Case Name: CALCULAGRAPH CO. v. WILSON
Court: United States Circuit Court for the District of Massachusetts
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1904-08-16
Citations: 132 F. 20
Docket Number: No. 1,749
Parties: CALCULAGRAPH CO. v. WILSON.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 132
Pages: 20–30

Head Matter:
CALCULAGRAPH CO. v. WILSON.
(Circuit Court, D. Massachusetts.
August 16, 1904.)
No. 1,749.
1. Patents — Collateral Attack — Irregularities in Issuance.
The validity of a patent which is regular on its face cannot be collaterally attacked in a suit for its infringement on the ground of irregularities in the proceedings in the Patent Office, as that the final fee was not paid within the six months required by the statute.
2. Same — Infringement—Calculageaph.
The Hamilton patent, No. 424,291, for an apparatus for recording measurements of time, space, or quantity, and the Abbott patent, No. 583,320, for a caleulagraph, which embodies the invention of the Hamilton patent in an instrument for automatically recording elapsed time, used specifically in recording the length of time a long distance telephone has been used by the operation of a lever at the beginning and end of such use, and also the time of day when such use commenced, were neither of them anticipated by anything in the prior art, and both are valid, and entitled to a reasonably liberal construction with respect to equivalents. Claim 1 of the Hamilton patent and claims 1 and 2 of the Abbott patent held infringed.
3. Same — Personal Liability for Infringements.
An individual person cannot avoid liability for infringement by conducting his business in the name of a corporation.
In Equity.
Edwin J. Prindle, for complainant.
J. Steuart Rusk, for defendant.

Opinion:
HALE, District Judge.
This suit in equity is for infringement of the first claim of letters patent No. 424,291, dated March 25, 1890, to Emery M. Hamilton, for apparatus for recording measurements of time, space, or quantity; also for infringement of claims 1 and 2 of letters patent No. 583,320, dated May 25, 1897, to Henry Abbott, for caleulagraph. The first claim of the Hamilton patent is as follows:
(1) A machine for measuring and recording intervals of time, in which are combined a rotatable printing die that is provided with an annular series of progressive numerals type and with a pointer type which is in juxtaposition with the zero numeral of the series, mechanism whereby said die may be rotated at a uniform velocity, and mechanism whereby the numerals type and pointer type may be separately printed upon a ticket, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
The first and second claims of the Abbott patent are as follows:
(1) In a machine for making printed records, the combination of dies imprinting the record of intervals, dies for printing the time of day, a single motor for driving both sets of dies, and a lever adapted by alternate movements to cause impressions to be made from both sets of dies, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
(2) The combination of mechanism for measuring and recording intervals, comprising dial and pointer dies, time of day dies, a single lever for actuating the latter, and certain of the former, means for actuating the die or dies not actuated by said lever, and a single motor for driving all of said dies, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
The defenses are that both the Hamilton and Abbott patents are invalid, and that neither patent has been infringed. In addition to the usual defense of invalidity, the defendant urges the defense that the payment of the final fee for the issuance of the patent was not within the six months prescribed by Rev. St. § 4885 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3382]. This defense seeks to attack the regularity of the proceedings in the Patent Office. Such attack cannot be made by a proceeding of this character. Patents regular on their face are not the subject of collateral attack. Lamprey Boiler Furnace-Mouth Protector Company v. Economy Feed Water Heater Company (C. C.) 62 Fed. 590; Hallock v. Babcock. Manufacturing Company (C. C.) 124 Fed. 226; Mowry v. Whitney, 14 Wall. 434, 20 L. Ed. 858.
