Case Name: In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of Leighton Clark Rama, Petitioner
Court: Washington Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Washington
Decision Date: 1994-03-28
Citations: 73 Wash. App. 503
Docket Number: No. 31600-1-I
Parties: In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of Leighton Clark Rama, Petitioner.
Judges: 
Reporter: Washington Appellate Reports
Volume: 73
Pages: 503–516

Head Matter:
[No. 31600-1-I.
Division One.
March 28, 1994.]
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of Leighton Clark Rama, Petitioner.
Becker, J., concurs by separate opinion.
Suzanne Lee Elliott of Washington Appellate Defender Association, for petitioner.
Norm Maleng, Prosecuting Attorney, and Pamela Mohr, Deputy, for respondent.

Opinion:
Pekelis, A.C. J.
— Leighton Rama challenges the appropriateness of the sentencing court's reliance on future dangerousness in imposing an exceptional sentence. He contends that future dangerousness cannot be used to justify his exceptional sentence because, under State v. Barnes, 117 Wn.2d 701, 818 P.2d 1088 (1991), the offenses he committed were not sex offenses. He also contends that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of future dangerousness under State v. Pryor, 115 Wn.2d 445, 799 P.2d 244 (1990), because there is no proof of nonamenability to treatment. Because the record lacks adequate evidence of Rama's nonamenability to treatment, we grant Rama's petition and remand.
I
In 1987, Leighton Rama pleaded guilty to five counts of burglary in the first degree, two counts of burglary in the second degree, and one count of attempted burglary in the second degree. These charges were based on a series of incidents, occurring over a 17-month time period during 1985 and 1986, in which Rama entered the homes of single women and exposed his penis. On some of these occasions Rama also threatened the women, touched their breasts or demanded to see their breasts, forced the women to touch his penis or demanded that they touch his penis, and masturbated his exposed penis. The plea agreement permitted the sentencing judge to consider the Certification of Probable Cause, which set forth the sexual nature of Rama's crimes in great detail.
The maximum standard range sentence that Rama could have received for these charges was 116 months. The sentencing court imposed an exceptional sentence based on the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
I. Findings of Fact
1) The defendant engaged in a regular pattern of despicable conduct, as reflected in the charges, that he is unable to control. He is an uncontrollable exhibitionist.
2) The Burglary in the First Degree charges include sexual assaults which are impermissible and shocking.
3) Two young victims in Count # 1 were especially vulnerable because they were babysitters. They were responsible for the care and safety of others they could not leave or abandon and had no opportunity to escape or respond.
II. Conclusions of Law
The standard range is clearly inadequate in light of the purposes of the Sentencing Reform Act in two ways:
1) The conduct of the defendant was more serious than that contemplated in the "typical" Burglary in the first degree, both because of victim vulnerability and the nature of the assaults in the residence being sexual in nature.
2) The court has a duty under the Sentencing Reform Act to protect the public. The defendant presents a clear continuing danger to the public and the standard range is inadequate protection.
On May 29, 1987, Rama received an exceptional sentence of 144 months.
Rama appealed his sentence. This court determined that finding of fact 1 was supported by the evidence, characterizing the finding as "a finding that Rama is 'untreatable' ". State v. Rama, unpublished opinion noted at 54 Wn. App. 1044 (1989) (Rama I), slip op. at 6. As for the trial court's conclusion that "Rama presents a clear and continuing danger to the public", the court noted that
Rama . . . has a lifelong history of sexual deviancy. He has been treated for this problem at least twice; once in the mid 1950's and once in the mid 1970's. From this information, the trial court could determine that, although treatment does help Rama, such help is only temporary.
Rama I, slip op. at 7-8. For that reason, together with Rama's history of similar acts, the court concluded that future dangerousness was an appropriate reason for sentence enhancement. Although the remaining justifications for Rama's exceptional sentence were invalidated, the court upheld the sentence, determining "that the trial court would impose the same sentence even if it only considered . . . future dangerousness". Rama I, slip op. at 11.
Rama's personal restraint petition challenges the trial court's use of future dangerousness as a justification for his exceptional sentence. He contends that the intervening decisions in Barnes and Pryor establish that his exceptional sentence was not authorized by law and thus that his restraint is unlawful.
II
Under Barnes, courts may not consider future dangerousness as a factor in sentencing for nonsexual offenses. Rama argues that because none of his crimes were sex offenses as defined in RCW 9.94A.030(29), future dangerousness does not support imposition of an exceptional sentence.
