Case Name: Michael F. LOY, Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc., and Fleetwood Retail Corporation, f/k/a HomeUSA, Inc., Appellants v. Steven HARTER, Notre Capital Ventures, II, L.L.C., and Notre Capital Ventures, III, L.L.C., Appellees
Court: Texas Courts of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 2004-02-10
Citations: 128 S.W.3d 397
Docket Number: No. 06-02-00154-CV
Parties: Michael F. LOY, Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc., and Fleetwood Retail Corporation, f/k/a HomeUSA, Inc., Appellants v. Steven HARTER, Notre Capital Ventures, II, L.L.C., and Notre Capital Ventures, III, L.L.C., Appellees.
Judges: Before MORRISS, C.J., ROSS and CARTER, JJ.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Third Series
Volume: 128
Pages: 397–412

Head Matter:
Michael F. LOY, Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc., and Fleetwood Retail Corporation, f/k/a HomeUSA, Inc., Appellants v. Steven HARTER, Notre Capital Ventures, II, L.L.C., and Notre Capital Ventures, III, L.L.C., Appellees.
No. 06-02-00154-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Texarkana.
Submitted Feb. 9, 2004.
Decided Feb. 10, 2004.
Rehearing Overruled March 2, 2004.
Solace Kirkland Southwick, Matthew L. Hoeg, Andrews & Kurth, LLP, Houston, for appellants.
William E. Junell Jr., Schwartz, Junell, Campbell & Oathout, LLP, Houston, for appellees.
Michael D. Robbins, Doyle, Restrepo, Harvin & Robbins, LLP, Houston, for 3rd party defendants Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc., & Fleetwood Retail Corp., F/K/A Ho-meUSA, Inc.
Before MORRISS, C.J., ROSS and CARTER, JJ.

Opinion:
OPINION
Opinion by
Chief Justice MORRISS.
The merger hung in the balance when Michael F. Loy, then the Chief Financial Officer (C.F.O.) and a director and stockholder of HomeUSA, Inc. (HomeUSA), and Steven Harter, then a director and stockholder of that company, faced each other in the hallway during a break in negotiations concerning a proposed merger of HomeUSA into Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. (Fleetwood). The content of their discussion in that hallway is the subject of conflicting evidence, primarily concerning whether there was any agreement then made between the two men, but all parties agree the Loy-Harter meeting was followed by the successful completion of the merger. That fateful discussion, however, spawned the multi-party litigation from which these appeals by Loy and Fleetwood arise.
After the merger, Fleetwood, the surviving corporation, reassigned Loy. Loy claimed he had been constructively terminated and sued Fleetwood. That action was arbitrated, and Loy was awarded money, which he accepted in exchange for his release of Fleetwood.
Loy then sued Harter and Harter's companies, Notre Capital Ventures, II, L.L.C., and Notre Capital Ventures, III, L.L.C. (the two companies herein collectively called "Notre Capital"), claiming that, to pave the way for the merger, Harter induced Loy to waive an important provision in his personal employment contract with HomeUSA by promising to provide Loy with part of three new public offerings (herein IPOs). Loy admitted in his plead ings that he received from Harter an interest in one IPO and that he made $124,850.00 on it, but claimed Harter had promised him interests in three IPOs. Har-ter agrees a hallway discussion occurred, but insists he made Loy no such promise. On all evidence disputed between Loy and Harter, the trial court, acting as fact-finder, believed Harter, not Loy. The trial court thus ordered that Loy take nothing. Harter, as former director of HomeUSA (now Fleetwood), also claimed that, under an indemnity contract between Harter and HomeUSA, as well as under HomeUSA's bylaws and under Texas' common law, Fleetwood, as HomeUSA's successor, must indemnify him for defense expenses — attorney's fees of about $200,000.00 — incurred defending himself in the Loy lawsuit. The trial court agreed.
Fleetwood was not a party to Loy's lawsuit. Fleetwood, however, filed its own lawsuit against Loy based on Loy's original petition against Harter, in which Loy, in the course of alleging Harter had promised him interests in three IPOs, admitted receiving the interest in one IPO from Harter. In a partial summary judgment rendered in Fleetwood's suit against Loy, Loy was ordered to pay Fleetwood the money he admitted making off the one Harter IPO, based on the premise that, in making the deal, Loy breached his duties to Fleetwood's predecessor, HomeUSA.
