Case Name: MEDISIM LTD., Plaintiff, v. BESTMED LLC, Defendant
Court: United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2012-11-28
Citations: 910 F. Supp. 2d 591
Docket Number: No. 10 Civ. 2463(SAS)
Parties: MEDISIM LTD., Plaintiff, v. BESTMED LLC, Defendant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 910
Pages: 591–629

Head Matter:
MEDISIM LTD., Plaintiff, v. BESTMED LLC, Defendant.
No. 10 Civ. 2463(SAS).
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
Nov. 28, 2012.
Gerald Levy," Esq., Keith J. McWha, Esq., Mark H. Anania, Esq., Scott Christie, Esq., McCarter English, LLP, Newark, NJ, for Medisim Ltd.
Nicholas L. Coch, Esq., Kramer, Levin, Naftalis & Frankel, LLP, New York, NY, Talivaldis Cepuritis, Esq., Joseph M. Kuo, Esq., Anita M. Cepuritis, Esq., Brian R. Michalek, Esq., Olson & Cepuritis, Ltd., Chicago, IL, for BestMed LLC.

Opinion:
OPINION AND ORDER
SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
599
II. BACKGROUND.........................................................600
A. Undisputed Facts....................................................600
B. Disputed Facts .601
C. The Invention .601
D. Procedural History...................................................602
III. LEGAL STANDARD.....................................................603
IV. APPLICABLE LAW.....................................................604
A. Unfair Competition and False Designation of Origin Under the Lanham
Act...............................................................604
B. Unfair Competition Under New York Common Law......................606
C. False Advertising Under the Lanham Act...............................606
D. False Advertising Under New York Law................................607
E. Deceptive Acts Under New York Law .,. 607
F. Unjust Enrichment...................................................608
G. Availability of Statutory Damages for Copyright Infringement.............608
H. Provisional Rights....................................................608
I. Patent Validity.......................................................609
J. Patent Infringement..................................................610
K. Inequitable Conduct..................................................610
V. DISCUSSION...........................................................611
A. Unfair Competition and False Designation of Origin Under the Lanham
Act...............................................................611
1. Trade Dress.....................................................611
a. Descriptions of the Claimed Trade Dress.........................611
b. Evidence of Distinctiveness .613
2. The CVS SKU...................................................615
B. Unfair Competition Under New York Common Law......................615
1. Likelihood of Confusion .615
2. Bad Faith .616
C. False Advertising Under the Lanham Act...............................617
1. Standing .617
2. Falsity and Likelihood of Misleading Consumers......................618
D. False Advertising and Deceptive Acts Under New York Law..............618
E. Unjust Enrichment...................................................619
F. Availability of Statutory Damages......................................619
G. Provisional Rights....................................................620
H. Patent Validity.......................................................621
I. Patent Infringement..................................................623
1. The Apparatus Claim .623
2. The Method Claim................................................624
J. Inequitable Conduct..................................................626
1. Pre-Critical Date Commercial Activities.............................626
2. Omission of Two Patents from the IDS..............................627
3. Yarden's Representations of the Prior Art...........................628
VI. CONCLUSION..........................................................629
I. INTRODUCTION
Medisim Ltd. ("Medisim") brings this action against BestMed LLC ("BestMed") for patent and copyright infringement, unfair competition/false designation of origin under the Lanham Act, false advertising under the Lanham Act, false advertising under New York law, deceptive acts and practices under New York law, unfair competition under New York law, and unjust enrichment. BestMed has brought coun terclaims for declaratory judgment of patent noninfringement, declaratory judgment of patent invalidity, false patent marking, and patent unenforceability due to inequitable conduct.
On June 29, 2012, the Court held a premotion conference to discuss the parties' proposed grounds for potential summary judgment motions. The Court spent considerable judicial resources to review the parties' pre-conference submissions and consider the strength of their potential motions. At the conference, I advised the parties not to move on the grounds for which there was likely a disputed issue of fact. BestMed ignored my advice and moved for summary judgment on all of the grounds they raised in their pre-conference letter. For the reasons set forth below, the motions are granted in part and denied in part. Unsurprisingly, summary judgment is denied on all of the claims that the Court advised BestMed to exclude from its summary judgment motion.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Undisputed Facts
In November 2004, BestMed and Medisim entered into an International Distributorship Agreement ("Distribution Agreement") for BestMed to distribute Medisim's digital, conductive forehead thermometer in the United States and Canada. Between the signing of the Distribution Agreement and its May 1, 2009 termination, BestMed had access to some technical information pertaining to Medisim's thermometers and received a draft of the thermometer user's instructions from Medisim. On April 7, 2008, Medisim and BestMed entered into a Purchase Sale Agreement which provided that;
By executing this Agreement, and as a condition to entering into this Agreement, each party hereby ratifies the two addenda described in the Recitals to this Agreement and the appendices to [the Distribution Agreement], and irrevocably waives and relinquishes any right, claim or cause of action it may have now or in the future, whether known or unknown, now or hereafter existing against the other party and its officers and agents arising from the actual or alleged performance, termination, breach or continuation of [the Distribution Agreement] and the parties' subsequent correspondence relating to [the Distribution Agreement] and the proposed renewal or replacement thereof.
On October 6, 2009, United States Patent No. 7,597,668 ("the '668 Patent") titled "NON-INVASIVE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT" was issued to Moshe Yarden, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Technology Officer of Medisim. The '668 Patent matured from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/444,710 ("the '710 Application"), which Yarden filed on May 31, 2006. Among the products distributed by BestMed under the Distribution Agreement were thermometers manufactured by Medisim that practiced some or all of the claims of the .'668 Patent.
B. Disputed Facts
Medisim asserts that while the parties were operating under the Distribution Agreement, BestMed began secret negotiations with K-Jump Health Co., Ltd. ("K-Jump") "to replace the Medisim digital, conductive forehead thermometer with a thermometer that was substantially similar in operation and technology, to be manufactured in China." Medisim alleges that BestMed directed K-Jump to begin manufacturing a thermometer incorporating Medisim's intellectual property, and that BestMed subsequently terminated the Distribution Agreement and began purchasing thermometers from K-Jump for distribution in the United States. Medisim asserts that compared with its own thermometers, those manufactured by K-Jump have a similar physical appearance, embody the same features, and execute software enabling it to produce identical audible and visual messages.
When Medisim attempted to sell digital thermometers on its own, several retailers rebuffed it and expressed their satisfaction with the K-Jump-manufactured thermometers they were purchasing from Best-Med. Further, BestMed sells K-Jump-manufactured thermometers to the CVS drug store chain with Stock Keeping Unit ("SKU") number 050428075739 — the same SKU under which BestMed sold CVS digital thermometers manufactured by Medisim. Medisim asserts that BestMed "has unfairly foreclosed Medisim from selling its product to many of the customers that previously bought its products" through its "systematic and willful acts of copying Medisim's product technology and design, and trading on Medisim's good will." BestMed acknowledges that it used the same SKU to sell CVS digital thermometers manufactured by K-Jump and Medisim, but it otherwise denies all -of these allegations.
C. The Invention
"The measurement of a body temperature is useful for assessing the health of a [person]." Generally, body temperature is measured in one of two ways, each of which has its drawbacks: (1) insertion of a thermometer into a body cavity such as the mouth, armpit, or rectum; or (2) measurement at an external site, such as the forehead or temple. Insertion of a thermometer into a body cavity is invasive, causes discomfort, and requires the subject's cooperation and adherence to measurement procedures — for example, keeping the thermometer tip under the tongue during oral measurement. Measurement at external sites is less uncomfortable and less dependent on subject cooperation, but it produces temperature readings more likely to deviate from "core body temperature" (which will be defined below). The claimed invention in the '668 Patent relates to a digital thermometer that endeavors to achieve the best of both worlds — it is noninvasive, and yet it is designed to use its measurements to calculate core body temperature.
D. Procedural History
Medisim initiated this action in March, 2010, following which BestMed promptly moved to transfer venue to Colorado, where BestMed is based. I denied this motion and held a Markman hearing after which I construed various phrases in the '668 Patent as follows:
[In claim 1]:
"Probe" means "portion of thermometer including a membrane and one or more temperature sensors that touches the exterior skin."
"Membrane" means "a layer or sheet of material."
"One or more temperature sensors means "one or more thermistor or resistance temperature defectors (RTDs), or any form of thermistor, temperature sensor, or thermocouple." "Configured to receive a plurality of temperature readings from the one or more temperature sensors" means "configured to receive temperature readings, at least one of which comes from the external body surface, from one or more temperature sensors." "Time-dependent parameters of temperature change," means "multiple values of temperature change that vary with time and that are taken at different times."
"To calculate" as "using a computation to estimate, approximate, predict or determine."
"Core body temperature" as "the temperature of blood in the pulmonary artery."
In claim 21, the user is "applying a probe . to an external surface," while the processing unit is "receiving a plurality of temperature readings"; "determining time-dependent parameters of temperature change"; "calculating a deep tissue temperature" and "calculating a core body temperature."
Following the Markman ruling, the parties made cross-motions, pursuant to Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as well as Rules 702 and 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, to exclude the testimony of various experts. In my initial Daubert opinion and subsequent reconsideration opinion, I made the following rulings: ' • •
1) Jack Goldberg — BestMed's expert on the validity of the '668 Patent — is qualified to opine in the area of digital, conductive thermometry. Goldberg may offer the following opinions: (1) that the specification of the '668 Patent does not enable the full scope of the claimed invention; (2) that Medisim's FHT-1 Digital Temple Thermometer ("the FHT-1") calculates core body temperature and therefore anticipated the '668 Patent; (3) that the FHT-1 calculates "deep tissue temperature"; and (4) that BestMed has not infringed Medisim's intellectual property. However, I struck Goldberg's opinions on inequitable conduct and on whether U.S. Patent 6,095,452 anticipated the '668 Patent.
2) Dr. David Lipson — Medisim's expert on the validity of the '668 Patent — may opine that BestMed's KD-2201 thermometer meets the core body temperature limitation of the '668 Patent. Lipson may also testify that the KD-2201 thermometer meets the "deep tissue temperature" limitation of the '668 Patent, but only to the extent that he bases his opinion on the 510(k) letters and deposition testimony of K-Jump witnesses referenced in his report.
3) The expert report of Dr. Warren Keegan — who Medisim retained to opine on likelihood of confusion — is excluded in its entirety.
BestMed now moves for summary judgment on: (1) Medisim's- Lanham Act unfair competition' and false designation of origin claim; (2) Medisim's New York common law unfair competition claim;' (3) Medisim's Lanham-Act false advertising claim; (4) Medisim's New York false advertising claim; (5) Medisim's New York deceptive acts claim; (6) Medisim's unjust enrichment claim; (7) whether Medisim may be entitled to attorney's fees on its copyright infringement claim; (8) whether Medisim is entitled to reasonable royalties for sales during the "provisional rights period"; (9) invalidity of the '668 Patent; and (10) non-infringement. Medisim moves for summary judgment on Bestmed's,-inequitable conduct counterclaim.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
"Summary judgment is designed to pierce the pleadings to flush out those cases that are predestined to result in a directed verdict." Thus, summary judgment is only appropriate "if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." "For summary judgment purposes, a 'genuine issue' exists where the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could decide in the non-moving party's favor." " 'A fact is material when it might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law.' " "[T]he burden of demonstrating that no material fact exists lies with the moving party . "When the burden of proof at trial would fall on the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is sufficient for the movant to point to a lack of evidence to go to the trier of fact on an essential element of the non[-]movant's claim."
