Case Name: The PHILADELPHIA MUSICAL SOCIETY, et al. v. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MUSICIANS OF the UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Court: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1992-07-06
Citations: 798 F. Supp. 247
Docket Number: Civ. A. No. 92-3386
Parties: The PHILADELPHIA MUSICAL SOCIETY, et al. v. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MUSICIANS OF the UNITED STATES AND CANADA.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement
Volume: 798
Pages: 247–253

Head Matter:
The PHILADELPHIA MUSICAL SOCIETY, et al. v. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MUSICIANS OF the UNITED STATES AND CANADA.
Civ. A. No. 92-3386.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
July 6, 1992.
Lynne P. Fox, Bernard N. Katz, John P. Winicov, Meranze & Katz, Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiff.
William T. Josem, Cleary & Josem, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendant.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM
KATZ, District Judge.
This application for a preliminary injunction is a quarrel between an international union of musicians and some of its locals over the right to designate the number of local musicians to play on theatrical tours.
The following are uncontested:
1. The court has jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claim for breach of the Federation's Bylaws under section 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185(a).
2. Plaintiffs are all local unions chartered by defendant American Federation of Musicians, and are labor organizations pursuant to section 2(5) of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 152(5).
3. Each of the named plaintiffs is a local union comprised of individual Union members who engage in the performance of musical services.
4. Defendant American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada (the "Federation") is an international labor organization representing professional musicians engaged in the performance of musical services. The Federation is a "labor organization" within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 152(5). The Federation's headquarters is located in New York City, New York, and the Federation regularly conducts business within the jurisdiction of this court.
5. Pursuant to the Federation Bylaws, the Federation negotiates collective bargaining agreements with various employers on behalf of the musicians they employ in various industries. The Federation conducts its collective bargaining program in two ways: first, the Federation itself conducts certain major collective bargaining negotiations, primarily where the affected musicians consist of members of more than one local union and, second, in other instances the Federation's local unions conduct negotiations on their own behalf.
6.The Federation is recognized as the exclusive representative of musicians employed by employers in numerous industries and, in those instances, the Federation conducts collective bargaining negotiations on behalf of those musicians, including, for example, musicians employed by the phonograph record manufacturers, the theatrical motion picture and TV film producers, the TV networks, and the producers of radio and TV commercial announcements. The Bylaws authorize the Federation to conduct those collective bargaining negotiations and provide that the agreements reached in those negotiations shall be binding on all affected members. Article 13, Sec. 23(a), states:
All members of the Federation, by virtue of their membership, authorize the Federation and its Locals to act as their exclusive bargaining representative with full and exclusive power to execute agreements with employers governing terms and conditions of employment. The Federation, by entering into collective bargaining agreements, does so for the benefit of all members of the Federation and each member is bound by the terms of such collective bargaining agreements. A Local of the Federation enters into collective bargaining agreements for its members and for Federation members who perform within the jurisdiction of the Local. Each member of such Local and each Federation member who performs within its jurisdiction is bound by the terms of the collective bargaining agreements executed by such Local. Similarly, the Federation licenses and enters into agreements with booking agents for the benefit of all members of the Federation each member is bound by the terms of such agreements.
7. In conducting Federation negotiations, the Federation's longstanding practice is for the President to appoint a Federation Negotiating Committee consisting of officers (elected members of the International Executive Board), Federation counsel, and staff personnel. The officers of the major local unions whose members are covered by the terms and conditions of employment established by the Federation agreements are customarily appointed to an Advisory Committee that provides input and advise to the Negotiating Committee. Under the Federation Bylaws, all Federation negotiated agreements are subject to a contract ratification procedure in which eligible musicians — based upon prior employment under the agreement being ratified— are eligible to vote (Article 13, Section 23(b)).
8. There are also circumstances in which collective bargaining negotiations are conducted by local unions. Constituent locals conduct such negotiations with various employers within their respective jurisdictional boundaries established when the local is granted a charter. Those jurisdictional boundaries are subject to being changed by the International Executive Board pursuant to the provisions of the Bylaws (Article 4, Sec. 1 and Sec. 11).
9. Each of the named plaintiffs functions in certain circumstances as a collective bargaining representative for its respective members.
10. In those instances where a plaintiff local negotiates a collective bargaining agreement with a particular employer, that agreement establishes the terms and conditions of employment for the musicians covered by that agreement.
11. In those instances were a plaintiff local negotiates a collective bargaining agreement, it has been designated by its members as the representative of their own choosing to conduct those negotiations.
12. Collective bargaining agreements negotiated by local unions sometimes contain, among other things, a clause specifying the minimum number of local union musicians who shall be allowed to play for an engagement of any kind that takes place in an established (venue) covered by that agreement within the jurisdiction of that local. Those clauses are commonly referred to as "local union mínimums." Such local union mínimums apply, by their terms, to all performances that take place in an establishment covered by the agreement within the local's jurisdiction — including performances under the Federation's Pamphlet B theatrical touring musical agreement.
13. Because local minimums apply to all musical performances, when a Pamphlet B production takes place in a venue covered by the minimum, the producer is required to employ the regular complement of Pamphlet B musicians plus the total number of local musicians provided for in the local's minimum.
