Case Name: Michael E. SILUK, Jr., Appellant v. Catherine MERWIN, Director of Perry County Domestic Relations Section
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2015-04-10
Citations: 783 F.3d 421
Docket Number: No. 11-3996
Parties: Michael E. SILUK, Jr., Appellant v. Catherine MERWIN, Director of Perry County Domestic Relations Section.
Judges: Before: MCKEE, Chief Judge and CHAGARES, GARTH, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 783
Pages: 421–441

Head Matter:
Michael E. SILUK, Jr., Appellant v. Catherine MERWIN, Director of Perry County Domestic Relations Section.
No. 11-3996.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Argued: May 21, 2014.
Opinion filed: April 10, 2015.
Amended April 21, 2015.
Amended April 28, 2015.
Paige H. Forster (argued) , Patrick M. Emery, Esq., Reed Smith LLP, Gregory B. Jordan, Esq., PNC, Pittsburgh, PA, for Appellant.
Jeffrey E. Sandberg (argued), United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae.
Before: MCKEE, Chief Judge and CHAGARES, GARTH, Circuit Judges.
. The attorneys for the appellant are appearing pro bono following a prior order granting appellant's motion to proceed in forma pauperis. The judges of this court express our gratitude to those attorneys for accepting this matter pro bono and for the quality of their representation of their client. We also thank Reed Smith, LLP and PNC for permitting them to offer their service. Lawyers who act pro bono fulfill the highest service that members of the bar can offer to needy parties and to the legal profession.

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
McKEE, Chief Judge.
We are asked to interpret provisions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA") requiring federal prisons to withdraw certain amounts from prisoner trust accounts to pay court filing fees. Although the amount of money involved may seem insignificant, the issue is of the utmost importance because it impacts indigent prisoners' access to the courts and it has resulted in a conflict among the Courts of Appeals.
Under the PLRA, a prisoner who files a civil complaint or an appeal in the federal courts is required to pay the full amount of the filing fee even if s/he is filing in forma pauperis ("IFP"). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2), after making an initial payment, a prisoner must make monthly payments in the amount of 20 percent of the preceding month's income until the filing fee is paid.
Michael Siluk is an indigent state prisoner who was allowed to file IFP in the district court and this Court. He currently owes a filing fee to both courts ($850 to the Clerk of the District Court and $455 to the Clerk of this Court which was the applicable appeal fee at the time the notice of appeal was filed). Siluk argues that § 1915(b)(2) only requires a 20-percent deduction from his prison account each month until both fees are paid, and that the deductions should be made in the order in which they were incurred (referred to as "sequential collection," "sequential recoupment," or "per inmate approach"). The government argues that § 1915(b) requires that a monthly 20-percent deduction must be made concurrently for fees owed in both courts until the fees are paid (referred to as "concurrent recoupment," "simultaneous recoupment," or "per case approach").- The latter' interpretation would result in a 40-percent deduction from Siluk's account each month that would continue until both fees are completely paid.
On January 11, 2013 this Court entered an order which among other things granted Siluk's motion to proceed IFP; referred the petition to combine payments to a merits panel; and directed the Clerk of the Court to appoint pro bono counsel on behalf of Siluk to "address whether the Prison Litigation Reform Act requires recoupment of multiple encumbrances sequentially or simultaneously." For the reasons that follow, we conclude that Congress intended to cap the monthly debit for filing fees at 20 percent of a prisoner's monthly income, even where, as here, an inmate owes more than one filing fee.
I. Factual Background
When this suit was filed, Siluk was an inmate at the State Correctional Institution at Rockview ("SCI Rockview"). He had filed various actions in state court claiming that state authorities had wrongfully intercepted his federal income tax refund and applied it to a child-support arrearage he allegedly owed. After Siluk's state court litigation proved unsuccessful, he filed this pro se complaint in federal district court, alleging that Catherine Merwin' — -the Director of Perry County Domestic Relations Section — had deprived him of his federal tax refund, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The District Court granted Siluk's motion to proceed IFP and ordered the collection of an initial partial filing fee, followed by monthly installments as required by § 1915(b). The court subsequently dismissed Siluk's complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
Siluk appealed and applied to proceed IFP before us.' He also filed a motion to combine payment of his filing fees which was referred to the merits panel. Siluk seeks to make one combined payment of 20 percent of his prison account deposits, rather than a 40-percent deduction (20 percent for each fee owed), as urged by the government. The sequential collection he requests would postpone collection of the filing fee for this appeal until after his filing fee has been completely paid to the district court.
Siluk maintains that sequentially debiting his inmate account will leave him with sufficient funds to maintain a minimum quality of life that would otherwise be jeopardized. He purportedly lives on prison wages of around $40.00 a month after the 20-percent deduction of the District Court filing fee. According to Siluk, he is required to pay for such items as: "soap, shampoo, razors, [and] deodorant" to maintain basic hygiene. Siluk must also pay for the cost of proceeding in this matter. He claims that those costs include such incidentals as "paper, pens, copies, carbon paper, [and] mail."
II. Statutory Background
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, federal courts are authorized to allow indigent persons, including prisoners, to pursue litigation without pre-paying fees and costs. Con gress enacted the IFP statute "to ensure that administrative court costs and filing fees . would not prevent indigent persons from pursuing meaningful litigation." Section 1915 was amended by the PLRA, "largely in response to concerns about the heavy volume of frivolous prisoner litigation in the federal courts." Prior to the passage of the PLRA, courts could waive filing fees entirely. However, in enacting § 1915(b)(1), Congress required that all indigent prisoners filing civil actions or appeals eventually "pay the full amount of a filing fee."