In a summary judgment setting, "[t]he burden is on the moving party to demonstrate that no genuine issue respecting any material fact exists." "When the burden of proof at trial would fall on the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is sufficient for the movant to point to a lack of evidence . on an essential element of the nonmovant's claim." In turn, to defeat a motion for summary judgment; the non-moving party must raise a genuine issue of material fact. The non-moving party " 'must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as. to the material facts,' " and cannot " 'rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation.' "
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, a court must " 'construe the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the movant.' " However, " '[credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge.' " " 'The role of the -court is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess whether there are any factual issues to be tried.' "
IV. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Unfair Competition and False Designation of Origin Under the Lanham Act
The Lanham Act provides:
(1) Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which—
(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsor ship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial ac- . tivities by another person .
shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.
A plaintiff asserting a trademark infringement claim must show first that its trade dress or trademark is a protectable interest under the Lanham Act, and second that there is a likelihood of confusion. If a plaintiff offers no evidence'of a protectable interest, a court need not consider likelihood of confusion. Moreover, a Lanham Act claimant must describe its protectable interest with some clarity — it must offer " 'a precise expression of the character and scope of the claimed trade dress.' "
In order to succeed on a claim of trade dress infringement under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that its claimed mark is either inherently distinctive or has acquired distinctiveness through secondary meaning; (2) that there is a likelihood of confusion between its trade dress and the defendant's; and (3) that the trade dress is non-functional. Inherent distinctiveness is evaluated as follows:
[T]rade dress is classified on a spectrum of increasing distinctiveness as generic, descriptive, suggestive, or arbitrary/fanciful. Suggestive and arbitrary or fanciful trade dress are deemed inherently distinctive and' thus always satisfy the first prong of the test for protection. A descriptive trade dress may be found inherently distinctive if the plaintiff establishes that its mark has acquired secondary meaning giving it distinctiveness to the-consumer. A generic trade dress receives no Lanham Act protection.
To determine whether a trade dress has acquired distinctiveness through secondary meaning, a court should consider six factors: "(1) advertising expenditures, (2) consumer studies linking the mark to a source, (3) unsolicited media coverage of the product, (4) sales success, (5) attempts to plagiarize the mark, and (6) length and exclusivity of the mark's use." The Second Circuit generally disfavors summary judgment on questions of distinctiveness.
The likelihood of confusion inquiry "turns on whether 'numerous ordinary prudent purchasers are likely to be misled or confused as to the source of the product in question because of the entrance in the marketplace of defendant's mark.' " "[A] probability of confusion, not a mere possibility, must be found to exist" in order to support a finding of infringement. Generally speaking, establishing that probability is the plaintiffs burden, which means that the defendant typically does not need to disprove a likelihood of confusion. In determining whether there is a likelihood of confusion, an eight-factor balancing test should be applied. A finding of confusion need not be based on survey evidence; confusion may be shown through statements.
B. Unfair Competition Under New York Common Law
The elements of unfair competition under New York law closely parallel the elements of unfair competition under the Lanham Act. However, there are two exceptions: a plaintiff must show "either actual confusion or a likelihood of confusion, and there must be 'some showing of bad faith' on the part of the defendants."
C. False Advertising Under the Lanham Act
Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act prohibits any person from, "in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresenting] the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities." A claim of false advertising may be based on the theory "that the challenged advertisement is literally false, i.e., false on its face"; alternatively, it may be based on the theory "that the advertisement, while not literally false, is nevertheless likely to mislead or confuse consumers."
Standing to bring a false advertising claim under the Lanham Act requires a plaintiff to establish a " 'reasonable interest to be protected' " against the false or misleading claims as well as a " 'reasonable basis for believing that this interest is likely to be damaged by the false or misleading advertising.' " "Reasonable interest" includes "commercial interests, direct pecuniary interests, and even a future potential for a commercial or competitive injury." To demonstrate a "reasonable basis," a plaintiff must show " 'both likely injury and a causal nexus to the false advertising.' " Further:
[I]n the case of a "misleading, non-comparative commercial which tout[s] the benefits of the product advertised but ma[kes] no direct reference to any competitor's product . some indication of actual injury and causation" is necessary "to satisfy Lanham Act' standing requirements and to ensure [the] plaintiff s injury [is] not speculative."
D. False Advertising Under New York Law
New York General Business Law ("GBL") section 350 states: "[f]alse advertising in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any service in this state is hereby declared unlawful." A plaintiff must establish " '(1) that the act, practice or advertisement was consumer-oriented; (2) that the act, practice or advertisement was misleading in a material respect, and (3) that the plaintiff was injured as a result of the deceptive practice, act or advertisement.'" Further, "a violation of either [section 349 or section 350] requires that the defendant's conduct deceive a reasonable consumer in a material respect, work a harm to the public at large, and directly cause the plaintiffs injury." A plaintiff must also demonstrate reliance, which typically means that "the plaintiff must 'point to [a] specific advertisement or public pronouncement' upon which [the consumer] relied." Finally, "the alleged deception must have occurred in New York."
E. Deceptive Acts Under New York Law
New York GBL section 349 makes unlawful "[deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any service." The New York Court of Appeals has further clarified:
A plaintiff under section 349 must prove three elements: first, that the challenged act or practice was consumer-oriented; second, that it was misleading in a material way; and third, that the plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the deceptive act. Whether a representation or an omission, the deceptive practice must be "likely to mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances."
Although section 349 is consumer-oriented, a competitor may bring a cause of action under those statutes if " 'the gravamen of the complaint [is] consumer injury or harm to the public interest' " and if "the matter affects the public interest in New York."
F. Unjust Enrichment
Under New York law, a plaintiff seeking relief under a theory of unjust enrichment must show "(1) that the defendant benefitted; (2) at the plaintiffs expense; and (3) that equity and good conscience require restitution."
G. Availability of Statutory Damages for Copyright Infringement
Monetary remedies for copyright infringement may take the form of either compensatory damages or statutory damages. Section 504 also permits the recovery of attorney's fees. However:
[N]o award of statutory damages or attorney's fees . shall be made for . (2) any infringement of copyright commenced after first publication of the work and before the effective date of its registration, unless such registration is made within three months after the first publication of the work.
A copyright owner may elect to recover statutory damages (as opposed to actual damages) at any time before final judgment is rendered.
H.Provisional Rights
A patent comes with the right to obtain a reasonable royalty from those who "infringed" between the time that the patent application was published and the time that the patent was ultimately issued. This provisional remedy is not available "unless the invention as claimed in the patent is substantially identical to the invention as claimed in the published patent application." "This analysis requires a comparison of the scope of the claims in the patent application and the issued patent." Although an "amendment that merely clarifies the terms of a claim is not a substantial change . an amendment that narrows the scope of a claim is, a substantial change." Because the determination of provisional rights involves the construction and comparison of the application and the patent and considers no additional evidence, it, like claim construction, is a question of law.
I. Patent Validity
Whether a claim satisfies the enablement requirement of 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1 is a question of law, but it is based on the underlying facts. A patent enjoys a presumption of validity. A party seeking to destroy this presumption must do so with clear and convincing evidence of invalidity. Clear and convincing evidence exists when the movant "placets] in the mind of the ultimate fact finder an abiding conviction that the truth of its factual contentions are 'highly probable.' " This high burden generally makes summary judgment on validity issues more likely for patentees than accused infringers.
"The 'enablement requirement is satisfied when one skilled in the art, after reading the specification, could practice the claimed invention without undue experimentation.' " Further, "[t]he full scope of the claimed invention must. be enabled." Whether the amount of experimentation necessary is "undue" is also "a question of law that [the Federal Circuit] review[s] de novo, based on underlying factual inquiries that [are] reviewed] for clear error.' " The Federal Circuit has identified eight factors for courts to consider in making such a determination: (1) the quantity of experimentation necessary; (2) the amount of direction or guidance . presented; (3) the presence or absence of working examples; (4) the nature of the invention; (5) the state of the prior art; (6) the relative skill of those in the art; (7) the predictability or unpredictability of the art; and (8) the breadth of the claims. A court need not consider all of these "Wands factors," but rather only those relevant to the facts of the case. "[I]t is axiomatic that if no methodology existed by which the invention could be practiced, the claims are not enabled."
J. Patent Infringement
Determination of infringement involves two steps: (1) construing the terms of the asserted claims; and (2) determining whether the accused method infringes the claims as construed. Claim construction is a question of law, and infringement is a question of fact. Infringement occurs when a properly construed claim "reads on" the accused product. Summary judgment on the ground of non-infringement of a patent may be granted where the patentee's proof is deficient in meeting an essential part of the legal standard for infringement liability.
A plaintiff may establish infringement either by proving literal infringement or by using the doctrine of equivalents. To prove literal infringement, the patentee must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the device accused of infringement contains every limitation in the asserted claims. This applies to both method claims and apparatus claims. "For process patent or method patent claims, infringement occurs when a party performs all of the steps of the process." "An infringement issue is properly decided upon summary judgment when no reasonable jury could find that every limitation recited in the properly construed claim either is or is not found in the accused device."
A plaintiff may demonstrate contributory infringement by proving that the defendant "sells, or offers to sell, a material or apparatus for use in practicing a patented process." Further, "[t]hat 'material or apparatus' must be a material part of the invention, have no substantial noninfringing uses, and be known (by the [defendant]) 'to be especially made or especially adapted for use in an infringement of such patent.' " A plaintiff may establish induced infringement if it can "show direct infringement, and that the alleged infringer 'knowingly induced infringement and possessed specific intent to encourage another's infringement.' "
K. Inequitable Conduct
As the Federal Circuit stated in Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., "[Unequitable conduct is an equitable defense to patent infringement that, if proved, bars enforcement of a patent." Due to its far-reaching consequences, a finding of inequitable conduct "is the 'atomic bomb' of patent law." It is for this reason that counterclaims of inequitable conduct have become "a common litigation tactic" — claims are "routinely brought on 'the slenderest grounds' " ' and have "plagued not only the courts but also the entire patent system."
All individuals associated with the filing and prosecution of a patent are under a duty to disclose to the patent examiner all information material to the patent-ability of the claimed invention. This duty does not extend, however, to prior art already considered by or known to the patent examiner, who is deemed to have considered a reference listed in a search report if she initials the search history containing the reference, or the actual reference itself in the search history.
A party that brings a claim of inequitable conduct based on non-disclosure of prior art must present "clear and convincing evidence . that the applicant made a deliberate decision to 'Withhold a known material referencet" -Materiality and intent are separate requirements. With regards to intent, the Federal Circuit has explained:
Because direct evidence of deceptive intent is rare, a district court may infer intent from indirect and circumstantial evidence. However, to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard, the specific intent to deceive must be the
single most reasonable inference able to be drawn from the evidence. Indeed, the evidence must be sufficient to require a finding of deceitful intent in the light of all the circumstances. Hence, when there , are multiple reasonable inferences that may be drawn, intent to deceive cannot be found.
Materiality is generally determined on a but-for basis — ah inequitable conduct claim will fail unless "the [United States Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") ] would not have allowed a claim had it been aware of the undiscloséd prior art." However, "[w]hen the patentee has engaged in affirmative acts of egregious misconduct," the misconduct is itself material, and the accused infringer need not establish but-for materiality. This is because "a patentee is unlikely to go to great lengths to deceive the PTO with a falsehood unless it believes that the falsehood will affect issuance of the patent."
V. DISCUSSION
A. Unfair Competition and False Designation of Origin Under the Lanham Act
1. Trade Dress
a. Descriptions of the Claimed Trade Dress
Medisim defines its trade dress as its unique product configuration and distine tive packaging design. Medisim describes its product configuration as:
[A] predominantly white teardrop[-]shaped device with light blue accents surrounding the elongated probe, and a body in an oval shape on which is centered a square LCD display, with a light blue on/off switch positioned above the LCD display.
