Case Name: In re George W. Luvisi and Thomas C. Nohejl
Court: United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1965-03-11
Citations: 52 C.C.P.A. 1063
Docket Number: No. 7228
Parties: In re George W. Luvisi and Thomas C. Nohejl
Judges: Before Rich, Acting Chief Judge, and Martin, Smith, and Almond, Jr., Associate Judges, and Judge William H. Kirkpatrick
Reporter: Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports
Volume: 52
Pages: 1063–1076

Head Matter:
342 F. 2d 102; 144 USPQ 646
In re George W. Luvisi and Thomas C. Nohejl
(No. 7228)
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals,
March 11, 1965
Richard L. Johnston, Herbert B. Kelt for appellant.
Clarence W. Moore (Raymond E. Martin, of counsel) for the Commissioner of Patents.
[Oral argument October 8, 1964, by Mr. Keil and Mr. Martin]
Before Rich, Acting Chief Judge, and Martin, Smith, and Almond, Jr., Associate Judges, and Judge William H. Kirkpatrick
United States Senior District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, designated to participate in place of Chief Judge Worley, pursuant to provisions of Section 294(d), Title 28, United States Code.

Opinion:
Rich, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court:
This appeal is from the decision of the Patent Office Board of Appeals affirming the rejection of claims 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25 and 28 through 36 in application serial No. 789,479, filed January 28, 1959, entitled "Herbicidal Compositions and Method for the Manufacture Thereof." No claim has been allowed.
The invention relates to (1) a process for killing undesired vegetation, (2) a composition employed for this purpose, and (3) a process for preparing the latter. The composition contains two essential ingredients, viz., a phytotoxic l-alkyl-3-phenyl substituted urea and a hydrated alkali metal borate such as borax, which is the decahydrate of sodium tetraborate.
Claims 15, 24 and 29 are representative and read as follows:
15. A composition comprising a phytotoxic l-alkyl-3-pbenyl substituted urea which is normally a water insoluble dusty powder and a hydrated alkali metal borate, said composition being in the form of granules in which said substituted urea and said borate are intimately associated, said granules being further characterized by the fact that they contain a minimum of at least 2% by weight of said substituted urea, that they contain a predominating proportion of said borate, calculated as borax, as compared with said substituted urea, that they are non-packing in spreaders, and are dustless and free-flowing, the weight ratio of said urea to said borate, calculated as its borax equivalent, being within the range of about 1: 9 to 1: 25.
24. A process of preparing a granular composition containing a phytotoxic l-alky,l-3-phenyl substituted urea that is normally a water insoluble dusty powder which comprises granulating a mixture consisting essentially of a hydrated alkali metal borate and said phytotoxic l-alkyl-3-phenyl substituted urea, said mixture containing at least 2% by weight of said l-alkyl-3-phenyl urea and a predominating amount of said borate, calculated as borax, with respect to said substituted urea while adding 2% to 8% of water in the granulating process based on the total weight of the ingredients and using a weight ratio of said urea to said borate, calculated as its borax equivalent, within the range of about 1: 9 to 1: 25.
29. A method of controlling the growth of noxious vegetation which comprises applying to the ground on which it is grown a growth-inhibiting amount of a granular composition in which the granules contain at least 2% by weight of a phytotoxic l-alkyl-3-phenyI substituted urea which is normally a water insoluble dusty powder intimately associated with a hydrated alkali metal borate which is present in said granules in a predominating amount by weight, calculated as borax, as compared with said substituted urea, said composition as applied being dustless, free-flowing and free from quantities of oil which would cause it to pack in a spreader, and the amount of said borate being sufficient to enhance the residual phytotoxicity of said composition, the weight ratio of said urea to said borate, calculated as its borax equivalent, being within the range of about 1: 9 to 1: 25.
Each claim requires that the weight ratio of urea to borate be within the range of about 1: 9 to 1:25. Claims 16, 21, 30, and 32 through 36 specify that the substituted urea is 3-p-chlorophenyl-l, 1-dimethyl urea (hereinafter referred to by its trade name "CMU"). Claims 32 through 36 specify that the borate is borax, with claims 34 and 35 further specifying that a water-soluble binder is present.
In their brief, appelants acknowledge that phytotoxic l-alkyl-3-phenyl substituted ureas are "well known compounds and are disclosed in a number of United States patents as set forth in appellant-applicants' specification The brief goes on to say:
These substituted urea compounds are normally water Insoluble dusty powders, are very difficult to handle and apply from spreaders, and have poor residual kill properties.
