Case Name: Brigette RABIDEAU and Monika F. Jennings, et al., Petitioners, v. STATE of Florida and Oscar Sambrine, Respondents
Court: Florida Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 1982-01-28
Citations: 409 So. 2d 1045
Docket Number: No. 60241
Parties: Brigette RABIDEAU and Monika F. Jennings, et al., Petitioners, v. STATE of Florida and Oscar Sambrine, Respondents.
Judges: SUNDBERG, C. J., and ALDERMAN and McDONALD, JJ., concur.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 409
Pages: 1045–1047

Head Matter:
Brigette RABIDEAU and Monika F. Jennings, et al., Petitioners, v. STATE of Florida and Oscar Sambrine, Respondents.
No. 60241.
Supreme Court of Florida.
Jan. 28, 1982.
Arnold R. Ginsberg of Horton, Perse & Ginsberg, and Brumer, Cohen, Logan & Kandell, Miami, for petitioners.
Ronald W. Brooks of Brooks, Callahan & Phillips, Tallahassee, for respondents.

Opinion:
OVERTON, Justice.
This is a petition to review a decision of the First District Court of Appeal reported at 391 So.2d 283 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980). It concerns the vicarious responsibility of the state for state-owned vehicles under the waiver of sovereign immunity provisions of section 768.28, Florida Statutes (1979). The district court held that the state was- not liable under the section for injuries caused by a state employee operating a state vehicle when the employee was acting outside the scope of his employment. After so holding, the district court certified the following question to this Court:
WHETHER SECTION 768.28, FLORIDA STATUTES, MAKES THE DANGEROUS INSTRUMENTALITY DOCTRINE APPLICABLE TO THE STATE OF FLORIDA.
We answer the question in the negative, finding there was clearly no legislative intent to hold the state vicariously liable by the enactment of section 768.28.
The relevant facts reflect that on April 7, 1976, Oscar Sambrine, an investigator for the Secretary of State's Office, was driving a state-owned vehicle and struck and killed Raymond Rabideau and Larry Jennings. Sambrine had possession of the vehicle twenty-four hours a day, and, on the date of the accident, ceased working at approximately 5:30 p. m. He then drove to a bar where he consumed six or seven drinks before leaving at 9:30 p. m. On his way home, he hit and killed the decedents as they were repairing their motorcycle on the roadside.
The decedents' survivors filed this action for wrongful death. On the state's motion, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the state on the grounds that Sambrine was not acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the accident. The district court affirmed.
Petitioners contend that section 768.28 does render the state liable because they assert Sambrine was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the accident, given that he had twenty-four-hour-a-day custody of the state vehicle. Petitioners further assert that, even if Sambrine was acting outside the scope of his employment at the time of the accident, section 768.28(5) waives the state's immunity because it provides "[t]he state . . . shall be liable for tort claims in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances." In petitioners' view, the legislature intended the state to be responsible under subsection (5) for all tort claims not included in subsection (1). Finally, as a policy matter, petitioners assert that it is totally inconsistent with Florida's dangerous instrumentality doctrine for the state to put state-owned vehicles on state roadways for twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and not be responsible for damages and injuries caused by the vehicles.
We disagree with petitioners' contentions, and approve fully the instant district court opinion. Any waiver of sovereign immunity must be clear and unequivocal. Arnold v. Shumpert, 217 So.2d 116 (Fla.1968); Spangler v. Florida State Turnpike Authority, 106 So.2d 421 (Fla.1958). Had the legislature intended to accept vicarious responsibility for the operation of state vehicles while in use for nonstate purposes, we believe it would have expressly so provided. We hold, therefore, that twenty-four-hour assignment of a state-owned vehicle to a state employee does not enlarge state liability under section 768.28 to include acts committed outside the employee's scope of employment.
We further note, as did the district court, that this decision is in accordance with the federal court's construction of section 768.-28's counterpart in the Federal Torts Claim Act. See, e.g., LeFevere v. United States, 362 F.2d 352 (5th Cir. 1966); Cropper v. United States, 81 F.Supp. 81 (N.D.Fla.1948).
The decision of the district court is affirmed and its opinion approved in its entirety.
It is so ordered.
SUNDBERG, C. J., and ALDERMAN and McDONALD, JJ., concur.
BOYD, J., dissents with an opinion, in which ADKINS, J., concurs.