Case Name: STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JAMES LEE CAMERON, Defendant and Appellant
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 1992-02-20
Citations: 253 Mont. 95
Docket Number: No. 91-029
Parties: STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JAMES LEE CAMERON, Defendant and Appellant.
Judges: CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and JUSTICES HARRISON and McDonough concur.
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 253
Pages: 95–110

Head Matter:
STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JAMES LEE CAMERON, Defendant and Appellant.
No. 91-029.
Submitted on Briefs November 21, 1991.
Decided February 20, 1992.
49 St.Rep. 150.
253 Mont. 95.
830 P.2d 1284.
For Appellant: Michael Donahoe, Helena.
For Respondent: Marc Racicot, Attorney General; Joseph E. Thaggard; Mike McGrath, County Attorney, Helena.

Opinion:
JUSTICE WEBER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Defendant, James Lee Cameron, was charged with two counts of felony sexual assault pursuant to § 45-5-502, MCA. On September 4, 1990, in the District Court for the First Judicial District, Lewis and Clark County, defendant pled guilty to both counts pursuant to an Alford plea. Subsequently, defendant moved to withdraw his guilty plea. The District Court denied his motion and sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of twenty years imprisonment, with five years suspended on each count. Defendant appeals. We affirm.
The issues for our review are:
1. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it refused to allow the defendant to withdraw his pleas of guilty?
2. Did the defendant receive ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his attorney's advice that he should enter Alford pleas to the charged offenses rather than proceeding to trial?
3. Did the District Court deny the defendant due process of law in violation of the Montana and United States Constitutions?
4. Did a sufficient factual basis exist for the District Court to accept the defendant's pleas of guilty?
5. Did the District Court commit reversible error by failing to arraign the defendant on the charges set forth in the amended information?
On April 18,1990, the State charged the defendant by information with two counts of felony sexual assault, pursuant to § 45-5-502, MCA. Count I arose from allegations that defendant had sexually molested his daughter, M.S., between 1985 and 1989. Count II arose from allegations that defendant sexually molested E.R, the daughter of a woman with whom defendant had an affair, between 1985 and 1989. Both victims were nine or ten years old at the time the State filed the information.
Originally, defendant pled not guilty to both charges. Then, two weeks before the trial date, his attorney, Cort Harrington, moved the District Court for leave to withdraw as defendant's attorney. The motion was granted and the trial was postponed.
On May 29, 1990, the District Court appointed Mayo Ashley as defense counsel. As the September trial date closed in, defendant became dissatisfied with Ashley's representation. About one week before trial defendant asked Cort Harrington to resume his defense. Harrington refused.
Two days before trial, because he was feeling stressed, defendant met with Lynn Pillman, a licensed professional counselor. During the meeting defendant expressed to Ms. Pillman his disappointment with Ashley's representation and told Ms. Pillman that he did not wish to force the victims to testify in court. Ms. Pillman explained to defendant that, although she was not an attorney, she had previously counseled a client who pled guilty and later, after serving some time without illegal involvement, changed the plea to not guilty. She suggested defendant talk to his attorney about entering such a plea.
The morning of trial defendant asked Ashley about an Alford plea. Later that morning, defendant decided to enter Alford pleas to both counts of the information.
Prior to entry of the pleas the District Court and defendant had the following exchange.
THE COURT: You are entitled to have the amended information read to you in its entirety. Do you wish to have it read?
MR. CAMERON: No, Your Honor.
THE COURT: I think we've gone over this once before, but, the maximum possible punishment for sexual assault is imprisonment in the state prison for a term not to exceed 20 years and a fine of not more than $50,000. Now, that's on each count. Now, these are separate offenses, and under Montana law, it is possible to make sentences run consecutively, that is, one after the other. So, the maximum amount of prison time that could be imposed would be 40 years in the state prison and a fine — fines up to $100,000; do you understand that?
MR. CAMERON: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Do you understand that you are entitled to trial by jury in this matter?
MR. CAMERON: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Now, we had a discussion about the psychologist in chambers, but other than that, if you have witnesses that had relevant information, do you understand that you could have called them to testify, that is, anybody that might have been a witness to the situation. I'm not talking about somebody who did an independent evaluation or anything like that, we're talking about a witness to what went on; do you understand that?
MR. CAMERON: Yes.
THE COURT: Now, if you went to trial and you were found guilty,you could appeal your conviction to the Montana Supreme Court. You would be represented by an attorney during that appeal, do you understand that?
MR. CAMERON: Yes.
THE COURT: Now, you have — you cannot be compelled to incriminate yourself. That means that you have a right to remain silent and that can't be used against you. Mr. McGrath couldn't argue to the jury that Cameron must be guilty just because he's sitting there not saying anything.He's not saying anything dif ferent than our witnesses. Do you understand he can't make that kind of an argument to the jury?
