Case Name: In the Matter of the Application of Frank J. McCabe, Appellant, against John R. Voorhis et al., Constituting the Board of Elections of the City of New York, Respondents
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1926-10-22
Citations: 243 N.Y. 401
Docket Number: 
Parties: In the Matter of the Application of Frank J. McCabe, Appellant, against John R. Voorhis et al., Constituting the Board of Elections of the City of New York, Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 243
Pages: 401–417

Head Matter:
In the Matter of the Application of Frank J. McCabe, Appellant, against John R. Voorhis et al., Constituting the Board of Elections of the City of New York, Respondents.
(Argued October 19, 1926;
decided October 22, 1926.)
Louis Marshall for appellant.
William D. Guthrie for appellant.
Leonard M. Wallstein for Citizens Union of the City of New York, amicus curios.
George P. Nicholson, Corporation Counsel (Charles L. Craig, Edgar J. Kohler, Arthur J. W. Hilly, Russell Lord Tarbox and William E. C. Mayer of counsel), for respondents.
John Godfrey Saxe, John F. Collins and Edward S. Dore for Democratic County Committee.

Opinion:
Pound, J.
The relator, a resident of the city of New York, instituted this proceeding for a peremptory order of mandamus as a duly qualified and enrolled voter or elector therein, to compel the defendants, the board of elections of the city, to omit from the special ballot for the general election on November 2, 1926, a proposition for the submission on referendum to the electors of the city of a local law adopted by the municipal assembly known as Local Law No. 16. The purpose of the law as summarized in the title is "to prevent an increased fare on rapid transit or street surface railways, without the approval of a majority of the electors of the city of New York." The law itself is much broader in its terms and makes it unlawful for the board of estimate and apportionment " to adopt any resolution authorizing, or purporting to authorize any change in any contract or franchise for the operation of any subway, or rapid transit railway, or street surface railway in the city of New York, the purpose or effect of which is to increase the fare of five (5) cents now provided by law, or which grants to any operating company any preferential or bonus, or subsidy, or releases it from any of its obligations to render the service to the public required by any contract or franchise whatsoever unless and until the proposal for the adoption of any such resolution shall have been first submitted to the people of the city upon a referendum, and approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the qualified voters of such city, such referendum to be had at the first general election, after there has been filed with the city clerk at least ninety days prior thereto, a petition signed and acknowledged by qualified voters of such city in number equal to at least fifteen per centum of the total number of votes cast for Governor at the last Gubernatorial election in such city." The act became a law on September 17, 1925, but under the provisions of section 15 of the City Home Rule Law (L. 1924, ch. 363), a local law which " abolishes transfers or curtails any power of an elective city officer," with exceptions immaterial in this connection, becomes operative only when approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the qualified electors of such city voting on such proposition. A non-operative law is an anomaly but the practice of adopting such legislation has the sanction of the court. (Barto v. Himrod, 8 N. Y. 483; People ex rel. Unger v. Kennedy, 207 N. Y. 533, 545.)
Pursuant to the provisions of section 18 of the City Home Rule Law the' proposition has been transmitted to the board of elections which is charged with the ministerial duty of submitting local laws to the vote of the people.
The relator challenges the validity of this local law on various grounds hereafter considered. The defendants at the beginning question the right of the relator to maintain the proceeding. They rely on some expressions in the opinion in Schieffelin v. Komfort (212 N. Y. 520) to sustain their position. The ruling there was, however, that a citizen and taxpayer might not bring before the court for review in an action in equity the acts of another department of the State government simply because he is one of many such citizens and taxpayers. People ex rel. Daley v. Rice (129 N. Y. 449) and other cases which may be taken as typical, hold that a citizen and elector has a sufficient interest to make the application for an order of mandamus to compel the performance by a public officer of a public duty. This distinction is recognized in the Komfort case and is not disturbed thereby.
