Case Name: J. Esler Eckerson and Others, Appellants, v. The Village of Haverstraw and Others, Respondents
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1896
Citations: 6 A.D. 102
Docket Number: 
Parties: J. Esler Eckerson and Others, Appellants, v. The Village of Haverstraw and Others, Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 6
Pages: 102–106

Head Matter:
J. Esler Eckerson and Others, Appellants, v. The Village of Haverstraw and Others, Respondents.
Dedication—filing a map — dividing a farm into blocks and streets, and throwing open the streets to travel —• a formal acceptance thereof is unnecessa/i'y —• revocation of a dedication — the right to revolee a dedication is lost after a user of more than twenty yewrs — tenants in common must all join in an action for damages or to rests'ain a trespass.
Where the owners of a farm make and file a map dividing the property into numerous lettered blocks and numbered lots, and separate the blocks by many streets and cross streets, throw these streets open for public travel, and construct or allow fences to be constructed and maintained along their sides, there is abundant evidence to sustain a finding of a dedication of the streets to the public use.
Where such streets are used by the public for highway purposes during a period of more than twenty years, and are frequently worked by the public authorities, an acceptance of the streets is made out, and no formal act of acceptance upon the part of the public authorities is necessary.
A change of plan as to the streets in a part of the area mapped does not necessarily involve a change of plan as to all the streets, and proof of the opening, fencing and long-continued use of a particular street negatives the idea that the original owner's intended in this respect to revoke the original dedication.
A dedication of lands to public use as a highway can be revoked where there has been no acceptance, and where no public or private injury will result from the revocation.
But the right to revoke a dedication is lost where the dedication has already been perfected by a user of more than twenty years, and by the frequent working of the street by the authorities.
Tenants in common must all join in actions to recover damages for trespass on lands, and the same rule applies to a suit in equity to restrain a trespass.
Appeal by the plaintiffs, J. Esler Eckerson and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendants, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Rockland on the 10th day of September, 1894, upon the decision of the court rendered after a trial at the Rockland Special Term dismissing the complaint upon the merits.
Louis Marshall, for the appellants.
William McCauley, Jr., and Alonzo Wheeler, for the respondents.

Opinion:
Willard Bartlett, J.:
The subject-matter of the controversy in this action is a strip of laud in the village of Haverstraw, known as Rockland street. The plaintiffs claim to be the owners of this strip. The defendants insist that it is a public highway, and have treated it as such, depositing material upon it for the purpose of filling it in at some points. The plaintiffs, alleging that such interference constitutes an invasion of their property rights, have brought this suit to restrain the village and its authorities from committing any further trespass of the same character.
In 1836, a considerable portion of what is now the village of Haverstraw was included in the Allison farm, then belonging to Michael Allison, George S. Allison and Epenetus Wheeler, from whom the plaintiffs claim title. In that year they caused to be made a map of the farm, which was filed in the office of the county clerk of Rockland county on December 19, 1839, dividing the property into numerous lettered blocks and numbered lots, and separating the blocks by many streets and cross streets, among which we find Rock-land street, indicated as running from North street, on the extreme south, across Broad, Division, Clinton, Jefferson and Washington streets, into Warren avenue on the north. The trial court found that by thus-locating the blocks and streets and filing the map showing such location, the owners intended to dedicate, and did dedicate to the public, for use as highways, the several strips of land where were delineated on'the map as streets; that, shortly after the map was filed, the public commenced to use Rockland street and travel over it as a public highway, and have continued to do so ever since, except as to a portion not exceeding sixty feet in length, which has been disused for upwards of six years; and that Rockland street has been accepted and worked by the public authorities as a public highway, and, with the exception of the sixty feet already -mentioned> is and was a public highway at the time of the commencement of this action.
There is abundant evidence to sustain the conclusion that Rock-land street had long since become a highway by dedication' and acceptance. It was dedicated by the owners to the use of the public, first, by making and filing the map of the subdivided Allison farm, on which it was laid out and indicated by name; .secondly, by throwing it open for public travel; and, thirdly, by constructing-fences, or allowing fences to be constructed and maintained, along its-sides, as thus laid out. " Throwing open land in a "village, and fencing it on each side and causing the way" or avenue to be designated as public on a map of the village, are acts tending strongly to show a design, -presently or at some future period, to dedicate and devote it to the public use." (Holdane v. Trustees of the Village of Cold Spring, 21 N. Y. 474, 478.)
That- the dedication was accepted sufficiently appears from the general use of Rockland street by the public for highway purposes during a period far exceeding twenty years, and from the frequent working of the street- by the public authorities. In Holdane v. Trustees of the Village of Cold Spring (supra) it- was said that if there he no formal act of acceptance by the public authorities, acceptance could be made out by common user as a highway of the land dedicated. That was done here, and, in addition, the village officers showed that the road had been often repaired at their instance and expense, thus establishing more than enough to constitute the strip a public highway under the authority of Speir v. Town of New Utrecht (121 N. Y. 420). We cannot agree with the appellants that the work done on the street by the persons in the general employment of the village was of no significance ; nor is the case like that of The Village of Jordan v. Otis (37 Barb. 50) where it was held that certain work performed by a pathmaster was done without the authority of the village. In the present case the agency of those who made repairs upon Rockland street is not only recognized but asserted by the village of Haverstraw. •
Ho doubt a dedication of lands to the use of the public as a highway can be revoked where there has been no acceptance, and no public or private injury will result from the revocation. (Holdane v. Trustees of the Village of Cold Spring, above cited.) But there was no such timely or effective revocation here. It is argued that there was nothing done by the public authorities looking to the acceptance or working of any streets shown on the map near the strip in controversy, until long after the conveyance to the plaintiffs' ancestors, and that the owners of the Allison farm abandoned the scheme evidenced by the map, as is shown by the fact that they dug away many of the streets delineated upon it, and used the clay and sand for briclc-making purposes. A change of plan, however, as to. part of the mapped area, if such can be inferred, did not necessarily involve a change of plan as to all; and the proof of the opening, fencing and long-continued use of Rockland street negatives the idea that the predecessors of the plaintiffs in title thus manifested any intention of revoking the original dedication. Assuming that a revocation was attempted by means of the notice given by Mr. J. Esler Eclcerson to the presidents of the village, beginning in the year 1882, the right to revoke had then been lost, because the dedication had already been perfected by a user of more than twenty years and the frequent working of the street by the village authorities.
The learned trial judge based his decision in favor of the defendants not only upon the fact that Rockland street was a highway, but also on the ground that certain co-tenants of the plaintiffs in the ownership of the fee, who were necessary parties, had not been made such. Tenants in commoti must join in actions to recover damages for trespass on lands. (De Puy v. Strong, 37 N. Y. 372.) The proof of plaintiffs' title showed that the heirs of .two of the original owners of the Allison farm were their co-tenants in the land lying in the street; and as they had not been made parties the defect was properly held to be fatal. There is no distinction in this respect between, an action at law to recover damages and a suit in equity to restrain a trespass.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concurred, except Cullen, J., not sitting.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.