Case Name: POLLAK v. BRUSH ELECTRIC ASSOCIATION OF ST. LOUIS
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1888-11-19
Citations: 128 U.S. 446
Docket Number: No. 43
Parties: POLLAK v. BRUSH ELECTRIC ASSOCIATION OF ST. LOUIS.
Judges: 
Reporter: United States Reports
Volume: 128
Pages: 446–456

Head Matter:
POLLAK v. BRUSH ELECTRIC ASSOCIATION OF ST. LOUIS.
ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA.
No. 43.
Argued and submitted October 29, 1888.
Decided November 19, 1888.
In Alabama, when a defendant pleads specially and generally, and the special plea contains nothing of which the defendant cannot avail himself under the general issue, an error in sustaining a demurrer to the special plea, as it works no injury, constitutes no ground for reversal.
In Alabama a written agreement between the parties may be read in evidence without proof of its execution, unless the execution is denied by plea, verified by affidavit.
The agreement which formed the subject of controversy in this action related to a renewal of the existing contract of the plaintiff in error for lighting certain streets in Montgomery, and not to an enlargement of that contract so as to include other streets; and being so construed, the requisite renewal was effected by the acts of the parties referred to in the opinion of the court, without a written contract, covering a fixed ■period of time.
Covenants aré tó be considered dependent or independent, according to the intention of .the parties, to be deduced from the whole instrument;- and • ,m this case the covenants of the plaintiff in error, to pay money for goods sold, and delivered, were independent of the covenants of the defendant ' in error,to transfer certificates of stock in a corporation.
This writ of error brought up for review a judgment in favor of the Brush Electric Association of St. Louis, plaintiff below, against the plaintiff in error for the sum of $6458.10.
Besides the common count for goods and merchandise sold to the defendant, Poliak, the complaint contained a .special courtt based on a written agreement between the parties, executed November 13, 1883. By the first article of that agreement,- Poliak ágreed to pay to the plaintiff the sum of $7942 as follows: “Seven thousand dollars in cash on the. ■execution of this agreement, and the sum of nine hundred ¿nd forty-two dollars on the first day of Januaiy, 1884, in full settlement and satisfaction of all claims and demands due by Póllak & Co. and the Brush Electric Light and Power Company of Montgomery, Alabama, to the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis; and the Brush Electric Association agrees to transfer or cause to be .transferred to said Ignatius' Poliak, without recourse, all the shares now held by the said Brush Electric Association and the Brush Electric Company of Cleveland, Ohio, in the said Brush Electric Light and Power Company of Montgomery, Alabama.”
The remaining articles of the agreement were in these words:
“ Second. The said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis agrees to. furnish to the said Ignatius Poliak one number 8 dynamo-electric machine, one automatic dial for said machine, and forty arc lamps of two thousand candle power each, of different styles, for which the said Ignatius Poliak agrees to pay to the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis by the first day of January, 1885, twelve per cent of the cost of said machinery as per card rate hereto attached, signed by the parties and made a part of this agreement, which card rate is agreed by the parties to be the cost of said machinery. This twelve per cent, it is agreed by the parties, is to be considered a rental of said machinery, dial and lamps for the term of one year, and which are furnished to enable the said Ignatius Poliak to comply with his contract with the city council of Montgomery to light the streets of the city of Montgomery with electric lights.
, “ Third. It is further agreed that in case the city council of Montgomery shall conclude to adopt the Brush electric light for the future lighting of the streets of the said city of Montgomery, Alabama, after the expiration of the time of the present contract between said Poliak and Company and the city council of Montgomery, that the said Ignatius Poliak will pay to the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis, Missouri, by the first day of January, 1885, the cost of said machinery, dial and lamps as fixed and ascertained by said card rate hereto attached, and in that event the said Ignatius Poliak is not to pay the said twelve per cent, said twelve per cent being a separate and distinct arrangement, as a fair rental for the use of said machinery, dial and lamps by the said Ignatius Poliak and for the risk assumed by the Brush Electric Association in furnishing the same to the ■ said Ignatius Poliak in case the said city council of Montgomery shall conclude not to continue lighting the streets of Montgomery with the Brush electric light after the expiration of their' present contract with said Poliak & Co.
“ Fourth. It is further understood and agreed that in case tlie said city council of Montgomery shall not conclude to continue lighting the streets of the said city of Montgomery with the' Brush electric light after the expiration of their present contract with said Poliak & Co., the said Ignatius Poliak shall deliver the said dynamo-electric machine, said automatic dial, and said lamps by the first day of January, 18S5, fully repaired and in good working order, to the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis, at Cleveland, Ohio, or St. Louis, Missouri, as may be directed by the said Bru'sh Electric Association of St. Louis, and that the title and prop- ’ erty in and to said machinery, dial and lamps shall be and remain in the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis, until and unless the said Ignatius Poliak pays the cost of said machinery, dial and lamps, as provided by this agreement, in the third clause thereof.
