Case Name: Della BLACKWELL, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees; Yurrissan CARTER, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees; Raoul D. CARTER, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1963-03-07
Citations: 316 F.2d 398
Docket Number: Nos. 17035-17037
Parties: Della BLACKWELL, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees. Yurrissan CARTER, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees. Raoul D. CARTER, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Volume: 316
Pages: 398–401

Head Matter:
Della BLACKWELL, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees. Yurrissan CARTER, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees. Raoul D. CARTER, Appellant, v. REGAL CAB COMPANY et al., Appellees.
Nos. 17035-17037.
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued Jan. 10, 1963.
Decided March 7, 1963.
Petition for Rehearing En Banc Denied April 30, 1963.
Mr. Curtis P. Mitchell, Washington, D. C. , with whom Messrs. John A. Shorter, Jr. and George B. Kleindorfer, Jr., Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellants.
Mr. Allan C. Swingle, Washington, D. C., for appellees Frank E. and Mildred L. Brownell. Mr. Francis C. O’Brien, Washington, D. C., also entered an appearance for appellees Frank E. and Mildred L. Brownell.
Mr. Charles F. Hoelzer, Jr., Washington, D. C., for appellees Regal Cab Co. and Scott. Mr. J. Lawrence Hall, Washington, D. C., also entered an appearance for appellees Regal Cab Co. and Scott.
Before Wilbur K. Miller, Washington and Danaher, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
WILBUR K. MILLER, Circuit Judge.
On April 2, 1956, Charlie C. Scott was driving a taxicab bearing the insignia of Regal Cab Company in which Della Blackwell and her grandchildren, Yurrissan Carter and Raoul D. Carter, were passengers. As he was proceeding through a street intersection on a green light, he stopped suddenly because of a fire truck coming from his right. Immediately thereafter Scott's cab was struck from the rear by an automobile owned by Mildred Lane Brownell, then being operated by Frank E. Brownell. To recover for alleged injuries sustained in the collision, each of the passengers in the cab sued Scott, Regal Cab. Cornpany and the Brownells.
The three cases were consolidated for trial and on November 17, 1961, the jury found for the defendants and judgments were entered in accordance therewith, Della Blackwell and the grandchildren appeal.
One of their points is that the trial court erred in permitting the pretrial order to be amended, at the close of the plaintiffs' evidence, to include what the appellants call the additional "defense" of sudden emergency. Strictly speaking, sudden emergency is not a separate defense; it is simply a reason advanced by a defendant to show he was not guilty of the negligence with which he had been charged and which he had put in issue by a denial. There was evidence that Scott stopped the cab quickly and suddenly to avoid colliding with a fire engine which was crossing the intersection from his right. In view of this evidence, the trial judge correctly permitted the amendment of the pre-trial order to reflect the claim that a sudden emergency — and not negligence — had caused the collision. The amendment would have been proper even if sudden emergency were a separate defense not provable under the broad issue as to negligence made by the pleadings, for Rule 15(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in pertinent part, that
« if evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the-pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to be amended and shall do so freely when the presentation of the merits of the action will be subserved thereby and the objecting party fails to satisfy the court that the admission of such evidence would prejudice him in maintaining his action or defense upon the merits. The court may grant a continuance to enable the objecting party to meet such evidence."
The appellants expressly declined the trial court's offer to continue the case to permit additional time to prepare to meet the new claim. We hold that the amendment of the pre-trial order was properly allowed. Meadow Gold Products Co. v. Wright, 108 U.S.App.D.C. 33, 278 F.2d 867 (1960); Rabenovets v. Crossland, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 54, 137 F.2d 675 (1943).
The appellants insist, however, that the issue should not have been submitted to the jury because Scott was guilty of antecedent negligence when he entered the intersection as the traffic light turned green, because he knew fire engines were in the neighborhood, and because he heard the siren of the approaching fire engine before entering the intersection, even though he had not seen it. They say Brownell was also guilty of antecedent negligence in following Scott too closely. Our review of the judge's charge satisfies us that, taken as a whole, it properly instructed the jury as to the issues raised by the pleadings and the conflicting evidence thereon. The charge also contained an adequate treatment of the claim of sudden emergency.
In particular, the evidence raised a jury question as to the alleged antecedent negligence which, if established, would preclude reliance upon sudden emergency. That issue was properly defined when the court said in its charge:
"In connection with this doctrine of sudden emergency, you are instructed that where the operator of a motor vehicle himself creates the emergency or brings about the perilous situation through his own negligence, he cannot avoid liability on the ground that his acts were done in an emergency."
The verdict showed the jury did not accept the plaintiffs' theory of antecedent negligence and did accept the defendant's explanation of sudden emergency. There was evidence to support its conclusions.
Appellants also urge that the District Court erred in denying their motion for a directed verdict on the question of liability. As the issue of sudden emergency was a jury question, this contention is rejected.
Affirmed.
. Each complaint named six other persons as defendants and alleged they "were then and there Trading/As Regal Gab Company, Incorporated, a corporation and said defendants were members and officers of the said corporation, or were engaged in a joint business ventare At the pre-trial proceedings, the parties stipulated that five of these defendants were either directors, officers or employees of Regal Cab Company. The name of the sixth probably was omitted from the stipulation through oversight; anyway there was no proof that he was engaged in a joint venture with Regal Cab Company. It seems that the complaints did not state a claim against these six defendants upon which relief could be granted; and there was no evidence that they had any individual responsibility.