Section 1915(b) allows prisoners who qualify for IFP status to make an initial partial payment, followed by monthly payments against the remaining balance. Section 1915(b)(1) requires an initial debit for partial payment of outstanding court fees when the funds in the prisoner's account equal "20 percent of the greater of . (A) the average monthly deposits to the prisoner's account; or (B) the average monthly balance in the prisoner's account for the 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint or notice of appeal." Section 1915(b)(2) provides that, after the initial partial payment, the inmate must make "monthly payments of 20 percent of the preceding month's income" whenever the account exceeds $10.00. The prison where the inmate is housed is responsible for withdrawing this money and "forward[ing] payments from the prisoner's account to the clerk of the court." This monthly payment scheme continues until the filing fee is fully discharged.
This scheme is relatively clear when an inmate only owes one filing fee. However, it is not clear how the deductions should be made when a prisoner owes more than one filing fee arising from multiple lawsuits or appeals of a single lawsuit.
In this case, Siluk faces the prospect of paying two fees: (1) the $350 district court filing fee that he incurred by filing his pro se complaint; and (2) the $455 fee he incurred in this court for pursuing an appeal of the district court judgment. All parties agree that Siluk must pay both fees eventually and that these fees should be deducted from his inmate account; however, there is a highly contested legal question as to the rate at which these fees should be paid.
In his petition, Siluk requests that this Court order that 20 percent of his account balance, rather than 40 percent of his account balance, should be deducted each month, toward the payment of these fees. That is, Siluk requests that a single 20-percent payment be deducted, rather than two 20-percent payments (one toward his district court fee and one toward his appellate fee).
The question presented by Siluk's request for consolidation of fees, as interpreted by the motions panel and as briefed by counsel is whether § 1915(b)(2) allows only a maximum of 20 percent to be taken from his monthly income regardless of the number of cases or appeals filed, or whether the PLRA requires 20 percent taken each month for each case or appeal that he undertakes.
These two conflicting interpretations of § 1915(b)(2) are referred to in the briefs and in the cases as "sequential" and "simultaneous" recoupment.
Sequential recoupment refers to the method of payment whereby a single 20-percent payment is withdrawn on a monthly basis. For example, if an inmate had $10 in his or her account on the first of the month, the most that he or she could be required- to pay toward his or her- filings fees would be $2 (20 percent of the $10). That one payment is withdrawn monthly, and the cases and/or appeals that an inmate has filed will be paid off sequentially. Under such a rule, an inmate's account could not be emptied in a single month based solely on the clerk's withdrawal of a filing fee.
As applied to this case, sequential recoupment dictates that Siluk's account would be subject to a single 20-percent charge each month, and these charges would be used to pay off: (1) first his district court fee; and (2) then, only after his first fee was paid, his fee to this court for his appeal.
Simultaneous recoupment on the other hand, refers to a protocol whereby 20 percent of the inmate's account is withdrawn for each case or appeal. Under such a rule, fees are paid off simultaneously, and an inmate's account could be emptied in a single month by the clerk of the court. For example, unlike for the sequential rule, under this reading of the statute if an inmate had $10 and owed money in five cases the clerk would deduct $2 for each case thus emptying the inmate's account.
As applied to this case, simultaneous recoupment dictates that the clerk of this Court and the clerk of the District Court would each withdraw 20 percent of Siluk's account simultaneously.
Given the PLRA's text, structure, and purpose, we conclude that Congress intended the monthly payments mandated under the PLRA to be debited from an inmate's account sequentially. Sequential recoupment provides prisoners with a reasonable economic disincentive to file frivolous claims, without being punitive or imposing such significant burdens that a prisoner might forgo asserting legitimate claims.
A. Text and Structure of § 1915
As noted earlier, § 1915(b) establishes a gradual two-step garnishment procedure to ensure payment of filing fees. Subsection (b)(1) lays out the procedure for calculating and remitting the initial partial payment. It provides:
if a prisoner brings a civil action or files an appeal [IFP], the prisoner shall be required to pay the full amount of a filing fee. The court shall assess and, when funds exist, collect, as a partial payment of any court fees required by law, an initial partial filing fee[.]"
This subsection unambiguously applies to each action or appeal that a prisoner files, whether or not the prisoner has filed other suits that are pending. The controversy here stems from the ambiguity that arises when subsection (b)(1) is read in conjunction with the explanation of how the remainder of the filing fee must be paid, which is set forth in subsection (b)(2). Subsection (b)(2) states: "[a]fter payment of the initial partial filing fee," prisoners must "make monthly payments of 20 percent of the preceding month's income ,.. until the filing fees are paid."
The Supreme Court has explained that-the words of a statute "must be read in their context with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme." Accordingly, a "provision that may seem ambiguous in isolation[ ]" can be "clarified by the remainder of the [statute]." The text of § 1915 must therefore be read as a whole, so that the content and operation of one provision can illuminate the proper construction of anqther. It is also crucial that we not lose sight- of the. Supreme Court's admonition that a statute permitting an individual to file IFP not be interpreted in a manner that would deprive litigants of the "last-dollar they have." In Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., the Court explained that "[w]e cannot agree . that one must be absolutely destitute to enjoy the benefit of the [IFP] statute."
Here, the government argues that construing the text and structure of § 1915 as requiring something other than simultaneous recoupment creates a disjunction. According to the government, because subsection (b)(1), which pertains to the initial filing fee on a per-case basis regardless of the number of outstanding fees, sequential recoupment would result in an interpretative disconnect: an inmate could postpone paying subsequent fees under subsection (b)(2), but not the fees required (for each case) under subsection (b)(1). The government concludes that because subsection (b)(1) requires that an inmate pay filing fees on a per-case basis, Congress intended subsection (b)(2) to operate in the same manner.
