Case Name: Felicia WELLS and Reginald Wells v. James (Marty) TUCKER, M.D., Individually and in the Scope of His Employment and/or Agency for Jackson Healthcare for Women, P.A
Court: Mississippi Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Mississippi
Decision Date: 2008-10-02
Citations: 997 So. 2d 908
Docket Number: No. 2006-CT-00385-SCT
Parties: Felicia WELLS and Reginald Wells v. James (Marty) TUCKER, M.D., Individually and in the Scope of His Employment and/or Agency for Jackson Healthcare for Women, P.A.
Judges: SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., RANDOLPH AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 997
Pages: 908–923

Head Matter:
Felicia WELLS and Reginald Wells v. James (Marty) TUCKER, M.D., Individually and in the Scope of His Employment and/or Agency for Jackson Healthcare for Women, P.A.
No. 2006-CT-00385-SCT.
Supreme Court of Mississippi.
Oct. 2, 2008.
Rehearing Denied Jan. 15, 2009.
Rogen K. Chhabra, Darryl Moses Gibbs, Jonathan C. Tabor, Jackson, attorneys for appellants.
Whitman B. Johnson, III, Shelly G. Burns, Jackson, attorneys for appellee.

Opinion:
EN BANC.
CARLSON, Justice, for the Court.
¶ 1. This case is before the Court on a petition for writ of certiorari filed by James (Marty) Tucker, M.D., after a majority decision of the Court of Appeals (two judges not participating) which reversed the Rankin County Circuit Court's judgment entered in favor of Dr. Tucker, consistent with the jury's verdict finding in favor of the defendants in this medical-malpractice case. Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d 925, 2007 WL 2473485, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 594 (Miss.Ct.App. Sept. 4, 2007). Finding error, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and affirm the trial court judgment entered in favor of Dr. Tucker.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT
¶ 2. Felicia Wells's baby girl was delivered by a Cesarean section performed by Dr. Tucker and Dr. Charles Bush of Jackson Healthcare for Women, P.A., on February 6, 2000. Due to various complications, Wells underwent emergency surgery a few days later at River Oaks Hospital, and when she awoke from surgery, she discovered she had a colostomy bag. After approximately ten days at River Oaks, Wells was transferred to St. Dominic's Hospital and ultimately was released to go home on February 23, 2000. Approximately three months later, Wells returned to St'. Dominic's to have her colostomy reversed. Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d at 926-27, 2007 MissApp. LEXIS 594, i:?3-4, ¶ 5-8.
¶ 3. The procedural history of this case in the trial court is set out herein virtually verbatim from the Court of Appeals' opinion, exclusive of footnotes 1 and 2.
¶ 4. On January 29, 2002, the Wellses filed a complaint in the Rankin County Circuit Court against Dr. Tucker and various other entities. Dr. Tucker denied liability. The parties conducted discovery and designated their experts. On September 26, 2003, Dr. Tucker designated three potential expert witnesses: Dr. Paul Rice, Dr. John Colter Morrison, and Dr. Edward Rigdon. Additionally, Dr. Tucker reserved the right to call Dr. Kim Nichols and Dr. Charles Bush. Dr. Nichols and Dr. Bush both practiced with Dr. Tucker. Finally, Dr. Tucker reserved the right to testify as to his own expert opinion.
¶ 5. The central issue on appeal involves the fact that Dr. Tucker and some, if not all, of his experts were members of, and had their medical malpractice liability policies through, the same insurer — Medical Assurance Company of Mississippi (MACM). A nonprofit corporation, MACM is a limited pool of Mississippi physicians who are self-insured for protection against medical negligence suits.
