Case Name: Joseph Birnbaum, by Guardian, Respondent, v. Samuel Lord et al., Appellants
Court: New York Court of Common Pleas
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1894-03
Citations: 7 Misc. 493
Docket Number: 
Parties: Joseph Birnbaum, by Guardian, Respondent, v. Samuel Lord et al., Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Miscellaneous Reports
Volume: 7
Pages: 493–496

Head Matter:
Joseph Birnbaum, by Guardian, Respondent, v. Samuel Lord et al., Appellants.
(New York Common Pleas—General Term,
March, 1894.)
An allegation that the wagon which caused the accident belonged to the defendants and was driven by one of their agents or servants is sufficient to charge them with liability, although it does not otherwise allege that the servant was then engaged in the defendants’ business.
While plaintiff, who was a boy twelve years old, was crossing the street with a load of empty cigar boxes defendants’ wagon was approaching slowly, but the driver started the horse, which began to run, and plaintiff then tried to run across and was struck. Held, that whether it was prudent to do so, under the circumstances, and whether he exercised that care which was to be expected of a boy of his age, were questions for the jury to determine.
Appeal from judgment of the General Term of the City Court, affirming a judgment for plaintiff entered upon a verdict of a jury for $250.
The action was for negligence on the part of the driver of defendants’ wagon in running over the infant plaintiff, a boy about twelve years old, while he was crossing Chrystie street at Stanton street in this city.
Henry Torrifkins, for appellants.
Edward C. Stone {Chas. C. F. Wahle, of counsel), for respondent.

Opinion:
Per Curiam.
The complaint was sufficient in alleging that the wagon belonged to defendants and was driven by one of their agents or servants, although it does not otherwise allege that the latter was then engaged in the defendants' business; but that is involved in the allegation that the wagon was driven by their agent or servant; for, if the driver was not engaged upon his master's business, he would be neither agent or servant, but his own master. As to the proof of ownership of the wagon, the defendants' name was on the wagon, and there is no pretense of evidence on the trial that it did not belong to them. No witness was called by them on that point, although the proof of the fact, if it existed, must be deemed to be in defendants' possession; all presumptions on that point were, therefore, against them. Wennerstrom v. Kelly, 7 Misc. Rep. 173; 27 N. Y. Supp. 326. The ownership of the wagon and the agency of the driver were, therefore, questions for the jury.
As to the exceptions to rulings upon evidence, in some cases the grounds of objection were not stated and the exceptions are of no avail. Cruikshank v. Gordon, 118 N. Y. 178. As to the objection to the question calling for the conversation of the plaintiff's witness Stone with the alleged superintendent of the defendants, it was put upon the ground that the conversation was in the absence of the defendants, not that the person in question liad no authority to act for them. When the conversation vras given, and it appeared that the alleged superintendent had impliedly admitted that the accident had been reported to him by some person in defendants' employ who had charge of the horses and wagons, a motion was made to strike it out upon the ground that it was a conversation with an alleged servant of defendants, in their absence; not upon the ground that the servant had no power to bind his master by such admissions. Besides, the motion was to strike out all the testimony and it did not consist wholly of admissions; the alleged superintendent directed that the doctor call and see the boy. This was an act which might have been within his authority, and the motion to strike out, as we have seen, was not based upon want of authority. The exception to the ruling made upon an objection which did not point out the error is not available. Sterrett v. Bank, 122 N. Y. 659.
There is no force in the objection that the minutes of the former trial were improperly admitted. They were proved without objection by the testimony of defendants' counsel. There was no objection that the proper foundation for their admission, in impeachment of defendants' witness, had not been laid by first questioning the witness as to his testimony upon the former trial. The judge's statement that they were admitted to impeach the witness was not excepted to. The exception was as to the admission of the minutes, and the attention of the court was not called to the point now made, that the reasons given for admitting the paper might have influenced the jury.
On the main issue in the case, that of negligence, there seems to have been sufficient evidence to go to the jury on the question both of the driver's negligence and the alleged contributory negligence of the plaintiff. Here was a boy of twelve years of age, carrying a load of empty cigar boxes and about to cross the street. When he left the sidewalk and first saw this wagon it was in the middle of the block, going slowly, so that it was not imprudent for him to cross at that time. While crossing the driver whipped his horse and said " get up," and the horse began to run. The plaintiff tried to run across and was struck. The presumption is that the driver saw him in view, because it was his duty to look out before him for pedestrians, and so he could have easily avoided the accident by turning his horses. Whether it was prudent on the boy's part when he heard and saw the driver, and the horse commenced to run, to cross in front of the horse, or whether he should have stepped back, was a question for the jury; and it is for them to say whether he exercised that care which was to be expected of a boy of his age. Even if it were not a prudent act for him to start and run, the sudden peril excused him. If a sudden and instinctive attempt on his part to escape impending danger, after receiving warning thereof, resulted in the accident, there not being time to form an intelligent and deliberate judgment as to the best means of escape, negligence is not imputable to him. Quill v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., 16 Daly, 313; 126 N. Y. 629. The judgment must be affirmed.
Present: Daly, Oh. J., Bischoff and Pbyob, JJ.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.