However, the two subsections address different situations and neither the statutory text nor the relationship between the two subsections suggests that we read the statute with such rigidity. Subsection (b)(1) deals with a one-time initial partial filing fee withdrawn "when [and only when] funds exist." The amount of that fee is based on income or account balance during the prior six months. In contrast, subsection (b)(2) deals with ongoing monthly payments that are withdrawn only when the prisoner's account balance "exceeds $10." The amount debited pursuant to subsection (b)(2) is based on the prior month's income. In addition, as the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit explained in Torres v. O'Quinn, subsection (b)(1) specifically references "payment of any court fees[,]" implying that "the [20-]percent exaction appliés to all court fees, in total."
Nothing in subsection (b)(2)'s language, requiring monthly payments to "the clerk of the court, . until the filing fees . are paid[,]" suggests that Congress intended that "the clerk" simultaneously refer to two different clerks in two different courts. Congress could certainly have required monthly payments to multiple clerks of different courts, or the same clerk for multiple filings until each filing fee is paid. Congress did not use language that would have achieved that result. Rather, the statute refers to "fees" relating to an "action or appeal." The logical conclusion is that Congress recognized that multiple "fees" might be owed, but required sequential payments for only one case at a time.
Nevertheless, the government argues that, because "[t]he rest of Section 1915 addresses each case individually," subsection (b)(2) should also be construed to require a monthly payment for each case a prisoner has filed. That view is inconsistent with other provisions of the statute, which do not have the same ambiguity as that which arises from the interplay between subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2). For example subsection (g), known as the PLRA's "three strikes" rule, does not address each case individually. Subsection (g) prohibits an inmate from bringing a case if s/he has, on three or more prior occasions, brought an action or appeal in federal court "that was dismissed on the grounds that it [was] frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted." Clearly, Congress there intended to review a prisoner's overall litigation history, not merely one case at a time.
Furthermore, the Supreme Court has explained that the various subsections of § 1915 reflect the PLRA's multi-pronged approach to reducing frivolous prisoner litigation in federal courts. However, subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2) impact the congressional purpose in different, but complimentary, ways. Subsection (b)(1) establishes a mechanism to ensure that all prisoners pay an initial partial filing fee whenever a filing fee would be required for a claimant who was not filing IFP. This up-front cost forces prisoners to make reasoned choices about whether to file a law suit. Subsection (b)(2), then, establishes the garnishment procedure of subsequent monthly payments to completely pay the balance of all filing fees after the initial partial payment. It addresses the method by which further fees can be collected, while subsection (b)(1) insures that payment of the "full amount" of the fees "shall be required[.]" Thus, we do not believe there is anything inconsistent about reading these two subsections to establish a scheme of sequential recoupment of fees.
We therefore agree with the conclusion of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that the reference to an initial partial payment of "any court fees . implies] that multiple fees and costs should each be subject to a uniform ceiling [of 20 percent]."
B. Purpose of the PLRA
When congressional intent is clear from the text of a statute, we do not delve into legislative history or focus on the statutory scheme. However, in light of the discord among courts of appeals, and the apparent tension between subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2), it is appropriate to consider the purpose of the statutory scheme to ensure that our interpretation is consistent with Congress's objectives in enacting these provisions. As the Supreme Court has explained, the meaning of "certain words or phrases may only become evident when placed in context . and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme."
The Supreme Court has noted that the overarching purpose of the PLRA is to implement "a series of controls" designed to prevent meritless filings in federal court. In enacting the PLRA, "Congress sought to put in place economic incentives that would prompt prisoners to 'stop and think' before filing a complaint."
Congress did not enact the PLRA to punish inmates for filing suits, nor did it intend to deter prisoners from filing valid claims. In fact, § 1915(b)(4) specifically provides that "[i]n no event shall a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil or criminal judgment for the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by which to pay the initial partial filing fee." Congress was, therefore, keenly aware of the need to safeguard a prisoner's constitutional right of access to the courts.
In order to balance the competing objectives of preserving a prisoner's constitutional right of access to the courts while deterring frivolous litigation, § 1915(b) requires that an IFP prisoner make an initial payment towards the filing fee, but permits the prisoner to pay the balance of his or her fees over an extended period of time. Pursuant to this scheme, the initial partial filing fee can be withdrawn only "when funds exist" in the prisoner's account. Thereafter, monthly payments, pegged at 20 percent of the prisoner's account balance, are withdrawn only when the account balance "exceeds $10."
Concurrent recoupment is inconsistent with the purpose of the PLRA because, although Congress intended to deter frivolous litigation by requiring IFP prisoners to bear some marginal cost, Congress did not intend to create a payment scheme that would ensure fees be paid as expeditiously as possible or that would create tension with an inmate's constitutional right of access to the courts.
Citing Newlin v. Helman, the government argues that sequential recoupment would undermine Congress's intent to deter frivolous prisoner litigation by allowing a prisoner to "postpone" indefinitely his or her monthly payments for any additional lawsuit until after all previous filing fees had been paid. We realize, of course, that sequential recoupment is less of a deterrent to frivolous claims, but that consideration does not alter our analysis. Although Congress was concerned that prisoners would pay their-filing fee, Congress was clearly not as concerned about when the payment occurred. As Senator Dole explained during the debates on the PLRA, "when prisoners know that they will have to pay these costs — perhaps not at the time of filing, but eventually — they will be less inclined to file a lawsuit in the first place." That is precisely the point.
Congress could have required payments of more than 20 percent of the previous month's income or imposed a time limit for payment of all outstanding fees if § 1915 was intended to collect filing fees as quickly as practicable. However, that is not what Congress did. Although Congress wanted to encourage indigent prisoners to think before bringing claims, it did not want to subject inmates to unacceptable hardships in order to pursue judicial redress.
