Case Name: BOULTER ET AL v. COOK
Court: Supreme Court of Wyoming
Jurisdiction: Wyoming
Decision Date: 1925-04-14
Citations: 32 Wyo. 461
Docket Number: No. 1225
Parties: BOULTER ET AL v. COOK
Judges: Potter, C. J., and Kimball, J., concur.
Reporter: Wyoming Reports
Volume: 32
Pages: 461–478

Head Matter:
BOULTER ET AL v. COOK
(No. 1225;
April 14, 1925;
234 Pac. 1101)
T. S. Taliaferro, Jr., & W. A. Muir for plaintiffs in error.
G. J. Christie for defendant in error.

Opinion:
Blume, Justice.
This is an action to quiet title brought on April 29, 1922, by John W. Cook, as plaintiff, against Ray Boulter and James H. Hawkins, as defendants.
The petition alleges that plaintiff is the owner and in possession of the SE14 of the SW14 of Section 27; NW1^ of Section 34; N-*¡4 of the NE1^ and NE14 of NWÍ/4 of Section 33, in Township 31 North of Range 106, West of the 6th P. M., Fremont county, Wyoming, containing 320 acres of land; that the defendants have or claim to have some lien or title to said land adverse to plaintiff; that Ray Boulter advertised to foreclose a certain mortgage against said land but that said pretended mortgage is void. Plaintiff prays that said foreclosure be restrained and Ms title be quieted. Judgment was entered in favor of the plaintiff, from which said Ray Boulter has brought proceedings in error to tMs court. The plaintiff, having died during the pendency of the case in this court, Anna L. Cook, the executrix of his last will and testament, has been substituted in Ms stead and she will hereafter be referred to as defendant in error.
The facts in this case are substantially as follows.: Said land was patented on October 9, 1906, to Joseph M. Boulter. On June 10, 1912, it was duly sold and conveyed to said Ray Boulter. On July 1, 1912, it was bought in by John W. Cook for $47.21, at a sale for delinquent taxes. On August 20, 1915, John W. Cook caused notice to be served on said Ray Boulter, the occupant of said premises, that on December 24, 1915, he would apply to the treasurer of Fremont county, to issue a tax deed to him for said premises. Thereupon, and on December 16, 1915, the Rock Springs National Bank and Ray Boulter, as plaintiffs, through T. S. Taliaferro, Jr., their attorney, brought an action against the treasurer of Fremont county and John W. Cook, as defendants, to restrain the issuance of such tax deed, alleging among other things that said Ray Boulter had often tried to redeem said land from the tax sale aforesaid, and had made a tender of the amount due. A temporary injunction was issued in said cause on December 20, 1915. On January 31st, 1916, a general demurrer was filed on behalf of said defendants, on the ground that the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Burns v. State, 25 Wyo. 491, 173 Pac. 55, 785, decided May 28, 1918, was then pending in this court and involved a question similar to that intended to be raised by said demurrer, and because of that fact nothing was done in said Rock Spring's National Bank ease until July 23, 1919, at which time a judgment was entered in said cause which (omitting caption) is as follows:
"Now on tins 23rd day of July, 1919, this cause came on regularly to be heard by the court upon the petition of the plaintiff and the demurrer of the defendant herein; and the court having considered said pleadings and being now sufficiently advised in the premises, doth overrule the said demurrer, and the defendants and each of them failing to plead further in this cause and being now in default for an answer or other plea herein, and said default having been regularly taken and entered, and in consideration of the petition and of the affidavit verifying the same, and of the proof and facts upon which the temporary restraining order was issued herein; and the court being now sufficiently advised in the premises, doth make the said temporary restraining order heretofore issued in this cause permanent. ' '
