Case Name: STARKER v. SCOTT, STATE TREASURER et al.
Court: Oregon Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Oregon
Decision Date: 1948-03-02
Citations: 183 Or. 10
Docket Number: 
Parties: STARKER v. SCOTT, STATE TREASURER et al.
Judges: Before Rossman, Chief Justice, and Lusk, Belt, Kelly, Bailey and Brand, Justices.
Reporter: Oregon Reports
Volume: 183
Pages: 10–38

Head Matter:
Argued January 20;
Reversed March 2, 1948
STARKER v. SCOTT, STATE TREASURER et al.
190 P. (2d) 532
Bex Kimmell, Assistant Attorney General, and E. G. Foxley, Assistant Attorney General, of Salem, argued the cause for appellants. With them on the brief was George Neuner, Attorney General, of Salem.
Manley B. Strayer and Frederick H. Torp, of Portland, argued the cause for respondents. With them on the brief were Omar C. Spencer and Hart, Spencer, McCulloch & Rockwood, of Portland.
Before Rossman, Chief Justice, and Lusk, Belt, Kelly, Bailey and Brand, Justices.

Opinion:
BRAND, J.
The plaintiffs, as citizens of the State of Oregon and owners of forest lands situated in Columbia County, by their complaint allege that the defendants, acting under the authority of O. C. L. A., § 107-243 and § 92-211, have unlawfully assessed, levied and disbursed certain moneys exacted from the plaintiffs and others similarly situated. Pursuant to the allegations and prayer of the complaint, the trial court entered a decree in part as follows:
"That Section 107-243, O. C. L. A., insofar as it requires the addition by the State Forester of a penalty of ten per cent to the cost of fire protection, makes said penalty a lien upon property, directs the State Forester to report said ten per cent penalty to the county court of the county in which such property is situated, and directs the levying and collection of said ten per cent penalty, be and the same hereby is declared to be unconstitutional and void."
The court also held, as to the Tithing Act:
' ' That Section 92-211, O. C. L. A., insofar as it requires the payment into the general fund of the State of Oregon of any portion of the receipts of the State Board of Forestry from forest patrol assessments, be and the same hereby is declared to be unconstitutional and void."
The defendants as public officers were enjoined from enforcing the provisions in question.
In the year 1913 the legislature enacted a law entitled "An act to require owners of timber lands to provide a fire patrol therefor." Laws, 1913, Chapter 247. Section 1 of that act as amended in 1925 reads as follows:
"Every owner of timber land in the state of Oregon shall furnish or provide therefor, during the season of the year when there is danger of forest fires, adequate protection against the starting or spread of fire thereon or therefrom which shall meet with the approval of the state board of forestry." O. C. L. A., § 107-241.
Section 2 of the 1913 act as amended reads in part as follows:
"In case any owner or owners shall fail or neglect to provide such protection against the starting or spreading of fire, then the state forester, under direction from the state board of forestry, shall provide the same at a cost not to exceed five cents (5‡) per acre per annum; provided, that when in time and localities of unusual hazard adequate protection of timbered areas demands expenditure in excess of five cents (5‡) per acre, the state forester, with approval of the state board of forestry, may, after thorough investigation of need thereof, authorize and approve expense sufficient properly to safeguard timber resources, but amounts so approved shall not exceed actual cost of work performed. Reasons for any cost in excess of five cents (5‡) per acre shall be furnished by the state forester upon demand to any property owner whose lands are subject to protection costs in excess of the specific amount prescribed in this act. Any amount so paid or contracted to be paid by the state forester together with a penalty of ten (10) per cent thereof shall be a lien upon the property, and shall be reported by the state forester to the county court of the county in which such lands are situated, and shall by such court be levied and collected with the next taxes on sneh lands in the same manner and with the same interest, penalty and cost charges as apply to ad valorem property taxes in this state. Said connty court shall instruct the proper officer to extend the amounts on the assessment roll in a separate column, and the procedure provided by law for the collection of taxes and delinquent taxes shall be applicable thereto, and, upon collection thereof, the county court shall repay the same to the state forester to be applied to the expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of this act. V' O. C. L. A., § 107-243.
