Case Name: Thomas B. MONAHAN; Mayna Santiago; Danny Silva; Andrea Janvier, all Other Similarly Situated Employees of the Wilmington Police Department Appellants, v. CITY OF WILMINGTON, a political subdivision of the State of Delaware; Gilbert Howell, Captain, Individually and in his official capacity; James Stallings, Inspector, Individually and in his official capacity; Michael Boykin, Chief, Individually and in his official capacity; Corporate Black Employees Network, an unincorporated association; Linda Morris; Lynn Tucker-King
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2002-10-18
Citations: 49 F. App'x 383
Docket Number: Nos. 01-3108, 01-4139
Parties: Thomas B. MONAHAN; Mayna Santiago; Danny Silva; Andrea Janvier, all Other Similarly Situated Employees of the Wilmington Police Department Appellants, v. CITY OF WILMINGTON, a political subdivision of the State of Delaware; Gilbert Howell, Captain, Individually and in his official capacity; James Stallings, Inspector, Individually and in his official capacity; Michael Boykin, Chief, Individually and in his official capacity; Corporate Black Employees Network, an unincorporated association; Linda Morris; Lynn Tucker-King.
Judges: Before BARRY, AMBRO and COWEN, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 49
Pages: 383–385

Head Matter:
Thomas B. MONAHAN; Mayna Santiago; Danny Silva; Andrea Janvier, all Other Similarly Situated Employees of the Wilmington Police Department Appellants, v. CITY OF WILMINGTON, a political subdivision of the State of Delaware; Gilbert Howell, Captain, Individually and in his official capacity; James Stallings, Inspector, Individually and in his official capacity; Michael Boykin, Chief, Individually and in his official capacity; Corporate Black Employees Network, an unincorporated association; Linda Morris; Lynn Tucker-King.
Nos. 01-3108, 01-4139.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Submitted Sept. 24, 2002.
Decided Oct. 18, 2002.
Before BARRY, AMBRO and COWEN, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
OPINION
AMBRO, Circuit Judge.
The named plaintiffs in this case— Thomas B. Monahan, Mayna Santiago, Danny Silva, and Andrea Janvier—sought certification pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 of a class composed of all current and former similarly-situated non-African-American employees of the Wilmington Police Department ("Police Department"). The plaintiffs alleged violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986 and Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., as well as breach of contract, by the City of Wilmington, Police Chief Michael Boykin, Inspector James Stallings, and Captain Gilbert Howell, and Corporate Black Employees Network ("CBEN") and its representatives—Linda Morris and Lynn Tucker-King.
The plaintiffs allege that the Police Department engaged in a pattern and practice of discrimination against its non-African-American employees in its decisions regarding promotions, overtime job assignments, patrol assignments, and detective unit assignments. The alleged act of discrimination on which the plaintiffs focus most of their attention involves a four-day conference held in Wilmington by CBEN. According to the Complaint, Captain Howell, at the request of Ms. Morris and/or Ms. Tucker-King, assigned only African-American officers to work as security at the conference, and Chief Boykin authorized the use of City funds to pay the officers overtime for that work.
Without addressing the merits of the case, the District Court denied the motion for class certification. The Court held that the putative class did not satisfy the numerosity requirement of Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(a) and, alternatively, that the common issues in the case do not predominate over the individual issues, as required for certification of a class pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3). The plaintiffs appealed. We affirm the District Court's decision on the latter ground and do not reach the numerosity issue.
DISCUSSION
We review for an abuse of discretion a district court's denial of a motion for class certification. Holmes v. Pension Plan of Bethlehem Steel Corp., 213 F.3d 124, 136 (3d Cir.2000).
In order to qualify for class certification, a proposed class must meet all of the requirements of Rule 23(a)—numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation—and the case must fit into one of the categories of actions set forth in Rule 23(b)(1), (b)(2) or (b)(3). In re LifeUSA Holding Inc., 242 F.3d 136, 143 (3d Cir.2001). The plaintiffs here do not argue that their case comes under Rule 23(b)(1) or (2). We must consider, therefore, only whether the District Court abused its discretion in concluding that the case does not qualify as a Rule 23(b)(3) class action.
Rule 23(b)(3) permits certification of a class only if "the court finds that the questions oí law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members...." R. 23(b)(3). "The Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry tests whether the class is sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation, and mandates that it is far more demanding than the Rule 23(a)(2) commonality requirement." LifeUSA, 242 F.3d at 144 (citing Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623-24, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997)).
The plaintiffs correctly contend that the members of the proposed class share in common the issue whether the Police Department engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination and "that racial discrimination is by definition class discrimination." General Telephone Co. of the Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 157, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982). "But the allegation that such discrimination has occurred neither determines whether a class action may be maintained in accordance with Rule 23 nor defines the class that may be certified." Id.
In this case, questions as to whether an individual plaintiff suffered discrimination by the Police Department and, if so, whether the discrimination against that plaintiff encompassed promotions and overtime, patrol, and detective unit assignments, raise issues pertaining only to individuals. Here, for example, would be questions of the particular plaintiff's interest in working overtime and his or her qualifications for certain promotions or assignments. As the District Court explained:
While differences in potential damage awards may be insufficient to deny class certification in this case, given the variety of claims raised by Plaintiffs, the Court's analysis of any alleged discrimi nation and its impact will be fact intensive and specific to each Plaintiff.
App. at 15.
We agree. See Rule 23(b)(3) Advisory Committee Note. Accordingly, the District Court acted within its discretion in holding that the common issues of fact and law do not predominate over the numerous issues relating only to individual plaintiffs.
CONCLUSION
Because common issues of fact and law do not predominate, the plaintiffs have failed to show that the putative class met the requirements of Rule 28(b)(8), the only category of Rule 23(b) class actions within which the putative action allegedly fell. The decision of the District Court is therefore affirmed.
. On October 30, 2001, this Court granted the plaintiffs' petition for permission to appeal pursuant to Rule 23(f).
. The Note states:
[A] fraud perpetrated on numerous persons by the use of similar misrepresentations may be an appealing situation for a class action, and it may remain so despite the need, if liability is found, for separate determination of the damages suffered by individuals within the class. On the other hand, although having some common core, a fraud case may be unsuited for treatment as a class action if there was material variation in the representations made or in the kinds or degrees of reliance by the persons to whom they were addressed.
Id.
. The fact that eight of the 120 members of the proposed class allegedly fear retaliation for bringing individual lawsuits does not change the predominance balance. Cf. LifeUSA, 242 F.3d at 148 n. 13 ("Although plaintiffs' claims are relatively modest and separate suits may be impracticable, . that factor by itself is insufficient to overcome the hurdles of predominance and superiority . which Rule 23(b) requires.") (internal citation omitted).