Case Name: Daniel Caldwell, et al. ads. James Langford
Court: South Carolina Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: South Carolina
Decision Date: 1841-05
Citations: 1 McMul. 275
Docket Number: 
Parties: *Daniel Caldwell, et al. ads. James Langford.
Judges: Gantt, Evans and ButleR, JJ., concurred.
Reporter: South Carolina Law Reports
Volume: 26
Pages: 180–183

Head Matter:
*Daniel Caldwell, et al. ads. James Langford.
To correct a slave with a whip, giving him hut fifteen stripes, when he is found without his master’s enclosure, with a ticket or permit, accounting for his absence, is held to be a beating and abusing, within the meaning of the Act of 1839.
In bringing an action in the sum. pro. jurisdiction, to recover the penalty of 850, under the Act of 1839, for the unlawful beating of a slave, it is not necessary that the plaintiff should aver in his process that the defendant was a white man.
Strictness of pleading is not required in the summary process jurisdiction.
Before Evans, J., at Newberry, Spring Term, 1841.
These were sum. pro’s, to recover the penalty of fifty dollars, under an Act of the Legislature, subjecting to that penalty, any one who shall beat and abuse any slave having a ticket.
The facts that the defendants severally beat the plaintiff’s negroes, with tickets, were clearly proven. The beating consisted in the infliction of about fifteen stripes with a whip.
The negroes were at a store, on Sunday, behaving themselves peaceably and orderly; and the flogging was without any excuse, and done in mere wantonness of power.
One of the grounds of appeal alleges that the tickets were not lawful tickets. I do not remember the words of the tickets. They were not in the very words of the Act, but in substance the same as the words prescribed.
The defendants claimed to have their case tried by a jury, who decided for the plaintiffs.
I refused a motion for a nonsuit, on the grounds set out in the brief.
In my charge to the jury, I told them that the law had not affixed to the words “beat and abuse,” any precise meaning, and it was for them to decide whether the facts as proved was a beating and abusing within the Act. In my own opinion, and I think it likely I so stated to the jury, any wanton whipping of a negro, without any pretence of excuse or justification, constituted the offence for which the action would lie.
Defendants moved for a new trial, in arrest of judgment, and for a nonsuit.
*In arrest of judgment, upon the grounds :
1. That it is not alleged in the processes, that the defendants were white men.
2. That it is not alleged in the processes, that the negroes who were whipped, were peaceable and quiet.
For a nonsuit, upon the.grounds :
1. That the infliction cf fourteen or fifteen lashes, with a switch, did not constitute a beating or abusing of the slaves, according to the meaning of the Act of the Legislature upon the subject.
2. That the tickets which the slaves had, were not lawful tickets.
And for a new trial, upon the ground :
That his Honor charged the jury that, in his opinion, any whipping of the slave of another, would be sufficient to entitle the owner to recover the penalty of fifty dollars, under the Acts of Assembly; whereas it is respectfully submitted, that a moderate whipping of fourteen or fifteen lashes, such as were inflicted by the defendants, does not constitute the offence of beating or abusing a slave; and that although his Honor did intimate to the jury that they might come to the conclusion that the defendants were not guilty of beating or abusing the slaves, yet the distinct expression of his own opinion very properly governed the jury in making up their verdict.
Pope and Pope,, for the motion,
cited Acts 1839, 58 and 59, 5 sect.
This action is brought for a penalty, and not for liquidated damages.
Under die ground in arrest of judgment, it was contended by Mr. P. that the defendants should be described in the process as white men ; and the negroes should be alleged to be peaceable. Cited Rice’s Dig. 15: 2 Brev. Rep. 386, The State vs. Clarke.
Fair, contra,
cited 8 Stat. at Large, 538, and said the status of color was a question for the Court.
11 Stat. 58, § 5.

Opinion:
Curia, per
O'Neall, J.
that I agree folly with the Judge below, any unlawful whipping of a slave, is a beating and abusing * within the words of the Act of 1839, sec. 5, (A. A., 1839, 58,) which enacts, " that it shall be the duty of the commander of every patrol, at least as often as once a fortnight, to call out the patrol under his command, and to take up all slaves who may be found without the limits of their owner's plantation, under suspicious circumstances, or at a suspicious distance therefrom, and to correct all such slaves by a moderate whipping with a switch or cowsldn, not exceeding twenty lashes, unless the said slave have a ticket or letter to show the reasonableness of his or her absence, or shall have some white person in company to give an account of the business of such slave or slaves; and if any white man shall beat or abuse any slave quietly and peaceably being in his master's plantation, or found any where without the same, with a lawful ticket, lie shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars."