MR. CAMERON: Yes.
THE COURT: How is your head today, is it clear?
MR. CAMERON: Pretty mixed up.
THE COURT: But, you know what's going on?
MR. CAMERON: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Now, you've had — we were supposed to start trial about an hour and a half ago. You have had an opportunity to consult with — I don't know who it was, but you made some phone calls and consulted with a person other than Mr. Ashley; is that correct?
MR. CAMERON: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: And you know what's going on?
MR. CAMERON: Yes.
THE COURT: I understand from Mr. Ashley, that you wish to enter what's called an Alford plea. I think he's probably explained to you that's the name of the case oí North Carolina versus Alford or Alford versus North Carolina, I can't remember. But, anyway, it's a United States Supreme Court case which essentially says you enter a plea without having to tell me specifically what happened. And do you generally understand what an Alford plea is?
MR. CAMERON: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: That's been explained to you. Do you have any questions about it?
MR. CAMERON: No, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Now, if you enter a plea, even though it may be an Alford plea, do you understand that you can't later come in here and withdraw that plea and ask that that plea be withdrawn? Do you understand?
MR. CAMERON: Yes, Your Honor. (Emphasis supplied.)
Following this colloquy, defendant entered a plea of guilty to each count pursuant to the Alford case. Before accepting the plea, the District Court again
asked defendant if he understood the implications of an Alford plea. After the defendant said he did the District Court asked for an offer of proof and then accepted the plea. It also ordered that defendant undergo both a sex offender evaluation and a presentence investigation and set sentencing for November 1, 1990.
Prior to sentencing, defendant moved the District court for leave to withdraw his guilty pleas for the following reasons.
(1) "Good cause'" exists within the meaning of §46-16-105, MCA to allow the Defendant to withdraw his guilty plea because it will prevent the possibility of convicting an innocent man;
(2) The Defendant erroneously thought that despite his guilty plea he would have an opportunity to prove his innocence either before or after sentencing and the Defendant reached this conclusion based on advise he was given by his Court appointed counsel;
(3) The Court erred in not granting a continuance to allow the Defendant to obtain new counsel since no hearing was held to determine whether the Defendant's concerns about his Court appointed counsel were true;
(4) The Court erred in denying the Defendant's motion for an examination of the alleged victims by a defense psychologist and the denial of this motion deprived the Defendant of his rights to due process and equal protection under the Montana and United States constitutions.
After a hearing, the District Court denied defendant's motion for lack of good cause shown. Defendant appeals.
I
Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it refused to allow the defendant to withdraw his pleas of guilty?
Defendant argues that in entering an Alford plea he still maintained his innocence. He further contends that he was confused about the Alford plea and that his case is defensible.
The State maintains that defendant voluntarily pled guilty and understood the consequences of a guilty plea. The State also contends that defendant's pleas of guilty were given intelligently and thus, the pleas were valid. We agree.
Section 46-16-105(2), MCA, provides:
At any time before or after judgment the court may, for good cause shown, permit the plea of guilty to be withdrawn and a plea of not guilty substituted. (Emphasis added).
Defendant has failed to show good cause for the withdrawal of his guilty pleas.
The determination of good cause is a matter of discretion for the district court and absent an abuse of that discretion, this Court will uphold the district court's refusal to permit the withdrawal of a guilty plea. State v. Miller (Mont. 1991), [248 Mont. 194,] 810, P.2d 308, 310, 48 St.Rep. 389, 390. In Miller we stated:
We recently reviewed the subject of a defendant's request to withdraw a guilty plea in Benjamin v. McCormick (1990), 243 Mont. 252, 792 P.2d 7. "When a guilty plea is based upon a fundamental mistake or misunderstanding as to its consequences, the sentencing court, at its discretion, may allow the defendant to withdraw the plea." Benjamin, 792 P.2d at 10. We further noted:
"A change of plea will be permitted only if it fairly appears the defendant was ignorant of his rights and the consequences of his act, or he was unduly and improperly influenced either by hope or by fear in making the plea, or if it appears the plea was entered under some mistake or misapprehension. Each case must be examined on its own record ."
Miller, 810 P.2d at 310.
There is nothing in the record to establish that the defendant's plea was based upon a fundamental mistake or misunderstanding as to its consequences. In a similar manner, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the defendant was ignorant of his rights and the consequences of his act, or that he was unduly or improperly influenced by hope or by fear, or that his plea was entered under some mistake or misapprehension. As required in Miller, we have reviewed the record in this case and conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant's motion to withdraw his guilty plea. We affirm that action of the District Court.