One of the substantial problems involved in using substituted ureas as herbicides has been their tendency to form dust which often is blown into adjacent areas whereby desirable vegetation is killed as well as undesirable vegetation. The formation of dust and the danger to surrounding vegetation has severely restricted the use of substituted ureas as herbicides. The problem is more severe because these herbicides are not selective but destroy practically all vegetation.
Alkali metal borates have also been used as weed killers but the amounts required are so large as to make their use impractical and at reasonable levels of application they have no residual killing effects beyond the ordinary growing season.
Appellants' invention allegedly avoids these problems by providing a composition which (1) can be formed into granules which are dustless, free-flowing, and nonpacking and (2) has a residual killing action beyond the ordinary growing season.
The sole ground of rejection is unpatentability over the following references:
Knight, 2,700,604, Jan. 25,1955.
Ryker et al., 2,709,648, May 31,1955.
Crafts et al., "Toxicity of Arsenic Borax & Chlorates", in "Hilgardia", Dec. 1936, Vol. 10, No. 10, pages 411 and 412.
Lltzenberger, "Effectiveness of Borax and Sodium Chlorate Borax Combinations for Control of Perrennial Weeds", in Montana Agriculture Experiment Station War Circular 2, 1943, nine pages, page 7 particularly relied on.
All of the claims rejected on Ryker et al. in view of either Knight, Crafts et al., or Litzenberger.
The Ryker et al. patent is directed to the use of substituted ureas as herbicides and more particularly to the combination of a herbicidal aryl alkyl urea with another herbici dally active compound. Over fifty aryl alkyl ureas, including "CMU", are specifically set forth and it is readily admitted by appellants that this patent could have been included among those cited in their specification to show that the ureas employed in the present invention are old. The patent teaches that "it is characteristic" of the aryl alkyl urea compounds of the class defined therein "to coact with other herbicidally active compounds, both of the hormonal type and contact type herbicidal compounds, to give synergistic herbicidal results." (Emphasis ours.) The term "sodium borates" is included in a list of contact type herbicidal compounds which the authors say can be used. The amount of each component in the composition is said to vary widely (from 1: 200 to 200:1) and depends upon a number of factors, including whether "short term or long term control" is desired. A granular composition is shown in Example V.
The Knight patent is directed to the preparation of granular mixtures from salts such as borates and chlorates, both types of salts being water soluble. It discloses a weed-killing composition containing, as the principal ingredients, sodium chlorate and a suitable hydrated borate such as borax in which segregation of these components is prevented. This is effected by heating the components, thereby releasing the water of hydration of the borate to form a solution of the components at their points of contact. When the mixture is cooled, the dissolved solutes resolidify and form a bridge or bond between neighboring particles. Water may be added from an external source as a substitute for or a supplement to the water of hydration of the borate. The presence of the borate substantially eliminates the risk of fire involved in the use of the cholorate and extends "the effectiveness of the mixture by the relatively slow but sustained weed-destroying property of the borate."
The Crafts et al. article discloses a soil sterilizing composition comprising borax and sodium chlorate in which the lowest effective dosage of chlorate is used and enough borax is added to complete the destruction of the vegetation. Besides reducing the fire hazard of the chlorate to a low level, the presence of borax is said to provide "a residual effect that lowers the probability of reinfestation by seedlings."
The Litzenberger publication discloses that various sodium chlorate-borax combinations were found "to be effective for the control of the perennial noxious weeds except white top for at least a two-year period The author states that borax "continues to remain active after the sodium chlorate loses its toxicity and thus late-appearing shoots are killed as they come to the surface."
The statutory basis for the examiner's rejection is 35 U.S.C. 103, the solicitor having stated at oral hearing that section 102 of the statute is not involved. The legal issue for our determination thus becomes: are the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art of record such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person of ordinary skill in this art ? Appled to the particular subject matter before us, the issue can be stated: would a dustless, free-flowing, nonpacking composition containing from 9 to 25 parts of a hydrated alkali metal borate per part of substitute urea and capable of effecting nearly 100% kill after fourteen months be suggested to a person of ordinary skill with the art of record before him ? We think not, particularly in view of the Nohejl Eule 132 affidavit which will be discussed in detail below.
The decision of the board is predicated upon three principal positions with which we do not agree.
Board Position Number 1
The board found that since borax, a hydrated alkali metal borate, is taught by the secondary references to be a herbicidal compound, it would be obvious to a skilled chemist to employ borax as a herbicidal sodium borate broadly suggested in Ryker et al. Whereas a brief and selective presentation of the teachings of the art of record, such as that outlined above, may cause such a conclusion to appear reasonable, we believe it becomes so only through hindsight reasoning. A more thorough examination of the references persuades us that such a combination would not have been obvious at the time the invention was made.
