Case Name: Alan H. SCHREIBER, etc., et al., Petitioners, v. Robert R. ROWE, Respondent
Court: Florida Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 2002-03-21
Citations: 814 So. 2d 396
Docket Number: No. SC95000
Parties: Alan H. SCHREIBER, etc., et al., Petitioners, v. Robert R. ROWE, Respondent.
Judges: WELLS, C.J., and HARDING, ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, LEWIS, and QUINCE, JJ., concur.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 814
Pages: 396–402

Head Matter:
Alan H. SCHREIBER, etc., et al., Petitioners, v. Robert R. ROWE, Respondent.
No. SC95000.
Supreme Court of Florida.
March 21, 2002.
Neil Rose of Bernstein & Chackman, P.A., Hollywood, FL; and James C. Barry of Adams, Coogler, Watson, Merkel, Barry & Kellner, P.A., West Palm Beach, FL, for Petitioners.
Sharon C. Degnan and Diane H. Tutt of Diane H. Tutt, P.A., Plantation, FL, for Respondent.
Thomas E. Warner, Solicitor General, T. Kent Wetherell, II, Deputy Solicitor General, Office of the Solicitor General, Tallahassee, FL; and Louis F. Hubener, Assistant Attorney General, Tallahassee, FL, on behalf of Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, and the State of Florida, Amicus Curiae.

Opinion:
PER CURIAM.
We have for review the opinion in Rowe v. Schreiber, 725 So.2d 1245 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999), which certified conflict with the opinion in Martin v. Pafford, 583 So.2d 736 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991). We have jurisdiction pursuant to article V, section 3(b)(4) of the Florida Constitution. For the reasons expressed below, we approve the result in Rowe.
The facts of this case, as expressed by the district court, are as follows:
On December 14,1984, Rowe was convicted of several counts of capital sexual battery and was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment. This court affirmed the conviction on April 11, 1988. See Rowe v. State, 523 So.2d 590 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988). Rowe timely moved for post-conviction relief under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850, which the trial court denied without an evidentiary hearing. On November 20, 1991, this court reversed and remanded the case for an evidentiary hearing "to determine the merits of the defendant's position." See Rowe v. State, 588 So.2d 344 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991).
The grounds asserted in the motion for post-conviction relief were that numerous errors committed at trial by Rowe's assistant public defender amounted to a violation of the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. On July 15, 1994, after an evi-dentiary hearing, the trial court granted Rowe's motion for post-conviction relief and ordered a new trial based on the ineffective assistance of Rowe's trial counsel. The state nolle prossed the charges against Rowe on May 15, 1995.
On November 23, 1994, Rowe filed a legal malpractice suit against attorney Bradley Stark, who had represented him on the post-conviction relief matter from January 11, 1989 through March 10, 1993. In his third amended complaint, filed on December 26, 1995, Rowe added Alan Schreiber as a party. Schreiber is the Public Defender for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, whose office represented Rowe at his trial in 1984. Rowe alleged that Schreiber negligently managed the office and negligently supervised the assistant public defender who had malpracticed at the original trial.
In his fourth amended complaint, filed on March 13, 1996, Rowe added Richard Jorandby as a party. Jorandby is the Public Defender for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, whose office handled the direct appeal from the 1984 conviction. Rowe alleged that his direct appeal was negligently handled based on the failure to raise the issue of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, despite the fact that "instances of [trial counsel's] ineffective assistance were clear on the record." See Appellant's Initial Brief, at 3. Rowe maintained that "had the issue been raised in the initial appeal, an evi-dentiary hearing or new trial would have been mandated by the appellate court and that as a result of Jorandby's negligence, [Rowe's] release from prison and ultimate invalidation of his convictions and sentences were delayed." Id. at 3-4.
Schreiber and Jorandby filed identical motions to dismiss on the ground that the actions were barred by the two year statute of limitations contained in section 95.11(4), Florida Statutes (1997). The trial court granted the motions.
Rowe, 725 So.2d at 1246-47 (footnote omitted). On appeal, the district court held that the statute of limitations began to run when the trial court granted Rowe's motion for postconviction relief based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Hence, the district court concluded that the actions against both Schreiber and Jorandby were timely. The district court certified conflict with Martin regarding whether criminal defendants are required to obtain postcon-viction relief or to set aside their convictions on appeal before pursuing an action for legal malpractice against their defense attorneys. See id. at 1251.
Subsequent to the district court's decision below, this Court decided Steele v. Kehoe, 747 So.2d 931 (Fla.1999), wherein we concluded that a convicted criminal defendant must obtain appellate or postcon-viction relief as a precondition to maintaining a legal malpractice action. We further held that the statute of limitations in a malpractice action does not commence until the criminal defendant has obtained final appellate or postconviction relief. Accordingly, the conflict in the present case has been resolved by our decision in Steele. We approve the decision below and disapprove Martin.
