Case Name: PERPETUA FLECKENSTEIN, Respondent, v. PROVIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellant
Court: North Dakota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: North Dakota
Decision Date: 1921-11-28
Citations: 48 N.D. 517
Docket Number: 
Parties: PERPETUA FLECKENSTEIN, Respondent, v. PROVIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellant.
Judges: BirdzSll, J., concurs.
Reporter: North Dakota Reports
Volume: 48
Pages: 517–530

Head Matter:
PERPETUA FLECKENSTEIN, Respondent, v. PROVIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellant.
(186 N. W. 91.)
Insurance — in an action on a life insurance policy; question of delivery held one for jury.
1. In an action upon a life insurance policy where the insured at the time of the application directed the soliciting agent to send the policy to be issued to a banker with whom the insured did business and the application contained a memorandum to send the policy to such banker, and, where the Insurance Company, acting upon the application, issued the policy and sent the same to such banker, who was its ag'ent, with .instructions, uncommunicated to the insured, to deliver only upon being satisfied after personal investigation concerning the good health of the insured, it is held, upon the record, that the question of delivery was one for the jury.
Insurance — question as to insured’s health on delivery of policy held one for the jury.
2. Where an insurance policy is delivered pursuant to a stipulation in the application that it shall not take effect unless delivered to and received by the insured while in good health, and where the insured, a married man aged 24 years, was in apparent perfect health when the application was signed, Oct. 21st, and the policy issued, Oct. 30th, and so continued until the evening of Nov. 8th, .the day when th'e policy was delivered, excepting that he complained of a headache in the evening of Nov. 6th and during the day of Nov. 7th, and where during the evening of Nov. 8th the insured stated to have a fever, on Nov. 9th had a high fever and was then partially confined in bed, and on the afternoon of Nov. 10th died through “broncho-pneumonia” following an attack of “influenza,” and where the entire evidence concerning the good health of the insured subsequent to the issuance of the policy and until his death is dependent solely upon lay testimony unaided by that of medical science, it is held that the question of the good health of the insured, when the policy was delivered, was for the jury.
Opinion filed Nov. 28, 1921.
Action in District Court, Hettinger County, Hanley, J.
From a judgment in favor of the plaintiff and an order denying a new trial the defendant has appealed.
Affirmed.
Newton, Dullam & Young, for appellant.
There was no delivery of the policy. Delivery while the applicant was in good health was essential to a completed contract. Thompson v. Travelers’ Insurance Co. 13 N. D. 444; Bowen v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 51 D. R. A. (N. S.) 587; May on Insurance, 4Ü1 ed. Vol. 1, p. 60.
The defendant is not bound by any estoppel or waiver. Roth v. Mutual Reserve Life Ins. Co. 89 C. C. A. 262.
The general rule is that a return of the policy is not essential to the avoidance of a policy, nor is its retention a waiver. Blaeser v. Milwaukee Mechanics Mutual Ins. Co. 37 Wis. 31; 19 A. R. 747; Woodard v. German American Ins. Co. 128 Wis. 1; 106 N. W. 681.
Jacobson & Murray, and Benjamin Rigler, for respondent.
The non-return of the premium made the company liable upon its contract for the policy of insurance, if it failed to issue such a policy. Stearns v. Merchants Life & S. Co. 38 N. D. 525.
Physical delivery of the policy is not necessary. A legal delivery is sufficient. Unterharnscheidt v. Missouri State Life Ins. Co. (Iowa) 138 N. W. 459; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Pike, 117 Pac. (Col.) 899; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Greenlee, 84 N. E. 1101, (Ind.); Thompson v. Mich. Mutual Life Ins. Co. 105 N. E. (Ind.) 789; Francois v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York (Ore.) 106 Pac. 323.
“When a company received' an application for insurance, acts on it, signs and seals a policy complete in form, and forwards it to its agent for delivery to insured, the policy is deemed to have been issued from the date of its deposit in the mails.” Rose v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York, 88 N. E. (111.) 204; Stilp v. New York Life Ins. Co. (Wis.) 169 N. W. 606.