A key conclusion on the part of the dissent is that defendant's attorney failed to explain that there was no possibility of a favorable sex offender evaluation if the defendant continued to maintain his innocence. It is that conclusion which leads the dissent to suggest that defendant should be allowed to withdraw his plea of guilty. The record in this case does not show that if the defendant maintained his innocence, there was no possibility of a favorable sex offender evaluation. That conclusion is reached by going outside the record. We therefore restate our previous conclusion that the record does not establish that the defendant's plea was based upon a fundamental mistake or misunderstanding as to its consequences.
II
Did the defendant receive ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his attorney's advice that he should enter Alford pleas to the charged offenses rather than proceeding to trial?
Defendant maintains that Mr. Ashley did not provide him with effective assistance of counsel with respect to his Alford plea. He contends that there was nothing for him to gain by entering sea. Alford plea since he maintained his innocence. The State urges that defendant's claim is without merit and that he has failed to establish that Mr. Ashley's assistance was ineffective.
The United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 687, set forth the test for determining when counsel is ineffective. The defendant must establish that: (1) the counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient performance so prejudiced the defendant as to deprive him of a fair trial. With regard to the Strickland test, this Court has stated:
Under the two-pronged test set forth in Strickland, the defendant must first demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient. To demonstrate that a counsel's performance was deficient, defendant must prove that counsel's performance fell below the range of competence reasonably demanded of attorneys in light of the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must demonstrate that the counsel's deficiency was so prejudicial that the defendant was denied a fair trial. To satisfy this requirement, the defendant must demonstrate that but for counsel's deficient performance, it is reasonably probable that the result of the challenged proceeding would have been different. When a guilty plea is at issue rather than the result of a trial, the defendant must demonstrate that but for counsel's deficient performance, the defendant would not have pled guilty, and would have insisted on going to trial. (Citations omitted.)
State v. Senn (1990), 244 Mont. 56, 59, 795 P.2d 973, 975; State v. Aills (Mont. 1991), [250 Mont. 533,] 822 P.2d 87, 48 St.Rep. 960.
Defendant has failed to meet the Strickland test. First, he has failed to demonstrate that Mr. Ashley's performance fell below the range of competence reasonably demanded of attorneys in light of the Sixth Amendment. Mr. Ashley was prepared to go to trial. He testified he worked on the case from the time he got it until the day of trial, at a "minimum of two to three hours a week". The morning of the trial, defendant asked him about an Alford plea. Mr. Ashley explained an Alford plea to defendant and defendant understood it, as is clear from the interrogation of defendant by the trial judge before the pleas were accepted. Defendant attempts to argue that because he contends he is innocent, he should not have to pay the consequences of a plea of guilty. That argument is effectively rebutted by the previously quoted examination by the court where the maximum penalties were discussed, and where the defendant acknowledged that it was pos sible he could receive sentences totaling forty years in prison and $100,000 in fines.
We conclude that defendant has failed to show in any respect that his counsel's performance was deficient. As a result we need not address the second prong of the test with regard to prejudice. We hold that the defendant did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his attorney's advice that he should enter Alford pleas rather than proceeding to trial.
Ill
Did the District Court deny the defendant due process of law in violation of the Montana and United States Constitutions?
Defendant contends that the District Court denied him due process because the court should have informed him that to admit to the offenses would probably require him to attend an inpatient's sex offender treatment program at the State Prison, and continued assertion of innocence would prevent him from completing that program. The record does not contain any information on these contentions on the part of the defendant.
After a presentence hearing and prior to the sentencing of the defendant, the District Court stated:
THE COURT: Is there any legal reason why sentence should not now be pronounced?
MR. DONAHOE: No, Your Honor.
MR. McGRATH: No, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Mr. Cameron, you have been convicted by your pleas of guilty of two offenses of sexual assault. For sexual assault in count one, it is the judgment of this Court that you be sentenced to Montana State Prison for a term of 20 years.
In count two, for the offense of sexual assault, it is the judgment of this Court that you be sentenced to the Montana State Prison for a term of 20 years. Those terms will run concurrently, and that I'm also going to suspend five of those years on certain conditions.
I've also considered the information contained in the presentence report. Mr. McGrath was correct, this has been an emotional case right from the start. Everybody has been caught up in that emotion. As Mr. McGrath wanted a much longer sentence, under the circumstances I think this is appropriate. I believe that certain conditions are needed in this case. Those conditions that I just laid down. If I did not suspend any of your sentence, you wouldn't have any conditions. I could fine you, like Judge Davis did yesterday, but my understanding of the law is that unless a portion of the sentence is suspended, that I don't retain any jurisdiction to lay down conditions. That's up to the parole board.
The record contains no evidence to establish that the District Court misled the defendant in any way with regard to his claim of violation of due process of law.
