Case Name: Jacob B. Coykendall, Respondent, v. Franc B. Blackmer, as Executrix, etc., of George M. Blackmer, Deceased, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1914-03-04
Citations: 161 A.D. 11
Docket Number: 
Parties: Jacob B. Coykendall, Respondent, v. Franc B. Blackmer, as Executrix, etc., of George M. Blackmer, Deceased, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 161
Pages: 11–20

Head Matter:
Jacob B. Coykendall, Respondent, v. Franc B. Blackmer, as Executrix, etc., of George M. Blackmer, Deceased, Appellant.
Third Department,
March 4, 1914.
Insurance—mortgagee clause construed — failure of insurance agent to collect premiums from mortgagor —when .mortgagee not liable for default of mortgagor.
Under the standard mortgagee clause, attached to policies of fire insurance, providing in substance that the mortgagor shall keep the buildings "insured against loss by fire for the benefit of the mortgagee, and that in case the mortgagor shall neglect to pay a premium due on the policy the mortgagee shall, on demand, pay the same, an insurance agent who has paid to the insurer premiums on policies issued to a mortgagor, and has failed to collect the same from the mortgagor, cannot recover the amount thereof from the mortgagee, where the insurance policies were never canceled and he did not call upon the mortgagee to pay the premiums until several years after they became due.
The provision that in case the mortgagor should fail to pay the premiums the mortgagee will pay the same on demand is not a covenant on his part, but is merely a condition which, if not complied with by the mortgagee, precludes him from recovering from the insurer under the mortgagee clause.
Appeal by the defendant, Franc B. Blackmer, as executrix, etc., from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk. of the county of Chemung on the 16 th day of May, 1913, upon the decision of the court after a trial before the court without a jury.
Brendel, Standart & Bagot [Francis E. Bagot of counsel], for the appellant.
Herendeen & Mandeville [Bertram L. Newman of counsel], for the respondent.

Opinion:
Lyon, J.:
The decision of this appeal depends upon the construction to be given to the New York standard mortgagee clause. In 1906 George M. Blackmer became the mortgagee of real property situated in the city of Elmira, N. Y., the mortgage containing the following provision: " Second, that the parties of the first part will keep the buildings on said premises insured against loss by fire for the benefit of the mortgagee." This action is against the executrix of the mortgagee to recover the amount of the premiums upon twenty fire insurance policies, which at the request of the owner, who was also the mortgagor of the premises insured, and in compliance with the above-quoted provision of the mortgage, had been issued and delivered to the mortgagee by the plaintiff, who was a fire insurance agent. Nine of the policies were issued in 1907 for the term of three years, and were renewed for a like term in 1910. The other two policies were for one year each. Each policy insured the mortgagor as owner and had attached thereto a mortgagee slip as follows:
"mortgage clause.
"New York Standard.
"Loss or damage, if any, under this policy, shall be payable to George M. Blackmer, as mortgagee (or trustee) as interest may appear, and this insurance, as to the interest of the mortgagee (or trustee) only therein, shall not be invalidated by any act or neglect of the mortgagor or owner of the within described property, nor by any foreclosure or other proceedings or notice of sale relating to the property, nor by any change in the title or ownership of the property, nor by the occupation of the premises for purposes more hazardous than are permitted by this policy; provided, that in case the mortgagor or owner shall neglect to pay any premium due under this policy, the mortgagee (or trustee) shall, on demand, pay the same.
" Provided, also, that the mortgagee (or trustee) shall notify this company of any change of ownership or occupancy or increase of hazard which shall come to the knowledge of said mortgagee (or trustee) and, unless permitted by this policy, it shall be noted thereon and the mortgagee (or trustee) shall, on demand, pay the premium for such increased hazard for the term of the use thereof; otherwise this policy shall be null and void.
"This company reserves the right to cancel this policy at any time as provided by its terms, but in such case this policy shall continue in force for the benefit only of the mortgagee (or trustee) for ten days after notice to the mortgagee (or trustee) of such cancellation and shall then cease, and this company shall have the right, on like notice to cancel this agreement.
" Whenever this company shall pay the mortgagee (or tras tee) any sum for loss or damage under this pohcy and shall claim that, as to the mortgagor or owner, no liability therefor existed, this company «shall, to the extent of such payment, be thereupon legally subrogated "to all the rights of the party to whom such payment shall he made, under all securities held as collateral to the mortgage debt, or may at its option, pay to the mortgagee (or trustee) the whole principal due or to grow due on the mortgage with interest, and shall thereupon receive a full assignment and transfer of the mortgage and of all such other securities; but no subrogation shall impair the right of the mortgagee (or trustee) to recover the full amount of their claim.
" Attached to and forming part of Policy No.......(Naming insurance company).
