Case Name: LINDSAY v. AUSTIN
Court: Supreme Court of North Carolina
Jurisdiction: North Carolina
Decision Date: 1905-11-07
Citations: 139 N.C. 463
Docket Number: 
Parties: LINDSAY v. AUSTIN.
Judges: 
Reporter: North Carolina Reports
Volume: 139
Pages: 463–470

Head Matter:
LINDSAY v. AUSTIN.
(Filed November 7, 1905).
Ejectment — Locating Boundaries — Reversing Calls — Instructions —Evidence —Adverse Possession —Statute of Limitations — Grants.
1. The general rule is that in order to locate a boundary, the lines should be run with the calls in the regular order from a known beginning, and the test of reversing in the progress of the survey should be resorted to only when the terminus of a call cannot be ascertained by running forward, but can be fixed with certainty by running reversely the next succeeding line.
2. Where in the calls of a deed “Beginning at a red oak, John Mullis’s corner, about 60 links from said branch and runs north 53 degrees, east 2 chains and 42 links, to a post oak, Jenkins’s corner; then north 73 degrees, east 20 chains, to a pine, Jenkins’s other corner; then north 47 degrees, west 10 chains to a large rock,” etc., there was no evidence to locate the red oak, called for as the beginning, nor the post oak.called for as the second corner, but there was evidence to locate the “pine Jenkins’s other corner” and the “large rock,” an instruction that if the jury find that the large rock is one of the natural objects, etc., “then the plaintiff had the right to reverse the calls in the grant and run from said rock to find the beginning corner,” was proper.
3. In an action of ejectment, where plaintiff showed possession out of the State by a registered grant made in 1822, and mesne conveyances to themselves, with evidence of possession in 1866 and 1867 and from 1889 to 1896, a motion to nonsuit was properly denied, where the, action was brought in 1902 and the defendant’s possession under color did not become exclusive until 1896.
4. In an action of ejectment, where at the date of a grant from the State to the defendant, the plaintiffs had failed to show title out of the State either by possession or grant, and also failed to show seven years’ possession under color of title since the date of that grant, the court erred in refusing to nonsuit the , plaintiffs.
ActioN by E. E. Lindsay and others against John M. Aus tin, heard by Judge Walter H. Neal and a jury, at the August Term, 1905, of the Superior Court of Unios County.
This was an action of ejectment to recover two tracts of land. The court submitted the following issues:
1. Are the plaintiffs the owners and entitled to the possession of the lands described in the complaint? Ans. Yes.
2. Was the defendant in the possession of the lands at the time this action was brought ? Ans. Yes.
Erom the judgment rendered upon the verdict, the defendant appealed.
Adams, Jerome & Arm-field for the plaintiffs.
Bedwine & Stack for the defendant.

Opinion:
BeowN, J.
The plaintiffs claim two tracts of land, containing five and one-half, and thirty-five acres, the former under certain deeds and the later under a grant to William Mullis, dated 1822, and through mesne, convey anees to themselves. The defendant claimed under an entry made in 1889 and a grant issued in 1890, and undertook to show continuous adverse possession from February, 1889, to the time of trial. The record in the case presents thirty-five exceptions, to which we have given consideration, notwithstanding.a large number of them seem to have been abandoned, or not noticed by the defendant in his brief.
The defendant's principal exception is to His Honor's refusal to nonsuit the plaintiffs upon the evidence. This exception cannot be sustained as to the thirty-five acre tract. As to that tract, plaintiffs showed a grant in 1822 to William Mullis, registered between 1819 and 1824; a deed from Lindsay, executor, to Mary L Lindsay, registered April 20, 1881; a deed from Griffing, commissioner, to J. E. Austin, registered December 21, 1885, and mesne conveyances to the plaintiffs. The title being out of the State, the plaintiffs showed evidence of possession in 1866 and 1867, and again from 1889 to 1896. Tbe defendant entered tbis land in 1889, and a grant was issued to bim in 1890, and be remained in possession of a part thereof until tbe time of tbe trial, but S. 0. Criscoe, a co-tenant witb tbe plaintiffs, was in possession of a part of tbe land from 1889 to 1896, and tbe defendant's possession did not become exclusive until after Criscoe left in 1896, and be was in possession under color, from 1896 until tbe time this action was brought' in 1902, which was not sufficient to ripen bis title.
