Case Name: Bobbie J. SPEAR, Plaintiff below, Appellant, v. Mark C. SPEAR, Defendant below, Appellee
Court: Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
Jurisdiction: West Virginia
Decision Date: 1998-07-14
Citations: 203 W. Va. 224
Docket Number: No. 24754
Parties: Bobbie J. SPEAR, Plaintiff below, Appellant, v. Mark C. SPEAR, Defendant below, Appellee.
Judges: Workman, J., filed concurring opinion.
Reporter: West Virginia Supreme Court
Volume: 203
Pages: 224–229

Head Matter:
506 S.E.2d 820
Bobbie J. SPEAR, Plaintiff below, Appellant, v. Mark C. SPEAR, Defendant below, Appellee.
No. 24754.
Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
Submitted May 6, 1998.
Decided July 14, 1998.
Concurring Opinion of Justice Workman July 21, 1998.
Workman, J., filed concurring opinion.
Wesley W. Metheney, Esq., Wilson, Frame, Benninger & Metheney, Morgan-town, West Virginia, Attorney for Appellant.
David J. Straface, Esq., Angotti & Stra-face, Morgantown, West Virginia, Attorney for Appellee.

Opinion:
PER CURIAM:
This is an appeal by Bobbi J. Spear, ("the appellant"), from an August 28,1997 order of the Circuit Court of Preston County that awarded custody of the parties' children to the father, Mark C. Spear ("the appellee"). Appellant argues that the circuit court erred in adopting the recommendations of the family law master. We reverse the circuit court's order and remand for the entry of an order awarding custody of the children to the appellant.
I.
The parties were married on July 9, 1988. They separated on or about May 22, 1996, and the appellant filed for a divorce in Preston County thereafter. The parties had two children, both girls, ages 2 and 6 years.
Hearings were held before the family law master on April 28,1997 and May 6,1997. It was established that the appellant worked out of the parties' residence 5 days a week for West Virginia University Hospital, and that the appellee, a funeral director, worked at the couple's residence, located within a funeral home.
The appellant testified that she was the children's primary caretaker. She testified that on weekday mornings, the parties would equally divide the responsibility of getting the children ready for the day. She stated that she was primarily responsible for shopping and planning the meals. Appellant stated that while the appellee occasionally assisted the appellant in grooming, bathing and clothing the children, she was primarily responsible for these duties.
Sandra M. Byrne, appellant's sister, also testified on behalf of the appellant. Ms. Byrne testified that she stayed at the parties' residence approximately twice a month during weekend visits, and that when she was there, the appellant performed the duties of the primary caretaker for the two children. Ms. Byrne testified that the appellant fed the children, prepared their baths, dressed the children, laundered their clothes, was primarily in charge of discipline and performed housekeeping functions. Ms. Bryne further testified that the appellee would often be absent from the home on the weekends, to pursue his hobbies of hunting or volunteering at the local fire department.
The appellee testified that he was the primary caretaker of the children. He testified that the parties shared the responsibilities of child care when the appellant was home from work, but that during the day, other people would take charge of the children. The ap-pellee stated that he, his father, his step-grandmother or a funeral home employee was responsible for the children during the work day. The appellee admitted, however, that he had purchased a second funeral home, and that for. 6 months prior to the parties' separation, the parties had hired a babysitter for the children. Additionally, the appellee admitted that he often left the marital residence at irregular hours, because he was the only paramedic for the local volunteer fire department.
Carl R. Spear, appellee's father, testified that the appellee was the primary caretaker. However, the elder Mr. Spear stated that the children's paternal step-great-grandmother was primarily responsible for caring for the children during the working day. Mr. Spear said that he believed that the appellee performed most of the caretaking functions for the children.
Testimony for the appellee was also offered by the appellee's step-great-grandmother, Edith Spear. Ms. Spear testified that she lived close to the funeral home. She admitted to taking care of the children during the work day when the appellee was unable to do so. She could not recall how many times she had observed the appellee bathe the children. Ms. Spear also had no knowledge concerning who prepared food for the children.
Shelly Mitchell, a family friend, also testified on behalf of the appellee. Ms. Mitchell testified that she visited the parties' residence approximately once a month and stated that she believed that the appellee did the majority of the caretaking of the children. Ms. Mitchell testified that the appellee drove the children to activities and helped them at the beach.
Cindy Wilson, an employee of the appel-lee's funeral home, also testified on behalf of the appellee. Ms. Wilson testified that while the appellant was at work either the appellee or his step-great-grandmother would care for the children.
Finally, Linda Cuppett, a child day care worker, testified on behalf of the appellee. Ms. Cuppett testified that the appellant had brought the parties' older child to day care on 160 occasions and that the appellee had brought her 188 times.
After hearing all of the testimony, the family law master found the appellee to be the primary caretaker of the children and awarded custody of the children to the appel-lee with liberal visitation to the appellant.
