Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jaime C. LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2017-08-29
Citations: 870 F.3d 573
Docket Number: No. 16-2269
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jaime C. LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before BAUER, POSNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 870
Pages: 573–584

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jaime C. LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 16-2269
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued June 1, 2017
Decided August 29, 2017
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied October 17, 2017
James M. Warden, Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Indianapolis, IN, for Plaintiff-Ap-pellee.
Sarah O’Rourke Schrup, Attorney, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before BAUER, POSNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
Circuit Judge Joel M. Flaum did not participate in the consideration of this petition for rehearing.
Circuit Judge Richard A. Posner retired on September 2, 2017, and did not participate in the decision of this case, which is being resolved by a qüorum of the panel under 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).

Opinion:
BAUER, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Jaime Lopez of fifteen counts of wire fraud, four counts of money laundering, and one count of securities fraud in connection with his participation in a fraudulent investment scheme. Lopez challenges his conviction based on various evidentiary rulings that he argues deprived him of a fair trial. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2009, Lopez, a self-described financial advisor, began creating financial investment business entities and soliciting start-up capital from family and friends. These entities were named JCL Interest Plus, JCL Capital Inc., JCL & Company, and JCL Direct. Between December 2009 and January 2011, Lopez received approximately $450,000 total from Thomas Hols-worth, Jerry Wilson, Colleen Wilson, and Danny Cole. Aside from Lopez's father-in-law, these were the only four individuals who invested with Lopez.
Lopez directed those four individuals to transfer their retirement funds from their personal accounts into self-directed individual retirement accounts administered by a company called Entrust IRA, later known as' Midland IRA. Lopez told them that he would then move the funds from the Midland IRAs into one or more of the JCL entities for further investment. Each of the individuals executed promissory notes, providing, for various rates of return at various maturity dates. Through personal conversations, brochures, and his company's website, Lopez told his investors that he intended to secure their returns through investments in companies such- as Coca-Cola, ExxonMobil, Wells Fargo, Visa, American Express, and Procter & Gamble. The documents the investors signed, however, did not specify particular investments that would be made and reserved Lopez's discretion to invest where he saw fit.
Each, of the investors transferred their funds to Midland IRA, per Lopez's instruction, and Lopez then deposited the funds into various bank accounts that he controlled under the names of the various JCL entities. None of that money, however, was ever invested in any of the companies Lopez listed in his advertising materials. Lopez used $45,000 of Danny Cole's money to open an E*Trade stock-trading account,, but eventually lost all of that money. The remainder of the investors' capital either remained in the JCL bank accounts or was placed -into an account under the name 413 Solutions, Inc.—Lopez's wife's management consulting business, which she ran out of their family home.
Lopez used a significant portion of these-funds to pay for personal expenses including $70,574 in home mortgage payments; $41,208 on automobiles; and $45,870 on-landscaping for his home. Some of those payments were made with checks from the JCL entities' accounts, while some of them were paid out of the .413 Solutions, Inc. account. It was Lopez's.theory at trial that these amounts were business expenses for his wife's company and that, the funds in the-,413 Solutions, Inc. account were investments made with a return expected at a later date. The government's theory was that Lopez was simply using the investors' capital to pay for his lifestyle.
Between mid-2011 and early 2012, Lopez unilaterally changed the terms of each investors' promissory note. At trial, each of the investors testified that they were not aware of these'changes, did not give Lopez permission to make them, and did not sign any documents authorizing them. In each case, Lopez made the investment .term longer and the rate of return lower than what the investors ¿greed' to in the original notes.
