Case Name: STATE of Minnesota, Appellant, v. Said Moussa GOULEED, Respondent
Court: Minnesota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Minnesota
Decision Date: 2006-09-07
Citations: 720 N.W.2d 794
Docket Number: No. A04-700
Parties: STATE of Minnesota, Appellant, v. Said Moussa GOULEED, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 720
Pages: 794–807

Head Matter:
STATE of Minnesota, Appellant, v. Said Moussa GOULEED, Respondent.
No. A04-700.
Supreme Court of Minnesota.
Sept. 7, 2006.
Mike Hatch, Attorney General, Susan Gaertner, Ramsey County Attorney, Jeanne L. Schleh, Asst. Ramsey County Attorney, St. Paul, MN, for appellant.
Michael F. Cromett, Assistant State Public Defender, Minneapolis, MN, for respondent.

Opinion:
OPINION
MEYER, Justice.
Said Moussa Gouleed was found guilty of second-degree unintentional felony murder for the death of his 6-week-old daughter. He was retried after the district court in the first trial sua sponte ordered a mistrial because of a discovery violation by the defense's expert witness. The court of appeals reversed the orders declaring a mistrial and denying the motion to bar a retrial, and reversed Gouleed's conviction. We determine that the record of the first trial showed a manifest necessity for a mistrial because Gouleed's expert failed to disclose testing he had done related to a critical evidentiary issue in the trial, and we conclude that Gouleed was not unconstitutionally subjected to double jeopardy. We reverse the court of appeals in part, reinstate Gouleed's conviction, and remand for resentencing.
At about 7:30 p.m. on November 8, 2002, Gouleed's wife took the couple's 2$-year-old son and left their 6-month-old infant, F.M., in Gouleed's care. The complaint alleged that Gouleed told officers that, while he was watching F.M., he took F.M. out of her crib to give her a bottle because she was crying. Gouleed also told officers that he tripped over an infant chair while carrying F.M., causing him to drop her. He said her head hit the floor, then she "jumped" up and her head hit the wall.
According to Gouleed's wife, when she returned a little after 9 p.m., she found Gouleed cradling F.M., who was not breathing. Gouleed's wife called 911, and F.M. was taken to Children's Hospital in St. Paul where she was pronounced dead just after 11 p.m.
Dr. Michael McGee, the Ramsey County medical examiner, performed an autopsy on F.M. the next day. Dr. McGee documented the following injuries: significant, depressed fractures on both sides of her skull; multiple healing fractures to her ribs; bi-lateral femur fractures; healing fractures of a forearm, wrist, and finger; contusions on her head, face, chest, and arms; and bruising on both of her legs. According to the complaint, Dr. McGee's provisional report concluded that the cause of death was injuries resulting from child abuse and the manner of death was homicide. Gouleed was charged with second-degree unintentional felony murder in violation of Minn.Stat. § 609.19, subd. 2(1) (2004).
The defense hired an expert forensic pathologist, Dr. John Plunkett, assistant coroner for the Minnesota Regional Coroner's Office, whose practice is focused on infant head injuries. On July 18, 2003, several months before his testimony, Dr. Plunkett issued a letter reporting his opinion on the cause of F.M.'s death. He based his opinions on his review of clinic and hospital records, Dr. McGee's autopsy report, including photos and microscopic slides, a consultation report from an ophthalmologist and another doctor, as well as police reports. Dr. Plunkett did not indicate that he had conducted any testing in preparing his report. He referred to microscopic slide evidence in his report stating that "[b]oth impact sites [on F.M.'s head] are associated with a large number of iron-positive macrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate . The iron-positiv[i]ty means that at least a portion of the hemorrhage and associated injury occurred at least 4-5 days before her death." He specifically referenced Dr. McGee's microscopic slides numbered 11, 16, and 18 containing samples taken from F.M.'s scalp, and slides T1 through T4 containing samples taken from the dura membrane. Dr. Plunkett opined that "[e]ven the skull fracture or fractures could have occurred significantly earlier" than November 8, 2002. Dr. Plunkett concluded that it was unlikely that an accident like that described by Gouleed would have caused F.M.'s death "unless a preexisting injury contributed to the fatal outcome."
