Case Name: MISSOURI, K. & T. RY. CO. OF TEXAS v. DAY
Court: Supreme Court of Texas
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1911-04-19
Citations: 136 S.W. 435
Docket Number: 
Parties: MISSOURI, K. & T. RY. CO. OF TEXAS v. DAY.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 136
Pages: 435–441

Head Matter:
MISSOURI, K. & T. RY. CO. OF TEXAS v. DAY.
(Supreme Court of Texas.
April 19, 1911.)
1. Appeal and Error (§ 308 ) — Certified Questions — Questions of Fact.
The Supreme Court will not answer certified questions so far as they involve conclusions on facts stated.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Appeal and Error, Cent. Dig. §§ 1768-1770; Dec. Dig. § 308. ]
2. Master and Servant (§ 279 ) — Railways — Unfit Employés — Evidence — Suffi- ' CIENCY.
In an action against a railway company for assault by one employé upon another, evidence held to sustain a finding that the company was negligent in employing and retaining the em-ployé committing the assault.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Master and Servant, Cent. Dig. § 973; Dec. Dig. § 279. ]
3. Evidence (§ 75 ) — Inferences — Failure to Produce Evidence.
Since the fact whether defendant investigated the fitness of one before employing him was peculiarly within defendant’s knowledge, 'its failure to produce such evidence when, if an inquiry had been made, the proof, was not only readily accessible, but of value to it, warranted a finding of no such inquiry.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Evidence, Cent. Dig. § 95; Dec. Dig. § 75.*]
4. Master and Servant (§ 173*) — Railways —Employés — Efficiency — Duty of Company.
A railway company must use ordinary care to inform itself of the character and efficiency of its employés.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Master and Servant, Cent. Dig. §§ 343-346; Dec. Dig. § 173.*]
5. Master and Servant (§ 174*) — Unfitness of Employé — Notice to Employer.
Proof of general bad refutation of an em-ployé may charge his employer with notice of his unfitness, though the employer have no actual knowledge thereof.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Master and Servant, Cent. Dig. §§ 347, 348; Dec. Dig. § 174.*]
6. Master and Servant (§ 168*) — Injury to Employés — Assault by Fellow Employés —Employer’s Liability.
An employer is liable for injury to an em-ployé, resulting from negligence of a dangerous, drunken, and desperate employé, in doing the master’s work; the latter’s reputation being such that the employer was chargeable with notice of his character.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Master and Servant, Cent. Dig. § 337; Dec. Dig. § 168.*]
7. Master and Servant (§ 287*) — Injury to Employé — Unfitness of Fellow Employé —Jury Question.
Whether a railway company was negligent in employing and retaining one employé who assaulted another, held, under the evidence, a jury question.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases; see Master and Servant, Cent. Dig. §§ 1054r-1056; Dec. Dig. § 287.*]
8. Master and Servant (§ 182*) — Railways —Vice Principals — Assistant Foremen.
Under Batts’ Ann. Civ. St. art. 4560f, making railway employés having superintendence or control over other employés vice principals, an assistant foreman of a railway bridge gang was not a vice principal, where he merely led in the work under the foreman’s direction.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Master and Servant, Cent. Dig. §§ 369, 372; Dec. Dig. § 182.*]
Certified Questions from Court of Civil Appeals of Fifth Supreme Judicial District.
Action by L. F. Day against the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company of Texas. Judgment for plaintiff, and defendant appeals to the Court of Civil Appeals, which court certifies questions.
Questions answered.
Coke, Miller & Coke and G. C. Groce, for appellant. R. D. Thompson, C. E. Mead, and Farrar, McRae & Kemble, for appellee.
For other eases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes

Opinion:
RAMSEY, J.
The certificate from the Court of Civil Appeals which presents the questions to which an answer is invited is quite lengthy, but cannot, in justice to the case, be condensed by ns. It is as follows:
"Appellee sued the appellant, railway company, to recover damages for personal injuries inflicted upon him about the 6th of August, 1907, by one Jim Milam, a servant of appellant. Both Milam and Day were members of the bridge gang, and it was alleged that Milam was assistant foreman and in authority over Day. A recovery was sought upon the ground that the railway company was negligent in employing M'ilam and retaining him in its service. A trial resulted in a judgment against the railway company in favor of Day, and the case is now pending before us on appeal.