The company having knowledge that-the policy was not physically delivered, by putting the plaintiff to expense in furnishing proof of loss, is now estopped to set up want of physical delivery as a defense to paying loss. Beauchamp v. Retail Merchants Ass’n (N. D.) 38 N. D. 483; Tero Detroff & Co. v. Equity' Fire Ins. Co. (Iowa) 167 N. W. 660; Veenstra v. Farmers’ Mutual Fire Ins. Co. of Ottawa and Allegan Counties (Mich.) 161 N. W. 824; Springfield Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. E. B. Cockrell Holding Co. (Okla.) 169 Pac. 1660.
An insurance company cannot take the applicant’s money, keep it and get the benefit of it, and lead the applicant into believing he has a valid policy, and then at the same time take the position that there is no insurance. Horswill v. Mutual Fire Ins. Co. (if. D.) 178 N. W. 798; Yusko v. Middlewest Fire Ins. Co .(N. D.) 166 N. W. 539; Life Ins. Clearing Co. v. Altshuler, (Neb.) 75 N. W. 862; Watts v. Equitable Mut. Life Ass’n of Waterloo (Iowa) 82 N. W. 441; Commercial Union Assur. Co. v. Schumaker (Ind.) 119 N. E. 532; American Bankers’ Ins. Co. v. Thomas, (Okla.) 154 Pac. 44; Rhodes v. Kansas City Life Ins. Co. 156 Mo. App. 281; 137 S. W. *907; Prudential Ins. Co. v. Shively, 1 Ohio App. 238.

Opinion:
Statement.
Bronson, J.
This is an action upon a policy of life insurance. The defense is that no contract of insurance was ever completed, the policy was not delivered and no premium ever paid. The jury returned a special verdict. From judgment entered, pursuant thereto, in plaintiff's favor, and from an order denying a new trial, the defendant has appealed. The record discloses some evidence as follows, or to the following effect: The insured, the husband of the plaintiff beneficiary, was a farmer 24 years old at the time of his death. On Oct. 21st, 1918, at the farm place of the insured, about 7 miles from Haynes or Hettinger, the soliciting agent of the defendant received the application of the insured for a life insurance policy of $2,000.00. Then, he issued to the insured a receipt acknowledging the payment of $62.62, to apply as payment for the first year on the proposed insurance. The receipt contained the following statement: "Insurance if issued, to be from date of Company's approval, but above amount will be returned if the applicant is examined and the policy is not issued."
In the application there is the following agreement, "That the insurance hereby applied for shall not take effect unless the first premium is paid and the policy delivered to and received by me while in good health, and that the policy shall be issued as of the date of the company's approval."
On Oct. 22nd, 1918, the insured was examined by the Medical Exami ner. The home office memoranda of the defendant show that the application was received on Oct. 24th, 1918, and was approved by its Medical Director on Oct. 30th, 1918. Such memoranda contain the statement, "Ins. begins Oct. 30th, 1918," and the policy was issued and dated accordingly. The secretary of the defendant testified that on Nov. 6th, 1918, the application was officially approved and mailed to C. E. Bigham, Haynes, N. D., its local agent. Accompanying the policy, were form instructions, signed by a form signature, viz:
Provident Insurance Company by...................................., Secretary: These instructions read as follows:
"We hand you herewith the above policy which you are authorized to deliver only upon the condition that after personal investigation you have satisfied yourself that the applicant is not suffering from influenza or its after effects or any other disease and the completion of the inclosed personal health certificate, indicating that he has not been ill and that his state of health is the same as when his original examination was taken.
"In case there are any impairments which, in your judgment, would warrant a further postponement, please return the policy to this office with a statement of the facts.
"You will appreciate that due to present conditions, it is necessary that we take the precautions herein mentioned, and your most careful and hearty co-operation will be appreciated until conditions return to normal."
