Case Name: Robert M. Dann and Helen B. Dann, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
Court: United States Tax Court
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1958-05-29
Citations: 30 T.C. 499
Docket Number: Docket No. 55959
Parties: Robert M. Dann and Helen B. Dann, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: Reports of the Tax Court of the United States
Volume: 30
Pages: 499–510

Head Matter:
Robert M. Dann and Helen B. Dann, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent.
Docket No. 55959.
Filed May 29, 1958.
Joseph O. Buck, Esq., for the petitioners.
Olarencé P. Brazill, Esq., for the respondent.

Opinion:
PieRCe, Judge:
The respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' income taxes in the amounts of $3,047.70 for the year 1951, and $3,799.40 for the year 1952.
Most of the adjustments made by respondent in his notice of deficiency were not contested.
The sole issue for decision is whether sums which petitioners received from a contractor for all of the usable soil from certain tracts of their farmlands, which was used by the contractor as fill dirt in the construction of nearby levees and a relocated railroad right-of-way, constituted proceeds from the sale of capital assets, or ordinary income.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Some of the facts were stipulated. The stipulation, together with the exhibits therein identified and therewith admitted in evidence, is incorporated in these findings by this reference.
Petitioners Eobert M. Dann and Helen B. Dann are husband and wife, who reside on a farm near Painted Post, New York. They filed a joint income tax return for each of the years involved with the collector or director of internal revenue at Buffalo, New York.
During each of the years 1951 and 1952 and for more than 20 years prior thereto, Dann had engaged in the business of dairy farming, under the name of Dann's Dairy. The land, used for such purpose, was owned by the petitioners jointly. It had been acquired by them in various parcels, from time to time since the year 1932; and all of the parcels here involved had been held by them for a period of more than 6 months prior to the beginning of the year 1950.
In 1950 the State of New York Department of Public Works began construction of a grade-crossing elimination and relocation of the main line of the Erie Eailroad in the vicinity of petitioners' farmlands; and it contracted with the Lane Construction Corporation of Meriden, Connecticut (hereinafter called Lane), to act as general contractor to handle the construction work. In connection with this work, the State of New York appropriated certain portions of peti tioners' lands, to provide for tlie new donble-track right-of-way and also for certain levees to protect such right-of-way from the overflow of an adjacent river.
Lane required large amounts of fill dirt with which to build the new right-of-way and levees; and its representatives contacted Dann with a view to procuring such fill dirt from the petitioners' farmlands. Thereupon a verbal arrangement was made, under which petitioners agreed to sell to Lane soil from a certain tract known, after excavation, as Pit No. 1. This tract was approximately 1,750 feet long and approximately 750 feet wide, and it had an area of approximately 30 acres.
At the time of making such arrangement, the parties knew and intended that Lane would remove from the tract for its fill dirt needs, all of the soil from the surface down to the top of the water table. They knew the precise surface area to be excavated; but they could not determine in advance the precise number of cubic yards of soil to be removed, because the depth of the water table below the surface varied from about 30 feet to zero, owing to the rolling contour of the land, and it was not practicable for Lane to excavate under water. The material to be removed did not have any particular mineral content; it was simply earth or dirt, containing some loam, sand, clay, and gravel.
After Lane had moved onto the property to begin excavation, a one-page written agreement relating to the tract was prepared in Lane's office, and was there executed by the parties under date of May 17, 1950. Such written agreement described the perimeter of the tract to be excavated by metes and bounds; and it granted Lane the right to enter upon the tract and to remove the soil (in the agreement referred to as "material") for use in its construction work. The agreement also provided that Lane would pay for the soil removed at the rate of 5 cents per cubic yard; that the quantity of the removed soil would be measured by engineers employed by the State Highway Department ; and that the measurements determined by them would be final and binding on all parties. Among several miscellaneous provisions contained in the last paragraph of the agreement was one requiring Lane to leave the bottom of the pit reasonably smooth, in order to care for drainage and to prevent the formation of pools of water; and another provision required Lane to slope the back edge of the pit in a prescribed manner, so as to prevent cave-in of the adjacent property. Dann insisted on the first of these miscellaneous provisions because of his desire to prevent the creation of possible attractive nuisances in the form of pools of water where neighborhood children might come to swim, with the concomitant danger of their drowning.
