Case Name: Joseph A. Daniel v. Eliza A. Viar
Court: Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia
Jurisdiction: Virginia
Decision Date: 1927-03-17
Citations: 147 Va. 323
Docket Number: 
Parties: Joseph A. Daniel v. Eliza A. Viar.
Judges: 
Reporter: Virginia Reports
Volume: 147
Pages: 323–330

Head Matter:
Richmond.
Joseph A. Daniel v. Eliza A. Viar.
March 17, 1927.
The opinion states the case.
A. S. Hester, for the appellant.
S. H. Williams, for the appellee.

Opinion:
Campbell, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Eliza A. Viar, appellee, filed her bill of complaint in the circuit court, alleging, amongst other things, that her husband, William A. Viar, who departed this life in August, 1917, was during his lifetime seized and possessed of a one acre tract of land, situated in Campbell county; that in contemplation of erecting a building on said lot, concrete pillars were erected thereon to be used as a foundation for the proposed house; that in December, 1916, the appellant, who was the son-in-law of the appellee and her husband, offered to assume the indebtedness upon the land, upon condition that William A. Viar would convey to him that portion of the land containing the concrete foundations; that in order to assist their daughter to establish a home, they consented to convey the appellant one-half of the land; that shortly thereafter the appellant reported to the complainant and her husband that he had consulted one William L. Moore, with a view of borrowing from him the money necessary to cover the cost of erecting a house on the property, and was informed that he, the said Moore, would require the cost of the house to be secured upon the entire acre of ground, the one-half being insufficient security for the debt arising out of the cost of the house; that in view of this fact, appellant requested that the entire acre of ground be conveyed to him, and proposed that if this was done, he would reeonvey the other half to the complainant, to whom the said William A. Viar desired to give it, as soon as he could reduce the indebtedness sufficiently to get it released from the lien of the debt; that the complainant and her husband consented to this proposition upon the assurance of the appellant that he would comply with this condition, and thereupon, by deed dated January 10, 1917, of record in the clerk's office, they conveyed to the said appellant the entire acre of ground; that this conveyance was made with the express understanding with the said appellant, and upon his assurances that he would reconvey the said half acre to this complainant as soon as he had reduced the indebtedness secured thereon sufficiently to get it released; that though often requested to do so, and though not denying his obligation to do so, appellant failed and refused to convey the said property to this complainant, notwithstanding the fact that the indebtedness secured thereon has been sufficiently reduced to get the said property released.
The bill then charges that the appellant, by reason of the terms and conditions under which the property was conveyed to him, holds one-half thereof in trust for appellee, and that she has a right to a conveyance thereof.
The appellant filed his answer to the bill, claiming to be the absolute owner of the land, and denied the allegations of the bill, that there was a trust agreement by virtue of which he was to convey one-half of the land to appellee.
When the case was called for submission, appellant moved the court to strike out all of complainant's evidence. This motion the court overruled.
A hearing of the cause on the merits being had, the trial court upheld the contention of the appellee and decreed that appellant convey to appellee the northern half of the property conveyed to appellant by William A. Viar, by -deed dated January 10, 1917. From this decree this appeal was allowed.
The decision of the trial court sustaining the contention of the appellee that the land conveyed to appellant was impressed with an express trust is here attacked, on the ground urged in the trial court, that the parol agreement establishing the trust was incapable of proof for the following reasons:
1. Because such an agreement would violate the parol- evidence rule, being a variation of the terms of the deed.
2. Because invalidated by clause 6, section 5561 of the Code, requiring contracts for the sale of land to be in writing.
3. Because the present claim of the appellee is in contradiction of the conveyance to which she was a party.
To sustain the first and second contentions, Eaves v. Vial, 98 Va. 134, 34 S. E. 978, is relied on. The expressions there used, in regard to the enforcement of a parol agreement, were not essential to a decision of the ease, as neither the statute of frauds nor the rule of law that the terms of a written instrument cannot be varied by parol evidence were relied on in the lower court, and, hence, could not be taken advantage of in the appellate court.