¶ 6. On November 10, 2003, the Wellses filed a combined motion in limine and a motion to strike Dr. Tucker's experts as cumulative and biased. According to the Wellses, the circuit court should exclude their testimony as inherently biased. Alternatively, and most pertinent to our present purposes, the Wellses sought to cross-examine Dr. Tucker's experts concerning their commonality of insurance coverage to demonstrate bias via an alleged direct and personal financial interest in the outcome of the Wells v. Tucker lawsuit. The Wellses alleged that "MACM insureds are shareholders in MACM and all carry 'equity' accounts. The equity accounts are basically retirement accounts that prosper and grow as premiums increase and payouts decrease."
¶ 7. Dr. Tucker responded to the Wells-es' 2003 motion in limine and argued that the circuit court should not preclude him from calling his designated expert witnesses. Dr. Tucker also argued that the circuit court should not allow the Wellses to cross-examine his experts regarding the fact that they share a common insurance carrier. Dr. Tucker attached the affidavit of Michael Houpt, the chief executive officer of MACM, as an exhibit to his response. According to Houpt's affidavit:
5. [MACM] is a non-profit corporation organized pursuant to Miss.Code Ann. Section 83-47-1, et seq. and has no shareholders. Physicians insured by [MACM] are merely members of the company.
6. According to the Bylaws of [MACM], the annual net profit or loss, as the case may be, of [MACM] is allocated among the physicians who are insured by [MACM] (the "equity accounts"). Such allocation is only "on paper" because no assets of [MACM] are actually segregated or transferred into separate accounts.
7. The physicians have no vested interest in the amounts represented by the equity accounts. Each physician insured by [MACM] has only a contingent right to receive the amount represented by the physician's equity account. The physician can receive said amount only if the physician dies, becomes permanently disabled or retires while insured by [MACM]. Except for such death, disability or retirement, a physician loses the amount represented by the physician's equity account upon termination, cancellation or other non-renewal of the physician's insurance coverage with [MACM].
8. The equity account does not earn interest and cannot be encumbered, transferred or assigned by the physician. [MACM's] liability for payment of the amounts represented by the equity accounts is subordinate to the general creditors of [MACM]. The equity accounts are not retirement accounts.
9. There are presently 2,424 physicians eligible to receive allocation to their equity accounts for 2003; after consideration of applicable reinsurance, the maximum indemnity retained by [MACM] on this claim against Dr. Tucker is $500,000; and the allocation to the equity accounts is based upon after-tax profits of [MACM]. In the event Plaintiffs receive a verdict for damages against Dr. Tucker in the above styled and numbered action, the maximum amount by which any physician's equity account balance can be affected is only $136.00.
¶ 8. On December 15, 2003, the circuit court issued its order and resolved the Wellses' motion in limine. The circuit court overruled the Wellses' request to strike Dr. Tucker's experts. As for the Wellses' request to cross-examine Dr. Tucker's experts to demonstrate bias through commonality of insurance coverage, the circuit court found, "under Rule 403, any probative value that may flow from the examination of the witness in this area is far outweighed by the prejudice that would result from the admission of the insurance issue before the jury." Ac cordingly, the circuit court refused to allow cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts on the subject of commonality of insurance coverage.
¶ 9. On November 7, 2005, the Wellses filed "consolidated motions in limine and renewal of previous motion in limine and motion to strike." Among other things, the Wellses renewed their request that they be allowed to cross-examine Dr. Tucker's experts to show that, like Dr. Tucker, they had medical professional liability policies with MACM and, as a result, they were biased in favor of Dr. Tucker due to their direct personal financial interest in the outcome of the litigation.
¶ 10. The parties went to trial on November 8, 2005. Before jury selection, counsel for the Wellses brought to the circuit court's attention that the Wellses had renewed their request to cross-examine Dr. Tucker's experts regarding commonality of insurance coverage. At that point, the following exchange transpired:
THE COURT: I understand. And you are not waiving your argument, and I'm reserving ruling for whenever you make this argument during the course of trial should you feel it becomes necessary. And then relative to the MACM issue, Mr. Johnson?
