Case Name: Larry G. FLUHARTY, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. MIDLAND NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant and Respondent
Court: South Dakota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: South Dakota
Decision Date: 1979-02-15
Citations: 275 N.W.2d 347
Docket Number: No. 12371
Parties: Larry G. FLUHARTY, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. MIDLAND NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant and Respondent.
Judges: WOLLMAN, C. J., and MORGAN, J., concur.
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 275
Pages: 347–352

Head Matter:
Larry G. FLUHARTY, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. MIDLAND NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant and Respondent.
No. 12371.
Supreme Court of South Dakota.
Argued Nov. 15, 1978.
Decided Feb. 15, 1979.
Charles Rick Johnson of Johnson, Johnson & Eklund, Gregory, Ronald C. Aho, Brookings, for plaintiff and appellant.
Alan L. Austin of Austin, Hinderaker & Hackett, Watertown, for defendant and respondent.

Opinion:
ANDERST, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from the trial court's granting and entering a judgment notwithstanding the verdict for $27,936.00, the full amount of respondent's claim, after the jury had returned a verdict in the amount of $13,918.00. We affirm with directions.
Appellant, Larry G. Fluharty (Fluharty), met one M. Ted Steinberg (Steinberg), a general agent for Midland National Life Insurance Company (Midland), in 1971 when Steinberg prepared a family estate plan for him. Thereafter in August, 1971, Fluharty went to work for the Steinberg Agency as an agent for Midland. Later in September, 1972, Midland, with Steinberg's consent, made Fluharty a district agent, which increased Fluharty's commissions over those he received as an agent. During this period of time, both Steinberg and Flu-harty received cash loans from Midland in the form of checks at regular intervals. The checks bore an endorsement expressly stating that the amount of the check was a loan subject to repayment on demand. The amount of these loans was based on past production and future anticipated commissions with which Midland credited their accounts as they were earned. Also charged against their accounts were social security payments, group insurance premiums, and medical examination fees of persons not purchasing insurance, that were paid by Midland.
At the suggestion of Midland, it was determined that it would be in the best interests of all parties if the Steinberg Agency was reorganized to make Fluharty a principal. This was accomplished in February, 1973, when Steinberg and Fluharty formed Agri Estates, Inc., a de facto corporation. To effectuate this reorganization, the parties executed documents wherein Agri Estates, Inc. became a general agent; Stein-berg and Fluharty became district agents; Steinberg and Fluharty assigned all past and future commissions to Agri Estates, Inc.; Agri Estates, Inc. assumed all the obligations and debts of Steinberg as general agent and Fluharty as agent; and Stein-berg and Fluharty individually assumed personal liability for all the debts and obligations of any nature whatsoever of. Agri Estates, Inc. Midland continued to make loans in the form of checks at regular intervals to Steinberg and Fluharty.
Agri Estates, Inc.'s production began to fall, and Fluharty received his last loan check November 27, 1973, with Steinberg receiving his last loan check March 26,1974. Midland, by letter of November 13, 1974, advised Agri Estates, Inc., with copies to Steinberg and Fluharty, that its total indebtedness amounted to over $40,000. By letter dated January 24, 1975, Midland demanded payment of the then balance due of $39,901.85.
Steinberg and Fluharty, individually and d/b/a Agri Estates, Inc., initiated an action against Midland on July 25, 1975. The same date Midland commenced a three-count action against Steinberg and Fluharty: Count I against Steinberg individually; Count II against Fluharty individually; and Count III against Steinberg and Fluharty jointly. Upon motion, the court consolidated the actions, treating the complaint by Midland as a counterclaim in the action brought by Steinberg and Fluharty. In April, 1976, Steinberg and Fluharty retained different counsel. The matter was scheduled for trial on September 3, 1976. Neither Steinberg nor Fluharty or their counsel appeared on the date of trial. After attempts to reach counsel by telephone were unsuccessful, the court proceeded to hear the matter and entered a default judgment in favor of Midland and against Stein-berg, Fluharty and Agri Estates, Inc. Notice of entry of judgment was served on counsel, and Midland proceeded to execute thereon.
Fluharty retained different counsel, who with Steinberg's attorney prevailed upon the court to re-open the matter for trial to a jury upon the merits. Present counsel was retained by Fluharty in July, 1977, and jury trial on the merits was scheduled for September 15, 1977.
The day trial was to commence, counsel for Steinberg moved for a continuance on the ground that Steinberg was afraid of Fluharty and feared for his life. This motion, opposed by both Fluharty and Midland, was denied by the court. Counsel for Steinberg then left the courthouse and there was no further participation by him or Steinberg in the proceedings.