Loy appeals, contending (A) Fleetwood's suit against him must go to arbitration as required by the arbitration clause in his employment contract; (B) res judicata bars Fleetwood's claim against him; (C) Fleetwood's summary judgment evidence did not prove any breach of fiduciary duty by Loy; (D) the summary judgment finding irreconcilably conflicts with the trial court's findings from the Fleetwood/Har-ter trial; and (E) Loy was denied due process in that trial.
Fleetwood appeals, contending the indemnity provision does not cover Harter's actions or the costs of defending Loy's claims.
Harter won on all counts and has not appealed.
I. Loy's Appeal
A. Arbitration
We first address Loy's contention that Fleetwood's claims against him were subject to mandatory arbitration under the terms of his employment contract and therefore should not have been addressed by the trial court. In this case, Fleetwood sought reimbursement for Loy's alleged breach of fiduciary duty to the company. The trial court denied Loy's motion asking that Fleetwood's lawsuit be arbitrated.
Arbitration of disputes is strongly favored. EZ Pawn Corp. v. Mandas, 934 S.W.2d 87, 90 (Tex.1996); Prudential Sec., Inc. v. Marshall, 909 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex.1995). In determining whether the claims fall within the scope of an arbitration agreement, a court must focus on the factual allegations of the complaint, rather than on the legal causes of action asserted. Marshall, 909 S.W.2d at 900. The burden is on the party opposing arbitration to show that their claims fall outside the scope of the arbitration agreement. Id. Once an agreement to arbitrate has been shown to exist, a matter not in dispute here, the party resisting arbitration bears the burden of proving that the matter in dispute is not within the scope of the arbitration agreement. Id. The policy favoring arbitration is so strong that courts should not deny arbitration "unless it can be said with positive assurance that an arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation which would cover the dispute at issue." Id at 899.
In this case, the employment contract reads, in pertinent part, as follows:
Arbitration. . [A]ny unresolved dispute or controversy arising under or in connection with this Agreement shall be settled exclusively by arbitration, . provided that Employee shall comply with Employer's grievance procedures in an effort to resolve such dispute or controversy before resorting to arbitration . The arbitrators shall not have the authority to add to, detract from, or modify any provision hereof nor to award punitive damages to any injured party. The arbitrators shall have the authority to order back pay, severance compensation, vesting of options (or cash compensation in lieu of vesting of options), reimbursement of costs, including those incurred to enforce this Agreement, and interest thereon in the event the arbitrators determine that Employee was terminated without disability or good cause . or that Employer has breached this Agreement in any material respect....
(Emphasis added.)
Loy contends that Fleetwood's allegations all necessarily "aris[e] under or in connection with" his employment agreement, because they are based on Fleet-wood's position that he waived a clause of his employment contract because he was paid to do so. Fleetwood argues that its claim is based solely on breach of a fiduciary duty that existed independently of the employment contract; thus, the contract is not involved.
The precise duty Loy was alleged and found to have breached is important to a proper analysis of the scope of the arbitration provision. Unfortunately, precision on that point is lacking in the record. Only Loy's vote as a director of HomeU-SA, in favor of approving the merger, or his lack of notice to HomeUSA of his alleged agreement with Harter — not his waiver of the change of control provision, which he had been personally given in his employment contract — could provide the breach of fiduciary duty, if any, to Ho-meUSA (now Fleetwood), as found by the trial court. The question before us, then, is whether Fleetwood's claim against Loy for "selling" his vote as a director or for failing to give the company notice, as a director, is something that "aris[es] under or in connection with" Loy's employment agreement.
In the face of an arbitration clause, the arbitration of tort claims should be evaluated under the following standard set out by Fridl v. Cook, 908 S.W.2d 507 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1995, writ dism'd w.o.j.):
[W]hether the particular tort claim is so interwoven with the contract that it could not stand alone or, on the other hand, is a tort completely independent of the contract and could be maintained without reference to the contract. Valero Energy Corp. v. Wagner & Brown, 777 S.W.2d 564, 566 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1989, writ denied).
Id. at 511. If the arbitration clause is broad, arbitration of a tort claim will be ordered unless "it can be said with positive assurance that the particular dispute is not covered." Dallas Cardiology Assocs., P.A. v. Mallick, 978 S.W.2d 209, 214 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1998, pet. denied) (citing Kline v. O'Quinn, 874 S.W.2d 776, 782 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied)).
