Case Name: Estate of Rollin E. Meyer, Sr., Deceased, Rollin E. Meyer, Jr., Executor, and Henrietta G. Meyer, Surviving Wife, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent; Rollin E. Meyer, Jr., and Marjorie B. Meyer, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
Court: United States Tax Court
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1972-05-15
Citations: 58 T.C. 311
Docket Number: Docket Nos. 3014-69, 3015-69
Parties: Estate of Rollin E. Meyer, Sr., Deceased, Rollin E. Meyer, Jr., Executor, and Henrietta G. Meyer, Surviving Wife, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Rollin E. Meyer, Jr., and Marjorie B. Meyer, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
Judges: 
Reporter: Reports of the Tax Court of the United States
Volume: 58
Pages: 311–316

Head Matter:
Estate of Rollin E. Meyer, Sr., Deceased, Rollin E. Meyer, Jr., Executor, and Henrietta G. Meyer, Surviving Wife, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Rollin E. Meyer, Jr., and Marjorie B. Meyer, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
Docket Nos. 3014-69, 3015-69.
Filed May 15, 1972.
Walter G. Schwartz, for the petitioners.
Edward B. Simpson and Peter D. Bahutes, for the respondent.

Opinion:
OPINION
Tietjens, Judge:
In these consolidated cases the Commissioner
determined income tax deficiencies as follow:
The facts were stipulated and are so found, but we refer below only to those facts pertinent to the remaining contested issue, namely, whether certain transfers of partial partnership interests for interests in another partnership are exchanges on which no gain shall be recognized under section 1031(a).
Rollin E. Meyer, Sr. (hereafter Meyer, Sr.), who died in 1966, and his wife, Henrietta G. Meyer, filed joint income tax returns for the years involved. Rollin E. Meyer, Jr. (hereafter Meyer, Jr.), is the executor of his fathers estate. Meyer, Jr., filed joint returns with his wife Marjorie B. Meyer for the same years. At the time of filing of the petition in docket No. 3014-69 Henrietta G-. Meyer resided in San Francisco, Calif., and at the time of filing of the petition in docket No. 3015-69 Meyer, Jr., and Marjorie B. Meyer resided in Hillsborough, Calif.
In 1963, the father and the son were equal partners in the California partnership of Rollin E. Meyer & Son, and on December 31,1963, each exchanged portions of their partnership interests pursuant to separate written agreements bearing that date for part interests in the Hillgate Manor Apartments, a California limited partnership, as indicated below:
Meyer, Sr.'s new 15-percent interest in the Hillgate partnership was that of a limited partner. No "boot" was received by Meyer, Sr., or by his son in either of the transactions.
Meyer, Jr., exchanged interests with the Meyer and Young Building Corp., a California corporation and a 20-percent general partner of Hillgate. Meyer, Sr., traded for the entire interests of three individuals, Aldean Meyer Haeder, Laura Meyer Van Camp, and William H. Young, each 5-percent limited partners of Hillgate. Both of the written agreements recited that the adjusted book values (after depreciation but before deductions for encumbrances) of the Hillgate and Rollin E. Meyer & Son partnerships were $800,000 and $365,000, respectively.
The Rollin E. Meyer & Son partnership was formed in 1948 and conducted business in California for more than 6 months after the December 31,1963, exchange. Meyer, Sr., and Meyer, Jr., were the only partners from the inception of the partnership until the date of the exchange. The Hillgate partnership was formed in March 1961 and is still in existence. During 1963 and afterwards both partnerships had as their principal activities the ownership and operation of rental apartments in and about San Francisco.
Petitioners contend that the two exchanges were tax-free under section 1031(a).
The Commissioner contends that both of the exchanges are excepted from nonrecognition because the partnership interests which were exchanged are choses in action, a type of property excluded by the parenthetical clause in section 1031(a). As to Meyer, Sr.'s transaction only, the Commissioner further contends in the alternative that an exchange of a general partnership interest for a limited partnership interest evidently is not an exchange of property of a like kind.
Through his first contention the Commissioner has set for himself the considerable task of demonstrating the congruence of the legal meanings of the terms "partnership interest" and "choses in action" under California law. Blodgett v. Silberman, 277 U.S. 1 (1928), and McClennen v. Commissioner, 131 F. 2d 165 (C.A. 1, 1942), the cases upon which he chiefly relies, dealt with the characterization of the interest of a deceased partner, and it appears that an interest of this kind is little more than the personal representative's enforceable right to an accounting and cash liquidation. We cannot conclude on the basis of those authorities that the interests herein, consisting of the much more extensive rights of the living partners of undissolved partnerships, are also categorizable as choses in action. In our view, however, the clause excluding exchanges of stocks, bonds, etc., is not called into play by the facts of this case and so we decline to hold that the partnership interests involved were "choses in action," as used in the statute.
