Case Name: ALICE R. CRAGUN et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. CONSTANTINE A. KROSSOFF et al., Defendants; SIGMUND EISNER COMPANY, WESTERN (a Corporation), Respondent; W. C. DAVIS, Cross-Complainant and Appellant
Court: District Court of Appeal of the State of California
Jurisdiction: California
Decision Date: 1941-06-20
Citations: 45 Cal. App. 2d 480
Docket Number: Civ. No. 11524
Parties: ALICE R. CRAGUN et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. CONSTANTINE A. KROSSOFF et al., Defendants; SIGMUND EISNER COMPANY, WESTERN (a Corporation), Respondent; W. C. DAVIS, Cross-Complainant and Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: California Appellate Reports, Second Series
Volume: 45
Pages: 480–492

Head Matter:
[Civ. No. 11524.
First Dist., Div. One.
June 20, 1941.]
ALICE R. CRAGUN et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. CONSTANTINE A. KROSSOFF et al., Defendants; SIGMUND EISNER COMPANY, WESTERN (a Corporation), Respondent; W. C. DAVIS, Cross-Complainant and Appellant.
Sullivan & Ferrario, A. K. Whitton and Johnson & Harmon for Appellants.
Redman, Alexander & Bacon and Herbert Chamberlin for Respondent.

Opinion:
WARD, J.
Appeals by plaintiffs Alice R. Cragun and Cal Cragun, wife and husband, and cross-complainant W. C. Davis, from judgments severally entered against them in a personal injury action in favor of defendant and cross-complainant Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, a corporation. Since the rendition of 1he judgment, Myrtle Davis, administratrix of the estate of W. C. Davis, has been substituted as cross-complainant and appellant.
Mr. and Mrs. Cragun were riding with appellant Davis in his car when it collided in an intersection of streets in the city of Oakland with an automobile owned by R. J. McDonald and operated by Constantine Krossoff. The Craguns, Davis and McDonald were injured, and both automobiles were damaged. Mr. and Mrs. Cragun filed an action for personal injuries, medical expenses, etc., against Krossoff and McDonald, who answered, the latter with the permission of the court also filing a cross-complaint against Davis, praying for damages for personal injuries and expenses incurred in the repair of his car. Davis answered this cross-complaint and in turn cross-complained against McDonald and Krossoff, seeking to recover for personal injuries and for damages to his automobile. The Craguns amended their complaint to include Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, as a defendant, and Davis added the Eisner Company as a defendant in his cross-complaint. When all of the answers to the complaints, amended complaints and amended cross-complaints had been filed, the matter was tried without a jury.
The court found negligence on the part of Krossoff who was operating McDonald's car at the latter's request. It also found "That at the time and place of the aforesaid accident defendant R. J. McDonald was not in the course of or in the discharge of any duty or duties of his employment as a salesman upon commission for said Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, a corporation, or otherwise; that defendant R. J. McDonald in requesting and employing defendant Krossoff to drive the said automobile of defendant R. J. McDonald from Tracy, California, to San. Francisco, California on said 16th day of January, 1937, during the course of which trip the aforesaid accident and collision occurred, was not acting for or on behalf of defendant Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, a corporation, and defendant McDonald was without any authority whatsoever to employ or permit defendant Krossoff or any other person to drive or operate said automobile for or on behalf of said defendant Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, a corporation, on said trip; that said trip from Tracy, California, to San Francisco, California, during the course of which the aforesaid accident and collision occurred, was made solely for the personal and individual interest of defendant R. J. McDonald, and was not made at the request of nor in the interest of nor upon any business of defendant Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, a corporation." Judgment was entered in favor of plaintiffs Alice R. Cragun and Cal Cragun and cross-complainant Davis against Krossoff and McDonald, and in favor of Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, against the plaintiffs and cross-complainant.