In preparation for trial and with Gou-leed's counsel present, the state interviewed Dr. Plunkett and questioned him at length about his letter report. He said in the interview that it was "likely that this child had the [skull] fractures four or five days before [her death]." In the interview, Dr. Plunkett repeated his opinion that the microscopic slides indicated that F.M. had significant preexisting brain injuries, and he mentioned that iron pigment in microscopic slides from the injured area supported his position. But he did not indicate that he had performed his own testing on slides he had received from Dr. McGee.
After delays prompted by Dr. Plunkett's schedule, Gouleed's trial began October 31, 2003. On November 4, Gouleed moved for a mistrial after Dr. David Kispert, a neuroradiologist who had reviewed a CT scan of F.M.'s injuries, testified that he did not agree with the opinion attributed to him in another doctor's report that there were indications of subdural blood of various ages in F.M.'s head injuries. Gouleed argued that a mistrial was "absolutely necessary" because the state had failed to disclose a meeting it had had with Kispert before trial. The court denied the motion for a mistrial but struck all of Kispert's testimony.
Gouleed requested another mistrial the next day when a juror cried during Dr. McGee's testimony. That motion also was denied.
In his trial testimony, Dr. McGee stated that the microscopic slide evidence showed injury in the thighs and head, but that these previous head injuries were not causally related to F.M.'s death. Dr. McGee said that a fall as described by Gouleed could not have caused the injuries that killed her. Dr. McGee also indicated that his examination revealed subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhaging, as well as hemorrhaging at the base of F.M.'s brain. He noted he had seen accidental injuries such as she had suffered only in unrestrained children who had been in car accidents; F.M. could not have carried on normal activities for four to five days with such injuries; and it was unlikely that her 2)£-year-old brother could have caused such injuries. He concluded that F.M. died from at least three impacts that had occurred within hours of her death, resulting in closed head trauma and produced by child abuse.
On cross-examination, Dr. McGee agreed that iron slides (i.e., autopsy samples stained with iron) were needed to effectively date F.M.'s subdural hematoma, and he indicated iron slides had been done in F.M.'s case. Defense counsel did not further inquire about the nature, extent, or results of the iron-staining, nor did the defense ask when the staining had been done or who had done it. The prosecutor, on direct examination, had not specifically asked Dr. McGee about the iron-stained microscopic slides and did not follow up with any questions about iron-staining on redirect. No microscopic slides or images of microscopic evidence were admitted during Dr. McGee's testimony.
The defense called Dr. Plunkett as an expert witness. After the typical questions about Dr. Plunkett's credentials, defense counsel established the foundation for admission of exhibits Dr. Plunkett would rely on during his testimony:
Q [By defense attorney] Showing you what's been marked Exhibit 90 through 101. Do you recognize those?
A Yes, sir, I do.
Q Okay. What are those?
A These are prints of a power point presentation that I prepared from slides from the autopsy on [F.M.].
Q Okay. And how do you know that these documents are from [F.M.]?
A Well, I received the slides from the Ramsey County Coroner's Office. I looked at the slides, which had a key to go with the slides. The key corresponded with the slides that I was looking at. And so I assume that those, in fact, did come from [F.M.].
Q Did the slides and the codes from the autopsy correspond with what you were looking at under the microscope?
A Yes, they did. And I have labeled the slides — the designations on these slides. 14 refers to slide number 14. And I used A, B, C, D or E for various magnifications [sic] powers. And it's listed, the staining and the magnification power is listed.
[Defense attorney]: Your Honor, I would offer Exhibit 90 through 101.
[Prosecutor]: No objection, Your Honor.
The Court: Exhibits 90 though 101 are received without objection.
Dr. Plunkett proceeded to testify, illustrating his analysis of F.M.'s injuries with photographs of the slides; each exhibit had two images. In testimony covering 12 pages of transcript, Dr. Plunkett showed and discussed 13 of the images: three of samples taken from F.M.'s right thigh, two of which were iron-stained; and 10 of samples taken from her head, six of which were iron-stained. Dr. Plunkett testified specifically about iron-stained slides of samples from the left and right occipital scalp (apparently in the same areas where there were skull fractures), saying they showed evidence of injury occurring at least four or five days before F.M.'s death. In the course of his testimony, Dr. Plunk-ett said the iron-staining was done because, "It's the best way to try to date something that may be more than four to five days old."
