Case Name: MARYLAND CASUALTY CO. v. FINCH et al.
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1906-07-09
Citations: 147 F. 388
Docket Number: No. 2,375
Parties: MARYLAND CASUALTY CO. v. FINCH et al.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 147
Pages: 388–397

Head Matter:
MARYLAND CASUALTY CO. v. FINCH et al.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
July 9, 1906.)
No. 2,375.
1. Insurance — Exemptions—Cyclone.
Where a policy insuring against loss from the accidental discharge or leakage from an automatic sprinkler system, exempted insurer from liability for loss caused by earthquakes or cyclones, or by blasting or explosions of any kind, or by the fall or collapse of any building or buildings or part thereof, the term “cyclone"’ should be construed in its popular sense as referring to any character of a wind storm distinguished by its concentrated force and violence, so resistless' as to make it especially destructive to buildings in its narrow pathway, and was not limited to a storm proved to have been characterized by high winds rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure, which center moved with greater or less velocity.
[Ed. Note. — For cases in point, see vol. 28, Cent. Dig. 'Insurance, § 1127.],
2. Same — Contracts oe Insurance.
Where ambigious words or terms are employed, they are to be construed strongly against the insurer; but such contracts, like other contracts, are to be construed and applied according to the ordinary meaning of the terms employed, in cousonance with their popular sense.
[Ed. Note. — For cases in point, see vol. 28, Cent. Dig. Insurance, §§ 292, 295.]
3. Same — “Cyclone.”
Accordingly, in construing the word “cyclone” in said policy, in order to ascertain the sense in which it was employed, the rule of “noscitur a sociis” may be applied. So, where the policy excepts from liability injury “resulting from or caused by earthquakes, or cyclones, or blasting, or explosives of any kind,” etc., held, that from its associates the conclusion is warranted that it was not the purpose to apply the insurance policy to a violent windstorm, which, like an earthquake, blasting, or explosive, from without, was calculated to so jar or topple the building as to dislodge the automatic sprinkler, whereby the house was flooded and the injury done.
[Ed. Note. — Eor cases in point, see vol. 28, Cent. Dig. Insurance, § 1127.]
4. Trial — Instructions.
In giving instructions to a jury, the court should avoid the employment of terms and definitions of a purely technical, scientific character, calculated to confuse the minds of the triors of the facts, where the questions to be submitted are well susceptible of presentation in plain, practical terms, easy of comprehension and application.
[Ed. Note. — For cases in point, see vol. 46, Cent. Dig. Trial, § 512.]
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Minnesota.
James D. Armstrong, for plaintiff in error.
P. J. McLaughlin (W. P. Warner and R. L. Kennedy, on the brief), for defendants in error.
Before VAN DEVANTER and ADAMS, Circuit Judges, and PHILIPS, District Judge.

Opinion:
PHILIPS, District Judge.
The Maryland Casualty Company, plaintiff in error (hereinafter for convenience designated the defendant), issued its policy of insurance to the defendants in error (hereinafter for convenience designated the plaintiffs), for a term of one year beginning the 7th day of June, 190-1, and ending June 7, 1905, whereby the defendant insured the plaintiffs—
•Against direct loss or damage to property owned by the assured and described in the said schedule and also tor loss from liability of the assured for damage to merchandise held in trust or on commission or sold but not delivered by being removed, situate on that part of the premises occupied by Hie assured as (Inscribed in said schedule, and caused, during the term of this insurance, by the accidental discharge or leakage oi' water from the automatic sprinkler system now erected in or upon the building occupied wholly or partly by Hie assured; but the total aggregate liability of this company hereunder shall in no event exceed $25,000."
The policy, however, was made subject to certain specified conditions. The ninth condition, which is the subject-matter of this controversy-, is as follows:
'This policy does not cover loss or damage resulting from any leakage occurring at any point outside of 1lie inner surface of the collar floor or walls; nor resulting from the explosion, rupture, collapse or leakage of steam boilers or steam pipes; nor -resulting from any interruption of business or stoppage of any work or plant; nor resulting from freezing; nor resulting from lire or violation of law; nor resulting from or caused by the willful act of the assured, nor by the neglect of the assured to use all reasonable means to save and preserve the property insured hereunder; nor resulting from or caused by invasion, insurrection, riot, civil war. or commotion or military or usurped power, or by order of any civil authority; nor resulting from or caused by earthquakes or cyclones or by blasting or explosions of any kind,, or by the fall or collapse of any building or buildings, or pari, thereof."
