Case Name: Transit Corporation of Norfolk v. Four Wheel Drive Auto Company
Court: Special Court of Appeals of Virginia
Jurisdiction: Virginia
Decision Date: 1928-10-30
Citations: 151 Va. 865
Docket Number: 
Parties: Transit Corporation of Norfolk v. Four Wheel Drive Auto Company.
Judges: 
Reporter: Virginia Reports
Volume: 151
Pages: 865–882

Head Matter:
Richmond.
Transit Corporation of Norfolk v. Four Wheel Drive Auto Company.
October 30, 1928.
The opinion states the case.
W. R. Ashburn, for the appellant.
R. M. Hughes, Jr., for the appellee.

Opinion:
Chinn, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was brought, under section 5190 of the Code, by the Four Wheel Drive Auto Company (hereinafter referred to as complainant) against the Transit Corporation of Norfolk (hereinafter referred to as defendant) to enforce a written conditional sales contract, dated. September 9, 1925, reserving title to three motor basses sold by complainant to the defendant at a total purchase price of $9,869.14, of which the balance alleged to be due and unpaid under said contract is $4,781.26. The bill prays for a sale of said busses, application of the net proceeds to the debt alleged to be due, and a personal judgment against the defendant for any amount not realized through said sale.
Defendant filed its answer at the first August Rules following, in which it stated, as matter of defense, that before entering into any contract with complainant, defendant informed complainant's agent that it desired motor bus equipment for operation in a particular territory and for certain purposes, fully disclosed the conditions under w'hich said equipment would be operated, and requested the complainant to furnish equipment suitable and fit for the purposes for which same was to be used; that complainant was a manufacturer and maker of motor bus equipment and its agent selected said m\ptor busses, and induced defendant to purchase same upon the following express warranties and representations, which constituted the inducement and consideration for the defendant's obligation to purchase them:
"(1) That said motor busses and the material and equipment of which they are composed would be reasonably fit for the purpose for which defendant desired to purchase them.
"(2) That they were of good quality and were free from latent defects."
That, relying on these representations and warranties, defendant purchased said busses, and commenced to operate them over the routes for which they were purchased, but it soon developed that they were not reasonably fit for the purpose, and that the material of which they were composed was not of good quality and free from latent defects; that within a short time the said busses required the replacement of their most material parts, and their motors became totally unfit for service; whereupon defendant had to expend $4,120.98 to purchase and install new motors and other necessary parts in order to put said busses in the condition they should have been at the time plaintiff received them.
The answer sets forth an itemized statement of said expenditures, and prayed that said amount be set off against the balance due on the purchase price. There were no further proceedings in the case until October 11, 1926, when complainant filed the following motion in writing:
"The complainant moves to reject the answer on the ground that it appears from complainant's bill and the exhibit filed therewith that in the contract of sale on which this suit is based, 'buyer agrees and acknowledges that the written contract covers all conditions and agreements between the parties that the loss, 'injury, or destruction of said car or cars shall not release said buyer.from payment as provided herein. Buyer hereby acknowledges receipt of and accepts the ear or cars, having first examined and tested the same and found same in sound and first class condition;' so that under the said contract of suit there is not and cannot be any warranty, express or implied, outside of the terms of the said contract. And the answer of the defendant seeks to set up alleged parol or implied agreements of warranty in conflict therewith."
On November 11,' 1926, the court filed its written opinion sustaining the motion to reject said answer, on the grounds set forth in the motion in writing, and stating that, unless some other plea is put in, or amended answer prayed for, the defendant would be adjudged in default. Whereupon, the defendant asked leave to file an amended answer, and on December 4, 1926, tendered an amended answer and cross-bill, to which plaintiff objected on the ground that the same "sought to change essentially the grounds of defense taken in the original answer and to let in new facts and defenses wholly or chiefly dependent on parol evidence and designed to evade the justice of the ease, and set up new and ingeniously contrived defenses and subterfuges."
On January 4, 1927, a decree was entered rejecting the original answer, in accordance with the opinion previously filed by the court, and also refusing to allow the amended answer and cross-bill previously tendered to be filed.
By decree entered March 22, 1927, judgment was given for the plaintiff in the sum of $4,781.26, with interest and costs, and the additional amount of $300.00, as attorney fee.
From the aforesaid decrees, defendant appeals. Apart from the allegations contained in the original answer filed by the defendant, the amended answer and cross-bill which was tendered and rejected by the court, states the following additional facts:
(1) That the true contract of purchase was made on July 17, 1925, when defendant signed a written order for the busses upon terms specified therein, and made a cash payment of $500.00; which contract contained specific warranties of quality, which were breached by the complainant.