Said judgment was filed in the district court of Fremont county, on August 11, 1919. Nothing further was done in said case until April 7, 1920. On that date John "W. Cook filed a motion, supported by affidavits, to open, vacate and set aside said judgment of July 23, 1919, upon the ground that the demurrer of defendants was overruled and decree rendered and entered against defendants without notice to him or his counsel and without giving him an opportunity to answer the said petition, although he had a good, lawful and equitable defense to said petition. Notice of said motion was duly served upon the Rock Springs National Bank and upon T. S. Taliaferro, Jr., and on May 22, 1920, said hank filed a disclaimer. No notice of said motion was served upon Ray Boulter personally, and he did not appear. John W. Cook and the treasurer of Fremont county duly filed an answer in said cause. On June 2, 1920, the court entered an order' vacating and setting the decree of July 23, 1919 aside and permitting the defendants in said cause to appear therein and answer or defend, and granting the plaintiffs, namely said bank and Ray Boulter, fifteen days in which to file a reply. On June 18, 1920, no reply having been filed, the court entered a decree, finding that the premises above described were duly and regularly sold -for taxes on July 1, 1912, duly and regularly levied thereon for the year 1911; that John W. Cook became the purchaser at said sale; that on August 20, 1915, said purchaser caused notice to be served upon said Ray Boulter, that he would apply for a tax deed for said premises on December 24, 1915, and further caused notice of said application to be published in the Wyoming State Journal, a newspaper printed and published in Fremont county, Wyoming and that said premises have not been redeemed from said tax sale. The temporary restraining order theretofore issued was dissolved, and the county treasurer of Fremont county, Wyoming, was authorized and directed to -issue to John W. Cook, a tax deed to said premises. On July 6, 1920, a tax deed was issued accordingly, but is not incorporated in the record.
In the meantime and on October 27, 1919, Ray Boulter and his wife duly conveyed the said premises to James H. Hawkins, one of the defendants in the present action, for a valuable consideration, and on the same day, the latter and his wife executed a mortgage to Ray Boulter to secure the sum of $12,000, the remainder due on the purchase price. It is this mortgage which is sought to he declared invalid in the present action.
It is contended by the attorneys for the plaintiff in error, that the foregoing proceedings and facts were not introduced in evidence, although dictated into the record by W. A. Muir, who acted as attorney for plaintiff in error. The contrary is maintained by the attorney for the defendant in error. Unless these facts and proceedings, as so dictated, are in evidence, no title to the premises in controversy has been shown to be in John W. Cook. "We think, however, without stating the reasons therefor in detail, that it was intended to be stipulated by the parties that the proceedings and facts so dictated should be considered in evidence. The court so understood it, found the facts as hereinbefore mentioned, and based the judgment, which was rendered in the present case, entirely upon the judgment of June 18, 1920. The latter judgment is ini the record only by reason of the stipulation dictated into the record by Mr. Muir. The gist of the controversy in the present case is as to whether the judgment of July 23, 1919, is still in force or effect, or whether it was lawfully vacated by the order of June 2, 1920, hence making the judgment of June 18, 1920, the only lawful judgment in the ease of Rock Springs National Bank and Ray Boulter v. John W. Cook et al.
