Case Name: Germaine BERRY, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee
Court: Florida District Court of Appeal
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 1994-12-21
Citations: 652 So. 2d 836
Docket Number: No. 93-1817
Parties: Germaine BERRY, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
Judges: GUNTHER, J., concurs.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 652
Pages: 836–841

Head Matter:
Germaine BERRY, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 93-1817.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.
Dec. 21, 1994.
Opinion Granting Rehearing March 8, 1995.
Richard L. Jorandby, Public Defender, and Cherry Grant and Frantz Vitel, Asst. Public Defenders, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and Joan L. Greenberg, Asst. Atty. Gen., West Palm Beach, for appellee.

Opinion:
FARMER, Judge.
When the legislature enacts a statute that is clear and unambiguous, there is still the problem of how this clear statute will be applied to varying factual situations. The criminal kidnapping statute is a case in point. See § 787.01(l)(a), Fla.Stat. (1993). The words are plain, and the meaning is clear. It is a first degree felony to use force to confine, abduct or imprison someone against their will in order to effectuate certain crimes. In terms of judging, the courts are not then construing the statute so much as they are deciding how the statute may be used in shifting factual contexts. Such a decision is Faison v. State, 426 So.2d 963 (Fla.1983).
There the defendant was convicted of two counts of sexual battery, two counts of kidnapping and one count of burglary. The convictions arose from separate attacks on two women, one in an office and the other in her home. In the office attack, he dragged the victim from her desk in front of a large window to the rear of the office and there assaulted her; afterwards, he forced her into the restroom and assaulted her again. In the later home incident, he attacked the woman in her kitchen and dragged her down a hallway into a bedroom where he assaulted her. The district court affirmed the kidnapping convictions, and its decision was approved by the supreme court.
Starting with the statute itself, the court said that the crime of kidnapping means "to forcibly, secretly, or by threat confine, abduct, or imprison another person against his will with the intent to commit or facilitate the commission of any felony." The court had previously construed this text in Mobley v. State, 409 So.2d 1031 (Fla.1982), where it had said: "[i]f construed literally this subsection would apply to any criminal transaction which inherently involves the unlawful confinement of another person, such as robbery or sexual battery." 409 So.2d at 1034. The Mobley court had explained that the kidnapping statute should not be applied to confine ments that were merely incidental during the commission of another crime; the confinement must have independent significance in order to support such a conviction. Thus in Mobley the court had held that the statute applied to the confinement of guards and a visiting lawyer in a prison cell during an attempted escape from prison.
In Faison, the supreme court faced the argument that the kidnappings were "merely incidental to and were not materially different from the detention necessarily involved in the course of the sexual batteries." Id. To deal with that contention the court turned to Harkins v. State, 380 So.2d 524 (Fla. 5th DCA 1980), where the fifth district confronted the same argument in a case involving sexual battery and kidnapping convictions. Justice McDonald echoed Mobley when he noted that the fifth district had itself reasoned in Harkins that if the kidnapping statute were literally applied "it would convert every first-degree robbery and every forcible rape into two life felonies." Faison, 426 So.2d at 965. To eliminate that unintended effect, Faison adopted the same test used in Harkins, namely that the kidnapping statute does not include movement or confinement that is "inconsequential or inherent in the nature of the felony." Faison, 426 So.2d at 966; Harkins, 380 So.2d at 528.
The problem with this "test" is that it does not assist judges in determining just which confinements are "inconsequential or inherent in the nature of the felony," especially when the felony is robbery or sexual battery — both of which, as the supreme court itself has twice observed, involve some confinement. For the answer to that judicial conundrum, one can turn only to the supreme court's frequent cases on the subject.
Where the charge is kidnapping, one must first ask whether the facts show conduct that can reasonably be described as "confining, abducting or imprisoning." In this case, the facts are that defendant and two other persons inveigled their way into the apartment of one Salako where they pulled out weapons and proceeded to rob him. A visiting friend was tied up with phone cord and left where he was found in the apartment. After they completed the robbery, they also tied up Salako and left him pretty much where they had found him. Salako freed himself almost immediately after they had departed and summoned the police. The whole episode was over within less than 30 minutes.
To us, these facts could not possibly constitute either abducting or imprisoning. And so the question is whether they amount to that kind of confinement embraced by the kidnapping statute. No one would dispute that the act of tying up someone entails to some degree the confinement of the one tied up. Hence, there is a logical foundation for the homily that "if you tie 'em up you've kidnapped 'em." It appears, however, that the supreme court itself has bestowed its nihil obstat on this homespun wisdom.
In Walker v. State, 604 So.2d 475 (Fla.1992), the robber of a convenience store ordered all of the occupants to go to the rear of the store and lie down on the floor. Some moved 30-40 feet, while one moved 10 feet. At trial the robber testified that he ordered the occupants around to facilitate his escape and reduce the risk of getting caught. The supreme court ruled that these movements were too slight, that they were inconsequential and merely incidental to the robberies to support a conviction for kidnapping. In reaching its decision, the court considered Kirtsey v. State, 511 So.2d 744 (Fla. 5th DCA 1987), because of direct conflict with the district court decision in Walker.