Moreover, concerns that sequential repayment will not sufficiently deter merit-less claims are alleviated by subsection (g)'s "three strikes" rule. That is a "powerful economic incentive" aimed specifically at repeat filers to prevent them from filing more "frivolous lawsuits or appeals." Subsection (g) seeks to penalize prisoners who have filed multiple, merit-less claims, and revokes the IFP "privilege" from those who have had "three strikes," "no matter how meritorious subsequent claims may be." Subsection (b), on the other hand, is a moderate measure only intended to address prisoners filing lawsuits without considering the merit of their claims.
Accordingly, there is a clear difference between the purpose of § 1915(g) and the rest of the PLRA. As the government agrees, § 1915(g) is structured to deter frivolous suits while protecting a prisoners' right of access to the courts. Accordingly, we need not interpret § 1915(b)(2) as requiring simultaneous fee collection in order to advance the congressional concern with frivolous lawsuits.
Nevertheless, we recognize that the contrary view, as expressed by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Newlin, has gained some support. In Newlin, the Court reasoned that, because the PLRA is designed to "require the prisoner to bear some marginal cost for each legal activity," simultaneous recoupment is most consistent with the statute's purpose because it exacts that price the soonest. The Newlin Court was concerned that, "[ujnless payment begins soon after the event that creates the liability, this will not happen[ ]" and prisoners could file "multiple suits for the price of one." However, that analysis conflates the distinct objectives of ensuring payment of all filing fees and expediting payment of fees. Neither the text of the statute nor the legislative history supports this view. In fact, that interpretation is in direct conflict with the text of § 1915(b) because, the PLRA's filing fee provisions explicitly permit a prisoner to postpone the payments indefinitely if the inmate's account balance never exceeds $10.00. Moreover, sequential payment does not mean that an inmate can file "multiple suits for the price of one." The prisoner still has to pay all fees incurred, the amount of each individual payment is simply capped at 20 percent of the prior month's balance, and the payments are stretched over a greater period of time.
The Newlin Court's concern that, under a sequential collection scheme, a prisoner filing multiple suits could "postpon[e] payment of the fees for later-filed suits until after the end of imprisonment (and likely 'avoid them altogether)[ ]" is also misplaced. Although appellate courts do not agree on the interpretation of the payment mechanism in § 1915(b)(2), there is consensus among appellate courts that an inmate's obligation to fully pay all fees incurred is not coterminous with the inmate's incarceration.
As we have noted, the majority of view (of simultaneous recoupment) could result in 100 percent of a prisoner's income being garnished to pay filing fees. We cannot imagine a valid penological or rehabilitative purpose in creating a risk that inmates would have to surrender the necessities of daily subsistence. We find nothing in the legislative history of § 1915 that would allow us to impute such a draconian intent to Congress. Rather, we agree with the observation of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit that "[t]he garnishment of more than twenty percent of an indigent inmate's already meager income crosses the line from deterrence to punishment and was not the intent behind § 1915."
We therefore conclude that sequential recoupment harmonizes subsection (b)(2) with the purpose of the statute, while avoiding the constitutionally suspect result of erecting barriers to courts that would make some inmates choose between attempting to seek redress for legitimate claims and having enough money in one's prison account to purchase items required for basic hygiene.
C. Constitutional Concerns
Our conclusion is consistent with the doctrine of constitutional avoidance. If a statute can be construed two ways, "by one of which grave and doubtful constitutional questions arise and by the other of which such questions are avoided," our duty is to "adopt the latter."
Siluk argues that simultaneous recoupment, by permitting the garnishment of anywhere from 40 to 100 percent of a prisoner's income, risks violating prisoners' Eighth Amendment rights by rendering a prisoner unable to buy necessary hygiene supplies. The government argues that this concern' is misplaced, because prison systems are constitutionally bound to provide inmates with the necessities of life, including "'adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care,' " "as well as with 'paper and pen to draft legal documents[.]'" The government asserts that the Adkins Court's fear of "forcing] a litigant to abandon what may be a meritorious claim in order to spare himself complete destitution," is therefore inapplicable in the prison context. Thus, the government concludes, adopting the simultaneous-payment interpretation to § 1915(b)(2) simply will not force a prisoner to choose between paying for a lawsuit and satisfying his or her most basic needs.
However, the government's argument is undermined by the allegations here. Siluk claims he is "required to pay for . soap, shampoo, razors, [and] deodorant." Moreover, while prisons provide basic hygienic supplies to those who cannot afford them, courts have often had to resolve claims of prisoners who claim that what is provided is so meager as to deny basic amenities. Additionally, Siluk states that he is required to pay for certain costs incurred in bringing this action, such as paper, pens, copies, carbon paper, and mail. He argues that he should "have enough funds available to continue with this action[.]" We agree, and find that his assertion raises constitutional concerns regarding his access to the courts.
In Abdulr-Akbar, we upheld the PLRA's "three strikes" provision, which requires some prisoners to pay their entire filing fees before their complaints are adjudicated. There, we concluded that "requiring a prisoner to pay filing fees in a civil case does not, without more, violate that prisoner's right of meaningful access to the courts." However, imposing the scheme of concurrent debits advocated by the government certainly could result. For example, simultaneous recoupment of filing fees from previous suits could impede a prisoner seeking redress for abuses that may not necessarily result in serious bodily injury or death. We will not construe the PLRA in a way that would prevent prisoners from vindicating their fundamental rights in a judicial forum.
We realize, of course, that several of our sister circuit courts have rejected the contention that simultaneous recoupment is unconstitutional because there is no constitutional right to proceed IFP. Although there may not be a constitutional right to proceed IFP, it cannot be doubted that we should avoid interpreting § 1915(b) in a manner that would erect obstacles to an inmate's ability to seek redress in court for legitimate grievances unless the text of the statute requires such an interpretation.
