Case Name: GROCHOWALSKI v. DETROIT AUTOMOBILE INTER-INSURANCE EXCHANGE
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1988-10-03
Citations: 171 Mich. App. 771
Docket Number: Docket No. 95575
Parties: GROCHOWALSKI v DETROIT AUTOMOBILE INTER-INSURANCE EXCHANGE
Judges: Before: Gillis, P.J., and Murphy and H. R. Gage, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 171
Pages: 771–783

Head Matter:
GROCHOWALSKI v DETROIT AUTOMOBILE INTER-INSURANCE EXCHANGE
Docket No. 95575.
Submitted May 5, 1988, at Detroit.
Decided October 3, 1988.
Leave to appeal applied for.
Linda Grochowalski was struck by an automobile in 1975 as she was crossing a street. One of her more serious injuries was a nonunion fracture of the tibia in her right leg. Grochowalski underwent treatment for that injury continuously from the time of the accident to 1983, and from 1979 to 1983 had constant infection in her leg. In 1983, Grochowalski contacted Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, the insurer of the automobile which struck her and which had paid more than $100,000 in benefits to Grochowalski since the accident, to complain about its failure to pay certain benefits. The claims supervisor she talked to allegedly suggested that she have her leg amputated so that she could get on with her life. Grochowalski filed suit against daiie in Wayne Circuit Court alleging breach of contract, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Daiie moved for summary disposition as to the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. The court, Helene Nita White, J., granted summary disposition as to that claim on the ground that the actions alleged did not, as a matter of law, rise to the level of intentional, outrageous conduct such as would support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Plaintiff appealed.
The Court of Appeals held:
1. The trial court apparently granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10), no genuine issue of material fact.
2. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the comments regarding the possibility of amputation were not outrageous and, in any event, were not intentionally or recklessly made for the purpose of causing plaintiff severe emotional distress. While the claims supervisor may have been insensitive in making the remarks, as a matter of law the remarks did not go beyond all possible bounds of decency and should not be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.
References
Am Jur 2d, Fright, Shock, and Mental Disturbance §§ 40, 41.
Am Jur 2d, Summary Judgment §§ 26 et seq.
Modern status of intentional infliction of mental distress as independent tort; "outrage”. 38 ALR4th 998.
Affirmed.
Murphy, J., dissented. He would hold that whether the remarks made by the claims supervisor were outrageous and recklessly made is a question of fact and that summary disposition is not only unjustified but improperly denies plaintiff her day in court where a jury should be allowed to assess the validity of her tort claim. He would reverse and remand for further proceedings.
1. Motions and Orders — Summary Disposition — Issues of Material Fact.
A motion for summary disposition made on the basis that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law tests the factual support for a claim; in ruling on such a motion, a court must consider not only the pleadings, but also depositions, affidavits, admissions, and other documentary evidence, should be liberal in finding a genuine issue of material fact, and must give the benefit of any reasonable doubt to the nonmoving party; summary disposition is appropriate only if the court is satisfied that it is impossible for the nonmoving party’s claim to be supported at trial because of a deficiency which cannot be overcome (MCR 2.116[C][10]).
2. Motions and Orders — Summary Disposition — Issues of Material Fact.
A party opposing a motion for summary disposition made on the basis that there is no genuine issue of material fact may not rest upon the allegations or denials in his pleadings, but must come forward with evidence to establish the existence of a material factual dispute; if the nonmoving party fails to establish that a material fact is at issue, the motion is properly granted (MCR 2.116 [C][10]X
3. Torts — Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.
The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress is comprised of extreme or outrageous conduct which intentionally or recklessly causes extreme distress; extreme distress or outrageous conduct is conduct so outrageous in character and so extreme in degree that it goes beyond all possible bounds of decency and is regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community; liability will not be found for mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities.
O’JDea & Jamnik, P.C. (by P. Kelly O’Dea), for plaintiff.
Brandt, Hanlon, Becker, Lanctot, McCutcheon, Martin & Schoolmaster (by Philip R. Blanchard), and Gromek, Bendure & Thomas (by Nancy L. Bosh), of Counsel, for defendant.
Before: Gillis, P.J., and Murphy and H. R. Gage, JJ.
Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.