In early 2013, after confronting Lopez about the use of his investments, Danny Cole complained'to the Indiana Secretary of State Securities Division, and the Internal Revenue Service eventually began investigating Lopez's businesses. On January 13, 2016, the government filed a superseding indictment charging Lopez with fifteen counts of wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343; four counts of money laundering, in violation of 18. U.S.C. § 1957; and one count of securities fraud, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) and 77ff(a), On March 14, 2016, a jury found Lopez guilty on all counts. He timely appealed,
II. DISCUSSION
Lopez raises four issues on appeal, each of which, he argues, constitutes grounds for a new trial. First, he argues that the district court erred in allowing a government witness to testify that payments Lopez made to his investors were "lulling payments." Second, Lopez contends that the government's references to Bernie Ma-doff in its closing argument denied him a fair trial. Third, he argues that the court erred in denying his request to label his witness, Michael Aldering, an "expert" in front of the jury. Finally, Lopez contends that the -court improperly prevented him from introducing extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a government witness. We address each argument in turn.
A. Use of the Term "Lulling Payments"
The government called IRS Agent Janet DeLancey to testify as a summary witness regarding the investigative, efforts to trace money through Lopez's accounts. At various points in her testimony, over Lopez's objection, Agent DeLancey used the term "lulling payments" to refer to money that Lopez periodically paid back to his investors. According to Agent DeLan-cey, Lopez led the investors to believe that these payments were derived from interest earned on investments he made with their money when, in fact, he simply used other investors' principal funds to make those payments.
Lopez argues that Agent DeLan-cey's testimony regarding "lulling payments" allowed her to draw conclusions and express opinions about Lopez's intent that fell outside the permissible scope of her testimony - as a summary witness. We review a district court's decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Causey, 748 F.3d 310, 315-316 (7th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).
Contrary to Lopez's contention, Agent DeLancey did not offer any improper opinions or conclusions with her use of the term "lulling payments." She first used the term in response to a direct-examination question on how Lopez used the funds he received from investors:
A portion of those funds, a significant portion, was also used to make payments back to [the investors' accounts at] Midland, what I refer to as those are lulling payments, because the records show instead of using the funds, investing them in a third party as he represented to Mr. Cole and Mr. Holsworth and the Wilsons, those funds actually would go into like the JCL account. And they would sit .there, and then .they would just be used to pay, back to Midland to make the interest payments.
At this point, Lopez objected to the use of the term "lulling payments" and was overruled. Throughout ' the remainder of the direct examination, Agent DeLancey continued - to reference "lulling payments" as she summarized the bank account exhibits that the government entered into evidence.
At no time, however, did she offer any testimony or opinion as to why Lopez made those payments. She did not, and was not asked to, testify as to the intent behind those payments or the effect they might have had on the investors. She simply used the term to describe payments that appeared 'to be derived from interest on investments, when, in fact, they were derived from other investors' capital. This was information that she gathered from her review of the documents she was called to summarize, and is appropriate testimony for a summary witness to offer. See United States v. Pree, 408 F.3d 855, 869 (7th Cir. 2005) ("It is well established that the nature of a summary witness' testimony requires that- he draw conclusions from the evidence presented at trial." (citation, quotation marks, and alteration omitted)).
In addition, Lopez's argument loses some of its force in light of the fact that his counsel cross-examined Agent DeLan-cey on her characterization of the payments as "lulling payments." He contends that the court denied him a full opportunity to address this issue on cross, but we are not persuaded by that argument after reviewing the transcript. In his brief, Lopez states that he sought to establish that the "lulling payments" to which Agent De-Lancey referred were payments he was required to make by the terms of the investor agreements, but that the court did not allow him to do so. The following exchange belies that contention:
Q: Now, in your testimony, you referred to payments to the lenders as lulling payments; is that right?
A: Yes.
Q: But the terms of this agreement actually require Mr. Lopez to make payments on a monthly basis to Ms. Wilson of $210; is that right?
A: Yes.
Q: So when you refer to some of these as lulling payments, you're actually referring to payments that Mr. Lopez made to lenders per these written contracts?
A: Right. When I refer to them as lulling. payments, I'm referring to the fact that those are just the investor's funds that are being used to pay back— to make the payments that he's required to make as interest payments, but—
Q: But they are payments that Mr. Lopez was required to make to the lender by these contracts?