On the 80th day of August, 1901, between 8 and 9 o'clock p. m. the city of St. Paul was visited by a windstorm which (lid injury to the plaintiffs' building, breaking the pipes of the automatic sprinkler, whereby the goods in the store were flooded by the freed water, doing damage to an extent of over $35,000. E'or the recovery of this alleged loss suit on the policy against the defendant was brought. To this action the defendant interposed the principal defense that said injury resulted from a cyclone, and was therefore excepted from the operation of the contract of insurance. On trial to a jury the plaintiffs obtained a verdict in the sum of $36,285, for which judgment was rendered, to reverse which the defendant prosecutes this writ of error.
The controlling question presented for determination is whether or not the wind storm occasioning said loss was a cyclone within the meaning of the policy. A brief summary of the work of that storm will disclose its character. The cloud which contained its fury was first observed by Professor Weitbrecht, the head of the. Mechanics Arts Pligh School of the city of St. Paul, who was at his cottage at Lake Minnetonka about 35 miles from St. Paul. He testified that between 8 and 9 o'clock p. m. of August 20, 1904, his attention was directed to the threatening- clouds, which he described as a "great large cloudy mass, balloon in shape, and coming down to a decided point at the bottom, as observed from the lake, to the southeast of the portion we were occupying." It moved down the lake towards St. Paul, and was apparently moving with the wind, and without evidence of revolution; "it was an oblong balloon, decidedly oblong, with a pendant." Pie testified that it struck his house, broke a large pane of glass 36 to 40 inches square, removed the frame work of the screens, driving- one with such force against a table as to punch a hole in it. It blew down the chimney of his house, and a maple tree 18 .inches in diameter, taking off the whole top and carrying- it 60 feet diagonally across the cottage without striking the roof. It blew in the windows and took off the roof of an adjoining cottage; turned a large barn around at an angle of 45 degrees, taking off the roof and scattering- the contents. When it reached the vicinity of the city of St. Paul it carried out spans of the steel and iron bridge spanning-the Mississippi river, precipitating them to a considerable distance; and did great damage to trees and houses on an island in the river. It struck the city at the north bank of the river; and its general course, with some' eccentric divergencies, was from southwest to -northeast, covering a pathway of 300 feet or more in its sweep. Near the river the destructive force of the storm made its first impression upon the city. It blew from a railroad track and overturned box-cars. It wrecked the Empire Theater and demolished the Tivoli Concert Hall, killing some people therein. In its pathway through the city it smashed windows of various sizes and strength; blew down sighs, and took off cornices from buildings, scattering- their fragments in.large quantities over the streets. At Third street it raised and dropped a skylight 50 feet square which covered the open court of the Pioneer Press Building; blew in its windows on the Fourth street side, creating some consternation among the inmates of the building. It unroofed the Davidson Block at the corner of Fourth and Jackson streets. It leveled to the ground the freight depot of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. At Smith Park it broke, blew down, and uprooted a large number of trees. It carried off the top of the brick building occupied by a wagon company; the roof of which, after being blown off, dropped back on the remaining building. At another place in the vortex of its pathway it took out a section of the wall of a brick building. On the next street it wrecked into fragments a frame church building. In Lafayette Park locality chimneys were toppled over, some buildings were demolished, and trees in and about the park were broken and uprooted- It is true that the evidence tended to show that most of the trees about the park were comparatively young, and those blown down were easily restored in place by the park commissioner. On the hill further on the destruction to houses and property was marked, in places, sidewalks were lifted up on either side of the street and tumbled in mass in the center of the street, showing the eccentric motion of the wind. One sidewalk was lifted, into the air, carried over a stone-wall fence, and deposited a hundred feet or so in a yard. Telephone and telegraph poles of great size and strength were blown down, broken off, and twisted in different directions. One house, as shown by a photograph in evidence, was blown diagonally around, entirely off of one corner-. Some of the trees, broken or twisted off and uprooted, were of large size and apparent great strength. While it is to be conceded that the direction in which the trees fell was generally in that of the storm, yet as evidence .of its concentric motion, trees standing in opposite positions fell with their tops together. The limbs of trees had the appearance of being twisted off.
