Case Name: ROBERT DAVID WARD v. STATE OF MARYLAND
Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
Jurisdiction: Maryland
Decision Date: 1977-06-24
Citations: 280 Md. 485
Docket Number: No. 87
Parties: ROBERT DAVID WARD v. STATE OF MARYLAND
Judges: 
Reporter: Maryland Reports
Volume: 280
Pages: 485–507

Head Matter:
ROBERT DAVID WARD v. STATE OF MARYLAND
[No. 87,
September Term, 1976.]
Decided June 24, 1977.
The cause was argued before Singley, Smith, Digges, Levine, Eldridge and Orth, JJ., and Robert F. Sweeney, Chief Judge of the District Court of Maryland, specially assigned.
Malcolm W. Houston for appellant.
Alexander L. Cummings, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, and Clarence W. Sharp, Assistant Attorney General, on the brief, for appellee.

Opinion:
Orth, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court. Smith and Eldridge, JJ., concur in part and dissent in part and Eldridge, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part in which Smith, J., joins at page 500 infra.
For over a quarter of a century it has been a crime under the laws of Maryland "to operate an aircraft in the air, or on the ground or water, while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, narcotics, or other habit-forming drug, or, . in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another." Acts 1949, ch. 422, § 29; Acts 1974, ch. 363, § 2; Maryland Code (1951) and (1957) Art. 1A, § 29; Maryland Code (1957, 1968 Repl. Vol., 1974 Cum. Supp.i Art. 1A, § 10-1002. See Maryland Code (1957, 1971 Repl. Vol., 1974 Cum. Supp.) Art. 38, § 1. The statute has never been before the appellate courts of this State. Robert David Ward presents it to us in this appeal. In challenging the judgment entered against him upon being found guilty of operating an aircraft in a reckless manner, he does not dispute the accuracy of the facts and circumstances resulting in his arrest and prosecution by the State. Nor does he present any question as to the sufficiency of the evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the corpus delicti of the offense and his criminal agency. And he offers no claim that the penalties imposed were in any way at variance with the sanctions authorized. The issue he raises is that Maryland was precluded from prosecuting him because the statute proscribing the conduct was preempted by federal law. He, therefore, claims error in the denial by the trial court of his motion to dismiss the charges.
The issue for decision is narrow in lineation but sweeping in implication. The great majority of the states have enacted legislation similar to the Maryland statute, some in identical language, making it a crime to operate an aircraft so as to endanger the person or property of another. If Ward's view that the state statutes are preempted prevails there could be no criminal prosecution, under existing laws, by any state, or, as we shall see, by the federal government, for operating an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner or while under the influence of' intoxicating liquor, narcotics, or other habit-forming drug, no matter how flagrant the conduct proscribed and regardless of the seriousness of the danger to life and property occasioned by that conduct. We have not been referred to a decision of another jurisdiction, state or federal, which addresses the matter of preemption of a statute prohibiting such operation of an aircraft. There being no decision precisely on point to bind or persuade us, we shall follow the path laid out by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the doctrine of preemption to determine whether the Maryland statute is enforceable.
I
To put the issue for decision in perspective we recount what Ward did and what happened as a result. Ward was the holder of a valid student aircraft pilot license and medical certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), pursuant to the applicable Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR). On the late afternoon of 18 May 1975 he made an instructional flight from Hyde's Airfield in Clinton, Prince George's County, Maryland. Thereafter, he and his instructor pilot enjoyed a quiet dinner complete with pre- and postprandial liquid refreshment in an amount sufficient, when Ward was examined some hours later, to show a blood alcohol level of 0.17 percent. Later that evening, after a visit with Ward's parents, Ward and his instructor returned to the airport. Ward slept in his car for some hours. On awakening in the early morning he decided to practice some "touch and gos" — taking off and landing without leaving the airport pattern. Inadvertently entering clouds, he climbed above the cloud layer and circled what he assumed to be the Chesapeake Bay area, until breaks wvere visible in the overcast. It was about 6:00 A.M. when he descended through a hole in the clouds. He established that his position was over Greenbelt, Maryland, and in an apparent burst of euphoria he "buzzed" nearby apartments. His activities were observed by a Maryland State Police officer in a helicopter who followed the plane back to the airport. Ward was arrested upon landing.
