Case Name: AUTOMOBILE ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION v. UNIVERSAL C. I. T. CREDIT CORPORATION
Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
Jurisdiction: Maryland
Decision Date: 1958-03-13
Citations: 216 Md. 344
Docket Number: No. 124
Parties: AUTOMOBILE ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION v. UNIVERSAL C. I. T. CREDIT CORPORATION
Judges: 
Reporter: Maryland Reports
Volume: 216
Pages: 344–369

Head Matter:
AUTOMOBILE ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION v. UNIVERSAL C. I. T. CREDIT CORPORATION
[No. 124,
September Term, 1957.]
Decided March 13, 1958.
The cause was argued before Bruñe, C. J., and Henderson, Hammond, Prescott and Horney, JJ.
James A. Ostendorf, with whom was Arold H. Ripperger on the brief, for appellant.
EU Baer, with whom was Malcolm J. Coan on the brief, for appellee.

Opinion:
Bruñe, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
An automobile dealer, Suburban Nash, Inc., on July 5', 1955, sold a used car to a customer, F. D. Thomas, under a contract of conditional sale which the customer duly executed, and Suburban Nash assigned the contract to the appellee, Universal C.I.T. Credit Corporation ("C.I.T."). On the next day, in some manner not disclosed by the evidence, Suburban Nash induced the customer to sign another contract of conditional sale, and Suburban Nash assigned the second contract to the appellant, Automobile Acceptance Corporation ("Auto Acceptance"). Neither contract was re corded until Suburban Nash was in serious financial difficulties and either had gone out of business or was about to do so. Auto Acceptance then recorded its contract on February 1, 1956, and C.I.T. did likewise three days later.
This suit was brought in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City by C.I.T. for a declaratory judgment or decree to establish the superiority of its claim over that of Auto Acceptance and for appropriate relief, in accordance with such a declaration, by injunction and by impressing a trust in favor of C.I.T. upon funds received by Auto Acceptance under its claim. Thomas, the customer, was joined as a party. He filed no formal answer, but wrote a letter to the Clerk of the Court denying "knowledge of the crooked deals that were being pulled." His good faith was not challenged, no claim against him is pressed by either of the other parties on this appeal and the controversy both here and in the Circuit Court is, by stipulation, solely between the two finance companies. The Chancellor entered a decree upholding the claim of C.I.T. and Auto Acceptance appeals.
Each of the transactions was handled between the dealer and the finance companies in the same manner. The dealer inquired by telephone whether or not the finance company would purchase the dealer's interest in the contract and take an assignment thereof, each finance company investigated the credit of the customer, each notified the dealer on the day of the inquiry that it would purchase the contract, each contract was assigned by the dealer to the finance company therein named, and each finance company sent its check for the agreed purchase price of the contract ($1,995 in each instance) to the dealer. The Chancellor found that the assignment to C.I.T. was made on July 5th and the assignment to Auto Acceptance was made on July 6th, 1955. His findings also included the following: "I find as a fact that the conditional contract of sale from Suburban Nash to Thomas was made and that Suburban Nash assigned the contract to C.I.T. before the second contract of July 6th was executed and assigned to A.A.C. I further find that possession of the automobile was given to and taken by Thomas at the time of the first contract and before the second alleged contract was as signed, and that Thomas had notice of the assignment to C.I.T."
There were some differences between the two contracts, but they do not appear to be of great significance. The C.I.T. contract was on that company's form and expressly stated that the contract was assigned by the dealer; the Auto Acceptance contract was on a general, printed form. This form, as filled in, stated that the contract would be assigned to Auto Acceptance. The name of the assignee was left blank on the printed form and was filled in apparently by a rubber stamp. Whether this name was inserted before or after the second contract was signed does not appear. Other differences were in: the collision coverage and total cost of insurance, which was considerably higher under the Auto Acceptance contract; the finance charges, C.I.T.'s being slightly higher; recording charges — $2.00 under the Auto Acceptance contract, none under C.I.T.'s; total charges and monthly instalments (30 in each instance) — $2587.50 and $86.25 for Auto Acceptance, and $2475.00 and $82.50 for C.I.T.; and signatures, there being an additional signature of one Grace Thomas on the Auto Acceptance contract, the reason for which is not explained.