In short, Dr. Plunkett testified specifically and in some detail about iron-staining, stating that it supported his conclusion that F.M. had head injuries that significantly predated her death. Dr. Plunkett's testimony was more specific than Dr. McGee's general acknowledgement that there was evidence of old hemorrhage in F.M.'s head injuries and that iron-staining could date a subdural hema-toma.
After discussing 12 separate images, Dr. Plunkett indicated, to the apparent surprise of both parties, that he had iron-stained the slide to which he was referring. The state interrupted and, after a discussion off the record, defense counsel asked Dr. Plunkett:
Q Are these exhibits the way that you got them from the pathologist of Dr. McGee?
A They are labeled. 35 corresponds to Dr. McGee's slide 35. 18 corresponds to Dr. McGee's slide 18 and so forth[.]
Q And did you do anything to these slides? These are as they came; is that correct?
A Well, the H & E's are as they came. The irons are as I did them.
Q You did those?
A Yes.
The state objected and the jury was removed. Defense counsel indicated that he thought Dr. Plunkett was testifying based on the slides as prepared by Dr. McGee. The state contended that it was surprised by Dr. Plunkett's staining, which the state described as "obviously critically relevant to what he's testifying to." The state made a motion to strike all of Dr. Plunkett's testimony, maintaining that if it had known that Dr. Plunkett had done his own iron-staining, it would have objected when the exhibits were offered for admission. The state further argued that striking Dr. Plunkett's entire testimony was the only fair thing to do because the court had already struck Kispert's testimony. Gouleed opposed the motion to strike on the grounds that it would leave Gouleed without support for his theory of the case and argued that Dr. Plunkett's July 2003 report had been adequate disclosure.
The court stated that the undisclosed testing represented evidence that went to "the very essence of this case." The court called a recess to take the state's motion under advisement and give the state a chance to review Dr. Plunkett's photos with Dr. McGee and consider remedial steps; the court specifically noted the possibility of a continuance. The bulk of the discussion upon reconvening roughly two hours later concerned the nature of the discovery violation and how it came about. There was no discussion on the record as to the contents or the results of the state's discussions with Dr. McGee. With regard to remedy, Gouleed argued that Dr. Plunk-ett's testimony should not be stricken, and instead proposed that the court allow Dr. Plunkett to continue to testify regarding the iron positivity in F.M.'s cells and his conclusions based on it, but preclude Dr. Plunkett from showing additional photographs and have the jury disregard the pictures that were shown.
The court reasoned that because Dr. Plunkett had used his iron-stained slides to create the July 2003 report, the defense had an obligation to disclose the additional testing at that time, and that instructing the jury to disregard the testimony may not be an adequate remedy. The court indicated it was "in the mode of saying that there's a mistrial," because it did not want to deprive the defendant of his case. Nonetheless, the court took another break to allow the parties to consider the options of a continuance to prepare for rebuttal (presumably by Dr. McGee) or mistrial. After the recess and, apparently, some discussion in chambers, the court indicated that it had decided on a mistrial and noted its expectation that retrial would begin December 1.
What followed was an effort to put the parties' conflicting positions on the record. The state indicated that it opposed a continuance, arguing that no rebuttal could undo the impression that Dr. Plunkett had "exposed the state and the state has to try to respond. I don't think there's any way to get around that by a continuance." As such, the state indicated that a continuance was "not adequate." Defense counsel requested a continuance rather than a mistrial, but noted, "I've been told that that's not going to happen" — apparently referring to an off-the-record conversation in chambers.
The court declared a mistrial, then explained its decision to the jury:
[Q]uite frankly, with the stuff that was coming in today from defendant's expert, I saw no way that I could tell you to disregard certain portions of the testimony. Nor do I think it would have been fair to the defendant to disqualify his expert . He would have been left without any expert.