1. The term at which the judgment of July 23, 1919, was entered, ended on the second Monday of November, 1919. It is a rule well established, that after the term has ended, all final judgments and decrees pass beyond the control of the court, unless steps be taken during that term, by motion or otherwise, to set aside, modify or correct them, and if errors exist, they can only be corrected by petition in error or appeal. Bronson v. Schulten, 104 U. S. 410, 26 L. Ed. 797. To this rule, however, there are a number of exceptions. Section 5923, W. C. S. 1920, which has been in force for many years, provides that judgments may in certain cases, be vacated or modified after the term. Un der subdivision 3 of that section, that may be done "for mistake, neglect or omission of the clerk, or irregularity in obtaining a judgment or order.." Section 5926, W. C. S. 1920, provides that "the proceedings to correct mistakes or omissions of the clerk or irregularity in obtaining a judgment or order, shall be by motion upon reasonable notice to the adverse party or his attorney in the action; but the motion to vacate the judgment, because of its rendition before the action regularly stood for trial, can be made only' in the first three days of the succeeding term." Subdivisions 4 to 10 of said section 5923, provide for other eases, in which judgments may be vacated or modified after the term. Among these grounds is that provided in subdivision 7, namely "for unavoidable casualty or misfortune preventing the party from prosecuting or defending." Tn order, however, to vacate or modify a judgment on the grounds specified in the latter subdivisions, it is necessary, as provided by section 5927, to file a petition verified by affidavit, setting forth the judgment or order, and the grounds for vacating or modifying it, and upon such petition a summons must be issued and served as in the commencement of an action. Counsel for defendant in error claim that the proceedings to vacate, involved in the case at bar, are based upon an irregularity, and that hence the judgment of July 23, 1919, was properly opened and vacated upon motion and notice thereof served upon the attorney of record in the case. "We are cited to Follett v. Alexander, 58 Ohio S. 202, 50 N. E. 720. The case holds' that the rendition of judgment for plaintiff, as" upon default, where a demurrer has been duly filed to the petition and remains undisposed of, is an irregularity in obtaining a judgment, for which the court may, upon motion and a proper showing, at any time within three years, vacate the judgment. A contrary view seems to have been taken in Utley et al v. Cameron, 87 Ill. App. 71, and Green v. Railroad Co., 118 Ill. App. 1. We need not, however, decide as to whether or not the holding in Follett v. Alex ander, supra, is correct. The error there appeared upon the face of the proceedings. In the case at bar, the judgment of July 23, 1919, appears to be regular and the facts in the two cases are altogether different. The irregularity claimed in the case at bar is, in its ultimate analysis, that the court did not notify Cook or his counsel of taking up and disposing of the case, thus depriving Cook of the opportunity of answering over when the demurrer was overruled. But the courts seem to be unanimous in holding that no such notice was necessary to be given to the parties interested. It is the duty of a party, or his attorney, to take account of the time and place of holding court, the position of the case on the calendar and the state of the calendar. He is presumed to know and is held to know, what is necessary to protect his interest. Dollister v. Pilkington, 185 Iowa 815, 171 N. W. 127; Williams v. Wescott, 77 Iowa 332, 339; 42 N. W. 314, 14 Am. St. Rep. 287; Biggsby v. Eppstein, 39 Okla. 466, 135 Pac. 934; Clark v. Ramsey, 143 Ga. 729; 85 S. E. 869; Weitzell v. Lieuwen, 179 Iowa 1250; 162 N. W. 833; McGurrin v. Jackson, 215 Mich. 214, 183 N. W. 918, 34 C. J. 307; Hayne, New Trial and App., Sec. 76; Seifert et al v. Holt, 82 Ga. 757, 9 S. E. 843. In the case of Masters v. Holland, 12 Kan. 17, 25, the court said:
"Every one having a matter in litigation before any tribunal, court or county board, must, in order to protect his rights, be present at every session at which the controversy may be determined, until there is a final disposition. He stays away at his peril; and if during his absence the matter is disposed of he can blame no one but himself. This in many cases is a great hardship. Many a suitor in the courts has felt it so, yet no remedy therefor has as yet been devised."