Ward was tried in the District Court of Maryland in Prince George's County on a charge of operating an aircraft in a reckless manner, convicted, and appealed from the judgment entered to the Circuit Court for Prince George's County. Tried de novo by the judge in the circuit court, he was again found guilty. He was fined $500 and costs and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of 90 days. The prison sentence was suspended "upon special condition that he not operate an aircraft within the State for a period of one year from September 17, 1975." Upon Ward's petition we issued a writ of certiorari to review the judgment of the Circuit Court for Prince George's County.
In a civil proceeding, the Federal Aviation Administration determined that Ward had violated seven Federal Aviation Regulations in his operation of the aircraft on 19 May 1975, including FAR 91.9, prohibiting the careless or reckless operation of an aircraft so as to endanger the life or property of another. It ordered that his airman certificate be revoked. Subsequently, however, "after a thorough investigation of Mr. Ward, his instructor, his level of aeronautical knowledge and the flight leading to his prosecution, FAA granted permission to reissue his license six (6) months after surrender to it."
II
The opinion of the Court in Knapp v. Schweitzer, 357 U. S. 371, 78 S. Ct. 1302 (1958) (Frankfurter, J.), reminded, at 375, that the Constitution of the United States "is one of particular powers given to the National Government with the powers not so delegated reserved to the States or, in the case of limitations upon both governments, to the people. Except insofar as penal remedies may be provided by Congress under the explicit authority to 'make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution' the other powers granted by Art. I, § 8, the bulk of authority to legislate on what may be compendiously described as criminal justice, which in other nations belongs to the cental government, is under our system the responsibility of the individual States." It is apparent that the Constitution alone does not deny Maryland the power to enact the challenged statute. "While federal pre-emption of state statutes is, of course, ultimately a question under the Supremacy Clause, U. S. Const., Art. VI, cl. 2, [ ] analysis of pre-emption issues depends primarily on statutory and not constitutional interpretation." City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 430 U. S. 141, 142, 97 S. Ct. 987, 988 (1977). Thus, we are required to decide only whether federal laws in the field of aviation preclude Maryland from enforcing its statute.
The Supreme Court of the United States traced the path, "clearly laid out" by its prior decisions, which must be followed to answer this question. Jones v. Rath Packing Co., 430 U. S. 519, 525, 97 S. Ct. 1305, 1309 (1977). We summarize what was said. The first inquiry is whether Congress, pursuant to its power to regulate commerce, has prohibited state regulation in the area. That is, has Congress occupied the field to the exclusion of state action. "Where, as here, the field which Congress is said to have preempted has been traditionally occupied by the States, . . '[w)e start with the assumption that the historic police powers of the States were not to be superseded by the Federal Act unless that was the clear and manifest purpose of Congress'." Id. It is when Congress has "unmistakably . . 1 ordained," either explicitly by command in the statute's language, or implicitly by the statute's structure and purpose, that its enactments alone are to regulate a part of commerce, that state laws regulating that aspect of commerce must fall.
If Congress has not so occupied the field as to exclude all state action, inquiry turns to whether the federal and state laws conflict. "Congressional enactments that do not exclude all state legislation in the same field nevertheless overrule state law's with which they conflict." Id. State and federal laws are so inconsistent that state law must give way when, under the circumstances of the particular case, the state's law "stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." In this determination, there is considered "the relationship between state and federal laws as they are interpreted and applied, not merely as they are written." Id.