So with those being the options, the state felt that a continuance into next week might not have been appropriate. They just didn't know if they had the time that they could have gotten with their experts to look at the slides that were coming in.
There is no discussion on the record of the possible double-jeopardy consequences of a mistrial.
Before retrial, Gouleed moved to dismiss the charge on double-jeopardy grounds. The district court denied the motion, stating that "the state was deprived of a fair trial when the defense did not provide full disclosure of its expert's basis for opinions going to [the] very heart of the issue — the age of the injuries."
The second trial commenced on December 1, 2003. Gouleed employed a different expert for the second trial. The jury in the second trial found Gouleed guilty and he was sentenced to 225 months in prison. Gouleed appealed to the court of appeals. The court of appeals reversed the orders declaring a mistrial and denying the motion to bar the retrial, and reversed Gouleed's conviction, saying that it was "unable to reach any principled conclusion that there was a manifest necessity for a mistrial or that the [trial] court and counsel appropriately investigated and examined measures short of a mistrial to remedy the discovery violation." State v. Gouleed, A04-700, 2005 WL 1216294, at *10-11 (Minn.App. May 24, 2005). This appeal followed.
Both the federal and state constitutions prohibit trying a criminal defendant twice for the same crime. U.S. Const, amend. V; Minn. Const, art. 1, § 7. A criminal defendant who objects to the declaration of a mistrial cannot be retried unless there was a "manifest necessity" for the mistrial or the ends of public justice would otherwise be defeated. Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 461, 93 S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973) (citing the "fountainhead" decision on a mistrial granted over defendant's objection, United States v. Perez, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579, 580, 6 L.Ed. 165 (1824)); State v. Fuller, 374 N.W.2d 722, 726 (Minn.1985); State v. Gwara, 311 Minn. 106, 108-09, 247 N.W.2d 417, 419 (1976).
The application of the constitutional protection against double jeopardy is reviewed de novo. State v. Leroy, 604 N.W.2d 75, 77 (Minn.1999). But we review trial court decisions to declare a mistrial sua sponte without the consent of the defendant for an abuse of discretion. State v. Miller, 573 N.W.2d 661, 675 (Minn.1998). Review of the district court's decision, though, is rigorous, because a constitutionally protected interest of the defendant is implicated by mistrial. See Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 514, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717 (1978) (stating that "reviewing courts have an obligation to satisfy themselves that the trial judge exercised 'sound discretion.' "). We have stated, "A high degree of necessity — not absolute necessity — must exist before a mistrial is appropriate." State v. Long, 562 N.W.2d 292, 296 (Minn.1997), habeas corpus granted by Long v. Humphrey, 184 F.3d 758 (8th Cir.1999).
The Supreme Court has noted the fact-intensive quality of the manifest necessity standard. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 93 S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (noting that the standard "abjures the application of any mechanical formula," id. at 462, 93 S.Ct. 1066; and "virtually all of the cases turn on the particular facts and thus escape meaningful categorization," id. at 464, 93 S.Ct. 1066); see also United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 480, 91 S.Ct. 547, 27 L.Ed.2d 543 (1971) (noting, in a case affirming the application of the Double Jeopardy Clause to bar retrial, that "a mechanical rule prohibiting retrial would be too high a price to pay for the added assurance of personal security and freedom from governmental harassment"). We likewise have found that the standard is a flexible one that seeks to achieve fairness for the prosecution, the defendant, and the public interest. Long, 562 N.W.2d at 296 (citing United States v. Givens, 88 F.3d 608, 613 (8th Cir.1996)).
