had of murder in the second degree it was necessary, as it is under our statute, to work out a conviction of murder in the second degree, that the murder be committed unlawfully and with malice aforethought, lacking the element of deliberation, which swells the killing to murder in the first degree; and a conviction for either of these degrees, as well for the first degree, the distinctive element of which is settled deliberation and premeditation, as the second degree, which lacks this element and is complete without it, could be had under an indictment charging the murder to have been committed feloni-ously, willfully and with malice aforethought.
Under an indictment charging the defendant with what constitutes murder in the second degree, and with that alone, a conviction could be had for murder in the first degree. If the defendant was charged with dealing a deadly blow, feloniously, willfully a/nd of his malice aforethought, that produced death, which charge would amount to murder in the second degree, it might be shown under such indictment that the blow was given with a deliberate and premeditated design to kill, or that it was given while robbing or attempting to rob, etc., and death ensued, in which case the killing would be murder in the first degree, and a conviction could be had therefor. It need not appear on the face of the indictment of what degree the murder was, because murder being charged the jury are, by then- verdict, to ascertain the degree thereof. The crime of murder under the statute being charged, and the,means by which it was accomplished being set forth, the proof may show the aggravating circumstances of premeditation and deliberation, or that the killing was eifected in the commission, or in the attempt to commit, either of the four crimes above stated, by which the murder is swelled into that of the first degree, when that which amounts to the second degree is only charged, and hence the propriety of requiring the jury, in their verdict, to designate the degree.
This indictment against Stears will furnish an illustration. Eead the charge against him and leave out the words " of his deliberate and premeditated malice," where they occur, which swells the charge to murder in the first degree, and the indictment would be good at common law and under our statute for murder, the elements of the crime being the same in both cases, and under it Stears might have been convicted of murder in the first degree. TJnder it it could have been shown that this blow with the slung-shot was given while robbing or attempting to rób Warl, or that it was given with a settled, premeditated design to kill him. In the absence of this proof, and with proof only of malice aforethought, either express or implied, the killing would have been murder in the second degree, but with such proof upon this charge the crime would have been augmented to that of murder in the first degree, and hence the necessity of the requirement that the jury designate the degree in their verdict.
In an indictment clearly and definitely charging the crime of murder under the statute, the averment of the words that swell the crime to that of murder in the first degree are mere sur-plusage, unnecessary, and need not be set forth. The degree of the crime is fixed by the proof, and the jury are to find it as a fact. The legislature, in adopting this statute, and enacting the common law upon the subject of murder, did not disturb any of the precedents of the common law. The decisions under the common law, upon the subject óf murder, limit and control the effect of our statute on the same subject.
2. The jury should, in their verdict, designate the degree of tbe crime upon a trial for murder, for the statute requires it, and this requirement cannot be dispensed with. What the jury mean by their verdict may not be doubtful, but no judgment can be entered thereon if this certainty is not apparent in the verdict. The statute says the jury shall " designate " in their verdict the degree of the crime. The word " designate " gives no license to go outside of the verdict to ascertain what is designated. It is the same as declaring that the jury shall .expi'ess in language in their verdict the degree.
For another reason the verdict is rendered uncertain and insufficient. ITnder an indictment charging the defendant with murder in the first degree, a conviction can be had for murder in the second degree, or for manslaughter. Under suoh an indictment, it might with propriety be said that he was charged with murder in the second degree, and manslaughter, as well as murder in the first degree. Such an indictment would support a conviction for' either of the lower grades of the crime, and a conviction in the manner and form as charged might be for either of the three offenses.
There are many decisions upon the question, and it will be seen that verdicts in the precise words of the one in question hdve been rendered, upon which judgments have been entered and reversed because of the uncertainty of the verdict.
In 1794, Pennsylvania enacted a statute defining the degrees of murder, and requiring the jury, in their verdict, to ascertain the degree of the crime. This may be called, as it is in fact, the parent statute, and from it has sprung a brood of statutes — its children — and ours is one of its offspring; and if we adhered to the counsels of the parent, we could hold this verdict good, as will be seen by an examination of the cases of White v. Commonwealth, 6 Binn. 179 ; Commonwealth v. Flanagan, 7 Watts & S. 415 ; Commonwealth v. Miller, Lewis' Crim. Law, 398 ; Commonwealth v. Earle, 1 Whart. 525; Johnson v. Commonwealth, 12 Harris, 386.