The question next arises as to the public duty of the board of elections. Unquestionably it must determine for itself whether the law is in form a local law and in fact properly transmitted to the board. It acts, not under the provisions of the local law itself, but under the provisions of the City Home Rule Law. Its authority is limited to the submission of such local laws as are adopted pursuant to that act by the municipal assembly. If what purports to be a local law has not been adopted sixty days before the election; if it appears to have no relation to the " property, affairs or government of the city, " as defined and limited by section 11 of the law; if it is not on its face such a local law as shall be submitted for the approval of the electors under the provisions of section 15 of the law, the board may reject the proposition transmitted to it and the courts will not compel it to perform an illegal act. A citizen and elector might obtain a mandamus order requiring it to perform its duty in such a case if it disregarded its duty and proceeded to submit such a defective local law to be voted on by the electors. Ordinarily the courts would go no farther. They would not decide the abstract question whether a law which on its face was adopted pursuant to the provisions of the City Home Rule Law was in conflict with the Constitution or some controlling act of the Legislature or in excess of the powers delegated to the municipal assembly. The decision of such questions might properly await an actual controversy between parties litigant over some action thereafter taken or refused. To nip all invalid local legislation in the bud would be a short and summary way of disposing of it, but the hazardous and inconvenient nature of such action, • taken in' the necessary haste of disposing of pre-election contests, makes it wise and expedient for the courts to refuse to intervene in advance of some threatened action. The rule is, however, one of prudence rather than one of power. Exceptional and extraordinary circumstances of a public nature may exist which would prevent such controversy from arising. So here the board of estimate and apportionment if the local law were approved at the.election might refuse to permit a controversy to arise by refusing its consent to any change in the contracts or franchises affected in the exercise of discretion merely which could not be judicially reviewed. If this proceeding is not entertained the question may never arise. In People ex rel. Hotchkiss v. Smith (206 N. Y. 231) the court decided the then abstract and academic question whether certain amendments to the Election Law relative to independent nominations were constitutional although no certificates of nomination had been tendered. The court held in advance of any actual controversy that the amendments were unconstitutional. Why? Because to do otherwise might prevent independent nominations.
Williams v. Boynton (147 N. Y. 426) was a case where the board of supervisors illegally adopted a resolution changing a county seat. The illegality consisted in the fact that the resolution was carried by illegal votes. The court restrained the county clerk from submitting the resolution to the people.
Taking into consideration the far-reaching consequences of the adoption of the local law in question, the public interests and vast investments, and the difficulty involved of bringing it to the test of validity in any actual controversy after its approval by the electors, it seems proper for the court to consider the questions of validity raised by the relator. The power to provide for a referendum must be found in the City Home Rule Act. (Mills v. Sweeney, 219 N. Y. 213.) Otherwise- it is unauthorized. Direct legislation in cities must always rest on some constitutional or statutory grant of power. Government by representation is still the rule. Direct action by the people is the exception. The test of validity, therefore, is whether Local Law No. 16 has been adopted as a local law coming within the powers delegated to the city by such law. The power asserted by the city must fail unless the local law squares itself with the restrictions therein contained. (Browne v. City of New York, 241 N. Y. 96.)
1. Objection is made that the title of the local law is defective. Section 13 of the Home Rule Law provides: " Every such local law shall embrace only one subject. The title shall briefly refer to the subject matter." The State Constitution (Art. Ill, § 16) reads as follows: " No private or local bill, which may be passed by the Legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall.be expressed in its title." In passing on the latter provision this court has said: " The title of an act should not be misleading and wholly insufficient as an expression of the subject of the act. It should not give afalse idea as to the subject and nature of the legislation." (Economic P. & C. Co. v. City of Buffalo, 195 N. Y. 286.) This local law refers in its title only to the increased fare feature, but it is not so limited. It prohibits any change in any contract or franchise of any city railroad corporation with respect to preferentials, bonuses or subsidies or obligations to render public services. Contracts might be modified without affecting the five-cent fare feature. The five-cent fare referendum has a catching note of popular appeal. The voter might easily gain from this title the idea that the subject and nature of the legislation was thus limited, whereas the hands- of the board of estimate and apportionment are effectively tied as to all modifications of the contracts or franchises. Everything is to be settled by popular vote including those problems which are to be solved by experts after study and hearings. (Matter of Continental Guaranty Corp. v. Craig, 240 N. Y. 354.)