There is indisputably "a strong policy preference for enforcing arbitration clauses." Capital Income Properties-LXXX v. Blackmon, 843 S.W.2d 22, 23 (Tex.1992). In Blackmon, the Texas Supreme Court granted arbitration of a set of investor tort claims against their limited partnership for actions of the partnership in its operation, including fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation, and deceptive trade practices, because those tort claims "ar[ose] out of or in connection with or relating to" the limited partnership agreement and thus fell within the scope of the arbitration clause. Id. Note the apparent absence of any other relationship — and, of course, the absence of a dispute or cause of action arising out of that different relationship — between the parties outside of the agreement containing the arbitration clause.
In a case decided by this Court applying the Fridl test, identical arbitration provisions in two physicians' employment contracts with a professional association — to arbitrate disputes "arising over the terms and conditions of this Agreement or in any manner relating to this Agreement" — were held to require arbitration of related tort claims (the professional association's alleged defamation of the physicians relative to their practice and its interference with the physicians' patient relationships) since it could not be said with positive assurance that those claims were not covered by the arbitration provision. Mallick, 978 S.W.2d 209. In Mallick, the employment agreements established and governed the sole relevant relationship of the doctors with the professional association, so the claims which touched on the relationship between employer and employee necessarily related to the employment agreement.
Valero Energy Corp. v. Teco Pipeline Co., 2 S.W.3d 576 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.), involved a natural gas pipeline operating agreement which called for arbitration of any dispute on "any matter within the scope of the Operating Agreement." Id. at 581. In the face of claims for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, tortious interference, and professional malpractice, and an assertion that there was a separate, undocumented partnership between the parties out of which the dispute arose, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals held that, since there was no evidence of any relationship between the parties outside the joint venture contemplated by the operating agreement, arbitration was required.
On the other hand, Perlstein v. D. Stellar 3, Ltd., 109 S.W.3d 36 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2003, pet. filed), involved three agreements, (1) a letter of intent to purchase, which resulted in (2) a purchase agreement, and (3) a post-purchase limited partnership agreement. The limited partnership agreement called for arbitration of any dispute "directly or indirectly concerning this Agreement or the breach hereof or the subject matter hereof." Id. at 38. The dispute was about whether one party fraudulently induced the other to enter into the purchase agreement. Rejecting the argument that the agreements were merged, the court of appeals denied arbitration, holding the dispute outside the scope of the arbitration clause.
In cases ordering arbitration of tort claims, the claims either related directly to the agreement itself or arose from the legal relationship governed by the agreement containing the arbitration clause. Here, Loy's employment agreement governed his role as an employee, C.F.O. of HomeUSA, and did not touch his role as a director of the corporation. Couched in terms of the Fridl test, Fleet-wood's claim that, by selling his vote as a director or by failing as a director to disclose his alleged agreement with Harter, Loy breached his fiduciary duty, (1) can stand alone, (2) is a tort completely independent of the employment relationship that then existed between Loy and Ho-meUSA, and (3) could be maintained without reference to the employment agreement. See Mediterranean Enters., Inc. v. Ssangyong Corp., 708 F.2d 1458, 1464 (9th Cir.1983) ("arising hereunder" covers disputes relating to the interpretation and performance of the contract itself, not unrelated torts).
For that reason, notwithstanding the policy and presumptions strongly favoring arbitration, we conclude with positive assurance that Fleetwood's tort claim against Loy for breach of fiduciary duty as a director was not covered by the arbitration provision in Loy's employment agreement. Therefore, the trial court was correct in denying arbitration. We affirm the partial summary judgment denying arbitration.
B. Res Judicata
Loy next contends that, since Fleetwood did not prosecute its tort claim against Loy in the prior arbitration of Loy's severance claim against Fleetwood, Fleetwood's claim is now barred by res judicata. We disagree.
Res judicata precludes the relitigation of claims that have been finally adjudicated in a prior action, as well as claims that pertain to the same subject matter and could have been, but were not, litigated. Amstadt v. United States Brass Corp., 919 S.W.2d 644, 652 (Tex.1996); Freeman v. Cherokee Water Co., 11 S.W.3d 480, 483 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. denied). In Barr v. Resolution Trust Corp., 887 S.W.2d 627, 631 (Tex.1992), the Texas Supreme Court held in pertinent part:
The scope of res judicata is not limited to matters actually litigated; the judgment in the first suit precludes a second action by the parties and their privies not only on matters actually litigated, but also on causes of action or defenses which arise out of the same subject matter and which might have been litigated in the first suit.