The widow testified that the soliciting agent, after the application and receipt were signed, told her husband that "if he was not accepted, he could have his money back within a week, the note would be returned." That her husband did not receive the note back. That her husband told the agent to send the policy to Mr. Bigham at Haynes. That her husband was doing business with Mr. Bigham at Haynes. That her husband also banked at Hettinger. That Haynes was about one quarter of a mile nearer than Hettinger. She also testified that from Oct. 30th, 1918, to Nov. 4th, 1918, her husband was in perfect health. That on Nov. 4th, 1918, he was in Haynes (the last time before his death) and was perfectly well. That on Nov. 5th and 6th, he was in perfect health. That in the evening of Nov. 6th, he complained of a headache. That on Nov. 7th he was still complaining of a headache but was up and around. That on Nov. 8th he was up and around during the day time; during the night he started to get fever. That on Nov. 9th, he had pretty high fever and was in bed although he got up and walked around the room. On Nov. 10th, at 2:30 p. m., he died. The soliciting agent of the defendant testified in response to the question whether her husband had asked him to send the policy to Mr. Bigham, his banker, that he did not ask him to send it to the banker. That he did not represent to the husband that if the application was not accepted he would have his money back in a week. Upon the application, produced by the defendant and offered in evidence by the plaintiff, there appears on the back, upper margin thereof, the following: "Send policy to Chas. Bigham, Haynes." This is followed on the lower margin by the soliciting agent's certificate. Both are apparently in the same handwriting and made by the same lead pencil. On the face of this application is the declaration signed by the insured that he has paid to the soliciting agent $62.62. That he holds his receipt therefor and assents to the terms thereof. Mr. Bigham testified that he was the cashier of the bank at Haynes, and the agent of the.defendant company. That he received the insurance policy involved together with the instructions on Nov. 8th, 1918. That about Nov. 6th, 1918, the insured called at the bank. That then he paid two notes there. That in his opinion at that time the insured was a mighty sick man. That the general pallor of his face showed it and in general he appeared to be side. That he had this observation in mnid when he received the instructions with the policy. That he never delivered the policy. He did not testify that he returned the policy or advised the defendant concerning his observation. On Dec. 8th, a banker at Richardton advised the defendant of the death of the insured, by letter, stating therein correctly the number of the policy, and requesting the necessary blanks to be sent for proofs of death. On Dec. 19th, 1918, the defendant replied: "We are handing you herewith necessary proofs for completion and upon their return we will give the matter of the claim under the policy our prompt' attention."
The secretary of the company testified that the company was first advised that the policy had not been delivered on or about Jan. 17th, 1919. On Feb. 8th, 1919, the banker at Richardton through letter requested another physician's certificate to be sent by reason of the former blank sent, having been mislaid or lost. On Feb. nth, 19191 Fle defendant inclosed another physician's statement to be used with the understanding that the company does not bind itself in any way as to the payment of the claim. On Feb. 9th, 1919, the banker further advised the defendant that it had taken them until that day to get in touch with the doctor who attended the deceased and that doctor had advised him that physician's statement had been mailed direct. On the last day of February, 1919, the defendant by letter advised the banker that it had not received the physician's certificate. On Mar. 14th, 1919, the banker by letter sent to the defendant papers concerning proofs of death.
The special verdict submitted to, and returned by, the jury is as follows:
"Question: Did Edmund Fleckenstein, the insured, at the time he made out the application for life insurance, inform the soliciting agent, Mr. Johnson, that C. B. Bigham, at Haynes, was his banker? A. Yes.
"Question: Did Edmund Fleckenstein, at the time he made his application for life insurance to the defendant company, request that the policy be sent to C. B. Bigham, his banker at Haynes, North Dakota? A. Yes.
"Question: Did the soliciting agent of the defendant company, Mr. Johnson, promise and represent to Edmund Fleckenstein, the insured, that if he did not receive a return of his premium within one week, that he would be sure that his application for insurance was accepted? A. Yes.
"Question: Was Mr. C. B. Bigham, the banker of Edmund Fleckenstein, the insured at the time that said Fleckenstein made his application for insurance with defendant company, and at the time that the policy was received by said Bigham? A. Yes.'
"Question: Was Edmund Fleckenstein, the insured, in good health at the time the insurance policy involved in this action was received by the said C. B. Bigham? A. Yes.
"Question: Did the defendant company's officers, at the time that it sent out to the plaintiff the first blank proofs of death, have knowledge that the policy had not been physically delivered to the insured ? A. Yes.
The defendant contends that the record discloses no delivery of the policy and, neither waiver nor estoppel affecting the company.
Delivery.