As indisputable proof of the effect wrought by this narrowly confined windstorm, the street, park, telegraph and telephone inspectors, and repairers were all out as early as the light of the next morning would admit to look after the injury done on their respective lines and beats. So piled up were some of the streets with debris, trees interlaced, with tangled telephone and telegraph poles, that at places the inspectors were unable to drive through the streets, according to their testimony. This storm was traced some 20 miles or more beyond the city, and its energy and violence were marked in the throwing down of fences, the breaking of trees, and demolition of or injury- to buildings. As a circumstance indicating its alarming character, and as evidence of the impression it made upon their minds, newspaper men in their respective offices were thrown into excitement, and as soon as the storm sufficiently abated reporters went out in the night and early the next morning to observe its work of desolation; and so impressed were they with its character that all the newspapers of the city, perhaps with one exception, the next day in their issues described the city as swept by a cyclone of great violence. Conceding, the criticism of plaintiffs' counsel that newspaper reporters may be given to sensational exaggeration, the fact remains that the storm was of such a character that notwithstanding what may be assumed to be their city pride to have the outside world understand that their beautiful city was immune from things that maketh afraid, they did publish the alarming impressions made upon them by the storm.
Superadded to all this is the testimony and the report of Mr. Oliver, in charge of the Weather Bureau at the city of St. Paul. After an examination of the work of this storm in the city he sent in his report to the Department at Washington. In his official report he stated that a heavy rain began during the morning before, attended with thunder; that it was clear early in the forenoon but at 10 a. m. it became cloudy; at 7:15 p. m. a thunder storm began without any noticeable premonition except that the air was quite sultry; that the clouds were of a yellowish tinge; and it assumed proportions of a severe storm at 9:45 p. m. The wind blew at a rate of 90 miles per hour from the northwest; and at 9:52 p. m. the anemometer and wind vane support were blown down, which ended further registration of the direction and velocity of the wind. The receiver and cover of the rain gauge were blown away. The storm which was about 2^4 miles in length' and about 300 feet in width entered the city from tire southwest, destroying two spans of the high bridge, crossing Harriet Island, on which are located the public baths; it did much damage to shade trees and parts of the building. He then stated the damage to the Tivoli Hall and Empire Theater, as heretofore stated. His report continued as follows:
"The storm then moved in a northeasterly direction across the business portion of the city doing damage to business blocks, breaking glass, unroofing buildings, uprooting and breaking shade trees in two of the public parks iand along the streets; some dwellings and school houses and churches in the line of the storm were either entirely destroyed or greatly damaged.
"The distribution of the debris along the path of the storm and the direction of the uprooted trees especially in the parks clearly showed the presence of a whirl. The wind in passing evidently rose above some portions of the city in its path doing slight damage, then descending to the earth with its besom of destruction.
"There was some hail about the size of a pea from 9:48 p. m. to 9:52 p. m. The lightning was constant and vivid. The estimated valxie of the property destroyed is $500,000. The following persons were killed: Iloeanson, Louis IT., 586 Brunson Street, killed at Tivoli. Kventon, Geo., 579 Toronto Avenue, killed at Tivoli. Robinson, Viola, killed at House of Good Shepherd.
"The barometer did not indicate any inordinate distxxrbance of the air during the afternoon and evening, but at about the time the storm struck, it fell very suddenly; the barograph indicating a fall of from .75 to .24 in a very few minutes."
He then proceeded to give the readings of the barograph and the examination of the anemometer after the storm; and stated that the last register which the wind gauge made was 160 miles an hour. He had been upon like duty at various places in Texas, and at Vicksburg, and at Louisville, Ky., and had given constant attention to the subject of meteorology, and had observed many wind storms; that the velocity of this windstorm was the highest he ever saw. In respect of his examination of the condition of the city after the storm, he testified that the débris along its path lay in all directions, and that trees were uprooted and blown over, and on the northeast side of Lafayette Park they were pointed southwest and on the southwest side they were pointed northeast.