Id. át 630 (emphasis added) (citing Tex. Water Rights Comm'n. v. Crow Iron Works, 582 S.W.2d 768, 771-72 (Tex.1979)). Further, the court held that a determination of what constitutes the same subject matter requires a factual analysis of the previous lawsuit, and any cause of action which arises out of the same set of facts should have been litigated. Id.
In Loy's employment contract, there were two severance clauses. One dealt with ordinary termination of his employment, the other with termination resulting from any change in control of the company. Under the latter clause, if Loy was relieved of duties after a change in ownership, he would be entitled to considerably more than if the company merely chose to end his employment. In the arbitration over the effect of Loy's contract, the issue was the amount of severance he was due. The controlling question was whether Loy had effectively, waived the "change of control" clause of his employment contract and was due only the lesser amount under the straight termination clause. The arbitration panel decided Loy was due only the lesser . termination amount because he had effectively waived the change of control clause.
Fleetwood's current claim is breach of fiduciary duty by Loy in casting his vote as a director in exchange for personal gain. The subject matter of the prior arbitration is not the same as that of the current claim. Therefore, the current claim is not barred by res judicata. We overrule Loy's contention.
C. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Loy next contends the summary judgment evidence does not support the trial court's judgment that, as a matter of law, he breached fiduciary duties he owed the corporation. We agree.
The trial court stated in the summary judgment that, by his conduct, Loy had breached his fiduciary duties and received stock valued at $124,850.00 as proceeds from the breach. In his original brief, Loy argued that the two acts — agreeing to waive the employment provision in his employment contract pursuant to an agreement with Harter and not disclosing the agreement to the board — could not constitute a breach of fiduciary duty as a matter of law. Fleetwood asserts that Loy sold his vote for the merger in return for stock and that such act is a breach of a fiduciary duty. Loy argues that he did not sell his vote, but agreed, in a side deal with Har-ter, to give up reimbursement rights he unquestionably had in his own right under his employment contract with HomeUSA, Fleetwood's predecessor. Fleetwood convinced the trial court the evidence showed that Loy breached a fiduciary duty as a matter of law and that Fleetwood was entitled to the amount Loy obtained through the side deal.
This appeal is taken from a summary judgment. When reviewing a traditional motion for summary judgment, this Court must adhere to the following standards: (1) the movant has the burden of showing there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed issue of material fact precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the nonmovant. Limestone Prods. Distribution, Inc. v. McNamara, 71 S.W.3d 308, 311 (Tex.2002).
The sole summary judgment evidence presented by Fleetwood consists of Loy's original petition. That petition had been superseded by a first amended petition some three months before Fleetwood filed its motion for summary judgment. Thus, Fleetwood's evidence consisted of a pleading that was no longer live.
This situation creates a major stumbling block for Fleetwood's summary judgment efforts. An admission against interest in an abandoned pleading may be used in evidence, but it is not conclusive. Long v. Knox, 155 Tex. 581, 291 S.W.2d 292, 294 (1956); Huff v. Harrell, 941 S.W.2d 230, 239 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1996, pet. denied). When a pleading has been abandoned, superseded, or amended, it ceases to be a "live" pleading and no longer provides a judicial admission. Kirk v. Head, 137 Tex. 44, 152 S.W.2d 726, 729 (1941); Huff, 941 S.W.2d at 239. The discarded pleading is still a statement that can be introduced in evidence as an admission, but it is not conclusive. Kirk, 152 S.W.2d at 729; Huff, 941 S.W.2d at 239.
Because Loy timely filed his first amended original petition, it replaced his original petition containing the specific language on which Fleetwood based its motion for summary judgment. Therefore, the superseded pleading cannot be considered as providing judicial admissions. Drake Ins. Co. v. King, 606 S.W.2d 812, 817 (Tex.1980). As a result, the facts forming the basis for the defendants' motion no longer existed, and summary judgment was improper. Sosa v. Central Power & Light, 909 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex.1995).
Even if the essential allegations of Loy's original petition — or even his first amended petition — properly constituted judicial admissions proving those allegations as a matter of law, the summary judgment for Fleetwood was still improper, since those facts proved no breach of fiduciary duty by Loy.