Does the evidence warrant the findings of the jury that the policy was delivered while the insured was in good health? In this regard the de fendant maintains that neither the company nor its agent had any notice of any instructions by the insured that the policy be sent to his banker at Haynes, and, further, that, even so conceding, the delivery would be and was invalid because the evidence conclusively shows that on Nov. 8th, 1918, the health of the insured was impaired and he was then suffering from a mortal disease. There is evidence, however, in the record to warrant the finding that the defendant had notice of the instructions of the insured to send the policy to Bigham, his banker. On the back of the application the directions appear. In the memorandum of the home office concerning this application, there is inserted by some one, "to C. E. Bigham, Haynes, N. D." "See back of app." This is an apparent recognition of the directions on the back of the application. Neither the directions nor the memorandum state "agent" after -the word Bigham. There is nothing in the record to show that either the soliciting agent or the insured knew that Bigham was the agent of the defendant. Possibly, the insured would have made the application to his banker, Bigham, if he had so known. The defendant accepted and approved the application. It issued the policy on Oct. 30th, 1918. It sent the policy pursuant to the instructions given. The insured w;as not advised concerning any secret instructions to Bigham or that Bigham was its agent. The insured did not contract for conditional delivery of the policy to Bigham, pursuant to Bigham's agency and dependent upon Bigham's investigation, opinion or judgment upon the insured's condition of health. The insured contracted for the issuance of a policy upon the defendant's approval, and for its delivery to Bigham, his banker, conditional only upon the payment of the first premium and his condition of good health when so delivered.
Upon the record the jury was warranted in finding that the policy was so delivered or entitled to be delivered to Bigham pursuant to the contract as made. This follows further from the fact that the record does not disclose that Bigham, as agent, acted upon the instructions or pretended to follow them. Although he testified that on Nov. 6th, 1918, he saw the insured and then the insured, in his opinion, was a very sick man, nevertheless, the record fails to disclose that he so advised the defendant, or returned the policy. Further, it was over two months thereafter, in accordance with the secretary's testimony, before the defendant knew that the policy had not been physically delivered to the insured. Furthermore, the parties did not contract that the policy should not take effect until physically delivered. The contract of insurance was conditional upon payment of the premium and delivery to and receipt by the insured while in good health. The contract requirements did not necessarily demand as a condition precedent a manual delivery. Bowen v. Prudential Ins. Co. 178 Mich. 63, 144 N. W. 543, 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 587, 590, 591. Unterharnscheidt v. Mo. State Life Ins. Co., 160 Iowa, 223, 138 N. W. 459. Phoenix Assurance Co. v. McAuthur, 116 Ala. 659, 221 South, 903, 67 Am. St. Rep. 154. See 25 Cyc. 718, 721; Thompson v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. 56 Ind. App. 502, 105 N. E. 780; N. Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Pike 51 Colo. 238, 117 Pac. 899. Upon the record, Bigham might be the agent of the insured, as well as the agent of the insurer. Amarillo Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Brown (Tex. Civ. App.) 166 S. W. 658, 661; Young v. St. P. F. & M. Ins. Co., 68 S. C. 387, 47 S. E. 682. Joyce, Ins. Vol. 1, § 661.
Good Health of Insured: Was the insured in good health when the policy was delivered to Bigham?
In Joyce on Insurance, Vol. 3, § 2004, it is stated:
"The term, 'good-health' does not mean absolute perfection; but is comparative. The insured need not be entirely free from infirmity or from all the ills to which the flesh is heir. If he enjoys such health and strength as to justify the reasonable belief that he is free from derangement or organic functions, or free from symptons calculated to cause a reasonable apprehension of such derangement, and to ordinary observation and to outward appearance his health is reasonably such that he may with ordinary safety be insured and upon ordinary terms, the requirement of good health is satisfied. Slight troubles, temporary and light illnesses, infrequent and light attacks of sickness not of such a character as to produce bodily infirmity or serious impairment or derangement of vital organs, do not disprove the warranty of good health."