The patents in controversy relate to apparatus for recording elapsed time. These patents are used conjointly. .The calculagraph of the complainant is employed for recording the interval of time between the beginning and end of an occurrence; so that the amount of time consumed in such interval can be read directly from the record. The specific use of the calculagraph is in measuring the length of time in which a long distance telephone line is employed. The evidence before us tends to show that prior to the introduction of machines by the complainant there was no complete way of timing telephone messages to determine the time occupied and the amount of toll to be charged for the use of the telephone. The leading methods were for the operator to determine the time of commencement by observing a clock, and writing down the time with a pencil, and at the close of the period during which the telephone was in use to again observe the time by the clock. This was a crude method, and subject to many errors. Stamps were afterwards used, which recorded the initial time and the final time, and obtained the result by subtraction. Stop watches were also used. All these methods were crude and unsatisfactory. They resulted in wasting the time of the telephone company and the money of the customer. The calculagraph, so far as it embodies the invention of the Hamilton patent, is capable of recording the amount of time during which a telephone line is in use, the record being made by inserting a card into the machine and making an imprint on it by the movement of a handle at the commencement of the period of use, and again making an imprint on the same card by the movement of another handle at the close of such period, the card in the meantime being removed from the machine, so that the initial or final imprints of other records can be made for other customers. The record, so made, can be read by simply counting graduations on the annular scale which the machine marks off, or, when numerals are used, by seeing what division number is pointed to by the pointer imprint made by the machine. By use of the Abbott patent, the calculagraph makes a record of the time of day of the initial imprint of the elapsed time of record, the same handle being used in making the time of day record and in making the initial elapsed time record. Thus the calculagraph, by the conjoint use of the Abbott and the Hamilton patents, without adding to the number of handles, and without requiring that the card be placed in a separate machine for the purpose, is enabled to record the time of day as well as the amount of elapsed time. It thus enables the telephone company to have a record of' the time when the use of the telephone took place, as well as of the actual time employed by each customer. There is evidence in the record that the calculagraph has come into general use; that it is now employed in measuring 80 per cent, of all the long distance messages of the United States; that it is used largely in other countries, and that it has over 3,000 instruments now in operation. The general object of the Hamilton invention is stated by the patentee in his specification to be "to enable measurements of time, space, or quantity to be easily and quickly recorded by automatically changing mechanism; and to this end such invention consists in the construction and combination of parts constituting my device."
The claim in controversy-we have already quoted. It will be seen that it presents the following elements: (1) A rotatable printing die provided with (2) an annular series of progressive numerals; (3) a pointer type in juxtaposition with the zero number of the series; (4) mechanism for rotating the die at a uniform velocity; (5) type printing mechanism. The form of machine brought before the court consists of a base having a revoluble printing die mounted therein on a shaft. This shaft is driven by a clock movement, which movement is also used to drive the hands of a clock dial mounted on the base. An inked ribbon extends across the face of the printing die, and is wound at each end on spools. A bracket arm on the base supports a cylindrical barrel above the die, with its axis concentric with that on which the printing die revolves. Within the barrel is a hollow sleeve, which carries an annular printing platen at its lower end. A second sleeve is mounted in the first sleeve, and is likewise provided with an annular printing platen on its lower end. Both sleeves are normally maintained in an elevated position by springs contained within the inner sleeve, and both are provided with handles by which they can be depressed to cause their respective platens to press a card against the ribbon over the corresponding portion of the printing die, and thus to make an imprint upon the card. In order to insure that the card be in the same position at the second imprint which it occupied during the first imprint, guides are provided for the edges of the card to engage, such guides consisting of the base of the bracket arm for one edge of the card and of a guide strip secured to the machine base for a side of the card at right angles to the card-engaging surface of the bracket base. The form of the die which the patentee, Hamilton, chose to illustrate his invention has a "pointer and a series of graduations in the form of numerals type progressively arranged, both the pointer and graduations appearing on one integral revolving printing die." In his specification the patentee says:
"It will be obvious that any desired number or order of figures may be cut upon the printing die, so as to cause its impressions to represent hours and fractions of hours, etc., instead of dollars or fractions of dollars, the principle of operation being the same in each instance. If desired, the first impression on the ticket may be of the arrow head alone and the second impression may contain the figures alone; but hi such event it would be necessary tlin t the printing die should move in the reverse direction, in order that the figures thereon should In progressive order pass the point which was occupied by said arrow head at the time the first impression was taken."
