Case Name: Bauman Election Contest Case
Court: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1945-03-19
Citations: 351 Pa. 451
Docket Number: Appeal, No. 166
Parties: Bauman Election Contest Case.
Judges: Before Maxey, C. J., Drew, Linn, Stern, Patterson and Stearne, JJ.
Reporter: Pennsylvania State Reports
Volume: 351
Pages: 451–461

Head Matter:
Bauman Election Contest Case.
Argued September 29, 1944.
Before Maxey, C. J., Drew, Linn, Stern, Patterson and Stearne, JJ.
Thomas E. Whitten, for appellants.
Louis Rosenberg, for appellee.
March 19, 1945:

Opinion:
Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Maxey,
This is an appeal from the order of the court below-dismissing the exceptions filed to the order of that court dismissing the petition for a contest for the office of Commissioner for the Third Ward in Shaler Township, Allegheny County.
The Return Board made the following return:
Edward T. Bauman, Jr.......122 votes
Elmer Mertz................ 121 votes
It is argued by the contestants, 24 citizens and qualified electors of the Third Ward, that ballots marked Exhibits "1" and "2", respectively, were improperly rejected by the Return Board. Exhibit "1" was excluded as an improper ballot because in addition to the crosses on it there also appeared on it two "check marks" after the crosses and another slight mark in the square which is to the right of the name of Elmer Mertz as the Republican candidate for Township Commissioner. This latter was a vertical mark, less than one-eighth of an inch in length, in front of the cross. This mark apparently made inadvertently by the voter, clearly does not invalidate his vote for Mertz. In the party square to the right of the word "Republican" there is a cross which indicates that the voter wished to vote for the Republican candidates for all the offices named on the ballot. Whatever mark this voter placed in the square to the right of Mertz's name was mere surplusage and nugatory. The fact that the voter made both a cross and a check mark after the name of the Democratic candidate for Judge of Election and after the name of the Republican candidate for Constable and the fact that he wrote "No good" after the name of one of the Democratic candidates for School Director does not invalidate the entire ballot. The provision in sub-section (a) of sec. 1223 (Art. 12) of the Act of June 3,1937, P. L. 1333 (25 P.S. 3063), that "No ballot which is so marked as to be capable of identification shall be counted" must be construed with great liberality, for if every ballot which carried upon it some distinctive mark should be invalidated, there is scarcely any limit to the number of ballots which could be rejected for this reason. Eor example, the same act provided that a voter may "indicate a vote for any person whose name is not printed on the ballot, by writing, stamping or sticker. . . ." By availing himself of this privilege any voter could easily put an "identification" on his ballot. Either the name of the person voted for, or the writing, stamping or sticker might be such and so placed that no other ballot in the box would carry its duplicate. He might also make an identifying "erasure or mutilation in the vote in any office block" without invalidating the ballot except for the candidates in that block. He might also "mark his ballot for more persons for an office than there are candidates to be voted for for such office" without invalidating his ballot except as to the candidates for such office. All'these would be obvious means of making the ballot "capable of identification", yet, under the very provisions of the act the ballot in its entirety would not be void. Many ballots contain smudges or are torn in certain ways. These might possibly be identifying marks but ballots so smudged or torn, are not to be rejected simply because of that possibility. When the voter wrote the words "No good" after the name of one of the Democratic, candidates for School Director, his apparent idea was not to have his ballot bear an identifying phrase but to show that he not only voted-against that candidate but also that he was unwilling to recognize that there was any "good" in him. While the expression on official ballots of such excess of personal feelings is not to be encouraged, we think it would be unjust to deprive Elmer Mertz as a candidate for Township Commissioner of the vote the marker of this ballot so unmistakably cast for him. This court said in McCaffreys' Appeals, 337 Pa. 552, 559: ". . . not every mark which may separate and distinguish a ballot will necessarily result in a declaration of invalidity, but only such marks as cannot be reasonably supposed to have been made by the voter except for the very purpose of distinguishing his ballot. . ."