To the same effect, in some instances quoting the foregoing language, are: Weems v. McDavitt, 49 Kan. 260; 30 Pac. 481; Green v. Bulkley, 23 Kan. 131; Turner v. Miller, 28 Kan. 50; Mehnert v. Thieme, 15 Kan. 368. In Linderman v. Nolan, 16 Okla. 352; 83 Pac. 796 and Lindsey v. Goodman, 57 Okla. 408, 157 Pac. 344, it was said that while courts do frequently, and ordinarily in fact, have counsel notified or called when a case is reached for trial, that is done as a courtesy and not as a duty. In Stout v. Calver, 6 Mo. 254, 35 Am. Dec. 438, the court held that because the party was surprised by the cause coming on sooner than he expected, was no ground for a new trial, the court saying: "if new trials are to be granted for such reasons as this, .trial becomes a farce and consequently all proceedings to obtain a judgment become mere nullities." In the ease of Union Brewing Co. v. Cooper, 15 Colo. App. 65, 60 Pac. 946, a motion was made to set the judgment aside and grant a new trial. It was held that a court may set a cause for trial solely on its own motion and without notice to the parties, there being no statutory-provisions governing such actions. The court, among other things, said:
' ' There were no facts set forth in the affidavits or in any of them, showing any mistake or excusable inadvertence. They went simply and solely to the extent that defendant had no notice nor knowledge that the cause would be taken up for trial on February 4th. No valid or real reason or excuse was given for want of such knowledge, the defendant apparently relying upon want of notice that the case would be called and a day set for its trial. ' '
In the ease of Baker v. Hunt & Co., 66 Okla. 42; 166 Pac. 891, it was held that it is not sufficient ground upon which to vacate a judgment that the plaintiffs or their attorneys of record were not notified by the court clerk of the time that the case was set for trial. The court said:
' ' The plaintiffs in error knew that the case was pending in the county court and had been for some time, and it was their duty to use reasonable diligence to ascertain when the ease was set for trial. Neither the petition nor the evidence introduced discloses any efforts on the part of the plaintiffs in error, to ascertain the date on which the cause had been set for trial. The only excuse they offer is that neither the defendants nor their attorneys were notified by the court clerk that the cause had been set for trial on the 22nd day of January, 1915. The question has been thoroughly settled in this jurisdiction. ' '
In the case of Tracy v. State, 60 Okla. 109, 159 Pac. 496, the court said:
"The only ground upon which the motion to vacate the judgment is predicated, is that neither Mat Wolf nor his attorney, had notice of the setting of the case for trial, which, in our opinion, is not a sufficient ground upon which to vacate the judgment rendered. There is no law of this state that requires that attorneys or their clients be notified of the setting of the time for trial. It is the duty of any attorney to be diligent and ascertain when his case is set for trial. ' '
In the case of Avery Co. v. Seeley, 110 Kan. 590, 204 Pac. 731, the syllabus is as follows:
"Where the losing party in a case tried in the district court files and submits a motion for a new trial which is taken under advisement without any definite time being fixed for its decision, and some weeks later is overruled, the fact that such party does not learn of the ruling for more than six months afterwards and therefore loses his right to appeal therefrom, does not entitle him to have the judgment and ruling on the motion, set aside by the trial court, on petition showing these facts, although it also appears that it was the practice of the court to see that the parties were notified of such rulings. * #
The court said among other things:
' ' There was no mistake, neglect or omission of the clerk, nor was there any irregularity in obtaining either the judgment or the order overruling' the motion for a new trial; the plaintiff's complaint is merely that he was not notified of the ruling. If the plaintiff is entitled to relief it must be for unavoidable casualty or misfortune, preventing the party from prosecuting or defending;"
See also Cooley v. Sapp, 90 Okla. 139, 216 Pac. 454.