Thereafter, in July 1950, Lane and petitioners executed a second of these printed agreements pursuant to similar arrangements, relating to a second tract which was therein described by metes and bounds, which had dimensions of 650 by 750 feet, and which contained approximately 11 acres. This tract, after excavation, was known as Pit No. 2. This second agreement likewise provided for measurement of the quantity of soil removed, by State engineers; and, by its terms, Lane was to pay for the soil so determined to have been removed at the rate of 12% cents per cubic yard. The agreement, like the preceding one, also included miscellaneous so-called "special provisions" which required Lane to leave the bottom of the pit smooth and draining in a specified direction, and which also required it to leave the back edge of the pit sloped in a specified manner.
Lane, finding that the soil to be excavated from Pits No. 1 and 2 would be insufficient for its needs, caused its representatives to again approach Dann with a view to purchasing additional soil. Among the tracts then owned by Dann and his wife was one of approximately 40 acres lying adjacent to the river. The State of New York had theretofore appropriated a strip of this tract, running east and west, for use as the relocated right-of-way, and also a strip running from south to north along the eastern edge of the tract for construction thereon of one of the above-mentioned protecting levees. Petitioners orally contracted to sell to Lane the usable soil from this parcel, lying south of the right-of-way and between it and the river; but before excavation thereof was begun, the State authorities refused to grant permission for this to be done, unless Lane would agree to "rip rap" the embankment of the relocated right-of-way with concrete, for protection from the river. Lane did not wish to meet this requirement, and accordingly no soil was removed from this parcel, pursuant to said oral contract.
Lane's representatives then sought to purchase from petitioners usable soil from another parcel owned by them, lying to the north of the relocated right-of-way, between it and the old right-of-way. Petitioners reluctantly agreed to sell the soil from this parcel, designated after excavation as Pit No. 3. Thereafter in August 1950, a third printed-form agreement was executed by petitioners and Lane under arrangements similar to those previously made, wherein the perimeter of the tract, comprising approximately 12 acres, was described by metes and bounds. Such agreement, as did the other two, also provided that the State engineers would measure the soil removed ; and it fixed the price per cubic yard of soil so determined to have been removed, at 17% cents per cubic yard. Among the "special provisions" inserted in this agreement, as in the others, was one requiring that the slopes of the pit edge be left smooth, and requiring that the entire area be graded so as to drain into a culvert under the relocated right-of-way.
Lane, as contemplated, removed all of the usable soil from each of the pits here involved; and, since this proved to be insufficient for its needs, it sought to acquire still more from petitioners. The latter, however, were unwilling to sell any more soil from their farmlands ; and, as a consequence, Lane sought and obtained other fill dirt from lands of petitioners' neighbors, in order to complete its construction work on the levees and the relocated right-of-way.
After completion of excavating operations by Lane in each of the pits, the acreage therein was rendered entirely unfit for use in Dann's dairy farming business. The bottoms of the pits were covered with rocks and weeds, and during a portion of each year were covered with water. Nor was it possible to rehabilitate the land in the pits so as to render it usable by them. Petitioners purchased new tracts of farmland, to replace those excavated, for use in the dairy-farming business.
Petitioners were not dealers engaged in the sale of soil. Except pursuant to the three agreements hereinabove described, they never sold or removed for sale any soil from their farmlands.
As provided in the agreements, State engineers measured the amounts of soil removed from Pits No. 1, 2, and 3; and, after the excavation of each pit was completed, Lane paid petitioners for the soil removed therefrom, at the unit prices provided in said agreements.
In the year 1951, petitioners received from Lane, in payment for the soñ so removed, the sum of $20,585; and in the year 1952, they received $10,708.13. They reported their gams therefrom as long-term capital gains from the sale of capital assets, using as the cost of such assets certain amounts which the respondent, in his notice of deficiency, specified but did not dispute.'
In determining the deficiencies herein, respondent treated the amounts which petitioners received from Lane, as aforesaid, as ordinary income; and he allowed a deduction therefrom of 5 per cent of said amounts, as percentage depletion in respect of sand, gravel, and stone under sections 23 (m) and 114 (b) (4) (A) (i) of the 1939 Code.
After execution of the above-described agreements between Lane and petitioners, the latter retained no economic interest in the usable soil contained in the tracts of land therein described. The parties intended to, and did, effect completed sales of all the usable soil in place, within specified areas and at specified cubic yard prices.
OPINION.