The Texas Supreme Court in Int'l Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Holloway, 368 S.W.2d 567 (Tex.1963), noted that corporate officers and directors owe a strict fiduciary obligation to their corporation. Three broad duties stem from the fiduciary status of corporate officers and directors: namely, the duties of obedience, loyalty, and due care. Gearhart Indus., Inc. v. Smith Int'l, Inc., 741 F.2d 707, 719 (5th Cir.1984) (addressing Texas law); see Gen. Dynamics v. Torres, 915 S.W.2d 45, 49 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1995, writ denied). The duty of loyalty dictates that a corporate officer or director must act in good faith and must not allow his or her personal interest to prevail over the interest of the corporation. The duty of loyalty is described as requiring an extreme measure of candor, unselfishness, and good faith on the part of the officer or director. Holloway, 368 S.W.2d at 577.
Whether an officer or director is "interested" with respect to a particular transaction is a question of fact. Id.; Gearhart Indus., Inc., 741 F.2d at 719. An officer or director is considered "interested" if he or she (1) makes a personal profit from a transaction by dealing with the corporation or usurps a corporate opportunity, (2) buys or sells assets of a corporation, (3) transacts business in his or her officer's or director's capacity with a second corporation of which he or she is also an officer or director or is significantly financially associated, or (4) transacts corporate business in his or her officer's or director's capacity with a family member. Id.; Landon v. S & H Mktg. Group, Inc., 82 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2002, no pet.).
A fiduciary to a corporation is under an obligation not to usurp corporate opportunities for personal gain. Such transactions in which a corporate fiduciary derives personal profit are described as being subject to the closest examination. Holloway, 368 S.W.2d at 577. To establish a breach of fiduciary duty by usurping a corporate opportunity, the corporation must prove that an officer or director misappropriated a business opportunity that properly belongs to the corporation. Id.; Icom Sys., Inc. v. Davies, 990 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1999, no pet.); Landon, 82 S.W.3d 666, 681 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2002, no pet.). There is, however, no indication that the opportunity from which Loy says he benefited was in any way a corporate opportunity.
A reality check reminds us that Fleet-wood wanted the merger to go through. It got what it wanted — the merger was completed. Regardless of whether the merger would have been blocked had Loy declined to give up his contractual rights, that did not happen. Fleetwood was not harmed by Loy's action, and Loy usurped no corporate opportunity of Fleetwood's.
Neither version of Loy's petition shows that Loy sold his vote to Harter, nor that Loy's action was necessarily wrong. In addition, though the trial court evidently concentrated on the paragraph stating that Harter and Notre Capital did not inform Fleetwood of the agreement through May of 1998, this neither negates the possibility that Fleetwood was otherwise aware of the agreement, nor suggests that any lack of notice was somehow harmful to the corporation.
Loy's two petitions speak solely in terms of Loy's agreement to sign the waiver of his own personal rights. They do not, in any form, speak to his vote on the merger proposition. Accordingly, neither demonstrates a violation by Loy of any fiduciary duty owed to Fleetwood, and the trial court erred by rendering a partial summary judgment based thereon.
Because the evidence presented by Fleetwood by its very nature cannot be conclusive, and because even if it were, it does not show breach of a fiduciary duty, we reverse the summary judgment and remand for further proceedings.
D. Conflict in Findings
Loy also argues that, because the findings in the summary judgment are in conflict with the findings in the final judgment, the findings in the final judgment must control. We agree.
Loy specifically argues that statements in the summary judgment finding that he agreed to accept (and did receive) compensation from Harter for signing a waiver and allowing the merger to proceed, are in conflict with the later findings made after trial that "Harter did not agree to compensate Loy in return for hoy's waiver of the change of ownership provision."
When a court renders a summary judgment that only disposes of part of a case, it is by definition a partial summary judgment. A partial summary judgment is not final, and does not become final, until it is merged into the final judgment in the case. Webb v. Jorns, 488 S.W.2d 407, 408-09 (Tex.1972) (unsevered, partial summary judgment order merged into trial court's final judgment); see Anderson v. Long, 118 S.W.3d 806, 809 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth, 2003, no pet.). The partial summary judgment does not become final and appealable unless a severance of that phase of the case is ordered by the trial court. City of Beaumont v. Guillory, 751 S.W.2d 491 (Tex.1988).
As long as the order remains interlocutory, it is subject to change by the trial court. A trial court has the inherent authority to change or modify any interlocutory order or judgment until its plenary power expires. In re Naylor, 120 S.W.3d 498, 500 (Tex.App.-Texarkana, 2003, no pet.) (not designated for publication); Mendez v. San Benito/Cameron County Drainage Dist. No. 3, 45 S.W.3d 746, 754 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied).