In the embodiment of his invention which the patentee uses the pointer type is in juxtaposition with the zero numeral of the series. The type are reversed on the printing die of the Hamilton machine, as are all printing type, so that the impression may not be reversed. The outer annular platen is of such diameter as to print from the annular series of characters without printing from the pointer type. The inner platen is of such diameter also as to print from the pointer type, but not from the annular series of characters. In the operation of the form of the Hamilton machine which we have described, a card is placed against the guides at the beginning of the period of elapsed time to be measured, and the outer platen is depressed; or, if desired, both platens may be depressed; and an initial imprint is made on the card, which imprint is from the zero type and from the "series of graduations in the form of numerals." At the close of the period of elapsed time the card is again replaced against the guides, and the inner platen only is depressed, thus making a final imprint from the pointer type alone. The initial imprint, then, by showing the zero numeral, shows the position of the pointer at the beginning of the period of elapsed time because the pointer type is in juxtaposition to such zero numeral on the die. The final imprint, containing, as it does, the imprint of the pointer itself, shows the position of the pointer at the close of the period of elapsed time; and, because of the difference in radial position or appearance, or both, of the zero and of the pointer, it can at once be told which imprint was made first and which was made last; so that it can be known whether the longer or the shorter arc between the two imprints represents the period of elapsed time. The imprint of the annular series of graduations enables the length of the arc to be determined by the numerals, if numerals are used, or by simply counting the number of graduations between the initial position of the pointer or zero, and the final position thereof.
Directing our attention now to the Abbott invention, we find that the first claim embraces the following elements: (1) Dies for printing the record of intervals; (2) dies for printing the time of day; (3) a single motor for driving both sets of dies; (4) a lever adapted by alternate movements to cause impressions to be made from both sets of dies. The second claim embodies the following elements: (1) The dial and pointer dies; (2) time of day dies; (3) single lever for actuating the time of day dies and certain of the interval dies; (4) means for actuating the die or dies not actuated by said lever; (5) a single motor for driving all of said dies. The substantial difference between claims 1 and 2 of this patent lies in the addition of the element which is numbered 4 in the above enumeration, namely, means for actuating the die or dies not actuated by said lever. The invention of the Abbott patent is illustrated in the complainant's calculagraph before us. So far as claims 1 and 2 of the Abbott patent are concerned, such machine consists of dies embodying the Hamilton invention, and adapted to record elapsed time in units of two denominations, dies for recording the time of day of the beginning of such period of elapsed time, a lever for printing from said time of day dies and from part of said elapsed time dies by alternate movements, and a lever for printing from the remainder of said elapsed time dies. In the actual exhibit of the calculagraph before us elapsed time is recorded by one set of elapsed time dies in groups of five minutes, a full revolution recording sixty minutes, while in the other set of elapsed time dies the elapsed time is recorded in units of fifteen seconds, arranged in groups of four, or one full minute, a full revolution being five minutes. In the calculagraph before us, instead of moving the platen toward the dies, the dies are moved toward the platen, the latter being stationary; and, instead of having a two-part platen, the die is made in two parts, so that the annular series of progressive numerals can be printed without the pointer at the initial imprint. The pointer can be printed alone at the final imprint. The pointer dies, while capable of separate movement from the numerals dies, always point to the zero numerals. Two levers rise from the casing of the machine; the right-hand lever, by a backward movement, operating the time of day dies, and by a forward movement operating the annular series of progressive numerals type of both sets of elapsed-time dies, while the left hand lever operates the pointer-dies alone.- All the dies are driven by a single motor, and are thus kept in absolute unison. It will be seen that the Abbott invention provides an instrument for recording elapsed time. It adds to the information furnished by the machine of the Hamilton patent the time of day when the elapsed time began to run.
Certain devices in the prior art are cited by the defendant as either invalidating or essentially limiting the inventions of both the Hamilton and the Abbott patents. Foremost among these devices are the "old time stamp" and the time stamps of certain patents referred to by the defendant. Without going into the details of all the matters suggested in the prior art, it is enough to say that, while many of these devices are of great interest as showing the state of public knowledge, we do not find that any of them should properly make any limitation upon the inventions now in controversy. The thought of the patentee, .Hamilton, was a. device for automatically recording elapsed time. The "old time stamp" stamps upon the paper a record of the time. This stamp could be used for stamping the time when a given operation began and again when it closed. For convenience, the stamp of the final time could be superimposed upon the stamp card with the stamp of the initial time. But there is nothing in this stamp which indicates that its purpose was to automatically record elapsed time. It certainly never could make such record. Nor do the patented stamps show any fitness for automatically recording elapsed time. In the Emerson patent the patentee describes his invention as relating "to certain improvements in that class of stamps which are employed for marking, dating, canceling, or otherwise impressing various documents, and at the same time indicating the hour and minute at which such impression is made." The Hinchman patent sets- out its object to be "to furnish a machine for hand printing or stamping, which shall, when operated, record by a single movement of a platen or impression pad the precise hour or minute of the day at which such impression was made, so as to adapt it for such purposes as stamping messages which are received or sent at telegraph stations, tickets sold at railway stations, time checks for employés of manufacturing establishments, and other analogous uses." But the automatic recording of elapsed time is not a use in any sense analogous to the use claimed by the patentee. So, in all the alleged anticipations, we do not find that there is anything to show that the vital and inventive thought of the patents in controversy has been in any way anticipated by previous patents. The inventions brought before us by the complainant represent a distinctly "original conception, so essentially unlike anything in the prior art that nothing earlier has been presented to us out of which the inventors could read the invention of the patent or their claim of it. There was no known device which could be converted into the invention of any improvement short of rejection of the entire plan." In thus commenting upon the devices cited in the prior art, we have adopted the language used by the Circuit Court of Appeals in the Fourth Circuit, in Crown Cork & Seal Co. v. Aluminum Stopper Co., 108 Fed. 861, 48 C. C. A. 72.