The Supreme Court has clearly stated that we have a duty to "avoid an interpretation of a federal statute that engenders constitutional issues if a reasonable alternative interpretation poses no constitutional question." Here, there is such a reasonable alternative that is supported by the text and purpose of the PLRA: sequential recoupment.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that § 1915 permits the recoupment of only 20 percent of a prisoner's monthly income for filing fees, regardless of how many civil actions or appeals the prisoner elects to pursue, thereby adopting the sequential recoupment rule advocated by the petitioner.
. See infra notes 18 and 26.
. Title VIII of Pub.L. No. 104-134, 100 Stat. 1321 (1996), amending 28 U.S.C. § 1915 et seq.
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). The IFP statute "is designed to ensure that indigent litigants have meaningful access to the federal courts." Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 324, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989) (emphasis added). "Congress enacted the in forma pauperis statute to ensure that administrative court costs and filing fees, both of which must be paid by everyone else who files a lawsuit, would not prevent indigent persons from pursuing meaningful litigation." Deutsch v. United States, 67 F.3d 1080, 1084 (3d Cir.1995).
. We have jurisdiction to review a district court's final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Although Siluk is appealing the order dismissing his complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), he has filed a motion to consolidate court fees which is currently pending before the Court, we only need to discuss the latter issue. The District Court thoroughly and carefully explained that Siluk's claim against an officer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is barred by the Eleventh Amendment of the United States Constitution.
The Eleventh Amendment "bar[s] suits for monetary damages by private parties in federal court against a state or against state agencies. It also bars a suit against state officials in their official capacity, because the state is the real party in interest inasmuch as the plaintiff seeks recovery from the state trea suty." Melo v. Hafer, 912 F.2d 628, 635 (3d Cir.1990) (internal citations omitted).
"All courts and agencies of the [Pennsylvania unified judicial system] are part of the Commonwealth government . [and]' entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity." Haybarger v. Lawrence Cnty. Adult Prob. & Parole, 551 F.3d 193, 198 (3d Cir.2008) (citation omitted); Pa. Const. art. V, § 1. County domestic relations sections are part of the unified judicial system. 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 961. Accordingly, Merwin, in her official capacity as Director of the Perry County Domestic Relations Section, is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. Melo, 912 F.2d at 635.
.As of the filing of his appellate brief, SCI Rockview has remitted eleven partial payments, totaling $119.98, toward Siluk's $350.00 District Court filing fee. Appx. 68-88.
. See Siluk v. Merwin, No. 11-1654, 2011 WL 4738147 (M.D.Pa. Sept. 16, 2011).
. Appx. at 47 (Pet. To Combine Filing Fees at ¶ 4); see also id. at 52-53 (Prison Account Statement, reflecting commissary charges).
. Id.; see also id. (Prison Account Statement, reflecting postage charges).
. The relevant text of § 1915 is as follows:
(b)(1) Notwithstanding subsection (a), if a prisoner brings a civil action or files an appeal in forma pauperis, the prisoner shall be required to pay the full amount of a filing fee. The court shall assess .and, when funds exist, collect, as a partial payment of any court fees required by law, an initial partial filing fee of 20 percent....
(2) After payment of the initial partial filing fee, the prisoner shall be required to make monthly payments of 20 percent of the preceding month's income credited to the prisoner's account. The agency having custody of the prisoner shall forward payments from the prisoner's account to the clerk of the court each time the amount in the account exceeds $10 until the filing fees are paid.
28 U.S.C. § 1915.
. Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 312 (3d Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 953, 121 S.Ct. 2600, 150 L.Ed.2d 757 (2001); see also Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 31, 112 S.Ct. 1728, 118 L.Ed.2d 340 (1992).
. Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 312; see also 141 Cong. Rec. S14,408-01, S14413 (daily ed. Sept. 27, 1995) (statement of Sen. Dole) (explaining that the number of prisoner suits filed "has grown astronomically — from 6,600 in 1975 to more than 39,000 in 1994"). The increase correlates with policies that resulted in mass incarceration. During this same period, the prison population underwent a dramatic increase. Just over 500,000 people were incarcerated in prisons or jails in 1980; over 1.3 million were incarcerated in 1993. See Allen J. Beck & Darrell K. Gilliard, Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 151654, Prisoners in 1994, at 1 (1995), available at http://bjs. ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdfiPi94.pdf.
. Id. at 311-12 ("[PJrisoners easily obtained I.F.P. status and hence were not subject to the same economic disincentives to filing merit-less cases that face other civil litigants.").
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
. See Santana v. United States, 98 F.3d 752, 754 (3d Cir.1996).
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). Prisoners need not make this initial partial payment if they do not have the available funds. See id. § 1915(b)(4) (requiring collection of the initial partial filing fee only when sufficient funds exist).
. Id. § 1915(b)(2).
. Id.
. Id.
. This issue is a matter of first impression for this Court, and there is a split of authority among our sister courts of appeals. The government argues that we have tacitly accepted the majority view of our sister courts of appeals, which is that the PLRA requires simultaneous recoupment. See Ray v. Reed, 680 F.3d 841, 841 (3d Cir.2012) (reinstating the court's prior order requiring simultaneous recoupment, where a prisoner owed multiple filing fees and sought to limit his monthly obligations to a single 20-percent payment). However, the government fails to note that Fortune v. Patterson, No. 04-377, 2009 WL 3166274, at *8 (W.D.Pa. Sept. 28, 2009), aff'd Fortune v. Hamberger, 379 Fed.Appx. 116 (3d Cir.2010) (per curiam) (unpublished), surmised that deducting filing fees at a rate greater than 20 percent was unlawful under the PLRA or § 1915.
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
. Id. § 1915(b)(2).