It seems, in the final analysis, that a federal statute preempts a state statute when such was the Congressional intent. Even when Congress exercises its paramount authority it may determine how far its regulation shall go. "There is no constitutional rule which compels Congress to occupy the whole field. Congress may circumscribe its regulation and occupy only a limited field. When it does, state regulation outside that limited field and otherwise admissible is not forbidden or displaced." Kelly v. State of Washington, 302 U. S. 1, 10, 58 S. Ct. 87 (1937). The Court said in De Canas v. Bica, 424 U. S. 351, 360, n. 8, 96 S. Ct. 933 (1976), quoting Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U. S. 52, 78-79, 61 S. Ct. 399 (1941) (Stone, J. dissenting):
Every Act of Congress occupies some field, but we must know the boundaries of that field before we can say that it has precluded a state from the exercise of any power reserved to it by the Constitution. To discover the boundaries we look to the federal statute itself, read in the light of its constitutional setting and its legislative history.
The intent to supersede the exercise by a state of its police power as to matters not covered by federal legislation is not to be inferred from the mere fact that Congress has seen fit to circumscribe its regulation and to occupy a limited field. Such intent is not to be implied unless the act of Congress is in actual conflict with the law of the state, and, as the Supreme Court has said, Jones v. Rath Packing Co., supra, 97 S. Ct. at 1309, an "actual conflict" occurs only when the state's law " 'stands as an obstacle to accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress'." See Governor of Maryland v, Exxon Corp., 279 Md. 410, 870 A. 2d 1102, 1125. Furthermore, " [tjhe application of the principle is strongly fortified where the state exercises its power to protect the livee he~Jth of its people," Kelly v. State of Washington, supra 302 U. S. at 13.
III
The Federallaw which Ward urges preempts the Maryland statute is the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, 72 Stat. 749, 49 749, 49 U.S.C.A. (1970) § 1301 et seq. which had its roots in the Air Commerce Act of 1926, 44 Stat. 568, and the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, 52 Stat. 973. It has been said that the main stimulus for the enactment of the 1958 Act was the undesirable state into which the quality of safety regulation of aeronautics had fallen. See 1958 U.S. Code Cong. & Adm. News 3741, 3742; Comment, 39 J. Air & Com. 521, 526-527 (1973i. The 1958 Act created the Federal Aviation Program. 49 U.S.C.A. (1970) ch. 20. It is apparent that the Federal Aviation Program established a comprehensive scheme for the safe and efficient use of the nation's airspace. 1958 U.S. Code Cong. & Adm. News 3741. See Arney v. United States, 479 F. 2d 653, 658 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Christensen, 419 F. 2d 1401, 1404 (9th Cir. 1969); Pike v. C.A.B., 303 F. 2d 353, 355 (8th Cir. 1962); Air Line Pilots Association, International v. Quesada, 276 F. 2d 892, 894 (2nd Cir. 1960); Southeastern Aviation, Inc. v. Hurd, 355 S.W.2d 436, 439 (Tenn. 1962). That scheme, however, did not include the criminal prosecution of a person who operated an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
Subchapter III of the Federal Aviation Program sets out the organization of the Federal Aviation Administration and the powers and duties of its Administrator. Section 1348 (a) of subchapter III authorizes and directs the Administrator to develop plans for and formulate policy with respect to the use of navigable airspace and assign by rule, regulation or order the use of navigable airspace under such terms, conditions, and limitations as he may deem necessary in order to insure the safety of aircraft and the efficient utilization of such airspace. Section 1348 (c) authorizes and directs him to prescribe air traffic rules and regulations governing the flight of aircraft, for the navigation, protection and identification of aircraft, for the protection of persons and property on the ground, and for the efficient utilization of the navigable airspace, including rules as to safe altitudes of flight and rules for the prevention of collision between aircraft, between aircraft and land or water vehicles, and between aircraft and airborne objects. Section 1354 (a) of subchapter III empowers the Administrator to make rules and regulations as he deems necessary to carry out the program and to perform his powers and duties.
