Case Name: Henry C. Hopkins, Respondent, v. James F. A. Clark and Others, Appellants
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1896
Citations: 7 A.D. 207
Docket Number: 
Parties: Henry C. Hopkins, Respondent, v. James F. A. Clark and Others, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 7
Pages: 207–221

Head Matter:
Henry C. Hopkins, Respondent, v. James F. A. Clark and Others, Appellants.
Stockbrokers—burden of proof as to authority to speculate for a customer — oral testimony and, letters claimed to be a ratification of the pwrchase must be submitted to thejwry—what must be shown to set the verdict aside.
In an action by the customer of a firm of stockbrokers to recover an alleged balance of account in favor of the- customer, the defendants sought to show that a purchase had been made by authority of the plaintiff, .which had resulted in a loss exceeding, in amount, the previous balance existing in his favor. In regard to this purchase the only oral testimony was that of the plaintiff and of one of the defendants, which was directly contradictory, and certain letters of the plaintiff which the defendants claimed showed a ratification of the transaction by the plaintiff.
Held, that the burden of proof rested upon the defendants;
That the testimony of the defendant, being that of an interested party, even if uncontradicted, must necessarily have been submitted to the jury for them to say, whether they would accept it as the basis for a verdict—it being, in fact, contradicted by the testimony of the plaintiff, a serious conflict of testimony was presented for the consideration of the jury;
That the letters, not being dispositive documents, which were to stand as the basis of rights acquired under them, were not to receive a construction from the court, but to be submitted, with the other evidence, to the jury, and that the question whether or not the letters, written under the circumstances stated, conclusively contradicted the testimony of the plaintiff, must be decided like other questions of fact by the jury, whose verdict would not be set aside unless it appeared that the jury were influenced by prejudice, passion or corruption 'in reaching the conclusion which they did.
Proof that the customer of a broker told him that he would like to make a dollar -if he could, and that if the broker could help him he would like to have, the broker do so, standing by itself, does not authorize the broker to enter into a speculative transaction for the customer.
Van Brunt, P. J., and Williams, J., dissented. .
Appeal by the defendants, James F. A. Clark and others, from a judgment of the Court of Common Pleas for the city and county of New York in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of said county on the 8th day of April, 1895, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said, clerk’s'office on the 6fh day of May, 1895, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
Paul D. Cravath, for the appellants.
Michael H., Cardozo and Edgar J. Nathan, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Rumsey, J.:
The action was "brought, to recover" the balance of an account which the plaintiff claimed against the defendants. It Ayas conceded that for a considerable time before the month of February, 1893, the defendant .Campbell had been in the employ of Brown, Riley & Co., who were brokers in the city of Boston. -During that time the. plaintiff,.who was a personal acquaintance and friend of Campbell, had procured to have purchased by the firm of Brown, Riley & Co., 200 shares of stock of the Louisville, NeAV Albany and Chicago Railroad Company upon a margin; and to secure BroAvn, Riley & Co. he had deposited with them as collateral thirty-one • shares of stock of the Oregon.'Railroad and Navigation .Company.-. In February, 1893, there was due to BroAvn, Riley & Co. for their advances for the purchase of the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago stock about $4*200, while the value of the stocks held by them belonging to the plaintiff amounted to Something in the neighborhood of $7,000, leaving" about $3,000 apparently due to. the plaintiff.
In the early part of February, 1893, Campbell severed his connection with Brown, Riley & Co., and became a partner in the firm of Clark, "Ward & Co., the present defendants, and the account of the plaintiff was transferred , by Brown, Riley & Co. to Campbell's new firm, who paid to Brown, Riley & 'Co. the amount due on the stocks and held them for the plaintiff as the former firm had done.