Facts stipulated by the parties make it clear that petitioners were not in the business of selling soil; and also make it clear that the soil involved was not held by the petitioners for .sale to customers in the ordinary course of any trade or business. Also, we have found as a fact that the 6 months' holding period has been satisfied in the case of each tract here involved. Furthermore, no dispute exists as to the correctness of the amounts received by petitioners with respect to the soil; and the cost basis allocated thereto has not been questioned by the respondent. Accordingly, the sole and narrow question for decision is whether, as petitioners contend, they made sales of the soil in place, so as to entitle them to treat their gains from the amounts received, as long-term capital gains under the provisions of section 117, I. R. 0. 1939; or whether, as respondent contends, they made leases of the tracts, which caused the amounts received by them to be treated as ordinary income in the form of "royalties," after allowance for percentage depletion.
Respondent argues that the agreements were leases which did not, of themselves, convey title to anything, but merely granted Lane the right to enter upon the premises and mine and remove soil, subject to the payment of a stipulated royalty for each cubic yard removed. He likens the agreements to mineral leases of the type involved in Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U. S. 103. He further argues that petitioners retained an economic interest in the soil involved.
We, however, sustain petitioners' contention, and hold that they made completed sales of all the usable soil in place, within specified areas and at specified cubic yard prices; and that petitioners' gains from such sales are taxable as long-term capital gains.
The short written agreements executed by the parties are not, in themselves, sufficiently detailed and complete to reveal the true nature of the transactions involved. It is to be observed, however, that such agreements do not employ any such terms as "lease," "lessor," "lessee," or "royalties"; but, rather, they describe by metes and bounds certain areas from which the usable soil was to be removed; and they further specify the condition in which the walls and floors of such areas were to be left, after the soil had been removed. It is necessary, in such circumstance, to look beyond the mere phraseology of the summary written agreements, and to determine the true substance of the transactions, from all the facts and surrounding circumstances. Barker v. Commissioner, (C. A. 2) 250 F. 2d 195, reversing 24 T. C. 1160. See also Palmer v. Bender, 287 U. S. 551. As was stated by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Crowell Land & Mineral Corporation v. Commissioner, 242 F. 2d 864, reversing 25 T. C. 223, "Looking to the actual circumstances as well as the language of the contract of sale, there is no occasion or basis for resorting to legal niceties of interpretation to defeat the basic purpose and effect of the transaction."
Here, we find that the contractor, the Lane Construction Corporation, required large amounts of fill dirt for construction of an embankment for a relocated double-track right-of-way of the main line of the Erie Railroad, and also for the construction of protecting levees. The contractor's representatives thereupon approached petitioner Robert Dann, a dairy farmer who with his wife owned considerable land in the vicinity of the construction projects, looking to the purchase of soil from certain of their lands. Petitioners agreed to sell the soil from various of their tracts; and all parties intended, and knew at that time, that Lane would remove all the usable soil in the tracts, from the surface down to the top of the water table, beyond which point it was impracticable for Lane to excavate. Petitioners also were aware that the tracts, after removal of such soil, would no longer be usable for dairy farming operations. The above-mentioned agreements were thereupon executed; and in these agreements, the boundaries of the tracts were spelled out by metes and bounds, and specific provisions were inserted concerning the condition in which the perimeters of the tracts would be left by Lane after completion of the excavation — thus further indicating to us that the parties contemplated that Lane would take all the usable soil therefrom. Payment for the soil to be removed was set at fixed and certain amounts per cubic yard; and the quantities so removed were to be measured and determined by neutral and disinterested third parties, the State-employed engineers, whose determinations were to be binding upon all the parties. After the excavation work had been completed and the amounts of soil removed had been so fixed, Lane paid petitioners therefor. Lane did in fact remove all the usable soil from the three tracts involved. Thereafter, it sought additional soil from other tracts of petitioners; and, when they refused to sell any more, Lane obtained additional fill dirt from other landowners in the vicinity.
From the foregoing and the entire record, it is our opinion that the parties really intended to, and did, make completed purchases and sales of all the usable soil in place, in the three tracts here involved.
It further should be observed that the material removed from the tracts was merely earth or dirt, and not any particular type of mineral deposit, although it was composed in part of sand and gravel. The parties were not looking to the exploitation of any mineral or gravel deposit, under which Lane would remove and market such deposit, and under which petitioners would share in the production or proceeds therefrom. Rather, Lane was in the position of needing fill dirt for immediate use in its nearby construction projects; petitioners had the required material which they were willing to sell; and the substance of what actually was done was that petitioners made completed sales to Lane of the soil in place.