Of tbe other exceptions insisted upon by tbe defendant, we deem it proper to consider tbe tenth and eleventh, which relate to tbe location of tbe William Mullis grant, upon the locating of which, plaintiff's title to tbe thirty-five acre tract depends. Tbe court instructed the jury as follows:
"If tbe jury find from tbe greater weight of evidence that tbe large rock pointed out on tbe plat at C is one of tbe natural objects in tbe line of the boundaries of tbe grant to William Mullis, then tbe plaintiffs bad tbe right to reverse tbe calls in the grant, and run from said rock to find tbe beginning corner."
Tbis instruction was given at tbe request of tbe plaintiffs and tbe defendant excepted.
The calls of the William Mullis grant are: "Beginning at a red oak, John Mullis's corner, about 60 links from said branch and runs north 53 degrees east, 2 chains and 42 links, to a post oak, Jenkins's corner; then north 73 degrees east, 20 chains to a pine, Jenkins's other corner; then north 47 degrees west, 10 chains to a large rock; then north 9 degrees past, 18 chains and 50 links, to Pinion's corner stake, one post oak and pine pointers; then, witb Pinion's line, south 51 degrees west, 22 chains and 50 links to Weatherford's branch; then down tbe various courses of said branch to tbe beginning." Tbe surveyor testified in substance that be failed to find any evidence to locate the red oak, John Mullis's corner, 60 links from Weatherford's branch, which is tbe be ginning corner of the William Mullis grant; that-be also failed to find any evidence of the post oak at the end of the course north 53 east, 2 chains and 42 links to a post oak, Jenkins's corner, and failed to locate by evidence Jenkins's corner. The surveyor further testified that hie did find the pine stump on the course reading north 13 east, 20 chains to a j)ine and that there was a solid line to the pine stump, "Jenkins's other corner." The next call is north 41 degrees west, 10 chains to a large rock, etc. The surveyor testified that he found this rock; that it was three feet out of the ground, permanent and immovable; and that in order to locate the beginning he started at this rock and reversed the call and went to the pine stump, "Jenkins's other corner." He further testified as follows: "We then put on the variation and started for that corner on the branch. We reversed the call and it led us to that corner marked, no corner found, 2 chains and 50 links from the beginning corner, that is where our distance gave out. We then reversed the first call and adjusted bearing and that carried us'to the beginning corner, there to the red oak." He was asked, "What distance -was that as marked on the plat?" and answered, "I have it marked 252; I believe one grant has it marked 242 and another 252. As best I remember it the deeds differ 10 links." He was also asked, "Mr. Mullis, you found the pine at Jenkins's corner at B, and went back to the beginning by reversing the corner to Jenkins's corner, to the pine stump, then to the beginning corner and reversed the run from the large rock?" He answered, "Yes, sir, with the adjusted bearing." The defendant contends that under the evidence it was not permissible to locate the beginning corner by reversing the courses from the large rock as was done by the surveyor, and that therefore the plaintiffs have failed entirely to locate the William Mullis grant. The general rule is that in order to locate a boundary, the lines should be run with the calls in the regular order from a known beginning, and the test of reversing in tbe progress of tbe survey should be resorted to only when tbe terminus of a call cannot be ascertained by running forward, but can be fixed with certainty by running reversely tbe next succeeding line. There are exceptional instances in which- it is manifest that reversing a line is a certain means of ascertaining tbe location of a prior line. In Duncan v. Hall, 117 N. C., 446, it is said by Justice Avery, "that tbe general rule is an established law of evidence adopted as best calculated to ascertain what was intended to be conveyed, and it is incumbent on a party asking tbe court to depart from it to show facts which bring tbe particular case within tbe exception to tbe rule." It appears from tbe evidence of tbe surveyor that there is no evidence to locate tbe red oak called for as tbe beginning or tbe post oak called for as the second corner. Plaintiffs contend that tbe pine, Jenkins's other corner, and tbe large rock called for, have been located and ascertained and that in tbe absence of any evidence as to tbe first and second corners, to-wit: tbe red oak and tbe post oak, Jenkins's corner, tbe grant can be located only by tbe method adopted by tbe surveyor, and that such method furnishes a certain means of locating it with accuracy. TJnder these circumstances we think tbe authorities support the charge given by tbe court. In this case tbe evidence tends to prove that tbe large rock called for is a permanent and immovable object three feet above ground, and