The plaintiff's building, which was a .large structure of great strength, the evidence shows, was stricken with such violence by the storm that strong windows on the sides of it were blown in. It blew down the tower from the building, dislocated and ruptured a pipe in the automatic sprinkler attached thereto, and carried away two skylights out of the west end, and ruptured a pipe of the sprinkler beneath. The wind blew through the windows, dislodged, with such force as to lift from the racks, boxes of goods and lay them on the floor, breaking the sprinkler pipe which lay in front, thus flooding the floor with the discharged water, causing the damage claimed. The evidence in rebuttal was principally directed to an effort to minimize the extent of the destruction to property, and to show that the trees blown down about the park and elsewhere were small, and that some of the buildings destroyed were, in a more or less-dilapidated condition; that buildings of stone and brick structure of great strength were not materially injured. But the evidence shows, without any material contradiction, that'trees 18 inches in diameter were destroyed, and that buildings of ordinary strength, serviceable for human habitation and for business, -were demolished and others greatly injured. At the conclusion of the evidence the defendant made request for an instructed verdict, which was refused.
In its charge to the jury, the court, touching the issue as to whether the storm in question ivas a cyclone, made the following declaration:
"Now, 1 don't think that anybody would say that a cyclone was a gentle storm, on the contrary I think a cyclone would be said by anybody to be, and is usually known, and is usually understood as being, a very severe and destructive storm. It is a storm characterized by certain peculiarities, and chit rad eristics, marking it ns a cyclone. If we look into the dictionaries we find that this word is derived'from the Greek, the noun being kuklos. a circle, and the verb being lmkloein, to move in a circle, or to move around, or to whirl around. I not only think that a cyclone has the characteristics of moving in a circle in the,minds of the lexicographers and scientists, but it also has that characteristic according to the usual and ordinary and common acceptation of the term. And the atmosphere not only moves in a circle in a cyclone, hut tills circularly moving atmosphere also has progressive motion, of greater or less velocity, usually of a very considerable velocity, and sometimes going to the extent perhaps of 20, or :><) miles, or more, per hour in its onward movement. So that I think, boiling it all down, we can define a cyclone as being a violent and destructive storm of greater or less extent, sometimes its path covering only a narrow strip, and at other times covering a vast and wide strip, characterized by high winds rotating about the center of low atmospheric pressure, and this center moving onward, with greater or less velocity, sometimes at a very great velocity, at others at only an ordinary rate. I think the principal force of the win'd in a cyclone is in the circular motion.
"Now, the scientists seem to distinguish between a cyclone and a tornado. Both are characterized by high winds rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure. In the cyclone, according to scientists, the area of the-rotating wind is much greater than that of the tornado, this area in the cyclone being sometimes many miles in diameter, and sometimes even hundreds and thousands in diameter; whereas, in a tornado the diameter of this area is smaller, being often, and I think I may say usually, only a few hundred or a thousand feet. But I think under the usual and ordinary acceptation of the terms, cyclone, in its usual and ordinary acceptation, and tornado, in its usual and ordinary acceptation, are synonymous; a tornado being a small cyclone. And if it was a cyclone at all, why then the word cyclone of tills policy covers it. The distinguishing characteristic of the cyclone or tornado is that of high winds rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure, and this center moving with greater or less velocity across the country. Now that seems to me to be what a cyclone is, and I so charge you."
Further on the court said:
"I don't think Hiere can be any question that this was a severe, violent, and destructive storm, counsel for the plaintiff has stated so much himself; but that, gentlemen, is not enough — to establish a violent and destructive storm — that is not enough. It must also be shown that this storm had the peculiar characteristics of a cyclone, that it was what we would call a whirling storm, and that it came within the deiinition I have given you of a cyclone. If you believe from the evidence that it was a cyclone that ends the case."
Finally, the court said:
"Of course you can have cjmlones of varying strengths. I think a cyclone must he a violent and destructive storm, but it can be of various degrees of violence and destructiveness; it must be a violent and destructive storm and it must be in addition characterized by high winds rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure and this center moving onward with greater or less velocity. It could be a cyclone without being an extremely severe cyclone."
