Case Name: Emmanuel B., an Infant by His Mother and Natural Guardian, Chininqua W., Appellant, v. City of New York et al., Respondents
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 2015-09-08
Citations: 131 A.D.3d 831
Docket Number: 
Parties: Emmanuel B., an Infant by His Mother and Natural Guardian, Chininqua W., Appellant, v City of New York et al., Respondents.
Judges: Concur — Tom, J.P., Friedman and Saxe, JJ.
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 131
Pages: 831–834

Head Matter:
Emmanuel B., an Infant by His Mother and Natural Guardian, Chininqua W., Appellant, v City of New York et al., Respondents.
[15 NYS3d 790]

Opinion:
Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Barbara Jaffe, J.), entered December 21, 2012, which, to the extent appealed from as limited by the briefs, granted defendants' motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, and denied plaintiff's cross motion for leave to amend the caption, affirmed, without costs.
The infant plaintiff alleges that, when he was a seven-year-old second-grade student at a New York City public school, he suffered serious physical injuries as the result of an altercation in which a classmate (hereinafter, WEM) caused him to strike his head against a bookcase. Earlier on the day of the incident, plaintiff had informed his teacher that WEM was picking on him and calling him names. At the end of the school day, when students were lining up to go home, plaintiff and WEM exchanged words, and WEM pushed plaintiff into a desk. Plaintiff pushed back, and WEM pushed him again, causing plaintiff to fall back into a bookcase. This action for negligent supervision ensued.
Plaintiff testified that other boys in his class, including WEM, had been teasing him during the school year, but he made no claim that WEM had physically attacked him before the subject incident. Also before the subject incident, plaintiff's mother complained to the principal that several boys had been bullying her son, but she did not identify the offenders by name. The school principal testified that, before the subject incident, she had never received any complaints that WEM had acted violently or had been involved in physical altercations or engaged in improper touching or hitting of other students. No prior incidents involving WEM were found on defendant New York City Department of Education's (DOE) incident database.
We affirm the grant of the motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. Initially, while "schools have a duty to adequately supervise their students, and will be held liable for foreseeable injuries proximately related to the absence of adequate supervision" (Brandy B. v Eden Cent. School Dist., 15 NY3d 297, 302 [2010] [internal quotation marks omitted]), "unanticipated third-party acts causing injury upon a fellow student will generally not give rise to a school's liability in negligence absent actual or constructive notice of prior similar conduct" (id.). Here, the record contains no evidence that the school had notice that WEM had a proclivity to engage in physically aggressive conduct. The evidence that plaintiff had complained to his teacher and others that WEM was "picking on him" and calling him names, and that his mother had called the principal's office and reported that some unidentified boys were "picking on her son," when viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, shows only that the school knew that WEM had been picking on plaintiff verbally. Knowledge of such taunting, however, did not give the school "sufficiently specific knowledge or notice" of "prior conduct similar to the unanticipated injury-causing act" by WEM to support a finding of actual or constructive notice of the risk that he would engage in violent or physically aggressive behavior against plaintiff (see Brandy B., 15 NY3d at 302 [a sexual assault by an 11-year-old student on a school bus was unforeseeable from his disciplinary history, which, although troubled, did not include sexually aggressive behavior]; Martinez v City of New York, 85 AD3d 586 [1st Dept 2011] [a physical attack by a student having a record of disciplinary problems, but no history of violence, was unforeseeable]; Sanzo v Solvay Union Free School Dist., 299 AD2d 878, 878-879 [4th Dept 2002] [an assault by a student was unforeseeable, where, while the school knew that he had engaged in "verbal taunting," it had no knowledge of any prior violent or threatening behavior by him, and "no amount of supervision" would have prevented the sudden assault]).
Summary judgment is also warranted because plaintiff has not raised an issue as to proximate causation. There is no non-speculative basis for finding that any greater level of supervision than was provided would have prevented the sudden and spontaneous altercation between the two students. "Schools are not insurers of safety" and "cannot reasonably be expected to continuously supervise and control all movements and activities of students" (Mirand v City of New York, 84 NY2d 44, 49 [1994]; see also Espino v New York City Bd. of Educ., 80 AD3d 496, 496 [1st Dept 2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 709 [2011] [granting summary judgment dismissing negligent supervision claim where the evidence established that "the attack on plaintiff was sudden and spontaneous and could not have been prevented by more supervision"]).
Concur — Tom, J.P., Friedman and Saxe, JJ.
While plaintiff testified that he had seen WEM hit one other student before the subject incident, there was no evidence that the school had notice of WEM's hitting of that other student. Plaintiff testified that he never saw WEM fighting students other than that one.