There is no dispute about whether there was a discovery violation in Gou- leed's first trial. Rather, the issue is whether there was a manifest necessity for the mistrial. As the Court noted in Arizona, the intensity of the scrutiny applied to a decision to grant a mistrial is a function of the nature of the trial problem that prompted the motion: "[I]t is manifest that the key word 'necessity' cannot be interpreted literally; instead, contrary to the teaching of Webster, we assume that there are degrees of necessity and we require a 'high degree' before concluding that a mistrial is appropriate." 434 U.S. at 506, 98 S.Ct. 824. A request for a prosecutor to buttress weaknesses in the state's evidence cannot be justified, id. at 507, 98 S.Ct. 824, whereas, a mistrial premised upon the trial judge's belief that the jury is unable to reach a verdict has long been considered the classic basis for a proper mistrial, id. at 509, 98 S.Ct. 824. In this case, while the state cannot have been wholly surprised by the nature of Dr. Plunkett's testimony, it is evident in the record that, before trial, Dr. Plunkett deliberately and repeatedly avoided revealing that he had conducted additional testing on the autopsy samples, a violation of the spirit and letter of the discovery rules. Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 9.02, subd. 1(2), requires the defense, upon request, to disclose the results of tests that will be introduced or relate to testimony of one of its witnesses. Dr. Plunkett's evasiveness, exacerbated by defense counsel's apparent failure to effectively communicate with its witness, resulted in a trial problem that was not caused by government overreaching.
We agree with the district court's observation that the discovery violation went to the very heart of the state's case, in contrast to the court of appeals' conclusion that "[t]he sole function of the undisclosed slides was to corroborate a point that was not in contention," State v. Gouleed, No. A04-700, 2005 WL 1216294, at *6 (Minn.App. May 24, 2005). We observe that the iron-stained slides provided a visual basis and critical support for Dr. Plunkett's conclusion that some of F.M.'s injuries significantly predated her death. Dr. Plunkett's nondisclosure cannot be characterized as an inconsequential detail related to an uncontested point — indeed, the medical significance of the prior injuries was the only real issue at trial. See State v. Lindsey, 284 N.W.2d 368, 374 (Minn.1979) (noting that "[t]he values sought to be achieved through reciprocal discovery will be attained only if the rules are properly observed, and to this end the trial courts must have the ability to make those obligations meaningful."). The iron-staining was new evidence to which the state would have had to respond, and the state should have had this evidence in advance of trial.
The discrepancy between the court of appeals' and the district court's assessments of the impact of the undisclosed iron-staining evidence on the fairness of the proceedings implicates the well-established maxim that the district court is "best situated to decide whether, for compelling reasons, 'the ends of substantial justice cannot be attained without discontinuing the trial.'" Long, 562 N.W.2d at 296 (quoting Gori v. United States, 367 U.S. 364, 368, 81 S.Ct. 1523, 6 L.Ed.2d 901 (1961)); see also Long, 184 F.3d at 761 (noting that "mere disagreement with the [trial] court's conclusion is not enough to warrant habeas relief.") (citation omitted). The district court arrived at a dispositive conclusion that there was "no way that I could tell you [the jury] to disregard certain portions of the testimony. Nor do I think it would have been fair to the defendant to disqualify his expert Ultimately, the court granted the mistrial based on its determination that continuing the trial would not be fair to either party.
Gouleed argues that deference should not be given to the district court because it failed to discuss the double-jeopardy consequences of a mistrial on the record and failed to fully explore alternatives less drastic than a mistrial. Whatever the shortcomings of the district court's consideration of ramifications, the mistrial decision cannot be said to have been made rashly or altogether without consideration of alternatives. The court took two recesses to allow the parties to ascertain the nature of the violation and to consider remedies. Discussions in chambers were had. A continuance and the excision of testimony were at least considered by the court.
The difficulties of Gouleed's trial (the delays, the two prior mistrial motions, the striking of the testimony of one of the state's witness) and the dramatic confusion as to who iron stained which slides compel deference to the district court's perspective. The record here, while somewhat lacking, does not present the situation found in Jom, where the Court noted that the trial court "made no effort to exercise a sound discretion to assure that, taking all the circumstances into account, there was a manifest necessity for the sua sponte declaration of this mistrial." 400 U.S. at 487, 91 S.Ct. 547 (affirming that double jeopardy precluded retrial where the trial court acted "abruptly," such that the parties had no time to discuss alternatives to mistrial); id. at 487-88, 91 S.Ct. 547 (Burger, C.J., concurring) (noting that the "frustration of the right to have this case tried [was] attributable solely to the conduct of the trial judge.").