In Goucher v. Trav. Men's Ass'n. (C.C.) 20 Fed. 596, 598, the court states:
"The term 'good health,' as here used, does not import a perfect physical condition. It would not be reasonable to interpret it as meaning absolute exemption from all bodily infirmities, or from all tendencies to disease. It cannot mean that a man has not in him the seeds of some disorder. As has been well remarked by some of the law writers, 'such an interpretation would exclude from the list of insurable lives a large proportion of mankind.' "
In Peacock v. N. Y. Life Ins. Co., 20 N. Y. 293, 396, it is stated:
"The word 'health,' as ordinarily used, is a relative term. It has reference to the condition, of the body. Thus it is frequently characterized as perfect, as good, as indifferent, and as bad. The epithet 'good' is comparative. It does not require absolute perfection. When, therefore, one is described as being in good health, that does not necessarily nor ordinarily mean that he is absolutely free from all and every ill which 'flesh is heir to.' "
See, also, Morrison v. Ins. Co., 59 Wis. 162, 18 N. W. 13; Grattan v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 92 N. Y. 274, 44 Am. Rep. 372; Met. Life Ins. Co. v. McTague, 49 N. J. Law 587, 9 Atl. 766, 60 Am. Rep. 661.
In Thompson v. Travelers' Ins. Co., 13 N. D. 444, 101 N. W. 900, the stipulation in the policy stated, "This policy shall not take effect unless'the first premium is actually paid while the assured is in good health." The Court said:
. "It will be noted that this provision is not a mere representation that the assured was in good health, or a statement of his belief or opinion that such was the fact. It is equivalent to a warranty of the fact, and it is a fact agreed upon by the parties as a condition precedent to the attacking of defendant's liability. Apparent good health was not sufficient. The fact that a disease may be latent and unknown does not relieve the insured from his stipulation. It is'the fact of good health which governs."
In Donahue v. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 37 N. D. 203, 221, 164 N. W. 50, 56, (L. R. A. 1918A, 300,) Justice Christianson stated:
"The term 'good health' is a comparative term' and should be held to mean what is ordinarily understood by the term."
See Murphy v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 106 Minn. 112, 118 N. W. 355. Note 17 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1145; 43 L. R. A. (N. S.) 726; L. R. A. 1916F, 173.
In this record there is no expert or medical testimony concerning the good or ill health of the insured subsequent to the approval of the application. The determination of the health of the insured subsequent to the approval of the application is dependent wholly as a question of fact, upon lay testimony, unless this court imbued with the wisdom to be gleaned from medical science can determine, as it were like experts, as a matter of law, the question of good or ill health. The reason why the aid of medical science was not sought to be placed in the record, is not stated. See Donahue v. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 37 N. D. 203, 217, 164 N W. 50, L. R. A. 1918A, 300. It is not questioned in the record that the insured when the application was taken and when the policy was issued was in good health. Then, apparently, he was a healthy and sturdy young man. The lay testimony in the record further is undisputed that his good health continued until Nov. 6th, 1918. Then, Bigham, observed in his opinion that he was a very sick man. The widow observed that in the evening of Nov. 6th, he complained of a headache; that also on Nov. 7th, he complained of a headache and on the evening of Nov. 8th, he started to get a fever. Otherwise he had been theretofore up and around. The immediate cause of his death was "Broncho-pneumonia" following "influenza." Upon the record when was he not in good health ? When does an attack of influenza or the existence of bodily conditions precedent thereto render one not in good health? Apparently, if we were to speak from statistics and the visual and mental knowledge forcibly brought to our attention during the epidemic of influenza in 1918, the disease was no respecter of persons. It attacked those apparently physically well and strong as rapidly as those otherwise. It attacked the young and vigorous even perhaps in greater numbers than the old and the weak. One might be apparently perfectly well today — and, on the morrow, attacked by the disease, nigh unto death. Does a headache render one not in good health? Nature's signals are constantly being given concerning one's bodily conditions. Perhaps, speaking out of our experience and the medical lore, not yet too definitely nor exactly known concerning inflüenza, we would readily say as a matter of fact, that the insured must have been necessarily in poor health on Nov. 8th, 1918. Because then the disease was at work and he died in fact on Nov. 10th, 1918. If the matter is to be determined on the record and by lay testimony, is not the question made one of fact for the jury, a question upon which the minds of reasonable men may differ. Dorey v. Met. Life Ins. Co. 172 Mass., 234, 51 N. E. 974; 25 Cyc. 950; Horne v. Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. 53 Pa. Sup. Ct., 330, 333; Healy v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 37 App. D. C. 240, 246. Upon this . record we so believe and determine. It follows that the judgment and order must be affirmed. It is so ordered.
BirdzSll, J., concurs.