Case Name: MICHIGAN NATIONAL BANK v. DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1983-08-01
Citations: 127 Mich. App. 646
Docket Number: Docket No. 64087
Parties: MICHIGAN NATIONAL BANK v DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
Judges: Before: R. B. Burns, P.J., and Bronson and R. E. Robinson, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 127
Pages: 646–662

Head Matter:
MICHIGAN NATIONAL BANK v DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
Docket No. 64087.
Submitted March 3, 1983, at Lansing.
Decided August 1, 1983.
Leave to appeal applied for.
Michigan National Bank, through its international division, conducted dealings in gold and silver, primarily South African Krugerrands. Typically, when a customer sought the bank’s assistance in purchasing gold, the bank would contact by telephone an out-of-state dealer to determine the current rate of the items sought. If the rate was acceptable to the customer, he would so indicate, would advise the bank of the quantity to purchase, and would deposit part of the purchase price with the bank. The bank then placed its order with the out-of-state dealer and paid the dealer with bank funds. After receiving the items ordered, the bank would call the customer, who would pick up the items and pay the balance due. The bank, for its services, received a commission based on the amount paid by the bank for the items. The Michigan Department of Treasury conducted an audit of the gold and silver dealings of the bank for the period of January. 1, 1977, to July 31, 1980, and assessed a sales tax deficiency against the bank which, with interest and penalties, amounted to $46,701.55. Michigan National filed a petition for dismissal of the sales tax assessment with the Michigan Tax Tribunal, contending that it could not be held subject to taxation on the transactions since it did not own the gold involved and therefore could not be engaged in the sale of the gold. The Tax Tribunal concluded that the bank was a seller engaged in making sales at retail under the Michigan General Sales Tax Act or that, if the sales tax did not apply, the transactions would be subject to Michigan use tax except where the goods were used or stored outside the State of Michigan and upheld the assessment against the bank. Michigan National appealed. Held:
References for Points in Headnotes
54 Am Jur 2d, Money § 30 et seq.
68 Am Jur, Sales and Use Taxes §§ 71, 99.
68 Am Jur 2d, Sales and Use Taxes § 64 et seq.
68 Am Jur 2d, Sales and Use Taxes § 68.
63 Am Jur 2d, Property § 32.
68 Am Jur 2d, Sales and Use Taxes § 173.
68 Am Jur 2d, Sales and Use Taxes §§ 193, 235.
1. The sale of South African Krugerrands by Michigan National was a transfer of the ownership of tangible personal property within the meaning of the Michigan General Sales Tax Act.
2. Michigan National was engaged in making sales at retail within the meaning of the General Sales Tax Act whenever it conducted one of the transactions involved in this case. There was a sale of coins by the out-of-state dealer to the bank and a resale at retail by the bank to the consumer for consideration. The latter transfer of ownership is a taxable event upon which the bank is obligated to pay a sales tax.
3. It is not necessary to discuss the possible impact of Michigan’s use tax act or the federal interstate commerce clause.
Affirmed.
Bronson, J., dissented. Although he might agree that South African Krugerrands constitute tangible personal property subject to sales taxation, he believes that the imposition of sales tax upon Michigan National was inappropriate because it was not engaged in the business of making sales at retail. Having found the sales tax inapplicable to Michigan National, he would also find inappropriate the Tax Tribunal’s finding that, even if Michigan National were not liable for payment of sales tax, it was required to pay a use tax based upon its role as "agent” for out-of-state dealers. He would hold that the sole remedy for collection of use taxes is against the Michigan customers who took delivery of the coins. He would reverse the assessment of taxes against Michigan National.
Opinion of the Court
1. Taxation — Sales Tax — Foreign Currency — Medium of Exchange — Investment Commodities.
Foreign currency transferred as a medium of exchange is intangible personal property not subject to sales tax; however, where it is transferred as an investment commodity, it becomes tangible personal property within the meaning of the Michigan General Sales Tax Act (MCL 205.51[1]; MSA 7.521[l][b]).