Subchapter VI of the Federal Aviation Program deals with safety regulation of civil aeronautics. Section 1421 of subchapter VI empowers the Administrator, and makes it his duty, to promote safety of flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing and revising from time to time, among other things, such reasonable rules and regulations as he finds necessary to provide adequately for safety in air commerce.
A Federal Aviation Regulation, 14 Code of Federal Regulations (1976) § 91.9, prohibits the reckless operation of 'an aircraft:
No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
It is clear that FAR 91.9 was made under the authority of subchapter III and subchapter VI. See 14 CFR at page 105.
Violation of FAR 91.9 is not a crime; no criminal sanctions are authorized. Section 1472 (a) of 49 U.S.C.A. (1970), under the heading "Criminal Penalties," provides generally:
Any person who knowingly and willfully violates any provision of this chapter (except subchapters III, V, VI, VII, and XII of this chapter), or any order, rule, or regulation issued by the Administrator or by the Board under any such provision or any term, condition, or limitation of any certificate or permit issued under subchapter IV of this chapter, for which no penalty is otherwise provided in this section or in section 1474 of this title, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be subject for the first offense to a fine of not more than $500, and for any subsequent offense to a fine of not more than $2,000. If such violation is a continuing one, each day of such violation shall constitute a separate offense. (Emphasis added).
Subsections (b) through (p) provide penalties for specific acts, none of which includes careless or reckless operation of an aircraft. Subchapter IV and § 1474 of Title 49 do not concern FAR 91.9. See 14 CFR § 13.23. On the other hand, ¡S 1471 of Title 49 specifically provides that any person who violates the provisions of subchapters III and VI, or any rule, regulation, or order issued thereunder, shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 for each violation. See 14 CFR § 13.15. Also, the Administrator may, from time to time, reexamine any airman, and if, as a result of any such reexamination or as a result of any other investigation made by him, he determines that safety in air commerce or air transportation and the public interest requires, he may issue an order suspending or revoking an airman certificate. 49 U.S.C.A. (1970) § 1429. See 14 CFR § 13.19.
As we have indicated, the conduct proscribed by FAR 91.9 is a crime under Maryland law. Penalties authorized by Maryland Code (1957, 1968 Repl. Vol., 1974 Cum. Supp.) Art. 1A, § 10-1003 (a) are a fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment of not more than 90 days or both. Section 10-1003 (b) provides that "in addition to or in lieu of [those penalties] or as a condition to the suspension of a sentence which may be imposed . . the court in its discretion may prohibit the violator from operating an aircraft within the State for such period as it may determine but not to exceed one year." ,
IV
We have no difficulty whatever in deciding that Congress has not occupied the entire field of aeronautics by the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. There is no such command explicitly stated in the language of the Act, and we do not find it implicitly contained in the statute's structure and purpose. Generally accepted, for example, is that in the economic area of aeronautics all state legislation is not excluded. See Calkins, Federal-State Regulation of Aviation, 50 Va. L. Rev. 1386, 1399-1402 (1964); Comment, 39 J. Air L. & Com. 521, 529-531 (1973); Means & Chasnoff State Regulation of Air Transportation: The Texas Aeronautics Commission, 53 Tex. L. Rev. 653, 656-659 (1975). The Supreme Court has held that the Federal Aviation Administrator in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency "has full control over aircraft noise, preempting state and local control." City of Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal, Inc., 411 U. S. 624, 633, 93 S. Ct. 1854 (1973). But that conclusion was not because Congress had "unmistakably ordained" that its enactments alone were to regulate air commerce in its entirety, but because the 1968 amendment (82 Stat. 395) and the 1972 amendment (The Noise Control Act, 86 Stat. 1234) to the 1958 Act established "the pervasive nature of the scheme of federal regulation of aircraft noise." We construe the holding as limited to that aspect of aeronautics. Id., 411U. S. at 633.