“ Fifth. It is further understood and agreed thatthe said Ignatius Poliak shall have tlie right to purchase from the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis any machinery and any pieces and parts of machinery which may be necessary for repairing and keeping in working order the present machinery in said city of Montgomery, and the machinery furnished to him by this agreement, at the same rates at which such machinery and pieces and parts of machinery are sold at the time to other private consumers by the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis.”
1 There was appended to this agreement a stipulation, signed by the parties, that the “delivery of said dynamo-electric machine, dial and lamps on board the cars at said city of • Montgomery, consigned to the said Brush Electric Association of St. Louis, at Cleveland, Ohio, or St. Louis, Missouri, as said Brush Electric Association may direct, costs of transportation prepaid, by the first day of January, 1885, shall be' considered and held a delivery by said Ignatius Poliak, as provided in the fifth clause of the aforegoing agreement.”
The card rates attached to the above agreement, and referred to in its second article, were these:
“ St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 13, 1883.
“Mr. Ig. Poliak, Montgomery, Ala.,
“•’83. Bought of the Brush Electric Association.
“ Oct. 25. 30 No. 11 Lamps, 60 •........1800
6 “ 3 “ 60 .......... 360
2 “ 2 .“ 50 •...... 100
2.“ PT “ 60 .•........120
1 “ 8 dynamo . , . ... ... . 3600
1 “ 8 dial............200
6180”
At the, time this agreement was made Poliak had a contract with the city of Moñtgomery for the lighting of its streets, which expired November 1,1884. On the 4th of October, 1884, he addressed a communication to the city council, referring to the fact that the contract between him and the city “for twenty-thrée electric lights for street purposes” would expire on the 1st of November, and asking prompt -action as.to whether it would be renewed by the city, or whether additional lights would be taken. He further said in his communication: “ Having incurred very heavy expense' in bringing extra machinery here, and having to pay a heavy rental for the additional dynamo required for the city purposes, it becomes absolutely necessary that your decision should be rendered as early as possible, so. that in the event of your declension to renew the contract I may be able to take down, pack and deliver the machinery at Cleveland, Ohio, within the time stipulated with the parent company of the Brush Electric Association.” On the '6th of October, 1884, that communication ivas referred by the city council to the gas committee; and, on the 3d of. November, 1884, the recommendation of the committee, “ that the contract with Poliak & Co. to furnish the city with twenty-three electric lights be renewed for one year,” was adopted by the council. At a; subsequent meeting of that body, held January 19, 1885, it was resolved that, “renewing the contract for the electric light, the mayor is authorized and instructed to make the contract with the Brush Electric Light and Power Company.” Of that company Poliak was president, and seemed to have exclusive control and direction of its business, including the property and machinery connected therewith. It was in proof that the dynamo and machinery sued for in this action were received by the defendant and used by him in performing his contract; that, at the time of the trial below, they were in use; at the works of the last-named corporation, which had furnished the electric light during the existence of the contract between the city and Poliak; and that the city continued after November 1,1884, to make monthly payments to the, defendant.
It was also in proof that there were about eighty, miles of streets and more than one hundred' different streets within the corporate limits of Montgomery, and that only a small portion of the city was ever lighted by the Brush electric light; that Commerce street and Dexter avenue were the only thoroughfares or streets that were thus lighted continuously all the way from end to end; that only twenty-three electric lights or lamps in all were or ever had been used or employed in the city for street lighting purposes; that the remainder of the lights not used on Commerce street and Dexter avenue were employed on parts of certain streets and were confined within a narrow compass, mainly in the business centre of the city; that no greater number of lights or lamps were employed or contracted for, at any time, in the city for street lighting purposes than were used in the year 1884 up to the 1st of November of that year; that the area or territory covered with these lights had not in a.ny manner been enlarged; and that there were a great variety of electric lights other than the Brush electric light serviceable for lighting streets, and in use in various cities of the United States.
It was further proven by a witness that the legislature of ■Alabama convened in Montgomery on the 11th of November,-1884, remaining in session before its recess, during the balance of that month and a part of the succeeding month; that in the. absence of any contract between the city and the defendant after the 1st day of November, 1884, the mayor of the city made a temporary arrangement with the defendant to furnish the Brush electric light to the city for the purpose of keeping the portion of the city above described lighted during the balance of the month of November and the month of December, 1884.
This was in substance all the proof in the cause. The court charged the jury that if they believed the evidence the plaintiff was entitled to recover the prices of the machinery, as fixed in the above card of rates, with interest from January the 1st, 1885.