"It was shown by practically uncontrovert-ed evidence that in August, 1907, appellee, the witnesses Harrison, Bush, Turner, Diffie, and Brown, with one Jim Milam and other parties, under the witness Irby as foreman, constituted a bridge and building gang in the services of appellant. Jim Milam was 'straw boss,' or 'scratch boss,' or assistant foreman. In the absence of the foreman, he had supervision over and directed the gang. The foreman when present controlled the gang, but Milam was expected to lead in the work, and the foreman would tell him what he wanted done, and he (Milam) would tell the men, and to this extent they were under him, even when the foreman Irby was present. Milam had no authority to employ or discharge hands. The only authority he had in that regard, even in the absence of Irby, was to report men who did .not do to suit him, and Irby discharged or not as he saw fit. On August 6, 1907, the-gang was at work, at Circleville, in Williamson county, in loading on the cars the material of a water tank that had been torn down. Irby, the foreman, was with the gang. While engaged in this work, Milam made an assault on Day with a knife, inflicting on him serious wounds.
"Concerning this assault and the circumstances attending it, the evidence is, in substance, as testified by appellee, viz.: 'At the time of this injury, I could not state positively just how much of this tank had been loaded, but we were attempting to load the hoops — that is, Mr. Irby gave an order to the boys to see if they could not get the hoops; but we found there was more material on them, and Jim Milam kept calling out to us to load the hoops: "By God, come on." Mr. Irby had given us another order, but Jim kept calling on us to load the hoops. The hoops held the tank together, but the other parts of the tank wore wooden. The best of my recollection is Milam said, "Come on, go to the cars," or "Come on." We were confused by the orders. Mr. Irby had told us to do one thing, and Mr. Milam was telling us to let them go. We were hesitating on account of conflicting orders, and we were making different remarks. I just says, "we will have to get somebody to tell us what to do," and I looked up and saw him (Jim Milam) running through the crowd with a knife, and he says, "I have stood enough," "I have taken enough," or something like that. I did not know who he was after, but I knew in a few minutes; he ran upon me, cutting and slashing.'
"There was evidence tending to show previous bad feeling between Milam and Day. Milam ran away immediately after the difficulty, and there was evidence tending to show that he afterward committed suicide.
"The evidence on the issue of negligence of the company in the employment and retention of Milam in its service, and as to Milam's character is, in substance, as testified by the witnesses as follows: Appellee testified: T became a member of Mr. Irby's bridge gang about the 1st of July, 1907, and continued to be a member of the gang until the 6th of August following. Mr. Milam was a member of the gang all that time, but he was hurt and out part of the time. Mr. Mi-lam was quick-tempered and quarrelsome; unpleasant. This was not the case the whole time I was with him. Some time he would get quarrelsome, and some time he was a very pleasant man. At times he was tyrannical with the men employed under him. At times he was an unpleasant man. Milam drank intoxicants. He had been drunk. I had seen him drinking. When he would pass through a wet town, he would usually get a bottle of whisky, and I remember one time he ran the cook off; said the cook had stolen a bottle of whisky off of the ice. I did not see Milam what you would call drunk. The cook left the outfit. Our understanding was because he bawled him out about the whisky. I knew that Milam was a drinking man. Some of the time he was all right, and some of the time he was rough; he was rough, and some of the time he drank. Milam was unpleasant, and some of the time we might not be on the very best terms, but they had hauled me out of Ft. Worth, and I had to stay there. Some of the time we were not on the best of terms. I remember the night before the cutting he was sick, and I gave him some medicine. Of course, on bridge work some feelings come up between all men. At times things were not very pleasant between Milam and me, but nothing serious. While we were not the very best- of friends, at the same time I had nothing against him. I cannot say that before Milam and I had disagreed any more than the others. I didn't admire -Milam. I don't know how well I let him know that. When he started after me with his knife, he said something about he had taken enough; something like that.'
