Case Name: In the Matter of John J. Kuhn, Appellant, against Thomas J. Curran, as Secretary of State of the State of New York, Respondent; In the Matter of John J. Kuhn, Appellant, against Rollin Browne, as Commissioner of Taxation and Finance of the State of New York, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1945-05-17
Citations: 294 N.Y. 207
Docket Number: 
Parties: In the Matter of John J. Kuhn, Appellant, against Thomas J. Curran, as Secretary of State of the State of New York, Respondent. In the Matter of John J. Kuhn, Appellant, against Rollin Browne, as Commissioner of Taxation and Finance of the State of New York, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 294
Pages: 207–222

Head Matter:
In the Matter of John J. Kuhn, Appellant, against Thomas J. Curran, as Secretary of State of the State of New York, Respondent. In the Matter of John J. Kuhn, Appellant, against Rollin Browne, as Commissioner of Taxation and Finance of the State of New York, Respondent.
Argued April 9, 1945;
decided May 17, 1945.
John W. Davis and Ferdinand I. Haber for appellant.
The People of the State have reseryed the power to determine the number of judicial districts in the State. (People ex rel. Bolton v. Albertson, 55 N. Y. 50; Finn v. City of New York, 282 N. Y. 153; Constitution of 1846, art. VI, § 16; Constitution, art. VI, § 6, as amd. November 2, 1869; Revised Record 1894 Constitutional Convention.)
Frederic White Shepard for Nassau Taxpayers League, amicus curiae in support of appellant’s position.
I. The power to “ erect ” is not implied in the word “ alter ”. The history of our Constitution shows the construction of the word by our Constitutional Conventions and by the voters. (Constitution of 1821, art. V, § 5; Constitution of 1846, art. VI, § 4; New York State Constitutional Convention 1938, Revised Record Vol. I, pp. 178, 215, 168 and index; New York State Constitutional Convention Journal, documents 15, p. 64, and 16, pp. 63-64.) II. Legislative proceedings show that the construction adopted by Constitutional Convention delegates was concurred in by legislatures. (New York State Constitutional Convention Committee, 1938, vol. II, 466, 467.) III. Efforts to erect additional districts by constitutional means having failed, at least four attempts were made to accomplish the purpose by mere legislation. IV. Chapter 614 of the Laws of 1944 should be declared unconstitutional. (Browne v. City of New York, 213 App. Div. 206; People ex rel. Burby v. Howland, 155 N. Y. 270.) V. The Legislature, after 1905, abused its power to erect new districts when it had that power and sought to exercise it after the power had been taken away. VI. The Legislature is restrained by the Constitution from exercising plenary power over the judicial districts. (In re Thirty-fourth Street R. R. Co., 102 N. Y. 343.) VII. The construction of the Constitution for which we contend is confirmed by “ the settled practise of the years ”. (Story v. Craig, 231 N. Y. 33.)
James H. Glavin, Jr., and Reginald C. Smith for Lawyers Association of Suffolk County, amicus curæ in support of appellant’s position.
I. Chapter 617 of the Laws of 1944 is unconstitutional. (Studebaker v. Perry, 184 U. S. 258; Norwegian Nitrogen Co. v. U. S., 288 U. S. 294.) II. The legislation is not remedial or progressive.
Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Attorney-General (Wendell P. Brown, Orrin G. Judd, John C. Crary, Jr., and John R. Davison of counsel), for respondents.
I. Section 1, of article VI, of the Constitution reserves to the Legislature the power to change the number of judicial districts. The natural meaning of the language reserving to the Legislature power to alter the judicial districts includes authority to increase their number. (Matter of Wendell v. Lavin, 246 N. Y. 115; Matter of Stoughton v. Cohen, 281 N. Y. 343; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat 1; People v. Sassovich, 29 Cal. 480; Attorney-General of Canada v. Attorney-General of Ontario, XX Ont. 222; Adams v. Shelbyville, 154 Ind. 467.) II. The historical development of section 1, article VI, sustains the existence of legislative power to increase the number of judicial districts. In Constitution of 1821, article V, § 5; L. 1823, ch. 182; Constitution of 1846, art. VI, §§ 4, 16.) III. The declared purpose of the present provision of section 1, article VI, was to relieve the Legislature from the restraint forbidding increase in the number of judicial districts. (Constitution, art. III, § 1; Oswego & Syracuse R. R. Co. v. State, 226 N. Y. 351.)
