Case Name: Investors Diversified Services and Travelers Insurance Company, Petitioners v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Howar) (Hoar) and Nationwide Insurance Company and Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, Respondents
Court: Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1987-02-09
Citations: 103 Pa. Commw. 562
Docket Number: Appeal, No. 3275 C. D. 1985
Parties: Investors Diversified Services and Travelers Insurance Company, Petitioners v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Howar) (Hoar) and Nationwide Insurance Company and Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, Respondents.
Judges: before Judges Barry, Colins (P) and Palladino, sitting as a panel of three.
Reporter: Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Reports
Volume: 103
Pages: 562–572

Head Matter:
520 A.2d 958
Investors Diversified Services and Travelers Insurance Company, Petitioners v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Howar) (Hoar) and Nationwide Insurance Company and Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, Respondents.
Argued October 9, 1986,
before Judges Barry, Colins (P) and Palladino, sitting as a panel of three.
Judith H. Veres, with her, A. J. Plastino, II, William K. Herrington & Associates, for petitioners.
Edward G. Kuyat, Jr., with him, Samuel R. Di Francesco, Jr., Gleason, Di Francesco, Shahade & Markovitz, for respondents.
February 9, 1987:
The majority attempts to distinguish Capitol International Airways, Inc. v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board, 58 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 551, 428 A.2d 295 (1981), on the basis that the claimant was on a disqualifying deviation or detour. However, Capitol was decided on the rationale that the claimant was not “actually engaged in furthering his employers business and was not in the course of his employment.” Id. at 557, 428 A.2d at 298. This result was reached even though the claimant in Capitol, an airline navigator, was on a layover in a foreign country mandated by his employer.
The case at bar is analogous to Capitol specifically because claimant was not required to perform any duties relating to his occupation while at the Christmas party.

Opinion:
Opinion by Judge Colins,
Investors Diversified Services and Travelers Insurance Company (collectively, employer) appeal an order of the Workmens Compensation Appeal Board (Board) affirming a referees award of workmens compensation to Harold Daniel Howar (Harold Daniel Hoar) (claimant), a registered representative of employer engaged in the sale of insurance and investment contracts.
The following facts are pertinent. Claimant was injured in an automobile accident on December 21, 1980, while returning home from a Christmas party for sales representatives given by Mr. Barry Mates, a divisional sales manager for the employer. The claimants usual place of employment was in his home; he, in feet, visited the employers office only to consult with his supervisor and submit completed contracts.
Following hearings to determine the compensability of claimants injuries, a referee determined that: (1) the claimant was a "traveling employee;" (2) a social function enabling salesmen to meet and discuss business furthered the business affairs of the employer; and (3) the claimant was injured in the course of the employers business and in furtherance of the employers business affairs. The referee awarded claimant compensation for total disability, the Board affirmed and the employers appeal to this Court followed.
Upon appeal, the employer contends that the claimant, at the time of his injury, had departed his employment and was engaged in the furtherance of his own affairs and pleasure. The employer maintains that the Christmas party attended by the claimant was a purely social function unrelated to the employers business affairs and that the claimant had further attenuated any putative employment connection by virtue of his conduct in taking a young woman for a ride in his new automobile prior to returning with her to the party and then commencing his ill-fated trip home. The employer also submits^ that the referee erred in finding claimant to be totally disabled, failed to consider the claimants alleged ability to perform his former duties and further failed to credit certain earnings of the claimant against compensation awarded.
We first consider whether the claimants injury was sustained while he was "actually engaged in the furtherance of the business or affairs of the employer," within the meaning of Section 301(c) of The Pennsylvania Workmens Compensation Act, Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 735, as amended, 77 P.S. §411(1). The determination of whether an employee is within the course of his employment at the time of injury is one of law subject to our review. Jones v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board (Rehabilitation Coordinators, Inc.), 88 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 426, 489 A.2d 1006 (1985). "The phrase 'actually engaged in the furtherance of the business or affairs of the employer (usually expressed in a more restrictive term 'in the course of employment') must be given a liberal construction. . . Tredyffrin-Easttown School District v. Breyer, 48 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 81, 83-84, 408 A.2d 1194, 1195 (1979), citing Feaster v. S. K. Kelso & Sons, 22 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 20, 23, 347 A.2d 521, 523 (1975).