BestMed's forehead thermometer also contains these features.
Medisim also identifies two packaging designs which it asserts are distinctive and unique to forehead thermometers. The first is the packaging in which the digital temple thermometer was sold in CVS stores. Medisim describes its features as follows:
[On the front] a rectangular box with a device-shaped cutaway covered by clear plastic to facilitate display of the device inside; the name of the product displayed in the upper left hand corner and a banner in the upper right hand corner bearing the word "NEW!" in red with a yellow background; a red band below this text that is pierced by the tip of the probe; promotional information about the product displayed to the right of the device cutaway; and a picture of a child having temperature taken with the device in the bottom right hand corner; [On the back] the name of the product displayed along the top; a rectangular graphic displaying and describing the function of the device; and a recitation of how to use the device corresponding to a labeled photograph of the device.
In addition, the package displays "CVS Pharmacy" in red lettering on a white-background on the top left corner of both the front and the back. The second packaging design Medisim identifies as distinctive is the packaging in which the thermometer was sold in Rite Aid pharmacies. Medisim describes its features as follows:
[On the front] a clear plastic clamshell box having an arch-shaped top, a protruding semicircular base that does not support the device, and a device-shaped recess that displays the device positioned at a 45° angle; the name of the product displayed in the upper right hand corner at a slight upward angle over a similarly oriented rainbow-spectrum band; and the protruding semicircular base displaying promotional language; [On the back] the name of the product in the upper right hand corner at a slight upward angle over a similarly oriented rainbow-spectrum band stating "Non-Invasive;" a rectangular graphic displaying and describing the function of the device; a recitation of how to use the device corresponding to a labeled photograph of the device; and two pictures of a child having temperature taken with the device in the bottom right hand corner.
In addition, the package displays the Rite Aid logo on the top left corner of both the front and back. In both cases,- the packaging in which BestMed sold K-Jump-manufactured thermometers to CVS and Rite Aid respectively contains all of the features articulated by Medisim and has a strikingly similar overall look and appearance.
BestMed asserts that throughout the litigation, Medisim "ignored [its] duty" to articulate the features of its product and packaging that it alleges are distinctive. BestMed argues that Medisim's articulation of these features in its opposition to summary judgment is untimely, and that because Medisim failed to describe its allegedly protectable interest sooner, I should ignore its attempts to do so now. If BestMed believed Medisim's trade dress claims were legally deficient because they were too vague, then BestMed could have moved to dismiss these claims. Instead, BestMed waited until summary judgment to raise this challenge. BestMed argues that by waiting until the close of discovery to articulate a protectable interest, Medisim "unfairly deprive[d] BestMed of fact and expert discovery on the previously unidentified features." Yet the lack of fact and expert discovery on these features is a greater impediment to Medisim than BestMed — Medisim carries the burden of proving that these features are distinctive, non-functional, and likely to cause confusion.
b. Evidence of Distinctiveness
Medisim argues that because its product packaging is inherently distinctive, it is not required to prove secondary meaning in order to obtain protection. The Second Circuit has explained that because "the varieties of labels and packaging available to wholesalers and manufacturers are virtually unlimited . a product's trade dress typically will be arbitrary or fanciful and meet the inherently distinctive requirement for § 43(a) protection." Still, the Second Circuit cautioned that this principle "is [not] hard and fast, and analysis will always require a look at the product and the market in which it competes." Best-Med asserts that Medisim has skipped this step — that because Medisim has not provided an analysis of its product packaging's features relative to the marketplace, it has failed to provide sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that its trade dress is inherently distinctive. In support of this, Best-Med cites Mana Products, Inc. v. Columbia Cosmetics Manufacturing, Inc., in which the Second Circuit allowed that "where it is the custom in a particular industry to package products in a similar manner, a trade dress done in that style is likely to be generic." Mana Products is easily distinguishable, however, in that the trade dresses at issue were black square/rectangular cosmetic compacts which the Second Circuit described as "well-established industry custom" for which the design possibilities were "limited" and "commonplace." Here, a virtually infinite array of colors, shapes, and text descriptions were available to both BestMed and Medisim.
Still, there is a fatal defect in Medisim's trade dress claim: the fundamental test of distinctiveness is whether a trade dress " 'serves to identify its particular source.' " Medisim's packaging does not identify Medisim as the source of the digital thermometer — indeed, Medisim is not mentioned anywhere on the package. Although in some instances a mark identifying goods as emanating from a particular anonymous source may be entitled to protection, Medisim's packaging does identify a brand: CVS, Rite Aid, or another retailer. Medisim has provided no evidence that consumers are aware of or care about the identity of those who manufacture products carrying CVS or Rite Aid labels. Nor has Medisim cited any cases in which a manufacturer's trade 'dress was held to be entitled to Lanham Act protection' notwithstanding that the trade dress identified the retailer and not the manufacturer.
With regard to the product configuration, Medisim argues that its trade dress has secondary meaning, rather than being inherently distinctive. While several of the six factors relevant to whether a trade dress has acquired distinctiveness through secondary meaning weigh in Medisim's favor, the same defect persists: Medisim has provided no support for its contention that its trade dress is entitled to protection even though it identifies the retailer rather than Medisim. Medisim has failed to provide any consumer studies linking the mark to it, and it is difficult to envision how consumers would identify the packaging with an unidentified manufacturer.
Because Medisim has failed to define a protectable interest under the Lanham Act, I need not consider likelihood of confusion or the functionality of the trade dresses' features. Accordingly, Medisim's Lanham Act claims based on their product configuration and packaging are dismissed.
2. The CVS SKU
At the pre-motion conference, Medisim identified the CVS SKU as a protectable interest. BestMed articulated a number of reasons why an SKU is neither inherently distinctive nor a protectable interest under the Lanham Act. Medisim did not respond directly to these arguments, and only referred to the SKU as evidence of BestMed's intentional copying. Because Medisim has offered no evidence either that its SKU is either a protectable interest or that BestMed's use of the same SKU is likely to lead to consumer confusion, any trade dress claim based on the SKU is dismissed.
B. Unfair Competition Under New York Common Law
The lack of evidence of secondary meaning is not fatal to Medisim's common law trade dress claim. However, in addition to likelihood of confusion, Medisim must also provide evidence of bad faith. BestMed argues that Medisim never pled a New York common law trade dress infringement claim, and cannot add such a claim now. However, the Complaint did include a claim for unfair competition under New York common law, and it did allege all of the elements of trade dress infringement under New York law. As trade dress infringement is a species of unfair competition, Medisim has sufficiently pled this cause of action.
1. Likelihood of Confusion
Medisim has no evidence to support findings in its favor for several of the Polaroid factors, in particular the strength of its mark and the quality of BestMed's product. However, Medisim has provided evidence supporting findings that: (1) there is a high degree of similarity between Medisim's trade dress and Best-Med's trade dress; (2) the products are in competitive proximity; (3) the gap has been bridged; and (4) BestMed acted with bad faith. BestMed argues that because Medisim's expert on likelihood of confusion was excluded, Medisim cannot demonstrate actual confusion. Even if BestMed is correct, actual confusion is only one of the Polaroid factors, and the Second Circuit has repeatedly stated that no one factor is dispositive. Accordingly, Medisim has offered sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that there is a likelihood of confusion between its trade dress and BestMed's.
2. Bad Faith
Medisim offers the following evidence of BestMed's bad faith: (1) testimony from BestMed that it desired the shape and packaging of the K-Jump-manufactured thermometers to appear similar to the shape and packaging of Medisim's product; (2) testimony from BestMed that it asked K-Jump to copy the exact "beep sequence" of the Medisim device; (3) testimony from BestMed that it sent K-Jump an instruction manual from a Medisim thermometer so that it could closely copy the device's operation; and (4) BestMed's use of the same SKU to sell its thermometer to CVS. In sum, there is sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that the similarities between Medisim's device/packaging and K-Jump's device/packaging were a result of Best-Med's direct and intentional efforts. Accordingly, summary judgment on Medisim's New York unfair competition/trade dress claim is denied.
C. False Advertising Under the Lanham Act
1. Standing
To demonstrate standing under the Lanham Act, Medisim must articulate both a reasonable interest to be protected and a reasonable basis for believing that this interest will be damaged by Best-Med's allegedly false advertising. Medisim argues that its "reasonable interest[s] to be protected" are: (1) its "commercial and pecuniary interests in selling its products"; and (2) "maintaining its commercial reputation." Potential future sales are a reasonable interest. However, because Medisim has no name recognition in the consumer market and its name does not appear on its own trade dress, it has no commercial reputation to be damaged.
Medisim argues that it has a reasonable basis to believe that BestMed's allegedly false advertising will result in damage to Medisim's reputation "because a customer who purchases Medisim's device expects to receive Medisim's high quality product, not BestMed's inferior Accused Device." This argument is misguided for four reasons. First, Medisim has not provided evidence that it has any reputation in the marketplace, let alone a reputation for "high quality produce[s]." Second, Medisim has offered no evidence that purchasers of thermometers are repeat customers such that past experiences with products are likely to affect future purchasing decisions. Third, in arguing that dissatisfaction with a BestMed thermometer is likely to impact a consumer's impression of Medisim, Medisim is effectively arguing that there is a likelihood of confusion. But this is not a false advertising argument. Rather, it is a backdoor attempt to introduce a trade dress argument. Fourth, Medisim has offered no evidence that BestMed's product is inferior.
Aside from its reputational concerns, Medisim also argues that it has a reasonable basis to believe that BestMed's allegedly false advertising will harm its commercial interests by causing it to lose potential sales. However, the evidence Medisim provides pertains only to potential lost sales stemming from a "likelihood of confusion between Medisim's thermometer and the Accused Device." This is effectively another trade dress argument, not a false advertising one. And because the allegedly false advertising is "non-comparative" in that it "tout[s] the benefits of the product advertised but ma[kes] no direct reference to any competitor's product," Medisim must offer some evi dence of " 'actual injury and causation.' " As Medisim has failed to do so, it lacks standing to bring a Lanham Act false advertising claim.
2. Falsity and Likelihood of Misleading Consumers
Assuming arguendo that Medisim had standing to bring its false advertising claim, it must offer evidence that Best-Med's allegedly false advertisement was either literally false or likely to mislead consumers. The only statement that Medisim identifies as a false advertisement is BestMed's statement that its thermometer "rapidly tracks heat flow."
When BestMed distributed Medisim's thermometer, it used the same "rapidly tracks heat flow" phrasing on its packaging. Medisim asserts that this phrase described the "heat flux" method performed by the two-sensor Medisim device. Although BestMed's K-Jump-manufactured device has one sensor and does not perform a "heat flux" calculation, its package also proclaims that it "rapidly tracks heat flow." Medisim argues that because "rapidly tracks heat flow" is synonymous with "performs a heat flux calculation," Best-Med's advertising statement is literally false. BestMed, in turn, argues that Medisim has no evidence or expert analysis supporting its assertion that the statements are synonymous.
Even were BestMed's statement literally false, Medisim would still need evidence that it was material, i.e. that it was likely to influence purchasing decisions. Medisim has offered no evidence that consumers are more likely to purchase thermometers that "rapidly track heat flow" than those that do not. Nor has Medisim provided evidence that consumers view that statement as synonymous with performing a heat flux calculation (let alone that consumers know or care what a heat flux calculation is). In sum, Medisim has failed to provide evidence that BestMed's statement is false in a way that is likely to influence consumer behavior.