The evidence disclosed that McDonald was a traveling salesman for cross-defendant Sigmund Eisner Company, Western, having its principal place of business in New Jersey and a branch office in San Francisco. McDonald's duties were to place clothes, the output of the company, in stores throughout territory assigned to him in California. This territory commenced at Stockton or Manteca on the north and extended to Bakersfield on the south, and he covered it approximately once a month, without, however, having any specified route or regular or definite working hours, although he usually kept the San Francisco office advised personally or by mail as to his itinerary. McDonald used his own automobile for these trips, and it in fact appears that respondent company understood he would, although he had the privilege of selecting his own mode of conveyance. When he commenced selling for the company, no mention was made of the period of his employment, and he was paid no regular salary, merely a commission. He was, however, allowed a drawing account of $50 a week and if his commissions did not equal this advance his account was debited the difference. He continued to receive this weekly advance during his several weeks of illness following the accident. The company furnished him with sample cases of goods to take on his trips, and he replenished the cases from time to time from the stock of the company. At the time of the accident he had these cases with him. There is no evidence in the record that McDonald ever delivered merchandise, extended credit or made collections. Week ends, McDonald ordinarily returned from the valley trip to San Francisco, usually going to thé same hotel, from which he was registered as a voter, and where he paid only for the time he occupied the room assigned him. He testified that these trips to San Francisco might be on personal business; that if he happened to be in San Francisco during business hours, he would report to the company, but that his written reports of sales, etc., did not have to be made at any time or place; that they could be made by mail. He further testified that while he fixed his own itinerary, he would have changed it to comply with any request or direction of his employer to call on a particular customer; that on completing his territory on the north, he never varied the route taken to San Francisco. On the day of the accident, Saturday, McDonald called on a customer at Manteca, the northmost town of his route, and they had several drinks. On resuming his trip north, he was given a "tag" at Tracy for reckless driving; Ms car was taken from Mm, parked near the court house and he was advised to get something to eat. He testified that this occurrence made him uneasy about driving the rest of the way to San Francisco; that he engaged and paid Krossoff to drive for him, and it was while Krossoff was driving that the accident occurred.
The finding that McDonald was not in the course of or in the discharge of any duty or duties of his employment as a salesman for respondent company at the time or place of the accident may be sustained upon reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence unless the proof presented establishes as a matter of law that he was at the time acting within the scope of his employment.
Appellants contend that in determining the liability of respondent company the negligence of defendant Krossoff must be regarded as that of the defendant McDonald. This contention need be considered only if it should be determined that McDonald was in the course of his employment at the time and place of the accident. Appellant also presents as one of the questions on appeal: "Was the status of the defendant McDonald that of an employee for the respondent company as distinguished from an independent contractor?" There is no direct finding on this question, and it does not appear that a finding on the subject was necessary in view of the finding that McDonald was not in the course of or in the discharge of any duty of "his employment as a salesman upon commission" during his journey from Manteca to San Francisco. If the evidence supports the finding that McDonald was not acting in the course of his employment as an agent, servant or employee of respondent company at the time of the accident, then appellants' contentions have been met. It is not necessary to consider the numerous opinions written differentiating acts performed within or without the scope of employment. It is sufficient to say that each case was decided upon its own peculiar facts and circumstances.
The question for decision here may be stated briefly: In driving from Tracy, or even Manteca, through Oakland toward San Francisco was McDonald doing anything in furtherance of his employment as a salesman on a commission basis or was he "at liberty from the service and pursuing his own ends exclusively"? (Slater v. Friedman, 62 Cal. App. 668, 672 [217 Pac. 795].) His business activity for the week had ended; he had driven in a car of which he "was the registered owner but the finance company had a good part of it" beyond the zone of his employment; in passing through Tracy he had received a "tag" for driving his car in a "wobbly" fashion and had been advised to get something to eat; he had taken at least a glass of wine at Tracy and believed it advisable to pay someone to operate the car to his destination. The purpose of the proposed trip to San Francisco was not in the interest of respondent company. McDonald testified: "Q. You intended to call at the office on the following Monday morning, did you not? A. I don't believe so, no sir. Q. Except for the accident 1 mean you would have called at the office on the following Monday morning ? A. No sir, that was not my usual custom. My custom in coming in on Saturday was to go directly back on the road on Monday morning. Q. You got your check every Monday morning at the office, didn't you? A. No sir. It was mailed to me from the office." McDonald was not charged with the duty of returning on week ends or other wise to report to respondent company's office at San Francisco.