. Davis v. Mich. Dep't of Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 809, 109 S.Ct. 1500, 103 L.Ed.2d 891 (1989); see also SimmsParris v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 652 F.3d 355, 358 (3d Cir.2011).
. AT & T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, - U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 1740, 1754, 179 L.Ed.2d 742 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Dolan v. U.S. Postal Serv., 546 U.S. 481, 486, 126 S.Ct. 1252, 163 L.Ed.2d 1079 (2006) ("Interpretation of a word or phrase depends upon reading the whole statutory text, considering [its] purpose and context[J").
. See, e.g., Hagan v. Rogers, 570 F.3d 146, 155 (3d Cir.2009) ("Section 1915(b)(3) must be read in the context of § 1915(b) as a whole.").
. Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 335 U.S. 331, 339, 69 S.Ct. 85, 93 L.Ed. 43 (1948).
. Id.
.The government asks us to adopt the view of the majority of our sister circuits, including the Courts of Appeals for the Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits, which have interpreted § 1915(b)(2) to require prisoners pay 20 percent of their funds towards filing fees concurrently, per case and per appeal. See Pinson v. Samuels, 761 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C.Cir.2014) (holding that the PLRA requires a separate installment payment for each case in which a filing fee is owed); Christensen v. Big Horn County Bd. of County Comm'rs, 374 Fed.Appx. 821, 829-33 (10th Cir.2010) (unpublished) (embracing a "consistent reading of the similar provisions in § 1915(b)(1) and (b)(2)"); Atchison v. Collins, 288 F.3d 177, 180-81 (5th Cir.2002) (reasoning that the word "court" appearing in both § 1915(b)(1) and (b)(2) should be read to refer to the "instant action," separate from previously filed lawsuits); Lefkowitz v. Citi-Equity Group, Inc., 146 F.3d 609, 612 (8th Cir.1998) ("Because the PLRA fee provisions were designed to require prisoners to bear financial responsibility for each action they take, the [20]-percent rule should be applied per case."); Newlin v. Helman, 123 F.3d 429, , 436-37 (7th Cir.1997), overruled on other grounds by Lee v. Clinton, 209 F.3d 1025, 1027 (7th Cir.2000) and Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626, 628-29 (7th Cir.2000) ("[W]e hold that the fees for filing the complaint and appeal cumulate.... The PLRA is designed to require the prisoner to bear some marginal cost for each legal activity.").
District courts in the Sixth and Ninth Circuits have also followed the "per case," or "simultaneous recoupment" interpretation of § 1915. See Hendon v. Ramsey, 478 F.Supp.2d 1214, 1219 (S.D.Cal.2007) (adopting the Fifth Circuit's reasoning in Atchison v. Collins, 288 F.3d 177, 180-81 (5th Cir.2002)); Samonte v. Frank, 517 F.Supp.2d 1238, 1243 (D.Haw.2007) (concluding that the "per case" interpretation of § 1915 was the more practical approach); Lyon v. Kentucky State Penitentiary, No. 02-P53-R, 2005 WL 2044955, at *1 (W.D.Ky. Aug. 23, 2005) (finding that the Sixth Circuit implicitly adopted the "per case" interpretation in McGore v. Wrigglesworth, 114 F.3d 601 (6th Cir.1997)).
. See, e.g., Atchison, 288 F.3d at 180-81 (holding that, in order to read § 1915 consistently, (b)(2) should correspond with (b)(1), in which the initial partial filing fee is imposed in each case); Newlin, 123 F.3d at 436 (holding that, because the "PLRA is designed to require the prisoner to bear some marginal cost for each, legal activity," subsection (b)(2)'s requires recoupment on a per-encumbrance basis: "A prisoner who files one suit remits 20 percent of income to his prison trust account; a suit and an appeal then must commit 40 percent, and so on.").
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
. Id.
. Id. § 1915(b)(2).
. Id.
. Torres v. O'Quinn, 612 F.3d 237, 245 (4th Cir.2010) (emphasis added).
. Id. (emphasis in original).
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2).
. Id. § 1915(a)(2) (emphasis added).
. Gov. Br. at 13 n.6.
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
. Other portions of § 1915 that do not apply on a per-case basis include subsection (d), which is a blanket rule that pertains to all cases brought under § 1915, and subsection (e)(1), which provides that "[t]he court may request an attorney to represent any person unable to afford counsel." Id. § 1915(d), (e)(1).
. Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 131 S.Ct. 1289, 1299, 179 L.Ed.2d 233 (2011) (noting that the PLRA "placed a series of controls on prisoner suits, constraints designed to prevent sportive filings in federal court.").
. 28 U.S.C. §. 1915(b)(1).
. Id. § 1915(b)(2).
. Id. § 1915(b)(1).
. Whitfield v. Scully, 241 F.3d 264, 276 (2d Cir.2001).
. In re Philadelphia Newspapers, LLC, 599 F.3d 298, 304 (3d Cir.2010), as amended (May 7, 2010) (" 'When the words of a statute are unambiguous, then this first canon is also the last: judicial inquiry is complete.' " (quoting Conn. Nat'l Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 253-54, 112 S.Ct. 1146, 117 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992))).
. See Dolan v. United States Postal Serv., 546 U.S. 481, 486, 126 S.Ct. 1252, 163 L.Ed.2d 1079 (2006) ("Interpretation of a word or phrase depends upon reading the whole statutory text, considering [its] purpose and context.]").
. Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 666, 127 S.Ct. 2518, 168 L.Ed.2d 467 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
. Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 131 S.Ct. 1289, 1299, 179 L.Ed.2d 233 (2011); see also Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 318 & n. 3 (3d Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 953, 121 S.Ct. 2600, 150 L.Ed.2d 757 (2001).