"................, Agent"
None of the policies were procured by the mortgagee, or issued at his request, hut all were mailed to and received and retained by him, whether with the knowledge of the contents of the policy and attached slip does not appear and is perhaps not material. The premiums aggregating upwards of $300 were due and payable upon the issuance and delivery of the policies, and were charged by the various insurance companies issuing them to the plaintiff, and were charged by the plaintiff upon his hooks of account to the owner, and were accounted for and paid by the plaintiff to the various insurance companies in his monthly settlements following the dates of issue. No part of the premiums was ever paid by the owner, nor any effort made by plaintiff to enforce collection thereof from her. No demand for payment of any portion of the premiums was made by the plaintiff upon the mortgagee until in January, 1911. The mortgagee died in April, 1911, and soon thereafter letters testamentary upon his estate were issued to the defendant, who, upon presentation by plaintiff of a claim for the payment of said premiums, rejected the same. In March, 1912, the plaintiff obtained from the various insurance companies issuing said policies assignments of all moneys due and to become due from, and all causes of action against, the defendant and particularly of any cause of action which had arisen by reason of the'issuance, of such policies. - - •
In October, 1912, this action was brought. The trial court found the facts, which were in effect conceded, as hereinbefore stated, but held as conclusions of law that the mortgagee became obligated to pay the plaintiff the amounts of said insurance premiums with interest thereon from the dates upon which the premiums became due, and the defendant was indebted to the plaintiff in such sum. From the judgment entered upon such decision this appeal has been taken. The defendant filed no exceptions to the findings of fact of the trial court, but based his appeal solely upon the ground that the conclusions of law were not warranted by the findings of fact. The only question, therefore, before us is whether the plaintiff as matter of law is entitled to a recovery; that is, whether the clause, "provided that incase the mortgagor or owner shall neglect to pay any premium due under this policy, the mortgagee (or trustee) shall, on demand, pay the same," should be construed as a covenant upon the part of the mortgagee to pay the premium in the event of the neglect of the mortgagor to pay the same, or should be construed merely as a condition which if not complied with by the mortgagee would foreclose him of the right to a recovery given him in the preceding portion of the mortgagee clause, notwithstanding the happening of any of the prohibited matters specified therein, which under the conditions of the policy itself would render the policy void. It must be conceded that unless the clause in question constituted a covenant, no recovery can be had in this action.
We are of the opinion that the word "provided" was used in the sense of "if" or "on condition," and hence that the clause referred to should be construed as a condition and not as a covenant. The word "provided" is defined by several authorities as follows: By Webster, " on condition; by stipulation; with the understanding; if;" by Cyclopedia of Law and Procedure, "on condition; by stipulation; the appropriate term for creating a condition precedent; sometimes used in th'e sense of 'unless'"; in Robertson v. Caw (3 Barb. 410, 418), "the appropriate term for creating a condition precedent; " in Locke v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (140 N. Y. 135, 148), "The word ' provided ' usually' indicates a condition; " and to the same effect, Brennan v. Brennan (185 Mass. 560); in Rich v. Atwater (16 Conn. 409, 418), "The proviso, it is said, requires such a construction. There has been much nice discussion upon the word 'provided.' 2 Co. 72. Cro. Eliz. 242, 385, 486, 560; Cro. Car. 128. It is certain, as is said by Judge Swift, that there is no word more proper to express a condition than this word 'provided,' and it shall always be so taken, unless it appears from the context to be the intent of the parties that it shall constitute a covenant. 4 Day, 326." Many authorities in other States might be cited to the same effect. '
Unquestionably the mortgagee clause constituted a new agreement between the insurance company and the mortgagee, and was attached to the policy for the purpose of enabling the mortgagor to perform the covenant of insurance contained in the mortgage, and in consideration of the taking of the policy by the mortgagor. It must be interpreted in such manner as to carry out the intention of the parties, and for that purpose the whole clause must be considered. While the mortgagee clause was for the benefit of the mortgagee in the respect before referred to, it was for the benefit of the insurance company in that it required the mortgagee to notify the company of any change of ownérship or occupancy or increase of hazard which should come to his knowledge and to pay the premium for the increased hazard, otherwise the policy should be null and void. It also gave the insurance company, upon the payment of any sum to the mortgagee as loss or damage under the policy, the right, upon claiming that as to-the-owner no liability existed, to be subrogated to the extent of such payment, to all the rights of the mortgagee, or at its option to pay the mortgagee the amount of the mortgage and receive an assignment thereof and of all securities held as collateral to the mortgage debt.
The apparent meaning of the mortgagee clause is that the insurance, as to the interest of the mortgagee, shall not be invalidated by any act or neglect of the mortgagor if the mortgagee shall on demand pay any unpaid premium, and hence that if the mortgagee shall on demand neglect or refuse to pay the unpaid premium he shall no longer he entitled to avail himself of the stipulation that no act or neglect upon the part of the mortgagor shall invalidate the policy, but the insurance of the interest of the mortgagee shall thereafter be governed by the policy itself, and this was doubtless the relation of the mortgagee and the insurance companies following the demand of the company for the payment of the premium in January, 1911, and the neglect of the mortgagee to pay the premiums.