The portion of the statute which was held unconstitutional by the circuit court is that which was added to the law by an amendment adopted in 1935, (Laws, 1935, Chapter 356). Previous to that amendment the statute provided that: "Any amounts so paid or contracted to be paid by the State Forester, shall be a lien upon the property, ."
The 1935 amendment added the words, "together with a penalty of ten (10) per cent thereof" before the words "shall be a lien".
Plaintiffs contend that the provision of O. C. L. A., § 107-243 which requires the assessment, levy and collection of a penalty of ten per cent, in addition to the cost of furnishing forest patrol protection, constitutes an exercise of the power of taxation and as such is unconstitutional because it is not levied according to the rule of uniformity. Secondly, the plaintiffs contend that the provision for the ten per cent penalty is arbitrary and bears no reasonable relationship to the cost of protection and regulation which may be imposed upon the timber owner under the police power.
The constitution of Oregon provides that: " all taxation shall be uniform on the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax." Constitution of Oregon, Article I, Section 32.
The constitution also provides: "No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law and every law imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same to which only it shall be applied." Constitution of Oregon, Article IX, Section 3. These provisions however apply only as limitations upon the exercise of the power of taxation. Neither provision is a limitation upon the power of the legislature to impose regulations under the police power. Ellis v. Frazier, 38 Or. 462, 63 P. 642, 53 L. R. A. 454; Portland Van and Storage Co. v. Hoss, 139 Or. 434, 9 P. (2d) 122, 81 A. L. R. 1136; Miller v. Henry, 62 Or. 4, 124 P. 197, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 97. 1 Cooley, Taxation (4th Ed.) § 29.
If the challenged portion of O. C. L. A., § 107-243 was enacted as an exercise of the taxing power, it would be invalid for, as such, it would be violative of the constitutional requirement of uniformity. It is therefore apparent that the ultimate question for decision is whether the so-called ten per cent penalty is imposed pursuant to the police power or as a tax. While the name given by the legislature is of significance in determining whether an act is passed pursuant to the police power or to the power of taxation, it is nevertheless true, as urged by plaintiffs, that the primary purpose of a statute determines whether it is enacted pursuant to the one or the other power.
"The distinction between a demand of money under the police power and one made under the power to tax is not so much one of form as of substance. The proceedings may be the same in the two cases, although the purpose is essentially different. The one is made for regulation and the other for revenue. If for regulation, it is an exer eise of the police power while if for revenue it is an exercise of the taxing power. If, therefore, the purpose is evident in any particular instance, there can be no difficulty in classifying the case and referring it to the proper power.
" If revenue is the primary purpose, the imposition is a tax. Only those cases where regulation is the primary purpose can be specially referred to the police power. If the primary purpose of the legislative body in imposing the charge is to regulate, the charge is not a tax even if it produces revenue for the public. "
1 Cooley, Taxation (4th Edition) § 27. See also § 37.
The plaintiffs concede the validity of the basic forest patrol assessment as imposed by the statute prior to its amendment in 1935. The attack is directed only at the penalty provision.
The validity of the original act which imposed a lien upon the property of the delinquent timber owner in the amount of the cost to the state of the fire patrol furnished, was upheld by this court in First State Bank v. Kendall Lumber Co., 107 Or. 1, 213 P. 142. We quote:
"The general object and purpose of this act was to prevent the destruction by fire of the forest lands within the state. To accomplish this purpose all private owners of forest lands are required by this act to maintain a fire patrol over their lands during the dry season of each year. Recognizing that some timberland owners might not comply with the law, the legislature properly included in the act a provision whereby, through the state forester, a system of patrolling such private lands could be maintained at the expense of the delinquent land owner, and provided a method whereby this expense could be collected from such owner. As the means
thus adopted tended to prevent the destruction of forests by fire, and was essential to the accomplishment of the purpose of the act, it was proper to include this provision in the act. Without some such provision, obedience to the law could not be enforced. Where a statute contains a command and prescribes a penalty for its violation, there is a direct connection between the two, and neither can be said to be foreign or incongruous to the other.