We further note certain presumptions favoring traveling employees, a category encompassing the claimant here, as the referee so determined. The course of employment of a traveling worker is necessarily broader than that of an ordinary worker. Jones; Schreckengost v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board, 43 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 587, 403 A.2d 165 (1979). When such an employee sets out upon the business of his employer and is subsequently injured, there is a presumption that the employee was engaged in the furtherance of his employers business at the time of his injury. Id. A slight deviation will not take the employee out of the course of his employment, Macke Vending Co. v. Abrams, 27 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 490, 365 A.2d 451 (1976), and unless the employees conduct at the time of the accident was so foreign and removed from his usual employment as to constitute an abandonment thereof, he must be compensated for an injury. Jones; Port Authority of Allegheny County v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board (Stevens), 70 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 163, 452 A.2d 902 (1982).
In Tredyffrin, this Court recognized the "importance to employers of social events which sustain good relationships with and the morale of their employees." 48 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. at 84, 408 A.2d at 1195; see also Feaster. In the instant matter, Mr. Mates, claimants supervisor, testified that he encouraged claimant to attend the party to promote esprit de corps and camaraderie among his employees and to permit them to "rub elbows with people who are successful." The record reveals, and the referee so found, that awards were given to several employees in recognition of high sales performance. The claimant testified that he received an award at this party.
The referee is the ultimate factfinder in cases such as this where, as here, the Board has not taken additional evidence and his findings of fact must be affirmed if they are supported by substantial evidence in the record. Capitol International Airways, Inc. v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board, 58 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 551, 428 A.2d 295 (1981). The referees conclusion that the party in the instant matter was a function furthering the employers business interest is amply supported by the record. This party fostered good relationships between the employer's salesmen, commended laudable employees, and thereby promoted the vitality of the employers sales program. We do not find disqualifying the fact that alcohol was consumed at the party or that Mr. Mates testified that attendance was voluntary. The claimant testified that attendance was "as close to being mandatory as it could be. If [an employee] was not in attendance, [Mr. Mates] wanted to know why."
We next consider whether claimants conduct in taking a young woman for an automobile ride before returning home constituted an abandonment of his employment, disqualifying claimant from an award of compensation. In Macke, we affirmed an award of compensation for injuries sustained by an employee on the trip home from a dinner meeting provided by the employer, despite the fact that this employee had visited friends nearby after the meeting. We found the employees visit with friends to be only a minor deviation from the course of his employment and not disqualifying. Accord Maher v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 207 Pa. Superior Ct. 472, 218 A.2d 593 (1966) (employee not disqualified from award of compensation for death in car accident which occurred some five hours after his completion of work despite fact that he had spent intervening hours drinking beer).
The line between a disqualifying deviation and one so slight as not to disqualify a claimant is a matter of judgment for the compensation authorities. Id. The referee and the Board, in their respective decisions, did not discuss the employers allegations that claimants conduct in taking the young woman for a ride constituted a disqualification. In light of Macke and Maher, we are unable to conclude as a matter of law that the claimants deviation from the course of his employment was so pronounced in character as to require a reversal of the decision of the referee and Board on this point. In this regard, we distinguish this Courts decision in Capitol International Airways where we denied compensation to a flight engineer who died during an interval when he had no employment duties, was off the premises furnished by the employer and was not furthering the business of the employer in a manner consistent with his employment contract or reasonably related thereto.
We next consider the employers contention that the referees award of compensation for total disability is not supported by substantial record evidence. The employer suggests that this determination is contravened by (1) the medical evidence adduced by both parties; (2) the claimants part-time employment while a student; (3) claimants testimony as of December 21, 1983, that he walked to campus, implying, or so the employer argues, that he was capable of resuming his former employment as a salesman. We take the employers argument to be that claimants disability has lessened or abated.