2. Taxation — Sales Tax — Foreign Currency — Transfer of Ownership — Sale at Retail.
A transaction in which (1) a customer approached a bank for assistance in purchasing South African Krugerrands for investment purposes, (2) the bank contacted an out-of-state dealer to determine the market price of the coins, (3) the customer agreed to the price and ordered a quantity of the coins, leaving a deposit with the bank, and (4) the bank ordered the coins from the dealer, paid for them with bank funds, took receipt of the coins from the dealer, informed the customer that the coins were available and delivered them to the customer and received the balance due on the purchase price and a commission based on the purchase price of the coins constituted a sale of coins by the out-of-state coin dealer to the bank and a resale at retail by the bank to the customer for consideration, the latter transfer of ownership being a taxable event upon which the bank is obligated to pay a sales tax.
Dissent by Bronson, J.
3. Taxation — Sales Tax — Sale at Retail.
A company which merely accepts orders from Michigan customers and ñlls those orders through an out-of-state source at the customers’ request is not making sales at retail for sales tax purposes (MCL 205.52; MSA 7.522).
4. Taxation — Sales Tax — Sale at Retail.
The General Sales Tax Act defínes "sale at retail” as a transaction by which is transferred for consideration the ownership of tangible personal property; thus, in order to consummate a sale at retail for the purposes of the act, the owner must transfer its ownership (MCL 205.51[l][b]; MSA 7.521[l][b]).
5. Words and Phrases — Ownership.
The term "ownership” connotes the right to use and enjoy property, to exercise dominion over it, and to transmit the property for whatever amount of consideration the owner may desire.
6. Taxation — Use Tax — Sales Tax.
The Michigan Use Tax Act was enacted to supplement the General Sales Tax Act by imposing a tax on tangible personal property purchased out of state for use, storage or consumption in Michigan (MCL 205.91 et seq., 205.78 et seq.; MSA 7.555[1] et seq., 7.549 et seq.).
7. Taxation — Use Tax — Out-of-State Sellers.
A customer buying tangible personal property for storage, consumption or use in Michigan from an out-of-state seller not actively soliciting sales of such property in Michigan must Ule a use tax return with the Department of Treasury and pay the use tax (MCL 205.95[a], 205.96[1], 205.97; MSA 7.555[5][a], 7.555[6][1], 7.555[7], 1979 AC, R 205.26[bj).
Roger D. Trana, for petitioner.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and Richard R. Roesch and Thomas J. Kenny, Assistants Attorney General, for respondent.
Before: R. B. Burns, P.J., and Bronson and R. E. Robinson, JJ.
Former circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment pursuant to Const Í963, art 6, § 23 as amended in 1968.

Opinion:
R. E. Robinson, J.
Respondent-appellee, Michigan Department of Treasury, undertook an audit of dealings in gold and silver conducted by petitioner-appellant, Michigan National Bank, through its international division, during the period from January 1, 1977, through July 31, 1980, and assessed a sales tax deficiency against petitioner on its dealings. The tax, with interest and penalties, amounts to $46,701.55. Ninety-five percent of petitioner's dealings involved coins, primarily South African gold Kruggerands.
Typically, when a customer of the bank sought the bank's help in arranging for the purchase of gold, the bank, as a service to its customers, would, by telephone, contact an out-of-state dealer to determine the current rate of the items sought. If the rate was acceptable to the customer, he would so indicate, would advise the bank of the quantity to purchase, and would deposit part of the purchase price with the bank. The bank would then place the order with the dealer and pay the dealer with bank funds. After receipt of the items ordered (generally Krugerrands), the bank would call the customer who would pick up the coins from the bank and pay the balance due. For its services, the bank was paid a commission by its customer based on the amount paid by the bank for the coins.
The Krugerrand is a coin minted by the government of South Africa, containing one ounce of fine gold, and issued as part of the currency of South Africa.
The treatment of these transactions by the Treasury Department as subject to Michigan's sales tax presents an issue of first impression in this state and raises two issues which merit discussion.
I
IS THE SALE OF SOUTH AFRICAN KRUGERRANDS BY PETITIONER A TRANSFER OF THE OWNERSHIP OF TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE MEANING of Michigan's General Sales Tax Act?