"J. R. Bush, witness for plaintiff, testified as follows: T had been working with the bridge crew at the time of the cutting continuously since the 10th or 12th of July, 1907. I do not know how long Jim Milam had been working for the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company of Texas, but he was working for them when I commenced on the date last above mentioned. I was with Jim Milam all tbe time during working hours from about July 10 to August 6, 1907, and had every opportunity to become well acquainted with Milam as is possible in that length of time. I knew Milam's habits as to whether or not he was sober or a drinking man. I knew his disposition as to whether he was a quiet and peaceable and well-disposed man, or whether or not he was high and quick-tempered. He was what is called a drinking man, and was not a quiet, peaceable, and well-disposed man. He had a high and quick temper when drinking and after being drtínk. Jim Milam drank to excess whenever he could get whisky, and he usually kept whisky on hand. He drank whisky. He drank at all times, both on and off duty. Can't say he drank any more on Sundays than on other days, for he drank all that he could get at all times. There was a difference in his disposition towards the members of the crew when he was sober and when he was drinking, except after he had been drunk he was about the same as when he was drunk. When he was drinking, or just after a drinking spell, he was awful overbearing and hard to get along with. I knew the general reputation of Jim Milam among the members of the bridge crew for sobriety or the excessive use of intoxicants; his reputation was that of getting drunk and being addicted to the drinking habit to excess, and that he was not a sober man. I know his general reputation at said time among said persons as to being a peaceable and orderly person, and as to being quarrelsome, overbearing, and tyrannical in his disposition. He had the reputation of being a quarrelsome, overbearing, and tyrannical man and boss, and his reputation was that he was not a peaceable and orderly person. I know the general reputation of Milam at said time among said persons as to his being competent, safe, or suitable person to be placed in charge of, or to be associated with, other employes, or in charge of them in their work.'
"On cross-examination this witness testified: T had been a member of the gang since about July 10, 1907, and remained a member of same six or eight days after the difficulty. I quit the service at Temple, and have resided since said time about six miles southwest of Commerce, Hunt county, Tex., where I now reside. I do not know of Jim Milam having a personal difficulty with any one except L. IP. Day. He had various rackets, fusses, and quarrels, but this is the only fight I knew of his having. It is not a fact that Milam was or was usually considered to be an ordinary, peaceable, well-disposed, and agreeable fellow. He (Milam) was having some words with some member of the crew all the time. He talked in an overbearing and quarrelsome manner to some of them all the time, and by "some of them" I mean those to whom
his remarks were directed at the time, for he talked to all of them in that manner; but it would be to some of them at a time. However, there was one member of the crew that I never heard him talk in that manner to but once, and that was Max Brown. On Saturday before the difficulty on Monday, he directed different members to go upon a scaffold, and each of them refused because it was not safe; he then directed Max to go upon it, and he refused, giving as his reason that it was not braced properly. Milam was intoxicated on duty so many times it is hard to give the dates or places, for it was so often that I got used to it, and did not take special notice of it. He was drunk on the Saturday before the difficulty at the time and place above mentioned. He was drunk on duty at Lorena about 10 or 12 days before the difficulty. He was drunk at Temple about a week prior to the difficulty; I can't say that he was drunk when he assaulted Day, but he had been drunk for the two days before. On the morning of the difficulty he had made several trips to the car, and when he would come back I could smell whisky on his breath. 1-Ie was drunk Saturday and Sunday, and was drinking Monday morning at the time of the difficulty. I was a member of the same bridge crew with Jim Milam from July 10 to August 6, 1907. We worked on defendant's railroad between Waco and Elgin. I can't give the members of the bridge crew during the time. They were changing all the time, and I do not remember all of them — Joe Perkins, Frank Turner-, Max Brown, - Costilla, and practically all other members of the crew, whose names I can't recall. I have discussed the reputation of Milam, of his crabbedness, and drunkenness, which brought on the discussion. All of above-named parties discussed the habits and disposition of Milam at many different times and places, one of which was at Gran-ger about two weeks prior to the difficulty. It was common talk and discussed so often that I could say each member of the crew discussed his habits and disposition at every point the crew was during my service prior to the difficulty. I do not know of Milam having a difficulty with any other member of the bridge crew than Day, at the time of this difficulty, in which he engaged in a fight or inflicted any violence.'
"Harrison, Turner, Brown, and Diffie, witnesses for appellant, testified, in effect, that they had associated with Milam during the time he had been with the gang. That he would drink intoxicants, but never saw him intoxicated while on duty, and he seemed to be a sociable, nice, quiet fellow and friendly with everybody, and did not consider 'him. of a quarrelsome and turbulent disposition; never knew of his having any difficulty with any one, except the one with Day.
"W. S. Irby, for appellant, testified: T knew Jim Milam from the 17th of June to the lGth of August — 6th of August, I mean. I never saw anything out of the ordinary in Jim Milam. To my knowledge during the time I knew him he had not been engaged in any pergonal difficulty with any one up to the time of this trouble with Mr. Day. If Mr. Milam ever drank, I didn't know it. Never to my knowledge was he intoxicated on duty. I never knew ánytliing out of the ordinary about Milam's disposition. He was always pleasant and agreeable so far as I ever saw him. I knew there was an estrangement between them. I had a worthless negro cooking there; he was no account; I ran him off. I ain't clear on that.'