We now come to consider the defendant's machine. This device is called the "timometer." It comprises a base having an overhanging casing containing clockwork for driving the rotatable dies bj- which the time of day and elapsed time can be recorded. The machine is for the purpose of recording elapsed time in minutes as well as in seconds. The die for recording minutes of elapsed time Is a circular plate having upon its surface a half circle of graduations, every fifth one of which is made longer than the others to facilitate the reading of the arc representing the period of elapsed time, and also having a pointer pointing at the place where the zero of the series of graduations, would be, the zero being actually omitted. This die revolves concentric with a stationary annular time of day die divided into hours and minutes, there being a triangular hour pointer revolving in an annular space formed between the elapsed time die and the hour die. The die for recording elapsed time in seconds consists of a circular disc having two dies formed thereon in line with each other, but of different heights. The disc is concentric with an annular dial which is graduated, every fifth graduation being elongated to facilitate reading the arc, which is the measure of the period of elapsed time. Co-operating with the dies just described are two platens — a larger one, covering all of the dies except the inner one of the two dies on the seconds disc, and a smaller platen, covering only the inner of the two dies on the seconds disc. The two platens are operated by separate cams upon a fulcrum at the base of the machine, each cam having its own lever by which it can be turned, there being provision for coupling the two levers together. The larger platen is provided with a plunger that is adapted to rest upon, and be operated by, cams formed on the inner end of the hand lever. These cams bear against the flat lower end of the plunger, and carry the larger platen upward. The smaller platen is formed on the upper end of the plunger, which plunger rests upon a slide that is fitted into a slot formed in the plunger. This slide rests upon a cam upon the fulcrum, by which the slide is forced upward, and with it the plunger. The cam is provided with a shoulder, which is adapted to be engaged by the inner end of a smaller lever, whose outer end is adapted to be depressed by a button, the button being carried by the large lever. When the button is depressed with the lever in the upper position of the latter, the nose of the lever engages the shoulder of the cam, so that when the hand lever is depressed the cam, as well as the cams on the inner end of the hand lever, will be operated; and both plungers will be forced upward. In recording elapsed time in minutes, an impression is first made by depressing the hand lever, which impression simply represents the semicircular series of graduations and the pointer in juxtaposition to the zero of such series of graduations. This is done at the beginning of the period of elapsed time, the card being held against a lateral guide and an end guide on the timometer. At the close of the period of elapsed time the card, again placed against the guides, is again printed upon by the die having the pointer and the annular series of graduations; and a record of elapsed time is produced. The timometer is especially adapted for telephone purposes, and is in the use of telephone companies to the extent of ten machines. As the machine was not intended to measure intervals of time longer than thirty minutes, the scale of graduations did not need to be longer than half a circle, the die rotating once an hour, and, since the arc representing the period of elapsed time was not to be longer than a semicircle, the second impression of the semicircle of graduations would not overlap the portion of the first impression, which would be read in determining the amount of elapsed time. Therefore the defendant did not need to make a construction in which the portion of the platen which printed the graduations the first time could be absent at the second impression. He accordingly used a solid platen. In the mechanism recording seconds the patentee put the annular series of graduations upon a stationary die, and caused the zero and pointer to revolve in unison and in juxtaposition with each other, and provided each of them with its separate platen. This enabled him, at the initial elapsed time imprint, to distinguish the initial from the final imprint by printing the pointer at only one of such imprints. At both the initial and the final imprints the defendant prints the zero, but prints the pointer at only one of the two imprints. In making an elapsed time record with the seconds recording mechanism, the defendant first depresses his hand lever alone, without touching the button, which causes the annular series of graduations to be imprinted and also the smaller or zero die on the outer portion of the disc of his seconds mechanism, which die is the higher of the two dies on the disc. At the close of the period of elapsed time the defendant first depresses the button and then the hand lever, causing both levers to be depressed at the same time, and raising both platens, the smaller platen starting from a lower level than the larger platen and- rising to a higher level. This action causes a reprinting of the circle of graduations. Such reprinting is not objectionable, because it is superimposed upon the first imprint thereof, and also causes the imprint of the zero and of the portion of the pointer which is the inner and lower of the two dies on the rotating disc. In defendant's mechanism for recording minutes he obtains a record which consists of an annular graduated scale whose zero is at the beginning of the arc of elapsed time, and consists also of a pointer imprint which points to the graduation on such scale, representing the close of the elapsed time period. Such record can be read with facility although the defendant has no numerals which indicate the groups of graduations. The record of the seconds recording mechanism consists of an annular series of graduations and two imprints made adj acent to such series, which imprints are different from each other, so that it can be told which imprint was made first, and which imprint was made last. Thus it is shown with certainty whether the longer or the shorter arc is the measure of the period of elapsed time.