The General Sales Tax Act, 1933 PA 167, so far as it is applicable to this case, is imposed upon " a transaction by which is transferred for consideration the ownership of tangible personal property MCL 205.51(l)(b); MSA 7.521(l)(b). The act does not define "tangible personal property". However some indirect light is shed on the question by reference to the intangibles tax act, 1939 PA 301, which defines intangible personal property as: "moneys on hand or on deposit or in transit MCL 205.131(l)(b); MSA 7.556(l)(b).
Michigan's Uniform Commercial Code, 1962 PA 174, defines "money" as follows:
" 'Money' means a medium of exchange authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government as a part of its currency." MCL 440.1201(24); MSA 19.1201(24).
The South African Mint and Coinage Act, No. 78 of 1964, provides:
"Sec. 12. Legal Tender — A tender of payment of money, if made in coins which are Republican coins or Transvaal coins of current mass, shall be legal tender
"(a) in the case of gold coins, for the payment of any amount; ".
Both parties to this litigation agree that the Kruggerand is a part of South Africa's currency.
As a general proposition, it would seem from the foregoing that anything which is part of the currency of this country or of any foreign country should not be subject to Michigan sales tax upon transfer of its ownership.
But the Krugerrand is a special breed. Unlike most currency coins, these coins do not possess an unfluctuating denominated value set by the issuer. Rather, they possess an intrinsic value in the form of one ounce of fine gold, the value of which fluctuates with the changes in the world-wide market in precious metals.
It is clear from the record in this case that petitioner's customers acquired Krugerrands as investments in gold; in other words, for their intrinsic value as dictated by the precious metals market.
But is the question resolved by saying that we look to the physical character of the item transferred — its precious metal content? What about the numismatist who values coins perhaps not for their content but for their scarcity (few of a kind), or for their appearance (a minting defect) which makes them peculiar. These transactions have been taxed as commodity transactions. Losana Corp v Porterfield, 14 Ohio St 2d 42; 236 NE2d 535 (1968).
On the other hand, few would seriously urge that a sales tax should be assessed on the conver sion of United States currency into Krugerrands by a visitor from this country to the Republic of South Africa when the intended use of the coins is as a medium of exchange while in South Africa.
These exercises lead inevitably to the conclusion reached by the United States Supreme Court in Comm'r v Court Holding Co, 324 US 331, 334; 65 S Ct 707; 89 L Ed 981 (1945), that,
"The incidence of taxation depends upon the substance of a transaction."
Applying this standard to the transfer of coins, .it appears that transactions involving the same type of coins can in one instance be free from tax and in another instance be subject to tax. The Losana Court, supra, agreed that money is intangible personal property and not subject to tax so long as the statutory definition of money (defined in the Ohio Code as " circulating or intended to circulate as currency". § 5701.04 Ohio Revised Code) is strictly respected.
So, too, where Krugerrands are transferred as a medium of exchange (Michigan Uniform Commercial Code, supra), the coins remain intangible personal property, not subject to tax. But where, as here, they are transferred as an investment commodity, they become tangible personal property within the meaning of the General Sales Tax Act.
Applying this reasoning to a similar factual situation in Smith v Dep't of Revenue, 376 So 2d 421 (Fla App, 1979), cited by appellant, we would reach a different conclusion from that reached by the Florida court. We believe that the better reasoning is found in Losana, supra, which treats money as süch only when it is transferred as a medium of exchange.
II
Was petitioner engaged in making sales at RETAIL WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE GENERAL Sales Tax Act?
Petitioner argues that, since it maintains no inventory of coins and since it was not an agent for the out-of-state coin dealers but was merely a conduit through which the customers' orders were transmitted to the dealers, it was not engaged in sales as a retailer and is not liable to collect or pay the tax.