Opinion:
Gillis, P.J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting defendant's motion for partial summary disposition. We affirm.
Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and MCR 2.116(C)(10), no genuine issue of material fact. Although the trial court's order and the hearing transcript are silent as to which provision was utilized in granting defendant's motion, the trial court considered portions of certain depositions in granting defendant's motion. Consequently, we will treat the trial court's ruling as though it was made pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10).
A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a claim. Morganroth v Whitall, 161 Mich App 785, 788; 411 NW2d 859 (1987). In ruling on this motion, the trial court must consider not only the pleadings, but also depositions, affidavits, admissions, and other documentary evidence. Id. The trial court should be liberal in finding a genuine issue of material fact and must give the benefit of any reasonable doubt to the nonmoving party. Id. Summary disposition is appropriate only if the court is satisfied that it is impossible for the nonmoving party's claim to be supported at trial because of a deficiency which cannot be overcome. Id. We note that a party opposing a motion brought under subrule 10 may not rest upon the allegations or denials of his pleadings, but must come forward with evidence to establish the existence of a material factual dispute. Id. See also MCR 2.116(G)(4). If the nonmoving party fails to establish that a material fact is at issue, the motion is properly granted. Morganroth, supra, p 789.
Plaintiff was seriously injured in 1975 when an automobile struck her as she was crossing a street at an intersection. One of plaintiff's most serious injuries was a nonunion fracture of the tibia in her right leg. Plaintiff has been hospitalized numerous times, has worn several casts, and has been fighting a constant infection in that area since 1979. Defendant, the insurer of the vehicle which struck plaintiff, has paid benefits to plaintiff in an amount over $100,000.
In the relevant portion of her complaint, plaintiff alleged that she called defendant to complain about its failure to pay certain benefits and was connected with Mr. Cooper, defendant's employee. Mr. Cooper told plaintiff that she "should consider having her leg amputated" and acquiring an artificial leg "so that she could get on with her life." Plaintiff also alleged that when she told Cooper that she would not consider having her leg amputated because "that would be giving up," Cooper told her that she would not be giving up and defendant would be there to help her. Plaintiff further alleged that in order to induce her to amputate her leg, Cooper told her that an artificial leg was not that bad and that he knew so because his nephew and another female insured had had their legs amputated. Plaintiff alleged that Cooper intentionally made these statements for the purpose of coercing her to have her leg amputated so that defendant would no longer be required to expend large sums on plaintiff's medical treatments for her right leg. Plaintiff further claimed that Cooper's statements were outrageous, went beyond all possible bounds of decency, and were made for the express purpose of causing her severe emotional distress.
In Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich 594; 374 NW2d 905 (1985), our Supreme Court declined to decide whether this state should recognize the tort known as intentional infliction of emotional distress, holding that the plaintiffs in that case had failed to present a prima facie case of such a claim. Nonetheless, this Court has recognized such a tort, as has the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. Coogan v City of Wixom, 820 F2d 170 (CA 6, 1987); Bhama v Bhama, 169 Mich App 73; 425 NW2d 733 (1988); Dickerson v Nichols, 161 Mich App 103; 409 NW2d 741 (1987); Margita v Diamond Mortgage Corp, 159 Mich App 181; 406 NW2d 268 (1987); Rosenberg v Rosenberg Bros Special Account, 134 Mich App 342; 351 NW2d 563 (1984); Ledsinger v Burmeister, 114 Mich App 12; 318 NW2d 558 (1982); Frishett v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 3 Mich App 688; 143 NW2d 612 (1966), lv den 378 Mich 733 (1966). All of these cases, including Roberts, define the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress by referring to 1 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 46, pp 71-72. Its elements are: (1) extreme or outrageous conduct, (2) which intentionally or recklessly, (3) causes (4) extreme emotional distress. Id. Extreme or outrageous conduct has further been defined as conduct so outrageous in character and so extreme in degree that it goes beyond all possible bounds of decency and is regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. 1 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 46, Comment d, pp 72-73. Moreover, liability will not be found for mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities. Id. The rough edges of our society still need a good deal of filing down and, in the meantime, plaintiffs must necessarily be expected and required to be hardened to a certain amount of rough language and to occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind. Id. The law will not intervene in every case where a plaintiff's feelings are hurt. Id.