It appears that these 200 shares of stock which were bought upon a margin by Brown, Riley & Co. for the plaintiff had been Carried by them for a long time, and it -is fairly to be inferred from the testimony that it was the only speculative transaction which they had had in behalf of the plaintiff.- The' plaintiff testifies that, he was induced to buy this particular stock upon speculation, because Mr. Campbell was a director of the company and had adAdsed him to buy" it, .and that he bought it and carried it upon the faith -of Campbell's recommendation. He say's that he had no other speculative transaction, arid this is not denied by Campbell and must be assumed to be the truth of the case.-
On the 17th of February, 1893, the firm of Clark, Ward & Co. advised the plaintiff that they had on that day purchased for him income bonds of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad Company of the par value of $10,000, for which, they had paid $4,200. The day on which this purchase was made was Friday. The letter-announcing it reached Philadelphia, where the plaintiff was, on Saturday, and he received it on the afternoon of that day, too late to communicate with the defendants with regard to the transaction. The plaintiff claims that the transaction was not authorized, and after some communication with the defendants about it, which will be referred to later, he made the proper tender to them and demanded the amount of money which he claimed to be due to him after crediting him with the 200 shares of Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railroad Company stock and the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company stock; and upon their refusing to- pay the amount, he brought this action to recover it.
The defense set up is that the defendants had purchased the Reading bonds; that such purchase had been authorized by the plaintiff, or was subsequently ratified by him; that the result of the purchase was a loss, so that in fact there was nothing due to the plaintiff as a balance upon the stocks which the defendants held on his account. Upon the trial in the Court of Common Pleas, the plaintiff had a verdict for what was conceded to be due him if the: purchase of the Reading bonds was not authorized or had not been ratified. A motion for a new trial was made upon the ground that the verdict was against the weight of evidence, which was denied by the learned justice who presided at the court, and judgment was thereupon entered for the plaintiff. From that judgment' and the order denying a motion for a new trial this appeal was taken.
It is apparent that the questions which must be decisive-of this-, case are, whether there was original authority given by the plaintiff' to the defendants through Campbell to purchase the Reading bonds-on his account, or, if no such authority was given, whether that purchase was -subsequently ratified.
Just what questions were submitted to the jury by the trial judge does not appear in the record, because the charge is not printed but we have a right to assume upon this appeal that the defendants; had no fault to find either with the questions which were submitted or with the manner of their submission. It is fairly to be assumed that the two questions which are indicated above, and which lay at the foundation of the case, were submitted to the jury and properly so ; and the question to be decided here is, whether the evidence warranted á finding by the jury in favor of the plaintiff upon each of those questions.
So far as the parol testimony is concerned, but two witnesses were sworn, the plaintiff on his own behalf, and Campbell on behalf «óf the defendants! Both agreed that shortly before the 11th of February, 1893, the plaintiff called upon Campbell at the office of the defendants in the city of Boston, and that there took place a conversation with regard to the business transactions between the defendants' firm and the plaintiff. As to what was said at that time the parties are sadly in conflict. The plaintiff says that the final result of the conversation was that Campbell was to buy for him, if lié' sáw añ opportunity, some ¡stock of the Lamson Cash Carrier Company which would cost from $1,400 to $1,500 for 100 shares; that he told Campbell he would like to. have him buy him 100 ¡shares of it; that no other stock was talked of, and that he had repeatedly and distinctly told Campbell that he would not under any circumstances speculate, because, being a married man and having a child, he did not think it would be proper for him to speculate,-and he refused in every way to do it, and that Mr. Campbell Tunder'stood that distinctly. -The plaintiff states positivély that at that time there was nothing said about buying any bonds, and that there was no authority given to "buy any stock except that of the Lamson Cash Carrier Company. . Mr. Campbell says that the "business of the plaintiff with Clark, Ward & Co. was generally talked over, and that, after discussing as to purchases and business Tor the plaintiff's account, the plaintiff' offered to transfer that account, using the equity in it as security for any further purchases that he might make ; that the plaintiff " came in to, discuss generally the market, the situation in stocks, and stated that now he was out of business, having been in -the dry goods business, and that he had a family to support, and that if possible he would like to make a dollar, and. if I could help him he would like to "have me do it." He says that then followed a general discussion of the general con dition of various stocks, and that during this general conversation plaintiff stated to Campbell that what he meant was that if Campbell saw a 'chance to make a dollar for him he wanted to do it, and that Campbell replied, "Yes." Campbell further says that the plaintiff stated during that conversation a desire to make money by purchasing stocks for a rise.
