Case Name: Nathaniel Harlow versus Zadock French
Court: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Jurisdiction: Massachusetts
Decision Date: 1812-06
Citations: 8 Tyng 192
Docket Number: 
Parties: Nathaniel Harlow versus Zadock French.
Judges: 
Reporter: Massachusetts Reports
Volume: 9
Pages: 175–178

Head Matter:
Nathaniel Harlow versus Zadock French.
Tho deeds of the agents on eastern lands to the settlers m Bangor, made under the authority of the resolve of March 5,1801, are conclusive as to the bounda ries between the lots claimed by different settlers.
This was an action of trespass for breaking and entering the plaintiff’s close in Bangor, in the county of Hancock, and destroying his fence, on divers days between the 1st day of October, 1806, and the 20th day of October, 1807.
The defendant pleaded that the place where the trespass was supposed to be done, was, at the time of the supposed trespass, and long before that time, and still is, the soil and freehold of him, the said French, and of one Robert Lapish, and one Amasa Stetson, as tenants in common; and that he, in his own right, and as servant of the said Lapish and Stetson, entered, as he lawfully might do, and took down and carried away the fence, &c.
To this the plaintiff replied, that the soil and freehold of.the place where, &c., were in him, and traversed its being in the defendant; and issue being joined thereon by the defendant, the same was tried June term, 1810, before Thatcher, J. A verdict was returned for the defendant, * subject to the opinion of the Court upon the report of the judge who sat at the trial.
The defendant, to maintain the issue on his part, produced the deed of John Reed and Peleg Coffin, Esquires, described in the preceding case of Lambert Al. vs. Carr &f Al.; also a certificate dated November 30th, 1801, signed by Park Holland, appointed by the commonwealth’s agents for the sale of eastern lands, pursuant to the resolve of the General Court, passed March 5, 1801, the substance of which is recited in the said case, purporting that he had laid out, by metes and bounds, conformably to said resolve, to Robert Lapish and others, assignees of James Budge, one hundred acres of land; the locus in quo being contained within the boun dories of the said hundred acres. And here he rested his defence.
The plaintiff objected to the reading of the deed aforesaid to the jury, on the ground that the agents of the commonwealth had not made the same in pursuance of the powers given them by the resolve before referred to, and that of the 19th of June, 1801, mentioned and recited in the preceding case; and he insisted that the defendant should be held to prove that the said deed was so made. The objection was overruled.
The plaintiff then moved for leave to give evidence that after the passing of the resolves aforesaid, a dispute arose between him on the one part, and the defendant and the said Lapish and Stetson, relative to the dividing line between the lot claimed by the assignees of James Budge and the plaintiff’s lot; whereupon certain referees named were duly chosen and appointed in July, 1801, in pursuance of said resolve of March 5, 1801, to settle said line; who, after hearing the parties and their proofs, did, on the 14th of January, 1802, make their report in writing, and did thereby establish . said dividing line, so as to include the locus in quo within the lot claimed and possessed by the plaintiff. The plaintiff also offered to prove that the said Holland, when he made his said certificate, did not lay *down the dividing line aforesaid, but informed the said agents of the commonwealth, by his letter dated January 25, 1802, that the same was not then settled, and that the plan could not be completed until the same was settled. The plaintiff further moved to introduce witnesses, to prove that James Budge was never a settler on the land in question, and that said land was no part of the lot possessed by Budge; but that one Thomas Smart was the original settler on part of the lot conveyed to the defendant and others, and was settled thereon previous to January, 1784, and was entitled to a deed of the same from the commonwealth’s agents; and that, of course, the deed offered in evidence by the defendant was not made pursuant to the powers given the said agents by the resolves aforesaid; that the money, which said Smart was bound to pay had been paid or tendered; that the plaintiff was a settler on the adjoining lot, previous to the 17th of February, 1798, and paid the money required by the said resolves to the said agents, on the 1st of January, 1806; and that the locus in quo was ever included in the plaintiff’s lot, by the dividing line between the same and the lot claimed by the defendant.
All which motions were overruled, and the said evidence rejected ny the judge; and if the said evidence was rightly rejected, in the opinion of the Court, the verdict was to stand, and judgment be rendered thereon for the defendant, otherwise a new trial was to be granted.
The cause was argued at the last June term in this county, by Mellen and Wilde for the plaintiff, and Lee and Crosby for the defendant, after which it was continued for advisement, and at this term the opinion of the Court was pronounced by

Opinion:
Sewall, J.