Neither Mohr, a salesman for Suburban Nash who sold the car to Thomas, nor Thomas was called as a witness; but a printed form of document, entitled "Purchase Agreement", dated July 5, 1955, signed only by Mohr was put in evidence as a joint exhibit by the two finance companies. Its terms are in accord with those shown on both conditional contracts of sale as to the purchaser, seller and balance due. This form also contains a provision on its face stating that the customer was to pay Suburban Nash $55.00 per month and that Suburban Nash was to advance the difference in monthly payments to C.I.T., "free of any interest to purchaser." On the reverse of this form, there is a further statement, dated July 18, 1955, and signed only by Mohr, to the effect that Thomas was to have the option to pay Suburban Nash $55.00 a month for 36 months and that a clear title would then be delivered to the purchaser.
Suburban Nash is the same dealer whose fraud was in volved in Mohr v. Sands, 213 Md. 206, 131 A. 2d 732; and the present case is the second to reach this Court involving the consequences of Suburban Nash's fraudulent actions as between Auto Acceptance and C.I.T., each of which dealt with Suburban Nash on the basis of trust in the dealer's honesty. In this case as in Mohr v. Sands, an original title and a duplicate title to the car in question were obtained from the Department of Motor Vehicles. The duplicate was obtained upon an application apparently signed and acknowledged by Thomas which stated that the original had been lost. Neither title, according to the records of the Department, showed any lien. The original title was delivered to Auto Acceptance; the duplicate was delivered to C.I.T. Each document when so delivered showed a lien in favor of the finance company involved, in exactly the correct amount in the case of C.I.T. and with an error of a few cents in the case of Auto Acceptance. Each of these documents showed the date of the lien erroneously as August 6, 1955. The lien notations were put on by a pinpoint typewriter, but were not put on by the Department of Motor Vehicles.
There is no doubt, we think, that Thomas was aware of the fact that C.I.T. was the holder of a contract of conditional sale on his car. C.I.T. sent him its usual forms, including a certificate of insurance and a book of coupons to be used in making payments. Thomas presented and collected a small claim under the insurance policy effected by C.I.T. and payments to C.I.T. on account of his contract were accompanied by coupons issued to him. It also appears that Thomas made his payments to Suburban Nash. Despite the scanty testimony, it also seems probable that Suburban Nash made payments to both finance companies under the Thomas contracts until about the time of its collapse.
The Chancellor held that Section 2 of Article 8 relating to assignments of accounts receivable or contracts with or without notification to the debtor of the assignment, was controlling and that Section 74 of Article 21 of the Code (1951) relating to the recording of contracts of conditional sale was not applicable. He also referred to Section 43 of Article 83 of the Code (1951) and to Mohr v. Sands, supra, in which that Section was held controlling where there had been no actual transfer of possession from the automobile dealer to the ostensible purchaser under a conditional contract of sale, and Section 74 of Article 21 was consequently held not applicable. However, in the instant case, there was an actual transfer of possession to the purchaser.
We do not agree with the view that Section 2 of Article 8 is controlling. That statute was passed in 1943, and was apparently inspired by the decision of the Supreme Court on March 8, 1943, in Corn Exchange National Bk. & Tr. Co. v. Klauder, 318 U. S. 434 (generally referred to as "the Klauder case"). See Maryland Coop. Milk Producers, Inc. v. Bell, 206 Md. 168, 176-177, 110 A. 2d 661; Arnold, The 1950 Amendment to the Preference Section of the Bankruptcy Act and Maryland Law, 14 Md. Law Rev. 311 (1954). The Klauder case dealt with accounts receivable financing under the non-notification plan and Section 60 of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended in 1938. That statute made it possible for the trustee in bankruptcy to attack successfully certain transfers as preferential which were made within four months of bankruptcy. Under the 1938 amendment the time of transfer was deemed to be at the moment when no bona fide purchaser could acquire rights superior to those of the transferee. Where, as in Maryland, notification to the debtor of the assignment of the account was necessary in order to perfect the assignee's title, an assignee of accounts receivable operating upon and adhering to the non-notification plan would never perfect his claim prior to the bankruptcy of the assignor. The test under the 1938 amendment was that of a hypothetical bona fide purchaser, and it made no difference with regard to the trustee's right to attack the assignment whether there was or was not an actual bona fide purchaser.
