Case Name: FLUORO ELECTRIC CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, v. SMITH TRANSPORT LIMITED, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT
Court: New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New Jersey
Decision Date: 1959-12-02
Citations: 58 N.J. Super. 287
Docket Number: 
Parties: FLUORO ELECTRIC CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, v. SMITH TRANSPORT LIMITED, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
Judges: 
Reporter: New Jersey Superior Court Reports
Volume: 58
Pages: 287–301

Head Matter:
FLUORO ELECTRIC CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, v. SMITH TRANSPORT LIMITED, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division
Argued October 19, 1959
Decided December 2, 1959.
Before Judges Goldmaxtst, Coneokd and Haneman.
Mr. Arthur Sla/oitt argued the cause for plaintiff-appellant.
Mr. Jerome 8. Lieb argued the cause for defendant-respondent (Messrs. HarJcavy and LAeb, attorneys).

Opinion:
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Conford, J. A. D.
The first count of the complaint in this action (the appeal is not concerned with the second count) recites that defendant, a common carrier, received from plaintiff on July 15, 1957 five reels of telephone cable for shipment to Barrington Air Force Base, Barrington, Nova Scotia; that the defendant received the goods in good condition; but that "when said merchandise arrived at its destination, the merchandise had been damaged in transit." Damages were sought in the sum of $1,585.35 plus interest.
An understanding of our disposition of this matter requires setting forth the more significant paragraphs of the pretrial order substantially in full, verbatim. They read:
"1. Breach of contract action.
2. On July 15, 1957 pltf an electrical contractor hired the deft a common carrier engaged in interstate commerce licensed by IOC to deliver five reels of lead covered telephone cables to Barring-ton Air Force base at Barrington Nova Scotia in the same condition the reels were received by pltf alleges shipment was received by deft in good order but on reaching its destination the articles were damaged to extent of $1585.35.
3. Deft admits making the contract of shipment admits the receipt of the five reels in good condition; denies that the damage, if any occurred subsequent to its delivery of the five reels to Barrington Air Forse base. More specifically denies they were in fact damages (sic) while in transit.
6. Complaint and answer are deemed to state a cause of action of breach of contract.
7. Sole issue involved is whether or not the goods in question whether they were received in the same condition as they were when shipped or in accordance with the wording of the contract, i. e. bill of lading."
The case was tried in the Law Division by a judge sitting without a jury. At the trial plaintiff proved the agreement for shipment of the reels in question from Newark, New Jersey to the Air Force base mentioned. This was very heavy merchandise, weighing 11,365 pounds in total. The bill of lading issued by defendant was introduced in evidence. The designated consignee was "Fluoro Electric Corp." (plaintiff). Opposite the printed legend, "Mail or street address of consignee — For purposes of notification only," appears the designation, "Barrington Air Force Base." The "Destination" is stated as "Barrington, Nova Scotia." There was one intermediate carrier, and the terminal carrier was Thompson Express. The testimony in the case indicates, without substantial dispute, that when the Thompson truck reached the Air Force base gates, the drivers found no representative of the consignee present. They were directed by the Air Force personnel to drive to a gravel-paved parking lot. The drivers having received instructions from their employer not to unload, the Air Force people unloaded by simply rolling the cables off the truck onto the ground, a drop of several feet. It is unquestionable, as undertaken to be proved by the plaintiff and found as a fact by the trial judge, that the damage to the cables and the reels for which this action was brought was sustained as a result of the dropping of the loaded reels to the ground.
Plaintiff's own direct proofs, so far as is discernible from the appendix to its brief, consisted substantially of proof of the agreement, the delivery to the carrier, and the damage to the merchandise. The precise theory for imputing liability to defendant was not expressed by plaintiff during submission of its direct case. On this appeal its primary position is that there was a duty on the part of the carrier to deliver the goods into the dominion of the consignee or its agent, and no one else, failing which, as here, there is absolute liability for damage to the goods occurring before such delivery. Secondarily, it is contended that defendant was responsible for the negligence of the terminating carrier — constituted by the employees of the latter letting the loaded reels be dropped to the ground in a manner they know was improper and likely to result in damage.
The proofs submitted by the defendant were mainly designed to establish that this shipment, under Interstate Commerce Commission regulations and controlling tariffs, did not call for the unloading of the merchandise by the carrier in the absence of a special charge therefor.
In the course of its cross-examination of one of the defense witnesses plaintiff made it plain that one of the grounds for its claim was misdelivery of the goods to the Air Force personnel. This was also argued by its counsel in summation. Although no stenographic notes were made of the argument on summation, counsel so represented to this court, and the nature of the trial judge's oral opinion disposing of the matter adversely to plaintiff leaves no question as to this. The court said, in part:
"s sc =s ijijjg <3river sai,j that he had instructions from his employer that he was not to unload these goods and he was therefore faced with a very practical problem.