The first question made by the defendants is, whether in the processes, it was necessary to aver that the defendant, being a white man, did, &c. This point was decided in the exactly analogous case, The State vs. Schroder, (3 Hill, 60.) In that case, the defendant was indicted for selling spirituous liquors to a slave, under the Act of '34, which provides, "if any free white person, being a distiller, vendor, or retailer of spirituous liquors," &c. In that case, it was held that it was unnecessary to charge that the defendant was a "free white person." It was said there, as it may be here, of the words used in the Act, "they are merely descriptive of the person by whom the offence may be committed ; and unless there is some uncertainty without the words, whether the defendant be liable to receive judgment on conviction, there can be no necessity to use them.' The general inference is, that a party in Court is white, until the contrary appear ; and until a defendant claims the unenviable distinction of being regarded as colored, he will be regarded as occupying the position of a free white man.
The second ground objects that it is not alleged in the process, that the slave was found "peaceably and quietly without his master's plantation." These words, according to my construction, apply exclusively to the case of a slave found on his master's plantation, and it may be, in that case, it is necessary that they should be used. But in the process jurisdiction, ^strictness of pleading is not required. If the party in a short way state his claim to demand money, as a debt, or as a compensation for an injury, and enough appears to apprise the party of the matter to which he is called to answer, it is generally sufficient. Technical precision is not demanded, Hilburn vs. Paysinger, (1 Bail. 97.) I should, therefore, be inclined to think, that in a process of this character, a description of the injury sufficiently definite to apprise the party of the matter of which the plaintiff complains, would be sufficient. The processes here are sufficient, according to the strictest rule of defining an offence in the words of the statute, if it were not necessary to aver that the slave was found " peaceably and quietly," without, &c. The portion of the clause under which this action is brought, should read thus : " If any white man shall beat or abuse any slave found without his master's plantation, with a lawful ticket, he shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars." That this is the true reading is, I think manifest, from reading the two parts of the sentence together. What is it which agrees with the participle, being, in the preceding section ? It is the word slave, and the conjunction unites the sentence, so that the word slave agrees in the succeeding section of the same sentence, with the participle found ; but the adverbs, quietly and peaceably, qualify the word being, and might have the same effect on the word "found," if a new qualification with a lawful ticket was not added. But without pursuing this philological examination of the sentence, it will be only necessary to read the previous parts of the section of the Act, to see that the Act does not authorize even a patrol to whip a slave found out of his master's plantation, if he shall have a ticket or letter showing the reasonableness of his absence. Reading the two parts together, I think it is plain that the penalty was intended to be incurred, if a slave was whipped contrary to the provisions authorizing it. Turn to the 13th sec. Act of 1839, p. 60, and the same authority is repeated. I am free to admit that if the slave had not in fact demeaned himself " quietly and peaceably," the defendants might have justified their conduct, and would have been protected, under the general authority which devolves on all white men, of correcting slaves who may so offend.
If, however, the words " quietly and peaceably," do qualify the word found, and are to read as part the sentence *under which these processes are brought, still I do not think it was necessary to aver that the slave was found quietly and peaceably without, &c. For in that case, it would be matter of excuse to the defendants, and as such need not be noticed. In 1 Chitty's Crim. Law, 283, it is said, that in an indictment for not going to church, it is not necessary to aver that the defendant had no reasonable excuse for his absence, on account of the words of the Act, "having no reasonable excuse to be absent," for as the necessity for proving the excuse lies upon the defendant, the contrary need not be averred by the prosecutor. That this is the rule applicable to these cases is, I think manifest, when we recur to the Act, and find that this penalty is given in addition to the defendant's liability for the trespass for beating a slave. If a slave is beat., it is a trespass, until it is justified or excused by the party beating. It is only necessary to state the fact to create the legal implication of trespass, and all matters of excuse or justification must come from the defendant. The object of the Act was to punish by a penalty a trespass committed on a slave, with his master's ticket in his hand, unless the defendant could justify or excuse his act, by showing that the slave so misbehaved himself as to authorize any white man to correct him.
See Hadden vs. Liebeschultz, 11 Rich. 505; Smith vs. Hamilton, 10 Rich. 48. An.
The other grounds were not pressed in argument, and need not be noticed.
The motion is dismissed.
Gantt, Evans and ButleR, JJ., concurred.
11 Stat. 58, § 5. An.