So far as here material, Section 2 of Article 8 provides as follows:
"2. All written assignments, and all written assignments in the nature of a pledge, of accounts receivable and amounts due or to become due on open accounts or contracts, except in cases where notice to the debtor of such assignment is specifically required by any policy of insurance or a statute then in effect, shall be valid and legal and shall pass the title of such accounts receivable and amounts due or to become due on open accounts or contracts to the assignee thereof, and shall take effect according to the terms of the assignment, without the necessity of notice to the debtor, and the transfer of the title shall take effect and be valid and enforceable against all persons as of the date thereof;
Then follows a proviso protecting a debtor who pays to the assignor without notice of the assignment.
Section 2 of Article 8 makes no specific reference to contracts of conditional sale apart from contracts generally. It does speak of "accounts receivable" and of "amounts due or to become due on open accounts or contracts." However, neither the title of the statute (Acts of 1943, Ch. 728) nor its text manifests any intention to repeal Section 74 of Article 21 or any other statute. Repeals by implication are not favored. See Kirkwood v. Provident Savings Bank, 205 Md. 48, 106 A. 2d 103, and cases therein cited. We find no necessary inconsistency between Section 2 of Article 8 and Section 74 of Article 21 of the 1951 Code, and it is our view that Section 2 of Article 8 was not intended to have any bearing upon the recording statute relating to contracts of conditional sale. We think that Section 2 of Article 8 does apply to the assignment of amounts to become due under contracts of conditional sale, but it deals with the assignment of such contracts and it does not purport to validate such a contract itself as against any person as to whom the recording statute says it shall be void until recorded. A holding that Section 2 of Article 8 affords full protection to the assignees of unrecorded conditional contracts of sale would mean, as a practical matter (except, of course, in cases of actual notice or fraud, bad faith or the like), that such contracts need never be recorded, if they are assigned. Such a holding would mean that the enactment of Section 2 of Article 8 in large measure accomplished a repeal by implication of Section 74 of Article 21 — a construction which we should not consider warranted.
Section 74 of Article 21 provides (so far as here material) as follows:
"74. Every contract for the sale of goods and chattels wherein the title thereto, or a lien thereon, is reserved until the same be paid in whole or in part, or the transfer of title is made to depend upon any condition therein expressed and possession is to be delivered to the vendee, shall in respect to such reservation and condition, be void as to subsequent purchasers, mortgagees, incumbrancers, until such contract be in writing, signed by the vendee and be recorded in the Clerk's office of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, or in the Clerk's office of the Circuit Courts of the various counties, as the case may be, . Such recording shall be sufficient to give actual or constructive notice to such parties when a memorandum of the paper writing signed by the vendee or vendees, setting forth the date thereof, the amount due thereon, when and how payable and a brief description of the goods and chattels therein mentioned shall have been recorded with the clerk aforesaid,
The history of this Section and review of the cases in which it was involved and of the law prior to its enactment are to be found in Judge Markell's opinion in Tatelbaum v. National Store Fixture Sales Co., Inc., 196 Md. 599, 78 A. 2d 228, and in Judge Delaplaine's opinion in Tatelbaum v. Pantex Mfg. Corp., 204 Md. 360, 104 A. 2d 813. This Section was twice repealed and re-enacted with amendments (by Ch. 430 of the Acts of 1949 and by Ch. 577 of the Acts of 1951) since the enactment of Section 2 of Article 8 in 1943, and no change has been made in the latter statute. If there were any conflict between the two statutes (and we do not think there is), Section 74 of Article 21 would prevail by reason of its being more recent in time. Leitch v. Gaither, 151 Md. 167, 134 A. 317; McDonagh v. Matthews-Howard Co., 160 Md. 264, 153 A. 47.
We think that the holder of a contract of conditional sale is an "incumbrancer" within the meaning of Section 74 of Article 21, as amended by Ch. 430 of the Acts of 1949, when an enumeration of the classes of persons protected by the statute was substituted for the general term "third persons without notice." This statute does not define the term, but others that are in pari materia contain definitions and other provisions which seem persuasive, even though the definitions mentioned below are expressed as being applicable under or for the purposes of a particular article or sub-title of an article.