We are referred by the briefs of the respective counsel to but-two cases in which the main question at issue here seems to have been decided: St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Upton (2 N. D. 229) and Safe Deposit Co. v. Thomas (59 Kan. 470). In the former case the question arose upon a demurrer to the complaint and the mortgagee took the novel position that the mortgagee clause could not be effective unless the mortgagee had paid the premium, which he could not have had the opportunity of doing in case the mortgagor paid it on time. In the latter case the agent of the mortgagee negotiated with the agent of the insurance companies for the insurance, furnished the mortgagee slips, and the mortgage contained a covenant upon the part of the mortgagor to pay the insurance premiums and a provision that if such payments were not made the mortgagee might pay the premiums, and that the amount so paid, with interest at the rate of twelve per cent per annum, shpuld be a lien on the premises. The court apparently considered this clause, providing for the reimbursement of the mortgagee for any premiums paid by him as important as bearing upon the intention of the parties that the mortgagee clause should be construed as a covenant. The mortgage in the case at bar contained no such provision. While it provided that the mortgagor would keep the buildings.on the premises insured against loss by fire for the benefit of the mortgagee, the construction required by the statute to be given to such condition was that in the event of the default of the mortgagor to keep the buildings insured and the policies delivered to the mortgagee, the mortgagee might make the insurance, pay the premiums and add the amount so paid with interest to the mortgage debt. (Real Prop. Law [Consol. Laws, chap. 50; Laws of 1909, chap. 52], § 254, subd. 3.) The policies in question were never canceled, and in case they had been, the mortgagee, • by the terms of the mortgagee clause, had ten days after notice of cancellation in which to procure other insurance, and there was no time during the six years' period of their existence when the buildings were not kept insured by the mortgagor and the policies in the possession of the mortgagee, and hence the mortgagee was not at any time authorized to pay the premiums and tack the sum so paid to the mortgage debt. Evidently the plaintiff relied upon the mortgagor for payment, as it was nearly four years after the issuance of the first policies, and one year after the expiration of eleven of the policies, before the plaintiff made demand upon the mortgagee for payment of premiums, and so far as appears such demand was the first notice which the mortgagee had that the premiums had not been paid by the mortgagor. The plaintiff had the power to protect himself against loss by reason of non-payment of premiums by the mortgagor by canceling the policy, which one of the conditions thereof gave him the right to do on five days' notice.
Opposed to the two cases above cited is that of Ormsby v. Phenix Insurance Co. (5 S. D. 72), holding that such clause constituted a condition and not a covenant.
The provision that no act or neglect of the mortgagor shall invalidate the insurance as to the interest of the mortgagee is not in any way dependent for consideration or validity upon the provision that the mortgagee shall upon default of the mortgagor pay the unpaid premiums, as it was held prior to the insertion in the mortgagee clause of the latter provision that the former was valid and enforcible. (Hastings v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 73 N. Y. 141.) Subsequent to the time of this decision the latter provision was inserted. Had the intention been that the provision should be construed as a covenant rather than as a condition, a slight modification thereof or the addition of the words, " which the mortgagee hereby covenants to do," would naturally have been inserted and thereby all ambiguity removed.
" The general rule to be observed in the construction of an insurance policy is that, if possible, effect should be given to every word and expression contained therein, and if the policy be susceptible of two readings, or is so ambiguously expressed that reasonable and intelligent men on reading it might honestly differ as to its meaning, that reading must be adopted which is most favorable to the insured. (Kratzenstein v. Western Assurance Co., 116 N. Y. 54.)" (Lite v. Firemen's Ins. Co., 119 App. Div. 410.)
" While it is the duty of the court to so construe the policy as, if possible, to give effect to every word used, if the sense in which they were used is uncertain and the meaning is ambiguous, that meaning should be given which is most favorable to the insured. [Citing several cases.] " (Rickerson v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 149 N. Y. 307.)
To the same effect, Janneck v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (162 N. Y. 574); London Assurance Corporation v. Thompson (170 id. 94).
We conclude that the provision in question should be construed as a condition rather than as a covenant, which leads to a reversal of the judgment and a dismissal of the complaint upon the merits. In view of such conclusion we have considered it unnecessary to discuss the subject as to the effect of the assignments by the insurance companies to the plaintiff.
All concurred; Smith, P. J., in memorandum.
See Lord CromweVs Case, 2 Co. 72; Simpson v. Titterell, Cro. Eliz. 242; Pembroke v. Berkley, Id. 385; Harrington v. Wife, Id. 486; Pembroke v. Barkley, Id. 560; Geery v. Season, Cro. Car; 128.— [Rep.
Wright v. Tuttle,—[Rep.