In the ease at bar, it is not suggested, and there is nothing in the record to indicate, that the case was not regularly on the calendar, or that the court acted oppressively. Even if it were true — which is not shown to be so — that the case was taken up and final judgment rendered therein before it regularly stood for trial, that would not avail the defendant in error, since the motion to vacate was not made within the first three days of the succeeding term, as is required in such cases under the provisions of See. 5923, W. C. S. 1920. The judgment was not entered until fourteen months after State v. Burns, supra, by reason of which the case was delayed, had been finally decided in this court. Por five months more Cook or his counsel, though one of them had his office in the court house, did not find out about the judgment. It is clear that they did not attend court, did not watch their case and paid very little attention to it. The party wishing to amend or plead over when a demurrer is overruled must make a motion or offer to that effect, in default of which he cannot object to final judgment going against him. 31 Cyc. 357. This would be particularly true under our statute, section 5706 W. C. S. 1920, which provides that in such case the party who demurred may answer or reply, "if the court is satisfied that he has a meritorious claim or defense, and did not demur for delay." Manley v. Hunt, 1 Ohio 258. But Cook, tbe country treasurer and their counsel were not there and did not ask to plead over. Default was entered against them and they were not present to object. It can hardly be claimed that they observed the rule mentioned in Lindsey v. Goodman, supra, as follows:
"Better by far to prepare the legal conflict on the theory of utter loss and ruin and to stand firm and solid on the battlefield 'from early morn til noon, and from noon till dewy eve', with all eyes alert, and all hands on the guns stubbornly contesting every inch of the ground, keeping in mind the while the old adage 'That the race is not to the strong but to the vigilant. ' '
It is apparent from the foregoing authorities that there was no irregularity in entering the judgment of July 23, 1919. Hence the only relief, if any, to which John W. Cook was entitled, would have been on account of unavoidable casualty or misfortune preventing a party from prosecuting or defending — a ground mentioned in subdivision 7, section 5923, supra, for opening or vacating a judgment. Avery Co. v. Seeley, supra, Carter v. Grimmett, 89 Okla. 37, 213 Pac. 732; and see the many illustrations given in 34 C. J. on pages 307 to 310, and Hayne, supra, section 76. But in order to obtain relief upon that ground, it was necessary, in accordance with section 5927, supra, to file a petition in the form required by statute and have a summons issued and served as in the commencement of an action. This was not done. No authority, therefore, existed to open up or vacate the judgment of July 23, 1919, and hence the orders of June 2, 1920, and June 18, 1920, were null and void. Parrott v. District Court, 20 Wyo. 494, 126 Pac. 45; Schlieve v. Pool, 43 O. C. C. R. 31.
2. It is, however, contended by defendant in error, that the judgment of June 18, 1920, cannot be attacked collaterally, and we are cited to Reynolds v. Stansbury, 20 Ohio 344, 55 Am. Dec. 459, and other authorities. The authori ties are not in point. "Where it affirmatively appears on the face of the record that a judgment is void, it may always be attacked collaterally or otherwise. 34 C. J. 528 to 530. The application made to open and vacate the judgment of July 23, 1919, takes the place of a petition in other cases, and is, we think, a part of the record. The judgments of June 2, 1920 and June 18, 1920, are based upon it. Hence the face of the record shows that there was no jurisdiction to open up and vacate the former judgment. In any event, the facts fully appear in the record before us and were admitted to be the facts in the case. In Hill v. City Cab & Transfer Co., 79 Cal. 188, 21 Pac. 128, the court speaking of the rule of a collateral attack says as follows:
"But this rule is not that a judgment which is void, will be enforced as if it were valid, but that it can not be shown to be void, except in certain ways. If the party, however, should admit the facts which show the judgment to be void,'or if he should allow them to be established Avithout opposition, then as a question of law, upon such facts, we do not see why the case is not like that where a judgment is void upon its face."
To the same effect see 34 C. J. 531, Akley v. Bassett, 189 Cal. 446, 209 Pac. 576, People v. Harrison, 107 Cal. 541, 40 Pac. 956, Lake v. Bonynge, 161 Cal. 120, 118 Pac. 535.
It follows, from what we have said, that the judgment of July 23, 1919, is still a valid and subsisting judgment; that both the judgments of June 2 and June 18, 1920, setting the former judgment aside, are null and void. Hence the tax deed issued to John W. Cook in pursuance of the latter judgment, is also void, and no good purpose would be subserved by sending the case back for a new trial.
The judgment of the district court in the present action must accordingly be reversed, and remanded with direction to vacate the former judgment herein and to enter judgment in favor of Ray Boulter and to grant him such affirmative relief as he may be entitled to under the pleadings and in accordance with the views herein expressed. It is accordingly so ordered.
Potter, C. J., and Kimball, J., concur.