Rowland L. Davis, Charles H. Gardner and D. Ormonde Ritchie for Suffolk County Bar Association, amicus curiæ in support of respondents’ position.
I. The constitutionality of a statute is a judicial question. The court will give consideration to the origin, history and circumstances attending the adoption of the provision challenged. (Sweet v. City of Syracuse et al., 129 N. Y. 316.) II. The Legislature being supreme in its field, its acts are presumed to be in harmony with the fundamental law; and informed and mindful of its constitutional limitations. The person challenging the act carries the burden of satisfying the court to the contrary. (People ex rel. Henderson v. Supervisors, 147 N. Y. 1.) III. Words or language used are to be given their ordinary meaning. (Matter of Sherrill v. O’Brien, 188 N. Y. 185.)

Opinion:
Lehman, Ch. J.
The petitioner, a resident and taxpayer in Nassau County, asks in these two proceedings for orders in the nature of mandamus directing the Secretary of State and the Commissioner of Taxation and Finance of the State of New York " to disregard Chapter 617 of the Laws of 1944 " and to discharge their official duties " as if said statute had not been enacted ". The challenged statute is entitled " An Act to amend the judiciary law, in relation to altering the state into ten judicial districts of the state and providing for the number of justices in the second and tenth judicial districts and for additional stenographers and clerks in the tenth judicial district, as provided by article six, section one of the constitution ". The purpose of the proceedings is to obtain an authoritative decision that under the Constitution of the State the Legislature has not been granted the power of " altering the state into ten judicial districts ". Mr. Justice Bergan at Special Term sustained the validity of the statute in a careful opinion, and dismissed the petitions on the merits. The petitioner has appealed to this court from the orders of Special Term pursuant to the provisions of subdivision 4 of section 588 of the Civil Practice Act.
The only question involved is whether the statute is valid under the provisions of the Constitution of the State. Section 1 of article VI of the Constitution provides, among other things, that: ' ' The existing judicial districts of the state are continued until changed as hereinafter provided. The supreme court shall consist of the justices now in office and their successors, together with such additional justices as may be authorized by law. The successors of said justices shall be chosen by the electors of their respective judicial districts. The legislature may alter the judicial districts once after every federal census or state enumeration, each district being bounded by county lines and thereupon re-apportion the justices to be thereafter elected in the districts so altered." The effect of chapter 617 of the Laws of 1944, if valid, is to amend section 140 of the Judiciary Law so as to divide the State into ten judicial districts instead of nine, creating a tenth judicial district to consist of the counties of Nassau and Suffolk which have been part of the second judicial district; and by amendment of other sections of the Judiciary Law, to reapportion the justices to be hereafter elected in the second judicial district (as altered by the excision of the counties of Nassau and Suffolk) and in the newly created tenth judicial district; and to reapportion also the justices who were chosen by the electors of the second judicial district as it existed at the time the statute was enacted and whose terms- have not yet expired. The validity of the statute depends primarily upon whether the grant in the Constitution by the People of the State to its Legislature of power to " alter " the nine judicial districts of the State as " continued " by the Constitution " until changed as hereinafter provided " includes a power to establish additional judicial districts by withdrawal of territory from one or more existing judicial districts and integration of the territory withdrawn into one or more new districts.