(2) That the said contract was obtained by the fraudulent misrepresentations of complainant's agent, that said busses were "the best on the market today for the class of work to be performed;" that they were fit for the purposes for which they were to be used, of good quality, and free from latent defects; and upon the false and fraudulent promise of said agent that a written warranty would be furnished the defendant to that effect.
(3) That the conditional sales contract of September 9, 1925, was signed after the busses were sent by the complainant to Hoover Body Works, at Hoover, Pa., to be equipped with the bodies thereon, but before they were actually delivered to the defendant, and was not intended to embody the true agreement as to the purchase of the busses, but simply to secure the balance of the unpaid purchase price.
(4) That the said equipment having proved to be defective and unfit for service, within ninety days after the delivery of the same to the defendant, complainant sent a representative from its factory to make an examination of them, and thereupon promised to replace defective parts and to put them in the condition they should have been at the time they were received, but failed to make good said promise; and, in order to use said busses and carry on its business, defendant was obliged to expend $4,120.98 for that purpose, as set forth in the original answer.
(5) That, in addition to the amount actually expended as aforesaid, defendant had sustained damage in loss of business, while said busses were out of commission, to the extent of $5,000.00.
The written order of July 17, 1925, filed with the amended answer, so far as pertinent, is as follows:
"Date July 17, 1925.
"Enter order as follows, to be delivered at once f. o. b., Clintonville, Wis., according to following terms and specifications: *
"3 chasis model (T) wheel base 175 W. B.......$8,925.00
"Tire equipment 34 x 7 rear extra.................... 187.50
"3 body equipment Grus air springs.. 525.00
"9,637.50
"Cash deposit............................................ 500.00
"9,137,50
"The above balance to be paid as follows, $2,837.50 (plus war tax) on delivery. Balance in twelve equal monthly payments. Payment in form of notes six per cent interest. Notes secured by reservation of title. Notes to be dated date of delivery at body builder." *
"Warranty.
"We warrant the new motor trucks manufactured by us to be free from defects in material and workmanship, this warranty being limited to making good at our factory any parts thereof which shall within ninety days after delivery of the truck to the purchaser be returned to us with transportation prepaid, and which our examination shall disclose to our satisfaction to have been defective. We further warrant that the Four Wheel Drive principle, as applied in our trucks, will operate and wear successfully. .
"The foregoing obligation to make good any defective parts as herein provided is in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied, and of all other obligations or liabilities on our part, and we neither assume nor authorize any other person to assume for us any other liability in connection with the sale of our trucks."
It is contended by complainant that the defendant is precluded by the terms of the conditional sales contract of September 9, 1925, from producing evidence of any prior agreement, written or verbal; tbe provisions of said contract relied on to sustain the contention being as follows:
"Buyer agrees tbat tbe within contract covers all conditions and agreements between tbe parties, íjí JJ
"Tbis agreement shall apply to and bind tbe heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of tbe buyer, and shall enure to the benefit of tbe seller, seller's successors and assigns, and contains tbe entire agreement between tbe parties hereto, their agents or employees, either verbal or written."
In tbe case of Luck v. Wood, 144 Va. 355, 132 S. E. 178, where tbe plaintiff claimed damages because of defendant's breach of bis written contract to do certain specified work for tbe completion of a dwelling and to install a furnace therein, tbe property having been contemporaneously sold to plaintiff by defendant, Judge Prentis said:
"In the case of Portsmouth Refining Company v. Oliver Refining Company, 109 Va. 520, 64 S. E. 56, 132 Am. St. Rep. 924, where there was a sale of real estate and a contemporaneous written agreement providing, among other things, tbat tbe plant should be in good working condition when turned over to tbe vendee, tbis court sustained a substantial recovery for breach of tbis contemporaneous agreement, and thus clearly stated tbe rule:
" 'Where two papers are executed at tbe same time, or contemporaneously between tbe same parties, in reference to tbe same subject matter, they must be regarded as parts of one transaction and receive tbe same consideration as if their several provisions were in one and tbe same instrument.' .
"TMs holding does not in the slightest degree impinge upon the parol evidence rule. Such evidence neither tends to contradict nor to vary the terms of the contract. It simply admits evidence of the entire contract in all of its several parts, as finally concluded, in order to determine the rights of the parties thereunder."
The written order filed with defendant's amended answer specifically stipulates the terms ' upon which the busses were purchased, contains express warranties, and provides that the deferred payments were to be secured by reservation of title when the busses were delivered.