Maryland has expressly retained its police powers with respect to crimes related to aeronautics. It declared in its Aviation Act, § 3-307 that "[a]ll crimes . committed by or against an airman or passenger while in flight over this State shall be governed by the laws of this State ." Congress has recognized the right of a state to do so. In 1961 the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 was amended by designating criminal penalties for specific crimes. 49 U.S.C.A. (1970) § 1472 (i) - (p). See 14 CFR § 13. 23. House Report 958 on the proposed legislation observed that "in the case of crimes committed in the airspace over States of the United States, most of the acts with which this legislation deals would be violations of the laws of one or more of such States." 1961 U.S. Code Cong. & Adm. News 2563. It declared: "The offenses punishable under this legislation would not replace any State jurisdiction but would, where both Federal and State law provided for punishment for the same act, be in addition to the State criminal law." Id., at 2564. In discussing the need for the legislation, the report stated, id., at 2565:
As is well known, the Federal Government does not provide a general criminal code for all crimes committed in the United States. That is the province of the various States. However, criminal codes of the States are at times supplemented by Federal Law in fields where the Federal Government has responsibilities.
We wish to emphasize that it is not our intent to divest the States of any jurisdiction they now have. This legislation merely seeks to give the Federal Government concurrent jurisdiction with the States in certain areas where it is felt that concurrent jurisdiction will contribute to the administration of justice and protect air commerce.
The Report asserted:
This, we want to make clear, does not preempt any State jurisdiction but would only supplement it. Id., at 2565.
We reject Ward's suggestion that "the entire [Maryland Aviation] Act should be struck down."
Having determined that Congress has not excluded all state action in the field of aeronautics or even in tht more limited field ef air safety, we center on § 104002 of the Maryland Aviation Act to ascertain whether it conflicts with the federal law in the field. Although the Maryland statute and the federal regulation prescribe identical conduct with respect te the careless or reckless operation of an aircraft, the two laws are net coterminous because of the sanctions prescribed. When the relationship between the Maryland and federal laws as they are written, as they are interpreted and as they are applied, is considered, it is manifest that the Maryland law does not stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress, namely, "to provide for the regulation and promotion of civil aviation in such manner as to best foster its development and safety, and to provide for the safe and efficient use of the airspace by both civil and military aircraft." 1958 U.S. Code Cong. & Adm. News 3741. On the contrary, the Maryland law enhances the Congressional purposes and objectives by deterring through criminal sanctions the operation of an aircraft in such manner as to endanger the life and property of others. It would be incongruous indeed, in light of the federal purposes and objectives, if Maryland were to be constitutionally precluded from the criminal prosecution of a person for such conduct because a federal regulation authorized civil penalties.
We are not persuaded that there is a conflict of constitutional dimension simply because the State court may prohibit a violator of its statute from operating an aircraft within Maryland for up to one year even though the violator holds a federal airman certificate which would permit him to operate an aircraft. Section 10-1003 of the State Statute expressly provides:
In no event shall this subsection be construed as warrant for the court or any other agency or person to take away, impound, hold or mark any federal airman or aircraft certificate, permit, rating or license....
In any event, we do not see how prohibiting, for a limited time, the operation of an aircraft within Maryland by a person who has been found guilty in a court of law of operating an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to. endanger the life or property of another could be said to stand as an obstacle to the Congressional purposes and objectives.
In short, it was the clear intent of Congress that criminal prosecution of the proscribed conduct be left with the states, and there is no conflict within the contemplation of the doctrine of preemption between the State and federal laws.