"On cross-examination the witness says; 'The company don't want drunk men; no, sir. They don't want men who are in the habit of getting drunk. They don't want men who are quarrelsome — broilers—and who cause trouble. If I hired that kind of men and the company found it out, they would likely call for an explanation. I never heard of Milam being drunk. I won't say I never heard of him drinking any. He may have taken a drink; I don't know. Some days before this my gang got some material some place to build some scaffolding. I don't recall just now where we do get the material. We may have got it at Temple. I could not tell you whether we were in Temple about the 1st of August or not, without my books here to look it up. I don't think Milam could have been drunk on duty and I not have known it. I don't recall anything about Milam being drunk at Temple. I won't say that he didn't get drunk; but I will say he never got drunk on duty around the outfit while he was working for me. I will say that much.'
"On redirect examination the witness testified: 'If Milam ever talked to members of the gang in an overbearing and quarrelsome way, I never heard it. If Milam was drunk on Saturday before this difficulty, I didn't know it. If Milam was drunk at Lorena 10 or 12 days before this difficulty, I didn't know it. He was not drunk at Temple a week prior to the difficulty that I know of. 1-Ie was not drunk Saturday and Sunday before the difficulty that I know of. If he was drinking on the day of the difficulty,- I didn't know it. The only authority Milam would have when I wasn't there was if the men didn't do to suit him was to tell me; report it to me. When I was absent, he could only have stopped the man from working and waited until I came, and then, if I had seen fit to have discharged him, I would have done so; otherwise I would not. If Milam had been drunk and raising any disturbance, I should have discharged him. If he had even been drunk on duty, I would^have discharged him, without his raising any disturbance.'
"There was no evidence that appellant did or did not make an investigation of Milam's character and fitness before employing him.
"Question 1. Under the foregoing evidence, was the jury justified in finding that appellant was negligent in employing and retaining Milam in its service, and, if so, was the negligence such as to make appellant liable to Day for the injuries inflicted by Milam?
"Question 2. Was the position of Milam— that of 'straw boss,' as stated — such as to render the appellant liable for the act of Mi-lam in injuring Day under the circumstances stated?
"The members of this court are divided in opinion on these issues, and think it proper to certify the foregoing questions for your honor's answers."
1. Both of these questions involve the decision of questions of fact and the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a recovery. To the extent that they do involve conclusions on the facts stated we have deemed it no part of our office or duty to answer. We shall, however, undertake to answer both questions in so far as they involve questions of law and with such definiteness and fullness as should enable the Court of Civil Appeals to apply the law so declared to the facts stated. .
We think it cannot be doubted, under the authorities, that there was evidence tending to show, and which, if credited, would have justified the conclusion, that appellant was negligent in employing and in retaining Milam in its service, and that by such negligence appellee was subjected to the peril and danger of injury by him.
It is stated by the Court of Civil Appeals that "there was no evidence that appellant did or did not make an investigation of Milam's character and fitness before employing him." Since this was a fact peculiarly within the knowledge of the railway company, its failure to produce such evidence when, if inquiry had been made, the proof was not only readily accessible, but of value to it, might well justify the jury in concluding that no such inquiry had been made.
It is well settled in this state that it is the duty of a railway company to use ordinary and reasonable care to inform itself of the character and efficiency of its servants. T. & P. Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 89 Tex. 5Í9, 35 S. W. 1042; Labatt on Master & Servant, § 194. And, if not alone, certainly in connection with other proof, the failure to make such inquiry may well justify a finding of negligence. •
Again it is well settled that proof of general bad reputation may suffice to visit the master with notice of the unfitness of his servant, although there may, in fact, be no actual knowledge thereof proven. This rule is not only supported by the authorities, but is supported by reason and sound public policy. In the case last cited it Is said, quoting from McI-Cinney on Fellow Servants: "Evidence of general reputation is admissible to prove the unfitness of a fellow servant, and ignorance of such, general reputation on the part of the master is itself negligence, in a case in -which proper inquiry would have obtained the necessary information and where the duty to inquire was plainly imperative." Under the testimony of Rush, Milam's bad reputation existed among his associates for the whole period of his employment, and, while this time was short and the circle of his acquaintance limited, we think, in view of all the facts, and especially the extent to which Irby, the foreman, was thrown with all these men, that it was sufficient to raise the issue of unfitness.