We hold that the District Court did not deny defendant due process of law in violation of the Montana and United States Constitutions.
IV
Did a sufficient factual basis exist for the District Court to accept the defendant's pleas of guilty?
Defendant maintains that there was an insufficient factual basis for the District Court to accept his guilty pleas.
Again, the defendant's argument lacks merit. In interpreting North Carolina v. Alford this Court has held that "there is no constitutional prohibition against accepting the guilty plea of a defendant who denied his actual guilt". In the Matter of Brown (1980), 185 Mont. 200, 204, 605 P.2d 185, 187.
With regard to the factual basis for the plea, the following is a portion of the statement made by the prosecuting attorney in the District Court prior to sentencing:
If we went to trial, the State is prepared to present both the young victims as witnesses. [M.S.] would testify that she is the daughter of Jim Cameron, that over a period of years, over a period of the past five years, that he subjected her to various types of sexual assault, including beginning with game — playing tickle game, such as that advanced to more sophisticated games where she was required to touch his penis and genital area and he would touch her vaginal area and touch her on the breasts. She would also testify that over a period of years, that that kind of sexual activity occurred on a regular basis when she had visitation with him. That included him touching her with his penis and that she would also testify that she observed Mr. Cameron attempting to have intercourse with [E. R] while the three of them were sleeping in the same bed in Mr. Cameron's residence in Lewis and Clark County. [E.P.] would testify to similar events. She is the daughter of a woman that Mr. Cameron had an affair with . She would testify that over a period of years, that she was involved in various forms of sexual assault with Mr. Cameron, including, . tickle games, pornographic films, touching. He'd have her touch his penis, his genitals and vice versa, that he attempted to insert his fingers inside her vagina and occasionally insert his penis inside her vagina.
In addition to the testimony from the girls, we would have testimony from Dr. Elizabeth Gunderson who examined — performed physical examinations on both of these girls, would testify that, in fact, [E.R] was so frightened that she refused to have Dr. Gunderson physically examine her, and that she had to undergo — be placed under anesthesia out at St. Peter's hospital before Dr. Gunderson could examine her.
That in Dr. Gunderson's many years of experience, she had never had a victim that refused an examination and had to be placed under anesthesia. That in the course of the physical examination of [E.P.], Dr. Gunderson concluded that, in fact, there was a considerable manipulation and healing, and that it is her opinion that [E.P.] has been sexually molested.
She would also testify that she examined [M.S.], that she took a history from (M.S.], and she also took a history from [E.P.]. Both girls indicated that they had been touched and penetrated by Mr. Cameron.
We would also have testimony from Debbie Huigen who is a certified licensed counselor who's been seeing [E.P.] and [her] mother, and Ms. Huigen would testify to a number of things regarding the dynamics of victims of sexual assault and would conclude her testimony by saying that in her opinion, [E.P.] is, indeed, the victim of sexual assault and has been sexually abused.
Tom Walstad, also a certified licensed counselor, would testify that he has, over the period of months, been counselling with [M.S.], that she has exhibited considerable symptoms of a victim of sexual assault, including a seizure disorder that Dr. Gunderson was prepared to testify about as well; that the seizures, in fact, stopped after the disclosure in this case and [M.S.] was assured that she would no longer have to visit with Mr. Cameron; and that in Mr. Walstad's opinion, [M.S.] is, indeed, a victim of sexual abuse.
We hold that the State's offer of proof established an adequate factual basis for the District Court to accept defendant's pleas.
V
Did the District Court commit reversible error by failing to arraign the defendant on the charges set forth in the amended information?
Defendant urges that the District Court violated § 46-ll-403(l)(d), MCA, when it did not arraign him on the amended information. The State maintains that the District Court substantially complied with the arraignment procedures set forth in § 46-12-201 and 46-12-202, MCA. The State also urges that defendant waived any such error when he pled guilty to the charged offenses without objecting to said irregularities in the arraignment.
The only difference between the original and the amended information was the addition of the requisite mental states in the amended information. The charges were the same. Section 46-11-205(3), MCA, provides:
The court may permit an information to be amended as to form at any time before a verdict or finding is issued if no additional or different offense is charged and if the substantial rights of the defendant are not prejudiced. (Emphasis added.)
Here, the substantial rights of the defendant were not prejudiced when the District Court accepted the amended information but did not arraign him on it. In addition, as previously quoted, the court pointed out to the defendant that he was entitled to have the amended information read in its entirety and asked if he wished to have it read, to which the defendant responded "no." When an amended information makes substantive changes in the charges, he should be arraigned. Here the amendment was not substantial and the charges remained the same.
We hold that the District Court did not commit reversible error by failing to arraign the defendant on the charges set forth in the amended information.
Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and JUSTICES HARRISON and McDonough concur.