. Id. (citing 141 Cong. Rec. S7,498-01, S7,526 (daily ed. May 25, 1995) (Sen. Kyl)).
. See 141 Cong. Rec. S7,526 (daily ed. May 25, 1995) (Sen. Kyi) ("The filing fee is small enough not to deter a prisoner with a meritorious claim----"); 141 Cong. Rec. S14,627 (daily ed. Sept. 29, 1995) (Sen. Hatch) ("I do not want to prevent inmates from raising legitimate claims."); see also Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 822, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977) ("More recent decisions have struck down restrictions [to prisoners' constitutional right of access to the courts] and required remedial measures to insure that inmate access to the courts is adequate, effective, and meaningful."); see generally Ex pane Hull, 312 U.S. 546, 549, 61 S.Ct. 640, 85 L.Ed. 1034 (1941) ("[T]he state and its officers may not abridge or impair petitioner's right to apply to a federal court for a writ of habeas corpus.").
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4).
. The Supreme Court has held that prisoners have a constitutional right to bring court challenges to vindicate " 'basic constitutional rights.'" Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir.2000) (quoting Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 579, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974)).
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
. Id. § 1915(b)(2).
. As we noted at the outset, and as Siluk's allegations suggest, although the amounts appear "marginal," they can be quite substantial to an inmate subsisting on nominal prison wages.
. See Newlin v. Helman, 123 F.3d 429, 436 (7th Cir.1997), overruled on other grounds by Lee v. Clinton, 209 F.3d 1025, 1027 (7th Cir.2000) and Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626, 628-29 (7th Cir.2000); see also Christensen v. Big Horn County Bd. of County Comm'rs, 374 Fed.Appx. 821, 830 (10th Cir.2010) (unpublished) (observing that the PLRA's "pay-as-you-go constraint] would be diluted if not defeated by permitting prisoners with one ongoing case to postpone all successive filing fee obligations"); Lefkowitz v. Citi-Equity Group, Inc., 146 F.3d 609, 612 (8th Cir.1998) (rejecting "per inmate" approach to the "PLRA['s] fee provisions" as inconsistent with Congress's intent).
. See 141 Cong. Rec. S14,413-14 (daily ed. Sept. 27, 1995) (statement of Sen. Dole).
. See also Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 335 U.S. 331, 339-40, 69 S.Ct. 85, 93 L.Ed. 43 (1948) (noting that an undesirable result would be a "statutory interpretation [that] . force[s] a litigant to abandon what may be a meritorious claim in order to spare himself complete destitution."), This Court has also repeatedly held that "prisoners are not required to surrender those small amenities of life which they are permitted to acquire in a prison in order to litigate [IFP.]" Jones v. Zimmerman, 752 F.2d 76, 79 (3d Cir.1985) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Bullock v. Suomela, 710 F.2d 102, 103 (3d Cir.1983); Souder v. McGuire, 516 F.2d 820, 823 (3d Cir.1975).
. As discussed above, § 1915(g) states "if [a] prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions," brought an action or appeal in federal court "that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted[,]" then "[i]n no event shall [the] prisoner" bring an action or appeal IFP. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Subsection (g) contains an exception permitting a prisoner with three strikes to file an IFP action if s/he is "under imminent danger of serious physical injury." Id.
. Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 314 (3d Cir.2001), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 953, 121 S.Ct. 2600, 150 L.Ed.2d 757 (2001) (emphasis added).
. Id.
. Although, as the Fourth Circuit noted in Torres, the statutory requirement, that all filing fees be paid, deters frivolous litigation on its own, without further requiring simultaneous recoupment. Torres v. O'Quinn, 612 F.3d 237, 247 (4th Cir.2010).
. See Gov. Br. at 22.
. In addition to the "three strikes" rule of , subsection (g), 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) permits IFP privileges to be automatically revoked on appeal if the trial court certifies that the appeal is meritless. Additionally, in cases brought by a plaintiff proceeding IFP, the court is directed to "dismiss the case at any time if [it] determines that . the action or appeal . (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief." 28 U.S.C § 1915(e)(2)(B); see also id. § 1915A(a)-(b) (containing a similar requirement for all prisoner cases which "seek[] redress from a governmental entity"). If the court dismisses an action or appeal on one of these grounds, the prisoner nonetheless re mains liable for paying the filing fee in full. See, e.g., J.A. 49 ("[T]he prisoner is obligated to pay the entire filing and/or docketing fee . regardless of the outcome of the proceeding or appeal."); see also Porter v. Dep't of Treasury, 564 F.3d 176, 179-80 (3d Cir.2009).
. See Newlin v. Helman, 123 F.3d 429, 436 (7th Cir.1997), overruled on other grounds by Lee v. Clinton, 209 F.3d 1025, 1027 (7th Cir.2000) and Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626, 628-29 (7th Cir.2000).
. Id. at 436-37.
. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2).
. Under either a simultaneous or sequential recoupment approach, § 1915 requires the prisoner to repay the .entire filing fee, eventually. See id. § 1915(b)(2), (3) (filing fee payments continue "until the filing fees are paid"); see also Torres v. O'Quinn, 612 F.3d 237, 243 (4th Cir.2010) (concluding that, under a sequential collection scheme, a prison could "collect the funds to pay the fees accrued by a specific inmate, and then distribute those funds to the appropriate court until that court's fees are paid in full. After satisfying the first court, the prison would continue to collect funds and use them to pay the next court in sequence.").
. Newlin, 123 F.3d at 436.