This issue was recently decided by this court in State v. Stewart, 72 Wn. App. 885, 866 P.2d 677 (1994). Noting that the Barnes opinion did not cite the SRA's (Sentencing Reform Act of 1981) definition section when referring to "'sexual offense cases . . .' ", the Stewart court determined that "nothing in Barnes compels the conclusion that future dangerousness may be applied only to those offenses defined as sex offenses in the SRA." Stewart, at 895. Hence, the Stewart court held that, for purposes of determining whether an offense is a sexual offense and whether future dangerousness may be considered as an aggravating factor at sentencing, "a court is not restricted to the SRA's definition of sex offense." Stewart, at 895. The court articulated the applicable rule as follows:
[T]he court should look at the defendant's acts in committing the crime and determine, from a commonsense perspective, whether the offense is capable of treatment as a sexual offense. If it is, future dangerousness may be considered as an aggravating factor.
Stewart, at 895.
There is no dispute here that Rama's crimes were sexually motivated. Rama in fact concedes this point, observing that "[t]he circumstances in my case would indicate that the crimes were sexually motivated, even though I was not charged with a sexual offence [sic]." Moreover, in deciding Rama's direct appeal, this court observed that "[t]he assault involved here was sexual in nature." Rama I, slip op. at 8. And unchallenged findings of the trial court state that "[t]he Burglary in the First Degree charges include sexual assaults" and that "the nature of the assaults in the residence [was] sexual in nature." Rama I, slip op. at 6.
Clearly, from a commonsense perspective, Rama's offenses were committed entirely for the purpose of sexual gratification and hence are properly characterized as sexual offenses. Thus, despite Barnes, the trial court did not err in considering Rama's future dangerousness, and we reject this aspect of Rama's challenge.
Ill
Next, Rama contends that, in any event, the finding of future dangerousness does not satisfy State v. Pryor, supra. In Pryor, the Supreme Court held that a finding of future dangerousness in a sexual offense case must be supported by findings that the defendant has committed similar criminal acts and that the defendant is not amenable to treatment. 115 Wn.2d at 454. The court noted that, at a minimum, the finding of lack of amenability to treatment must be based on the expert testimony of a mental health professional. 115 Wn.2d at 454-55; State v. Strauss, 119 Wn.2d 401, 420, 832 P.2d 78 (1992) ("court must have before it the opinion of a mental health professional that the defendant would likely not be amenable to treatment") (citing Pryor).
Rama does not contest the finding that he had committed similar criminal acts. He argues only that the finding of future dangerousness was inadequate because there was no expert testimony establishing his nonamenability to treatment.
The State concedes that "no such [expert] opinion was before the sentencing court", but contends that under State v. Miller, 60 Wn. App. 914, 808 P.2d 186 (1991), "a trial court might also consider several other factors". The Miller court observed that "[t]he obvious aim of the Pryor court was to require some form of objective verification of a defendant's future dangerousness." 60 Wn. App. at 919. Hence, even though the literal language of Pryor requires a professional evaluation of amenability to treatment, the Miller court determined that Pryor does not preclude a trial court from "considering other critical factors". 60 Wn. App. at 919.
For example, a defendant in theory might be a candidate for therapy but would not be "amenable to treatment" if the record establishes that (1) no treatment programs are available; (2) the defendant is ineligible for treatment at all available facilities due, for instance, to prior unsuccessful treatment; (3) the defendant refuses to cooperate with necessary evaluations to determine the usefulness of treatment; or (4) no facility is sufficiently secure to house the defendant during treatment. Circumstances such as these would, in effect, demonstrate that treatment was not available as contemplated by Pryor.
60 Wn. App. at 919.
However, in Miller, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court's future dangerousness finding. There, the defendant "'underwent 26 months of sexual deviancy treatment at Western State Hospital and was on the outpatient program for 18 months'." Because the defendant then reoffended, the trial court concluded that the treatment " 'clearly . . . was not effective with the defendant . . .'" and imposed an exceptional sentence based on future dangerousness. 60 Wn. App. at 917. The Court of Appeals disagreed, ruling that this evidence "is insufficient to show that [defendant] was not amenable to treatment":
The record has no information about whether an appropriate treatment program was available for [defendant] or whether he would be eligible for such treatment. Likewise, nothing in the record indicates whether [defendant's] treatment following the 1974 conviction was successful or whether he currently is responsive to treatment, as Pryor requires. It is possible, perhaps probable, that a mental health professional would conclude that [defendant] would not benefit from therapy because he [committed the current offense] after receiving 26 months of sexual deviancy treatment. However, no testimony was presented that would permit such a determination.
60 Wn. App. at 919-20.
In the present case, information available at sentencing revealed that Rama underwent treatment and therapy in Florida and Wisconsin during the 1950's and 1960's, apparently in connection with arrests for criminal trespass, disorderly conduct, and lewdness. He was arrested in Seattle in 1972 for several assaults that were "quite similar to his current offense although they were considerably] more violent". Following his guilty plea to two counts of assault in the second degree with a deadly weapon, Rama was. granted a 10-year suspended sentence and committed to the sexual psychopath program at Western State Hospital. Dr. Richard Jarvis, who treated Rama at the time, observed that
there is no doubt in my mind that he suffers from a form of psycho neurosis which predisposes him to the commission of sexual offenses.