But the weight of authority is against the verdict, as the following authorities will show:
In People v. Marquis, 15 Gal. 38, the defendant was convicted of the crime of murder under an indictment in the usual form. The verdict of the jury was " guilty, as charged in the indict ment." The court, in reversing the judgment, say: " The indictment was as good for murder in the second degree as in the first degree, and the. jury, under this indictment , might have found the defendant guilty of the second as well as they could have found him guilty of the first degree of -that crime. The statute provides that the jury shall designate in their verdict the degree of the offense. This they have not done, and the court, in a capital case, cannot assume that they designed, from a general finding, to fix the grade of the crime."
The question again came before the supreme court of California in People v. Campbell, 40 Cal. 129, notwithstanding the earlier decision upon the same subject, and the court held, that in a trial for. murder, if the jury find the defendant guilty, they must expressly state in their verdict the degree of murder. Notwithstanding the crime charged in the indictment may be murder in the first degree, a verdict, that the jury find the defendant guilty of the crime charged in the indictment, is not such a designation of the degree of murder as the statute requires. Therefore the judgment was reversed. Our statute is a re-enactment of that of * California, and the construction put upon it by the California courts might be said to be enacted with the statute. But other States, with statutes springing from the same source, furnish precedents of like authority.
In State v. Moran, 7 Iowa, 236, the indictment charged that the defendant did, " with force and arms, willfully, deliberately, and with malice aforethought, kill and murder Mrs. Moran with a knife, by stabbing," etc. The charge was in language similar to that in the indictment in the case at- bar. The jury returned a verdict in these words: "We, the jury, find the defendant guilty, as charged in the indictment."
After reciting the statute which, like ours, requires the jury to ascertain by their verdict the degree of the murder, the court say: ".We think the jury cannot be said to have made this inquiry, nor to have ascertained by their verdict the degree of the defendant's. guilt. This it was their province and their duty to do, and the court had not the right to assume, from the verdict rendered, that they intended to find the prisoner guilty of one rather than the other offense. It is said, however, that the indictment charges the crime of murber in the first degree, and that when the jury, by their verdict, found the defendant ' guilty, as charged in the indictment,' they did, in legal effect, ascertain that he was guilty in the degree charged. This argument, however, leaves it to the court to deduce the intention of the jury from a verdict general in its language, whereas the law requires that the jw'y shall find specifically the fact whether guilt is of the first or second degree. When jurors find by their verdict that a prisoner is ' guilty,' or,c guilty, as charged in the indictment,' it is not assuming too much to say, that as a general thing, they have simply found him guilty of a criminal homicide, without reference to the degrees of his guilt. And to say that upon such a verdict the court might properly conclude that they intended the highest offense, would be to presume against instead of in favor of human life."
To the same effect are the following cases: Dick v. State, 3 Ohio St. 89; Parks v. State, id. 101; State v. Dowd, 19 Conn. 388; Thomas v. State, 5 How. (Miss.) 20; State v. Reddick, 7 Kan. 143 ; McPherson v. State, 9 Yerg. 279; Kirby v. State, 7 id. 259; Hines v. State, 8 Humph. 579; Mitchell v. State, 8 Yerg. 574; Commonwealth v. Miller, 1 Va. Cases, 310, 311; Wicks v. Commonwealth, 2 id. 387; Livingston v. Commonwealth, 14 Graft. 592, 596; Cobia v. State, 16 Ala. 781; Johnson v. State, 17 id. 618; Noles v. State, 24 id. 672; Harsell v. State, 26 id. 52; McGee v. State, 8 Mo. 495; People v. Potter, 5 Mich. 1; Thomas v. State, 5 Miss. 32; Slaughter v. State, 24 Tex. 410.
The above decisions have been made under statutes similar to that of this Territory, under consideration by the courts of Ohio, Connecticut, Mississippi, Kansas, Tennessee, Yirginia, Alabama, Missouri, Michigan, Texas, California, Iowa and Pennsylvania.
The conclusion is certain, that the verdict in the case of murder must express the degree of the crime, or no judgment can be entered thereon. A verdict of "guilty, in manner and form as charged in the indictment," when the indictment charges murder in the first degree, cannot, by the aid of evidence, instructions, or any presumption, be made to comply with the statute.
The judgment is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
Judgment reversed.