No other testimony was given by Campbell as to this conversation, and there is no claim that there was any further communication with the plaintiff about business until after the purchase of the Reading bonds, which was made on the l'Tth of February, 1893. As was said, the notice of this purchase reached the plaintiff on Saturday, the day after it was made and after business hours, so that he was unable to communicate with defendants until Monday, February twentieth. The plaintiff says that pn that day he had a telephone communication with Campbell in which he said that Campbell had no authority to buy anything but the Lamson Carrier stock; that they had never talked 'about Reading, or any other stock than the Lamson stock, and that he declined to have .anything to do with it; that he wanted nothing to do with Reading; that he wanted no speculation; that defendants had no authority for that, and that he would have nothing whatever to do with Reading or any other speculative stock; Campbell, admitting that there was a conversation over the telephone on Monday, says positively that no such conversation took place as is stated by the plaintiff, but that he discussed the situation or condition of the Reading Company and the prospect and current rumors in Philadelphia, his disturbance over the situation, and his féar that the security might go still lower, and, finally, said that he should want to rely upon the defendants to look after the thing for him. Campbell says positively that the plaintiff did not repudiate the transaction in any way. This was the sum of the oral testimony with regard to the matter. '
Upon this testimony it is quite clear that there was not only a conflict but a sharp conflict of evidence for the jury to decide.' But' the defendants, admitting that, claim that the correspondence which is in evidence, and which it is concéded took place between the parties with regard to the same transaction, is such as to conclusively contradict the plaintiff's story that lie repudiated the transaction, and to. conclusively corroborate Campbell's story that plaintiff- ratified the purchase^
While considering- the weight to be given to this testimony, it is necessary to bear in mind the precise question to be presented to the jfiry, and the position which each party took with regard to it. The fact that the plaintiff was liable for the purchase price of these bonds was set up by the defendants as an affirmative defense. ' Upon them, therefore, lay the burden, not only of proving the purchase of the bond's, but, of proving either that that purchase was authorized, or, if. not authorized, that it was, subsequently ratified so that the plaintiff. was bound by it. All the testimony with, regard to the original authorization has been stated- in the former part of this opinion, and it is-quite clear that the. jury might have found from that that Campbell was.-not.authorized;to make any such purchase or any purchase. Indeed, it seems to us that upon that branch, of the case there-can be. no question that the defendants entirely failed to show an original authorization. It appears in the case that the plaintiff had. had but one speculative, transaction. Nobody pretends anything to the contrary. All the- authorization that the defendants claim is- that which was sworn to by Campbell, and it is very evident, .that what was saiddo Campbell does not amount to an authority to buy stock upon speculation,, unless a much broader construction is-given to it. than the words-themselves would seem to indicate. The most that Campbell says is that the plaintiff told him he would like to.make a dollar'if he could, and that if Campbell would help - him he would like to have him do it. This, standing by itself, is a long way from giving authority to a man to enter into any speculative transaction, and taken in consideration with the fact that neither the defendants' firm nor Campbell had ever done any such business generally for the plaintiff, it practically required the -jury to find that: there was no original authority.
In order that the defendants might succeed, therefore, they were-obliged to show that.this transaction was ratified by the plaintiff. "The burden of proof lay upon' them from the beginning to the end of the case to do this thing, and in analyzing this evidence it is necessary to bear this in mind. Upon that point the defendants held the affirmative throughout 'the trial, and their relation to the question never changed. Of course, it happens frequently during the pro gress of a trial that the party on whom the burden of proof rests gives evidence tending to establish his allegation, sufficient sometimes to establish it prima facie ; and it is sometimes said under those circumstances, loosely speaking, that the burden of proof is shifted, but, as is said by Church, Ch. J., in Heinemann v. Heard (62 N. Y. 455), "All that is meant by this is, that there is a necessity of evidence to answer the prima facie case, or it will prevail, but the burden of maintaining the affirmative of the issue involved in the action is upon the party alleging the fact which constitutes the issue, and this burden remains throughout the trial."
What was the fact to be established by the defendants ? It was that the plaintiff, having given no original authority to purchase this stock, ratified the act of the defendants after he had been advised of it. In this case no rights of third parties are involved. Hnder such circumstances a ratification rests upon the actual and existing purpose to approve the act that has been done. It is a thing which rests within the intention, where the question is between the original parties, and depends upon the fact and not upon appearances. (Glenn v. Garth, 133 N. Y. 18.)
