Case Name: E. F. Drew & Co. v. United States
Court: United States Customs Court
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1952-06-17
Citations: 28 Cust. Ct. 327
Docket Number: C. D. 1431
Parties: E. F. Drew & Co. v. United States
Judges: Before Oliver, Gole, and Mollison, Judges; Mollison, J., concurring
Reporter: United States Customs Court Reports
Volume: 28
Pages: 327–331

Head Matter:
(C. D. 1431)
E. F. Drew & Co. v. United States
United States Customs Court, First Division
(Decided June 17, 1952)
Eugene R. Pickrell (Michael Stramiello, Jr., of counsel) for the plaintiff.
Charles J. Wagner, Acting Assistant Attorney General (Richard E. FitzQibbon and Joseph E. Weil, special attorneys), for the defendant.
Before Oliver, Gole, and Mollison, Judges; Mollison, J., concurring

Opinion:
Cole, Judge:
Plaintiff, whose business includes the refining of fats and oil, manufacture of shortening oil, soaps for technical uses, and also the production of vitamins, imported unirradiated ergosterol, which was classified as a chemical compound, not specially provided for, under paragraph 5 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C. §1001, par. 5), which reads as follows :
All chemical elements, all chemical salts and compounds, all medicinal preparations, and all combinations and mixtures of any of the foregoing, all the foregoing obtained naturálly or artificially and not specially provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem.
Plaintiff claims that the substance is more specifically provided for as an advanced drug and, therefore, classifiable as such under paragraph 34 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C. §1001, par. 34), as modified by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 82 Treas. Dec. 305, T. D. 51802, which, so far as pertinent herein, provides for—
Drugs, which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible, and not specially provided for, but which are advanced in value or condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, or any other process or treatment whatever beyond that essential to the proper packing of the drugs and the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture, and not containing alcohol, 5 % ad val.
The testimony discloses that unirradiated ergosterol, the commodity under consideration, is a natural component of yeast, from which it is obtained by heating the yeast with an alkali and then purifying by recrystallization, through which the alkali properties are removed, resulting in an uncompounded substance that is substantially wholly pure, containing no alcohol, but unpalatable and without nutritive value. Stated more pointedly, unirradiated ergosterol is an uncompounded, inedible substance, of vegetable origin, and containing no alcohol.
The sole question for determination, therefore, is whether the commodity comes within the statutory definition of a drug, which includes "only those substances having therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used for medicinal purposes," paragraph 34 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C. §1001, par. 34).
Unirradiated ergosterol has been used experimentally, attempting to establish therapeutic or medicinal value therefor. Dr. Walter Raab, an associate public health physician on tuberculosis, employed by the New York State Department of Health, found, in his experimental work, that unirradiated ergosterol suppressed the development of tuberculosis in guinea pigs; and in man, suffering from tuberculosis, it was noted that after injection of the substance, "the tuberculosis as seen on the chest X-ray showed retrogression and absorption." Dr. W. S. Takacs, practitioner in Ohio of mechanotherapy, that uses hydrotherapy, ultraviolet, medical massage, and manipulation, in treating certain diseases, experimented with unirradiated ergosterol as a remedy for poliomyelitis. From injections given to monkeys, he concluded that the commodity had "an arresting, neutralizing and absorbing property on polio virus."
The record discloses nothing conclusive about any of the said uses. All of them were purely experimental in nature. There is no showing herein that unirradiated ergosterol has ever been used for the purposes hereinabove mentioned, either successfully or substantially, in the practice of medicine or for medicinal purposes in commercial pursuits. Such proof is entitled to no weight because in an issue like the one before us, where chief use is controlling, experimental use is immaterial. R. W. Greeff & Co., Inc. v. United States, 10 Cust. Ct. 210, C. D. 756.
Counsel for plaintiff, in his brief, states that "Plaintiff's evidence is that the sole use of unirradiated ergosterol [italics added] is to make irradiated ergosterol or Vitamin D-2 by means of exposing it to ultra violet ray." The quotation is accepted as meaning that the sole commercial use of the substance is for conversion, by irradiation, into vitamin D-2, a fact supported by competent proof before us. It means, further, that plaintiff does not rely upon its proof relating to experimental usage, a result abundantly justified by the record.
In the process of irradiation, inactivated ergosterol is dissolved in ether, and the ether solution is subjected to ultraviolet light for definite periods of time. Following distillation of the dissolvent, the residue is separated into active and inactive material. The activated substance is claimed; the inactive is subjected to further irradiation.
Irradiation of ergosterol is characterized as a "cycle," through which several different compounds are being formed, changing into new substances. In the course of such processing, vitamin D-2 is isolated. Plaintiff's whole case on the matter of chief use is based on vitamin D-2 as a product sold to the pharmaceutical trade and to the feed industry.
Whatever may be the use of vitamin D-2, it has no bearing on the disposition of the present case. Vitamin D-2 is not the imported material. Instead, it is a new product, resulting from chemical processing of the unirradiated ergosterol, which is the merchandise to be classified herein. Irradiation destroys the unirradiated ergosterol and creates other steroids, described as "Vitamin D-2, tachysterol, lumi-sterol and supra sterols." In other words, unirradiated ergosterol is mere material, processed after importation, into a mixture of products or unstable compounds, possessing the peculiar faculty of naturally changing into new substances.
Under the fundamental principle that tariff classification of merchandise is controlled by its condition as imported, Dwight v. Merritt, 140 U. S. 213, and United States v. Citroen, 223 U. S. 407, unirradiated ergosterol is not a drug within the statutory meaning thereof, paragraph 34, supra, but, being concededly a chemical compound, it is classifiable as sfich under paragraph 5, supra, as assessed by the collector.
The protest is overruled and judgment will be rendered accordingly.