14. The Federation has for many years engaged in collective bargaining with the League of American Theaters and Producers (the "League"), a multi-employer organization acting on behalf of each of its members who is engaged as a principal in producing a legitimate first class commercial theatrical production, including bus and truck, in an out of town theater. These Pamphlet B negotiations establish the terms and conditions of employment for all theatrical touring musicians, who typically are employed for a period of time ranging from several to many months, during which time the show tours from city to city as scheduled by the producer. The producers of theatrical touring musicals usually hire a core number of musicians who rehearse before the show goes on tour and thereafter travel with the production, providing musical services throughout the tour. The number of musicians hired varies from production to production, normally ranging from as few as four musicians to in excess of 20 musicians, depending upon the original musical score, the nature of the production, the complexity of the music and such other factors as the producer may choose to take into account.
15. The touring musicians covered by Pamphlet B are but one type of "traveling" musician subject to the Federation's jurisdiction. More common are the traveling musicians who reside in the jurisdiction of one local (the "home" local), who are employed for a short term engagement in another jurisdiction and then return to their home local upon completion of that engagement. This type of traveling musician is not covered by collective bargaining agreements. Their terms of employment are unilaterally established by the locals in whose jurisdictions they perform, pursuant to the authority conferred on them by the Federal Bylaws (Article 5, sections 11-13).
16. The last Pamphlet B agreement, effective April 1, 1988 through March 31, 1991, contained a Rule 61 which provided as follows:
The Employer agrees to adhere to the minimum number-of-musician requirements in those theaters where there is an existing contract between a Local Union and the theater where the performances are to take place. The Employer also agrees, prior to any tour, to notify the President's Office of the Federation of the minimum number of Local musicians that will be employed throughout the tour in those theaters where there is no contract between the Local Union and the theater, providing for a minimum number of musicians.
17. That Pamphlet B agreement was extended by mutual agreement, and negotiations for a successor agreement began in July 1991. The negotiations consumed approximately ten (10) days of full-scale bargaining until an agreement was reached six months later — on or about January 29, 1992.
18. The Federation Negotiating Committee convened a meeting of all affected local unions — including (but not limited to) six of the seven plaintiff locals — at Federation headquarters in New York City commencing on September 26, 1991. Even in advance of the meeting, some of those locals had voiced their concerns about the Federation's evincing any flexibility at the bargaining table with respect to local míni-mums. At that meeting, Federation President Mark Tully Massagli and Secretary-Treasury Stephen R. Sprague reviewed with the officers of each of the locals in attendance the facts concerning the touring theatrical productions that had taken place in their jurisdictions over the last several years — including the minimum provisions of their contracts, the number of venues covered by those contracts, and the manner in which those minimums were applied to each Pamphlet B musical production that had been performed during the time frame. At the end of the meeting, the representatives of each of the plaintiff locals stated their continuing opposition to the Federation agreeing to any revisions of Rule 61.
Í9. In the agreement ultimately reached by the parties, subject to ratification by the members who work under that agreement, Rule 61 was revised as follows:
The Employer agrees to adhere to the minimum number of musician requirements in those theaters where there is an existing contract between a Local Union and the theater where the performances are to take place.
Upon expiration of those contracts where there are existing minimums, the Local Union may continue to set minimums in collective bargaining, which shall not exceed sixteen (16) local musicians for Pamphlet B touring theatrical musicals only. On engagements which do not exceed four (4) weeks, up to four (4) musicians traveling under this agreement may be counted against the local minimums. On those engagements which shall exceed four (4) weeks, the full complement of collectively bargained Local minimums shall continue to apply from the first performance.
On engagements of one (1) week or less only, local minimums shall nor apply to shows that are traveling under Pamphlet B with an orchestra of not less than twelve (12) musicians when local augmentation is not required by the producer.
20. The Federation's Pamphlet B ratification procedure, like the ratification of all other Federation collective bargaining agreements, is administered by the American Arbitration Association (AAA) in New York City. The AAA mails ballots to the residences of all eligible voters (along with a summary of the agreement reached), establishes a cutoff date for the receipt of those ballots at the AAA's New York City office, and on a specified date conducts the opening and counting of ballots and certifies the tally of ballots. Eligible voters under these circumstances were all musicians who had worked under the preceding Pamphlet B agreement, but not local, non-touring musicians. With respect to the Pamphlet B ratification procedure, the ballots were mailed on May 4, 1992, and were scheduled to be opened and counted on June 18, 1992. However, in light of the fact that plaintiffs' counsel advised the Federation that he intended to file the instant lawsuit seeking to set aside the negotiated agreement and to request an order enjoining the counting of the ballots, the Federation, through counsel, agreed to instruct the AAA not to open the envelopes and/or count the ballots until the preliminary injunction hearing concluded. The Federation has issued that instruction to the AAA.
