Case Name: Betty G. AMOS and the Estate of Thomas R. Righetti, Petitioners v. ASPEN ALPS 123, LLC, and Equitable Bank, Respondents
Court: Colorado Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Colorado
Decision Date: 2012-06-18
Citations: 280 P.3d 1256
Docket Number: No. 10SC187
Parties: Betty G. AMOS and the Estate of Thomas R. Righetti, Petitioners v. ASPEN ALPS 123, LLC, and Equitable Bank, Respondents.
Judges: Chief Justice BENDER concurs in part and dissents in part.
Reporter: Pacific Reporter 3d
Volume: 280
Pages: 1256–1269

Head Matter:
2012 CO 46
Betty G. AMOS and the Estate of Thomas R. Righetti, Petitioners v. ASPEN ALPS 123, LLC, and Equitable Bank, Respondents.
No. 10SC187.
Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.
June 18, 2012.
Rehearing Denied July 30, 2012.
Holland & Hart, LLP, Wiley E. Mayne, Steven T. Collis, Denver, Colorado, Holland & Hart, LLP, Christopher J. Heaphey, Aspen, Colorado, Attorneys for Petitioners.
Garfield & Hecht, P.C., Matthew C. Ferguson, Christopher D. Bryan, Aspen, Colorado, Attorneys for Respondent, Aspen Alps 128, LLC.
Duncan, Ostrander & Dingess, P.C., Richard F. Rodriguez, James Birch, Denver, Colorado, Attorneys for Respondent, Equitable Bank.

Opinion:
Justice RICE
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
11 In this appeal, we address whether a failure to strictly comply with C.R.C.P. 120's notice requirements mandates setting aside a completed foreclosure sale. We conclude that when the parties received actual notice which afforded them an opportunity to present their objections and no prejudice resulted, we will not disturb a completed foreclosure sale. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals' judgment with respect to Rule 120 notification.
12 We also examine whether the principals of Aspen Alps 128, LLC (Aspen Alps) engaged in bid rigging in violation of the Colorado Antitrust Act, section 6-4-106, C.R.S. (2011). We determine that the limited record before us fails to establish bid rigging and, therefore, we reverse the court of appeals on the issue of bid rigging.
I. Facts and Proceedings Below
T3 This case involves the public trustee foreclosure sale under C.R.C.P. 120 of a condominium unit in Aspen. Prior to the foreclosure sale, Betty Amos and her late husband, Thomas Righetti, owned the unit. Amos borrowed approximately $1.6 million from Equitable Bank securing the loan with a Deed of Trust on the condominium unit in favor of Equitable Bank and granted by Amos and Righetti.
{4 In September 2002, Righetti died. Amos and Righetti's daughter, Brandy Righ-etti, were named as co-personal representatives of the Estate of Thomas Righetti.
4 5 In 2006, Amos' loan fell into default and Equitable Bank decided to foreclose on the property. Equitable Bank filed a Rule 120 Motion for Order Authorizing Sale and sent notice of the proceeding to Amos in her individual capacity. Equitable Bank did not send notice of the Rule 120 proceeding to the Estate or to Brandy Righetti. Neither Amos nor the Estate opposed the order authorizing sale.
T6 The public trustee held a foreclosure sale on February 27, 2007. Neither Amos nor the Estate submitted a bid. After Equitable Bank bid the amount of its debt, three individuals-Seguin, Mayer, and Griffin (representing Flaum)-bid competitively until Seguin had bid $1.86 million. At that point, Griffin proposed to the others that, instead of "bidding the property up further and further," they cease bidding against each other and buy the property jointly. All agreed and formed Aspen Alps 1283, LLC after the auction. The public trustee deemed Aspen Alps as the successful bidder. On August 14, 2007, the public trustee issued the deed quieting title in the property to Aspen Alps.
T7 Amos then brought this action against the public trustee and Equitable Bank to enjoin the issuance of the deed to Aspen Alps, and to compel the trustee to allow her to redeem. Concurrently, she filed a notice of lis pendens. When the trial court refused to grant a preliminary injunction in Amos' favor, she filed a second notice of lis pendens. Amos then amended her complaint to include a claim that Equitable Bank failed to strictly comply with the notice requirements of Rule 120.