" The money which the state forester, by this act, is directed to expend, belongs to the state, and, when collected, is repaid to the state. This statute was not designed for the purpose of raising revenue, and its enactment was not an exercise of the taxing power of the state. The act is a reasonable and proper police regulation designed to protect the forests of the state from destruction by fire. The method adopted by the legislature to compel the delinquent owner to reimburse the state for the moneys so expended provides merely for the collection of an indebtedness imposed under the police power of the state, and not for the collection of a tax." First State Bank v. Kendall Lumber Co., supra.
On the face of the statute it appears that the ten per cent penalty was imposed for the same purpose as that expressed in the act prior to the 1935 amendment, and for the identical purpose set forth by this court in the Kendall case. It is provided in the act that the entire sum, cost and penalty, "upon collection" shall .be repaid to the state forester "to be applied to the expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions" of the act.
It may be argued that the assessment of cost of protection when collected will fully reimburse the forester without recourse to the penalty and that therefore the penalty provision must have been imposed for revenue and not for regulation. We think that position untenable. The normal assessment (exclusive of penalty) which can be imposed against the property of the owner is limited to the cost of providing "such protection", i.e., "adequate protection", as defined in Q. C. L. A., § 107-241, not to exceed five cents per acre per annum, or in event of unusual hazard such assessment may be the amount of the "expense sufficient properly to safeguard timber resources" but "shall not exceed actual cost of work performed. ' ' These provisions do not in themselves necessarily establish that the forester can be made whole by enforcing the assessment exclusive of penalty. It will be observed that the statute provides in broad general terms that the fund derived from the collected cost of work performed and from the ten per cent penalty is to be "applied to the expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions" of the act. We may well assume that such expenses will exceed the actual cost of work performed and that the proceeds from the imposition of the ten per cent penalty may at times be required in paying expenses incurred. The statute itself provides that in times of unusual hazard the forester must make an investigation of need before authorizing additional expense sufficient properly to safeguard timber resources. Such investigation may involve expense prior to the time when any amount is paid or contracted as the actual cost of work performed. There may be other expenses, as for example, the cost of collecting the assessments from the property owner, which could not properly be classified as any part of the actual cost of work performed.
Our conclusion is that the proceeds from the ten per cent penalty are merged with the proceeds from the collected cost of protection in a single fund and the entire fund is devoted without distinction to the one purpose specified. Whether is was necessary that the proceeds from the ten per cent penalty be so devoted is a different question.
The statute relating to forest patrol assessments and penalties clearly indicates its character as a regulatory measure under the police power. It first imposes a duty upon the timber owner and then provides that in the event that the owner shall fail or neglect to perform that duty, the necessary work will be done by the state and the cost, plus a penalty will be collected from the owner.
Subject to constitutional regulations, it is held that:
' ' The power of the state to impose penalties for violations of its statutory requirements is coeval with government. The prescribing of such penalties is a legislative function. Penalties have frequently been imposed to insure the performance of duties or conduct required by the state in carrying out its various sovereign functions, which functions are accomplished by the usual method of legislation. Thus, a legislature may impose any penalty it sees fit for the violation of valid regulations, and there is no inhibition upon a state to impose such penalties for disregard of its police regulations as will insure prompt obedience to the requirements of such regulations." 23 Am. Jur., Forfeitures and Penalties, § 32.
e (* # * in its narrower sense a penalty is the amount recovered for a violation of the statute law of the state or a municipal ordinance which violation may or may not be a crime; 25 C. J., Fines, Forfeitures and Penalties, § 3.