Does the defendant's machine, the timometer, infringe the claims of the Hamilton patent? We have already stated the elements of the Hamilton claim in controversy. We now direct our attention to the defendant's mechanism for recording minutes. The rotatable printing die of the Hamilton patent may fairly be held to be found in the defendant's disc. In regard to the second element, the annular series of progressive numerals, the defendant contends that his semicircular series of graduations is not identical with, nor an equivalent for, the complete circle of progressive numerals found in the Hamilton patent. Defendant insists that his. semicircular series of graduations is merely an addition to and improvement on, or amplification of, the old time stamp of the Emerson patent. His position is that the minute hand die of the timometer differs from that of the time stamp only in the addition of a half circle of graduations. But the evidence shows, and even the admissions of the defendant suggest, that the sole purpose of the semicircular series of graduations is to enable one to ascertain "the interval of elapsed time automatically, without calculation of any kind." We think the graduated scale of the timometer is clearly an equivalent of Hamilton's circle of progressive numerals. We come to this conclusion by giving the doctrine of equivalents its fair and reasonable scope. The thought of -the inventor in the Hamilton patent was to provide by his progressive numerals for an easy reading of the result without calculation or subtraction. He is entitled to any fair equivalent for his "progressive numerals." We think such graduations as are employed by the defendant in the timometer are clearly within the rule of equivalents. By adopting the half circle of graduations instead of the circle of progressive numerals, defendant has clearly done nothing beyond "changing the form of complainant's combination, and not essentially varying the principle or mode of operation pervading the original invention." In Burdon Wire & Supply Co. v. Williams (C. C.) 128 Fed. 927, this court has discussed the subject of equivalents as bearing upon a ques tion quite similar to the question raised in the case at bar. In that case we discussed fully a long line of authorities, including Dowagiac Manufacturing Co. v. The Minnesota Moline Plow Co., 118 Fed. 136, 55 C. C. A. 86, and the Reece Case, 61 Fed. 958, 10 C. C. A. 194. This latter case is a controlling authority in this circuit on the subject of equivalents.
Referring again to the different elements of the Flamilton patent and to the question whether or not these several elements are found in the timometer» we find that the third element, "the pointer type in juxtaposition with the zero numerals," is found in the pointer of defendant's minutes die. The fourth element of the Hamilton claim, "mechanism for rotating the die at a uniform velocity,"" is clearly found in the clockwork of the defendant's machine. We think the fifth element of the Hamilton claim, "the type printing mechanism whereby the numerals type and pointer type may be separately printed upon the ticket," is found in the defendant's larger platen and its operating mechanism. Having found infringement in the mechanism of the defendant for recording minutes, it is not necessary to protract the inquiry by a discussion in detail of the seconds recording mechanism.
Examining now the two claims in controversy in the Abbott patent, and comparing the principles of the timometer with the elements of these claims, we find that the dies for printing the time of day in the first claim of the Abbott patent are found in the defendant's dies. "The single motor for driving both sets of dies" is found in the clockwork of the machine by which all the dies are driven. "The lever adapted by alternate movements to cause impressions to be made from both sets of dies" is found in the operating lever which projects from the front of the timometer. This lever is provided with a push button, by which, when it is pressed down, the two platens are connected together so as to move as one; or, when the button is not pressed down, the large platen may be raised by the lever without the small one.