Eyker et al. contains, for all practical purposes, a "needle-in-the-haystack" type of disclosure with respect to borax. It states, in effect, that if one mixes an aryl alkyl urea of a certain designated formula with any other herbicidal agent, a composition giving synergistic herbicidal results will be obtained. The patentees set forth the following list of other materials which can be used:
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its salts, esters, and amides
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its salts, esters, and amides
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and its salts, esters and amides
Maleic hydrazide and its herbicidal derivatives
*
Polychlorophenols (3 to 5 chlorine atoms) and their alkaline salts
Sulfamic acid and its salts
Alkaline salts of cyanic acid
Alkaline salts of thiocyanic acid
Mono-, di-, and trichloroacetic acids, their alkaline salts and esters
5.6-endoxohexahyclrophthalic acid and its disodium salt
Alkaline salts of arsenous and arsenic acids
Sodium borates
Sodium or calcium cyanamide
Phenyl mercury salts (acetate, oleate, formate, lactate, chloride, phosphate, and the like)
Isopropyl esters of phenyl- and chlorophenylcarbamic acids 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene
Dinitrophenols (dinitro-o-cresol and dinitro-o-sec-buty 1-phenol) and their salts Boron trifluoride amine complexes
Nearly all of these entries are generic in nature and together represent a very wide range of chemical types, including both organic and inorganic. The "preferred" compounds are said to be selected from the group consisting of ammonium sulfamate, alkaline salts of cyanic acid, alkaline salts of thiocyanic acid, dinitrophenols, pentachloro-phenates, alkaline salts of trichloroacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid and its salts, esters, and amides, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid and its salts, esters, and amides. Neither the genus "sodium borates" nor any species therein is mentioned. The patent then discloses approximately sixty specific compositions alleged to be illustrative of the invention. None of these compositions contains borax, or any other alkali metal borate. We therefore conclude that Eyker et al. does not legally disclose any particular borate.
We find nothing in the secondary references which would suggest combining a substituted urea such as disclosed by Eyker et al. with borax to solve the problem of how to obtain a granular, free-flowing, dust-free, herbicidal composition having synergistic residual characteristics and at the same time be economically practical for use in very large quantities. The secondary references disclose borax alone and borax in combination with some other component to produce water soluble compositions. The second component is, in all instances, completely non-analogous to a substituted urea. Furthermore, Crafts et al. concludes that one such combination, namely, that of borax with arsenic "would find little use." The sole combination which demonstrated any kind of residual kill effect was borax with sodium chlorate. However, in order to obtain the results appellants have achieved by the present invention, this borax-sodium chlorate composition would have to be applied at an exorbitant rate, so exorbitant as to be com pletely impractical for uses contemplated by appellants. Litzen-berger states that borax is useful for the "more susceptible" perennial weeds after the chlorate component becomes ineffective, but any suggestion that borax alone possesses a residual kill effect on perennial weeds in general, as in this invention, is clearly negated by the Nohejl 132 affidavit. Knight combines borax with other soluble components and is not concerned with the problem of producing a granular material from a water insoluble, dusty component such as substituted ureas. He is therefore neither dealing with, nor suggestive of, a solution to the problem which appellants have overcome.
With regard to the art of record in this case, we believe the following excerpt from the opinion of the Patent Office Board of Appeals in Ex parte Garvey, 41 USPQ 583, at 584, is very much in point:
While the invention here claimed in its broader aspect is doubtless embraced within the speculative teachings of the references, we doubt if references which are not directed to the same purpose and do not have the same inventive concept, can be fairly applied in rejecting claims such as those on appeal where anticipation can be found only by making one of a very great number of possible permutations which are covered by the reference disclosures. The likelihood of producing a composition such as here claimed from a disclosure such as shown by the Dykstra patent would he about the same as the likelihood of discovering the combination of a safe from a mere inspection of the dials thereof. [Emphasis ours.]
Finally in regard to the question of whether or not it would be obvious to combine "CMU" and borax, we note the following passage from the solicitor's brief:
Further evidence of the obviousness of combining CMU and borax in a herbicidal composition is provided by the examiner's unchallenged statement that "the use of hydrated borates in the Ryker et al. formulation would be apparent to an ordinary farmer having this teaching before him." The ordinary farmer is clearly one of less than ordinary skill in the herbicide art.