MR. JOHNSON [counsel for Dr. Tucker]: You had already ruled on, Judge. THE COURT: Have I?
MR. JOHNSON: Yes sir, and overruled their motions under the case of [Toche v. Killebrew, 734 So.2d 276 (Miss.Ct.App. 1999) ], I believe; and having overruled it, if you grant it now, then I've got [to] ask for a continuance because you've just gotten rid of all my experts.
THE COURT: Well, I thought I saw that order in there.
MR. JOHNSON: Yes, sir, I have a copy.
THE COURT: I guess I should just rely on my previous correct ruling.
MR. GIBBS [counsel for the Wellses]: If I may, I know you were talking about striking the experts. I know you've rendered on that, your Honor. Will you allow cross[-]examination into their monetary interest within MACM, as supported by the affidavit filed by Mr. Johnson in response to my motion? It shows a potential interest, which I think it's distinguished from [Toche], which only dealt with a common carrier. In this situation, the MACM insurers have equity handles, and that's the only issue, if I can be allowed cross[-]examination at that point.
MR. JOHNSON: And again, you've already ruled on that. And if you're now going to let him go into it, then I'm in a position of having a ruling taken away from me where I would have done something different. Additionally, Judge, if I remember right, and I don't have it here, I'm looking at the order. The court found that the financial aspect under 403, any probative value is outweighed by the prejudice. And financial orders are refrained from raising that issue. And if I recall correctly, Judge, the hourly rate of each of these experts, the hourly rate, the per hour rate of each of these experts is greater than any potential impact.
THE COURT: I don't remember that issue specifically but if I've already ruled on it, I don't feel like I need to reverse myself. It doesn't sound like that there's anything more before me that than was before me earlier.
¶ 11. After jury selection, the Wellses began their case-in-chief, and the first witness was Felicia, who testified, inter alia, that she had incurred more than $100,000 in medical bills as a consequence of Dr. Tucker's alleged medical negligence. Feli cia was employed as an ICU nurse with Central Mississippi Medical Center, and her husband, Reginald, was employed as a forklift operator with Sysco, Inc. After Reginald testified, counsel for Dr. Tucker argued that the Wellses had opened the door on the collateral source rule. That is, Dr. Tucker's lawyer claimed that, based on testimony that the Wellses could not bear the financial burden of Felicia's medical bills, he should be permitted to introduce evidence that health insurance satisfied portions of the Wellses' obligations. Counsel for the Wellses disagreed. Further, counsel for the Wellses suggested that, should the circuit court find that the door was opened regarding the collateral source rule, the circuit court should permit cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts to demonstrate their inherent bias due to commonality of coverage.
¶ 12. The circuit court stated:
[L]isten, counsel, let me tell you something. We're just all kidding ourselves. This jury knows all about insurance. They know that this plaintiff probably had medical coverage through her place of employment that has covered at least a portion of the medical bills, and maybe through Mr. Wells' employment. I'll tell you, this is a whole bunch of to-do about nothing. There's not a person on that jury that doesn't know about insurance coverage. But I'm going to leave it like it is.
¶ 13. Shortly afterwards, the circuit court added:
But I really do think y'all are headed down — you know, this is a red herring. It's a path that's going to cause more trouble than it's worth. There's not a person on that jury that doesn't know that there's insurance coverage involved on both sides.
¶ 14. Accordingly, the Wellses were never permitted to impeach Dr. Tucker's experts by seeking to demonstrate that, due to commonality of insurance coverage, they had a direct interest in a verdict for Dr. Tucker. Likewise, the trial judge did not permit Dr. Tucker's counsel to present evidence of the existence of the Wellses' medical insurance policy which may have covered all or part of the Wellses' medical expenses. The jury returned a verdict for Dr. Tucker. On November 14, 2005, the circuit court entered its final judgment. Following unsuccessful post-trial motions, the Wellses appeal. Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d 925, 926-30, 2007 Miss.App. LEXIS 594, *4-13, ¶9-17.
PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
¶ 15. The Wellses raised four issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred in failing to grant the plaintiffs' motion to strike and motion in limine concerning the testimony of defense experts Dr. Paul Rice, Dr. John Morrison, and Dr. James Martin; (2) whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow the Wellses to cross examine Dr. Tucker's experts regarding potential bias; (3) whether the trial court erred in fading to excuse Juror Number 12 for sleeping during trial; and (4) whether the trial court erred in failing to grant the plaintiffs' Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict.
¶ 16. The Court of Appeals determined that the circuit court had erred when it failed to allow cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts to demonstrate bias. Essentially, the Court of Appeals concluded that it was error on the part of the trial court when it did not permit the Wellses' cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts regarding the fact that they share a common insurance carrier, MACM. In doing so the Court of Appeals relied on Mississippi Rule of Evidence 411, which states:
Evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether he acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance against liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency, ownership, or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.
¶ 17. Furthermore, the Court of Appeals stated:
There can be no doubt that evidence of liability insurance is not strictly or rigidly prohibited. According to M.R.E. Rule 411, it may be admitted if offered for another purpose. One of those contemplated purposes is the demonstration of bias or prejudice. To resolve this issue, we must conduct a balancing test. "Although relevant, evidence may be ex-eluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." M.R.E. 403. "M.R.E. 403 is the ultimate filter through which all evi-dentiary objections eventually flow." Walker, 914 So.2d at 1270(P33).
Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d at 931, 2007 Miss.App. LEXIS 594, *16, ¶22.
¶ 18. Applying this balancing test, the Court of Appeals concluded:
There can be no doubt that Dr. Tucker's MACM insured experts had some financial interest in the outcome. Houpt's affidavit demonstrated that they had at least a $136 interest, representing the amounts their equity accounts could decrease in the event of a $500,000 verdict against Dr. Tucker.
Before any court may exclude otherwise competent and relevant evidence under the ultimate filter of M.R.E. Rule 403, it must determine that the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs its probative value. Smith v. State, 733 So.2d 793, 801 (Miss.1999). It is exceedingly difficult to conclude just how there may be any unfair prejudice to Dr. Tucker if the jury already knew or assumed he had liability insurance in this case. On the other hand, the Wells claimed that, like Dr. Tucker, every one of Dr. Tucker's experts were MACM insureds and that, as a result, Dr. Tucker's experts had a direct financial interest in the outcome of this litigation by way of monetary deduction from their equity accounts as well as an increase in their premiums. Counsel for the Wells was never permitted to cross-examine Dr. Tucker's experts on subjects such as whether any MACM member has ever testified as a plaintiffs expert for a patient against another MACM member and, if so, whether that doctor is still a MACM member. It is without dispute that such evidence is relevant and probative of potential bias and/or prejudice of the expert.
Id. at 933-34, 934-35, at *24, 27-28, ¶ 33, 38.
¶ 19. Based on the above reasoning, the Court of Appeals reversed the verdict of the jury and remanded this case for a new trial. As such, the Court of Appeals avoided answering the questions of whether the verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence or whether the evidence was sufficient to render a verdict for Dr. Tucker, by deciding these issues were moot.
DISCUSSION
¶ 20. In his petition for writ of certiora-ri, Dr. Tucker asserts that the Court of Appeals' majority decision is in direct conflict with its earlier decision in Toche v. Killebrew, 734 So.2d 276 (Miss.Ct.App. 1999). As such, Dr. Tucker contends that the dissent authored by Judge Griffis correctly applies longstanding precedent. Wells, 997 So.2d at 936-40, 2007 Miss.App. LEXIS 594, *31-45, ¶ 44-58 (Griffis, J., dissenting). We find Toche to be directly on point with this issue; thus, we agree with Judge Griffis's dissent in its entirety.