18 Prior to trial, Amos also filed a summary judgment motion asserting that Equitable Bank failed to comply with the foreclosure procedure set forth in Rule 120. The trial court determined that Equitable Bank sent Righetti's notice to the wrong address and thus did not strictly comply with the Rule. Nonetheless, the trial court found that the error was a mere technicality and that the plaintiffs failed to show any prejudice since they received actual notice. Accordingly, the trial court declined to declare the sale null and void.
T 9 Shortly before trial, Amos attempted to add a third claim alleging bid rigging, antitrust violations, and conspiracy by the principals of Aspen Alps. The trial court denied Amos' motion to amend, but allowed evidence of bid rigging as a defense to counterclaims asserted by Aspen Alps.
10 The case proceeded to a trial to the court and the court dismissed Amos' redemption claim under C.R.C.P. 41(b). The trial court also determined that the principals of Aspen Alps had not engaged in illegal bid rigging and that both lis pendens filed by Amos were spurious documents and slandered title to the property.
€ 11 Amos appealed. The court of appeals held that a foreclosing party must strictly comply with the notice requirements of Rule 120, but excused Equitable Bank's failure to send notice to Brandy Righetti or to the Estate. The court of appeals reasoned that Equitable Bank sent notice to Amos, a co-personal representative and agent of the Estate. Accordingly, because the Estate had constructive notice of the foreclosure and was not prejudiced, there was no basis for setting aside the foreclosure sale. The court of appeals also held that the principals of Aspen Alps had engaged in illegal bid rigging because their agreement to purchase the property together was anti-competitive. Consequently, it set aside the deed to Aspen Alps. The court of appeals did not, however, void the foreclosure sale. Instead, it remanded to the trial court with instructions for that court to exercise its equitable discretion to determine whether to award the deed to the high bidder or void the foreclosure sale.
[ 12 Amos sought certiorari review by this Court. We now affirm the court of appeals' judgment with respect to the Rule 120 notice requirement, and reverse its decision with respect to bid rigging.
II Analysis
A. Notice Requirement
118 First, we examine whether a failure to strictly comply with Rule 120's notice requirements mandates setting aside a completed foreclosure sale. We review a trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo. AC. Excavating v. Yacht Club II Homeowners Ass'n, 114 P.3d 862, 865 (Colo.2005). Summary judgment is appropriate when no issues of material fact exist and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. C.R.C.P. 56(e) A.C. Exceo-vating, 114 P.3d at 865. The nonmoving party is entitled to the benefit of all favorable inferences that may be drawn from the undisputed facts, and all doubts as to the existence of a triable issue of fact must be resolved against the moving party. 4.0. Excavating, 114 P.8d at 865.
114 C.R.C.P. 120 governs the process by which an interested person may request that a court enter an order authorizing the sale of real property when the power of sale is contained in a deed of trust to a public trustee. To request an Order Authorizing Sale, the interested person files a verified motion with the trial court. Rule 120 states that the motion "shall be accompanied by a copy of the instrument containing the power of sale, shall describe the property to be sold, and shall specify the default or other facts claimed by the moving party to justify invocation of the power of sale." The Rule further provides that in the instance of foreclosure of the real property secured by a deed of trust to a public trustee:
the motion shall state the name and last known address, as shown by the records of the moving party, of the grantor of such deed of trust, of the current record owner of the property to be sold, and of any person known or believed by the moving party to be personally liable upon the indebtedness secured by the deed of trust, as well as the names and addresses of those persons who appear to have acquired a record interest in such real property, subsequent to the recording of such deed of trust and prior to the recording of the notice of election and demand for sale, whether by deed, mortgage, judgment or any other instrument of record.
C.R.C.P. 120(a). The Rule then provides a notice requirement which states that a copy of the motion shall be served "to each person named in the motion (other than persons for whom no address is stated) at the address or addresses stated in the motion." C.R.C.P. 120(b).