D. False Advertising and Deceptive Acts Under New York Law
New York GBL sections 349 and 350 are consumer-oriented statutes. Medisim's claims under both statutes fail because " 'the gravamen of [its] complaint' " is its harm to Medisim's interests, not " 'consumer injury or harm to the public interest.' " Although Medisim made no mention of consumer injury or public harm in its Complaint, it now argues that such harm will result if consumers are misled into buying BestMed's product when they really desire Medisim's product. Even if Medisim has proof of this contention, it would be insufficient as section 350 requires "'substantial injury to the public over and above ordinary trademark infringement.' " Medisim also speculates that public harm will result if consumers are misled "into buying an inferior thermometer that may pose a risk to consumer safety." Medisim's speculation is not evidence, and Medisim's lack of proof of public harm is fatal to its section 349 and 350 claims, both of which are dismissed.
E. Unjust Enrichment
An unjust enrichment claim requires only that defendant was enriched at plaintiffs' expense, and that it would be inequitable to allow defendant to retain the proceeds. Medisim has presented enough evidence to survive summary judgment on its unjust enrichment claim. BestMed's sole argument in opposition is that the claim must be dismissed because it is "merely a catch-all for [Medisim's] other causes of action" and therefore preempted. Where a party's unjust enrichment claim is merely duplicative of its copyright infringement cause of action, it is preempted. However, the Lanham Act does not preempt state law. Hence, even if Medisim's unjust enrichment claim duplicates its Lanham act claims — Medisim argues that it does not — dismissal of Medisim's unjust enrichment claim is not warranted.
F. Availability of Statutory Damages
Medisim's copyright registration claims a first publication date of July 1, 2005. The allegedly infringing work was published in May 2009, and Medisim registered its work on December 2, 2009. Thus, even if BestMed's thermometer instructions infringe on Medisim's thermometer instructions, the infringement commenced after first publication of the work, but before the registration of the work. Because the registration was made more than three months after the first publication of the work, neither statutory damages nor attorney's fees are available to Medisim. BestMed also now argues that Medisim has no evidence that it is entitled to compensatory damages. I decline to consider this argument as Best-Med is making it for the first time in its reply brief, and Medisim has not had the opportunity to respond. In sum, Best-Med's claim for statutory damages and attorney's fees is dismissed.
G. Provisional Rights
BestMed argues that because the Complaint includes no prayer for relief under section 154(d)(2) of Title 35 of the United States Code, Medisim's provisional rights claim should be denied. Medisim's failure to specifically reference.section 154(d)(2) in the prayer for relief is immaterial, as it is well-settled that "final judgment shall grant all the relief to which a plaintiff is entitled, whether or not demanded in [its] pleadings."
BestMed argues that the '710 application is not substantially identical to the '668 Patent, and that Medisim is therefore not entitled to provisional rights. BestMed refers to "numerous amendments," but gives only one example: the removal of the phrase "using a function comprising time-dependent parameters" from independent claims 1 and 21, and the addition of that phrase to dependent claims 36 and 37. BestMed asserts that this change necessarily broadened the scope of the patent because dependent claims are presumed to be narrower than independent claims. What BestMed failed to mention is that claims 1 and 21 still require the determination of "time-dependent parameters" and refer to conducting calculations based on those parameters. Medisim argues that the deletions were made to reduce redundancy and — given the ongoing presence' of language concerning "time-dependent pararemeters" — did not affect the scope of the claims. Medisim is correct, and I construe both the '710 application and the '668 Patent as requiring that a thermometer use time-dependent parameters to calculate a local temperature. Because BestMed has not demonstrated any way in which the '710 application is not substantially identical to the '668 Patent, Medisim may be entitled to damages during the provisional rights period.
H. Patent Validity
The asserted claims require the calculation of both deep tissue temperature and core body temperature using temperature readings from "one or more temperature sensors." In my Markman opinion, I construed this phrase to mean "one or more thermistor or resistance temperature defectors (RTDs), or any form of thermistor, temperature sensor, or thermocouple." BestMed asserts that because the '668 Patent fails to teach the use of a single temperature sensor to calculate deep tissue and core body temperature without undue experimentation, the '668 Patent does not enable- the full scope of its claims and is invalid.
However, BestMed cannot win summary judgment unless it meets its "evidentiary burden to show facts supporting a conclusion of invalidity [by] clear and convincing evidence."
The only specific algorithm referred to by the '668 Patent for calculating deep tissue temperature is in U.S. Patent 6,280,-397 ("the '397 Patent"). The '668 Patent's reference to the '397 Patent explicitly allows for the possibility that the algorithm might utilize readings from only one sensor:
The '397 algorithm is based on solving a heat conduction equation by utilizing multiple temperature readings, preferably, though not necessarily, from more than one sensor. Alternatively, algorithms based on prediction and/or heat conduction may be used to determine the local temperature from sensor temperature readings. In the next column, the '668 Patent makes this more explicit by stating that "[alternative empirical formulas may be derived . for probes with one sensor." BestMed argues that these general suggestions that one could develop an algorithm are insufficient — that the full scope of the claim is not enabled because the patent does not give any guidance as to how to derive an algorithm for a probe with one sensor. The relevant question is whether one reasonably skilled in the art could derive such an algorithm without undue experimentation.
In support of its argument that undue experimentation would be required, Best-Med offers evidence pertaining to several of the Wands factors. Specifically, BestMed offers evidence that: (1) a great deal of experimentation would be necessary (relevant to Wands factor 1 — "the quantity of experimentation necessary"); (2) the '668 Patent gives little guidance as to how one would derive an empirical formula for a thermometer with one sensor (relevant to Wands factor 2 — "the amount of direction or guidance presented"); (3) the '668 Patent does not provide any working examples of a thermometer using one sensor to calculate deep tissue temperature (relevant to Wands factor 3 — "the presence or absence of working examples"); and (4) the prior art fails to teach how to use a single sensor to determine deep tissue temperature (relevant to Wands factor 5 — "the state of the prior art").
There is still a disputed issue of fact, however, for three reasons: (1) BestMed faces a very high evidentiary burden, and even though Goldberg — BestMed's expert — may testify on enablement, Medisim may ultimately discredit that testimony on cross-examination; (2) Yarden — the inventor of the '668 Patent — may testify on enablement; and (3) Lipson — Medisim's expert — may offer his opinion that the '668 Patent enables the full scope of its claims.
Goldberg's opinion that undue experimentation is required does not provide clear and convincing evidence of enablement. In denying Medisim's motion to strike portions of Goldberg's report, I noted:
The fact that Goldberg relied on arguably outdated materials provided to him by BestMed does not mean that he used unreliable methods. Instead, it indicates that his ultimate conclusions may be incorrect. Such a concern, however, goes to the weight to be accorded an opinion, not to its admissibility. Medisim can fully address its concerns regarding this portion of Goldberg's report on cross-examination, but it will not be stricken on this motion.
In light of this,, it would be inappropriate to grant summary judgment on enablement and deprive Medisim of the opportunity to argue that Goldberg's opinion should be accorded little weight.
BestMed contends that Yarden's testimony on enablement is impermissible expert opinion. However, inventors may testify about matters within their personal knowledge, even if those matters touch upon technical issues. At the pre-motion conference, I clarified that while Yarden cannot offer an expert opinion, he can offer testimony on enablement:
[BestMed] says it is an opinion [Yarden] can't- give. I'm not so sure it is an opinion. He is the inventor, he can talk about the ability to enable what he writes to practice, to reduce it to practice. That's all enablement is, isn't it? He can say that is . not an opinion, that, sounds like a fact. In his declaration, Yarden offers such testimony.
In my Daubert opinion, I held that Lip-son relied on appropriate materials and applied the relevant law in reaching his conclusion that the '668 Patent enables the full scope of its claims. Between my Daubert and Reconsideration opinions, I conducted two full rounds of analysis of the expert reports and the parties' arguments as to why they should be excluded. At the pre-motion conference, I made it crystal clear that I would not do a third round of Daubert analysis. And yet, in blatant contravention of my warning, Best- Med repeatedly raises Daubert arguments, while insisting that it is not. Indeed, BestMed spends fifteen of the thirty-five pages in its Memorandum of Law addressing Lipson's opinions in one way or another.
BestMed appears to be either unwilling or unable to understand the combined effect of my prior rulings. In the Daubert opinion, the only portion of Lipson's report that I struck was his opinion that Best-Med's KD-2201 meets the deep tissue temperature limitation of the '668 Patent. I reconsidered this ruling and ultimately held that Lipson may testify that the KD-2201 meets the deep tissue temperature limitation of the '668 Patent, but that he may only do so on the basis of certain materials (and not on the basis of his own empirical testing). The sum of these opinions is that Lipson may testify as to all of his conclusions. One of these conclusions is his opinion that "it would not have taken undue experimentation to develop a single sensor thermometer with a predictive algorithm using the teaching of '668 to determine a local deep tissue temperature and correcting that to estimate a core body temperature."
BestMed has not come close to meeting its high evidentiary burden. Not only will Medisim have the opportunity to cross-examine Goldberg (BestMed's expert), but the combination of Yarden's declaration and Lipson's report are sufficient to create a material issue of fact on enablement. Accordingly, BestMed's motion for summary judgment on validity is denied.
I. Patent Infringement
1. The Apparatus Claim
Claim 1 of the '668 Patent — the apparatus claim — requires that the device "calculate a core body temperature by correcting for a difference between the core body temperature and the deep tissue temperature." BestMed concedes that its device measures a surface temperature of the skin and calculates a body temperature based in part on the skin's surface temperature. BestMed argues that Medisim lacks evidence that the temperature produced by the accused device is a reliable estimation or approximation of core body temperature obtained by "correcting for a difference between the core body temperature and the deep tissue temperature." In response, Medisim offers Lip-son's testimony. In my Daubert opinion, I ruled that Lipson may testify that the KD-2201 meets the core body temperature limitation of the '668 Patent, and that Lip-son's testing methodology is not flawed. BestMed responds by finely parsing the relevant claim language into three parts: (1) obtaining deep tissue temperature; (2) performing a particular type of calculation; and (3) arriving at a core body temperature.
When it derived the calculation algorithms for the accused device, K-Jump performed clinical trials in which it gathered data on measurements of subjects' skin temperature, oral temperature, and corresponding ambient temperature. Best-Med asserts that core body temperature can only be measured with a pulmonary catheter, and that because it calibrated its algorithm with oral temperature measurements, its device does not "correct for a difference between the core body temperature and the deep tissue temperature." In essence, BestMed is arguing that the accused device calculates only oral temperature, not core body temperature. This is a distinction without a difference. In my Markmdn opinion, I'defined "calculation" as "using a computation to estimate, approximate, predict or determine." Medisim has offered ample evidence that oral temperature is an approximation of core body temperature. In arguing that its device does not infringe the '668 Patent because it only approximates core body temperature, BestMed is ignoring the holding of my Markman opinion.
BestMed also implies that Lipson's expert testimony does nothing to support Medisim's infringement claim. It is undisputed that one way to obtain a deep tissue temperature is through the zero heat flux method, which requires two sensors. Lip-son's opinion that it is also possible to measure deep tissue temperature via a thermo-equilibrium method such as that employed by BestMed's one-sensor thermometer rests on two bases: (1) his own empirical testing; and (2) the 510(k) letters. In my Daubert rulings, I held that Lipson could offer his opinion but only based on the 510(k) letters. In the 510(k) letters and in their own testimony, BestMed and K-Jump provide evidence that the K-Jump-manufactured device measures something close to deep tissue temperature, and operates in a way that is "technically identical" to Medisim's. In sum, Medisim has offered sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that the accused device infringes every limitation of claim 1 of the '668 Patent.