¶ 21. For the sake of discussion, the Court of Appeals combined issues I and II.
Thus, the majority introduces the issue of this appeal as follows: "Did the circuit court err when it prohibited cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts regarding their commonality of medical malpractice liability insurance?" Wells, 997 So.2d at 930, 2007 Miss-App. LEXIS 594, *13. We restate the issue here for the sake of discussion.
I. WHETHER THE ECONOMIC OR FINANCIAL BIAS OF DR. TUCKER'S WITNESSES ALLOWED THE PLAINTIFFS AN OPPORTUNITY TO OFFER IMPEACHMENT EVIDENCE TO SHOW BIAS.
¶ 22. The Wellses contend that the trial court erred in refusing to allow the cross-examination of defense experts Dr. Paul Rice, Dr. John Colter Morrison, and Dr. James Martin, as to the fact that all three physicians had their medical malpractice insurance coverage through MACM, the same medical malpractice insurance company as the defendant, Dr. Tucker. The Wellses asserted that the purpose of such cross-examination was to impeach the credibility of the physicians by showing possible bias.
¶ 23. The trial court, in considering the Wellses' motion in limine, found that "under Rule 403, any probative value that may flow from the examination of the witness in this area [of liability insurance] is far outweighed by the prejudice that would result from the admission of the insurance issue before the jury...." Therefore, the circuit court denied the Wellses' Motion in Li-mine. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed, determining:
There can be no doubt that Dr. Tucker's MACM insured experts had some financial interest in the outcome. Houpt's affidavit demonstrated that they had at least a $136 interest, representing the amounts their equity accounts could decrease in the event of a $500,000 verdict against Dr. Tucker. According to the Wells, even if Houpt's affidavit is completely accurate, and not skewed in favor of Dr. Tucker, Houpt's affidavit still shows that Dr. Rice and Dr. Morrison had a monetary interest in the litigation against Dr. Tucker. It is also very well possible, if not certain, that the MACM experts' own premiums were calculated based on the losses or lack of losses due to settlements or adverse verdicts against MACM insureds.
Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d at 933-34, 2007 Miss.App. LEXIS 594, *24-25, ¶ 33. Additionally, the Court of Appeals placed undue emphasis on the trial judge's comments:
[Ljisten, counsel, let me tell you something. We're just all kidding ourselves. This jury knows all about insurance. They know that this plaintiff probably had medical coverage through her place of employment that has covered at least a portion of the medical bills, and maybe through Mr. Wells' employment. I'll tell you, this is a whole bunch of to-do about nothing. There's not a person on that jury that doesn't know about insurance coverage. But I'm going to leave it like it is.
But I really do think y'all are headed down — you know, this is a red herring. It's a path that's going to cause more trouble than it's worth. There's not a person on that jury that doesn't know that there's insurance coverage involved on both sides.
Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d at 929-30, 2007 Miss.App. LEXIS 594, *12-13, ¶ 17.
¶ 24. Specifically, the Court of Appeals stated:
[I]t is difficult to understand the circuit court's logic in excluding the evidence
when the circuit court explicitly stated that the jury was already aware that Dr. Tucker had medical professional liability insurance.
If the circuit court believed that the jury knew about the presence of insurance, then there can be no prejudicial effect in placing it before the jury. Applying the balancing test, the evidence had some probative value and, according to the circuit court's line of reasoning, there would have been no prejudice in allowing the jury to hear that Dr. Tucker had insurance.
Id. at 934, 935-36, at**26, 30, ¶ ¶ 35, 41.
¶ 25. The Court of Appeals obviously based its decision in part on what the trial judge said at trial — "[tjhis jury knows all about insurance" — as opposed to what the trial judge ultimately did and his sound reasoning for doing so. Additionally, the Court of Appeals focused on the trial judge's passing remark at trial, which was made nearly two years after his order of December 15, 2003, in which he denied the Wellses' motion in limine and motion to strike defense experts. A trial judge enjoys considerable discretion in allowing or refusing evidence, and a trial judge's decision concerning the admissibility of evidence will stand absent an abuse of discretion. Poole v. Avara, 908 So.2d 716, 721 (Miss.2005) (citing Miss. Transp. Comm'n v. McLemore, 863 So.2d 31, 34 (Miss. 2003)).