In view of the importance to the public of an authoritative determination of that question at the present time, we do not pause to consider whether the question is presented in appropriate proceedings. Sufficient, at present, that a controversy exists between the parties to the proceedings immediately affecting them, and that all parties entitled to be heard in regard to the questions involved are here represented. In considering that question we note at the outset that-the Legislature by the Constitution is granted the power to " alter the judicial districts " and that the statute is entitled " An Act to amend the judiciary law, in relation to altering the state into ten judicial districts The difference in language is unimportant if the power to " alter the judicial districts " includes the power to increase the number of districts, but it serves to define the legal question presented upon this appeal. The attempted division of the second judicial district as previously established certainly alters that district. The power of the Legislature to do that , is clear, but it is not so clear that the Legislature could then create a new district out of the counties removed from the second district and thus " alter the state " into an increased number of judicial districts. Alteration of the judicial districts of the State necessarily involves increase or decrease in the size of some districts. The Legislature has found implicit in the grant to it of the power to alter the judicial districts of the State, the power to establish new districts out of the territory withdrawn from existing districts.
Article VI of the Constitution relating to the " Judiciary " was adopted by vote of the People in November, 1925. The provisions of section 1 of that article relating to the judicial districts of the State and granting power to the Legislature to alter existing districts are derived, without change of language, from the Constitution of the State formulated by the Constitutional Convention of 1894 and then adopted by vote of the People. The provisions of that Constitution were in turn derived, but with some changes to which we shall refer hereafter, from earlier Constitutions. In construing the existing constitutional provisions, their derivation and history must be kept in mind.
The Constitution of 1821 provided in article V, section 5, that: ' ' The state shall be divided by law into a convenient number of circuits, not less than four nor exceeding eight, subject to alteration by the legislature from time to time as the public good may require " The power of " alteration " of the " number of circuits " granted by that Constitution included the powers to increase or decrease the number of circuits; but subject to the qualification that the number could not be less than four or more than eight. In the exercise of the power thus conferred upon it, the-Legislature enacted chapter 182 of the Laws of 1823, providing for eight circuits corresponding with the eight Senate districts of the State.
The judicial system thus established proved inadequate, but even though the Governors of the State in their annual messages repeatedly called attention to the need for reform to meet the demands of accumulated business and proposals for numerous amendments were introduced into the Legislature, none was adopted. See " Problems Relating to Judicial Administration and Organization " (Report of New York State Constitutional Convention Committee, 1938, Vol. IX, p. 36).
The Constitutional Convention of 1846 accordingly, after long debate, revised the judicial system of the State "and made fundamental changes in it. Among other things the judiciary article of the new Constitution provided:
" Section 4. (Judicial districts). The state shall be divided into eight judicial districts, of which the city of New York shall be one; the others to be bounded by county lines, and to be compact and equal in population as nearly as may be. There shall be four justices of the supreme court in each district, and as many more in the district composed of the city of New York as may, from time to time, be authorized by law, but not to exceed in the whole such number, in proportion to its population, as shall be in conformity with the number of such judges in the residue of the state in proportion to its population " (art. VI, § 4) and
" Section 16. (Reorganization of judicial districts.) The legislature may reorganize the judicial districts at the first session after the return of every enumeration under this constitution, in the manner provided for in the fourth section of this article, and at no other time; and they may, at such session, increase or diminish the number of districts; but such increase or diminution shall not be more than one district at any one time. Each district shall have four justices of the supreme court; but no diminution of the districts shall have the effect to remove a judge from office." (Art. VI, § 16.)
By these constitutional provisions, the power to " reorganize the judicial districts " was conferred upon the Legislature and coupled with it the express power to " increase or diminish the number of districts " by not more than one at any one time, but the Legislature was given only a rigidly limited power to increase the number of judges.
In the exercise of the powers thus conferred upon it, the Legislature by chapter 241 of the Laws of 1847 provided that: " The state is hereby divided into eight judicial districts, pursuant to the provisions of the fourth section of the sixth article of the constitution, which districts shall be arranged as follows: " then specifying the counties included in each district. That statute is the precursor of section 140 of the Judiciary Law, and it is perhaps noteworthy that prior to the adoption of chapter 617 of the Laws of 1944 which is now challenged, there have been few changes in the boundaries of the judicial districts established in 1847. The report of the Board of Statutory Consolidation (1907) which formulated the Judiciary Law has, on page 31, the following note: " L. 1847, Ch. 241, § 1, divided the state into eight judicial districts pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of 1846. The boundaries of the first judicial district were established by L. 1906, Ch. 285. The second judicial district was divided into two districts, the second and ninth, by L. 1906, Ch. 294, § 1. The second district as thus established, consists of the counties of Richmond, Kings, Queens, Nassau and Suffolk. The other counties in the former second district, viz., Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Orange and Rockland, were established by said act as the ninth judicial district. The county of Schuyler was added to the sixth judicial district by L. 1857, Ch. 485, § 1." (Report of Board of Statutory Consolidation, 1907, p. 3194.)