21. The relationship between the Federation, its constituent locals and the members of the Federation and its locals is governed by the Federation Bylaws. Article 4, section 4, of the Bylaws provides:
The acceptance of a charter for a Local of the Federation shall imply upon the part of said Local its agreement to comply with, observe and conform to all the provisions of the Bylaws of the Federation, Standing Orders, Standing or Special Resolutions and directions of any Convention or any order or direction of the Executive Board or a sub-committee thereof or any duly authorized officer of the Federation, then in force or thereafter made or enacted. A violation of any such provisions of the Bylaws, Standing Orders, Standing or Special Resolutions or directions shall subject such Local to expulsion at the discretion of the Executive Board or a sub-committee thereof. The Executive Board may also, on granting such charter, impose such additional conditions and require such additional agreements on the part of such Local as the Executive Board may deem necessary or desirable.
Article 5, section 1, provides as follows:
Locals are required to adopt as part of their Local Constitution and Bylaws a provision to the effect that the Constitution and Bylaws of said Local is subject and subordinate to the Bylaws and amendments thereto of the Federation, and providing further that wherever conflict or discrepancy appears between the Constitution and Bylaws of the Local and the Bylaws and amendments thereto of the Federation, the latter shall prevail. The Bylaws of each Local must contain provisions permitting amendments to said Local's Constitution and/or Bylaws to be made at least annually in accordance with guidelines as promulgated by the International Executive Board.
22. Article 3, section 7, of the Federation Bylaws deals with the authority of the Federation's International Executive Board. In particular, Article 3, section 7(b) provides:
Matters not covered by the Bylaws shall be in the discretion of the Board, which shall have power to adopt such rules, supplementing said Bylaws or covering any matter not contained therein, as it may deem proper, in addition to determining and announcing the policies of the Federation, all of which rules, matters and policies shall have equal force and effect with the Bylaws.
Article 3, section 7(c) provides:
The Board may, from time to time, repeal, change or amend any such rules, policies or directions, with respect to any such matters.
Article 3, section 7(d) provides:
The Board shall have general supervision of all matters pertaining to the Federation and shall have complete jurisdiction and power of disposition of all matters and questions referring or relating to the Federation or any of its members or any Local thereof, as well as of all matters and questions in which the said Federation or any of its Locals or members may be interested, or by which any of them may be in anywise affected.
Article 3, section 7(e) provides, in relevant part:
The Board shall negotiate all traveling and national scales subject to the jurisdiction of the Federation.
Article 3, section 7(f) provides:
The International Executive Board is given full power and authority to promulgate, adopt, revise, change and/or adjust all prices for traveling musicians and to promulgate, adopt, revise, change, suspend and/or repeal any rules, laws and/or Bylaws pertaining to traveling musicians, including those relating to the filing of contracts or written statements for traveling engagements and/or the procedure for collections of dues based on earnings (work dues) from any traveling member for performing services within the jurisdiction of a Local of which he/she is not a member. The Board may exercise its powers and authorities under this Section in such manner and to such extent as in the sole judgment of the Board maybe in the best interest of the Federation and the members thereof.
Article 3, section 7(i) provides, in relevant part:
The Board or a sub-committee thereof shall be deemed eligible to hear, decide and determine all matters and questions concerning or affecting the Federation or any of its members or Locals, as well as all matters and questions in which said Federation, its Locals or members, may be interested.
I find as follows:
1. Plaintiff Locals have not shown immediate, irreparable injury. It is speculative and doubtful that producers and the Locals would bargain seriously for local musicians above the maximum specified in the contested International agreement. Hence, this is probably more of a symbolic quarrel rather than a ripe, practical one.
2. There would be a substantial hardship on defendant if injunctive relief were granted. The International would be precluded from bargaining for touring musicians to get a fair share of the work in the Locals' areas.
3. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated a likelihood of ultimate success. The Bylaw at issue is probably subject to a rule of reason. The absolutist notion that the Locals could rule out all touring musicians is probably an unreasonable construction. The International's designation of a maximum is probably a reasonable interpretation of the Bylaw, resolving the competing interests of the local and touring musicians. The collective bargaining agreement, including the contested provision, was the result of tough, hard negotiating with the theatrical producers. It is doubtful that sections 11, 12 and 13 of the Bylaws apply to foreclose this collective bargaining agreement. The International's interpretation of those sections is consistent with past practice and procedure. For example, when Ringling Brothers Circus objected to hiring requirements unilaterally imposed by various Locals, the International negotiated an agreement with the Circus superseding the requirements of the Locals. Also, at the International's 1983 Convention, the delegates adopted Article 3, sec. 7(f) of the Bylaws, giving the International broad regulatory powers over matters effecting touring musicians.
4. The failure to reach a compromise could well lead to fewer touring productions in certain cities.
5. Injunctive relief would be a hardship on the producers who negotiated a seemingly reasonable accommodation with the International.
6. The rights claimed by the plaintiffs can probably be rectified by damages if real losses ever occur.
7. The public interest is in a reasonable resolution of work sharing conflicts between local and touring musicians, rather than in absolutist posturing over hypothetical problems. The internal political processes of the union can act to check unreasonable conduct by the International's officers and its negotiating committee.
8. The balance of equitable considerations tips toward denying a preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs have not sustained their burden of proof for preliminary in-junctive relief.