The partial summary judgment recites that "Loy agreed to accept compensation from Harter for signing a waiver and allowing the merger . to proceed." The final judgment recites that "Harter did not agree to compensate Loy in return for Loy's waiver of the change of ownership provision." Can both of those be correct? On a theoretical basis, perhaps. Not, however, in the context of this case.
Loy certainly received compensation from Harter in the form of a free ride on the IPO express. The only question is why that happened. In the summary judgment, the trial court found Loy was paid in return for signing the waiver, which allowed the merger to proceed. In the final judgment, the trial court found that Harter made no agreement to pay Loy in return for the waiver. The theory of this case was that Harter paid Loy to sign the waiver to thus satisfy a condition precedent to the merger. Since the trial court found Harter did not agree to pay Loy in return for the waiver, then — in light of the complete lack of proof that Harter paid Loy directly for a change of his vote on the merger — the necessary conclusion is that Harter provided the IPO opportunity for some other reason.
By entering a final judgment with findings that differ from those made in an earlier interlocutory summary judgment, the trial court did away with the inconsistent findings in the earlier judgment. It is equivalent to a trial court entering a new judgment during its plenary power period that is different from the earlier judgment. The findings made in the final judgment control.
Accordingly, we sustain this contention of error by Loy.
E. Due Process
Loy further contends we should vacate findings of fact adverse to him entered at the end of trial because he was not present during the trial, yet the trial court adjudicated his rights in his absence. This argument is based on an alleged lack of due process. Due process requires only that a party be given notice that is reasonably calculated under the circumstances to apprise an interested party of the pen-dency of the action and afford the party the opportunity to present objections. Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., 485 U.S. 80, 84-85, 108 S.Ct. 896, 99 L.Ed.2d 75 (1988); Zuyus v. No'Mis Communications, Inc., 930 S.W.2d 743, 747 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1996, no pet.).
In this case, there is no question that Loy and his attorney were aware of the trial between Harter and Fleetwood. Counsel stated in his original brief and also in his brief on rehearing that Loy's due process rights were violated because the trial court made fact-findings on such matters as whether an agreement existed between Loy and Harter, in Loy's absence. But as noted above, due process is provided when notice and opportunity are given. Loy obviously had notice, and thus the opportunity to inject himself into the action. Because the summary judgment was interlocutory and not severed from the main case, the trial court retained the authority to alter that judgment when it was merged into the final judgment at the end of the trial. See Webb, 488 S.W.2d at 408-09 (Tex.1972).
Because Loy had notice and opportunity, we find no violation of due process.
II. Fleetwood's Appeal
Fleetwood contends the trial court erred by ordering it to reimburse Harter for attorney's fees he incurred defending against Loy's claims. Harter sought indemnity of defense expenses under an explicit indemnity agreement he had with HomeUSA, as well as under HomeUSA's bylaws and Texas' common law. The trial court concluded that Harter had not agreed to compensate Loy for signing the waiver, that Harter acted on behalf of HomeUSA, and that this lawsuit by Loy was against Harter in his capacity as a director. Therefore, HomeUSA/Fleet-wood was required to pay Harter's defense expenses.
The indemnity agreement between Har-ter and HomeUSA provides, among other things, that the company "shall indemnify" Harter for those expenses if he is sued "by reason of the fact that the Indemnitee is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company" so long as Harter "acted in good faith and in a manner [Harter] reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company...." The trial court ruled that Fleet-wood must indemnify Harter.
Fleetwood asks this Court to find that the trial court should have made the indemnification ruling based solely on the allegations of Loy's petition and that it erred by looking to all the proceedings to decide that issue. Fleetwood argues we should determine whether Loy, in his suit, sought to recover for any wrongful act taken by Harter in his capacity as a director. Alternatively, Fleetwood argues we should at least "place primary emphasis" on Loy's complaint.
This concept was addressed by the Houston Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Grove v. Daniel Valve Co., 874 S.W.2d 150, 153, 155 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied). After reviewing several cases applying Delaware law, the Houston court agreed that, although the complaint provided a starting point for determining whether a director was entitled to indemnity, it clearly should not be the only thing considered. The question is whether the necessary connection between the corporate status and the allegations has been shown.
