Case Name: Before State Industrial Commission, Respondent. In the Matter of the Claim of James C. Woodward, Respondent, for Compensation to Himself under the Workmen's Compensation Law, v. E. W. Conklin & Son, Inc., Employer, and Ætna Life Insurance Company, Insurer, Appellants
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1916-03-08
Citations: 171 A.D. 736
Docket Number: 
Parties: Before State Industrial Commission, Respondent. In the Matter of the Claim of James C. Woodward, Respondent, for Compensation to Himself under the Workmen’s Compensation Law, v. E. W. Conklin & Son, Inc., Employer, and Ætna Life Insurance Company, Insurer, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 171
Pages: 736–742

Head Matter:
Before State Industrial Commission, Respondent. In the Matter of the Claim of James C. Woodward, Respondent, for Compensation to Himself under the Workmen’s Compensation Law, v. E. W. Conklin & Son, Inc., Employer, and Ætna Life Insurance Company, Insurer, Appellants.
Third Department,
March 8, 1916.
Workmen’s Compensation Law — effect of compromise or release of claim by employee against third party — section 29 of the statute construed —"election of remedies.
A compromise or release by an employee of his cause of action against a third party is ineffectual against the insurer without the written approval of the latter. The release in such case does not prevent the insurer from prosecuting the assigned claim against the third party.
One of the primary purposes of section 29 of the "Workmen’s Compensation Law is to protect the employee against his own improvidence, weakness, ignorance or short-sightedness in compromising his claim for injuries, and a reciprocal advantage or protection to the insurer is given in the form of a claim against any third party negligently causing the injury, which cannot be destroyed by the act of the injured party without the written approval of the insurer.
The term “elect,” as used in section 29 of the Workmen’s Compensation Law, does not have the ordinary meaning of indicating a choice between two inconsistent remedies against the same party, the exercise of which choice in one direction precludes action in another.
Appeal by E. W. Conklin & Son, Inc., and another, from an award of the State Industrial Commission, entered in the office of said Commission on the 28th day of June, 1915, granting compensation herein.
William H. Foster, for the appellants.
Egburt E. Woodbury, Attorney-General [Harold J. Hinman, Deputy Attorney-General, of counsel], for the State Industrial Commission.

Opinion:
Cochrane, J.:
The claimant was a driver and caretaker of mules and was injured while driving a mule across the tracks of the Binghamton Railway Company in the course of his employment by the appellant, E. W. Conklin & Son, Inc. He executed a release to the railway company without compensation or any consideration whatever and without the consent of the insurance carrier. Thereafter he elected to take compensation under the act. The sole question on this appeal is the effect of such release on his right to an award which has been made by the Commission against the insurance carrier.
Section 29 of the Workmen's Compensation Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 67; Laws of 1914, chap. 41) is as follows:
"§ 29. Subrogation to remedies of employee. If a workman entitled to compensation under this chapter he injured or killed by the negligence or wrong of another not in the same employ, such injured workman, or in case of death, his dependents, shall, before any suit or claim under this chapter, elect whether to take compensation under this chapter or to pursue his remedy against such other. Such election shall be evidenced in such manner as the Commission may by rule or regulation prescribe. If he elect to take compensation under this chapter, the cause of action against such other shall be assigned to the State for the benefit of the State Insurance Fund, if compensation be payable therefrom, and otherwise to the person or association or corporation liable for the payment of such compensation, and if he elect to proceed against such other, the State Insurance Fund, person or association or corporation, as the case may be, shall contribute only the deficiency, if any, between the amount of the recovery against such other person actually collected, and the compensation provided or estimated by this chapter for such case. Such a cause of action assigned to the State may he prosecuted or compromised by the Commis sion. A compromise of any such cause of action by the workman or his dependents at an amount less than the compensation provided for by this chapter shall be made only with the written approval of the Commission, if the deficiency of compensation would be payable from the State Insurance Fund, and otherwise with the written approval of the person, association or corporation liable to pay the same."
The scheme of this statute is simple and comprehensive. Concisely stated, one of the purposes is to make the third party ultimately liable for the consequences of his negligence if such liability exists, and that the insurer under the act, if there be one, shall have the benefit of such liability of a third party to the extent of an award which may be made by the Commission. The term "elect," as used in section 29, does not have the meaning which it frequently has of indicating a choice between two inconsistent remedies against the same party, the exercise of which choice in one direction precludes action in another direction. That is apparent from the whole tenor of the section. The claimant may bring his common-law action against a third party, and if he does so he does not thereby discharge the insurer of his employer unless he recovers as much as he might be awarded by the Commission under the act, because the statute says that in such case "the State Insurance Fund, person or association or corporation, as the case may be, shall contribute only the deficiency, if any, between the amount of the recovery against such other person actually collected, and the compensation provided or estimated by this chapter for such case." On the other hand, if the claimant elects to take compensation under the act, his cause of action against the third party must be assigned to the insurance carrier who thereby becomes subrogated to such remedy of the claimant. And for the protection of the insurer the statute expressly provides that ' ' a compromise of any such cause of action by the workman or his dependents at an amount less than the compensation provided for by this chapter shall be made only with the written approval of the person, association or corporation liable to pay the same." Clearly, therefore, a compromise or release by an employee of his cause of action against a third party is ineffectual against the insurer without the written approval of the latter. The release in such case constitutes no obstacle in the way of the insurer prosecuting the assigned claim against the third party. One of the primary purposes of the statute is to protect the employee against his own improvidence, weakness, ignorance or shortsightedness in compromising his claim for injuries. And a reciprocal advantage or protection to the insurer is given in the form of a claim against any third party negligently causing the injury which cannot be destroyed by the act of the injured party without the written approval of the insurer. When a third party takes a release or settles a claim he does so with full knowledge of this statutory requirement that the compromise shall have the written approval of the person or corporation liable for compensation under the act, and that without such approval such release or compromise may not be asserted against the person or party whose approval is thus required. And the statute while protecting the workman does so without sacrificing or prejudicing the rights of either the insurer or the third party. The latter cannot be placed in any less favorable position because whatever he pays he cannot he called on to pay again, but if he compromises for less than his actual liability he remains liable to the insurer for such excess up to the amount allowed under the act unless the latter has consented in writing, as the statute provides, for the compromise at the less amount.
Furthermore, section 33 of the act provides that " claims for compensation or benefits due under this chapter shall not he assigned, released or commuted except as provided by this chapter." This of course means that claims for compensation under the act against the insurer may not he assigned, released or commuted, but if the employee without the approval of the person liable to pay the compensation under the act may release a third party and make such release effective against the insurer, then he is permitted to indirectly accomplish the defeat of this provision in section 33 and by settling with the third party release and discharge his claim for compensation under the act. This seems to constitute an additional argument why a release is ineffectual as against the insurance carrier unless it has the approval of the latter.
In the present case the claimant received nothing for the release in question, but if he had done so according to the views expressed it would make no difference except that the insurer would be liable only for the difference between the amount received and the compensation provided by the act.
The award should be affirmed.
Woodward, J., concurred in separate opinion.