The many cases cited by appellants distinguishing between an employee and an independent contractor are not of assistance to them. The present case was not decided by the trial court upon that distinction; that is, that McDonald was an independent contractor. It held that McDonald was an employee, and classified his employment with respondent company as "salesman upon commission", but held that at the time of the accident he was not in the course of his employment. It is appellants' theory that a travelling salesman is in the course and scope of his employment for the entire period of time between starting from and returning to his home or business headquarters. This general rule has found approval notably in California C. I. Exchange v. Industrial Acc. Com., 5 Cal. (2d) 185 [53 Pac. (2d) 758], but in each case cited by appellants facts and circumstances showed that the employee was on a roving commission, or had made a necessary stop, overnight or otherwise, in the interest or advancement of the employer's business, while en route to his home or place of business. In the present case it is true that McDonald voted in San Francisco and that usually he stopped at the same hotel if a room was available, but in doing so he was no more than a transient guest, and it was not necessary that he should come to San Francisco for the business of his employer. The purpose of the week end trips was primarily for pleasure as distinguished from business. He could, without injury to the interests of his employer, have stopped at any intervening city or town or left his regular route for other parts had his pleasure so dictated. He was a free lance, subject to no control by his employer from the time he left Manteca. His return to San Francisco was a mere incident, not necessarily or at all connected with his employment.
In many respects Ryan v. Farrell, 208 Cal. 200 [280 Pac. 945], and Hiner v. Olson, 23 Cal. App. (2d) 227 [72 Pac. (2d) 890, 73 Pac. (2d) 945], are similar to the present case. In the Hiner case the circumstances furnished "persuasive evidence" that the travelling salesman at the time of the accident there involved was under the control of his employer. On appeal there was evidence to substantiate the conclusions reached by the trier of the facts. In the present case there was persuasive evidence to convince the trier of the facts not that the salesman was an independent contractor, for he was not engaged in business of his own, but that he was an employee, although not engaged in the business nor under the control of his employer at the time of the accident. There was evidence to indicate that McDonald "had stepped aside from his employer's business and had entered upon the performance of an independent purpose of his own". (Helm v. Bagley, 113 Cal. App. 602 [298 Pac. 826]; see, also, Kish v. California S. Auto. Assn., 190 Cal. 246 [212 Pac. 27] ; Chamberlain v. Southern California Edison Co., 167 Cal. 500 [140 Pac. 25] ; Slater v. Friedman, supra; Newman v. Sunde, 23 Cal. App. (2d) 332 [73 Pac. (2d) 260]; Martinelli v. Bond, 42 Cal. App. 209 [183 Pac. 461] ; Lee v. Nanny, 38 Cal. App. (2d) 90 [100 Pac. (2d) 832] ; Fuller v. Lindenbaum, 29 Cal. App. (2d) 227 [84 Pac. (2d) 155]; Lane v. Bing, 202 Cal. 577 [262 Pac. 317]; Peccolo v. City of Los Angeles, 8 Cal. (2d) 532 [66 Pac. (2d) 651].)
The question of departure from the scope of employment is ordinarily one of fact. A strict concise rule may not be framed to cover all states of fact. Previous decisions may act as an advisory guide but not as an injunctive limitation, due to the varied circumstances that successive eases present. In the present case the arrangements between the employer and employee relative to the manner, method and time of work, being entirely oral, a question of fact was presented within the province of the trial judge. (Robinson v. George, 16 Cal. (2d) 238 [105 Pac. (2d) 914].)
If from the evidence offered a reasonable deduction may be drawn that the trier of the facts,—:who is the judge of the weight and value of the evidence,—has reached a conclusion based upon substantial evidence, the duty of an appellate court is at an end. "When two or more 'inferences can be reasonably deduced from the facts, the reviewing court is without power to substitute its deductions for those of the trial court." (Crawford v. Southern Pac. Co., 3 Cal. (2d) 427, 429 [45 Pac. (2d) 183].) " . . . any attempt on the part of an appellate court to draw an inference of fact constitutes 'a usurpation of the province of the trial court' ". (Hamilton v. Pacific Elec. Ry. Co., 12 Cal. (2d) 598, 602 [86 Pac. (2d) 829]; see, also, Webster v. Board of Dental Examiners of Calif., 17 Cal. (2d) 534 [110 Pac. (2d) 992].)
The judgment is affirmed.
Knight, J., concurred.