In this case, Loy alleged that Harter, to obtain Loy's waiver as a precursor to approval of the merger, had promised Loy that Harter and Notre Capital would, by giving Loy shares in Harter's next three IPO deals, make him whole for what he would lose by signing the waiver. The evidence shows HomeUSA's attorney was present during the "hallway" discussion. The evidence shows that the stockholders of HomeUSA would have lost substantial sums if the merger had not been approved, which would have happened if the waiver had not been signed. There is evidence that Harter did not make such a deal, but that he tried to convince Loy to waive the clause for the good of HomeUSA/Fleet-wood.
Under this state of the record, there is sufficient evidence to support the trial court's findings. We, therefore, cannot conclude the trial court erred by finding that the lawsuit against Harter was taken in connection with his position as director or agent of the company.
Fleetwood attacks the trial court's finding that Harter did not promise Loy what Loy alleged, arguing that such finding is without support in the evidence. Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court are of the same force and dignity as a jury's answers to jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex.1991). The trial court's findings of fact are reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support them by the same standards that are applied in reviewing the legal or factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury's answer to a jury question. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.1996); Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex.1994).
Fleetwood simply argues the trial court's finding is wrong, and there is evidence that a secret arrangement of some kind existed about which it had not been informed. Based on that premise, Fleet-wood then argues that the secret agreement was necessarily between Harter and Loy, thus neither HomeUSA nor Fleet-wood was involved, and therefore, Fleet-wood should not be liable under the indemnity clause of the contract.
In determining whether there is no evidence of probative force to support a jury's finding, we are to consider only the evidence and inferences that tend to support the finding and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Bradford v. Vento, 48 S.W.3d 749, 754 (Tex.2001); Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex.1996). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d at 450; Leitch v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 118 (Tex.1996).
When considering a factual sufficiency challenge to a jury's verdict, courts of appeals must consider and weigh all of the evidence, not just that evidence which supports the verdict. Mari. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex.1998). A court of appeals can set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that the verdict is clearly wrong and unjust. Id.; Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex.1986).
Under both standards, there is evidence, which was obviously fully believed by the trial court, that supports its findings. Fleetwood has not effectively attacked those findings. Accordingly, Fleetwood's arguments that are based on acts involving any "agreement" by Harter to give Loy shares in a later Harter IPO are irrelevant, because there are findings supported by the evidence that no such agreement existed.
Fleetwood's claim that Harter breached his fiduciary duties also fails, because the court concluded the agreement did not exist. Further, even had the trial court concluded otherwise, it is apparent from all versions of the evidence that HomeUSA's corporate counsel was in the hallway when the conversation occurred; thus, the company was at least aware through its counsel of whatever had happened between Loy and Harter.
Fleetwood's main remaining contention is that, for various reasons, this litigation cannot involve Harter in his status as a director of HomeUSA, and thus the indemnity clause does not apply, and it should not have to pay his attorney's fees for defending the action.
As quoted above, the indemnity provision serves to broadly protect a director or agent who is acting on behalf of the company. The basic claim raised by Loy against Harter was that he acted to induce Loy to waive a contract clause and that Harter promised to give Loy some form of compensation for so doing. The evidence shows that Harter had conversations with Loy, in the hallway, but the version believed by the fact-finder was that the conversations did not result in action damaging in any respect to HomeUSA.
The lawsuit, however, is clearly connected with activities that occurred while the sale was being negotiated. Even though the alleged (but not found to exist) agreement would have been between Harter (or his companies) and Loy, and even though Harter (and Loy) obviously reaped a substantial personal gain when the sale went through because of the premium sales price of the stock, the trial court found that Harter did not act outside the parameters of a director and that his actions were taken in his effort to cause the merger for the good of the stockholders as a whole.
Under those facts, we cannot conclude the trial court erred by reaching the conclusion that the lawsuit was brought by Loy against Harter for actions taken as a director on behalf of HomeUSA. Because we so hold, we need not address the arguments based on HomeUSA's bylaws or Texas' common law. We affirm the portion of the judgment directing Fleetwood to indemnify Harter.
We reverse Fleetwood's judgment against Loy and remand it for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. Otherwise, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
. Harter, a principal of Notre Capital Ventures, II, L.L.C., and Notre Capital Ventures, III, L.L.C., had solicited a tender offer by Fleetwood for the business and was attempting to bring about the merger.