Moreover, the arrangements between the parties were not the usual type of mineral leases; and, in view of the interpretation we have given the arrangements and agreements, cases involving the concept of "retained economic interest," developed in connection with depletion deductions relating to oil, gas, and mineral extraction, are clearly inapplicable. Barker v. Commissioner, supra; Crowell Land & Mineral Corporation v. Commissioner, supra. The Supreme Court pointed out in Commissioner v. Southwest Exploration Co., 350 U. S. 308, that for a taxpayer to have a retained economic interest in a natural deposit to be removed, (1) he must have acquired, by investment, an interest in such deposit, and (2) he must have secured, by some legal relationship, income from the extraction of such deposit, to which he must look for a return of his capital. And the Supreme Court further pointed out in said case, that the taxpayer "must look solely tfl the extraction for a return of his capital."
Applying said principles to the instant case, we think that, while the first of the above-mentioned requirements is present, the second requirement has not here been met. Here, all the usable soil in each specified area was sold at a fixed unit price; and there was no contingency which would vary either that price, or Lane's obligation to pay it. Although no time limit was fixed in the agreement for the removal of the soil, the immediate use to which it was to be put by Lane made it clear and necessitated that the removal was to be expeditious. Also, petitioners were not entitled to receive or be credited with any part of the material removed, nor were they to share in any income or profit which Lane might derive from the removal of the material. See Crowell Land & Mineral Corporation v. Commissioner, (C. A. 5) supra. Bather, the sums which petitioners were to receive did not depend in any way on what Lane could earn from the removal or from its use of the material as fill dirt. Such removed material belonged to Lane alone; and petitioners looked for recovery of their capital solely to their contractual rights against Lane. Thus, in our opinion, petitioners did not retain any economic interest in the material involved.
Finally, after the soil had been removed, the excavated tracts were entirely useless to petitioners in the dairy-farming business, as had been anticipated. During the dry portion of each year, these tracts remained barren pits, strewn with rocks and covered with weeds; and, during other portions of the year, they were submerged under water. It was not possible to rehabilitate them; and petitioners were forced to acquire new tracts to replace those excavated, for use in the dairy-farming business.
The instant case is distinguishable on its facts from other cases decided by this Court, relating to the exploitation of sand and gravel deposits: William Louis Albritton, 24 T. C. 903, affd. (C. A. 5) 248 F. 2d 49; Arthur S. Barker, 24 T. C. 1160, revd. (C. A. 2) 250 F. 2d 195; and Crowell Land & Mineral Corporation, 25 T. C. 223, revd. (C. A. 5) 242 F. 2d 864. In the Albritton case, the instrument was in all respects a mining lease. It was, by its terms, designated as a "lease"; the taxpayers were designated as "lessors"; and the amounts to be paid for any sand and gravel "mined and shipped" from the leased premises were designated as "royalties." The amounts of such royalties were based on specified percentages of the "retail sales value" and of the "retail price" for the sand and gravel "so mined and shipped." Also, the instrument required prompt and continuing exploitation by the "lessee"; and provided for termination of the "lease" upon a 6 months' suspension of operations by the lessee.
In the Barker case, the agreement was for a specified term of years; and it was terminable by the contractor if, among other reasons, it was prevented from extracting materials by reason of zoning ordinances, or if the taxpayer-landowner failed to meet obligations which could become a lien against the land. Also the landowner was granted the right to terminate, if the contractor failed to leave safe slopes, or if it defaulted in -payments, or after it had removed all the material desired. The agreement further provided specifically, that the contractor was not obligated to remove any sand and gravel. In addition, the lands there involved had as high a fair market value for building purposes, after the sand and gravel had been removed, as they had before such removal. All of this is different from the instant case, wherein there were no termination provisions; where the intention of the parties was that all usable soil in specifically designated areas would be removed; where specific unit prices were fixed for all the soil in the designated areas; and where the property left after excavation had no substantial value.
In the Crowell case, the instrument involved gave a corporation the right to go upon the taxpayer's property and remove sand and gravel within a 5-year period, after which such right would terminate ; and the corporation was to pay for any material removed, as the extraction proceeded. This Court concluded that such factors were "typical indicia of the existence of an economic interest" retained by the taxpayer, and that such taxpayer was not entitled to capital gains treatment. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held upon its review of the case, as did the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in the Barker case, that there was in substance a completed sale of the sand and gravel in place.
On the basis of all the foregoing, we decide the issue here presented in favor of the petitioners.
Reviewed by the Court.
Decision will be entered under Bule 50.