A: Yes, that JCL Direct is required to make, yes.
Q: So he was adhering to the terms of this contract when he was making those payments to Mrs. Wilson?
A: Yes.
Lopez contends that subsequent government objections caused confusion and cut short his ability to make his point to the jury. But, as the above exchange demonstrates, it is simply not true that Lopez's counsel was not permitted to question Agent DeLancey's use of the term, nor that she failed to answer the question of whether Lopez was required to make regular payments under the terms of the contract.
Agent DeLancey did not offer any improper opinions or conclusions in association with her use of the term "lulling payments." Lopez was given ample opportunity to cross-examine Agent DeLan-cey, as well as make his arguments to the jury regarding the use and meaning of that term. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing its use.
B. References to Bernie Madoff
Next, Lopez takes issue with references to Bernie Madoff that the government made during its closing argument. The first reference came when the government was discussing the payments Lopez made to Danny Cole. The government attorney stated: "The fact that through the gift of Jaime Lopez's father-in-law that [Cole] got money back doesn't mean he wasn't defrauded. I would suggest to you, you may know the Bernie Madoff case." At this pointj Lopez's attorney objected and was overruled. The government continued, "Lots of people got money back through Bernie Madoff."
The second reference came during the discussion of Agent DeLancey's testimony regarding lulling payments: "These are not interest payments. . This is just lulling. It's, in the fraud scheme, it's a way of making sure you don't get caught. Just like, again, Bernie Madoff paid people for 15, 20 years or more, hundreds of thou sands of people—." Lopez's attorney then objected again and was overruled. The government finished its argument, referencing Madoffs victims: "They were getting lulling payments designed to keep this from being revealed, and that's exactly what these payments are."
Lopez argues that these references served only to inflame the passions of the jury and that because the comparisons between Lopez and Madoff were not justified by the evidence, he was denied a fair trial. The court's decision to overrule an objection to comments in a closing argument is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Richards, 719 F.3d 746, 764 (7th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). "As a general matter, improper comments during closing arguments rarely rise to the level of reversible error, and considerable discretion is entrusted to the district court to supervise the arguments of counsel." United States v. McMath, 559 F.3d 657, 667 (7th Cir. 2009) (citation and quotation mai'ks omitted). We employ a two-part test, which is "difficult to satisfy," to determine whether a prosecutor's comments rise to the level of reversible error. United States v. Bell, 624 F.3d 803, 811 (7th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). We first determine whether the comments are improper standing alone, and if they are, we then "consider the remarks in the context of the record as a whole and assess whether they denied the defendant his right to a fair trial." Id.
As an initial matter, we are not convinced that the references to Madoff were improper standing alone. The prosecutor did not make a direct comparison between Lopez and Madoff; he did not suggest that the two shared any personal traits or that the scope of Lopez's crimes was similar to that of Madoffs. Instead, as a way to demonstrate to the jury the purpose of the payments Lopez made to his investors, the prosecutor made a specific and limited comparison to the lulling payments Madoff used to disguise his scheme.
We recognize, however, that even a passing reference to a criminal like Madoff has the potential to inflame the passions of a jury. So, if we assume that the comments were improper in isolation, we then consider them in the context of the entire record and determine whether they denied Lopez a fair trial. This prong of the analysis requires us to weigh the following factors: "(1) whether the prosecutor misstated the evidence; (2) whether the statements implicate a specific right of the defendant; (3) whether the defense invited the prosecutor's remarks; (4) the trial court's instructions; (5) the weight of the evidence against the defendant; and (6) the defendant's opportunity to rebut." Richards, 719 F.3d at 766.
Only two of these factors weigh in Lopez's favor. First, there is no contention that Lopez invited the Madoff comments. Second, the district court did not provide any instruction directly related to the comments because it ruled that they were proper in the context of closing argument. When considered against the other factors, however, neither of these is sufficient to establish that the comments constitute reversible error.