2. The Method Claim
The first step of the method detailed in Claim 21 is "applying the probe . to an external surface of a body of a subject." In order to directly infringe a method claim, a party must perform every claimed step. BestMed argues that because the first step is carried out by a user and because the remaining steps are carried out by the thermometer's 'processing unit, "no party can perform all of the claimed steps and there can be no direct infringement." Not only does this argument defy common sense, it is also unsupported by either the law or the facts.
First, Medisim provides direct evidence that BestMed employees tested the accused device on themselves. Such evidence supports an inference that BestMed "applied the probe . to an external surface of a body of a subject," performed every step in the claimed method, and thus infringed the '668 Patent. In addition, BestMed's own packaging offers an example of a BestMed representative carrying out all steps of claim 21: the packaging
depicts a child applying the K-Jump-manufactured thermometer to his forehead, and the thermometer in the image is providing a reading. This illustrates that the other steps of the claimed method have been carried out.
Second, even were there no evidence that BestMed directly infringed, there is evidence that it instructed its customers to do so and that it therefore may be liable for contributory infringement and induced infringement. "[D]ireet evidence of infringement, as opposed to circumstantial evidence, is not necessary[,]" and Medisim has provided circumstantial evidence that customers who bought the K-Jump-manufactured device infringed the method claims at BestMed's direction. In sum, Medisim has not only offered evidence that BestMed infringed claim 21, but it has also offered evidence of both contributory and induced infringement. Accordingly, BestMed's motion for summary judgment of non-infringement is denied.
J. Inequitable Conduct
Medisim is moving to dismiss BestMed's claim that Medisim engaged in inequitable conduct. BestMed alleges that Yarden engaged in inequitable conduct by: (1) not disclosing Medisim's pre-critical date commercial activities regarding the FHT-1 and FHT-2 to the PTO; (2) omitting two patents from his Information Disclosure Statement ("IDS") to the PTO; and (3) misrepresenting the prior art that he did disclose. A party seeking to establish inequitable conduct faces a heavy burden, and BestMed has not provided evidence sufficient to meet this burden with regard to any of its three allegations.
1. Pre-Critical Date Commercial Activities
BestMed asserts that Medisim's FHT-1 and FHT-2 thermometers were prior art that either fell within the claims of the '668 Patent or rendered them obvious. BestMed further contends that Yarden intentionally withheld information regarding Medisim's pre-critical date sales of the FHT-l/FHT-2 devices so as to dupe the PTO into issuing the '668 Patent. However, BestMed has failed to provide any evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that Yarden: (1) believed the FHT-l/FHT-2 were material to the '668 Patent; or (2) intentionally concealed commercial activities from the PTO.
Yarden has repeatedly arid consistently testified to his belief. that the FHT-1 and FHT-2 devices do not calculate deep tissue temperature' — and therefore are not the invention embodied in the '668 Patent. BestMed argues that the devices do calculate deep tissue temperature, and it cites to Goldberg's expert report. Goldberg's opinion may be relevant to whether Yarden was wrong, but it-is irrelevant to whether Yarden believed, the devices were covered by the '668 Patent and intentionally withheld information regarding their sales so as to deceive the PTO. BestMed then asserts that Yarden has been inconsistent and at least once indicated a belief that the FHT1 calculates deep tissue temperature. However, none of the evidence that BestMed cites in support of this assertion mentions "deep tissue temperature," and thus, none of the evidence BestMed offers supports an inference that Yarden made a deliberate attempt to deceive the PTO. Moreover, it is undisputed that the '397 Patent covers the technology-utilized by the FHT-1 and FHT-2 thermometers. If Yarden believed that the FHT-l/FHT-2 — and by extension the '397 Patent — were prior art that either fell within or made obvious the '-668 Patent, then he would not have felt-it necessary to apply for the '668 Patent at all. The fact that he applied for the '668 Patent, and specifically referred to the '397 Patent in the specification, indicates a belief that the '668 Patent 'covers new technology not within the ambit of the '397 Patent. In sum, BestMed has not provided evidence sufficient to "require a finding of deceitful intent in the light of all the circumstances."
BestMed lacks not only evidence of a deliberate attempt to mislead the PTO but also of materiality. During the prosecution of the '668 Patent, Medisim disclosed the FHT-1 through U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/572,651 ("the '651 Provisional"). Medisim has offered evidence that the PTO examiner considered the '651 Provisional, establishing that he was aware of the FHT-1. Even if Yarden believed the FHT-1 was material pri- or art, and even if he intended to deceive the PTO, there can be no "but for" materiality when the patent issued over the disclosed reference.
2. Omission of Two Patents from the IDS
BestMed asserts that U.S. Patents 5,199,436 ("the '436 Patent") and 6,059,452 ("the '452 Patent") were material and prior art. Even if BestMed is correct, it must also produce evidence establishing that (1) these patents were material; arid (2) Yarden was aware of these patents and knew that they were material.
As evidence that Yarden intentionally hid these two patents from the PTO, BestMed asserts that the patents were found "after a patent search conducted at the behest of Yarden by [Medisim employee] Han Vadai," and that "Yarden instructed a Medisim employee to order and purchase [the two patents]." The only evidence that BestMed offers for these assertions is an e-mail from Vadai to Medisim employee Yona Sasson forwarding a patent search order form. This is only proof that Vadai — not Yarden — requested that these patents be ordered. The e-mail fails to support Best-Med's assertions that Yarden directed Vadai to conduct a patent search or that Vadai ever shared copies of these patents with Yarden.
Even were Vadai's lone e-mail sufficient to support an inference that Yarden knew about the '436 and '452 patents, any duty to disclose them to the PTO was obviated by the fact that the PTO examiner found and considered them on his own, as indicated in his search notes. There is no duty to disclose references of which an examiner is already aware. BestMed's assertion that "Yarden would not even have had the examiner's internal Search Notes, and therefore, would never have seen the '436 or '452 Patents mentioned therein" is undercut by the fact that the search notes were appended to the July 9, 2008 office action rejection that was mailed to Yarden's counsel during the prosecution of the '668 Patent. Accordingly, Best-Med has failed to provide evidence demonstrating that Yarden knew about these patents, believed them to be material, and deliberately withheld them from the PTO.
3. Yarden's Representations of the Prior Art
During the prosecution of the '668 Patent, the PTO rejected the claims as anticipated or obvious in view of U.S. Patent Application Publication 2005/0043631 by Fraden ("Fraden"). Medisim's attorney responded with arguments as to why Fraden did not anticipate the '668 Patent. When the PTO again rejected the claims, Medisim's attorney responded with arguments that BestMed asserts were inconsistent with its prior arguments. Even were BestMed correct, inconsistency in attorney arguments are not factual misrepresentations and cannot serve as the basis of an inequitable conduct claim. As the Federal Circuit explained in a similar situation:
The district court found, with limited discussion, that '[wjithout question, [the inventor's] statements are affirmative misstatements of material fact.' We do not agree. Those statements are attorney argument, attempting to distinguish the claims from the prior art, not gross mischaracterizations or unreasonable interpretations of the [a particular reference].
The examiner had the [reference] to refer to during the reexamination proceeding and initially rejected [the claim] based on that reference. [The inventor] argued against the rejection, and the examiner was free to reach his own conclusions and accept or reject [the inventor's] arguments. We therefore fail to see how the statements in the [inventor's response to the initial rejection], which consist of attorney argument and an interpretation of what the prior art discloses, constitute affirmative misrepresentations of material fact.
As BestMed has failed to provide any evidence of an attempt to deceive, its inequitable conduct claim is dismissed.
YI. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the following claims brought by Medisim are dismissed: (1) Lanham Act Unfair Competition and False Designation of Origin; (2) Lanham Act False Advertising; (3) New York False Advertising; (4) New York Deceptive Acts. BestMed's inequitable conduct .claim is also dismissed. Partial summary judgment is granted with respect to Medisim's copyright claim, in that Medisim is not entitled to statutory damages or attorney's fees. Summary judgment is denied with respect to the following Medisim claims: (1) New York Unfair Competition; (2) Unjust Enrichment; (3) damages during the provisional rights period; (4) the validity of the '668 Patent; and (5) patent infringement. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close these motions (Docket Nos. 89 and 94). Given the zealousness of BestMed's efforts in bringing all of these attacks — despite the Court's pre-motion discussion — BestMed's counsel should think long and hard before making a motion for reconsideration. The Court has now twice considered BestMed's arguments. A third consideration will be useless unless BestMed can meet the high standard required in such a motion (i.e. that the Court overlooked controlling decisions or data that might reasonably be expected to alter its conclusions). A conference is scheduled for December 3 at 4:30pm in Courtroom 15C.
SO ORDERED:
. See Complaint and Answer for Jury Trial ("Complaint") ¶ 24-69.
. See Second Amended Answer, Affirmative Defenses and Counterclaims ("Am. Answer") ¶ 81-237.
. See 6/29/12 Hearing Tr., at 28:1-6.
. I note that Medisim raised two grounds for moving for summary judgment in its preconference letter. See 6/\%/12 Letter from Scott S. Christie to the Court, at 3. Unlike BestMed, it moved on only one of those grounds.
. The following facts are derived from the Complaint, the Amended Answer, and the parties' Rule 56.1 statements and supporting documents. The facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted; where disputed, they are construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See, e.g., Federal Ins. Co. v. American Home Assurance Co., 639 F.3d 557, 566 (2d Cir.2011).
. See Complaint V 9; Am. Answer ¶ 9; Best-Med LLC's Statement of Undisputed Material Facts Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 56.1 ("BestMed 56.1") ¶ 23.
. See Complaint ¶ 10; Am. Answer ¶ 9, 10. Medisim further asserts that BestMed had access to "confidential and/or proprietary information belonging to Medisim," but BestMed denies this allegation. Id.
. BestMed 56.1 ¶ 27-29.
. Complaint ¶ 8; Am. Answer ¶ 8; Medisim's Local Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct ("Medisim IC 56.1") ¶ 1; Declaration of Moshe Yarden in Support of Medisim Ltd.'s Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct ('Yarden Deck") ¶ 1.
. See Medisim IC 56.1 ¶ 2, 3.
. See Am. Answer. ¶ 9.
. Complaint ¶ 11.
. See id. ¶ 11-13.
. See id. ¶ 15-16, 21-22.
. See id. ¶ 14.
. See id. ¶ 17.
. Id.
. See Am. Answer ¶ 11-16.
. '668 Patent, Ex. A to Affirmation of Keith J. McWha in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment of' No Inequitable Conduct ("McWha IC Aff."), at col. 111. 12-13.
. See id, col. 1 11. 13-38.
. See id. col. 1 11. 54-60.
. See Medisim Ltd. v. BestMed LLC, No. 10 Civ. 2463, 2010 WL 2697073 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2010).
. See Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 384, 390-91, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996).
. Medisim Ltd. v. BestMed LLC, No. 10 Civ. 2463, 2011 WL 2693896, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2011) ("Markman Op.").
. 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469(1993).
. See Medisim Ltd. v. BestMed LLC, 861 F.Supp.2d 158, 167-74 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (''Daubert Op.'').
. See id. at 174-76.
. See Medisim Ltd. v. BestMed LLC, No. 10 Civ. 2463, 2012 WL 1450420, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2012) ("Reconsideration Op.'').
. Daubert Op., 861 F.Supp.2d at 178-80.
. Lightfoot v. Union Carbide Corp., 110 F.3d 898, 907 (2d Cir.1997).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
. Sanchez v. Connecticut Natural Gas Co., 421 Fed.Appx. 33, 34 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting Nabisco, Inc. v. Warner-Lambert Co., 220 F.3d 43, 45 (2d Cir.2000)).