In Kirtsey, the robbers of a restaurant had tied up one employee while the other opened the safe. The movement and confinement of the employees was limited to the interior of the restaurant. The district court in Kirtsey held that the movements and confinement were too slight to support the conviction. In comparing Walker with Kirtsey the court said: "[a]t least with respect to the employee who was not tied up, the pertinent facts of Kirtsey are virtually the same as those in [Walker ]." [e.s.] Walker, 604 So.2d at 477. Continuing, the court said:
"We do not believe that the facts of this ease fulfill the first prong of the Faison analysis. The limited movement and confinement of the four occupants within the interior of the store were not significant. See Jackson v. State, 436 So.2d 1101 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983). Unlike in Faison the victims were not dragged from room to room. They were not bound and blindfolded for half an hour as in Marsh v. State, 546 So.2d 33 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989). They were not barricaded inside the bathroom like in Johnson v. State, 509 So.2d 1237 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), nor were they taken out of the store and put in the restroom located in the rear as in Ferguson [v. State, 533 So.2d 763 (Fla.1988) ]. Further, the facts relied upon to support the kidnapping occurred within a matter of seconds." [e.s.]
Walker, 604 So.2d at 477. One should study the facts and dispositions in the cases used by the Walker court to learn whether binding or tying up a victim may alone bear a kidnapping conviction.
In Jackson, where the kidnapping was reversed, the robbery victim was forced from the hotel hallway into his own room where the assailants took the guests' property and immediately left. In Marsh, the victim was "bound, gagged, blindfolded, and wrapped in blankets for up to half an hour" while the defendants ransacked the apartment, stealing money and housekeys, and the kidnapping was affirmed. In Johnson, where we upheld the kidnapping conviction, the robber of a convenience store forced the cashier into a bathroom at the rear of the store, and the robber then barricaded the bathroom by tying shopping carts to the door. In Ferguson, where the kidnapping conviction was approved, the robbers of an Arby's restaurant forced the employees into a restroom located in the rear of the store and told the victims to stay inside, which they did for about one minute whereupon they opened the door and saw the defendant riding off on a bicycle.
Recurring to Walker's analysis of Kirtsey, it is obvious that the court did not entirely approve of Kirtsey. Only as to the victim who was not tied up did the Walker court find common ground. But the victim who was tied up in Kirtsey was plainly not likened to the unbound victims in Walker, as to whom the kidnapping conviction was disapproved. From the additional cases discussed in Walker along with Kirtsey, there appears a chain of logic that will uphold a kidnapping conviction where the victims are bound during the robbery. Thus, "if you tie 'em up you've kidnapped 'em."
In this case, although the movement of the victims within the apartment itself was inconsequential, their binding took on independent significance and was clearly intended to make the commission of the robbery easier and to make more difficult the detection of the robbers. In short, focusing our attention less on the what the supreme court said in Faison and more on what it has done in later cases, especially Walker, we affirm the kidnapping convictions in this case. We also certify that our decision today conflicts with Brinson v. State, 483 So.2d 13 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985), rev. denied, 492 So.2d 1335 (Fla.1986).
Berry also appeals that part of the sentence imposing a mandatory minimum period for using a firearm during the robbery. Here the information charged him and others with "robbery with a firearm." The verdict found him guilty "as charged in the information" but did not specifically state that the jury found that he had been the one to use the firearm. -Although Berry argues that Hough v. State, 448 So.2d 628 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984), requires that the verdict must contain a specific finding as to the use of the firearm to justify the mandatory minimum, in the next breath he concedes that he was the one holding the gun during the robbery. We thus find no error in the sentence enhancement for firearm usage.
AFFIRMED; CONFLICT CERTIFIED.
GUNTHER, J., concurs.
KLEIN, J., dissents with opinion.
.Section 787.01(l)(a), Florida Statutes (1993), says:
"The term 'kidnapping' means forcibly, secretly, or by threat confining, abducting, or imprisoning another person against his will and without lawful authority, with intent to:
1. Hold for ransom or reward or as a shield or hostage.
2. Commit or facilitate commission of any felony.
3. Inflict bodily harm upon or to terrorize the victim or another person.
4. Interfere with the performance of any governmental or political function."
. The legislature has also created the crime of false imprisonment. See § 787.02, Fla.Stat. (1993). The statute defines that crime as "forcibly, by threat, or secretly confining, abducting, imprisoning or restraining another person without lawful authority and against his will." [e.s.] Although the false imprisonment statute closely resembles the kidnapping statute, there are four — not three — kinds of forbidden conduct in the false imprisonment statute; the legislature has added restraining to the list of confining, abducting, or imprisoning. It seems obvious to us that tying up or binding a person is encompassed by the term restraining. Hence, the structure of these two statutes might lead one fairly to conclude that when the act of confining or imprisoning consists only of tying up the affected person, the crime committed is false imprisonment, not kidnapping. Because, as appears from later decisions however, the supreme court has made no such construction in spite of a clear opportunity to do so, lower court judges in this state are not free to place such a construction on these two statutes.
. Although we would ordinarily disdain the use of "litmus tests," to use the currently popular locution, a series of supreme court decisions can make certain facts dispositive in applying a statute to differing kinds of facts. That is; in effect, what we think the court has done.