Case Name: John Finders et al. v. Ellen A. Bodle et al.
Court: Nebraska Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Nebraska
Decision Date: 1899-02-23
Citations: 58 Neb. 57
Docket Number: No. 8644
Parties: John Finders et al. v. Ellen A. Bodle et al.
Judges: 
Reporter: Nebraska Reports
Volume: 58
Pages: 57–61

Head Matter:
John Finders et al. v. Ellen A. Bodle et al.
Filed February 23, 1899.
No. 8644.
1. Constitutional Law: Void Statutes. An act of the legislature passed in violation of the constitution is void from the date of its enactment, and not from the time it is judicially determined to he in conflict with the supreme law.
•, An unconstitutional statute creates no new rights 3. and abrogates no old ones. It is for all purposes as though it had never been passed.
8. -: -: Decedents. “Baker’s Decedent’s Law” was never ih force, and notwithstanding- its adoption by the legislature tad approval by the governor, it did not change, or affect in any way, the statutes regulating- the descent and transmission of testate or intestate estates.
4. Homestead: Descent. When a homestead is selected from the property of the husband, it vests on his death in his widow for life and afterwards in his heir or devisee in fee simple.
5. Void Judgments. When a court renders a judgment which it has no authority to render in any case, nor under any circumstances, such judgment is void for want of jurisdiction.
6. -: Homestead: County Courts. A decree of the county court assuming to vest in a widow the absolute title to a homestead selected from the lands of her deceased husband is void as an exertion of power not granted by the constitution or laws of the state.
7. Statutes: Curative Legislation. Curative legislation does not operate against persons acquiring- title to property in good faith and for value before its enactment.
Error from the district court of Richardson county. Tried below before Stull, J.
Reversed.
C. Gillespie, for plaintiffs in error.
Edwin Falloon, contra.

Opinion:
Sullivan, J.
This was an action of ejectment brought by Ellen A. Bodle and Mary Rosa against John Finders and Eliza Finders to recover possession of lot 1, in block 8, of the village of Verdón, in Richardson county. In the district court there was judgment according to the prayer of the petition. The material facts are undisputed and may be thus summarized: Asaph Oliver was the fee owner of the lot in question and at the time of his death was occupying it with his wife, Catherine Oliver, as a family homestead. The property, which did not exceed in value the sum of $500, was devised to Fred Oliver, a son of Asaph Oliver by a former marriage. The plaintiffs are daughters of Catherine Oliver by a former marriage and step-sisters of Fred Oliver. After the death of Asaph Oliver, which occurred February 4, 1892, his widow, rejecting the provisions of his will in her favor, declared her election to take under the law.' Thereupon the county court, acting under the authority of chapter 57, Session Laws 1889, known as "Baker's Decedent's Law," made a decree assuming to transfer to Catherine Oliver absolute title to the property in controversy. In December, 1892, Catherine Oliver died intestate and the plaintiffs succeeded to her rights. The validity of their title to the lot depends, therefore, upon the validity of the decree of the county court. The Baker law was passed in violation of the constitution. It neither created new rights nor destroyed old ones. It was as ineffectual as though it had never been enacted. (Trumble v. Trumble, 37 Neb. 340; Boales v. Ferguson, 55 Neb. 565.) Consequently, upon the death of Asaph Oliver the lot in question became the property of Fred Oliver, subject to his step-mother's life estate therein. Section 17, chapter 36, Compiled Statutes 1897, provides that on the death of the owner of the homestead it shall vest in the surviving husband or wife during the life of such survivor and afterwards in the heir or devisee of the original owner.
Fred Oliver having acquired the fee to the property by his father's will, it was not within the power of the county court to divest his title and vest it in the plaintiff's ancestor, conceding for the purposes of the case that the proceedings were adversary. Courts must keep within their jurisdictions. They must have power to hear and decide, or their decisions will be null. Unless the question decided is presented for decision, and unless the authority to decide questions of like character is given to the court by law, the decision is a nullity and may be assailed in a collateral action. (Fithian v. Monks, 43 Mo. 502; Bridges v. Clay County, 57 Miss. 252; Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall. [U. S.] 163; Feillett v. Engler, 8 Cal. 76; Sheldon v. Newton, 3 O. St. 494; Strobe v. Downer, 13 Wis. 11; Lewis v. Smith, 9 N. Y. 502; Bigelow v. Forrest, 9 Wall. [U. S.] 339; Windsor v. McVeigh,U. S. 274; Spoors v. Coen, 44 O. St. 497, 9 N. E. Rep. 132.) In 1 Freeman, Judgments [4th ed.], section 120c, it is said: "If a court grants relief which under no circumstances it has any authority to grant, its judgment is to that extent void." In Munday v. Vail, 34 N. J. Law 418, it is said that an essential element of jurisdiction is power in the court to take cognizance of cases to which the one to be adjudged belongs. In the case at bar the county court of Richardson county undertook by its decree to divest Fred Oliver's title to the lot in dispute on the assumption that it had authority to confirm in Catherine Oliver, as widow of Asaph Oliver, the fee to the family homestead, since it did not exceed in value the sum of $1,000. The court possessed no such power in any case. It was without legal capacity to entertain the application of the widow or to grant the relief demanded. The decree assigning the homestead, to the extent that it assumed to confer rights outlasting the life of Mrs. Oliver, was not merely erroneous, but utterly void.
Plaintiffs, however, insist that if the decree was originally void for want of jurisdiction in the county court, it was afterwards legalized and made effective by curative legislation. We need not in this case determine the extent to which the legislature may rightfully go in the enactment of curative statutes, for it is evident the one in question is not applicable here in view of the facts conclusively shown by the record. It appears that John Finders bought the property from Fred Oliver in good faith, and for an adequate consideration, after the decision in Trumble v. Trumble and before the curative statute was passed. The title of a purchaser thus acquired is not affected by legislation designed to validate void judgments. Upon this proposition the authorities are agreed. One about to buy property is not required to anticipate future legislative action affecting the title offered for sale. Otherwise, investments would be safe only to those having access to oracles, or possessing something like that comprehensive sweep of vision ascribed by Homer to the Grecian seer. Discussing a similar question Chief Justice Marshall, in Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch [U. S.] 87, used the following language: "It is, then, the unanimous opinion of the court that, in this case, the estate having passed into the hands of a purchaser for a valuable consideration, without notice, the state of Georgia was restrained, either by general principles, which are common to our free institutions, or by the particular provisions of the constitution of the United States, from passing a law whereby the estate of the plaintiff in the premises so purchased could be constitutionally and legally impaired and rendered null and void." In Freeman, Void Judicial Sales, section 61, it is said: "The curative act does not operate against purchasers from the grant or in good faith, and for value, before its passage." In support of this proposition the author cites Newman v. Samuels, 17 Ia. 528; Thompson v. Morgan, 6 Minn. 199; Brinton v. Seevers, 12 Ia. 389; Sherwood v. Fleming, 25 Tex. Supp. 408; Wright v. Hawkins, 28 Tex. 452; Menges v. Dentler, 33 Pa. St. 495. Other cases holding the same doctrine are: Johnson v. Wells County, 107 Ind. 15; McDaniel v. Correll, 19 Ill. 226; Nelson v. Rountree, 23 Wis. 367; Denny v. Mattoon, 2 Allen [Mass.] 361; Pryor v. Downey, 50 Cal. 388. The judgment of the district court is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.