We conclude that Gouleed's right to have his trial completed by a particular tribunal is an interest that must be subordinated to the public interest in fair trials designed to end in just judgments. See Arizona, 434 U.S. at 505, 98 S.Ct. 824. The Supreme Court has said that a trial judge properly exercises his discretion when he declines to continue a trial after an error has occurred that will undoubtedly subject a verdict of conviction, if one is reached, to reversal. Somerville, 410 U.S. at 464, 93 S.Ct. 1066. Striking all or some of Dr. Plunkett's testimony was a remedy available to the court, but such a remedy would have been a severe sanction for a discovery violation. See State v. Freeman, 531 N.W.2d 190, 197-98 (Minn.1995). Ordering the case to be retried preserved Gouleed's ability to fully present his defense and avoided a trial error that would have undoubtedly subjected a verdict of conviction to reversal. See State v. Bjork, 610 N.W.2d 632, 636 (Minn.2000) (noting that a criminal defendant has a right, albeit not an unlimited one, to present his defense).
Policy reasons weigh against prohibiting the retrial of Gouleed. The constitutional protection against double jeopardy is rooted in the idea that
the State with all its resources and power should not be allowed to make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged offense, thereby subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and ordeal and compelling him to live in a continuing state of anxiety and insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though innocent he may be found guilty.
Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187-88, 78 S.Ct. 221, 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957); see also Jorn, 400 U.S. at 479, 91 S.Ct. 547 (noting that permitting repeated government prosecutions would cut deeply into double-jeopardy protections). We do not find anything in the record to suggest that the state took any action to precipitate the mistrial. To permit the defendant's key witness to commit a serious discovery error and then to bar retrial of the case would not serve the principles rooted in the double-jeopardy doctrine.
We reverse the court of appeals' reversal of the district court's orders declaring a mistrial and denying the motion to bar retrial. We reinstate Gouleed's conviction and remand to the district court for resen-tencing in accord with the court of appeals' opinion. Gouleed, 2005 WL 1216294, at *11.
Reversed in part and remanded.
. The court of appeals' ruling on the double-jeopardy issue was dispositive. But the court also found that the district court violated the rule articulated in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), when it imposed a 75-month upward durational departure from the presumptive 150-month sentence for second-degree murder. State v. Gouleed, No. A04-700, 2005 WL 1216294, at *11 (Minn.App. May 24, 2005). Further, the court of appeals found that the admission of testimony from hospital personnel about their feelings about the death of F.M. was erroneous, but that it likely did not have a significant effect on the verdict. Id. at *11-12. The court of appeals' decision on these issues was not appealed to this court.
.Whoever does either of the following is guilty of unintentional murder in the second degree and may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than 40 years:
(1) causes the death of a human being, without intent to effect the death of any person, while committing or attempting to commit a felony offense other than criminal sexual conduct in the first or second degree with force or violence or a drive-by shooting .
Minn.Stat. § 609.19, subd. 2(1) (2004).
. The scalp covers the outer surface of the skull; between the skull and scalp is the per-iosterum; inside that is a membrane called the dura; under the dura, attached to the brain, is the arachnoid membrane.
. Dr. Plunkett earlier had failed to comply with a court-ordered deadline for submission of his report.
. "H & E" stands for hematoxylin and eo-sin — another method of dating blood in hemorrhages.
. Gouleed had originally been represented by attorney William Mauzy. Mauzy withdrew in April 2003, though, when it appeared he would be called as a witness in the case. Eric Olson took over Gouleed's defense. The autopsy slides had been given to Dr. Plunkett by Mauzy, not Olson. The record does not establish that either of Gouleed's attorneys was aware of Dr. Plunkett's iron-staining.
. In State v. Fuller we declined, on the facts of the case, to interpret the double-jeopardy prohibition in the Minnesota Constitution more broadly than the United States Supreme Court had interpreted the identical federal standard. 374 N.W.2d 722, 727 (Minn.1985).
. We note that Gouleed's invocation of the policy in favor of concluding a criminal trial in a single proceeding is undermined by his failure to appeal the denial of his double-jeopardy motion before retrial. See Minn. R.Crim. P. 28.02, subd. 2(2)3 (allowing appeal as of right from an order denying a double-jeopardy motion).