As to the first factor, by referencing Madoff, the prosecutor did not misstate the evidence. Through Agent DeLancey, the government demonstrated that Lopez's payments to investors were not interest payments, as he led them to believe. Thus, the analogy to Madoffs lulling payments was not an inaccurate one, based on De-Lancey's testimony. As we noted, the prosecutor did not attempt to compare the scope of the two schemes and limited his reference to the similar use of lulling payments.
The second factor also weighs in favor of the government, as Lopez concedes that these comments did not implicate one of his specific trial rights. As to the sixth factor, Lopez clearly had an opportunity to rebut the government's argument, as the Madoff comments came in the first portion of the government's closing. Lopez submits that he did not rebut the argument because he did not want to "re-ring the bell" by mentioning Madoff again, but that is a matter of strategy, not opportunity.
Finally, and most importantly, the weight of the evidence against Lopez was overwhelming. See United States v. Hale, 448 F.3d 971, 986 (7th Cir. 2006) (noting that the weight of the evidence is the "most important[]" factor). The government's evidence showed that Lopez used the vast majority of the funds his investors gave him for personal expenses; including home mortgage payments, landscaping bills, and vehicle purchases. Lopez created new promissory notes, with less favorable terms than the original notes, without the investors' consent or knowledge. His advertising materials suggested that he planned to invest in companies such as Coca-Cola, ExxonMobil, Wells Fargo, Visa, American Express, and Procter & Gamble, but there was no evidence of any such investments. Moreover, as discussed above, Lopez led his investors to believe he was paying them back with interest on investments, when in fact he was simply using principal funds from other investors.
Clearly, there was significant evidence of Lopez's guilt, and when considered in combination with the other factors weighing in the government's favor, we cannot say that the prosecutor's two references-to Madoff denied Lopez a fair trial. Therefore, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Lopez's objections.
C. Alerding's Status as Expert Witness
Lopez's next argument concerns his witness Michael Alerding, a certified public accountant. Lopez submitted an expert report from Alerding, which the government sought to bar. The district court issued a written order holding that Alerd-ing's proposed testimony, including his opinion testimony, was admissible. The same order, however, prohibited the parties from referring to Alerding as an "expert" during trial. Lopez argues this ruling constitutes reversible error.
We review de novo whether the district court correctly followed the procedures required by Federal Rule of Evidence 702, "but once we determine those procedures were followed, we review the decisions to admit or exclude expert testimony for an abuse of discretion only." United States v. Glover, 479 F.3d 611, 617 (7th Cir. 2007). We find no error in the court's analysis under Rule 702. The court's pretrial order on this issue applied the standards for Rule 702 ' set forth in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). Applying those standards, the court found that it was not appropriate to refer to Alerding as an "expert witness." As a practical matter, however, the court held that Alerding's proposed testimony was admissible, and even stated that Lopez was permitted to refer to.-Alerding's testimony as "opinion testimony."
Because the court's order did not bar any of Alerding's opinions or proposed testimony, Lopez's only remaining argument can- be that the court abused its discretion by prohibiting him from referring to Al-erding as an "expert" in front of the jury. The court reasoned that such a label could -confuse the jury and inappropriately elevate the status of Alerding's testimony in the jury's eyes. It also noted that this is the standard practice for all eases in that court and is the typical practice of other judges in that district. .
We find no abuse of discretion in the court's reasoning. This is not a situation in which the court allowed the government to use the "expert witness" label, but refused Lopez that opportunity. There is a danger in every case that upon hearing the title "expert"—particularly if it comes from the court itself—a jury may assign inappropriate weight and credibility to that witness's testimony in comparison to that of others. To combat that danger, courts instruct juries, as the court did in this case, that witnesses who testify based on specialized knowledge are to be judged the same as any other witness. Precluding the use of the "expert" title is simply another safeguard against that danger.
