Case Name: Denis WIJAYA, Petitioner v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF the UNITED STATES, Respondent
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2007-04-13
Citations: 228 F. App'x 172
Docket Number: No. 05-4844
Parties: Denis WIJAYA, Petitioner v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF the UNITED STATES, Respondent.
Judges: Before: FUENTES, GREENBERG and LOURIE, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 228
Pages: 172–175

Head Matter:
Denis WIJAYA, Petitioner v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF the UNITED STATES, Respondent.
No. 05-4844.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a), March 15, 2007.
Filed: April 13, 2007.
Ebby S. Bakhtiar, Livingston, Bakhtiar & Haghighi, Los Angeles, CA, for Petitioner.
David Gunter, United States Department of Justice, Environmental Defense Section, Land and Natural Resources Division, Richard M. Evans, United States Department of Justice, Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
Before: FUENTES, GREENBERG and LOURIE, Circuit Judges.
Honorable Alan D. Lourie, United States Circuit Judge for the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Denis Wijaya petitions for review of a final order of removal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. For the reasons stated below, we will deny the petition.
Wijaya is a citizen of Indonesia. He is ethnically Chinese and Christian. He entered the United States on a nonimmigrant visa in June of 2002, when he was sixteen years old, in order to participate in an English-language program in California. At the completion of the program, Wijaya traveled to Philadelphia in order to visit friends of his parents, and thereafter overstayed his visa. After he was placed in removal proceedings in May of 2003, Wijaya filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. Although Wijaya filed the application approximately two months after the one-year filing deadline for filing an asylum application had passed, the IJ waived the requirement because of Wijaya's young age.
At a merits hearing, Wijaya testified that he had been the victim of two attacks in Indonesia based on his ethnic and religious identity. First, when he was ten years old, he was accosted by four or five unknown boys while he was walking home from church with his cousin. The boys demanded Wijaya's money and punched him. The second incident occurred in 2001, when Wijaya was fourteen years old. After leaving a shopping mall, he witnessed a large crowd harassing ethnic Chinese drivers. Although he tried to flee, several individuals followed him and beat him, shouting, "Chinese, Chinese, kill them." Police arrived sometime thereafter, dispersed the crowd, and stopped a taxi to take Wijaya home. Based on these incidents, Wijaya states that he fears he will be persecuted if he returns to Indonesia.
The IJ found Wijaya's testimony credible, but nevertheless denied his asylum application on grounds that the incidents described do not rise to the level of persecution. Although the IJ did not question Wijaya's subjective belief that he was attacked because of his ethnic and religious identity, she found that the two incidents were common criminal attacks resulting in minor physical injuries. In the IJ's view, the fact that police helped Wijaya during the second incident demonstrates that the government is willing to protect ethnic Chinese Indonesians. Moreover, U.S. State Department and human rights reports submitted into evidence indicate that the Indonesian government has taken steps to prevent discrimination against Christians and ethnic Chinese. Finally, the IJ found it significant that Wijaya's parents and sister continue to live in Indonesia without incident, and openly practice their religion without interference from the government. Accordingly, the IJ denied Wijaya's request for relief from removal. After the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ's decision, this appeal followed.
Where the BIA adopts the opinion of the IJ, we review the IJ's decision. Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 271 (3d Cir.2002). Whether an asylum applicant has demonstrated past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution is a factual question, which we review under the substantial evidence standard. Mulanga v. Ashcroft, 349 F.3d 123, 131 (3d Cir.2003). Under the substantial evidence standard, we may only disrupt an IJ's findings if "the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but' compels it." Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84 (3d Cir.2001).
We recognize, as did the IJ, that the incidents Wijaya described were no doubt traumatic, particularly given Wijaya's young age at the time the incidents occurred. Nevertheless, we simply cannot say that the record compels a conclusion contrary to the one reached by the IJ.
We have previously defined persecution as "threats to life, confinement, torture, and economic restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to life or freedom." Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir.1993). Thus, in Lie v. Ashcroft, a case with facts comparable to the ones presented here, we stated that petitioner's "account of two isolated criminal acts, perpetrated by unknown assailants, which resulted] only in the theft of some personal property and a minor injury, [wa]s not sufficiently severe to be considered persecution." 396 F.3d 530, 536 (3d Cir.2005).
We further observed that "when family members remain in petitioner's native country without meeting harm, and there is no individualized showing that petitioner would be singled out for persecution, the reasonableness of a petitioner's well-founded fear of future persecution is diminish ed." Id. at 537. Moreover, as we observed in Lie, the record before us does not establish a pattern or practice of persecution of Chinese Christians in Indonesia. Id. at 537-38.
Finally, to the extent that Wijaya fails to satisfy his evidentiary burden for establishing his eligibility for asylum, he also fails to meet the higher standard for establishing his eligibility for withholding of removal. See Mudric v. Attorney General, 469 F.3d 94, 102 n. 8 (3d Cir.2006).
Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review.
. Although we think the motivation for the second attack is more ambiguous than the IJ seemed to suggest, our disagreement is in no way sufficient to disrupt the IJ's overall findings.
. Wijaya does not challenge the IJ's adverse ruling on his claim under the Convention Against Torture.