Thus, the Motor Vehicle Raw, Article 66j4 of the Code (1951), for the purposes of that Article, defines the term "owner" as including any "person, firm, association or corporation owning a vehicle or having the exclusive use thereof under contract of purchase, lease, hiring or rental thereof, or otherwise." Section 23 (a) of that Article requires the owner of a motor vehicle to make application for the registration thereof and for a certificate of title for such vehicle which must contain "(3) A statement of the applicant's title to and of all liens or encumbrances upon said vehicle Section 27 requires that the certificate of title contain "a statement of all liens and encumbrances upon the vehicle therein described and whether possession is held by the owner under a lease, contract of conditional sale, or other like agreement. "
In C. I. T. Corporation v. Guy, 170 Va. 16, 195 S. E. 659, a contract of conditional sale was held to be an encumbrance within the meaning of the Virginia Motor Vehicle Code, pertinent provisions of which were very similar to Secs. 23(a) and 27 of the Maryland Motor Vehicle Law just cited. (See Acts of 1932, Ch. 342, and Acts of 1934, Ch. 265, Secs. 14(b) and 17(e), respectively, of the Virginia Motor Vehicle Code, as thereby amended.)
The Maryland Retail Instalment Sales Act (Secs. 116-140, inclusive, of Article 83 of the Code (1951)) by Section 139 (b) defines an "instalment sale agreement" as meaning in this sub-title "any contract for the retail sale of goods, under which (2) the seller has retained a security interest in the goods sold ; and shall include any conditional sale contract Subsection (o) of Sec. 139 states that:
"(o) 'Security interest' means any property right in goods which are the subject of an instalment sale agreement taken or retained to secure performance of any obligation of the buyer under the agreement, and the term shall include any reservation of title to such goods whether or not expressed to be absolute, whenever such title is in substance retained for security only, any lien or encumbrance against such goods, and any interest of a mortgagee of such goods."
The Retail Instalment Sales Act is applicable to conditional contracts of sale covering motor vehicles where the cash price is $2,000 or less; and insofar as finance charges and insurance costs are concerned, is now applicable to such contracts without regard to the cash price. (Acts of 1954, Ch. 80, adding Sec. 119A to Article 83 of the 1951 Code.)
In Tatelbaum v. National Store Fixture Sales Co., Inc., supra, Judge Marked said: "A conditional sale contract, like a mortgage or a pledge, is intended to furnish security in case of default." (196 M'd. at 608.) Radin's Raw Dictionary defines "encumbrance" (to which reference is made under the spelling "incumbrance"), as "Any burden or charge or lien resting on property, usually real property, which limits its use in the hands of the owner or may require a claim to be satisfied out of it. A warranty deed to property carries with it a covenant that there are no encumbrances not specified in the deed." In Arnd v. Lerch, 162 Md. 318, at 322, 159 A. 587, it was said that "the word 'incumbrance' has been held to include leases and ground rents." In that case the question was whether or not the sellers of certain real estate alleged to be subject to two one-cent ground rents had a merchantable title. This Court held that the ground rents were no longer in existence, and hence the title was merchantable. If such a legal title as that reserved under a one-cent ground rent constitutes an incumbrance, it would seem clear that a reservation of legal title for security purposes under a contract of conditional sale also constitutes an incumbrance. The very use of the term "incumbrancers" in Section 74 of Article 21 dealing with conditional sales of personal property, of course, precludes the idea (to be found in some older definitions of "incumbrance") that the term is limited in its application to interests in real property.
We believe that our holding that a conditional contract of sale does constitute an incumbrance within the meaning of Section 74 of Article 21 of the Code (1951) is in accord with general business understanding and with established practice with regard to noting such contracts on certificates, of title to motor vehicles as liens or encumbrances and showing how the applicant holds possession of the vehicle. (It should, of course, be noted that under Maryland statutes the Department of Motor Vehicles is not a record office for liens on motor vehicles. A statement to this effect appears on certificates of title which it issues.)
The difficult question in this case is whether the second purported contract of conditional sale (that assigned to Auto Acceptance) should be treated as what it purports to be and hence that it constitutes an incumbrance against which the earlier contract assigned to C.I.T. must be considered void. The answer depends not so much upon what rights, if any, the original conditional seller, in the absence of the recording statute, could lawfully retain or could assign, as upon the practical effect of the recording statute.