It is true, as Mr. Slavitt said, he could have left his truck there, but I think that would have been a rather hazardous thing to do under the circumstances. He could have returned also, Mr. Slavitt has suggested, but I think that might well have been an impractical thing to do because he would have had to go back the 250 miles which presumably took him at least a day or two driving a heavy load like that, and so he inquired at the Air Station and was advised that the Air Force personnel would unload the truck and store the merchandise until someone arrived from Fluoro Electric.
Now, the question is whether or not Smith Transport can be held responsible for that. I frankly do not see how they can. I do not think that it is up to the Smith Transport to show that they were not required to unload this truck. I think it was incumbent upon the plaintiff in this case to show that was a part of the contractual relationship established with Smith Transportation. The transportation agreement provided for unloading the merchandise at the place of destination.
Not only has the plaintiff not proved that, but the proof appears to be quite the contrary, that the rates charged and the tariff regulations that apply to this particular situation excluded unloading of merchandise at the point of destination
The legal principles controlling the responsibility and liability of a common carrier in respect to delivery of goods are well established. Under controlling federal legislation, delivery of an interstate shipment under a straight bill of lading may be made only to tlie person lawfully entitled to possession of the goods or the named consignee, Bills of Lading Act, 49 U. 8. C. A. § 81 at seq., 89(a, 5), and the carrier is absolutely liable for damages resulting from improper delivery. Bills of Lading Act, 49 U. S. C. A. § 90; North Pennsylvania Railroad Company v. Commercial Nat. Bank of Chicago, 123 U. S. 727, 738, 8 S. Ct. 266, 31 L. Ed. 287 (1887); Estherville Produce Co. v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 57 F. 2d 50 (8 Cir. 1932); Rountree v. Lydick-Barmann Co., 150 S. W. 2d 173 (Tex. Ct. Civ. App. 1941). These cases hold that where the consignee or his agent cannot be found at the destination after reasonable inquiry, it is the duty of the carrier to have the goods stored on account of and at the expense of the owner. He may not relieve himself of liability by leaving them witli any other person. Furthermore, even though the improper delivery was made by the terminal carrier, the initial carrier may be held liable therefor. 49 U. S. C. A. § 20, par. 11, applicable to motor vehicles under 49 U. S. C. A. § 319. Georgia, F. & A. Ry. Co. v. Blish Milling Co., 241 U. S. 190, 36 S. Ct. 541, 60 L. Ed. 948 (1916); Galveston, H. & S. A. R. Co. v. Wallace, 223 U. S. 481, 32 S. Ct. 205, 56 L. Ed. 516 (1912).
Defendant contends that the consignee named in the bill of lading is either plaintiff or the Air Force base in the alternative, or plaintiff in care of the Air Force base. We do not agree. The bill of lading unequivocally indicates Fluoro Electric Corp. to be the consignee. As noted above, Barrington Air Force Base is designated only as the address of consignee. Therefore, for the carrier to have left the goods with one other than the consignee, unless an authorized agent of the latter, was clearly improper despite the convenience to the carrier in so doing. See Rountree, supra. Distinguish the ease where there is a custom to consider delivery complete when the goods are merely brought to the destination and left there unloaded. See, e. g., Rice & Lockwood Lumber Co. v. Boston & M. R. R., 308 Mass. 101, 31 N. E. 2d 219 (Sup. Jud. Ct. 1941); cf. Standard Combed Thread Co. v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 88 N. J. L. 257 (E. & A. 1915). No such custom was shown here as between carrier and shipper.
From the foregoing it seems clear that the reasoning and decision of the trial court to the effect that the carrier was not responsible merely because the rate charged did not include an obligation to unload is not well founded in the statutes and decisions here applicable.