In First State Bank v. Kendall Lumber Co., supra, this court expressly stated that the act, prior to the 1935 amendment was an exercise of the police power to compel the delinquent owner to reimburse the state for moneys expended. The same reasoning applies to the ten per cent penalty. The following language from the Kendall case is peculiarly applicable to the penalty provision: "Where a statute contains a command and prescribes a penalty for its violation, there is a direct connection between the two, and neither can be said to be foreign or incongruous to the other."
In the case of Borough of Wilkinsburg v. Home for Aged Protestant Women, 131 Pa. 109, 18 A. 937, 6 L. R. A. 531, the plaintiff was a municipal corporation and the defendant was a corporation whose property had been declared by law to be free from taxation. The plaintiff had, by resolution, directed the defendant to replace a decayed footwalk adjoining the defendant's land. Upon failure of the defendant to do so, the plaintiff proceeded to build a new wall? and then, in accordance with statute, filed its claim against the property for the amount of labor and material used in the construction of the walk, together with a twenty per cent penalty. The supreme court of Pennsylvania said:
"If the charge for laying this footwalk is a tax, or a municipal assessment in the nature of a tax,, we are of the opinion the borough cannot recover. This principle was expressly ruled in Cemetery Co. v. City of Philadelphia, 93 Pa. St. 129. In that case the company was exempted by its charter 'from taxation except for state purposes'; a sewer was constructed on a street along the line of which were a number of burial lots; and an assessment was charged against said lots to defray, in part, the cost of the sewer. This was held by this court to be a species of local taxation, and within the exemption claimed by the charter. The defendant contends that this footwalk comes within the reason of the case cited, and that the charge for its con struction is also a species of local taxation. We think there is a marked distinction between the two cases. In the case of borough footwalks the owners of property are required by law to keep their footways in repair, and, if necessary, relay them. This is a duty passed directly upon the property owner, and is in the nature of a police regulation. It is no more a tax, or a municipal assessment in the nature of a tax, than would be the imposition of any other duty by virtue of the police powers of the borough, with a penalty for its violation. This footway was a public nuisance, dangerous in its character, and the fact that the defendant is a charity, and exempt from taxation, does not authorize it to maintain a nuisance. It could be required to abate it precisely as in the case of any other corporation or individual. In the cemetery case there was no police or other duty cast upon the company. It was not required to build the sewer. It was constructed by the city under its power for that purpose, and the cost thereof charged to the property owners in pursuance of a recognized system of municipal assessments. Such assessments have been repeatedly held to be a species of taxation." Borough of Wilkinsburg v. Home for Aged, Protestant Women, supra.
The judgment for the plaintiff municipality which imposed the cost plus the penalty upon the defendant corporation was affirmed.
The case is directly in point. The opinion aptly illustrates the distinction between the assessment in the case at bar and assessments for benefits. The statute providing for the collection of cost and penalty in the pending case differs essentially from statutes imposing a license fee to cover costs of inspection or examination, and it also differs from a fee imposed for the granting of a privilege, the exercise of which requires regulation. In the case of money collected from license fees imposed under the police power to cover costs of inspection, examination or regulation, only incidental surplus revenue is available for general fund purposes. The amount of the license fee which may be exacted is controlled, except as above stated, by the estimated cost of the inspection or regulation. Hickey v. Riley, 177 Or. 321, 162 P. (2d) 371.
The proceeds resulting from the enforcement of a penalty imposed for the failure to perform a legal duty stand upon a different basis. The lien upon the timber land of the owner is not imposed as the cost of a privilege granted him nor is it an assessment for benefits. It is the first step in a procedure established by law to compel "a delinquent owner to reimburse the state for moneys so expended", and "it provides merely for the collection of an indebtedness imposed under the police power of the state". First State Bank of Sutherlin v. Kendall Lumber Co., supra.
If the proceeds from the penalty clause should be considered separately as plaintiffs apparently suggest, then there would be no limitation as to the application of them. They could be applied to the cost of fire protection or placed in the general fund in the first instance, or they could be first placed in a special fund and then transferred to the general fund. Such proceeds are often appropriated to the school fund.