In reference to the last element of the first claim, we think an expert witness for the complainant — Mr. Smith — in his deposition stated with brevity and distinctness the infringement by the timometer. He says:
"This operating lever by alternate movements causes impressions 'to be made from both sets of dies, because by one movement of the lever when the button is not depressed all the time of day dies and part of the elapsed time dies are printed, and at the next movement of the lever with the button depressed all the time of day and all of the elapsed time dies are printed, and thus 'both sets of dies' are printed by movements of the lever which operate upon two sets of dies one after the other; that is to say, by alternate movements."
In the second claim of the Abbott patent the fourth element is the only added element which is not found in the first claim. That element is "means for actuating the die or dies not actuated by said lever." This element is found in the timometer in the button and its connecting parts, by which the small platen is connected with the large one, so that both may be operated together when the lever is depressed with the button also depressed. The defendant does not escape infringement by having his time of day device operated each time that the lever is depressed to operate the elapsed time device.
Without commenting further upon the details of infringement, we are persuaded by the whole .testimony that the defendant, in producing his device, was endeavoring to avoid infringement, and at the same time to imitate as closely as possible the devices found •in the complainant's machine. We think he has not succeeded in his attempt to avoid infringement of the principles found in the calculagraph. The defense in behalf of the timometer is that it is merely an amplification of the time stamp of the Emerson patent; but in so amplifying the time stamp of that patent the defendant has imported into it the devices for recording elapsed time, which are the very things which, when so imported, bring the time stamp within the range of infringement of the patents in suit. We have in considerable detail given the elements of both machines in controversy. A study of those elements leads us to believe that the defendant has adopted the principles which distinguish the combinations of the Hamilton and Abbott patents from those which preceded them. We do not think it necessary to discuss all the various instances of infringement found in the offending machine. It is sufficient to say that the defendant has appropriated the distinguishing characteristics of both patents. An examination of the elements which we have referred to as found in the two machines convinces us that the case is brought within the rule laid down by the Supreme Court in Machine Co. v. Murphy, 97 U. S. 120, 24 L. Ed. 934. In that case the court said:
"Except where form is of the essence of the invention, it has but little weight in the decision of such an issue, the correct rule being that in determining the question of infringement the court or jury, as the case may be, are not to judge about similarities or differences by the names of things, but are to look at the machines or their several devices or elements in the light of what they do, or what office or function they perform, and how they perform it, and to find that one thing is substantially the same as another if it performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result, always bearing in mind that devices in a patented machine are /different in the sense of the patent law when they perform different functions or in a different way, or produce a substantially different result."
In the case before us, looking at both machines in the light of what they do and how they do it, we are brought to the conclusion that they perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result. Without deciding how far the calculagraph is a pioneer invention, we think it is entitled to a range of equivalents broad enough to bring the timometer clearly within the range of infringement.
The answer raises the question as to defendant's personal liability for infringement. The bill of complaint describes the defendant as doing business as the Automatic Time Stamp Company. We do not, however, think that this description of the person chan•ges the rights of the parties to the controversy. The substantial result of the bill is that defendant is sued personally, and that his •corporation, the Automatic Time Stamp Company, is not sued. The record convinces us that at the time of the infringement the defendant was personally conducting the business, and that he intends to continue to conduct it. The law is well settled that a party cannot escape liability for his infringement by attempting to shield himself behind a corporation. An officer or director of a corporation cannot avoid liability for his infringement by setting up that his acts of infringement were performed in his capacity as a director or officer. In so deciding we are merely stating obvious and well-known principles of agency; and the law of agency is the basis of almost all corporation law. National Cash Register Co. v. Iceland, 94 Fed. 502, 37 C. C. A. 372; Fauber v. Springfield Drop-Forging Co. (C. C.) 98 Fed. 119; Alvin Manufacturing Co. v. Scharling (C. C.) 100 Fed. 87; Iowa Barb Wire Co. v. Southern Barbed Wire Co. (C. C.) 30 Fed. 123. We are satisfied that the claims of both patents in controversy are valid, and that they have been infringed by the defendant.
Decree to be entered for complainant for an injunction, and for an accounting, with costs.