However, even if the court erred in denying use of the "expert" label, it was harmless, given that the court allowed Lopez to establish Alerding's credentials and elicit his opinions in front of the jury. It is significant that Lopez cannot point to any evidence or testimony that the court's ruling prevented him from eliciting. He' contends that the court's order created "confusion among the parties as to the scope and limits of Alerding's testimony," which ultimately hindered his ability to fully elicit Alerding's opinions. Upon review, however, the order provides little room for any such confusion.
The court's order notes that Alerding's report contained two opinions: (1) that Lopez operated closely-held businesses and that the payment of personal expenses through those businesses is not atypical;- and (2) that Lopez operated profitable businesses, in which he deposited investors' funds. The order then clearly states that Alerding's proposed .testimony is admissible and permits the parties to refer to it as opinion testimony. There is nothing in the order to suggest that Alerding-would be prevented from offering any opinions- or proposed testimony, nor does Lopez contend that the court prevented him . from doing so with any rulings at trial. Thus, Lopez was free to elicit Alerding's opinions, and any confusion Lopez experienced cannot be attributed to an error or abuse of discretion by the court. Thus, there is no reversible error in the court's rulings regarding Alerding.
D. Danny Cole's Prior Inconsistent Statement
Lopez's final argument is that the district court committed reversible error when it declined to allow him to introduce extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement to impeach government witness Danny Cole. We review a district court's decision to exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. Causey, 748 F.3d at 315-316.
In 2014, Cole told IÉS Agent Jimmy Shivers that the signature on his initial investment documents was not his own. Cole did not, however, tell Agent Shivers that he had given Lopez permission to sign Cole's name on those documents. That omission surfaced for the first time during his cross-examination by Lopez's counsel. During that exchange, Cole acknowledged that he led Agent Shivers to believe that Lopez had signed those documents without Cole's permission, which was not true.
The next day, Lopez's counsel sought to perfect Cole's impeachment by calling Agent Shivers to testify regarding Cole's prior inconsistent statement, i.e. his omission of the fact that he authorized Lopez to sign his name. The government objected, arguing that because Cole admitted to the omission on the witness stand the impeachment had been perfected, and the extrinsic evidence was therefore inadmissible. The court agreed, holding that Cole's admission meant there was no longer any inconsistency to attack through additional testimony from Agent Shivers.
As Lopez points out, we have held that, even when a witness admits to making a prior inconsistent statement, Federal Rule of Evidence 613(b) should be read broadly to allow a party "to introduce extrinsic evidence to emphasize the fact that the witness made the prior statement[.]" United States v. Lashmett, 965 F.2d 179, 182 (7th Cir. 1992); see also United States v. Wimberly, 60 F.3d 281, 286 (7th Cir. 1995) ("Prior inconsistent statements are admissible even though the witness admits making the prior inconsistency." (citation omitted)). The district court erred, therefore, in denying Lopez's request to call Agent Shivers to highlight the inconsistency.
However, that decision is still subject to harmless error review and we will "only overturn a conviction on eviden-tiary grounds if the error had a substantial influence over the jury." Wimberly, 60 F.3d at 286 (citation and quotation marks omitted). The error in this case did not have a substantial influence on the jury. The inconsistency that Lopez intended to highlight was put on full display for the jury through repeated questions during his cross-examination of Cole, as well as during his closing argument, when he discussed Cole's inconsistencies at length. Additionally, the government's case did not rely on the statements that Cole made to Agent Shivers, nor was the inconsistency in those statements central to Lopez's defense. See id. at 286-87 (highlighting the government's reliance on the witness's statements and potential impairment to a theory of defense as considerations in harmless error analysis). The jury was made aware of the inconsistencies in Cole's version of events and was able to weigh his credibility accordingly. Therefore, we And the district court's error to be harmless.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the conviction is AFFIRMED.
. Lopez suggests that Alerding was prevented from offering an opinion on the future viability and profitability of Lopez's wife's business. However, while the court did not list this specific opinion in its order, the order explicitly deemed admissible Alerding's testimony without qualification. Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Lopez attempted to elicit this opinión at trial and was prevented from doing so.