Case Name: Isabel YANEZ, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1995-08-21
Citations: 63 F.3d 870
Docket Number: No. 93-16943
Parties: Isabel YANEZ, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee
Judges: Before: FLETCHER, REINHARDT, and John T. NOONAN, Jr. Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 63
Pages: 870–877

Head Matter:
Isabel YANEZ, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee
No. 93-16943.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted March 15, 1995.
Decided Aug. 21, 1995.
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing Oct. 23, 1995.
Joseph J. Appel, San Francisco, CA, for plaintiff-appellant.
William F. Murphy, Asst. U.S. Atty., San Jose, CA, for defendant-appellee.
Before: FLETCHER, REINHARDT, and John T. NOONAN, Jr. Circuit Judges.
Judges Fletcher and Reinhardt have voted to deny the petition for rehearing. Judge Noonan has voted to grant it.

Opinion:
Opinion by Judge FLETCHER; Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge NOONAN.
FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff Isabel Yanez appeals the district court's partial judgment on the pleadings and partial summary judgment in favor of the United States in her action under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"), 28 U.S.C. § 1346, 2674. Yanez seeks damages for injuries she sustained while performing work for an independent contractor, Caelus Devices, Inc. ("CDI"), at its munitions factory. She claims that the United States is liable under the peculiar risk doctrine and because it exercised negligent control over CDI's activities. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
FACTS & PRIOR PROCEEDINGS
This case arises out of Isabel Yanez's employment with CDI, a munitions contractor for the United States. On June 11, 1986, Yanez lost her left arm and suffered third degree burns when dextrinated lead azide exploded at CDI. Broco, Inc., supplied the lead azide to CDI.
Yanez sued Broco in state court claiming that its defective lead azide was the cause of her injuries. CDI then sued Broco. The cases were consolidated. The Yanez-Broco suit settled for $375,000, and the CDI-Broco suit settled for $90,000. Yanez received approximately $200,000 in workers' compensation benefits for her injuries.
After exhausting her administrative remedies, Yanez filed suit in federal court against the United States under the FTCA, alleging that the government's negligent inspections and lax enforcement of safety regulations caused her injuries. The United States filed a third-party complaint against Broco for indemnity or contribution. Broco moved for dismissal of the third-party complaint based on its good faith settlement with Yanez. The district court denied this motion. The United States moved for judgment on the pleadings. The district court denied this motion, ruling that the peculiar risk doctrine applied to Yanez's claim. The United States then moved to dismiss based on the doctrine of judicial estoppel, arguing that because Yanez represented in state court that Broeo had caused her injuries, she was estopped from claiming in federal court that the United States had caused her injuries. The district court granted the motion. This court reversed and remanded, finding that Broco and the United States could be concurrent causes of Yanez's injuries. Yanez v. United States, 989 F.2d 323, 326-27 (9th Cir.1993).
On remand, the United States renewed its motion for judgment on the pleadings based on the California Supreme Court's recent decision in Privette v. Superior Court, 5 Cal.4th 689, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 72, 854 P.2d 721 (Cal.1993), and its lack of control over CDI. The district court granted this motion, construing the control claim as a motion for partial summary judgment and the peculiar risk claim as a motion for judgment on the pleadings. On remand, Broco moved for reconsideration of its motion to dismiss based on the good faith settlement in state court. The district court found that this motion was moot because it held that the United States was not liable, making the government's claim for indemnity against Broeo unnecessary. Yanez timely appealed.
JURISDICTION
The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1346. This court has jurisdiction over the district court's final judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
DISCUSSION
I. Peculiar Risk Liability
Yanez argues that the United States is directly liable under the peculiar risk doctrine for its failure to take special precautions where the contractor has failed to do so. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
The district court entered a judgment on the pleadings for the peculiar risk claim. A judgment on the pleadings is reviewed de novo. Westlands Water Dist. v. Firebaugh Canal, 10 F.3d 667, 670 (9th Cir.1993). The district court may grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings "when the moving party clearly establishes on the face of the pleadings that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir.1989).
B. Federal Tort Claims Act
The FTCA waives the sovereign immunity of the United States for claims based on the negligent or wrongful acts of United States employees. 28 U.S.C. § 1346. The FTCA provides that the government cannot be held vicariously liable for the negligence of an employee of an independent contractor. 28 U.S.C. § 2671; Logue v. United States, 412 U.S. 521, 93 S.Ct. 2215, 37 L.Ed.2d 121 (1973). Under the FTCA, the government's liability is determined "in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual in like circumstances." 28 U.S.C. § 2674; Kangley v. United States, 788 F.2d 533 (9th Cir.1986). Because plaintiffs accident occurred in California, this action is governed by California law. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
C. California Law
In California, the general rule, subject to numerous exceptions, is that a principal is not liable for torts committed by an independent contractor. See Van Arsdale v. Hollinger, 68 Cal.2d 245, 66 Cal.Rptr. 20, 437 P.2d 508, 511 (Cal.1968). The peculiar risk doctrine, which is described in the Restatement (Second) of Torts sections 416 and 413, is an exception to this rule that applies when the work poses an inherent risk of injury.