The power to " increase " the number of districts was expressly withheld from the Legislature by the Constitution of 1869, which provided: " The existing judicial districts of the state are continued until changed pursuant to this section * • * . The legislature may alter the districts, without increasing the number, once after every enumeration, under this constitution, of the inhabitants of the state." (Art. VI, § 6.) Thus in the Constitution of 1821 the people in express terms conferred upon the Legislature a limited power " to increase or diminish ' ' the number of judicial circuits; in the Constitution of 1846 the People in express terms conferred upon the Legislature a limited power to " increase or diminish " the number of judicial districts; while in the Constitution of 1869 the power to increase the number was in express terms withheld. Perhaps it is not without significance that in three successive constitutional conventions prior to the Convention of 1894, the framers of constitutions to be submitted for approval to the People of the State found it advisable to clarify a power granted to the Legislature to " alter " or to " reorganize " or to " change " judicial circuits or districts by express provision that such power did or did not include the power to " increase " their number but never granted a power to increase or decrease the number without imposing some limitation upon the exercise of that power.
The Constitutional Convention of 1894 incorporated in the Judiciary Article of the Constitution, which was submitted to and approved by the People at the election held that year, the provisions of the Constitution of 1869 relating to the power of the Legislature to " change " or " alter " the judicial districts of the State, except that the words " without increasing the number " were omitted. (Art. VI, § 1.) Thus the question arises whether by the omission of the words " without increasing the number " the People of the State intended to grant to the Legislature a power to establish additional districts which the People had previously withheld.
Distinguished lawyers were members of the committee which drafted the Judiciary Article of the new Constitution and its chairman was the Honorable Elihu Root, who was, for many years, an unchallenged leader of the bar. The elimination by the committee of the qualifying words " without increasing the. number " from the grant of the power to " alter the districts ", at least suggests that the framers of the article intended that, if the People approved the proposed Constitution, the grant of the power to " alter the districts " should thereafter include the power to increase that number. The proposal, that the qualifying clause should be omitted from the grant, was introduced in printed form, bearing introductory number 277 and print number 279, entitled " Proposed Constitutional Amendment to amend section six of the constitution so as to permit the legislature to increase the number of judicial districts ", by Mr. Dickey, later a justice of the Supreme Court. The proposal was accepted by the Judiciary Committee and persuasive argument may be made that lawyers of distinction would not have approved the omission of the qualifying words from the grant of power to alter the judicial districts, unless by such omission they had intended to enlarge the grant. The omission of the qualifying words seems particularly significant because in formulating section 2 of article VI relating to the manner in which the judicial departments of the State shall be constituted, the Convention coupled the grant to the Legislature of power to " alter the boundaries of the judicial departments " with the express qualification " but without increasing the number thereof ".
We may not, however, construe the words of the Constitution in exactly the same manner as we would construe the words of a will or contract drafted by careful lawyers, or even a statute enacted by the Legislature. It is the approval of the People of the State which gives force to a provision of the Constitution drafted by the convention, and in construing the Constitution we seek the meaning which the words would convey to an intelligent, careful voter. A grant of an enlarged power by the People should not rest upon doubtful implication arising from the omission of a previous express limitation, at least unless it appears that the omission and its significance was called to the attention of the People. Here, there may be doubt as to whether the significance of the change was fully realized even by the members of the Convention.