The appellant filed a petition for review with the circuit court and both parties submitted briefs supporting them positions. After reviewing the recommended order of the family law master and the briefs submitted by the parties, the circuit court by an opinion letter dated August 28, 1997 affirmed the findings of fact and recommended order of the law master.
The appellant then filed a motion for stay, requesting that the court allow the children to remain with her while she appealed. Additionally, the appellant filed a motion for temporary stay of the execution of the final decree pending argument on her motion to stay. The circuit court granted the motion for a temporary stay. Oral argument was held on September 2,1997. The circuit court denied the appellant's effort to reverse the court's adoption of the law master's recommended decision, and the court also denied appellant's motion to stay the instant order. The appellant was ordered to transfer the children to the appellee.
The appellant forthwith filed a motion for stay in this Court pending appeal to this Court. We granted the appellant's motion for a stay pending appeal on October 2,1997, and an appeal petition was timely filed by the appellant.
II.
The standard of review for challenges to an order of a circuit court which adopts the findings of a family law master was set out in Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995), where we stated that:
In reviewing challenges to findings made by a family law master that also were adopted by a circuit court, a three-pronged standard of review is applied. Under these circumstances, a final equitable distribution order is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and statutory interpretations are subject to a de novo review.
Syllabus Point 1, Burnside, supra.
The appellant argues that the circuit court erred in granting custody of the parties' two children to the appellee. We have provided guidance in determining the custody of children in Garska v. McCoy, 167 W.Va. 59, 278 S.E.2d 357 (1981), in which we stated that "[w]ith reference to the custody of very young children, the law presumes that it is in the bests interests of such children to be placed in the custody of their primary caretaker, if he or she is fit." Syllabus Point 2, Garska, supra.
We have defined the primary caretaker as that "natural or adoptive parent who, until the initiation of divorce proceedings, has been primarily responsible for the caring and nurturing of the child." Syllabus Point 3, Garska, supra. We further explained that "[i]n establishing which natural or adoptive parent is the primary caretaker, the trial court shall determine which parent has taken primary responsibility for the caring and nurturing duties of a parent." Syllabus Point 4, Garska, supra.
In Garska we also set forth several specific duties performed for the child that the trial court should examine in determining which parent is the primary caretaker. These duties are as follows:
(1) preparing and planning of meals;
(2) bathing, grooming and dressing;
(3) purchasing, cleaning, and care of clothes;
(4) medical care, including nursing and trips to physicians;
(5) arranging for social interaction among peers after school;
(6) arranging alternative care, i.e. babysitting, day care, etc.;
(7) putting child to bed at night, attending to child in the middle of the night, waking child in the morning;
(8) disciplining, i.e., teaching general manners and toilet training;
(9) educating, i.e., religious, cultural, social, etc.; and
(10) teaching elementary skills, i.e., reading, writing and arithmetic.
Garska, 167 W.Va. at 69-70, 278 S.E.2d at 363.
Both parties in this matter testified that they were the primary caretakers of the children, and they also testified that the other party was a good and fit parent. Ms. Byrne, the sister of the appellant, was the only witness who stayed inside the parties' residence for any significant amount of time. Pursuant to her firsthand knowledge, she was able to testify that the appellant cooked, cleaned, disciplined the children, groomed the children, put the children to bed, and transported the children to appointments. None of the witnesses for the appellee were able to provide such information. Appellee's witnesses were able to testify that either the appellee, one of the appellee's family members or an employee would watch the children during the day, prior to the hiring of a full-time babysitter. However, this testimony does not address most of the duties set forth in Garska. None of the appellee's witnesses were able to testify about grooming, bathing, or food preparation. Ms. Cuppett did testify that the appellee dropped off the older child at day care more often than the appellant, but the difference in the numbers is so small that it is obvious that this was a shared duty between the parties.
It appears that the family law master credited to the appellee those tasks that were performed by the appellee's family members or employees. By the appellee's own admission he was busy running two funeral homes, free-lancing for a funeral home in another county, and serving as the sole paramedic for the local volunteer fire department. In addition to these duties, the appellee admitted to leaving early in the morning during hunting season, and pursuing his hobbies during the weekends, leaving the children with the appellant.
Therefore, we find that the family law master was clearly wrong in finding that the appellee was the primary caretaker of the children. The record contains a paucity of evidence concerning actions performed by the appellee for the children. Instead, the record contains evidence of what the appellee's family members or employees did for the children. The conduct to be examined under Garska is the conduct by a party who is seeking to be found a child's primary caretaker, not the conduct of third parties.
III.
Accordingly, we reverse the August 28, 1997 order of the Preston County Circuit Court and we remand this matter for an order granting custody of the children to the appellant.
Reversed and remanded.
. We point out that a per curiam opinion is not legal precedent. See Lieving v. Hadley, 188 W.Va. 197, 201 n. 4, 423 S.E.2d 600, 604 n. 4 (1992).