. The record shows Loy had an employment contract with HomeUSA Management Co., L.P., providing the terms under which he would serve as C.F.O. for HomeUSA. Loy's employment contract provided him with a substantial guarantee of continued employment or a large monetary award in the event of a change in control of the company that resulted in his unemployment. Thus, Loy was in a position to keep Fleetwood from consummating the purchase of HomeUSA, and Loy was not willing to give up his guarantees and lucrative income without something more to show for it. There is evidence he thought the merger proposal was good for HomeUSA, but not for him personally.
. In its findings, the court found that Loy was not a believable witness, that Harter did not agree to compensate him in return for waiver of the employment contract provision — the opposite conclusion from the one reached in the earlier partial summary judgment in Fleetwood's suit against Loy — and that evety-thing Harter did was for the benefit of the business or its stockholders. Based on those factual conclusions, the trial court found Har-ter engaged in no conspiracy, manipulation of the business, or breach of fiduciary duty.
. See In re J.D. Edwards World Solutions Co., 87 S.W.3d 546 (Tex.2002) (claim of fraudulent inducement of agreement "involvfes]" agreement, thus arbitration ordered).
. This pattern seems to be true of cases from other jurisdictions, as well.
In a 2001 federal case, Long v. Silver, 248 F.3d 309 (4th Cir.2001), plaintiff shareholder sued defendants, other shareholders, a corporation, and accountants, alleging claims arising from his shareholder and employment relationship with defendant corporation. Plaintiff alleged that defendants wrongfully diverted funds of defendant corporation and failed to distribute profits of defendant corporation proportionately. Plaintiff further asserted that such conduct affected plaintiff's rights under agreements with the predecessor to defendant corporation and defendant shareholders. The arbitration clauses in question required arbitration of "any and all disputes . arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, or with respect to the construction and interpretation thereof, or concerning the rights of any one or more parties hereto against any one or more parties hereto, or the respective obligations of each party hereto to each other party hereto." Plaintiff, nonetheless, argued that his claims were not within the ambit of the clauses. The court held that, since arbitration was required for disputes arising out of or relating to the agreements, such broad language required arbitration of plaintiff's claims as having a significant relationship to the agreements. Plaintiff's claims were clearly referable to the agreements, which created plaintiff's shareholder and employee status, and resolution of the disputes would depend on the terms of the agreements and the construction of such terms. Id.
In Nagle v. Nadelhoffer, Nagle, Kuhn, Mitchell, Moss & Saloga, P.C., 244 Ill.App.3d 920, 184 Ill.Dec. 304, 613 N.E.2d 331 (1993), a law firm sued its former employee (an attorney) for breach of fiduciary duty in soliciting firm's former employee and clients during his employment with the firm. The firm sought to enforce the generic arbitration clause from the employment agreement and was successful. It was held that the generic arbitration clause in the employment contract ("[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of, or relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration") was broad enough to encompass the determination of whether the former employee breached his fiduciary duly.
. Under the termination clause, if terminated without cause, Loy was entitled to (1) his base salary for whatever time was left in his three year contract or (2) one year's salary, whichever was greater. The arbitration panel awarded him damages under that clause.
. The record reflects that a representative of the company was present when Loy and Har-ter had their discussion; thus, it appears there is at least a fact issue concerning notice to the corporation.
. Such "golden parachute" clauses are generally enforceable. See Sealock v. Tex. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 755 S.W.2d 69, 71 (Tex.1988). The question before this Court is whether the trial court could properly determine from the summary judgment evidence as a matter of law that Loy breached his fiduciary duty as a director of the corporation.
. The trial court did not specify which "law" it was applying. In an abundance of caution, Harter has analyzed the law of Delaware, Washington, and Texas, although the indemnity agreement itself specifies it is based on Delaware general corporation law. HomeU-SA's bylaws state the law of the State of Washington governs them.
. In that case, the court reviewed the Delaware statute, rather than the language of this indemnity contract. The statute provided for indemnity if (1) the status was proven, and (2) the corporate person wins.
. A portion of the judgment orders Fleet-wood to pay any future judgment rendered against Harter "arising from or in connection with the claims, actions and causes of action asserted by plaintiff, Michael Loy, against defendant, Steven Harter, in this case." That conclusion is extremely broad. Because there is presently no judgment against Harter, we cannot know what, if any, judgment against him might ultimately be rendered, or on what it might be based. That language is not so wide-ranging as Fleetwood suggests, however. It provides specifically that the award is limited solely to the causes of action asserted in this case — as opposed to causes of action that might be asserted between these same parties at some other point.