Yerdict for plaintiff and judgment on the verdict.
Mr. Samuel F. Rice and Mr. A. A. Wiley, for plaintiff in error, submitted on their brief,
citing: Nash v. Towne, 5 Wall. 689; Bank of Columbia v. Hagner, 1 Pet. 455; Barreda v. Silsbee, 21 How. 146; Merriam v. United States, 107 U. S. 437 ; Davenport v. Lamb, 13 Wall. 418 ; Harkness v. Russell, 118 U. S. 663; Young v. Hunter, 6 N. Y. 203; United States v. Peck, 102 U. S. 64
Mr. H. C. Tompkins, for defendant in error,
cited: Kannady v.. Lambert, 37 Alabama, 57; Chambers County v. Clews, 21 Wall. 317; Holloway v. Tolbert, 70 Alabama, 389 ; Beadle v. Graham, 66 Alabama, 99 ; Darden v. James, 48 Alabama, 33; Bank of Columbia v. Patterson, 7 Cranch, 299; Dermott v. Jones, 2 Wall. 1; Ferguson v. Harwood, 7 Cranch, 408; Harrison v. Weaver, 2 Porter (Ala.) 542; Weaver v. Lapsley, 42 Alabama, 601; S. C. 94 Am. Dec. 671; McRae v. Raser, 9 Porter (Ala.) 122; Goodlet v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 122 U. S. 391; Randolph v. B. & O. Railroad, 109 U. S. 478 ; City Council v. Montgomery Water Works, 77 Alabama, 248; Whitehead v. Lane, 72 Alabama, 39, 42; Lowery v. Peterson, 75 Alabama, 109; Goldsborough v. Orr, 8 Wheat. 217; Walker v. Clay, 21 Alabama, 797; Phil., Wilm. & Balt. Railroad Co. v. Howard, 13 How. 307, 339; Emigrant Co. v. Adams County, 100. U. S. 61; Hill v. Bishop, 2 Alabama, 320; Pordage v. Cole, 1 Saund. 310; Crawford v. Weston, 131 Mass. 283; Lucesco Oil Co. v. Brewer, 66 Penn. St. 351; Quigley v. DeHaas, 82 Penn. St. 267, 273; Scott v. Kittanning, 89 Penn. St. 231; Johnson v. Johnson, 3 Bos. & Pull. 162; Young & Conant Mf'g Co. v. Wakefield, 121 Mass. 91; Barth v. Clise, 12 Wall. 400; Philpot v. Gruninger, 14 Wall. 570; Walbrun v. Babbitt, 16 Wall. 577; Chicago &c. Railroad v. Ross, 112 U. S. 377, 395; Pennywit v. Eaton, 15 Wall. 382; Hall v. Jordan, 19 Wall. 271; Insurance Co. v. Huchbergers, 12 Wall. 164; Prentice v. Pickersgill, 6 Wall. 511.

Opinion:
Me. Justice Hablan
delivered the opinion of the court.
He stated the case as above reported, and continued:
1. The special pleas contained nothing of which the defendant could not have availed himself under his plea, of the gen eral issue. If the court erred in sustaining the demurrer to any of the special pleas, it was an error without' injury, and, therefore, not constituting a ground of reversal. Code of Alabama, 1886, § 2675; Kannady v. Lambert, 37 Alabama, 57, 59. .
. 2, It was not, error to allow the written agreement between the parties to be read in evidence without proof of its execution. The .Code of Alabama provides that "every written 'instrument, the foundation of the suit; purporting to be signed by the defendant, his partner, agent, or attorney in fact, must, be received in evidence without proof of the execution, unless' the, execution thereof is denied by plea, verified by affidavit." § 2770'. There was no, such plea in this case. ,
3. By the terms of the agreement between the. parties, the defendant was. to pay a certain amount to the plaintiff,'by a named day, for the machinery,,dial and lamps, provided the city council,of Montgomery concluded "to adopt the Brush, electric light for the-future lighting of the streets" of that city, after the expiration of the contract which Poliak- - & Company then,had with the-city.- The main question in the case is, whether the contingency just stated happened prior to January 1, 1885; if so, the contract between the parties , became one of absolute sale, and bound the defendant to pay on that day the specified card rates for the property.