It is said by Labatt, in his valuable work on Master & Servant, vol. 1, p. 432: "Under either of these doctrines, evidence of reputation is only admitted when the injury in suit was due to the particular kind of unfitness for which the servant was notorious, and when the unfitness is of- such a kind that it may become the subject of a general reputation." It has been held, however, that reputation for intemperance comes within the rule of general reputation.
In the well-considered case of Norfolk & Western R. Co. v. Hoover, 19 Md. 253, 29 Atl. 994, 25 D. R. A. 710, 47 Am. St. Rep. 342, the Maryland Court of Appeals said:
"It has been repeatedly held by this court, and is the settled and established doctrine of Maryland, that in actions of this character, where a servant sues his master for injuries resulting from the negligence of a fellow servant, the plaintiff to succeed must prove not only that some negligence of the fellow servant caused the injury, but also that the master had himself been guilty of negligence, either in the selection of the negligent fellow servant in the first instance, or in retaining him in his service afterwards. Mere negligence on the part of a fellow servant, though resulting in injury, will not suffice to support the action, because the master does not insure one employs against the carelessness of another; but he owes to each of his servants the duty of using reasonable care and caution in the selection of competent fellow servants, and in the retention in his service of none but those who are. If he does not perform this duty, and an injury is occasioned by the negligence of an incompetent or careless servant, the master is responsible to the injured employé, not for the mere negligent act or omission of the incompetent or careless servant, but for his own negligence in not discharging his own duty towards the injured servant As this negligence of the master must be proved, it may be proved like any other fact, either by direct evidence or by the proof of circumstances from which its existence may, as a conclusion of fact, be fairly and reasonably inferred. That drunkenness on the part of a railroad employé renders him an incompetent servant will scarcely be disputed; nor can it be questioned that a master who knowingly employs such a servant, or who, knowing his habits, retains him in his service, would be guilty of a reckless and wanton breach of duty, not only to the public, but to every employé in his service. There is no evidence in the record, nor has there been a suggestion, that either the conductor, fireman, or flagman of the train was negligent or incompetent. The negligence which directly caused the accident is attributed solely to the brakeman; and the appellant's negligence, which, as it is claimed, fixes its liability, lies in its employment of, or continuing to retain in its service, these dissipated or intemperate brakemen. But, as we have stated, it was necessary for the plaintiff to show, not only their employment, but that the company had not used due and ordinary care in selecting them. There was no direct evidence adduced to show the absence of such care; but the question excepted to, and the evidence elicited in response to it, was designed to show by indirect or circumstantial evidence that the company had not used the degree of care and caution in the selection of these brakemen that its duty imperatively required it to use. So the question is, Can you fix upon the master a failure to use due care in selecting careful servants by showing such notorious or general reputation respecting the servant's unfitness or incompetency as that the master could not, without negligence on his part, have been ignorant of it when he femployed the servant? About this there ought to be no difficulty. If the servant's general reputation before employment is so notorious as to unfitness as that it must have been known to the master but for his (the master's) negligence in not informing himself; if he could have been ignorant of it only because he failed to make investigation —then it is obvious that he had not used the care and caution which the law demands of him in selecting his employés. Hence 'the servant's general reputation for unfitness may be sufficient to overcome the presumption that the master used due care in his selection, even though actual knowledge of such reputation for unfitness on the master's part is not shown.' Wood, Master & Serv. §, 420.
"In Davis v. Detroit & M. R. Co., 20 Mich. 112, 4 Am. Rep. 364, Cooley, J., speaking for the court, adopts the same of Gilman v. Eastern R. Co., 13 Allen [Muss.] 433, 90 Am. Dec. 210, which puts upon the employer the responsibility of negligently employing an unfit person, generally known and reputed to be such, notwithstanding the employer may in fact have been ignorant of such unfitness. Continuing he said: 'The ignorance itself is negligence in a case in which any proper inquiry would have obtained the necessary information, and where the duty to inquire was plainly imperative.' So in Hilts v. Chicago & G. T. R Co., 55 Mich. 437, 21 N. W. 878, where a track hand was killed by an en-
gine backing rapidly along a switch, and the engineman was drunk, the court said: 'When, however, as in this case, it is shown that the accident occurred through the negligent act of the servant, who was in an intoxicated condition, and when it is shown, further, that he was in the habit of drinking intoxicating liquors to excess, and such habit had extended over a period of nine months while in the defendant's employ, and no actual knowledge or notice ever reached any superior officer of the engineer, we think the jury may be justified in concluding from such evidence that the defendant was negligent in failing to learn such habit, and in retaining the engineer in its employment.' See, also, Gilman v. Eastern R. Go., 13 Allen [Mass.] 433, 90 Am. Dec. 210; Wright v. New York Cent. R. Co., 25 N. Y. 566; Chicago & A. R. Co. v. Sullivan, 03 Ill. 293; Chapman v. Erie R. Co., 55 N. Y. 579. The evidence offered and admitted had no relation to specific or isolated acts of negligence. These, unless brought home to the knowledge of the master, would not have been admissible as reflecting on the question of the master's care. Baltimore Elevator Co. v. Neal, 65 Md. 438 [5 Atl. 338]."