As Judge Markell pointed out in Tatelbaum v. National Store Fixture Sales Co., Inc., supra (196 Md. at 604-605) : "In the absence of recording laws conditional sale contracts were generally held valid, not only between the parties but also against purchasers or creditors, [i]n Maryland, however, they were held invalid against bona fide purchasers for value without notice, but valid against creditors or receivers or assignees for the benefit of creditors, [and] [w]hether this rule as to purchasers was changed by the Uniform Sales Act, (Acts of 1910, ch. 346; ), this •court never had occasion to decide, as the common law and the Sales Act were modified by the recording act of 1916, c. 355." This is the original statute from which Section 74 of Article 21 of the 1951 Code is derived. Judge Markell went on to say (196 Md. at 605-606): "In most states recording laws effect a sort of race of diligence in which holders of instruments recorded late and purchasers and lien •creditors rank in order of time of recording or acquiring a lien by judicial proceedings. In Maryland the recording laws early proceeded on a different principle, viz., of protecting purchasers and creditors 'who may trust such party after the date of the said deed' or 'creditors who have become so before the recording of such deed or conveyance, and without notice of the existence thereof' . By the Act of 1949 the conditional sale act of 1916 seems to have been so changed as to follow the plan of recording laws in other states and to depart from the peculiar principle of Maryland -recording laws. Until 1949 the conditional sale act of 1916 followed the Maryland principle; 'third parties' included creditors who 'trusted' the conditional vendee after delivery of the chattels and before recording of the contract: Thomas Roberts & Co. v. Robinson, supra [141 Md. 37, 118 A. 198]; Gunby v. Mack International Motor Truck Co., supra [156 Md. 19, 142 A. 596]; Beckwith Machine Co. v. Matthews, supra [190 Md. 182, 57 A. 2d 796]."
In the next paragraph of the National Store Fixture Sales Co., Inc. case, Judge Markell said (196 Md. 606) : "Since the purpose of recording is to protect against secret liens created by retention of title after delivery of possession, the requirement of recording is not applicable before delivery of the goods." (Italics supplied.) The importance of possession was again recognized in connection with the recording of contracts of conditional sale in Mohr v. Sands, supra.
At the time of the execution of the second contract of conditional sale, the purchaser did have possession under the first, which was not recorded then nor was it recorded at the time when Auto Acceptance paid Suburban Nash for the contract, or until long thereafter. We have here a problem somewhat similar to that referred to in Tatelbaum v. National Store Fixture Sales Co., Inc., supra, as to whether there could be two present contracts of sale between the same buyer and the same seller covering the same property. In that case it was assumed that there could not be, but it was pointed out that the second contract only changed the terms of payment under the first. (196 Md. at 608.) In the instant case, on the concessum of the absence of any fraud on the part of the purchaser, it must be supposed that he thought that the second contract was either an amendment of the old in relatively minor respects or that it was a complete substitute for it. If the name of Auto Acceptance appeared on the second contract when Thomas signed it, the latter might seem a more probable inference; if it did not, the blank in the clause stating that "this contract will be assigned to .and all payments must be made to them at that office" would seem to give Suburban Nash the right to assign the contract to any finance company it might select. (The C.I.T. form called for payment at its office. The purchaser did not in fact comply with the terms of either contract as to the place of payment or the amount of the instalments.)
The purchaser did have possession of the automobile when he did execute a second contract of conditional sale covering it. We cannot tell from the record what was said to him to induce the execution of the second contract. (It might possibly have been that he was told that the finance company would not handle the deal unless the purchaser's wife also signed the contract, and that he was given a new form for both to sign. It does not even appear whether the co-signer was his wife.) The record does not inform us whether the purchaser signed the second contract in the belief that it amended the first or superseded the first, or whether he thought C.I.T. was to do the financing or that Auto Acceptance was to do it, or whether (if the name of the prospective assignee was left blank) he was indifferent to what finance company handled the transaction, and authorized the dealer to fill in the name of any company it might choose and to assign the contract to that company.
Suburban Nash, the dealer, could certainly not have enforced the second contract against Thomas, the purchaser; but does this mean that the assignee could not do so?
The assignment of contracts of conditional sale by automobile finance companies is a widespread practice and a matter of common knowledge. Though the finance company is not an original party to either of the contracts here involved, certainly there is explicit notice under the first contract that C.I.T. is the assignee and under the second that some finance company (whether C.I.T., Auto Acceptance or some other company) is to be the assignee.