¶ 26. We agree with the Court of Appeals' dissent that the circuit judge did not abuse his discretion when ruling that such evidence should be excluded. In truth, the circuit judge correctly applied Toche, which dealt with primarily the same issue as we have before us — whether evidence of a liability insurance policy may be introduced to show economic or financial bias by a defense witness. Toche, 734 So.2d at 283.
¶ 27. In Toche, the court recognized "[t]here is a long-standing principle of law in [Mississippi] that gratuitously informing the jury, or even intimating to the jury, that any verdict returned by [it] will be satisfied by the defendant's liability insurance provider so interferes with the jury's ability to fairly deliberate the true issues of the case as to constitute reversible error." Toche, 734 So.2d at 283. The court went on to state there is a "well-established policy of this State against interjecting such information in the trial without legitimate purpose other than as an attempt to color the juror's view of the case." Id. As such, "this policy ought to weigh heavily against admitting such evidence under Rule 403 even though some alternate basis for admitting it might have some arguable legal basis." Id.
¶ 28. While it is true that Mississippi Rules of Evidence 411 and 616 permit the introduction of evidence pertaining to the existence of liability insurance to establish "bias or prejudice of a witness," the ultimate filter for all evidence is Rule 403. Rule 403 provides:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Based on the balancing test of Rule 403, we cannot say that the trial judge abused his discretion in finding that the probative value of the evidence that Dr. Tucker's experts might incur a financial penalty of $136 if the Wellses were successful on their claim was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice resulting from the admission of evidence concerning the existence of a liability insurance policy.
¶ 29. As Judge Griffis points out in his dissent:
The jury had already heard evidence of economic or financial bias. The Wells' expert witness testified that he was being paid $400 per hour for his work. Dr. Tucker's experts testified that they were being paid $350 and $400 per hour for their work. Neither the Wells' nor Dr. Tucker's experts were asked about, and therefore did not testify as to, the total amount they were paid for their testimony. Counsel for neither the plaintiffs nor the defendants pressed the witnesses to explain their total financial compensation for their appearance and their testimony. All of the experts received a direct financial benefit of thousands, if not tens of thousands, of dollars for their services and their testimony. I hardly see how the testimony that Dr. Tucker's experts may receive the benefit of $136 could be considered a bias or prejudice for their testimony that would be sufficient to allow the jury to learn that Dr. Tucker had liability insurance available to pay any verdict that was rendered.
I am even more persuaded by what information the plaintiffs' counsel did not seek on cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts. As discussed above, plaintiffs' counsel did not ask Dr. Tucker's experts about the total or cumulative amount they earned by testifying. Evidence of the total amount paid could show direct and substantial financial bias. Likewise, counsel did not ask Dr. Tucker's experts about their experiences as an expert witness, i.e. number of times they testified, whether they solicited witness opportunities, whether they ever testified on behalf of a plaintiff, or whether their testimony was always on behalf of a defendant physician. Testimony on either of these subjects, which was available to plaintiffs' counsel, could have been used to show substantial bias or prejudice by Dr. Tucker's experts. The failure of plaintiffs counsel to cross-examine Dr. Tucker's experts on these issues confirms to me that the real motivation behind the plaintiffs' efforts was to introduce evidence of the existence of a liability insurance policy. The exclusion of a very minimal financial connection between the defendant/physician and his expert witnesses was a reasonable application of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. The interjection of liability insurance would have allowed the jury to decide this case on improper grounds. In conclusion, the practical impact of the majority's decision is that, in future cases, only out-of-state experts will be available to testify as to the standard of care in medical malpractice cases in Mississippi.