that it is tbe rock called for in tbe William Mullis grant. Tbe evidence also tends to establish tbe location of tbe pine, "Jenkins's other corner." Eeversing tbe course and distance from tbe rock brought tbe surveyor to this corner and by following thence tbe reversed course, properly adjusting tbe bearing by allowing tbe variation, tbe surveyor states be was enabled to locate tbe beginning. In Dobson v. Finley, 53 N. C., 498, Chief Justice Pearson says: "Supposing tbe pine to be established as tbe second corner, could tbe first, a beginning corner, be located by reversing tbe course and measuring tbe distance called for, from the pine back, that is, on the reversed course ? His Honor ruled that the beginning corner could be fixed in this way; we agree with him. If 'the second corner is fixed, it is clear, to mathematical certainty, that by reversing the course and measuring the distance, you reach the first corner; so there is no question about overruling either course or distance by measuring the line, and the object is to find the corner by observing both course and distance." In Harry v. Graham, 18 N. C., 77 Ghief Justice Ruffin says: "Eor example, if this deed had said that the line from the corner chestnut and red oak ran to a black oak near the patentee's other line and gave neither course nor distance, or only one and thence north 45 degrees, east 220 poles to a post oak, his own and Beard's corner, the line might be reversed from the post oak to ascertain the corner of that and the next preceding line, because that affords the only evidence (the black oak not being found, or its locality otherwise identified) of the point at which the one line terminated and the other began."
We think His Honor's charge is justified by the eminent authorities we have cited. If the large rock and the pine, "Jenkins's other corner," are located to the satisfaction of the jury, we see no reason why the method pursued by the surveyor, in following the reversed course, with proper adjustment, should not establish the beginning corner with reasonable certainty. We see nothing in Norwood v. Crawford, 114 N. C., 518, which militates against the position that this is a proper method of determining the beginning corner of this grant. There is testimony upon the part of the surveyor tending to prove that there was a solid line to the pine stump, being "Jenkins's other corner;" that he found the pine stump there. When he found the large rock and reversed his course, with proper adjustment, it carried him back to "Jenkins's other corner," and by continuing the reversed course it should bring him back to the beginning. The conditions seem to be present in this evidence which would make tbis case one of tbe exceptions mentioned in Duncan v. Hall, supra. There is an entire absence of any proof of a red oak about sixty links from the branch or of John Mnllis's corner. There is also no proof of the location of a post oak, being Jenkins's corner, but there is proof of the location of the pine at "Jenkins's other corner," and there is evidence locating the large rock mentioned in the grant as the terminus of the third line. These conditions, we think, justified the surveyor in reversing his line from the large rock back to "Jenkins's other corner," and then continuing the reversed line and thereby locating the beginning. We think, therefore, His Honor properly refused the 14th and 15th instructions tendered by the defendant, which were practically requests to instruct that the grant had not been located.
We think His Honor erred in respect to the title to the 5% acre tract. The plaintiffs showed no grant to themselves or to any one under whom they claimed for that tract. The plaintiffs offered evidence of possession of this tract during the years of 1866 and 1867, and from that time until 1889 there is no evidence of actual possession, consequently the possession followed the legal title which was in the State. Plaintiffs also offered evidence of possession from 1889 to the fall of 1896, and for the purpose of showing title out of the State relied upon the grant from the State to John M. Austin, dated December 19, 1890. The right of the defendant to this 5% acre tract did not accrue until the date his grant was issued. At that time the title was in the State, the plaintiffs having failed to show title out of the State either by possession or grant. Inasmuch as the right of the defendant to sue did not accrue until December 19, 1890, and as his grantor, the State, was not barred, the seven year statute (sec. 141 of The Code) did not begin to run until the date of his grant. Therefore, the plaintiffs have failed to show seven years' possession under color of title since the date of that grant. Hamilton v. Icard, 114 N. C., 542.
Tbe judgment of tbe Superior Court in respect to tbe 35 acre tract is affirmed. As to tbe 5% acre tract tbe judgment is reversed and a new trial is awarded. Let tbe costs of this court and tbe appeal be divided equally between tbe plaintiffs and defendant.
Partial New Trial.