Ward suggests that the declaration in § 10-IQQ2 of the Maryland Aviation Act that the court in determining whether the operation of an aircraft was careless or reckless, shall consider the standards for safe operation of an aircraft prescribed by federal statutes or regulations governing aeronautics (see footnote 11 supra) "would seem to be an unconstitutional delegation of power" if tl a federal statutes and regulations must be followed. He refers only to a decision of the Court of Oyer and Terminer of New Jersey, State v. Larson, 10 N.J. Misc. 384, 160 A. 556 (1932), which invalidated a New Jersey statute. Larson is inapposite. There the question was whether the New Jersey Legislature was constitutionally permitted to authorize the conviction of a crime "when it has fixed no standard of conduct to be conformed to by the citizen but has left that standard to be fixed by the regulations of the subordinate administrative authority, either in its untrammeled discretion, or to conform substantially to the legislation of another Sovereignty, such legislation being referred to in the act, but not incorporated therein." Id., 160 A. at 557. Furthermore, there was a provision of the New Jersey Constitution, Art. 4, § 7, par. A; expressly forbidding the latter. Here the standard of conduct was fixed by the statute — an aircraft shall not be operated carelessly or recklessly so as to endanger the life or property of another — and the trial court was merely directed to look for guidance to federal standards with regard to such operation, ostensibly to promote uniformity. Larson observed, 160 A. at 558: "It may well be a sound exercise of legislative discretion to have the regulations for the conduct of a matter, so oblivious of artificial land boundaries as aviation, substantially identical for both intrastate and interstate commerce. Nor is there anything unconstitutional in the state's adopting as its own the federal policy." Ward does mi oíarta and It In clear, that the "careless or recMescf staiidard Is not so vague and indefinite as to offend due process of law. See Lashley v. State, 10 Md. App. 136, 142, 268 A. 2d 502, cert. denied, 259 Md. 733, appeal dismissed, cert. denied, 402 U. S. 991, 91 S. Ct. 2169 (1970). And see Samson v. State, 27 Md. App. 326, 335, 341 A. 2d 817 (1975) giving at least tacit approval to a legislative provision regarding control of dangerous substances, Maryland Code (1957, 1971 Repl. Vol.) Art. 27, § 278 (c), that any new substance which is designated as controlled under federal law shall be similarly controlled under Maryland law absent objection by the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
We find that Maryland Code (1957, 1968 Repl. Vol., 1974 Cum. Supp.) Art. 1A, § 10-1002 and 10-1003 are not preempted by federal law. We hold, therefore, that the Circuit Court for Prince George's County did not err in denying the motion to dismiss the charges.
Judgment affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.
. Acts 1974, ch. 363 repealed former article 1A, "Aeronautics", and enacted present article 1A, "Aviation," to take effect 1 July 1974. The identical language of former § 29 appears in the present § 10-1002.
. As initially executed, the Statement of Charges under which Ward was prosecuted by Maryland, in addition to the charge that he operated an aircraft "in a reckless and unsafe manner/' alleged that he' operated an aircraft "while under the influence of intoxicating liquor." For reasons not disclosed in the record before us, the charging document was amended by deleting the latter charge.