Wells v. Tucker, 997 So.2d at 940, 2007 Miss.App. LEXIS 594, *43-45, ¶ ¶ 55-57 (Griffis, J., dissenting).
¶ 30. For the reasons stated, we find that the Court of Appeals erred in finding that the circuit judge abused his discretion in excluding evidence of liability insurance. Since the Court of Appeals did not address the remaining issues presented by the Wellses based on its decision to reverse and remand for a new trial on the issue we have found to be without merit, we now discuss the remaining issues, which understandably were not addressed by the Court of Appeals.
II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GRANT PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR JNOV, OR, IN THE ALTERNATIVE, A NEW TRIAL.
¶31. While the Wellses correctly set out the law pertaining to the appropriate criteria to be considered by the trial court and the appellate court in determining whether a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict should be granted or denied, they assert error only as to the trial court's failure to grant their motion for a new trial "based on biased and prejudicial testimonies influenced by the personal interests of [Dr. Tucker's] expert witnesses" which were never revealed to the jury due to the trial judge's exclusion of this evidence.
¶ 32. When considering whether the trial court erred in refusing to grant a party's motion for a new trial, "this Court will overturn the verdict only when it is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence." Tentoni v. Slayden, 968 So.2d 431, 442 (Miss.2007) (quoting Poole, 908 So.2d at 727). See also Bush v. State, 895 So.2d 836, 844 (Miss.2005). "Stated differently, we will not set aside a jury's verdict and order a new trial unless we are convinced that the verdict was contrary to the substantial weight of the evidence so that justice requires that a new trial be granted." Poole, 908 So.2d at 727 (citing Jesco, Inc. v. Whitehead, 451 So.2d 706, 714 (Miss.1984) (Robertson, J., specially concurring)).
¶ 33. In applying the "overwhelming weight of the evidence" criteria in today's ease, we must determine whether the trial judge abused his discretion in denying the Wellses' motion for a new trial. White v. Stewman, 932 So.2d 27, 33 (Miss.2006) (citing White v. Yellow Freight System, Inc. 905 So.2d 506, 510-11 (Miss.2004)).
We keep in mind that the Wellses assert that they are entitled to a new trial because, inter alia, the trial court refused to permit their cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts concerning the fact that they, like Dr. Tucker, were MACM insureds, thus exhibiting bias. Again, this Court's standard of review concerning a trial judge's decision to admit or deny evidence is likewise abuse of discretion. Whitten v. Cox, 799 So.2d 1, 13 (Miss. 2000). "Where error involves the admission or exclusion of evidence, this Court 'will not reverse unless the error adversely affects a substantial right of a party.' " Id. (quoting Floyd v. City of Crystal Springs, 749 So.2d 110, 113 (Miss.1999)). See also In re Estate of Mask, 703 So.2d 852, 859 (Miss.1997); Terrain Enters., Inc. v. Mockbee, 654 So.2d 1122, 1131 (Miss. 1995).
¶ 34. The Wellses' motion for a new trial asserts that the jury's verdict was substantially the result of biased and prejudicial testimony influenced by the personal interests of the defense experts. Thus, the Wellses claim that the jury did not have the opportunity to weigh the evidence fairly in this case. In our discussion of Issue I, supra, we have already concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in disallowing the cross-examination of Dr. Tucker's experts on the MACM issue.