"The rule is well settled that the mode in which penalties shall be enforced, whether at the suit of an individual or at the suit of the public, and the disposition that shall be made of the amounts collected are merely matters of legislative discretion. " 23 Am. Jur., Forfeitures and Penalties, §48.
Even in the case of a regulatory license, though the estimated cost of regulation imposes limitations upon the amount which can be charged, we know of no rule that requires that the license fees should be kept in a separate fund.
It is argued that the ten per cent imposition is not a penalty because the land owner has no discretion, yet plaintiffs admit that if the owner joins a fire patrol association, that would constitute compliance with the mandate of O. C. L. A., § 107-241, and would relieve the owner from any assessment under O. C. L. A., § 107-243, either for cost or for penalty. So far as appears from the statute there may be other methods by which an owner may provide adequate protection and thereby exempt himself from all imposition under O. C. L. A., § 107-243.
It is contended that the requirements for furnishing adequate fire protection are so great that an individual land owner could not conform. There is no pleading to that effect, and we cannot take judicial notice of any such condition. Furthermore, plaintiffs are not in a position to urge the case of any such land owner if there be one. Counsel for plaintiffs was asked if there was any pleading or evidence showing that the plaintiffs could not have joined some fire patrol association, thereby exempting themselves from the provisions of O. C. L. A., § 107-243. Counsel answered, "no, and there was an organization which they could have joined." Thus it is clear that the plaintiffs had a statutory duty which they could have performed but failed to perform, and they thereby became liable to a penalty provided by law for such failure.
If in some other case it should appear that a penalty was exacted from some owner who could not have complied with the requirements of O. C. L. A., § 107-241, consideration might be given to the rule set forth in Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company v. Board, 100 W. Va. 222,130 S. E. 524, 44 A. L. R. 826. In that case it was held that when a duty is imposed by law and its performance becomes impossible because of the intervention of a vis major, there can be no recovery of a penalty for its breach.
The plaintiffs contend that the essential character of the penalty provision cannot be determined from the internal evidence of the statute alone. They argue that chapters 355 and 356 of the Laws of 1935, (respectively, O. C. L. A., § 92-211 and 107-243), are companion acts and must be considered together. Examination of the Session Laws of 1935 shows that the "Tithing Act," chapter 355, and the act imposing the ten per cent penalty, which we have just discussed, chapter 356, were each approved by the Governor and filed on the 18th day of March 1935. The "Tithing Act," so far as material here, provides:
"The ratable portions or percentages hereinafter specified of all moneys collected or received by the state officer, officers, activities, boards and commissions hereinafter named for fees, fines, licenses and taxes, or any thereof, all and every part of which is not by the statutes imposing or authorizing the same made a part of the general fund of the state and available for the payment of the general expenses of the state, shall when such moneys are paid to the state treasurer by such officers, activities, boards and commissions be by the said state treasurer transferred to the general fund of the state, and as to any of said moneys which may be authorized by law to be kept and disbursed other than by and through the state treasurer, such ratable portions or percentages shall be paid to the state treasurer by the officer, officers, activities, boards and commissions receiving such moneys at the time when they are received by him or them and shall be by tbe state treasurer credited to and made a part of the general fund of the state. The state treasurer in receipting for any of such moneys shall make his receipt in duplicate, showing the amount credited to the general fund as well as the amount credited to any special fund, and shall file one (1) of such duplicates with the secretary of state. Such payment and transfer to the general fund shall be made, notwithstanding any law which appropriates said moneys or any of them to any other purpose or purposes, and such portion or percentage shall not be subject to any special use or uses thereby provided. The portion or percentage of such moneys which is hereby required to be transferred to the general fund of the state shall be ten (10) per cent of all gross receipts of each of such officers, activities, boards and commissions, until the total of such respective gross receipts reaches the sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) in any fiscal year, and thereafter for the remainder of such fiscal year such portion or percentage so transferred shall be three (3) per cent of all gross receipts received by any such officer, officers, activities, boards and commissions, respectively. The officer, officers, activities, boards and commissions to which this act shall apply are as follows:
í ( # State board of forestry:
"Forest Patrol assessments, excluding federal contributions. O. C. L. A., § 92-211.