Reduced to its ultimate analysis, before the jury were authorized to find for the defendant on this issue they were required to find from the evidence that this wind storm, no matter how terrific and destructive, must have possessed the distinctive quality of moving in a circle, rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure, this center moving onward across the country; that it must be a "whirling storm." As this storm occ'urred in a night of intense darkness, driving people who might be out doors under cover, and forbidding those within doors to venture out, exactly how the defendant was to meet by evidence the requirements of the given phenomena and characteristics imposed by the charge, is not apparent. It is quite inconceivable, in view of ,thé evidence in this case, that the jury should not have returned a verdict for the defendant except for the fact that the storm was not seen with the eye to fix on it the peculiar characteristics indicated by the technical charge of the court. In the very nature of the situation, the character of the storm could only be judged of, after it ceased, by observing its effect. In the effects were furnished at least persuasive evidence that this storm, in its origin and ravages, possessed the essential "whirling" movement.
Looking alone to the derivative of the word "cyclone" and its technical import, in the conception of meteorologists and scientists, it may be conceded that one of its characteristics is the presence of a circular or gyratory motion, evidenced by a twisting effect. Looking to the dictionary definitions, which are not, in many instances, reliable sign boards for legal construction of contracts, they are substantially as follows:
Century Dictionary: "Any atmospheric movement, gentle or rapid, general or local, on land or at sea, in which the wind blows spirally around and in towards the center."
Standard Dictionary (3S95) : "An atmospheric disturbance extending over an area of 100 to 500 miles in diameter, characterized by decrease of barometric pressure toward center and by winds directed spirally inward; in some features opposed to anticyclone."
New English Dictionary: "Meteoral. A system of winds rotating around a center of minimum barometric pressure, the center and whole system having itself a motion of translation, which is sometimes arrested, when the cyclone becomes for a time stationary."
Webster's International Dictionary: "A violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmos pherie pressure. This confer moves onward, often with a velocity of 20 or :;o miles an hour."
Volume 5, Encyclopaedia Americana, gives a brief resume of the origin of cyclones, which is by no means helpful.
'fuming to the. discussions of scientific men or meteorologists, it will appear that the movement of all winds is more or less circular, and that cyclones in their technical sense arc not usually harmful, and arc not destructive until they assume the quality of a tornado, denominated by them as "the child of the cyclone.''
While it is to be conceded that where an insurance contract is so drawn as to be ambiguous and susceptible of different constructions, so that men of average intelligence might reasonably attach different meanings thereto, the court will apply that construction to it which is most favorable to the assured, vet "the rule is especially well settled that contracts of insurance, like other contracts, are to be construed according to the sense and meaning of the terms which the parties have used, and if they are clear and unambiguous, their terms arc to he taken and understood in their plain, ordinary, and popular sense." Imperial Fire Insurance Co. v. Coos County, 151 U. S. 462, 14 Sup. Ct. 379, 38 L. Ed 231.
It will be observed that in the ninth paragraph, excepting the insurer from liability, it does not cover loss or damage resulting from freezing or fire, "nor resulting from nor caused by earthquakes or cyclones or by blasting or explosions of any kind, or by the fall or collapse of any building or buildings, or part thereof." Applying the rule noscitur a sociis in searching out what must have been in the mind of the. parties in the employment of the word "cyclone," there cannot be any reasonable doubt that it was the purpose not to apply the insurance to loss or damage resulting from violent causes arising outside of the building where the automatic sprinkler was installed, such as blasting, or explosions, or earthquakes, or cyclones. It excluded injuries from blasting or explosions because it was well known that such external force is' well calculated to so shake the building as would probably disturb and dislodge the sprinkler and cause the water to escape therefrom. It excepted earthquakes because of the known fact that they were calculated to jar the building. and probably dislodge the sprinkler and turn loose the flood of water. In the same connection occurs the word "cyclone.'j Inasmuch as it is common knowledge that, wind storms of abnormal force or violence may so shake or topple a building as to effectually disturb an automatic sprinkler in place therein, the inquiry natural!) arises, why should the parties to this contract be held to have had in mind that unless the windstorm possessed the peculiar quality oí a circular, twisting motion in its sweep, so as to bring it within the technical or scientific derivation of the word "cyclone," it should not come within the compass of this exception from the policy?