The defendant insists that the agreement, construed in the' light of the circumstances attending its execution, contemplated something more than the adoption by, the city council of the Brush electric light for the limited territory covered by the contract which Poliak & Co. then had/with the city; and that the parties made their agreement with reference to an enlargement, after the expiration of that contract, of the area in the city to be lighted with the Brush electric light. "We do not assent to this construction. The agreement was made in view of the fact that the city was then using, under the contract with Poliak & Co., only twenty-three of the Brush electric lights. The machine, dial and lamps furnished by the defendant were used, and presumably were needed, in order that Poliak & Co. might perform that contract. He was to pay only certain rental therefor in case the city council concluded "not to contmue lighting the streets of Montgomery with the Brush electric light after the expiration of the present contract with said Poliak & Go." and if the council concluded otherwise, then the machine, dial and lamps were to be returned to the defendant, fully repaired and in good working order, by January 1, 1885. These provisions clearly show that the lighting; of the streets after November 1, 1884, with the Brush electric light, under an arrangement for that purpose with the city council, even to the limited extent provided for by the contract with Poliak & Co., was, within the meaning of the parties, such an adaption of that light by the city as bound the plaintiff to purchase the machine, dial and lamps in question and pay therefor,, by January 1, 1885, the sum of $6180. It could not have been their intention to make the permanent adoption of the Brush electric light, for an indefinite period .for all the streets of the city, or for a larger territory than that stipulated for in the contract with Poliak & Co., a condition precedent to the defendant's obligation to buy the property at the aggregate price fixed. The communication of Poliak to the city council, under date of October 4, 1884, supports this conclusion. He distinctly says that if the then existing' contract was not renewed, he was under a duty by his agreement with the defendant to take down, pack and • deliver the machinery at Cleveland, Ohio; implying that if his contract was renewed no such duty would rest upon him. And that the contingency happened upon which the defendant became bound to purchase the property outright at the price above named, appears from the fact that the contract of Poliak & Co. was'renewed. That renewal is shown by the action of the city council on the 3d of November, 1884. Its action in response to the written communication of Poliak, under date of October 4, and its monthly payments thereafter to him, operated as an effective renewal of his contract with the city, although such renewal was not evidenced by a written contract covering a fixed period of time. City Council of Montgomery v. Montgomery Water Works, 77 Alabama, 248, 254.
4. It is also contended that the plaintiff was not entitled tc recover, except upon averment or proof that it had transferred or offered to transfer to the defendant the shares of stock held by it and by the Brush Electric Company of • Cleveland, Ohio, in the Brush Electric Light and- Power Company of Montgomery. This cannot be, unless, as insisted,-his promise to pay, in the contingency named in the third article of the agreement of November 13, 1883, the suih of $6180, was in consideration of the plaintiff's promise'to transfer, or have, transferred to him, the above shares. In support of this position' the case of Bank of Columbia v. Hagner, 1 Pet. 455, 465, is cited. . It was there said that the inclination of -the courts strongly favors, as obviously just, that construction of contracts which makes the covenants or promises of the par ties dependent rather than independent. After observing that the. seller ought not to be compelled to part with his property, .without receiving the consideration, nor the.purchaser to part with his money without an equivalent in return, the court said: "Hence, in such cases,.if either a vendor or a vendee wish to compel the other to fulfil his contract, he must make his part of the agreement precedent, and cannot proceed' against-tjie other without an actual performance of the agreement on his part, -or a tender or refusal."
But it is clear, as said in Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad Company v. Howard, 13 How. 307, 339, that covenants are to be • considered dependent or independent, according to the intention of the parties, to be deduced from the whole instrument. It is manifest that the covenant of the plaintiff in. relation to the transfer of stock in the Brush Electric Light and Power Company is wholly independent of the agreement in' relation to the machine, dial and lamps in question. ' The consideration for such transfer, and for' the settlement and satisfaction of all claims due by Poliak & Co. and; by the Brush Electric Light and Power Company to the plaintiff, was the payment by Poliak of a certain amount, part in. cash on the execution of the agreement of November 13, 1883, and the balance on the 1st of January, 1884. On the other: hand, the consideration for Poliak's agreement to' pay, in a certain contingency, a specified sum for the machine. dial and lamps, was his becoming the absolute owner of those articles, upon the happening of that contingency. The cost of the articles was fixed by the agreement at a certain' aggregate sum, without reference to the transfer of the above-mentioned stock. There is nothing whatever in the contract indicating that the payment for the machine, dial and lamps was to depend, in any degree, upon the transfer of the stock, or "that tne transfer of the stock was to depend uppn the adoption of the Brush Electric Light by the city. The covenants were wholly independent; and, therefore, it was not essential, to the plaintiff's right to recover, that it should allege or prove that its agreement to transfer, or have transferred, to the defendant, the above-described stock, had been performed. That may be. the subject of a separate suit.
As the court below correctly interpreted the agreement between the parties, and as the evidence showed that the contingency happened which entitled the plaintiff to recover the sum specified.in the agreement as the value of the property, the direction to' the jury to find for the plaintiff was right. Goodlet v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 122 U. S. 391; Kane v. Northern Central Railroad, ante, 91.
The judgment is affirmed.