The plaintiffs appear to assume that the proceeds of the ten per cent penalty as such, are diverted to the general fund by the Tithing Act. Such is not the case. If the actual cost of work performed by the forester was $100, a ten per cent penalty would be added and a total of $110 would be assessed against the property. The total proceeds resulting from the enforcement of the assessment are applied to defraying expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of the act. That total would constitute the "gross receipts" referred to in the Tithing Act, and ten per cent of $110, or $11 would be transferred as a tithe to the general fund. Thus, it is possible, if the gross receipts of the State Board of Forestry in any one year should not exceed $100,000, that the tithe might exceed the amount of the penalty separately considered. On the other hand, the statistics cited by the plaintiffs show that the gross receipts of the State Board of Forestry from assessments, regularly exceed $100,000 a year, with the result that the tithe for the balance of the year after the gross receipts reach $100,000, is figured at three per cent only. The result has been that the tithe, figured for an entire year, is normally much less than ten per cent of the gross receipts and less than the amount of the proceeds from the collection of the penalty if that should be treated as a separate item.
The plaintiffs are confronted with a dilemma. If the tithe be considered as produced by, and taken exclusively from the proceeds of the penalty, then it is diverted from moneys which could have been placed in the general fund in the first place. If the tithe is taken from the gross receipts, all of which are devoted to the paying of expenses of administering the fire patrol act, then it bears no direct or constant relation to the penalty provision. Upon the latter assumption, the Tithing Act, as applied to forest patrol assessments, stands upon the same legal basis as it did before 1935.
It is true that the two acts were companion pieces, but the inference from that fact is weakened when the history of the legislation is examined. In the year 1933 there was an attempt to subject forest patrol funds to a tithing act. Chapter 405 of the session laws of that year provides for a tithe of ten per cent of the gross receipts of state agencies enumerated therein, where such receipts did not exceed $75,000 a year, and included among the enumerated agencies we find the "State board of forestry: Forest patrol fees, excluding federal contributions."
As said by counsel for plaintiffs:
' ' The Tithing Act in 1933 was intended to apply to the forest patrol fund but probably through some error the act was so framed that it did not catch the forest patrol fund. The particular section limited it to funds [not ?] in excess of $75,000 so it was not caught by the Tithing Act."
The legislative purpose to subject forest funds to tithing was thus expressed two years before the penalty clause was added to the forest patrol act.
The Tithing Act imposes exactions from twenty-four different officers, activities, boards or eommismissions in the state of Oregon. Its validity is challenged only in its application to forest patrol funds. If, as we believe, the act is valid in its twenty-three other applications, we find no reason to invalidate it on account of the addition of the penalty clause in the case of forest assessments.
The gross receipts from the enforcement of the lien are devoted to forest patrol purposes. If there is an incidental surplus, it may be used for any purpose. If, as is more likely, the taking of the tithe reduces the fund below the amount necessary to defray "the expenses incurred in carrying out the act", then the tithing becomes largely a matter of form. Money would first be taken out of a special, and placed in the general fund, and then money would have to be appropriated from the general fund to cover the unpaid expenses incurred under the fire patrol law. We observe that in 1947 there was an appropriation from the general fund for the Oregon State Board of Forestry in the amount of $500,791 for salaries and wages, and $140,165 for general, operating and maintenance expenses. Laws, 1947, chapter 452.
We see no merit in the contention that chapter 356, Laws, 1935, (O. C. L. A., 107-243) is invalid for want of a proper title. The imposition of the ten per cent penalty was germane to the subject of the original legislation which was entitled, "An Act to require owners of timber lands to provide a fire patrol therefor." Laws, 1913, chapter 247.
The judgment and decree of the circuit court is reversed and the suit is dismissed.