If there were no other pertinent considerations therefor, we would reverse and remand solely for the assessment of plaintiff's damages. Defendant contends, however, that the pleadings and pretrial order do not raise the theory of liability for misdelivery and that the judgment therefore cannot be impugned on the basis of its incorrectness on that ground of liability on appeal. The pretrial order is, of course, ordinarily controlling as to the contentions and issues available for submission at trial. Lertch v. McLean, 18 N. J. 68 (1955). However, "[w]hen issues not raised by the pleadings and pretrial order are tried by consent or without the objection of the parties," they are to be treated as though properly so raised. R. R. 4:15-2. The courts are enjoined by that rule to be liberal in granting amendments of the pleadings and pretrial order, even at trial, where necessary to subserve the presentation of the merits of the action, provided the adverse party will not be prejudiced thereby. To sustain a judgment on issues not raised by the pleadings and pretrial order the court must be satisfied that such issues were recognized by the parties and actually tried. Sattelberger v. Telep, 14 N. J. 353, 363 (1954); Binder v. Green, 8 N. J. Super. 88 (App. Div. 1950); Barber v. Hohl, 40 N. J. Super. 526 (App. Div. 1956) ; Grammas v. Colasurdo, 48 N. J. Super. 543 (App. Div. 1958); Nazzaro v. Nazzaro, 57 N. J. Super. 393 (App. Div. 1959).
Insofar as paragraph 2 of the order in this case is construable as a contention that the goods were damaged before they arrived at the Air Force base, the plaintiff's proof-pattern very early in the trial demonstrated a change in that position to the obvious notice of defendant and the trial court. At a point in the trial when the court and counsel were using the term "delivery" in its lay sense as meaning delivery to the air base site, the court stated that plaintiff would "have to show somewhere along the line that when these reels of cable were delivered by the trucking company that they were in a damaged condition and what the damage was at that time." But in the same colloquy counsel for plaintiff clearly stated his position that "at the time it [the goods] was delivered it was not damaged." The entire purport of the testimony of plaintiff's witness, Michaud, was that the damage occurred when the reels were dropped from the truck.
Paragraph 7 of the pretrial order, purporting to state "the sole issue," is ambiguous in its reference to the time when the goods were "received." It might have been intended to mean when received by the consignee. While this paragraph is ambiguous, it is at last suggestive of the idea that one of the issues is whether the condition of the goods as finally delivered to the consignee itself was in accordance with the requirements of the bill of lading. A clear recognition by adverse counsel and the court that plaintiff was contending (among other things) that there had not been a legal delivery of the goods to the consignee, in accordance with the requirements of the bill of lading prior to the occurrence of the damage is indicated by the following extract from the record during the cross-examination of a representative of the defendant. The latter had testified that the tariff approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission applicable to this shipment and bill of lading did not include payment for the service of unloading the cargo:
"Q. When you are a public carrier you accept things for delivery, don't you? A. Right.
Q. Do you know whether any tender was made or any notice was given to Fluoro that the merchandise had arrived?
Mr. Harkavy: I object.
The Court: It is an argumentative question. The driver said when he got there he asked if anybody was there and he was told nobody was there.
What do you mean, got in touch with Newark?
Mr. Slavitt: With Newark, yes.
The Court: Objection sustained to that.
Q. How long have you been with Smith Transportation? A. Thirteen years.
Q. And are you in charge of any of the deliveries? What is your position? A. Director of claims.
Q. Director of claims only? A. Yes.
Q. You don't know the practice of the company when they make deliveries, do you? A. Sure.
Q. What do they consider delivery?
Mr. Harkavy: Well, now, I object. You have a hill of lading. It was a contract. What their practice is is outside the scoioe of the contract.
The Court: I don't think what they consider to be delivery is the question. I think what is considered delivery under it is a more proper question, what constitutes delivery under the ICC.
Q. AVhat constitutes delivery under the ICC?
Mr. Harkavy: I object. The regulations speak for themselves.
The Court: I will allow it since I suggested the question.
A. It is in there. You can read it.
Q. This has to do with the rate. It does not call for delivery, does it? A. I would have to read that. Here is rule 21, section 1, where an article or articles in a single container or shipping form tendered weighs 500 pounds or more, or if the greatest dimension exceeds 8 feet, or greater than intermediate dimension to exceed 4 feet, loading or unloading shall be performed by the shipper or consignee as the case may be. If requested, carrier will undertake on behalf of the shipper or consignee as the case may be to employ additional help, no charges made for labor performed by the truck driver." (Emphasis added.)
And, as we have seen, plaintiff's counsel apparently argued in summation, but' failed to persuade the trial court, that defendant made improper delivery at the air base and was therefore responsible for the ensuing damage.
Defendant urged at the argument before us that had it apprehended that the plaintiff was purporting to try the issue of misdelivery it would have offered evidence of agency of the air base personnel to receive delivery for the consignee. Although our finding above is that the issue of misdelivery was recognized and actually tried, nevertheless, in view of the late point in the trial at which the issue clearly emerged, the ambiguity of paragraphs 2 and 7 of the pretrial order, and the possibility of prejudice to defendant in its trial of the case, the interests of justice appear to us to call for a retrial of this case in its entirety. There should, of course, be a new pretrial order.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.