Before the recent decision in Privette v. Superior Court, 5 Cal.4th 689, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 72, 854 P.2d 721 (1993), California courts held that a principal was vicariously liable for the failure of its contractor to take special precautions against peculiar risks— even if such precautions had been required by contract. See, e.g., Woolen v. Aerojet Gen. Corp., 57 Cal.2d 407, 20 Cal.Rptr. 12, 369 P.2d 708 (1962); Holman v. State, 124 Cal.Rptr. 773, 124 Cal.Rptr. 773, 781-84 (1975); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 416. In Privette, the California Supreme Court reversed itself by holding:
When, as here, the injuries resulting from an independent contractor's performance of inherently dangerous work are to an employee of the contractor, and thus subject to workers' compensation coverage, the doctrine of peculiar risk affords no basis for the employee to seek recovery of tort damages from the person who hired the contractor but did not cause the injuries.
21 Cal.Rptr.2d at 81, 854 P.2d at 730. After Privette, California permits a principal to delegate its duty to provide a reasonably safe work place to its contractor's employees, even where "peculiar risks" are involved, and to rely on the state workers' compensation system to make the worker whole. Id.
Yanez argues that Privette does not apply to her case because she seeks to hold the United States directly, not vicariously, liable for its negligence. We conclude that the district court properly rejected this claim.
Yanez first argues, citing pre-Privette section 416 cases, that a principal can be held liable for its failure (as opposed to the contractor's failure) to supervise under section 416. See Aceves v. Regal Pale Brewing Co., 24 Cal.3d 502, 156 Cal.Rptr. 41, 595 P.2d 619 (1979); Widman Rossmoor Sanitation, Inc., 97 Cal.Rptr. 52 (1971); Gardner v. United States, 780 F.2d 835 (9th Cir.1986); McGarry v. United States, 549 F.2d 587 (9th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 922, 98 S.Ct. 398, 54 L.Ed.2d 279 (1977); Thorne v. United States, 479 F.2d 804 (9th Cir.1973). However, this argument is unavailing because after Privette a principal may delegate its duty to supervise the safety precautions of its contractor.
Second, Yanez argues that the United States may be held liable under section 413 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts for its failure to take appropriate precautions where CDI failed to do so. Owens v. GiannettaHeinrich Constr. Co., 23 Cal.App.4th 1662, 29 Cal.Rptr.2d 11, 14 rev. denied, 1994 Cal. LEXIS 3286 (Cal.1994), provides some support for her claim. In Owens, a California Court of Appeals suggested that even after Privette direct liability still exists under section 413, which requires a principal to provide contractual protections against peculiar risks. Id.; see also Littlefield v. United States, 927 F.2d 1099, 1103 (9th Cir.) (duty under section 413 is limited to requiring a contractor to take appropriate safety measures in its contract), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 907, 112 S.Ct. 299, 116 L.Ed.2d 242 (1991); Nelson v. United States, 639 F.2d 469, 477 (9th Cir.1980) ("The essence of the duty . imposed by Section 413 [is] to provide contractually for the contractor's observance of detailed and specific safety precautions."). However, Yanez's claim misses the mark because she fails to allege that the defendant's contract did not adequately protect her against the peculiar risks inherent in munitions production. Instead of relying on this narrow exception to Privette, Yanez argues that under section 413 the United States is liable for its negligent failure to supervise the precautions taken by its contractor and to take those precautions itself if necessary. This is exactly the sort of liability rejected by Privette. Because we conclude that Yanez's "section 413" claim is indistinguishable from the theory of liability rejected in Privette, we affirm the district court's judgment on the pleadings on Yanez's peculiar risk claim.
II. Liability Arising from Retention of Control
Yanez argues next that because the evidence supports a finding that the United States exercised control over CDI's activities, the district court erred by granting summary judgment to the defendant on her negligent control claim. We reverse the district court's finding that the United States was not hable under a "control" theory.
A. Standard of Review
The district court treated the defendant's motion for judgment on the pleadings on the retained control claim as a motion for summary judgment. A district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Jones v. Union Pac. R.R., 968 F.2d 937, 940 (9th Cir.1992). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), the grant of summary judgment is reviewed to determine if, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there are no issues of material fact and the district court correctly applied the relevant substantive law. Tzung v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 873 F.2d 1338, 1339-40 (9th Cir.1989).
B. Control Over Independent Contractors
Yanez argues that under California law, she has raised sufficient disputes of material fact concerning the government's control over CDI to survive summary judgment. We agree.