It is our view that wdiat would be obvious to the "ordinary farmer" has no bearing on the issue before us. Section 103 requires that determinations of obviousness be made with respect to a person of a particular skill, namely, a person of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter pertains as of the time the invention was made. The statute does not contemplate degrees of skill and, accordingly, evidence of obviousness to those not of ordinary skill is not controlling.
To summarize on the board's first position, while we observe that it is possible to piece together isolated features of appellants' invention taken from the references with the aid of appellants' disclosure, we do not think the invention would have been obvious within the meaning of section 103 in the absence of that disclosure.
Board Position Number 2
A second position taken by the board was that "no criticality is apparent in the claimed ratio of the two conventional herbicida! compounds in view of appellants' original disclosure which teaches that the claimed ratio is merely a preferred ratio We find nothing in the record to indicate that appellants have ever alleged criticality in this regard. To the contrary, appellants' statement as to why a ratio has been recited is plainly set forth in their amendment of July 28,1961, as follows:
At the interview the Examiner seemed to feel that more specific claims would be allowable. Accordingly, it is proposed to amend the present claims by reciting a ratio of urea to borate, also by cancelling some claims and adding new claims directed more specifically toward the use of borax. To this end, the ratio originally set forth in claim 19, namely, 1:9 to 1:25, has been incorporated into the claims by amendment.
We see no reason for requiring a showing of "criticality," whatever may have been intended by that term, of a limitation which finds support in the original disclosure, which is added to the claims for purposes of advancing prosecution of the application, and which is never alleged by the applicants to be "critical." If an applicant under these circumstances narrows the scope of his claims, he should be entitled to do so without being required to prove criticality.
Board Position Number 3
During prosecution, a Rule 132 affidavit was filed by applicant Nohejl which compared the residual kill effect of ten different compositions, some of which represent those disclosed in the art of record. Regarding this affidavit, the board, in its original opinion, said:
It is our opinion that the Nohejl Rule 132 affidavit does not prove that the claimed ratio critically distinguishes the claims over the applied references.
In its opinion upon reconsideration, the board said:
Petitioners call attention to the Nohejl Rule 132 affidavit. We are not persuaded that the results of residual kill shown for the ten formulations in the Nohejl Rule 132 affidavit prove that the claimed ratio of herbicidal compounds is unobvious and critically distinguishes the appealed claims over the applied combination of references.
We believe the results of the affidavit not only fail to justify such findings, but instead require us to conclude that appellants' compositions are unobvious when viewed as a whole. Assuming, arguendo, that the board did not err in its positions 1 and 2, we would still feel compelled to reverse the board's decision on the strength of the affidavit.
This court has frequently stated that properties of chemical compounds must be considered in determining obviousness. In re Lambooy, 49 CCPA 985, 300 F. 2d 950, 133 USPQ 270; In re Petering and Fall, 49 CCPA 993, 301 F. 2d 676, 133 USPQ 275; In re Papesch, 50 CCPA 1084, 315 F. 2d 381, 137 USPQ 43. More recently, in In re Huellmantel, 51 CCPA 845, 324 F. 2d 998, 139 USPQ 496, in discussing the just-mentioned principle, we said:
We think this also applies to such compositions as we have here, i.e., admixtures of two or more compounds. Therefore, the issue of obviousness in this case can be resolved only after considering the differences between the prior art and the claimed compositions chemically and in view of their pharmaceutical properties. [First emphasis added.]
Applying the dictate of Huellmantel to the present case, we now ask: what properties of the claimed invention have been shown? The answer requires an examination of the Nohejl Rule 132 affidavit.
This affidavit presents the results, in terms of "Average Percent Kill at 14 Months," of a number of compositions applied to an area "which consisted almost entirely of perennial or biennial weeds and perennial grasses." Several application rates for each composition were employed. A composition within the scope of the claimed invention gave 52.5, 92.5 and 96.5 percent kills at fourteen months when applied at rates of 200, 300 and 400 pounds per acre, respectively. Borax alone showed no residual kill at fourteen months when applied at rates of up to two and one-half times that of the claimed invention. "CMU" alone showed only slight residual kill at fourteen months, approximately ½0 that of the claimed composition. Appellants contend that synergism is clearly demonstrated here. The solicitor contends that such a finding is within the Ryker et al. teaching. The trouble we find with both these contentions is that each avoids the central issue— the question of section 103 obviousness.