. Carter v. Incorporated Vill. of Ocean Beach, 415 Fed.Appx. 290, 292 (2d Cir.2011) (quot ing McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 202 (2d Cir.2007)).
. Miner v. Clinton County, N.Y., 541 F.3d 464, 471 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted).
. Jaramillo v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 536 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir.2008).
. Mavrommatis v. Carey Limousine Westchester, Inc., 476 Fed.Appx. 462, 463-64 (2d Cir. 2011) (citing Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., L.P., 22 F.3d 1219, 1223 (2d Cir. 1994)).
. Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc., 575 F.3d 199, 204 (2d Cir.2009).
. Id.
. Brown v. Eli Lilly & Co., 654 F.3d 347, 358 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)).
. Id. (quoting Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 607 F.3d 288, 292 (2d Cir.2010)).
. Brod v. Omya, Inc., 653 F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting Williams v. R.H. Donnelley Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir.2004)).
. Kaytor v. Electric Boat Corp., 609 F.3d 537, 545 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000)) (emphasis removed).
. Brod, 653 F.3d at 164 (quoting Wilson v. Northwestern Mut. Ins. Co., 625 F.3d 54, 60 (2d Cir.2010)).
. 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a).
. See Louis Vuitton Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc., 454 F.3d 108, 115 (2d Cir.2006).
. See Thompson Med. Co. v. Pfizer, Inc., 753 F.2d 208, 217 (2d Cir.1985) ("If, however, secondary meaning cannot be established, [the product claiming protection] will be ineligible for protection, and our analysis will conclude without having to address the likelihood of confusion. Absent secondary meaning, purchasers will not associate [the product] with a particular source of origin. By definition, there could not be likelihood of confusion as to source.").
. Yurman Design, Inc. v. PAI, Inc., 262 F.3d 101, 117 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Landscape Forms, Inc. v. Columbia Cascade Co., 113 F.3d 373, 381 (2d Cir.1997)).
. See Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 769-70, 112 S.Ct. 2753, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992); Fun-Damental Too, Ltd. v. Gemmy Indus. Corp., 111 F.3d 993, 999 (2d Cir.1997).
. Fun-Damental Too, 111 F.3d at 999-1000 (citing Two Pesos, 505 U.S. at 769-70, 112 S.Ct. 2753 and LeSportsac, Inc. v. K mart Corp., 754 F.2d 71, 76 (2d Cir.1985)).
. Cartier Inc. v. Sardell Jewelry, Inc., 294 Fed.Appx. 615, 617 (2d Cir.2008).
. See Mana Prods., Inc. v. Columbia Cosmetics Mfg., Inc., 65 F.3d 1063, 1069 (2d Cir.1995) ("Granting a defendant's motion for summary judgment in an infringement action brought under the Act on the issue of whether plaintiff's product is or is not inherently distinctive is not generally favored. This is the general rule because a producer has endless options when packaging its products, so often trade dress will be arbitrary or fanciful and thus inherently distinctive.").
. Playtex Prods., Inc. v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 390 F.3d 158, 161 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Cadbury Beverages, Inc. v. Cott Corp., 73 F.3d 474, 477-78 (2d Cir.1996)). Accord Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 155 (2d Cir.2002) ("Where there is a claim of consumer confusion [as] to the association of a product or service with another person's trademark, the central inquiry is whether it is likely that 'an appreciable number of ordinarily prudent purchasers' will be misled as to the source or sponsorship of the product or service in question.") (quoting EMI Catalogue P'ship v. Hill, Holliday, Connors, Cosmopulos, Inc., 228 F.3d 56, 61-62 (2d Cir.2000)).
. Gruner + Jahr USA Publ'g v. Meredith Corp., 991 F.2d 1072, 1077 (2d Cir.1993). Moreover, regardless of the name given to the infringement claim — false designation of origin, unfair competition, or simply 'infringement' — the question under the Lanham Act and state law infringement claims is the same: is there a likelihood of confusion? See Two Pesos, Inc., 505 U.S. at 780, 112 S.Ct. 2753.
. See Lois Sportswear U.S.A., Inc. v. Levi Strauss & Co., 799 F.2d 867, 871 (2d Cir.1986).
. See KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., 543 U.S. 111, 121, 125 S.Ct. 542, 160 L.Ed.2d 440 (2004).
. See Starbucks Corp. v. Wolfe's Borough Coffee, Inc., 588 F.3d 97, 115 (2d Cir.2009) (citing Polaroid Corp. v. Polarad Elec. Corp., 287 F.2d 492, 495 (2d Cir.1961)). The Polaroid factors include: (1) strength of the plaintiff's mark; (2) degree of similarity between plaintiff's and defendant's marks; (3) the competitive proximity of the products; (4) the likelihood that either owner will bridge the gap; (5) the sophistication of the buyers; (6) the quality of defendant's product; (7) actual confusion; and (8) the existence of bad faith. See id. None of these factors is dispositive, and the above list is not exhaustive. See Streetwise Maps, Inc. v. VanDam, Inc., 159 F.3d 739, 743 (2d Cir.1998). Instead, they are intended to act "as a useful guide" in determining if there exists a likelihood of confusion. Lois Sportswear, 799 F.2d at 872.
. See Fun-Damental Too, 111 F.3d at 1003 (affirming a district court's grant of a preliminary injunction in a Lanham Act action, where the district court found actual confusion based on a sales manager's testimony regarding consumer complaints).
. Sly Magazine, LLC v. Weider Publ'ns L.L.C, 346 Fed.Appx. 721, 723 (2d Cir.2009) (quoting Jeffrey Milstein, Inc. v. Greger, Lawlor, Roth, Inc., 58 F.3d 27, 34-35 (2d Cir.1995)).
. 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B).
. Time Warner, 497 F.3d at 153.
. ITC Ltd. v. Punchgini, Inc., 482 F.3d 135, 169 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Societe Des Hotels Meridien v. LaSalle Hotel Operating P'ship, 380 F.3d 126, 130 (2d Cir.2004)).
. Id. (citing PDK Labs, Inc. v. Friedlander, 103 F.3d 1105, 1111 (2d Cir.1997)).
. Id. (quoting Havana Club Holding, S.A. v. Galleon S.A., 203 F.3d 116, 130 (2d Cir.2000)).
. Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. DIRECTV Inc., 497 F.3d 144, 162 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting McNeilab, Inc. v. American Home Prods. Corp., 848 F.2d 34, 38 (2d Cir.1988)).
. Leider v. Ralfe, 387 F.Supp.2d 283, 292 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (quoting Pelman v. McDonald's Corp., 237 F.Supp.2d 512, 525 (S.D.N.Y.2003)).
. Id.
. Id.
. Stutman v. Chemical Bank, 95 N.Y.2d 24, 29, 709 N.Y.S.2d 892, 731 N.E.2d 608 (2000) (quoting Oswego Laborers' Local 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland Bank, 85 N.Y.2d 20, 26, 623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d 741 (1995)) (additional citations omitted).
. Securitron Magnalock Corp. v. Schnabolk, 65 F.3d 256, 264 (2d Cir.1995) (quoting Azby Brokerage, Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 681 F.Supp. 1084, 1089 n. 6 (S.D.N.Y.1988)).
. Leibowitz v. Cornell Univ., 584 F.3d 487, 509 (2d Cir.2009).
. See 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1).
. Id. § 412.
. See id. § 504(c)(1) ("[T]he copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is rendered, to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages.").
. See 35 U.S.C. § 154(d).
. Id. § 154(d)(2)
. Baseball Quick, LLC v. MLB Advanced Media, L.P., No. 11 Civ. 1735, 2012 WL 1071230, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2012) (citing Laitram Corp. v. NEC Corp., 163 F.3d 1342, 1346 (Fed.Cir.1998)).
. Prestige Pet Products, Inc. v. Pingyang Huaxing Leather & Plastic Co., 767 F.Supp.2d 806, 812 (E.D.Mich.2011) (citing Bloom Eng'g Co. v. North Am. Mfg. Co., 129 F.3d 1247, 1250 (Fed.Cir.1997)).
. See Laitram, 163 F.3d at 1347.
. See AK Steel Corp. v. Sollac, 344 F.3d 1234, 1238-39 (Fed.Cir.2003).
. See 35 U.S.C. § 282. Section 282 states that "[e]ach claim of a patent (whether in independent, dependent, or multiple dependent form) shall be presumed valid independently of the validity of other claims; [and] dependent or multiple dependent claims shall be presumed valid even though dependent upon an invalid claim."
. See Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Gen-Probe, Inc., 424 F.3d 1276, 1281 (Fed.Cir.2005).
. Intel Corp. v. United. States Int'l Trade Comm'n, 946 F.2d 821, 830 (Fed.Cir.1991) (quoting Colorado v. New Mexico, 467 U.S. 310, 316, 104 S,Ct. 2433, 81 L.Ed.2d 247 (1984)).
. Sitrick v. Dreamworks, LLC, 516 F.3d 993, 999 (Fed.Cir.2008) (quoting AK Steel, 344 F.3d at 1244).
. Id. (citing Automotive Techs. Int'l, Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 501 F.3d 1274, 1285 (Fed.Cir.2007)).
. See ALZA Corp. v. Andrx Pharm., LLC, 603 F.3d 935, 940 (Fed.Cir.2010) (quoting Enzo Biochem, Inc. v..Calgene, Inc., 188 F.3d 1362, 1371-72 (Fed.Cir.1999)).
. See In re Wands, 858 F.2d 731, 737 (Fed.Cir.1988).
. Amgen, Inc. v. Chugai Pharm. Co., Ltd., 927 F.2d 1200, 1213 (Fed.Cir.1991).
. Plant Genetic Sys., N.V. v. DeKalb Genetics Corp., 175 F.Supp.2d 246, 255 (D.Conn.2001), aff'd, 315 F.3d 1335 (Fed.Cir.2003).
. See Metabolite Labs., Inc. v. Laboratory Corp. of Am. Holdings, 370 F.3d 1354, 1360 (Fed.Cir.2004).
. See Boss Control, Inc. v. Bombardier Inc., 410 F.3d 1372, 1376 (Fed.Cir.2005) (citing Bai v. L & L Wings, Inc., 160 F.3d 1350, 1353 (Fed.Cir.1998)).
. See Baxter Healthcare Corp. v. Spectramed, Inc., 49 F.3d 1575, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1995).
. See Johnston v. IVAC Corp., 885 F.2d 1574, 1577 (Fed.Cir.1989).
. See Windbrella Prods, v. Taylor Made Golf Co., 414 F.Supp.2d 305, 311 (S.D.N.Y.2006).
. See PC Connector Solutions LLC v. Smart-Disk Corp., 406 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed.Cir.2005).
. BMC Res., Inc. v. Paymentech, L.P., 498 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed.Cir.2007).
. Gart v. Logitech, Inc., 254 F.3d 1334, 1339 (Fed.Cir.2001).
. i4i Ltd. P'ship v. Microsoft Corp., 598 F.3d 831, 850-51 (Fed.Cir.2010).
. Id. at 851 (quoting 35 U.S.C. § 271(c)).
. Id. (quoting MEMC Elec. Materials, Inc. v. Mitsubishi Materials Silicon Corp., 420 F.3d 1369, 1378 (Fed.Cir.2005)).
. Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 649 F.3d 1276, 1285 (Fed.Cir.2011).
. Id. at 1288 (quoting Aventis Pharma S.A. v. Amphastar Pharm., Inc., 525 F.3d 1334, 1349 (Fed.Cir.2008)).
. Id. at 1289 (quoting Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Dayco Corp., 849 F.2d 1418, 1422 (Fed.Cir.1988)).
. Id.
. See37C.F.R. § 1.56.