1 15 First, we hold that the trial court correctly found that Equitable Bank failed to strictly comply with Rule 120's notice requirements by serving Righetti at the wrong address. Amos and Righetti were the grantors of the Deed of Trust in favor of Equitable Bank. Equitable Bank mailed notice to the deceased Righetti at the address on the Deed of Trust, but that notice contained a typographical error so that the street address numbers were transposed, rendering the mail undeliverable. Pursuant to Rule 120 and the terms of the Deed of Trust, Equitable Bank was required to provide notice to Righetti at his last known address. Because Equitable Bank failed to do so, it did not strictly comply with the Rule.
116 This brings us to the question before the Court on certiorari review: whether a completed foreclosure sale must be set aside for a failure to strictly adhere to Rule 120's notification requirements when actual notice was received. Jurisdictions across the country are divided as to whether the standard for foreclosure notification is actual notice or strict compliance. This Court addressed public trustee foreclosure notice requirements in Dews v. District Court, 648 P.2d 662, 664 (Colo.1982), and found that the "provisions of Rule 120 must be strictly complied with by one seeking foreclosure under a power of sale through the public trustee." At issue in Dews was the fact that the Rule 120 foreclosure notices were not timely sent to the debtor. Id. at 663. Rather than being mailed at least 15 days prior to the proceeding as required by the Rule, the notices were mailed out 14 days prior to the proceeding. Id. As a result, the debtors received notice of the Rule 120 proceeding only two to three days before they were required to respond. Id. Due to the foreclosing party's failure to strictly comply with Rule 120's notice provisions and the resulting untimely notice, this Court voided the order authorizing the sale and required a new Rule 120 proceeding. Id. at 664. The question then is whether Dews requires a completed foreclosure sale be declared void due to a foreclosing party's failure to strictly comply with Rule 120. We do not read Dews to mandate such a result.
117 The petitioners urge this Court to void the completed foreclosure sale for a deviation from the notice requirement-namely, that the notice was addressed only to Amos individually and not to Amos individually and as personal representative of Righetti's Estate-when they had actual notice of the Rule 120 hearing and pending foreclosure, and where the foreclosing party and trustee otherwise fully complied with Rule 120. We decline to do so. When, as here, a procedural irregularity did not injure or harm the complaining party, a foreclosure sale will not be set aside. "Notice should further the purposes of the requirement:; 'to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.'" Lehmer v. United States, 685 F.2d 1187, 1191 (9th Cir.1982) (citing Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 389 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950)). Rule 120's requirement to provide notice to all interested persons was devised to provide actual notice to those with an interest in the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to be heard. Charles D. Calvin, Legislative History: C.R.C.P. Rule 120, 8 Colo. Law. 785, 788 (1979) (citing Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314, 70 S.Ct. 652). Rule 120's notice provisions are fashioned to ensure that notice is timely. Dews, 648 P.2d at 664. In addition, Rule 120 ensures that the hearing provides the allegedly defaulting party an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner concerning the matters constituting the alleged defaults. Id.
1 18 Here, it is undisputed that Equitable Bank provided notice to Amos at her last known address-the same address at which the Estate received correspondence. It is also undisputed that Amos received that notice. The record additionally establishes that Amos served as the co-personal representative of the Estate. Therefore, the Estate-with Amos as a personal representative-received constructive notice of the foreclosure through the actual, timely notice provided to Amos. See C.R.C.P. 4(e)(4). Upon receiving notice of the Rule 120 proceeding, Amos forwarded the notice to her attorneys who, together with Amos, chose not to chal lenge the default. Thus, Amos, and thereby the Estate, was afforded timely notice and a meaningful opportunity to appear and defend the foreclosure action.
{19 The instant case differs from Dews which came before this Court on a C.A.R. 21 petition before a foreclosure sale had occurred. 648 P.2d at 662-638. Moreover, the allegedly defaulting party in Dews received notice only days before the proceeding and therefore was not given timely notice or afforded a meaningful opportunity to be heard. Id. at 664.