Shortly after the original version of section 202(c)(1) of the Revenue Act of 1921 (the predecessor of sec. 1031(a)) was enacted, it became clear that taxpayers owning investment securities which had appreciated in value were exchanging them for other securities without being tagged with taxable gains. This was regarded as an abuse, especially in view of the fact that no statute provided for recognition of any cash boot that might have been received in connection with such portfolio transactions. H. Rept. No. 1432, 67th Gong., 4th Sess. (1923) (letter of Secretary Mellon) . By the Act of March 4, 1923, among other things the parenthetical clause, originally enacted in section 202 (c) (1), was expanded to include not only stock in trade and other property held primarily for sale but also stocks, bonds, notes, choses in action, etc.
We are not dealing with trading in investment securities or similar intangibles. The transactions of December 31,1963, were exchanges of proprietary (partnership) interests in one small business solely for proprietary (partnership) interests in a second small business, before and after which both businesses were going concerns engaged in the same principal activity.
The Commissioner does not contend that the interest Meyer, Jr., surrendered and the interest he received were not property of a like kind. We are confident that Meyer, Jr.'s exchange is within the purview of section 1031(a), and we so hold, as was done in Miller v. United States, an unreported case (S.D. Ind. 1963, 12 A.F.T.R. 2d 5244, 63-2 U.S.T.C. par. 9606).
But the exchange by Meyer, Sr., of his general partnership interest for a limited partnership interest presents a closer question.
The State of California has adopted the Uniform Partnership Act and the Uniform Limited Partnership Act, and both laws were in effect at all times pertinent to this case. The differences in the characteristics of the interest of a general partner and that of a limited partner are considerable. The familiar notions that a limited partner, unlike a general partner, is not personally liable for partnership debts and that he is entitled to priority in liquidation are the law in California. Cal. Corp. Code Ann., secs. 15501,15507, and 15523(1) (West 1955). Also, absent agreement to the contrary the death of a limited partner does not work a dissolution of the limited partnership. Cal. Corp. Code Ann., secs. 15521 and 15519 (West 1955). There are other distinctions. See Cal. Corp. Code Ann., secs. 15502 and 15517 (West 1955).
The variousness of the natures of the general and the limited partnership interest is substantial enough to warrant invocation of the principle calling for strict construction of the exceptions to the ride that where gain is involved it will be recognized and taxed when it is realized. Midfield Oil Co., 39 B.T.A. 1154, 1157 (1939), acq. 1939-2 C.B. 25; Ethel Black, 35 T.C. 90, 94 (1960); sec. 1.1002-1 (b), Income Tax Regs. The exchange of an interest in a general partnership for a limited partnership interest is not an exchange "of property of like kind." We hold that section 1031 (a) does not apply to Meyer, Sr.'s exchange.
Our decision herein is confined to a situation where both partnerships owned the same type of underlying assets — in this case, rental real estate. We also wish to emphasize that the parties have simply stipulated that the partnership interests involved were "general" or "limited." We express no opinion as to what our views would be if other types of underlying assets were involved, if there were variations in the businesses of the partnerships, or if we had before us the details of the particular undertakings by the partners and were in a position to determine whether such stipulated descriptive terms were accurate.
Reviewed by the Court.
Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.
All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. Sec. 1031(a) provides:
(a) Nonrecognition oe Gain ok Loss From Exchanges Sodelx in Kind. — No gain or loss shall be recognized if property held for productive use in trade or business or for investment (not including stock in trade or other property held primarily for sale, nor stocks, bonds, notes, ohoses m action, certificates of trust or beneficial interest, or other securities or evidences of indebtedness or interest) is exchanged solely for property of a like kind to be held either for productive use in trade or business or for investment. [Emphasis supplied. ]
See also Holmes, Federal Taxes 528 (1923 ed.), describing use of the 1921 Act provision to avoid tax on the reinvestment of funds in stocks and bonds. 3 Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, sec. 20.21, p. 75, fn. 92.
See also Miller v. United States, an unreported case (S.D. Ind. 1963, 12 A.F.T.R. 2d 5244, 63—2 U.S.T.C. par. 9606). In Miller the court flatly held that exchanges of a partnership interest in a tavern for a partnership interest in an auto supply business was an exchange of property of like kind within the meaning of sec. 1031 and was not an exchange of "stock in trade or other property held primarily for sale, nor stocks, bonds, notes, choses in action, certificates of trust or beneficial interest, or other securities," etc., within the meaning of that section.