. See Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. RhonePoulenc Rorer, Inc., 326 F.3d 1226, 1235-36 (Fed.Cir.2003).
. Id. at 1290 (emphasis in original).
. Id. at 1290-91 (emphasis in original) (quotations and citations omitted).
. Id. at 1291.
. Id. at 1292 (finding that "an unmistakably false affidavit" was an affirmative act of egregious misconduct).
. Id.
. See Memorandum of Law in Opposition to BestMed's Motion for Summary Judgment ("PL Mem.") at 1.
. Id.
. Id. at 2.
. Id. at 3.
. BestMed, LLC's Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def. Reply Mem.") at 1.
. Id.
. See PL Mem. at 3.
. Fun-Damental Too, 111 F.3d at 1000 (citing Mana Prods., 65 F.3d at 1069).
. Landscape Forms, 113 F.3d at 379.
. See Def. Reply Mem. at 3.
. Mana Prods., 65 F.3d at 1069-70.
. Fun-Damental Too, 111 F.3d at 1000.
. Mona Prods., 65. F.3d at 1069-70. Accord Paddington Corp. v. Attiki Importers & Distrib., Inc., 996 F.2d 577, 583 (2d Cir.1993) (noting that soda industry practice would render green cans generic for the purpose of packaging lime-flavored soda).
. See Tecnimed SRL v. Kidz-Med, Inc., 763 F.Supp.2d 395, 405 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (finding that the packaging for a children's thermometer was inherently distinctive).
. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Bros., Inc., 529 U.S. 205, 210, 120 S.Ct. 1339, 146 L.Ed.2d 182 (2000) (quoting Two Pesos, 505 U.S. at 768, 112 S.Ct. 2753).
. See W.W.W. Pham. Co. v. Gillette, Co., 984 F.2d 567, 572 (2d Cir.1993) (noting that an assessment of a mark's strength should focus on " 'the distinctiveness of the mark, or more precisely, its tendency to identify the goods sold under the mark as emanating from a particular, although possibly anonymous source.' ") (quoting McGregor-Doniger Inc. v. Drizzle Inc., 599 F.2d 1126, 1131 (2d Cir.1979) (emphasis added)).
. Cf. Tecnimed SRL, 763 F.Supp.2d at 404-09 (holding that a thermometer manufacturer was likely to succeed in its trade dress claim against a former distributor because the manufacturer had identified both a protectable interest and a likelihood of confusion in its trade dress that identified the manufacturer and not a retailer).
. Medisim also implies that CVS, Rite Aid, and other potential retailers might actually be the "consumers" in question. In support of this, Medisim offers some evidence indicating that retailers might have been confused as to the source of the thermometers. See Medisim's Local Rule 56.1(b) Response to Best-Med's Local Rule 56.1(a) Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ("Medisim Resp. 56.1") ¶ 3, 6. However, to sustain a Lanham Act claim based on this argument, Medisim must offer evidence that the product shape and/or packaging acquired secondary meaning to the retailers. Medisim has failed to offer evidence that the retailers knew who Medisim was or identified the packaging/product shape of Medisim's thermometer with a particular source (other than, perhaps, BestMed).
. The claimed mark is "descriptive" in that it "tells something about a product, its qualities, ingredients or characteristics" or "point[s] to a product's intended purpose, its function or intended use, its size, or its merit." See Gruner + Jahr, 991 F.2d at 1076. While "[a] descriptive mark is entitled to protection upon proof that it has obtained a secondary meaning, that is to say, an identity that consumers associate with a single source, even though the source itself may be unknown," a plaintiff must still offer proof that the mark "has become identified — as well as being described — as originating from a single source." Id. Medisim offers no evidence that consumers identified its claimed trade dresses as originating from a single 'manufacturer. On the contrary, each claimed trade dress identified a. retailer, and each identified a different retailer (and thus, a different potential source for the same thermometer).
. See PL Mem. at 4.
. Medisim provides evidence of commercial success, advertising expenditures, and BestMed's allegedly intentional copying of the packaging. See id. at 4-5.
. Presumably retailers either knew who manufactured the thermometers they sold or they did not care who was the source of BestMed's thermometers. Medisim has offered no evidence — and no reason to believe— that the retailers made purchasing decisions based on the shape or packaging of individual units.
. This assumes that consumers are those that Medisim alleges are likely to be confused. If Medisim is actually pursuing a Lanham Act claim on the basis that retailers might be confused, its claim is also deficient for two reasons: (1) it has never claimed that the retailers were confused; and (2) it has offered no proof of actual confusion or the likelihood of confusion of retailers. "Retailers are assumed to be more sophisticated buyers and thus less prone to confusion." W.W.W. Pharm. Co., 984 F.2d at 575-76.
. See Laureyssens v. Idea Group, Inc., 964 F.2d 131, 137 (2d Cir.1992) ("Where there is no actual secondaiy meaning in a trade dress, the purchasing public simply does not associate the trade dress with a particular producer. Therefore, a subsequent producer who adopts an imitating trade dress will not cause confusion, mistake, or deception as to the 'origin, sponsorship, or approval' of the goods. Second, a junior producer's use of imitating trade dress bears no 'false designation of origin' because, in the absence of secondary meaning in the senior producer's trade dress, the imitating trade dress suggests no particular origin to the consuming public").
. See BestMed, LLC's Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def. Mem."), at 5-6.
. See PL Mem. at 5.
. See Laureyssens, 964 F.2d at 139 ("[U]nder the New York common law of unfair competition, a plaintiff need not establish secondary meaning in order to prevent a competitor from using a confusingly similar trade dress where the competitor is engaged in palming off, actual deception, appropriation of the plaintiff's property, or deliberate copying of a trade dress.").
. See Complaint ¶ 61-64.
. See PL Mem. at 2-3.
. See Medisim Resp. 56.1 ¶ 1, 8.
. See id.
. See infra Part V.B.2.
. Medisim asserts that even without the survey generated by its likelihood of confusion expert, it has evidence of actual confusion. See Declaration of John Wilson [president of Medisim U.S.A.] in Opposition to Defendant BestMed's Motion for Summary Judgment, Ex. R to Affirmation of Keith J. McWha in Support of Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment ("McWha Aff.''), II14 ("I further am personally aware of an incidence of actual confusion regarding a buyer at Walmart confusing the Medisim product with the BestMed product. On or about August 2008, I presented a Walmart buyer, now VP of Purchasing (Mr. Yale Martin), with the Medisim forehead thermometer. In response, Mr. Martin stated that he had 'seen this device before.' At that time, the only other supplier of a temple forehead thermometer using a similar product configuration and packaging was BestMed. I later came to learn that Walmart purchased the BestMed product instead of the Medisim product."); Deposition of Moshe Yarden, Medisim's 30(b)(6) designee, Ex. K to McWha Aff., at 179:3-182:1 ("I mean, we are coming to customers asking them about this product and saying, ooh, we didn't know that this is your product. Oh, just a second, we just saw another product, it's pretty similar.").
. See Nora Bevs., Inc. v. Perrier Grp. of Am., Inc., 269 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir.2001); Streetwise Maps, 159 F.3d at 743.
. See Deposition of Stanley Cohen, Best-Med's CEO ("Cohen Dep."), Ex. F to McWha Aff., at 210:17-25 ("Q. And you further state we need 'We'll need to make a running change with our customers so that product and the packaging can't look too different from our current model.' Do you see that? A. Yes, correct. Q. And the current model is the Medisim product; is that right? A. It's the Medisim product that we were selling, yes."), 267:9-12 ("Q. But the desire was to keep it as similar as possible rather them create new packaging; is that right? A. Yes").
. See id. at 214:2-5 ("Did BestMed indicate to K-Jump that it should have the same number of beeps for the K-Jump product as for the Medisim product? A. Yes, we requested that.").
. See Deposition of Michael Edmonds, BestMed's 30(b)(6) designee, Ex. G to McWha Aff., at 132:3-6 ("Q. You sent the instruction book so that K-Jump would design the product to operate in the same way as the Medisim product; is that right? A. Very similar, yes.").
. See supra Part IV. C.
. PL Mem. at 11.
. See ITC Ltd., 482 F.3d at 169 (finding that "commercial interests, direct pecuniary interests, and even a future potential for a commercial or competitive injury" may satisfy the "reasonable interest" prong).
. Pl. Mem. at 11.
. For evidence of inferiority, Medisim points to testimony that the return rate for K-Jump-manufactured thermometers was greater than the return rate for Medisim-manufactured thermometers. The cited testimony supports the opposite conclusion. See Cohen Dep. at 275:24-276:10 ("Q. And do you know whether [the return rate for the Medisim digital temple thermometer] was greater or less than the return rate for the K-Jump products that you were selling!?] A. I believe it was greater.").
.See Medisim Resp. 56.1 ¶ 35, 41.
. Time Warner Cable, 497 F.3d at 162 (quoting McNeilab, 848 F.2d at 38).
. PL Mem. at 12.
. See id.
. See National Basketball Ass'n v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F.3d 841, 855 (2d Cir.1997) ("[I]n addition to proving falsity, the plaintiff must also show that the defendants misrepresented an 'inherent quality or characteristic' of the product. This requirement is essentially one of materiality, a term explicitly used in other circuits.") (citations and quotation marks omitted); American Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Winback and Conserve Program, Inc., 42 F.3d 1421, 1428 n. 9 (3d Cir.1994) (plaintiff alleging false advertising must prove 'that the deception is material in that it is likely to influence purchasing decisions"); Taquino v. Teledyne Monarch Rubber, 893 F.2d 1488, 1500 (5th Cir.1990) (deception must be "material, in that it is likely to influence the purchasing decision").
. Medisim argues that it need not prove literal falsity because it can prove that the "rapidly tracks heat flow" statement is likely to mislead consumers into believing they are purchasing Medisim's product. See PL Mem. at 13 (citing Perfect Pearl Co. v. Majestic Pearl & Stone, Inc., 887 F.Supp.2d 519, 538-39 (S.D.N.Y.2012)). As discussed above, this is either a backdoor trade dress infringement argument or an argument that Medisim's reputation may be damaged by BestMed's actions.
. Securitron Magnalock, 65 F.3d at 264 (quoting Azby Brokerage, 681 F.Supp. at 1089 n. 6).
. Nomination Di Antonio E Paolo Gensini S.N.C. v. H.E.R. Accessories Ltd., No. 07 Civ. 6959, 2009 WL 4857605, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2009) (quoting National Distillers Prods. Co., LLC v. Refreshment Brands, Inc., 198 F.Supp.2d 474, 486-87 (S.D.N.Y.2002)) (emphasis in original). Medisim cites Kuklachev v. Gelfinan, 600 F.Supp.2d 437, 476 (E.D.N.Y.2009) for the proposition that public harm results when consumers are misled. In Kuklachev, the district court declined to dismiss plaintiffs' claims because plaintiffs had pled that the misled customers were dissatisfied. Here, Medisim offers no evidence that customers have been misled, let alone that misled customers were harmed.
. Pi. Mem. at 14 (emphasis added).
. Def. Reply Mem. at 7.
. See Briarpatch Ltd., L.P v. Phoenix Pictures, Inc., 373 F.3d 296, 306 (2d Cir.2004) (dismissing a plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim where the second and third elements of the claim would constitute copyright infringement).
. See MyPlayCity, Inc. v. Conduit Ltd., No. 10 Civ. 1615, 2012 WL 1107648, at *24 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2012) ("Unlike the Copyright Act, however, the Lanham Act does not preempt state law. [Plaintiffl's unjust enrichment claim is thus not preempted to the extent that it asserts [Defendant's violation of [plaintiffl's trademark rights."). Accord 20th Century Wear, Inc. v. Sanmark-Stardust Inc., 747 F.2d 81, 92 n. 15 (2d Cir.1984) ("[S]ection 43(a) created a new federal statutory tort and made pre-Lanham Act decisions based on the federal common law of unfair competition persuasive, even if not controlling. On this basis we see no reason for the district court not to apply the New York state law of unfair competition.").