{20 Here, the failure to provide notice to Righetti as required under Rule 120 did not result in harm to Righetti or his Estate. Amos and the Estate had sufficient notice of the Rule 120 proceeding and could have chosen to defend the foreclosure action. Instead, after consulting with counsel, Amos made an informed decision not to contest the default on her own behalf or on behalf of the Estate. To determine that the notice fails here because it was addressed only to Amos individually and not to Amos individually and as personal representative of Righetti's Estate would ignore the purpose underlying notice: "to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Mullane, 389 U.S. at 814, 70 S.Ct. 652. We will not elevate form over substance and void a completed foreclosure sale at this late june-ture when the Estate had constructive notice, made no timely objection to the Rule 120 hearing, and no injury resulted. Thus, we affirm the court of appeals with respect to its Rule 120 determination.
B. Bid Rigging
{21 We now turn to the issue of bid rigging. First, we describe the unusual procedural posture of this case. Next, we discuss what constitutes bid rigging under the Colorado Antitrust Act, taking guidance from the Sherman Act. Finally, we determine that the trial court's findings and conclusion that the plaintiffs failed to prove bid rigging as a defense are supported by the record.
1. Procedural History
1 22 This issue comes before the Court in an unusual procedural posture. A party may bring a civil claim under the Colorado Antitrust Act to recover damages for bid rigging. See § 6-4-114, C.RS. (2011) Here, the trial court denied the plaintiffs' motion to amend their complaint a third time to include a claim for bid rigging. The trial court reasoned that the plaintiffs had unduly delayed adding the potential claim, and failed to show good cause for amending their complaint only forty-five days before trial and after the close of discovery. Further, the trial court found that prejudice could result from the introduction of the claim so close to trial, and from the lack of discovery on bid rigging.
€23 The trial court did, however, permit plaintiffs to present evidence of bid rigging as a defense to Aspen Alps' counterclaims despite acknowledging that the plaintiffs were attempting "to admit evidence of bid rigging through the back door." The trial court allowed the defense, finding that the evidence was relevant because in order to recover on its counterclaims, Aspen Alps would need to establish valid title to the property. Though valid title is presumed when, as here, title is conferred by the official act of a public official, the trial court determined that evidence of bid rigging could rebut the presumption. Therefore, the trial court determined, bid rigging could be introduced as a defense. Even so, the trial court did not allow the plaintiffs to reopen discovery to further develop the defense, determining that the plaintiffs "could have and should have discovered this defense long before." Instead, the trial court only permitted the plaintiffs to designate previously taken deposition testimony from Mayer, one of the parties bidding at the auction, and from Tiffany Wineura, Public Trustee of Pitkin County. Thus, bid rigging was introduced as only a defense, late in the case, with limited discovery.
[ 24 With this limited record before it, the court of appeals determined that bid rigging had occurred. The court of appeals then relied on section 6-4-121, C.R.S. (2011), to reverse the quiet title decree, but declined to void the foreclosure sale. Instead, the court of appeals remanded the case to the trial court to determine in its equitable discretion whether the sale should be void or if the high bidder at the foreclosure sale should be awarded the deed to the property. We reverse.
2. Standard of Review
$25 In an appeal of a judgment entered after a trial to the court, we defer to the trial court's credibility determinations and will disturb its findings of fact only if they are clearly erroneous and are not supported by the record. C.R.C.P. 52; Ranta Constr., Inc. v. Anderson, 190 P.3d 835, 843 (Colo.App.2008). When the facts are undisputed, the reviewing court will not defer to the trial court's factual findings, but will instead conduct a de novo review and make an independent judgment on the merits. Hino jos v. Lohmann, 182 P.3d 692, 694-95 (Colo.App.2008).
3. Requirements for Bid Rigging
T26 The Colorado Antitrust Act prohibits bid rigging under section 64-106: "(1) It is illegal for any person to contract, combine, or conspire with any person to rig any bid, or any aspect of the bidding process, in any way related to the provision of any commodity or service." The term "commodity" includes land and real property. § 6-4-108, C.R.S. (2011).
