Case Name: PEOPLE v. HICKS
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1975-08-25
Citations: 63 Mich. App. 595
Docket Number: Docket No. 19898
Parties: PEOPLE v HICKS
Judges: Before: T. M. Burns, P. J., and M. F. Cavanagh and O’Hara, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 63
Pages: 595–599

Head Matter:
PEOPLE v HICKS
Opinion of the Court
1. Witnesses — Criminal Law — Res Gestae Witnesses — Indorsement —Prosecutor’s Duty — Right.
A prosecutor has an affirmative duty to indorse all res gestae witnesses known to him at the time an information against a defendant is filed; indorsement is not a mere formality, but a substantial right designed to protect an accused against suppression of testimony favorable to him and against false accusation.
2. Witnesses — Criminal Law — Res Gestae Witnesses — Presumption —Prosecutors—Burden of Proof — Reasonable Doubt.
It is the burden of the prosecutor to overcome the presumption that persons present at the time and place of an alleged crime are res gestae witnesses, and every reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of indorsing and calling a witness when a defendant insists on his rights.
Dissent By O’Hara, J.
3. Courts — Ruling—Witnesses—Res Gestae Witnesses — Appeal and Error.
A trial court’s ruling on who is or is not a res gestae witness is not to be disturbed on appeal unless clearly erroneous.
4. Jury — Instructions to Jury — Easily Understood Terms — Definition — Specific Request — Appeal and Error.
Failure to deñne easily understood terms in the instructions to the jury, in the absence of a speciñc request, is not error.
5. Witnesses — Criminal Law — Res Gestae Witnesses — Indorsement —Motions—Timeliness.
A motion to indorse a witness as a res gestae witness, which is made after the prosecution has rested its case, is untimely.
References for Points in Headnotes
[1-3, 5] 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 708 et seq.
[4] 75 Am Jur 2d, Trial §§ 701-705. •
Appeal from Recorder’s Court of Detroit, James Del Rio, J.
Submitted May 12, 1975, at Detroit.
(Docket No. 19898.)
Decided August 25, 1975.
Leave to appeal applied for.
Gregory Hicks was convicted of felonious assault and possession of cocaine. Defendant appeals.
Reversed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Patricia J. Boyle, Principal Attorney, Research, Training & Appeals, and Gerard A. Poehlman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Leonard Townsend, for defendant on appeal.
Before: T. M. Burns, P. J., and M. F. Cavanagh and O’Hara, JJ.
Former Supreme Court Justice, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 23 as amended in 1968.

Opinion:
T. M. Burns, P. J.
We accept in its entirety Judge O'Hara's recitation of the facts in this case. However, although we agree with his resolution of the issue concerning the alleged error in the jury instructions, we respectfully disagree with his legal conclusions concerning whether or not the prosecution's failure to indorse the loiterers as res gestae witnesses was reversible error.
In the case at bar, out of all the people present at the time of the alleged offense, the prosecutor only indorsed the police officers as res gestae witnesses. However, the prosecutor has an affirmative duty to produce all res gestae witnesses. People v Unsworth, 43 Mich App 741; 204 NW2d 759 (1972), People v Kayne, 268 Mich 186; 255 NW 758 (1934). In Unsworth, this Court said at 743; 204 NW2d at 761:
"The prosecutor is duty bound to indorse all witnesses known to him at the time an information against a defendant is filed. Additional witnesses may be indorsed before or at trial by leave of the court. Indorsement is not a mere formality, but a substantial right designed to protect an accused against suppression of testimony favorable to him and against a false accusation. People v Long, 44 Mich 296, 6 NW 673 (1880), People v Davis, 343 Mich 348; 72 NW2d 269 (1955), People v Leon Brown, 35 Mich App 173; 192 NW2d 337 (1971)."
In the present case although the prosecutor knew the names and addresses of those persons arrested for loitering, he did not indorse any of them as res gestae witnesses. Since the defense claimed that these witnesses would not only testify that it was not the defendant who, aimed the shotgun at the police officer but could testify as to what they saw and heard in the adjoining room at the time the offense allegedly occurred, their testimony was crucial to the defense. Although the question may be a close one, every reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of indorsing and calling a witness when the defendant insists on his rights. People v Wynn, 60 Mich App 636; 231 NW2d 269 (1975), People v Harrison, 44 Mich App 578, 593; 205 NW2d 900 (1973), People v Kayne, supra. Furthermore, since there is a rebuttable presumption that persons present at the time and place are res gestae witnesses, the prosecutor must prove otherwise. People v Samuels, 62 Mich App 214; 233 NW2d 520 (1975), People v Frank Johnson, 58 Mich App 1, 7; 226 NW2d 730 (1975), People v Jones, 52 Mich App 522; 217 NW2d 884 (1974). We are not convinced that the prosecutor has sustained his burden of proof in this case. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court's finding that the loiterers were not res gestae witnesses was clearly erroneous.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
M. F. Cavanagh, J., concurred.