The parties have suspended compensation for total disability pursuant to Supplemental Agreement as of June 11, 1985. The record amply supports the referees finding of total disability through September, 1983. Claimant was severely injured in the accident, sustaining compound fractures of both legs which required multiple corrective surgical procedures and a prolonged period of recuperation. He also sustained permanent neurological impairment in his right leg which necessitated that he wear a heel and knee brace to improve his walking ability. Indeed, a Dr. Tauberg, a physician who examined claimant at the employers request, opined that claimant remained totally disabled as of September 23, 1983. We thus focus our inquiry as to the referees finding of total disability on the nineteen month period between that date and the suspension of compensation by agreement in 1985.
The question of a claimants total disability is one of fact, requiring for its determination medical evidence and a consideration of such factors as the mental outlook, background and education of the claimant, the kind of work that the claimant can presently perform, and the availability of such work. 4156 Bar Corp. v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board, 63 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 176, 438 A.2d 657 (1981). The test to be applied to a claimant alleging total disability is whether that claimants work-related injury deprives him of his earning power. Furthermore, total disability is presumed to continue unless and until competent examination and testimony discloses otherwise. Id.
In consideration of the above factors in the instant matter, we acknowledge that neither the claimants treating physician nor the physician for the employer indicated that claimant remained totally and permanently disabled. The claimants physician in fact stated that "as of January 17, 1983, claimants permanent physical disability remain[ed] approximately 50%." With regard to his physical limitations, the claimant testified on December 21, 1983, that he continued to have pain when walking; he also testified on cross-examination that he occasionally walked to campus, weather permitting. We further acknowledge that claimant suffered a significant loss of earning power. It is solely within the province of the referee to determine the weight and credibility of the evidence presented and he is free to accept or reject the testimony of any witness in whole or in part, even where such testimony is inconsistent. Dick's Delicatessen of Paoli, Inc. v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board (DeVirgilio), 82 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 444, 475 A.2d 1345 (1984). In light of the claimants testimony of his persistent physical limitations and his observed loss of earning power, we find substantial evidence in support of the referees determination.
Once the claimant has shown by credible evidence that he cannot perform his former work because of his injury, the burden shifts to the employer to prove that other work is available which the claimant, although medically restricted, is able to perform. Barrett v. Otis Elevator Co., 431 Pa. 446, 246 A.2d 668 (1968); W & L Sales Co., Inc. v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board (Drake), 92 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 396, 499 A.2d 710 (1985). No such evidence was presented by the employer here and it attempts to sustain this burden by indicating claimants part-time employment as a library researcher and instructor while attending graduate school. We do not find that evidence of such part-time employment for which claimant earned approximately $1500 over the course of three semesters, satisfies the affirmative burden on the employer to prove work availability so as to rebut the presumption of claimants total disability. See 4156 Bar Corp. However, we do believe that, in fairness, claimants earnings from these positions should have been credited in favor of the employer in the computation of the award.
We finally dismiss the employers contention that the referee foiled to make sufficiently specific findings of fact. The referee's findings need only be sufficient to demonstrate that the fact-finding function was performed and to permit this Court to exercise its appellate review. See Marcks v. Workmens Compensation Appeal Board, 65 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 107, 442 A.2d 9 (1982). The referees decision here so permits.
Accordingly, we affirm that part of the Boards decision awarding claimant compensation for total disability. We vacate and remand that part of the order pertaining to the computation of compensation and direct that the employer be credited with any earnings of claimant during his period of total disability.
Order
And Now, February 9, 1987, the order of the Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board in the above-captioned matter is affirmed insofar as it awards claimant compensation for total disability. We vacate and remand that part of the order pertaining to the computation of compensation and direct that the employer be credited with any earnings of the claimant during his period of total disability.
Jurisdiction relinquished.