27 There are no cases in Colorado interpreting section 64-106. We therefore look to federal antitrust cases as our guide when interpreting the Colorado Antitrust Act. § 6-4-119, C.R.S. (2011) ("It is the intent of the general assembly that, in construing this article, the courts shall use as a guide interpretations given the federal courts to comparable federal antitrust laws."); People ex rel. Woodard v. Colo. Springs Bd. of Realtors, Inc., 692 P.2d 1055, 1061 (Colo.1984) ("[Ble-cause our statute is intended to protect the public from illegal restraints of trade beyond the reach of federal law, decisions of federal courts construing the Sherman and Clayton Acts, although not controlling, are entitled to careful serutiny in resolving issues arising under Colorado's antitrust statute."). The Sherman Act differs from Colorado's Antitrust Act in that the federal law does not contain a provision specifically prohibiting bid rigging. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 1 (2006) ("Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce . is declared to be illegal."), with § 6-4-106. Nonetheless, a federal body of case law exists interpreting the Sherman Act to prohibit bid rigging, and classifying bid rigging as a per se violation of section 1 of the Act. See, eg., United States v. Koppers Co., 652 F.2d 290, 294 (2d Cir.1981); United States v. Bensinger Co., 480 F.2d 584, 589 (8th Cir.1970); Love v. Basque Cartel, 873 F.Supp. 563, 576 (D.Wyo.1995).
1 28 Thus, we look to federal cases involving bid rigging as a guide to our determination of what constitutes bid rigging. Most of the federal cases involving bid rigging arise as criminal prosecutions that do not involve real property. See, eg., United States v. Reicher, 983 F.2d 168 (10th Cir.1992) (reviewing a criminal prosecution under the Sherman Act for bid rigging); United States v. W.F. Brinkley & Son Constr. Co., 783 F.2d 1157 (4th Cir.1986) (same); United States v. Lyons, 670 F.2d 77 (7th Cir.1982) (same). We have some guidance, however, from two cases involving claims of bid rigging in foreclosure sales: United States v. Guthrie, 814 F.Supp. 942, 943 (E.D.Wash.1998), and Love v. Basque Cartel, 873 F.Supp. at 563.
1 29 In Guthrie, Guthrie was convicted under the Sherman Act for rigging bids at two real estate foreclosure sales. 814 F.Supp. at 943. Guthrie approached potential bidders prior to the scheduled foreclosure sales and requested that they forego bidding at the sale in return for payment. Id. at 948-44. Guthrie was subsequently the only bidder at the foreclosure sales and won by submitting a bid $1 above the minimum bid level. Id. at 944. The court determined that Guthrie had engaged in bid rigging, which it defined as "an agreement between two or more persons to eliminate, reduce, or interfere with competition for a job or contract that is to be awarded on the basis of bids." Id. at 950.
"I 30 In Love, the court dismissed claims of bid rigging cautioning that "[blid rigging should not be confused with joint bidding, which allows bidders to pool their resources to place bids on property which they would otherwise be unable to afford." 878 F.Supp. at 577. The plaintiffs asserted that bid rigging occurred when a group agreed to buy an entire property for a set price rather than buying the parcels the members of the group had originally tried to obtain. Id. at 577-78. Because the defendants joined to purchase the property in its entirety, the plaintiffs asserted that the defendants were able to purchase the entire property for an artificially low price. Id. at 578. The court rejected the argument, determining that "its adoption would essentially outlaw joint bids of any kind since it could always be said that joint bidding agreements removed potential bidders from the bidder pool and thus suppressed competition" Id. The court also considered the fact that the plaintiffs failed to present evidence that they or anyone else were foreclosed from bidding. Id.
1 31 The Love court also relied on Kearney v. Taylor, 56 U.S. 494, 520, 15 How. 494, 14 L.Ed. 787 (1853), to find the bidders conduct "consonant with the Supreme Court's support for joint bidding." Love, 873 F.Supp. at 578. In Kearney the United States Supreme Court announced that joint bidding is necessary and even desirable:
The property at stake might be beyond the means of the individual, or might absorb more of them than he would desire to invest in the article, or be of a description that a mere capitalist, without practical men as associates, would not wish to encumber himself with.