Whether or not the question raised by the first and second contentions is an open one in Virginia has been, put at rest by the decision in Young v. Holland, 117 Va. 443, 84 S. E. 637. In that ease, Mrs. Young, in 1911, purchased a certain house and lot, for which she paid cash, and directed the vendors to convey it to her daughter, Mrs. Holland. The bill, which she later filed, alleges that it was distinctly understood at the time of the purchase, and before the conveyance, that Mrs. Holland was to collect the rents and pay them over to Mrs. Young during her lifetime, and that Mrs. Holland took the land impressed with this trust and with the promise to account for the rents. Later, Mrs. Holland declined to account for the rents, contending that the deed is absolute on its face and that the rents are hers, notwithstanding the oral agreement, and accordingly the bill was filed. To this bill the daughter, Mrs. Holland, demurred, and her demurrer the trial court sus tained. Thus there was presented to this court the question often raised but not decided: Can an express trust in real estate be created in this State by a parol agreement?
The first question discussed by the court was that raised by the appellant here, whether such a contract was in fact a contract for the sale of real estate forbidden by the sixth section of the statute of frauds. In stating the question, Judge Keith said:
"If they (trusts in lands) be within our statute of frauds, then it must be by force of the sixth clause of section 2840 (now section 5561) which says that 'no action shall be brought in any of the following eases: Sixth. To charge any person upon any contract for the sale of real estate or for the lease thereof for more than a year, unless it be in writing.' "
The court, in an elaborate opinion, concludes that at common law, before the enactment of the statute of frauds, an express trust in lands could be created by parol; that the seventh section of the English statute requires a writing for the proof of an express trust in lands, and the eighth excepts from its operation resulting trusts, but as these sections have never been enacted in Virginia, the matter of parol trusts rests as it did at common law; that the omission of these sections was conclusive of the fact that the sixth section did not exclude parol trusts, and held that the statute of frauds in no way affected the case.
The second point raised here, viz, that the admission of oral proof of the parol trust would violate the parol evidence rule, is also ruled by the holding in Young v. Holland, supra. It is there said:
"Counsel for appellees have argued with great force that to maintain the express trust by parol evidence would violate that principle of law nowhere more closely adhered to than in this State, that parol evidence cannot be admitted to vary, contradict, add to or explain the terms of a written agreement. If at the common law an express declaration of trust, such as is here sought to be established, was lawful, and if by the statute of frauds as adopted in this State the common law was not in this respect altered, then such an express declaration remains lawful. In the nature of things an oral declaration can only be established by oral evidence, and we do not think that the position can be maintained that an oral declaration of trust is sanctioned by our law and the only possible mode of proof is to be excluded; in other words, we cannot maintain a right and exclude the only mode of proof by which that right can be established."
In Fleenor v. Hensley, 121 Va. 367, 93 S. E. 582, Young v. Holland, supra, was approved.
The last assignment is that the present claim of the appellee is in contradiction of the deed to which she was a party. Authorities are cited which hold that a parol trust cannot be established in favor of a grantor when its effect will be to contradict by the parol agreement the terms of the deed.
A contradiction of the deed is not involved in the instant case. Instead of seeking to impeach the deed, and if successful, obtaining merely a dower interest in the land, the appellee admits the deed in its entirety. There is no effort to vary its terms or contradict it. She claims, by and through it, a half interest in the land. She was a grantor only in the sense that it was necessary for her to unite in the deed in order to release her contingent right of dower. Code, section 5211. The trust was not to be created by her, but by her husband. The establishment of the trust will not affect the validity of the deed, but will add thereto by making the deed appellee's muniment of title.
On the merits of the case, there can be but one conclusion. The proof demonstrates that at the date of the conveyance to appellant the land was worth $700; that the sum expended by appellant was $150; that it was the desire of Mr. Viar that his wife should be provided for in her old age; that the only inducing motive for a conveyance of the entire tract was to enable the appellant to provide a home for the daughter of the grantor. The rule of law that the declaration must be unequivocal and explicit, and established by clear and convincing testimony, has been fully complied with in the instant ease.
We find no error in the decree complained of and it will be affirmed.
Affirmed.