¶ 35. Additionally, from the record before us, including the testimony of the Wellses' witnesses, Felicia Lynette Wells, Reginald Wells, Dr. Tucker (as an adverse witness), Dr. Walter Jones, Ruthie Ransom, and Dr. Bruce Halbridge, as well as Dr. Tucker's witnesses, Dr. Charles Bush, Jr., Dr. Paul Rice, and Dr. John Colter Morrison, as well as the various medical records, we cannot conclude that the jury's verdict, which in essence found that whatever happened to Felicia Wells was not due to any negligence on the part of Dr. Tucker, was so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow the verdict to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice. Briefly stated, the record reveals, inter alia, that the Wellses' own medical expert, Dr. Halbridge, did not disagree with Dr. Tucker's decision to perform a Cesarean section on Felicia Wells, who asserted that Dr. Tucker negligently perforated her bowel while performing the C-section, thus proximately causing her resulting injuries and damages. One of Dr. Tucker's witnesses, Dr. Bush, testified that the retractors used for checking for various potential problems behind the uterus were not even placed in the vicinity of the bowel located behind the uterus. Dr. Morrison testified that almost always (99% of the time), any bowel perforation is discovered prior to closing up the patient, since among other things, a bowel perforation would involve fecal matter and toxins spilling into the abdomen, thereby causing a distinct odor. Additionally, Felicia Wells testified that it was not until six days after her C-section, when she had improved to the extent of planning to be discharged, that she began to experience a sharp pain. According to testimony, this ruled out a bowel perforation during the C-section, since symptoms would have surfaced within twenty-four hours after perforation. Dr. Rice opined that Felicia Wells had a diverticulum to rupture, thus causing the sudden onset of pain six days post-operation. Therefore, when the jury compared this testimony with the testimony of Dr. Halbridge and other witnesses who testified for the Wellses, it unquestionably became a jury issue as to whether Dr. Tucker was negligent.
¶ 36. Thus, in considering the totality of the record before us, we conclude that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in finding that the jury verdict was supported by substantial credible evidence, thus denying the motion for a new trial. As dis cussed, supra, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting the Wellses from cross-examining Dr. Tucker's defense experts about their commonality of insurance coverage. In sum, the jury was presented with two competing positions and returned a verdict in favor of Dr. Tucker. We thus find this issue to be without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶ 37. For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and affirm the Rankin County Circuit Court judgment entered consistent with the jury's verdict in favor of Dr. Tucker, individually and in the scope of his employment and/or agency for Jackson Healthcare for Women, P.A.
¶ 38. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED AND THE JUDGMENT OF THE RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., RANDOLPH AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR.
RANDOLPH, J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SMITH, C.J., AND CARLSON, J.
DIAZ, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ.; DICKINSON, J., JOINS IN PART.
DICKINSON, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY DIAZ, P.J.; GRAVES, J., JOINS IN PART.
. The Wellses initially presented this issue for appeal, but later decided to withdraw it. In their brief, the Wellses stated, "Plaintiffs originally presented this issue for appeal but in the interests of expediency wish to drop this issue at this time. The plaintiff requests that this court focus its attention solely on the above seminal issue of law that goes to the heart of fairness in civil trials." Thus, this issue is no longer ripe for discussion.
Additionally, we note that upon objections by the Wellses' counsel, the circuit court adamantly stated:
THE COURT: Mr. Gibbs, unfortunately, you and Mr. Tabor are absolutely incorrect. I watch every juror during the en tire case. He did not only not fall asleep, he didn't fall asleep for any period of time. That's not to say that he didn't close his eyes some, that he didn't shift around in his seat. If you want to know the truth, alternate number two down there probably was nodding off more than he was, if you want to call that nodding off. You're just both absolutely incorrect in your analysis. And I know you're trying to make a record, but that juror simply was not ever asleep. He was paying attention throughout the entire video. He wasn't necessarily staring at the video all the time. Neither were all the rest of the jurors. But I just want to be adamant. You are incorrect whenever you state he was asleep. He was never asleep, he never nodded off. There is absolutely no reason to strike this juror from this jury. The record is clear. That will be denied. We'll stand in recess just for a few minutes.
. We have already quoted Rule 411 from the Court of Appeals' opinion, supra. Rule 616 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence states:
For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence of bias, prejudice, or interest of the witness for or against any party to the case is admissible.