56 U.S. at 520. Thus, the Court reasoned that it must "look beyond the mere fact of an association of persons formed for the purpose of bidding at this sale, as it may be not only unobjectionable, but oftentimes meritorious, if not necessary, and examine into the object and purposes of it." Id. at 520-21. If the purpose of the association is not to prevent competition, but to enable or induce those in the association to participate in the bidding, then the sale should be upheld. Id. at 521.
4 32 With this guidance in mind, we turn to the issue of bid rigging in the case at hand.
4. -Application
133 In this case, the trial court concluded that the plaintiffs failed to establish bid rigging as a defense. Rather, the three individual bidders exercised their right to contract by pooling their resources to place bids on a property which they would otherwise be unable to afford. See Love, 873 F.Supp. at 577. The trial court based its conclusion on several key findings of fact. First, Seguin, Mayer, and Flaum (via Griffin) were each unable to individually bid any higher than the $1.86 million winning bid at the foreclosure sale. Mayer ceased bidding before the three decided to form the LLC because the bid surpassed her available funds. Similarly, Flaum testified that $1.8 million was the maximum amount of authority that Griffin had to bid. Seguin's bid of $1.86 million was the highest bid and was offered before the agreement to stop bidding and form Aspen Alps to jointly buy the property was made. In addition, the plaintiffs failed to establish that any competitors were shut out of the bidding process as Mayer, Seguin, and Flaum were the only bidders. Based on these findings of fact, the trial court concluded that the actions constituted joint bidding, not bid rigging. Consequently, the trial court held that the plaintiffs failed to establish bid rigging as a defense. We agree.
1 34 Because of the late introduction of the bid rigging theory and the lack of discovery on the issue, the plaintiffs offered extremely limited testimony regarding bid rigging. Evidence at trial established that only three people bid at the foreclosure sale: Mayer, Seguin, and Griffin (on behalf of Flaum). Unlike the defendant in Guthrie, the three did not know each other before the day of the foreclosure sale. Also, the three bid competitively. Mayer stopped bidding at $1.75 million because she did not have any more funds available to bid. Flaum authorized Griffin to bid only up to $1.8 million. Seguin submitted the high bid at $1.86 million. The final bid was also significantly higher than the starting bid of $1.495 million. Mayer testified that it was at that point in the bidding that Griffin said "we could be bidding this up further and further," and suggested that the three form Aspen Alps to purchase the property instead of bidding against one another. The Pitkin County Public Trustee, Tiffany Waneura, testified that Mayer, Griffin, and Seguin decided to form Aspen Alps and purchase the property together rather than continue to bid against each other. While a prior agreement is not necessary to prove bid rigging, based on this testimony, we can conclude that, unlike in Guthrie, there was not an agreement prior to the foreclosure sale to rig the bid.
135 Moreover, this case resembles Love and Kearney in that testimony shows that Mayer, Griffin, and Seguin pooled their resources to purchase the property. The bidding had exceeded Mayer's funds as well as Griffin's funds. Then Griffin proposed joint ownership of the property. In examining the purpose of the combined bid, we cannot say based on the limited evidence in the record that the purpose of the individuals joining to purchase the property was to eliminate, reduce, or interfere with competition. Thus, the record does not support a determination that bid rigging occurred.
36 As such, the record supports the trial court's determination that bid rigging was not established; therefore, we find no reason to disturb the judgment on appeal. Consequently, we reverse the court of appeals.
III. Conclusion
37 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the court of appeals' judgment with respect to Rule 120 notification. We reverse the court of appeals on the issue of bid rigging.
Chief Justice BENDER concurs in part and dissents in part.
Justice COATS dissents.
. Under Rule 120 in 2007, Amos had 75 days (until May 14, 2007) in which to redeem. She claimed that she sent an intent-to-redeem letter to the public trustee before the redemption deadline. The public trustee, however, never received the letter. On May 8, six days prior to the redemption deadline, Amos' attorney notified the public trustee of Amos' intent to redeem. And, on May 14, Amos wired the necessary funds to the public trustee. Aspen Alps, however, exercised its statutory right to veto the redemption and directed the public trustee to deny Amos' attempt to redeem.