. Most of the state statutes speak in terms of operating an aircraft recklessly or while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or habit-forming drugs. See, for example:
Alabama — Ala. Code tit. 4, § 20 (30) 5 (1958);
Alaska — Alas. Stat. § 02.30.030(1962);
Arizona — Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 28-1744 (1976);
Arkansas — Ark. Stat. Ann. § 74-109 (1957);
California — Cal. Pub. Utilities Code § 21407 (West 1965);
Connecticut — Conn. Geni. Stat. § 15-72 (1977);
Delaware — Del. Code Ann. tit. 2, § 304 (1974);
Florida — Fla. Stat. Ann. $ 860.13 (1) (b) (1976);
Georgia — Ga. Code Ann. § 11-101 (1973);
Hawaii — Hawaii Rev. Stat. $ 263-11 (1968);
Idaho — Idaho Code § 21-112(1947);
Indiana — Ind. Stat. Ann. íj 8-21-4-8 [14-109] (Burns 19731;
Iowa — Iow'a Code Ann. § 328.41 (Supp. 1976);
Maine — Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 6 § 202 (9) (1964);
Michigan — Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 259.180 (1967);
Minnesota — Minn. Stat. Ann. § 360.075 (19661;
Mississippi — Miss. Code § 61-11-1 (1972);
Missouri — Mo. Rev. Stat. § 305.030 (1969);
Montana — Mont. Rev. Code § 1-603 (1968);
Nevada — Nev. Rev. Stat. 5 493.130 (1973);
New York — N.Y. Geni. Bus. Law § 245 (L.C.P. Cum. Supp. 1976);
North Carolina — N.C. Geni. Stat. § 63-18 (1975 Repl. Vol.);
Ohio — Ohio Rev. Code § 4561.15 (Anderson 1967);
Oregon — Ore. Rev. Stat. § 493.160 (1973);
South Carolina — S.C. Code, ch. 1, § 2-10 (1962);
South Dakota — S.D. Comp. Laws Ann. § 50-13-16 (19671;
Tennessee — Tenn. Code Ann. § 42-113 (1964 Repl. Vol. i;
Virginia — Va. Code § 5.1-13 (1973 Repl. Vol.);
Wisconsin — Wise. Stat. Ann. § 114.09 (1974).
There are other state statutes which speak only in terms of operating an aircraft while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or habit-forming drugs. See, for example:
Illinois — Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 15 Vz,
§ 22.43d (Smith-Hurd., Cum. Supp. 1977);
Massachusetts — Mass. Ann. Laws, ch. 90, § 44 (1975);
New Jersey — N. J. Stat. Ann. §. 6:1-18 (1973);
Pennsylvania — Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 2, § 1475 (a) (Purdon 1963);
Texas — Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat., art. 46-f-3 (1977);
Wyoming — Wyo. Stat. § 10-13 (1959).
. At the trial in the circuit court the case was submitted on "stipulation of facts." That stipulation is not in the record before us, but the facts are presented to us on an agreed statement pursuant to Maryland Rule 828g.
. By way of comparison, a prosecution for a violation of the Maryland Vehicle Laws with respect to driving a vehicle, 0.17 percent by weight of alcohol in the blood of a person is in excess of the percent giving rise to prima fame, evidence of intoxication. Maryland Code (1974, 1975 Cum. Supp.) Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article § 10-307 (e).
. The same fine and term of imprisonment had been imposed by the District Court. That court also suspended the execution of the prison sentence, but spelled out that Ward was placed on unsupervised probation for two years upon the condition that he "not fly an aircraft in State of Md.
. The Court observed that the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment did not change the distribution of powers between the States and the Federal Government so as to withdraw the basic interests of criminal justice from the exclusive control of the States, but it did impose restrictions upon the States in the making and in the enforcement of the criminal laws. "It did this insofar as the 'fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions'... are implied in the comprehensive concept of due process of law. But this concept does not blur the great division of power between the Federal Government and the individual States in the enforcement of the criminal law." Knapp v. Schweitzer, 357 U. S. 371, 378, 78 S. Ct. 1302 (1958).
. The second clause of Art. VI of the Constitution of the United States reads:
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
. There is also a Federal Aviation Regulation pertaining to alcoholic beverages and drugs and the operation of an aircraft. See 14 Code of Federal Regulations (1976) § 91.11.
. Maryland Code (1957; 1968 Repl. Vol., 1974 Cum. Supp.l Art. 1A, § 10-1002 provides: "Penalties for the violation of this section shall be as prescribed by § 10-1003 (a I of this article." As we have indicated, § 10-1003 ta i authorizes a fine and imprisonment. Neither § 10-1002 nor § 10-1003 (a i refers to § 10-1003 (b) and its additional sanctions.
. Section 104002, Art. 1A ef the Maryland Act requires that '[i]n any proceeding charging careless or reckless operation ef aircraft in violation of this section, the court determining whether the operation was careless or reckless shall consider the standards for safe operation of aircraft prescribed by federal statutes or regulations governing aeronautics."