The printed records of the Convention do not show that there was any discussion in the Convention of a proposal to eliminate the words " without increasing the number " and thus, perhaps to permit the Legislature to increase the number of judicial districts; indeed, the only reference to the proposal is contained in an explanatory statement relating to the Judiciary Article signed by Mr. Boot as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. It is there stated that the proposed constitutional amendment " No. 279 " introduced by Mr. Dickey was included in the proposed Judiciary Article; but nowheres in any debate or in answer to any question concerning the effect of provisions of the article did Mr. Boot make any reference to a possible increase or decrease in the number of judicial districts. The absence of debate or comment suggests doubt whether the members of the Judiciary Committee and the members of the Convention intended to enlarge the legislative power in the premises by omission of an express limitation. That doubt is perhaps strengthened by the fact that two distinguished members of the Judiciary Committee had, as members of the Legislative Commission of 1890, recommended that the provisions of the Judiciary Article of the Constitution of 1869 relating to the alteration of judicial districts should remain unchanged.
Conflicting inferences may be drawn from such circumstances and doubt might still remain as to the scope of the power of the Legislature to " alter " the judicial districts, if our only guide were the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1894 and the bare words of the Constitution there formulated and approved by the People at the next election. We find a better guide in the later pronouncements of the Legislature and of the People when, in the opinion of the Legislature, it became advisable to divide the second district and to establish a ninth district consisting of counties which previously were part of the second, district. The Legislature did not then assert that power to increase the number of judicial districts had been conferred upon it by the Constitution of 1894, but in 1905 asked the People of the State to approve an amendment to the Constitution, amending article VI, section 1, by adding a new paragraph to that section reading as follows: " Section 1. The legislature may, from time to time, increase the number of justices in any judicial district, except that the number of justices in the first and second district or in any of the districts into which the second district may be divided, shall not be increased to exceed one justice for each eighty thousand or fraction over forty thousand of the population thereof, as shown by the last state or federal census or enumeration, and except that the number of justices in any other district shall not be increased to exceed one justice for each sixty thousand or fraction over thirty-five thousand of the population thereof, as shown by the last state or federal census or enumeration. The legislature may erect out of the second judicial district, as now constituted, another judicial district and apportion the justices in office between districts and provide for the election of additional justices in the new district not exceeding the limit herein provided. ' ' That amendment was adopted.
A specific grant to the Legislature by the People in article VI, section 1, of power to erect " out of the Second Judicial District as now constituted another judicial district " is patently inconsistent with a construction of another part of the same section as a grant of plenary power to increase or decrease at will the number of judicial districts of the State. Attempted explanations of the submission by the Legislature to the People of the proposed amendment cannot change the fact that by mandate of the People the Legislature was given a specific power to erect " another judicial district " out of the existing second district, and that after that district was erected, the power of the Legislature to erect new districts was exhausted.
In the Report of the New York State Constitutional Convention Committee, 1938, the effect of the amendment adopted in 1905 is summarized as follows:
" In 1905 an amendment to section 1 was adopted by the people. This amendment gave the Legislature two additional powers not theretofore possessed:
" (1) The Legislature was authorized to increase the number of justices in any judicial district, on the basis of the population of the district.
" (2) The Legislature was authorised to create a new judicial district out of part of the second district.
" By the Laws of 1906, chapter 294, section 1, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Orange and Rockland counties were taken out of the second judicial district and made into a new judicial district known as the ninth." (Vol. IX, p. 57. Italics are now supplied.)
Until the Judiciary Article (art. VI) of the Constitution now in effect was adopted in 1925, section 1 of article VI of the Constitution of 1894 as amended in 1905, including the provision conferring upon the Legislature specific power to create a single new judicial district, remained unchanged, though that power had been fully exercised. No contention is made that the elimination of the grant of a specific power, already exhausted, to create a single specified additional district indicates an intention to grant a broad power to create additional districts at will. The Legislature had been without power to increase the number of judicial districts since 1869. Possible doubt whether by the Constitution of 1894 the People conferred upon the Legislature such power was removed by the amendment of 1905 and certainly no new power was conferred by the amended article in 1925. We are not concerned whether a grant of such power by the People would facilitate efficient judicial administration. It has not been granted by the People in express terms and the People have indicated that it may not be read by implication into the grant of power " to alter the judicial districts " of the State.
The orders should be reversed and the proceedings remitted to the Special Term for the entry of orders not inconsistent with this opinion, without costs.