In her deposition, plaintiff testified that on December 20, 1983, she attempted to contact Ted Woltjer, the claims agent assigned to her, to determine why an aide she had hired was not being reimbursed by defendant and why certain bills were not being paid. Plaintiff was upset because she had just told her twenty-year-old and nineteen-year-old sons as well as her fourteen-year-old daughter that she was unable to provide anything for Christmas because she had used her money to pay her aide for her services. Plaintiff was recently divorced and received social security benefits in the amount of $338.60 per month. Plaintiff also received aid for dependent children in the amount of $280 per month. Plaintiff had also recently had a bone graft from her hip onto her right tibia to help heal the nonunion fracture. Because Woltjer was unavailable, plaintiff was connected with Cooper, Woltjer's supervisor. Plaintiff asked Cooper why Woltjer was not paying some of her bills or paying her aide, when the doctor required that she have one. Cooper told plaintiff that Woltjer would have to review the claims again and then pay them if necessary.
Thereafter, plaintiff stated that Cooper began talking about his nephew, who had been in an accident and had had his leg amputated. Cooper stated that his nephew was "well-adjusted" and that he could do things for himself. Cooper then asked plaintiff if she had "ever thought of having it [her leg] off' or if she had ever "considered having it off." Plaintiff told Cooper that she had not thought of having her leg removed because she had been fighting for some period of time to save it. Plaintiff hung up the telephone after Cooper told her that he would have Woltjer return her call. Nonetheless, plaintiff confirmed the remaining allegations in her complaint concerning the conversation.
Cooper's remark made plaintiff realize that she could in fact lose her leg. Plaintiff began pacing up and down on her crutches trying to "figure out what to do." Plaintiff was also upset because her children had heard her side of the conversation and her daughter had accused plaintiff of being a liar because she was not informed that plaintiff's condition might require amputation. Plaintiff was irritated that Cooper told her that he could sympathize with her efforts to save her leg because he had not been through her experiences. Plaintiff claimed that she "tore her house apart." Plaintiff calmed down her daughter and told her sons that she had to leave. Plaintiff borrowed a friend's new car and drove around some back roads drinking. Plaintiff was tired of fighting to get her bills paid and decided to take her pills with the alcohol she was drinking and drive her friend's car off the road. Plaintiff drank a bottle of rum and one-half bottle of whiskey. Plaintiff ended up at another friend's house after doing three 360-degree turns in the car. When that friend attempted to take plaintiff's keys, plaintiff got mad, told him to leave her alone because he could hot understand her problems, and drove to a third friend's home. There, plaintiff talked for three hours and left. Plaintiff could not remember going to the last friend's home or the conversation she had. Plaintiff woke up in her bed, but could not remember how she got there. Plaintiff's children told her that she came home at 4 a.m. Plaintiff had not had an episode like this before or since Cooper's statements.
In his deposition, Cooper claimed that he only spoke to plaintiff during the telephone call. Cooper made notes during the conversation which stated that plaintiff was going to have a total knee replacement. Cooper asked plaintiff why she was going to the Detroit area for treatment when she lived in the Grand Rapids area. Plaintiff responded that she was going to do everything she could to save her leg. Cooper told her that he could understand her desire to save her leg. Cooper then described a situation where a young man had had a nonunion fracture and had done everything that plaintiff had done, but that he had had to have his leg amputated. This man was not Cooper's relative and had later reported that he felt well because he was not having continuous infections. Cooper denied suggesting that plaintiff have her leg amputated.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the trial court held that Cooper's comments regarding the possibility of amputation were not outrageous and, in any event, were not made intentionally or recklessly for the purpose of causing plaintiff severe emotional distress. We agree. During a conversation with plaintiff concerning her injuries, Cooper related stories about similar situations where the individuals had opted for amputation. He then asked plaintiff whether she had ever considered this procedure. Plaintiff indicated that she had not and to do so would be giving up. Cooper indicated that plaintiff would not be giving up and that defendant would pay for such procedures. While Cooper's remarks as described by plaintiff were insensitive, we believe that as a matter of law they did not go beyond all possible bounds of decency and should not be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.
Affirmed.
H. R. Gage, J., concurred.