. See BestMed 56.1 ¶ 54.
. See id. ¶ 55, 56.
. See 17 U.S.C. § 412. Medisim now concedes that it is not entitled to attorney's fees on its copyright claim. See PL Mem. at 15 n. 15.
. See Def. Reply Mem. at 7 n. 5.
. Further, even if Medisim is not entitled to damages on its copyright claim, it may still be entitled to injunctive relief. See Arista Records LLS v. Lime Group LLC, No. 06 Civ. 5936, 2010 WL 6230927, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 28, 2010) (" 'there are some remedies available to a plaintiff even against infringements that began before registration, including injunctive relief and actual damages. Statutory damages and attorney's fees, however, were meant by Congress to reward prompt registration and cannot be made available in violation of that intent to the plaintiff who fails to act promptly.' ") (quoting Love v. City of New York, No. 88 Civ. 7562, 1989 WL 140578, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 17, 1989)).
. See Def. Mem. at 13.
. Fanchon & Marco v. Paramount Pictures, 202 F.2d 731, 734 (2d Cir.1953). Accord Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c).
. See BestMed 56.1 ¶ 58-67.
. See Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1315 (Fed.Cir.2005) (en banc) ("[A] dependent claim that adds a particular limitation gives rise to a presumption that the limitation in question is not present in the independent claim.").
. See '668 Patent, col. 1011. 9-18, col. 11 11. 30-41.
. Id. col. 1011. 9-18, col. 11 ll. 30-38.
. Markman Op., 2011 WL 2693896, at *11.
. Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 481 F.3d 1371, 1377 (Fed.Cir.2007) (citing AK Steel, 344 F.3d at 1238-39).
. '668 Patent col. 6 ll. 62-67.
. Id. col. 7 ll. 19-21.
. See Automotive Techs., 501 F.3d at 1282.
. See supra Part IV.I; Wands, 858 F.2d at 737.
. See BestMed 56.1 ¶ 106-108.
. See id. ¶ 75-80; Automotive Techs., 501 F.3d at 1284-85.
. See Def. Mem. at 17-18 (citing BestMed 56.1 ¶ 79, 80).
. See BestMed 56.1 ¶ 84-86.
. Daubert Op., 861 F.Supp.2d at 171-72.
. See Def. Mem. at 12-13.
. See Gart v. Logitech, Inc., 254 F.Supp.2d 1119, 1123 (C.D.Cal.2003); iRise v. Axure Software Solutions, Inc., No. 08 Civ. 3601, 2009 WL 3615075, at *30 n. 10 (C.D.Cal. Sept. 11, 2009) (" '[CJourts regularly allow lay witnesses,' specifically the creators of particular products or inventions, to 'testify with regard to their personal knowledge of [the] particular invention.'") (quoting Fresenius Med. Care Holdings, Inc. v. Baxter Int'l, Inc., No. 03 Civ. 1431, 2006 WL 1330002, at *3 (N.D.Cal. May 15, 2006)).
. 6/29/12 Hearing Tr., at 28:1-6.
. See Yarden Deck ¶ 5-9.
. See Daubert Op., 861 F.Supp.2d at 177-78 ("BestMed's real complaint [with Lipson's enablement opinion] is that Lipson reached a different conclusion than its own expert.").
. "I think the lawyers are trying to get me to do another round of Daubert on Lipson. I'm not going to do it. I'm warning you now." 6/29/12 Hearing Tr. at 30:16-18.
. See, e.g., Def. Mem. at 19 ("Medisim's technical expert, Dr. Lipson, simply disregards most of the Wands factors"); id. at 20 ("Lipson's reliance on the prior art to fill the gaps in the '668 Patent is improper as a matter of law."); id. at 26 (referring to Lip-son's statement as "scientifically unreliable," his conclusion as "ipse dixit," and his opinions as "nothing but empty talk.").
. See Def. Reply Mem. at 11.
. See Daubert Op., 861 F.Supp.2d at 180. In a footnote, I also noted that this particular opinion was struck from the rebuttal report as well as the expert report. See id. at 178 n. 148 ("As his 'deep tissue temperature' opinions in his rebuttal report are the same as those in his initial report, they are excluded for the same reasons.").
. See Reconsideration Op., 2012 WL 1450420, at *1-2.
. Rebuttal Expert Report of David Lipson, Ph.D., Ex. G. to Declaration of Brian R. Michalek in Support of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, at 19.
. '668 Patent col. 10 ll. 16-18.
. Def. Mem. at 29.
. See Daubert Op., 861 F.Supp.2d at 176-77.
. See BestMed 56.1 ¶ 127, 128.
. Markman Op., 2011 WL 2693896, at *11
. See Medisim Resp. 56.1 ¶ 130, 168, 169.
. See Reconsideration Op., 2012 WL 1450420, at *1-2.
. See id.
. Deposition of Yen-Ming Hsu, employee of K-Jump, Ex. H to McWha Aff., at 88:14-24 ("Q. And if you turn to page the next page, KJ 00086 in this 'Substantial Equivalence' section, it indicates that the KD-2200 product and the predicate device, that is the Medisim product, are technologically identical; do you see that? A. Yes, I see that. Q. Do you know what that means when it, when it refers to the devices as being technologically identical? A. I think it means that, likewise, you can obtain the your oral temperature reading by way of touch, from the temporal skin."); Medisim Resp. 56.1 ¶ 152-154.
. Because Medisim has provided sufficient evidence from which a jury could find infringement on a theory of literal infringement, I need not address BestMed's contention that Lipson's opinion does not present a limitation so as to create a triable issue of fact under a doctrine of equivalents theory. See Medinol Ltd. v. Guidant Corp., 417 F.Supp.2d 280, 309 n. 149 (S.D.N.Y.2006) ('' '[t]he doctrine of equivalents only comes into play when there is no literal infringement' ") (quoting Seattle Box Co. v. Industrial Crating & Packing, Inc., 731 F.2d 818, 828-29 (Fed.Cir.1984)).
. '668 Patent col. 11 ll. 25-29.
. See Joy Techs., Inc. v. Flakt, Inc., 6 F.3d 770, 773 (Fed.Cir.1993).
. Def. Mem. at 31-32.
. See Cohen Dep. at 73:18-19 ("When we when we first received samples [of the K-Jump-manufactured thermometers], we took our own temperatures ."), 282:23-25 ("Q. What was your basis [for] the statement [that] it was a 'more advanced algorithm' [that the K-Jump-manufactured thermometer used]? A. Personal use of the product.").
. See Expert Report of Andrew W. Carter, Ex. C to McWha Deck, at 12.
. Symantec Corp. v. Computer Assocs. Int'l Inc., 522 F.3d 1279, 1293 (Fed.Cir.2008) (citing Moleculon Research Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 793 F.2d 1261, 1272 (Fed.Cir.1986)). This is especially the case where, as here, customers can only use the device in an infringing matter. See id.
. The instructions for use that BestMed included within each package of the accused device directed customers to use the thermometer in a manner that infringed every step of claim 21. See Medisim Resp. 56.1 ¶ 165. A jury could infer from this that at least one customer infringed on the method claim.
. See supra Part IV.J; i4i Ltd. P'ship, 598 F.3d at 851-52 (finding that evidence of instructions for use^ — coupled with expert testimony that following the instructions for use would infringe the method claim — was sufficient to support a jury verdict on inducement); AstraZeneca LP v. Apotex, Inc., 633 F.3d 1042, 1056-61 (Fed.Cir.2010) (affirming a district court's determination that a set of instructions for use directing users to practice the claimed method supported a finding of inducement).
. This is not a surprising result; at the premotion conference, I cautioned BestMed "I have already decided that [Lipson may testify that the accused device infringes the '668 Patent], By making the decision to let him testify I have been there, done that. I can't change my mind. I won't change my mind. It is not worth briefing. I can tell you right now if you really go through with this [motion for summary judgment on Medisim's infringement claim] you're wasting your client's money. I'm going to direct you to show this transcript to your client because I'm going to say having decided he can testify there is a disputed issue of fact and I can't revisit it." 6/29/12 Hearing Tr., at 11:17-24.
. The "critical date" before which relevant information is considered "prior art" is one year prior to the date of the patent application. See 35 U.S.C. § 102(b).
. See supra Part IV.K.
. See BestMed, LLC's Memorandum in Opposition to Medisim's Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct ("Def. IC Mem."), at 4-7.
. See Medisim IC 56.1 ¶ 15, 17, 26.
. See Def. IC Mem. at 7.
. See Therasense, 649 F.3d at 1290.
. See Medisim, Ltd's Revised Reply to Best-Med's Responsive Local Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Support of Medisim Ltd's Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct ("Medisim IC Reply 56.1"), 15, 17, 26. For example, Yarden testified that the FHT-1 "receives a value based on [an] algorithm that it is implementing the heat flow calculation . it takes this temperature that was coming out of the algorithm of the heat flow and puts it into a third order polynomial which produces the [core] body temperature." Deposition of Moshe Yarden, Ex. 4 to Declaration of Brian R. Michalek in Support of BestMed's Opposition to Medisim's Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct ("Michalek IC Deck"), at 162:6-22. BestMed's contention that Yarden described the scientific process of calculating deep tissue temperature is misleading; Yarden described the 'scientific process of calculating a temperature — it is hotly contested whether the FHT-1 calculates deep tissue temperature, and Yarden's testimony does nothing to contradict his stated belief that it does not.
. See Therasense, 649 F.3d at 1290-91 (emphasis in original).
. See Medisim IC 56.1 ¶ 18, 19.
. See id.
. See Young v. Lumenis, Inc., 492 F.3d 1336, 1349-50 (Fed.Cir.2007) ("[W]e cannot agree that there was inequitable conduct resulting from the 'failure to disclose material information' when that information was disclosed to the l?TO in time for the examiner to consider it. The essence of the duty of disclosure is to get relevant information before an examiner in time for him to act on it, and that did occur here.").
. Def. IC Mem. at 8.
. BestMed, LLC's Response to Medisim's Local Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts Opposing Medisim's Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct ("BestMed IC 56.1"), ¶ 60.
. See 1/4/04 E-mail from Vadai to Sasson, Ex. 3 to Michalek IC Deck, at MED015393.
. See Search Notes, Ex. K to Supplemental Affirmation of Keith J. McWha in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct, at MED000215, MED000256, MED000290.
. See Kimberly-Clark Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 745 F.2d 1437, 1457 (Fed.Cir.1984).
. Medisim IC Reply 56.1 ¶ 78.
. See BestMed IC 56.1 ¶ 79-85.
. See excerpts from the file history of the '668 Patent, Ex. 2 to Michalek IC Deck, at MED00181.
. See Def. IC Mem. at 12-13; BestMed IC 56.1 ¶ 86, 87, 89, 90. Medisim vigorously disputes that its later arguments were inconsistent with its prior ones. See Reply in Support of Medisim's Motion for Summary Judgment of No Inequitable Conduct, at 8-10.
. Young, 492 F.3d at 1349.
. See Rothman v. Target Corp., 556 F.3d 1310, 1329 (Fed.Cir.2009) (distinguishing arguments that "attempt to characterize the pri- or art in a manner favorable to the attorney's client" are "far from deception" and that "no reasonable jury could rely on [such] statements as clear and convincing proof of inequitable conduct").
. See In re BDC 56 LLC, 330 F.3d 111, 123 (2d Cir.2003).