2. A weightier objection is that the local law supersedes State legislation and takes from the board of estimate and apportionment the powers and duties which have been conferred on it by such legislation. Rapid transit in cities is a legitimate object of local interest and concern. (.Matter of International Ry. Co. v. Rann, 224 N. Y. 83.) It is a city purpose. (Sun Printing & Publishing Assn. v. Mayor, 152 N. Y. 257.) It is, however, subject to regulation at all times by the power of the State except as the State has divested itself of such power. The limitations on the power of the city under the City Home Rule Law are stated in Browne v. City of New York (supra). The cities have not been wholly emancipated from the power of the Legislature in respect to transportation. While it is contended that rapid transit in the city of New York is a State affair (Matter of McAneny v. Bd. of Estimate, etc., 232 N. Y. 377, 393) and that legislation thereon is not included in any grant of authority to the local legislative body of a city to adopt such laws " in relation to the property, affairs or government of a city " as are described in section 11 of the act it is unnecessary for us at this time to decide whether the local law in question is invalid because it relates to " matters other than the property, affairs or government of cities." (City Home Rule Law, § 12, subd. 2.) The effect of local law on acts of the Legislature is defined (§ 12, subd. 1) in substance as follows: If it is intended to supersede by a local law a provision of an act of the Legislature which does not in terms and in effect apply alike to all cities, such local law shall specify any provision of such act of the Legislature by chapter number, year of enactment, title of statute, section, subsection or subdivision which it is intended to supersede by a local law. The legislation in question while not in the form prescribed by the City Home Rule Law is intended to supersede and if operative does supersede the Public Service Commissions Law (Cons. Laws, cb. 48) in relation to the powers of the Transit Commission to prepare and put in operation a plan of readjustment for the improvement of transit in the city of New York. Such law, as amended in 1921, was held in the McAneny Case (supra) to be not a special city law relating to the property, affairs or government of cities, but a general law enacted for the benefit of the public at large. Chapter 641 of the Laws of 1925 amends this law as follows:
" § 112. Approval of contracts to effectuate plans of readjustment. Anything contained in this chapter to the contrary notwithstanding, the transit commission shall nok execute and deliver any contract or contracts to effectuate any plan of readjustment therein provided for without obtaining the consent and approval of the board of estimate and apportionment, or other local authority of such city."
The local law takes from the board of estimate and apportionment the power given to it by the law of 1925 to give its consent and approval to contracts to effectuate any plan of readjustment therein provided for, or even to consider any resolution having such purpose, until the board is so empowered to act by the electors of the city. In other words, it transfers the power go give such consent and approval from the board where the State has placed it to the electors of the city. The electors are not a local authority of the city. The statute of the State does not contemplate a transfer of power from the local authorities to direct action by the public. While it is doubtless true that street surface railway contracts and franchises exist which are not included in the plan of readjustment referred to in the law quoted and that this limitation does not exist as to them (See Matter of Quinby v. Public Service Comm., 223 N. Y. 244), the plan does include the subways and rapid transit railways. But the regulation of the street surface railways is a mere incident to the general provisions of the law. Even as to them it is questionable whether the constitutional power of the local authorities may be delegated back to the electors by the city itself. By the local law in question the local authorities have no power to exercise their independent judgment on matters calling for expert knowledge. They become a mere register to record the will of the voters. They may not even consider the proposition until the voters have acted upon it. The local law either applies only to the street surface railroads or else it attempts to supersede the State law without complying with the requirements of the City Home Rule Law. If it does not repeal the provision of the State law above referred to, that provision remains in force. If it is inifefided to supersede the State law, it is ineffective in that regard.
The purpose of the local law is plain. If an inconsequential portion may be saved as valid the question remains whether that part may be so separated from the invalid portions as to save it from the condemnation of invalidity. To separate the good from the bad and permit the submission to the voters of a maimed and worthless thing would be folly. Hoping for bread they would receive a stone. (Fougera & Co. v. City of New York, 224 N. Y. 269, 282, 283.)
Limitations may be placed on the power of the local authorities to give their consent (Quinby Case, supra, 260, 261) and it is urged that the local law is nothing more than such a limitation upon the mode and manner of acting. To so hold would be to regard words and disregard their practical application. Common sense teaches us the local authorities are in effect forbidden to act. The limitation upon action is intended as a prohibition of all action as to all intents and purposes it is. Self sacrifice so extreme by the electorate might be hoped for in the ideal State where the voters are philosophers but not in a modern municipality. The legislative scheme of readjustment is thus effectively thwarted.
The orders appealed from should be reversed and the motion for peremptory mandamus granted, without costs.
His cock, Ch. J., Cardozo, McLaughlin, Crane, Andrews and Lehman, JJ., concur.
Orders reversed, etc.