Counsel for Fluharty then moved to amend his pleadings, the effect of which dismissed any claim Fluharty may have had against Midland and denied Midland's claim against him. Midland then proceeded to prove up its designated counterclaim. Introduced into evidence were all the loan checks Midland had made to Steinberg and Fluharty. For accounting purposes, Midland kept a separate account for Fluharty, Steinberg and Agri Estates, Inc. Computer printouts showing the loan checks and other charges made by Midland to each separate account together with credits received for commissions earned were introduced into evidence. Just prior to trial, Midland moved its main office from Watertown to Sioux Falls. The printouts for the years 1971 and 1972 were misplaced. However, copies had been furnished to Steinberg's and Fluharty's original counsel by Midland. Evidence presented by Midland showed a total balance due and owing to it for the three accounts in the amount of $27,836. Midland's evidence further showed that copies of these printouts had been sent at regular intervals to Agri Estates, Inc.'s business address. At the close of all evidence, counsel for Midland moved the court to direct a verdict in its favor, which was denied. The jury returned a general verdict in favor of Midland against Steinberg and Fluharty individually and doing business as Agri Estates, Inc. in the sum of $13,918.
Upon motion of counsel for Midland, the court then entered a judgment notwithstanding the verdict in the sum of $27,836 against Steinberg and Fluharty individually and Steinberg and Fluharty d/b/a Agri Estates, Inc. The appeal is only from that part of the judgment against Fluharty individually.
A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is retroactive in effect and relates back to and is based upon the previous motion for directed verdict. Barnhart v. Ahlers, 79 S.D. 186, 110 N.W.2d 125 (1961). On appeal, correct rules of law must be applied rather than the law set forth in the instructions to the jury. Frager v. Tomlinson, 74 S.D. 607, 57 N.W.2d 618 (1953). The standard in reviewing a judgment n. o. v. is that the appellate court views the evidence in a light most favorable to the party against whom the motion was directed, and without weighing the evidence, decides if there is evidence which would have supported or did support a verdict in his favor. Corey v. Kocer, 86 S.D. 221, 193 N.W.2d 589 (1972).
Appellant's main contention is that the checks sent to him and Steinberg were advances and not loans. The general rule is set out in 3 Am.Jur.2d, Agency, § 218, wherein it is stated:
Whether or not money given by a principal is given as an advance and is to be repaid by the agent in the event that his commission or other compensation does not amount to the sum advanced is dependent upon the interpretation of the contract between them. Generally, where the contract of employment provides for a drawing account or advances to the agent against future commissions, the employer cannot, in the absence of either an express or implied agreement or promise to repay any excess of advances over the commissions earned, recover from the employee such excess. If, however, the contract contains in terms a promise by the agent to repay the sums advanced, the principal may recover the excess of the advances over the commissions .
Appellant admitted he endorsed the checks he received with the printed endorsement stating the check constituted a loan subject to repayment on demand. He also admitted he executed all the documents creating Agri Estates, Inc. Further, he admitted executing the documents between himself individually and Midland, as well as in behalf of Agri Estates, Inc. and Midland. The trial court was correct in ruling, in view of this evidence, that the checks paid to Steinberg and Fluharty were loans and not advances. The trial court was also correct in its ruling that Steinberg and Fluharty had agreed that Midland could charge them for group insurance, medical examinations of persons not purchasing insurance, and social security. Thus the trial was in effect an accounting.
Appellant did not dispute that he or Steinberg had received the loan checks. Neither did he present any evidence that Midland did not give them full credit for commissions earned. Appellant's premise was that Midland's failure to produce the computer printouts for 1971 and 1972 rendered its accounting suspect. As we stated in Jerke v. Belmont State Bank, 54 S.D. 446, 467, 223 N.W. 585, 594 (1929):
[T]he rule of reasonable judgment must be applied to each case upon its particular facts, and, if the testimony in behalf of the party having the burden of proof is clear and full, not extraordinary or incredible in the light of general experience, and not contradicted, either directly or indirectly, by other witnesses or by circumstances disclosed, and is so plain and complete that disbelief therein could not arise by rational processes applied to the evidence, but would be whimsical or arbitrary, then, and in such case, it is not only permissible, but highly proper, to direct a verdict .
No evidence, documentary or otherwise, was introduced challenging the accuracy of the figures presented by Midland. Reasonable minds could not have differed over the amount owed Midland, for there was no basis upon which the jury could rationally have arrived at a verdict in an amount other than established by Midland's evidence.
When the facts and circumstances have warranted it in a particular case, this court has never hesitated to approve the direction of a verdict for a party having the burden of proof. We conclude that the trial court was correct in entering judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
It was brought to the attention of the court at oral argument that the clerk of courts had made an error in computation of the total judgment when taxing costs. Written consent to correct the error was made by Midland. We affirm the trial court in granting the judgment n. o. v., but remand with directions that the trial court correct the error in the total judgment by inserting the correct amount of $32,690.87 for the amount now appearing.
WOLLMAN, C. J., and MORGAN, J., concur.
HENDERSON, J., concurs specially.
FOSHEIM, J., deeming himself disqualified, did not participate in this opinion.
ANDERST, Circuit Judge, sitting for DUNN, J., disqualified.