And we think there could be no difference whether the injury result from negligence in doing the master's work, or from an assault made by a dangerous, drunken, and desperate employé, if his reputation was such that the master might reasonably have foreseen such consequences.
Again, it has sometimes been held that the act causing the injury may itself be of such character as to warrant the jury in finding that the master had retained the servant with knowledge of his incompetency. Mr. Labatt says (volume 1, p. 429): "It seems impossible to deny that the delinquency which caused the injury may be of such a flagrant character that a jury might fairly infer that the master could not have failed to discover the servant's unfitness, if proper inquiries had been instituted when he was hired, or his work had been properly supervised." This rule, it must be evident, must ordinarily have relation to those acts of unskillfulness and obvious incapacity which would develop in the course of the servant's labor in carrying on the master's business. But we think by analogy that in the fact of an assault, both so desperate and so unprovoked, that 'the jury might find some support of the charge of " the unfitness of Milam, and of appellant's negligence in not discovering it. In what we have said we have not undertaken to determine the weight and probative force of the testimony.
We merely hold that on the issue made, covered by the first question submitted, there was sufficient evidence to carry the case to the jury.
2. To the second question we answer that the position of Milam was not, as applied to the facts of this ease, such as to render the appellant liable for his acts on the theory that he was a vice principal.
Article 45(10f of Batts' Civil Statutes is as follows: "All persons engaged in the service of any person, receiver or corporation, controlling or operating a railroad or street railway the line of which shall be situated in whole or in part in this state, who are intrusted by such person, receiver, or corporation with the authority of superintendence, control or command of other servants or employSs of such person, receiver, or corporation, or with the authority to direct any other employé in the performance of any duty of such employe, are vice principals of such person, receiver, or corporation, and are not fellow servants with their coemploySs."
To correctly apply this statute, we must keep in mind the facts of the case. The certificate states: "Jim Milam wás 'straw boss,' or 'scratch boss,' or assistant foreman. In the absence of the foreman, he had supervision over and directed the gang. The foreman, when present, controlled the gang, but Milam was expected to lead in the work, and the foreman would tell him what he wanted done, and he (Milam) would tell the men, and to this extent they were under him, even when the foreman, Irby, was present. Milam had no authority to employ or discharge hands." It appears from the testimony that Irby, the foreman, was present, in active and actual control of the men and the work, when appellee was hurt. A question quite similar to this, under a statute substantially identical with the article above quoted, was before this court in the case of Texas Central Ry. Co. v. Frazier, 90 Tex. 33, 36 S. W. 432. In that case it was in evidence that it was the duty of the engineer to give signals which, when so given, were to be obeyed by brakemen. Since Frazier, a brakeman, occupied this relation to the engineer, it was-contended that this was such superintendence, control, and command of the engineer over Frazier as made him, under the then existing law, a vice principal. This position and contention was, however, squarely denied by this court. In discussing the question Judge Denman said: and subjects to the former the will of the latter as does the power to employ and discharge. But it was not the purpose of the statute to impute to the master the negligence of an employé upon whom he had conferred no such power, but had merely imposed the duty, in certain contingencies arising in the course of his employment, of giving a signal whereby another employé would know that the occasion had arisen for him to perform some duty imposed upon him by the rules governing his employment, leaving such employé free to perform such duty in his own way under such rules. In such a case there is no subjection of the will of one to that of the other."
"The purpose of the statute was to impute to the master the negligence of an em-ployé upon whom he has conferred authority or power to influence'the action or volition of another employe in the performance of his duties. Under the common-law rule, as settled in this state before the statute, the negligence of an employe would not have been imputed to the master, unless he had the power to employ and discharge; it being assumed that such power was necessary to subject the will of the latter to that of the former.
"The statute, however, is based upon the theory that the authority or power in one employe to superintend, control, or command, or direct another employé in the performance of his duties as effectually influences
The rule there laid down and the principle therein announced seems conclusive of this case.