We do not accept the notion that every suggestion of synergism in the art coupled with a finding of synergism in the practice of the invention automatically compels a conclusion of obviousness. "Synergism" is a very broad term and means "the combined action of two or more agents that is greater than the sum of the action of one of the agents used alone Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961). The definition says nothing at all about how much "greater." Hence, a synergistic composition could well be wiobvious even though "synergism" is suggested in the prior art. For example, the claimed compositions may be many times more synergistic than any of the prior art compositions. Again, some prior art compositions may show little synergism and others show considerable synergistic effects, with the net result that predictability is impossible save the fact that a synergistic result of some hind will probably be found. The situation before us is a blend of these two examples, i.e., the prior art compositions display less synergism than the claimed invention and, more importantly, they display such a variation in degree of synergistic effects that predictability is impossible.
This can be shown by referring to three compositions in the affidavit wherein a specifically named Ryker et al. "other compound" was combined with "CMU". In two instances, the ratio of "other compound" to "CMU" was approximately that used by Ryker et ah, and in one of these, the composition differed from the claimed composition only in that ammonium sulfamate was substituted for borax. The application rates were either equal to or greater than those used for the claimed composition. Of the nine tests reported (three application rates for each of the three compositions) percent "residual kills" ranged from 0 to 87.5, eight of the nine values being below 55. The 87.5 value pertains to a 2.5:1 sodium trichloroacetate-"CMU" composition applied at an 800 pounds per acre rate. When applied at 600 and 400 pounds per acre, values of ten percent kill and below were obtained after fourteen months! With the results of these nine tests before one of ordinary skill, how could values of 52.5, 92.5 and 96.5 be "obvious" for a 10:1 borax-"CMU" composition applied at rates equal to or less than those used for the Ryker compositions ?
Results of tests employing borax-chlorate compositions of the type disclosed in the secondary references were also reported but no residual kill was observed at application rates equal to those used in testing the claimed composition.
Finally, compositions consisting of borax and a predominate amount of "CMU" were tested inasmuch as Ryker et al. allegedly "teach" compositions of up to 200 parts substituted urea per part of "other compound" and borax is allegedly "suggested" by the secondary references to be an "obvious" ingredient for herbicidal compositions having residual killing effects. Compared to the claimed compositions, these compositions were only about lio as effective after fourteen months.
Thus, the affidavit shows a great lack of uniformity of residual herbicidal effects, even among those "other compounds" specifically set out in the Ryker et al. patent. In view of such highly erratic results, we find it inconceivable that any definite conclusion can be drawn from the cited art's so-called "synergism" teaching other than that it would be of little, if any, value to one attempting to achieve the results obtained by the practice of this invention. The invention appears to us to contribute knowledge to the art which could not have been derived from the combined teachings of the references, namely the unpredictable residual weed control, more than a year after application, even when used at relatively low dosage rates. We therefore hold that the claimed invention is unobvious within the meaning of 35U.S.C. 103.
The decision of the board is reversed.
Kirkpatrick, J., concurs in the result.
In the record before us claim 35 does not recite this limitation. However, the amendment of July 28, 1961, in which claims 32 through 36 were substituted for certain other claims being cancelled, says the ratio has been incorporated into the claims and both the appellants' and solicitor's briefs state that "Each claim requires that the weight ratio be within the range of about 1:9 to 1: 25." We therefore assume that claim 35 is intended to contain this limitation and our decision should be construed accordingly.
To be sure, the language "sodium borates" is present and borax is a sodium borate. But an expression which includes numerous species does not, necessarily, ipso facto "disclose" each and every one of those species. As so aptly stated by appellants, "It is possible for a patent to include a wide variety of subject matter but at the same time not to disclose a particular subject matter." (Emphasis ours.) We might add that the reference need not be a patent. Our approach to this question is to ask whether or not it can fairly and reasonably be said that one of ordinary skill in this art through a reading of the entire reference has constructive possession of the thing itself, as opposed to possession of mere language which embraces the name of that thing.
We do not intend to suggest that "opinion" testimony by experts cannot be used. See, for example, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co. v. Ladd, 328 F. 2d 547 (D.C. Cir. 1964), 140 USPQ 297, wherein expert testimony was successfully employed to refute the contention that tetracyanoethylene was disclosed or "described," within the meaning of section 102, to a person having ordinary skill in the art. The use of such experts to establish "unobviousness" under section 103 is equally appropriate, insofar as they testify to facts to show why the invention would not be obvious under section 103.
By way of further explanation these three applications of sodium trichloroacetate-"CMU" placed on each acre of ground the same amount of "CMU" as the 400, 300 and 200 pounds per acre applications of the claimed composition discussed above. However, our position regarding the unpredictability of results shown by the affidavit is not changed by this fact.