Given our jurisdiction on the certified conflict, we have jurisdiction over all of the issues presented in this case, and therefore we address two other issues raised by the parties. See Fulton County Administrator v. Sullivan, 753 So.2d 549, 553 n. 3 (Fla.1999) ("Given our jurisdiction on the basis of the certified question, we have jurisdiction over all of the issues raised in this case."). First, the petitioners have asked this Court to extend the doctrine of judicial immunity to public defenders in this state. The petitioners direct our attention to Office of State Attorney v. Parrotino, 628 So.2d 1097 (Fla.1993), wherein this Court confirmed that state attorneys are entitled to judicial immunity. We noted in Parrotino that pros-ecutorial immunity "traces its lineage to the earliest days of the common law." Id. at 1099. This Court labeled state attorneys as quasi-judicial officers and, as a result, we determined that subjecting state attorneys to punitive lawsuits for official actions would "impinge upon the independence of these offices." Id.
The petitioners assert that public defenders should also be labeled quasi-judicial officers, as their duties are sufficiently analogous to those of state attorneys. However, in Windsor v. Gibson, 424 So.2d 888 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982), the First District Court of Appeal held that public defenders were not entitled to judicial immunity:
Considerations which require that a judge and prosecutor be immune from liability for the exercise of duties essential to the administration of justice, do not require that the same immunity be extended to the public defender. While the prosecutor is an officer of the state whose duty it is to see that impartial justice is done, the public defender is an advocate, who once appointed owes a duty only to his client, the indigent defendant. His role does not differ from that of privately retained counsel.
Id. at 889; see also Wilcox v. Brummer, 739 So.2d 1282 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999). We agree with this analysis. Certainly public defenders have unique responsibilities that are not shared by other defense attorneys in our criminal system. Nevertheless, on the spectrum of criminal law actors, the role of public defenders is more analogous to the role of private attorneys than to that of state attorneys. Thus, we decline to extend judicial immunity to public defenders in this state. We note, however, that in 1984, in response to Windsor, the Legislature extended the waiver of sovereign immunity to public defenders, thereby exempting public defenders and their employees from personal liability pursuant to section 768.28(9)(a). See ch. 84-29, § 1, Laws of Fla.
Finally, we address respondent's argument regarding whether a criminal defendant should be required to present evidence of actual innocence as an element of the cause of action for legal malpractice arising from the underlying criminal case. The district court stated the following regarding this claim:
Since it was addressed in some of the cases cited in the briefs and will arise on remand, we address another issue concerning the elements of a legal malpractice claim against a criminal defense attorney. We agree with the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts that the better rule is to require a plaintiff, as part of the causation element of the cause of action, to prove by the greater weight of the evidence that he was innocent of the crimes charged in the underlying criminal proceeding. See Glenn v. Aiken, 409 Mass. 699, 569 N.E.2d 783, 787-89 (1991). Such a rule comports with public policy concerns identified in various cases, which require that unless a plaintiff can establish his innocence of the underlying criminal charges, the law views the criminal conduct as the legal cause of damages, and not the attorney's malpractice. See, e.g., Peeler, 909 S.W.2d at 497-498; Carmel, [518 N.Y.S.2d 605,] 511 N.E.2d at 1128. In Glenn, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts articulated the policy reasons behind the adoption of this rule in criminal legal malpractice cases:
The underpinnings of common law tort liability, compensation and deterrence, do not support a rule that allows recovery to one who is guilty of the underlying criminal charge. A person who is guilty need not be compensated for what happened to him as a result of his former attorney's negligence. There is no reason to compensate such a person, rewarding him indirectly for his crime. The possibility that a criminal defendant may not be guilty provides a sufficient, general deterrent against negligent conduct of defense counsel, without the need for providing a tort remedy for guilty former criminal defendants.
There is a further policy reason for the rule we adopt. Most criminal defendants in this Commonwealth are represented by counsel appointed at public expense or private counsel whose fees are not substantial. The public has a strong interest in encouraging the representation of criminal defendants, particularly those who are ruled to be indigent. The rule we favor helps to encourage that kind of legal representation by reducing the risk that malpractice claims will be asserted and, if asserted, will be successful.
Glenn, 569 N.E.2d at 788; see also Orr v. Black & Furci, P.A., 876 F.Supp. 1270, 1275-76 (M.D.Fla.1995); Gomez v. Peters, 221 Ga.App. 57, 470 S.E.2d 692, 695 (1996) (finding that malpractice plaintiff precluded from maintaining action where he has pled guilty); Bailey v. Tucker, 533 Pa. 237, 621 A.2d 108, 113-14 (1993) (deciding that former criminal defendant must prove "that he did not commit any unlawful acts with which he was charged as well as any lesser offenses included therein").
725 So.2d at 1251-52. We agree with the reasoning of the district court on this issue and adopt the reasoning as our own.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated in this opinion, we approve the result of the district court's decision below.
It is so ordered.
WELLS, C.J., and HARDING, ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, LEWIS, and QUINCE, JJ., concur.
SHAW, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion.
. Due to the fact that the district court did not address the issue below, we decline to address petitioner Jorandby's argument concerning whether a criminal defendant must successfully obtain postconviction relief through a petition for writ of habeas corpus on the grounds of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel before filing a malpractice suit against his criminal appellate attorney.