In its first partial summary judgment on Yanez's claim that the government had breached its non-delegable duty to provide a safe workplace, a claim that has since been undermined by Privette, the district court found that the following evidence created disputes of material fact as to whether the government had breached its duty of care:
[Pjlaintiff has presented evidence that the government inspectors were negligent in ensuring that the CDI operations met the contractually required safety standards by failing to follow up on findings of improper fire symbols, non-conductive floors, improper placement of machinery with explosives, and improper storage of hazardous materials. Plaintiff has also presented evidence that government inspectors knew of the widespread non-use of the required conductive shoes but failed to act on this information.
Order Denying Defendant's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, Dee. 5, 1989, at 4 (emphasis added).
The evidence of the government's knowledge of the safety violations at CDI raise the question of whether such knowledge on the government's part was sufficient to create a duty to Yanez to order correction or, itself, take corrective action.
Section 414 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts has been adopted by California courts. See, e.g., Austin v. Riverside Portland Cement Co., 44 Cal.2d 225, 282 P.2d 69, 73 (1955); Holman v. State, 53 Cal.App.3d 317, 124 Cal.Rptr. 773, 781-84 (1975). It provides:
One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who retains the control of any part of the work, is subject to liability for the physical harm to others for whose safety the employer owes a duty to exercise reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to exercise his control with reasonable care.... The employer may, however, retain a control less than that which is necessary to subject him to liability as master. He may retain only the power to direct the order in which the work shall be done or to forbid its being done in a manner likely to be dangerous to himself or others. Such a supervisorial control may not subject him to liability under the principles of Agency, but he may be liable under the rule stated in this Section unless he exercises his supervisory control with reasonable care so as to prevent the work which he has ordered to be done from causing injury to others.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 and comment a.
We agree with the government that under California law "the mere right to see that work is satisfactorily completed [does not] impose[] upon the one hiring an independent contractor the duty to assure that the contractor's work is performed in conformity with all safety provisions." Kuntz v. Del E. Webb Constr. Co., 57 Cal.2d 100, 18 Cal.Rptr. 527, 368 P.2d 127, 129 (1961). Indeed, California courts have found that a principal may retain a broad general power of control to inspect, to make recommendations, and to prescribe alterations and modifications without altering the relationship of principal and contractor. See, e.g., McDonald v. Shell Oil, Co., 44 Cal.2d 785, 285 P.2d 902, 904 (Cal.1955); Letnes v. United States, 820 F.2d 1517, 1519 (9th Cir.1987); Kirk v. United States, 270 F.2d 110, 116-17 (9th Cir.1969) (retention of right to inspect and to stop work does not create a duty to contractor's employees). However, here the plaintiffs evidence may prove something more — the government's knowledge of a dangerous condition and failure to take appropriate action to correct it. It is here that the government's argument fails.
In Holman v. State, a California Court of Appeal held that section 414 liability applies where a principal has actual knowledge of a dangerous condition and the authority to correct the dangerous condition. 124 Cal.Rptr. at 781-84; see also Kuntz, 18 Cal.Rptr. at 530-31, 368 P.2d at 130 (applying same rule to general contractor). Here, evidence adduced by Yanez indicates that government inspectors may have had actual knowledge of safety violations and the dangers posed by the violations, yet failed to exercise their right to order the contractor to correct them, and, if it did not, to order the work halted. In California, these facts, if true, are sufficient to establish liability under section 414. See Holman, 124 Cal.Rptr. at 781-84. Consequently, Yanez is entitled to present her evidence to the jury. On this basis, we reverse the district court's partial summary judgment for the defendant on the plaintiffs control claim. Accord McMichael v. United States, 856 F.2d 1026, 1035 (8th Cir.1988).
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court's partial judgment on the pleadings dismissing the plaintiffs peculiar risk claim but reverse the partial summary judgment for the defendant on the plaintiffs control claim. We remand for further proceedings in accordance with our decision.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; REMANDED.
. Under the FTCA, the United States may not be held vicariously liable. 28 U.S.C. § 2671. How ever, section 416 liability has been construed as creating direct liability for the government's non-delegable duty to ensure that the contractor employs proper safety procedures. See McCall v. United States, 914 F.2d 191, 194 (9th Cir.1990) (collecting cases).
. Indeed, if Yanez had stated such a claim, the district court would have arrived at the same result. It would have construed her motion as one for partial summary judgment, examined the terms of the contract, and determined that the Government had properly delegated its duty to CDI. See Hal Roach Studios, 896 F.2d at 1550; Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c).
. The government contends that section 414 is irrelevant to Yanez's claim because federal law controls the initial determination of whether a person or entity is a federal employee. We agree that federal law controls the determination of the status of an individual as a federal employee. See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b); Brandes v. United States, 783 F.2d 895, 896 (9th Cir.1986). The dispute here is not, however, whether the alleged tortfeasors are employees of the government. Rather, the question is whether the government's employees are themselves liable for torts alleged to have been committed against the plaintiff. In this regard, the United States government as a contractor or an employer is "liable . in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances." See 28 U.S.C. § 2674. For this purpose, we apply state law. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
. The government attempts to distinguish Holman, arguing that it applies only to landowners. We find this contention unpersuasive because the opinion's reasoning does not depend on such a distinction.