Before one is called upon to ratify any unauthorized transaction which has been undertaken for him he is entitled to have all the facts put before him, and after he has received that knowledge he is entitled to a reasonable time in which to act before he can be compelled to take his position with regard to the transaction. (1 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 1205.) So the question here was whether the defendants had satified the jury by a fair preponderance óf evidence when this case closed that the plaintiff, with knowledge of all the circumstances, having a reasonable time to consider the matter, had ratified this transaction which in his name had been entered into without authority.
The defendants claim that the story of the plaintiff is so contradicted by the letters which are presented in the case that his evidence is entirely overthrown and a verdict based upon it cannot stand. The first letter was written on the 20th of February, 1893, which was Monday. It was two days after the plaintiff had received notice of the transaction. It was the first communication, except the telephonic communication, which he had made. It refers to the telephonic communication. It does not, however, state that by the talk through the telephone the Reading purchase had been repudiated, but gives another version of it. Neither is it said in the letter that the transaction is repudiated. On" the other hand, there is nothing in the letter from which it can be inferred that the transaction is adopted. Reasons are given why no such purchase should have been made, and there is considerable discussion about the condition of the Reading Company, and it is evident from the letter that the plaintiff was very much worried over the transaction and not at all certain as to the position which'he occupied in reference to it. This letter is followed by one written by 'Campbell on the twenty-first of February, acknowledging the receipt of plaintiff's letter of the twentieth; and it is said that the fact that that letter makes no reference to a repudiation of the purchase by the telephonic communication affords almost conclusive evidence that no such repudiation had been made, for if it had Campbell would surely have referred to it. It must be remembered that these letters are not dispositive documents which are to stand as the basis of rights acquired under them; they are simply put. in evidence for the purpose of elucidating, só far. as. may be, the state of mind of the parties at the time they were written, and showing the precise nature of the transactions which took place between them. They are- not documents of which the construction is for the court, hut they are portions of the evidence given to enable the jury to come to a conclusion whether or not a particular thing was said; and the fact that they make no statement of the saying of it, while it may be strong evidence tending to show that nothing of the kind was said, nevertheless, is nothing but evidence, and is. to be considered by the tribunal whose duty it is to pass upon the evidence, precisely as any' other testimony which is offered and referred to. In such cases it is the right of the party to explain any apparent contradiction. The weight to be given to his explanation is necessarily matter for the jury. If the explanation is satisfactory to them, the apparent contradiction is removed; if not satisfactory, the contradiction still remains and the conflict of evidence is still there, and it is left for the jury to say where, under all the circumstances, in view of the conflict and contradiction, they think the fact lies.
In this particular case, if no testimony whatever had been given, •the defendants surely would have been defeated. Even had the case stood upon the testimony of Campbell alone, it is well settled that his evidence must have be'en submitted to the jury, and that it would have been error to order a verdict, because he was an interested party. (Kavanagh v. Wilson, 70 N. Y. 177; Wilcox v. Selleck, 92 Hun, 37.) We have then this peculiar state of facts: The defendants had the burden of proof; they sought to establish the necessary fact by the testimony of a witness which, if it had been uncontradicted, must necessarily have been submitted to the jury to say whether they would accept it as the basis for a verdict in favor of the defendants; it was contradicted; there was opposed to it the testimony of the plaintiff, equally positive, equally clear, and whereby a .serious conflict of testimony was raised The objection is that the evidence of the plaintiff is not worthy of belief, because it was conclusively contradicted by the letters which were in the case. One answer is, that if that were so, still the weight to be given to the testimony of the defendants, upon whom rested the burden of proof, was entirely for the jury. Another answer is,' that whether or not these letters, written under the circumstances here appearing, conclusively, contradict the testimony of the plaintiff must be decided like any other question of fact. In such a case as this, where testimony is given by interested witnesses, and there is a clear conflict, a finding of the jury against the party who has the burden of proof should never be set aside unless it is opposed by such overwhelming testimony that it must be said that the jury were influenced by prejudice, passion or corruption to reach the conclusion which they did. In our judgment that condition of affairs does not exist here; because of the persons by whom the testimony was given, and because of the nature of the testimony that was given, the case was peculiarly one for the consideration of the jury, and when they have decided it their conclusion ought not to be interfered with.
The judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
Patterson and Ingraham, JJ., concurred; Van Brunt, P. J., and Williams, J., dissented.