On the other hand, the conditional sales contract, the purpose of which was to secure the unpaid purchase money as contemplated by the original contract of purchase, although containing many lengthy and detailed provisions and stipulations for the protection of the seller, contains no warranty or other provision for the protection of the purchaser at all. We are, therefore, of the opinion that, in order to ascertain the true contract between the parties, and to determine their rights thereunder, the defendant is entitled to have the original order of purchase admitted in evidence and the two papers, which are parts of the same transaction, read together. Otherwise the complainant would be allowed to escape all responsibility for the express written warranties under which the busses were sold, if the same have, in fact, been breached. Hence, the provisions of the conditional sales contract above referred to and relied on by complainant, must be construed as applying only to the terms and conditions of that paper, and not to the agreement under which the busses were sold, in so far as the written warranties .contained in that paper are involved.
The defendant also contends that, notwithstand ing the aforesaid provisions of the contract of September 9, 1925, it has the right to produce parol evidence to show that it was induced to purchase the busses, and executed the papers referred to, through false and fraudulent representations on the part of complainant's agent, as alleged in its amended answer. This position should be sustained. White Sewing Machine Company v. Gilmore Furniture Company, 128 Va. 630, 105 S. E. 134, and cases therein cited.
It is insisted by complainant, however, that the defenses of fraud not having been set up in the original answer, it should not now be allowed, for the reason that it constitutes a new defense and is an after-thought and subterfuge. It is true that it may reasonably be assumed that counsel for the defendant was conversant with all the facts of the case when the original answer was prepared and nothing appears in the record to show why this defense was not made in the first instance. Neither does any reason appear why the original sales contract was not alleged and filed with the original answer, and yet that such a contract existed, as shown by the subsequent pleadings, appears to be a fact. It appears, however, that the original answer was filed at the first rules after the filing of the bill; that the amended answer was tendered with reasonable promptness after the court announced its decision on November 11th, and before the decree rejecting the original answer was entered; and that no evidence had been taken in the case.
There is no substantial inconsistency in the defenses set up by the two answers, the last filed being in effect only a more elaborate and detailed statement of the circumstances leading up to and surrounding the transaction, with the specific charge that the alleged representations made by complainant's agent consti tuted fraud upon the defendant. Under the circumstances we cannot say that the defenses set up by the amended answer are not made in good faith, and are of the opinion that the defendant should be allowed to sustain the same by proper proof if it can.
In Watson v. Brunner, 128 Va. 600, 105 S. E. 97, the court said:
"We have had occasion, time and again, to deal with the subject of amending equity pleadings, and many verbally differing statements of the rule relative to amendments will be found in the Virginia cases. No fixed and invariable rule has ever been formulated, and in the nature of things, since the exercise of the court's discretion in each case rests upon the facts of that case, it follows that such a rule is incapable of establishment, but the general tendency is in the direction of increasing liberality in respect of allowing amendments, thereby enlarging the flexibility of judicial procedure to the end that substantial justice unembarrassed by technical niceties and meticulous refinements, may be readily afforded. This tendency is indicated by section 6104 of the Code of 1919, which provides that 'in any suit, action, motion, or other proceeding, hereafter instituted, the court may at any time, in furtherance of j ustiee, and upon such terms as it may deem j ust, permit any pleading to be amended, or material supplemental matter to be set forth, in amended or supplemental pleadings. *.' This court has declared in Standard Paint Company v. Vietor, 120 Va. 595, 91 S. E. 752, that this section should be liberally construed, and in Tidball v. Shenandoah National Bank, 100 Va. 744, 42 S. E. 868, that 'the rule as to amendments is not less liberal in equity than in law.' "
"It is the settled policy of our law to allow amendments in pleading and to disregard defects in procedure which do not operate to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the opposite party." Carpenter v. Meredith, 122 Va. 446, 96 S. E. 635.
"Amendments are freely allowed and are to be favored when they promote the ends of justice. It would be a reproach to the administration of justice to permit a substantial right to be sacrificed to mere form which did not affect the rights of the parties, or a mode of procedure which could be readily changed without injury or injustice to anyone. The ends of justice should never be sacrificed to mere form or to too rigid adherence to rules of practice." DuPont v. Snead, 124 Va. 177, 97 S. E. 812.
"The trial courts must always permit amendments in f urtherance of j ustiee and upon refusal to do so such action may be reviewed by this court; but such amendments are not matters of right and should not be permitted to delay, impede, or embarrass the administration of justice." Richmond College v. Scott-Nuckols Co., 124 Va. 333, 98 S. E. 1.
There is nothing to indicate a purpose on the part of the defendant to cause delay, or that the complainant would have suffered any prejudice by allowing the amended answer to be filed. On the other hand, if the allegations of the answer are true, the furtherance of justice requires that the defendant should be permitted to make his legitimate defenses thereunder. ?;
For the foregoing reasons we are of the opinion that the decrees complained of should be reversed, and the case remanded, to be disposed of in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Decrees reversed and remanded.