. All appellate courts to have reached this issue have held that the obligation is not coterminous. See Robbins v. Switzer, 104 F.3d 895, 899 (7th Cir.1997) (noting that, under the PLRA, "release does not eliminate an obligation that could and should have been met from the trust account while imprisonment continued."); In re Smith, 114 F.3d 1247, 1251 (D.C.Cir.1997) (recognizing that "if a litigant is a prisoner on the day he files a civil action, the PLRA applies."); Gay v. Tex. Dep't of Corr., 117 F.3d 240, 242 (5th Cir.1997) (holding that § 1915's filing-fee requirement applied to an inmate even though he was released, because he "file[d] an appeal" while he was a prisoner); McGann v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 96 F.3d 28, 30 (2d Cir.1996) (construing the PLRA to "require[] partial fee payments . only while the prisoner remains in prison, and that, upon his release, his obligation to pay fees is to be determined, like any non-prisoner, solely by whether he qualifies for i.f.p. status.").
. Pinson v. Samuels, 761 F.3d 1, 8 (D.C.Cir.2014) (acknowledging that simultaneous recoupment could subject "100% of a prisoner's income" to recoupment); Newlin v. Helman, 123 F.3d 429, 436 (7th Cir.1997), overruled, on other grounds by Lee v. Clinton, 209 F.3d 1025, 1027 (7th Cir.2000) and Walker v. O'Brien, 216 F.3d 626, 628-29 (7th Cir.2000) (observing that, under a simultaneous recoupment plan, "[f]ive suits or appeals mean that the prisoner's entire monthly income must be turned over to the court until the fees have been paid.").
. See also Torres v. O'Quinn, 612 F.3d 237, 247 (4th Cir.2010) ("Congress put a limit on garnishment from an inmate's (already meager) income, understanding that a 'chilling effect' on litigation was not the same as a complete bar on filing suits, which may occur if close to one hundred percent of an inmate's income is taken to pay his filing fees.").
.Id.
. See also id. at 246-47 (explaining that the sequential interpretation of § 1915(b) "both satisfies Congress's .intent when passing the PLRA and protects the constitutional rights of inmates."); Whitfield v. Scully, 241 F.3d 264, 276 (2d Cir.2001) (reasoning that § 1915 provides a "uniform ceiling [of 20 percent] in a compromise between the imperative to collect fees . and the right of prisoners to effective access to the courts[,]" even where plaintiff owes fees in multiple cases).
. United States v. Edmonds, 80 F.3d 810, 819 (3d Cir.1996) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981) (holding that under the Eighth Amendment, prisoners have a right to the "minimal civilized measure of life's necessities."); Garcia v. Kimmell, 381 Fed.Appx. 211, 216 (3d Cir.2010) (per curiam) (unpublished) (holding that "those minimal necessities include provision for basic hygiene.") (citing Penrod v. Zavaras, 94 F.3d 1399, 1406 (10th Cir.1996); Young v. Quinlan, 960 F.2d 351, 363 (3d Cir.1992), superseded by statute, Title VIII of Pub.L. No. 104-134, 100 Stat. 1321 (1996)).
. Gov. Br. at 23-24 (quoting Betts v. New Castle Youth Dev. Ctr., 621 F.3d 249, 256 (3d Cir.2010)).
. Id. at 24 (quoting Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 824-25, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977)).
. Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 335 U.S. 331, 340, 69 S.Ct. 85, 93 L.Ed. 43 (1948).
. This case is before us following Siluk's appeal of the District Court's Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissal, Siluk's application to proceed IFP before us, and Siluk's motion to combine payment of his filing fees. In reviewing a dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), "we accept all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.'' Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 374 n. 7 (3d Cir.2002).
. Appx. at 47 (Pet. to Combine Filing Fees at ¶ 4).
. See, e.g., Young v. Quinlan, 960 F.2d 351, 363 (3d Cir.1992); see also Penrod v. Zavaras, 94 F.3d 1399, 1406 (10th Cir.1996).
. Appx. at 52-53 (Prison Account Statement, reflecting postage charges).
. As noted above, the Second and Fourth Circuits have declined to require prisoners who file multiple lawsuits to pay more than 20 percent of their monthly income toward filing fees because of this exact concern. Torres v. O'Quinn, 612 F.3d 237, 242, 247-48 (4th Cir.2010); Whitfield v. Scully, 241 F.3d 264, 276-77 (2d Cir.2001).
. Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307 (3d Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 953, 121 S.Ct. 2600, 150 L.Ed.2d 757 (2001).
. Id. at 317.
. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (establishing an exception to the "three strikes" rule for a prisoner who "is under imminent danger of serious physical injury."); see also Torres, 612 F.3d at 248 (recognizing that a "per case" interpretation of § 1915(b) could force prisoners to choose "between saving their meager income and searching for a remedy for abuses in prison" that do not rise to the level of serious physical injury).
. Mayer v. Chicago, 404 U.S. 189, 198, 92 S.Ct. 410, 30 L.Ed.2d 372 (1971); see also Whitfield, 241 F.3d at 277 (explaining that courts should "avoid an interpretation of a federal statute that engenders constitutional issues if a reasonable alternative interpretation poses no constitutional question." (quoting Gomez v. United States, 490 U.S. 858, 864, 109 S.Ct. 2237, 104 L.Ed.2d 923 (1989))).
. Atchison v. Collins, 288 F.3d 177, 179-81 (5th Cir.2002) (finding that no "serious constitutional questions [are] raised" by the simultaneous collection of fees in each case under § 1915(b) because "indigent persons have no constitutional right to proceed [IFP]" and "states are constitutionally bound to provide [prisoners] with the necessities of life."); Lefkowitz v. Citi-Equity Group, Inc., 146 F.3d 609, 612 (8th Cir.1998) (finding that, "[b]e-cause the PLRA fee provisions were designed to require prisoners to bear financial responsibility for each action they take, the [201-percent rule should be applied simultaneously per case.").
. Gomez, 490 U.S. at 864, 109 S.Ct. 2237.