Rama was released from Western State in July 1974, and the State concedes that "[t]he Department of Corrections records indicate that he successfully completed this program". Rama was arrested in New York in 1979 and charged with sexual abuse based on an incident in which Rama grabbed a woman's breasts.
Based on this evidence, together with the charges in the instant matter, the trial court deemed Rama "untreatable". In response to Rama's personal restraint petition, the State argues that, despite a longstanding history of sexual deviancy treatment, Rama has continued to commit "sexually deviant crimes", thus demonstrating "that treatment is not available as contemplated in Pryor".
The State's argument requires an inference that this court was unwilling to draw in Miller, because defendant committed another sexual offense after receiving sexual deviancy treatment for earlier offenses, he would not benefit from treatment now. While the Miller court acknowledged that certain facts might stand in place of the literal language of Pryor, which requires a professional evaluation of amenability to treatment, it expressly declined to substitute the foregoing inference for such evidence.
The evidence here is no better. Like the defendant in Miller, Rama underwent treatment and subsequently reoffended. As in Miller, the record has no information about whether an appropriate treatment program is available for Rama or whether he would be eligible for such treatment. As in Miller, nothing in the record indicates whether Rama currently is or is not responsive to treatment, "as Pryor requires". 60 Wn. App. at 920. Unlike Miller, but further reinforcing the conclusion that Pryor has not been satisfied, the record here affirmatively demonstrates that, following Rama's 1973 convictions, he "successfully completed" sexual deviancy treatment.
We conclude that the finding of future dangerousness was not supported by objective evidence of a lack of amenability to treatment. Therefore, the exceptional sentence was contrary to the dictates of Pryor, and Rama is entitled to relief. Given the long period since Rama's initial sentencing, it would be pointless for the sentencing court now to engage in additional factfinding on the issue of whether Rama was, in 1987, likely amenable to treatment. Hence, we remand for imposition of a sentence within the standard range.
Scholfieud, J., concurs.
The relevant portions of the Certification of Probable Cause are fully set forth in this court's opinion on Rama's direct appeal, State v. Rama, cause 20611-7-1 (June 5, 1989) (Rama I) (unpublished).
The court also noted that '[i]n his oral decision, the trial judge stated that Rama is 'untreatable' and 'unable to control his behavior' ". Rama I, slip op. at 6 n.2.
In In re Vandervlugt, 120 Wn.2d 427, 842 P.2d 950 (1992), the Supreme Court held that, because Pryor and Barnes reflect significant intervening changes in the law, review of an exceptional sentence by way of personal restraint petition is available even though petitioner has already directly appealed the future dangerousness finding. 120 Wn.2d at 431-35. Hence, the State's concession that RAP 16.4(d) permits the petition in this case is appropriate. Rama must still, of course, demonstrate that sufficient reasons exist for applying the changed standards of Pryor and Barnes to his case.
Our holding, like that of Stewart, is necessarily limited to prosecutions that preceded July 1,1990, the date the sexual motivation statute, RCW 9.94A.127, went into effect, see Laws of 1990, ch. 3, § 606(1).
In a reply brief, defense counsel argues for the first time that if sexually motivated crimes other than defined sex offenses can subject a defendant to an enhanced sentence, then Rama's sentence violated the real facts doctrine because the State could have charged Rama with indecent liberties. This allusion to the real facts doctrine, without citation to authority, is insufficient to warrant appellate review, see Janos v. UW, 69 Wn. App. 799, 809, 851 P.2d 683 (court need not consider alleged errors raised for first time in reply brief), review denied, 122 Wn.2d 1007 (1993); Mairs v. Department of Licensing, 70 Wn. App. 541, 544, 854 P.2d 665 (1993) (per curiam) (appellate court need not decide an argument that is not supported by citation to authority).
In a recently filed opinion, State v. McNallie, 123 Wn.2d 585, 870 P.2d 295 (1994), the Supreme Court opined that proof of nonamenability is not necessarily limited to a therapist's evaluation concurrent with sentencing, and that the sentencing court may consider "other objective indications showing that the defendant is not a likely candidate for successful rehabilitation." McNallie, at 591. In McNallie, there was evidence of defendant's prior failed attempts at therapy, as well as offenses committed during periods of treatment or soon thereafter. Ruling that sentencing courts are free to consider "a prior history of failed attempts at therapy", the Supreme Court held that this evidence "was adequate alone to support the finding of non-amenability." McNallie, at 591, 592.
Here, however, Rama has no "prior history of failed attempts at therapy", nor did he commit his offenses during or soon after his treatment. Thus, McNallie'a clarification of Pryor does not apply.
Rama asserts that as of August 1993 his "total of served time, good time and earned time" exceeded the maximum standard range sentence applicable to his convictions. The record is insufficient to permit us to evaluate the accuracy of this claim. However, if Rama is able to establish this before the sentencing court, then he is entitled to immediate release.