Exhibit No. 1 contains no marks which can be "reasonably supposed" to have been made by the voter for the purpose of distinguishing his ballot, and it would be unjust not to count the vote given by that ballot for Elmer Mertz for the office indicated. Election' officers would have enough power , to change in many instances the íesult of an election if they were permitted to throw out every ballot which contained marks which were not contained on any other ballot. The power to throw out a ballot for minor irregularities, like the power to throw out the entire poll of an election district for irregularities, must be exercised very sparingly and with the idea in mind that either an individual voter or a group of voters are not to be disfranchised at an election except for compelling reasons. In Ayre's Contested Election, 287 Pa. 135, 138, 135 A. 477, this court said.: "To warrant throwing out the vote of an entire district the disregard of the law must be so fundamental as to render it impossible to separate the lawful from the. unlawful votes. See opinion by Judge Thayer in Daly v. Peteroff, 10 Phila. 389". In Carbondale's Election, 280 Pa. 159, 124 A. 298, this court sustained the action of the lower court in refusing to "throw out the entire district" because of certain irregularities on the part of the election officers. This court in its opinion emphasized' the fact that "the purpose in holding elections is to register the actual expression of the electorate's will" and that "computing judges" should endeavor "to see what was the true result". There should be the same reluctance to throw out a single ballot as there-is to -throw out an entire district poll, for sometimes an election hinges on one vote. We decide that Exhibit No. 1 contains a valid vote for Elmer Mertz for the office of Commissioner for the Third Ward in Shaler Township, Allegheny County, and it should be counted for him.
As to Exhibit No. 2, the voter instead of making his cross with only two diagonal lines crossing each other in the center, made in addition thereto a third and parallel line from the left of the square to the right,, passing about one-sixteenth of an inch below the center of the properly crossed, diagonal lines. The voter, thus indicated his choice by a proper X and then added the meaningless line. We do not think the mark described made the ballot void as being in contravention of the.provision in section 1223 (a) supra, which reads as follows: "Any ballot marked by any other mark, than an .(X) in the spaces provided for that purpose shall be void and not counted: Provided, however, that no vote recorded thereon shall be declared void because a cross (X) mark thereon is irregular in form." This provision obviously means that if a voter uses any other mark than an X to indicate his choice, that "vote" shall not be counted. For example, if he drew an "arrow" or a "hand" in the square instead of a cross, it could not be counted as a vote. That this construction of the provision quoted is the one customarily adopted is indicated by the printed instructions on the ballot used in this case, which, inter alia, read as follows: "A cross (X), not a check mark or any other mark, in the square opposite the name of any candidate indicates a vote for that candidate." But if a voter makes a cross in the square, as this voter did, he has in fact voted even though the cross he made is "irregular in form", as this one was because of the extra line. If, for example, this voter had made his X out of two double oblique lines crossing each other the "cross" would be "irregular in form" but it would not be void. A voting cross made in the proper square by a voter does not have to be made of only two perfectly straight oblique-lines crossing each other at the exact center. Marking a ballot in voting is a matter not of precision engineering but of an unmistakable registration of the voter's will in substantial conformity to statutory requirements. See Pfaff v. Bacon, 249 Pa. 297, 95 A. 71. Since the questioned symbol the voter made in the appropriate square on Exhibit "2" is patently recognizable as a voting cross for Elmer Mertz for the office indicated, it should be counted.
The Act of June 3, 1937, P. L. 1333, Article 14, Sec. 1407, 25 P.S. 3157, provides, inter alia: "No appeal shall be allowed or granted from any order or decree of the Court of Common Pleas made in pursuance of this section." This same provision was contained in the Act of July 9, 1919, 'P. L. 839. In interpreting this provision, in Twenty-Eighth Congressional District Nomination, 268 Pa. 313, 321, 112 A. 74, this court said: "This, however, does not affect our right to issue a certiorari in order to determine, from an inspection of the record, whether or not the court below exceeded its jurisdiction : (Carpenter's Case, 14 Pa. 486; Com. v. Balph, 111 Pa. 365; Com. v. Smith, 185 Pa. 553), and for this purpose to examine the opinion of the court in order to discover the reasons for its action: Nomination Certificate of John S. Robb, Sr., 188 Pa. 212; Cramer's Election Case, 248 Pa. 208." In Armstrong's Appeal, 293 Pa. 1, 6, 141 A. 633, we said: "In legal effect this is really 'but a certiorari, and on such an appeal judicial review is restricted to the regularity of the record, though in this class of cases . . . findings of fact, contained in the opinion of the court below, may be considered so far as they concern fundamental questions': Smith's Petition, 292 Pa. 140; Independence Party Nomination, 208 Pa. 108." See also Foy's Election, 228 Pa. 14, 76 A. 713.
The order of the Court below which declared Edward T. Bauman, Jr., elected to the office of Commissioner in the Third Ward in Shaler Township is reversed, and it is ordered that a certificate of election be issued to Elmer Mertz for that office. Costs to be paid by the Township of Shaler.