It is a conceded fact among etymologists, as well as matter of common learning, that words have their development and enlargement, so that in time they are used and understood among the people if not in an entirely different sense, yet so as to express and comprehend a broader application than was implied in their origin. And, therefore, they undergo in lexicography the changes attached to them in common parlance. The law in its flexibility, constantly adjusting and adapting itself to new conditions as they arise, declares that words and phrases employed in business transactions in ordinary dealings among men, shall be deemed to have been employed in their popular sense and' acceptation, unless it clearly appears that they were intended to be used in their technical or more restricted sense. It is hardly to be presumed that the average merchantman and insurance agent who make these insurance contracts ever heal'd of the Greek word from which the term "cyclone" is claimed to have been derived, or that they possess any technical knowledge, or had in mind the characteristic of "high winds rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure, and this center moving onward." But they do •know the common history of the day, that in states west of the Mississippi river, like Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and' Minnesota, there are what are popularly known as "cyclones," occurring in the spring or summer months, recognized as windstorms of great velocity and destructive violence, as distinguished from ordinary windstorms known as furious or noisy gales, but not attended with extraordinary destruction of life and property. They do know that m such regions windstorms are designated as "cyclones," which, passing through a narrow strip of country, more or less confined, with such resistless force as to twist, break, and uproot trees, unroof aud turn over houses, and destroy property in their march, more or less eccentric in their movements. It is not too much to say that this designation is one of common acceptance ainong the people.
Scientific writers, like Mr. John Elfreth Watkins, in The Technical World of February, 1905, while speaking rather derisively, bears testimony to the fact of this designation of the term "cyclone" among the people. He said: '
"A roaring, snapping, death-sowing funnel cloud looms up in the sky, descends to earth, ploughs through life and property for a mile or two, ascends into the air whence it came, and passes off. Ten to one the newspapers will state that a 'cyclone' visited the affected region. It all results from our eternal, inveterate habit of sticking to wrong names — for example, 'locust' for cicada, 'buffalo' for bison, and other misused terms that might be cited."
Had the policy employed the words "violent wind storm" it would in practical application have been inexpressive and vague. Had it added the word '"destructive" it might have been too narrpw for the assured and too liberal for the insurer. But in the use of the more generic term "cyclone," in its up to date significance, it clearly enough expressed and included that character of wind storm distinguished by its concentrated force and violence, so resistless as to make it especially destructive in its narrow pathway to property like buildings.
Under the construction contended for by the learned counsel for plaintiffs, and as expressed in the charge of the court, had this wind storm come, like an avalanche of mighty waters, against the plaintiffs' building and crushed it like an eggshell, as it did buildings of lesser strength, yet, the insurance company should be held for damages, unless it sliould be shown that, "in addition, it was characterized by high winds rotating about a center of low atmospheric pressure, and tins center moving onward with greater or less velocity," etc. The spirit of the common law is the instinct of practical sense. Courts are most apt to approximate absolute justice in construing a controverted term in a business contract, like the one under review, by giving to it a practical comprehensible application, rather than one so technical and theoretical as only to obscure and mystify. "For the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life." The failure to observe this, in seeking to solve the import of the term "cyclone," as employed in the ninth condition of the insurance contract, doubtless furnished the jury the only conceivable pretext for finding the issue for the plaintiffs. Reversing the situation: Had the policy contract insured against loss resulting from a cyclone, the insurance company defending on the ground that the windstorm in question was not a cyclone, can it be imagined that the same jury would not have found tlie issue for the plaintiffs, had they not been confused, or felt coerced, by the charge of the court imposing the necessity of direct proof of the presence in the wind of the technical qualities of a meteorical definition ?
There being no disputable evidence, on which reasonable minds ought to differ, as to the windstorm being of the popular conception of a cyclone, as that term was employed in the policy, the court should have granted the request of the defendant for a directed verdict. The judgment of the Circuit Court is therefore reversed, and the cause is remanded, with directions to grant a new trial.