By the plea in this case, the defendant has put in issue, whether he and those with or for whom he acted in his entry upon the place where, &.C., are the owners of the soil and freehold, or not; the affirmative of * this issue being with the defendant. To maintain it, he relies on a survey by Baric Holland, and a deed by the committee of eastern lands, made to the defendant and the others named in his plea, in which they are called the assignees of James Budge, a settler in 1784, upon the tract of land confirmed to the defendant and others. The metes and bounds, according to the said survey, are set forth in this deed, and all the right, interest, and estate, of the commonwealth in the tract described are sold, relinquished, and quitclaimed, to the defendant, and the others named in his plea. This deed is dated the 2d of March, 1802, and the tract described includes the place where, &c.
The plaintiff endeavors, first, to establish a dividing line, w hich includes the place where, &c., with his lot adjoining to the lot of land claimed by the defendant. And for this purpose, the plaintiff relies on certain evidence offered at the trial, to prove the adjustment of a dividing line between the said adjoining lots, by referees appointed and acting pursuant to a certain resolve of the legislature of March 5, 1801.
The ground upon which this evidence was rejected, has been ex plained to be, not any defect in the authority or proceedings of the referees, but the conclusive nature and effect of the survey and deed from the committee, pursuant to the same resolve.
The plaintiff has also attempted to disprove the defendant's title, or to invalidate the deed from the committee of eastern lands, upon which the defendant relies, by proving that another person, viz.: one Thomas Smart, and not James Budge, was, in fact, the settler on the lot conveyed to the defendant and others, as the assignees of James Budge. And the same question arises, in this view of the case, how far the act of the committee of eastern lands, in a deed or conveyance made under the resolve of March, 1801, respecting settlers in Bangor, is conclusive in determining the titles of individuals claiming as assignees of the first settlers.
*If the deed of the committee is conclusive, so far as the claims of individuals are concerned, then the deed to the defendant, and the others named in his plea, has determined the soil and freehold of the place where, &c., to be in them, by excluding or overruling the evidence offered of a different dividing line between the lots possessed by the defendant and the plaintiff respectively, and by proving the title of the defendant exclusively, according to the boundaries expressed in his deed.
And we are all of the opinion that the deed from the committee of eastern lands is in both respects conclusive.
The resolve of March, 1801, is not a grant to individuals by name, or by any description, independent of the inquiry and determination of the committee. Settlers, who are to be quieted in their occupancies and possessions, are not recognized in the resolve as persons entitled against the commonwealth, when the fact of the first occupancy and improvements shall be known, but as persons to whom the bounty of the commonwealth is to be extended, in the manner therein described, and up6n the conditions expressed. The direction of this bounty is exclusively in the committee, to whom the surveys are to be reported, and by whom the particular lots are to be confirmed to the individuals to whom they shall be surveyed, by deeds in behalf of the commonwealth ; and by these deeds, lines and boundaries in dispute between individuals claiming as occupants, must be considered as settled and ascertained.
And as to both questions, the decisions of the commonwealth, understood by their deeds to individual claimants, were final and conclusive.
Any other construction would, in our opinion, render the resolve of the legislature void and useless, or mischievous in the highest degree for its uncertainty, and by rendering it the source and occasion of endless quarrels and contentions. If a transient possession of land * might thus become a title, what committee, or judicial court, can ever settle the question, who was the first settler, or who are his representatives.
As to the title of the defendant, it seems to have been a question between Thomas Smart and James Budge. This question the committee have determined conclusively, as we think, at least as to them; neither of them claiming by any right, but entirely as subjects of the bounty and grace of the commonwealth. If the committee, acting for the commonwealth, have been deceived, perhaps the prerogative of the sovereign extends to the correction of an error of this kind, and to control even subsequent conveyances. But this prerogative is in no respect an authority to individuals, to settle between themselves the question, which was the first settler, in order to ascertain whether the government have been deceived as to the individual to whom a grant has been made. Until revoked by the government, that grant continues in full force, and is an exclusive title to the individual to whom it is made, against all other individuals.
The same observations apply to the question of the boundary line, especially when we understand this to be between persons claiming under the same resolve, by which the bounty of the legislature was conferred. The committee of eastern lands have decided between them, and have ascertained the boundaries of their respective claims. Their possessions, as rightful, are to be restricted to the boundaries assigned them in the gift of confirmation, accorded to them respectively by the committee.
Judgment according to the verdict.