. Aspen Alps asserted counterclaims, including, for declaratory judgment that Aspen Alps properly purchased the property at the foreclosure sale and that it held free and marketable title, and to quiet title in the property.
. We granted review on the following issues:
1. When bidders at a public foreclosure sale conspired to rig the bidding in violation of the Colorado Antitrust Act and the resulting deed is void, may the court nevertheless award the foreclosed property to one of the conspirators rather than void the sale?
2. Whether a foreclosing bank's material failure to comply with C.RC.P. 120's requirements to identify and give notice to all interested parties voids the resulting foreclosure sale.
. Equitable Bank does not claim to have mailed notice to the Estate or to Brandy Righetti.
. Compare Long v. Bd. of Governors, 117 F.3d 1145, 1158 (10th Cir.1997) (''To establish a due process violation, an individual must show that he or she has sustained prejudice as a result of the allegedly insufficient notice."); Baker v. Latham Sparrowbush Assocs., 72 F.3d 246, 254 (2d Cir.1995) ("If a party receives actual notice that apprises it of the pendency of the action and affords an opportunity to respond, the due process clause is not offended."); Lyon v. Estate of Cornell, 269 A.D.2d 737, 738, 703 N.Y.S.2d 325 (N.Y.App.Div.2000) ("Once actual notice is received, strict compliance with the statute is no longer required."); Amresco Independence Funding, Inc. v. SPS Props., LLC, 129 Wash.App. 532, 119 P.3d 884, 886-87 (2005) ("Despite the strict compliance requirement, a plaintiff must show prejudice before a court will set aside a trustee sale."), with Ameribank, N.A. v. Quattlebaum, 269 Ga. 857, 505 S.E.2d 476, 478 (1998) (strict compliance required even though "departure may not result in injustice in this case"); Sec. Pacific Fin. Corp. v. Bishop, 109 Idaho 25, 704 P.2d 357, 359 (Idaho Ct.App.1985) (strict compliance with deed of trust foreclosure statutes required); Equivest Ltd. P'ship v. Foster, 253 Mich.App. 450, 656 N.W.2d 369, 374 (2002) ("We . feel constrained to" require strict compliance with tax sale notice provisions, "even if doing so produces anomalous results.").
. The petitioners challenge the trial court's finding that the Estate and Brandy Righetti were not entitled to notice under Rule 120. Even assuming that C.R.C.P. 120 required Equitable Bank to provide notice to the Estate or to Brandy Righetti as co-personal representative of the Estate, we would reach the same result because the Estate received constructive notice through the actual notice provided to Amos. Thus, the same lack of prejudice analysis would apply.
. The parties disagree about whether the issue of bid rigging is before the Court, or whether we are confined to the issue on which we granted certiorari review: whether, when bidders at a public foreclosure sale conspired to rig the bidding in violation of the Colorado Antitrust Act and the resulting deed is void, the foreclosed property may be awarded to one of the conspirators rather than void the sale. This Court has the authority to review issues encompassed within the certiorari issue. CAR. 53(a)(1) ("The statement of an issue presented will be deemed to include every subsidiary issue clearly comprised therein."). Here, the issue of whether bid rigging occurred must be resolved to reach the issue on certiorari.
. The statute provides a civil private right of action for violation of the Act in section 64-114: "Any person injured in its . property by reason of any violation of this article may sue therefor and, if successful, shall recover any actual damages sustained by such person."
. Section 6-4-121 provides:
All contracts or agreements made by any person while a member of any combination, [or] conspiracy . prohibited under this article which are founded upon, or are the result of, or grow out of, or are connected with any violation of this article, either directly or indirectly, shall be void, and no recovery thereon or benefit therefrom shall be had by or for any such person....
. The trial court admitted the statements under the CRE 801(d)(2)(E) hearsay exception.