The secret lien which the recording statute invalidates as against subsequent "incumbrancers" is not validated against them merely by being assigned to a third party. As we have already indicated, if such a result followed from an assignment, Section 2 of Article 8 of the 1951 Code would, as a practical matter, have rendered nugatory Section 74 of Article 21 of that Code.
If the purchaser had fraudulently transferred to a bona fide purchaser, mortgagee or incumbrancer the property covered by the unrecorded contract of conditional sale, or an interest in such property, quite clearly the rights of C.I.T. as the assignee of the unrecorded contract would have been cut off as against such a purchaser, mortgagee or incumbrancer. Here the purchaser has executed an instrument which purports to effect a transfer of an interest in the property in his possession. The fact that he has done so innocently, and probably as a result of fraud practised upon him, does not, we think, give his act less efficacy from the standpoint of the operation of the recording statute than if he had himself acted fraudulently. Nor does the fact that his act would have had no adverse effect upon the first assignee but for the fraud of the assignor call for a different result. Neither does the failure of the second assignee to examine the conditional sales records alter the result. If C.I.T. had recorded its contract in time, Auto Acceptance would have been bound whether it looked at the records or not. Per contra, and under the explicit language of the recording statute, the reservation of title under the first contract of conditional sale is void as against subsequent incumbrancers until recorded. The critical time under the rule of Tatelbaum v. National Store Fixture Sales Co., Inc., supra, is the time of delivery of the automobile; and even if it were when Auto Acceptance paid for the contract, the result would still be the same in this case, for there had been no recording then.
The statute affords a means of protection to those who will avail themselves of it by prompt action. Roberts & Co. v. Robinson, 141 Md. 37, 118 A. 198; Friedman v. Sterling Refrigerator Co., 104 F. 2d 837 (4th Cir.) Neither finance company evinced the slightest intention of recording its contract until Suburban Nash's financial difficulties became known, and neither advanced any money on the faith of a contract of conditional sale covering Thomas' automobile after either contract was recorded. Since the statute operates as a bar only in favor of subsequent incumbrancers, the fact that each contract was recorded long after both finance companies had purchased the contracts seems of no controlling effect. Our statute fixes no time for recording and makes no provision for relation back to the date of the agreement. Such problems are considered by Mr. Tiffany in his work on Real Property (3rd Ed.), § 1272. We, therefore, find it unnecessary to consider whether or not the evidence was sufficient to show that Auto Acceptance had knowledge of C.I.T.'s claim when it recorded its contract somewhat more than six months later.
The appellee cited at the argument the case of Abels v. National Bond & Investment Co. (Ind. App.), 13 N. E. 2d 903 (1938). The statutes there involved (which are not set forth in the opinion) appear to be entirely different from our Section 74 of Article 21, and we therefore find the case of no help in the solution of the problem before us.
In accordance with these views the decree of the Circuit Court is reversed and the case remanded for the passage of a decree in conformity with this opinion.
Decree reversed and case remanded for the passage of a decree in conformity with this opinion, costs to be paid by the appellee.
. See also Koessler, Assignment of Accounts Receivable, 33 Calif. Law Rev. 40 (1945), and New Legislation Affecting Non-Notification Financing of Accounts Receivable, 44 Mich. Law Rev. 563 (1946).
. Lambert v. Morgan, 110 Md. 1, 72 A. 407.
. The 1938 amendment to Section 60 of the Bankruptcy Act was amended on March 18, 1950, c. 70, § 1, 64 Stat. 24, and a correspond ing amendment of Sec. 70(c) was included in the amendatory Act. The so-called "lien creditor test" was substituted for the hypothetical bona fide purchaser test as to transfers of property other than real property.
. C. I. T. Corporation v. Guy, supra, also held that § 5197 of the Virginia Code of 1919, requiring recordation in that state of chattel mortgages, deeds of trust and other encumbrances on personal property executed in another state covering property then in the other state, but later removed into Virginia, did not apply to contracts of conditional sale. This holding is an interpretation of Virginia statutory law. It seems to be based mainly upon the history of § 5197, and to some extent upon other factors of local, rather than general, applicability.
. But see Section 60(a) (7) (I) of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended in 1950, providing that where a state law does not specify a time limit for recording, the transfer will be treated as a preference under federal law if not recorded within twenty-one days.