The General Sales Tax Act, 1933 PA 1967, establishes the basis for the tax as follows:
"There is hereby levied upon and there shall be collected from all persons engaged in the business of making sales at retail, as hereinbefore defined, an annual tax for the privilege of engaging in such business equal to 4% of the gross proceeds thereof, plus the penalty and interest when applicable MCL 205.52; MSA 7.522.
and further defines the term "sale at retail" as:
" a transaction by which is transferred for consideration the ownership of tangible personal property, when the transfer is made in the ordinary course of the transferor's business and is made to the transferee for consumption or use, or for any other purpose than for resale." MCL 205.51(l)(b); MSA 7.521(l)(b).
The typical transaction which effectuated a Krugerrand purchase followed this scenario:
1. Customer approaches petitioner bank to inquire about purchase of coins.
2. Bank contacts out-of-state dealer to determine the then market price and relays this information to customer.
3. If satisfied with the price, customer places order for coins with bank and leaves a deposit with the bank to cover the price or a portion thereof.
4. The bank places coin order with out-of-state dealer and pays for it with bank funds.
5. When the bank receives the coins from the dealer, it delivers them to the customer at the bank, and the customer pays the balance due.
6. For its role in the transaction, the bank charges the customer a commission based on the purchase price of the coins.
At the time of the transactions involved in this case, the General Sales Tax Act also contained this provision:
"(2) When it shall be determined by the department that it is necessary for the efficient administration of this act to regard an unlicensed person, including salesmen, representatives, peddlers or canvassers as the agents of the dealers, distributors, supervisors or employers under whom they operate or from whom they obtain the tangible personal property sold by them, irrespective of whether they are making sales on their own behalf or on behalf of the dealers, distributors, supervisors or employers, the department may so regard them and may regard the dealers, distributors, supervisors or employers as making sales at retail at the retail price for the purposes of this act." MCL 205.51(2); MSA 7.521(2), as amended by 1976 PA 70.
The Tax Tribunal reads this provision as imposing liability on the bank for the tax as agent for the coin dealer. We do not so read it. In our view, it is nothing more than a restatement of the law that the principal (dealer) can be held liable, tax-wise, for the acts of its agent. It does not impose liability upon the agent for acts of his principal and is not relevant to this case.
This is not to say, however, that the bank is not liable for the tax.
The bank seeks to relieve itself of liability for the tax on the ground that it was only a conduit between the consumer and the coin dealer. In support of its position it emphasizes that it maintained no inventory of coins. Yet, on this record, there is no evidence of an agreement between the consumer and the out-of-state dealer; there is no evidence that the consumer knew of the existence or identity of the out-of-state dealer or that the dealer knew of the existence or identity of the consumer; the dealer charged the bank for the coins and delivered them to the bank and the bank in turn charged the consumer and was paid by the consumer, whereupon it delivered the coins to the consumer.
In similar factual situations, except that the transfer of merchandise was direct from the manufacturer or supplier to the consumer at the behest of the middleman, other courts have found a sale and resale with the middleman in the position of retailer to the consumer. Graybar Electric Co v Curry, 238 Ala 116; 189 So 186 (1939), aff'd 308 US 513; 60 S Ct 139; 84 L Ed 437 (1939); Meyer v State Bd of Equalization, 42 Cal 2d 376; 267 P2d 257 (1954); Bank of America Nat'l Trust & Sav Ass'n v State Bd of Equalization, 209 Cal App 2d 780; 26 Cal Rptr 348 (1962) (question addressed under California's use tax act). In each of these cases, the manufacturer knew the identity of the consumer and shipped directly to the consumer without the middleman handling it. Michigan also found a retail sale in Michigan under similar facts although the case was decided on different grounds. Beitzel v Dep't of Revenue, 2 Mich App 311; 139 NW2d 780 (1966).
On the above facts, it is our opinion that there was a sale of coins by the out-of-state coin dealer to the bank and a resale at retail by the bank to the consumer for consideration. The latter transfer of ownership being a taxable event upon which the bank is obligated to pay a sales tax.
Inasmuch as our opinion finds a sale of tangible personal property within the State of Michigan, it is not deemed necessary to discuss, as did the Tax Tribunal, the possible impact of Michigan's Use Tax Act or of the federal interstate commerce clause.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.
R. B. Burns', P.J., concurred.