Case Name: Burks vs Pointer
Court: Kentucky Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Kentucky
Decision Date: 1840-10-28
Citations: 1 B. Mon 65
Docket Number: 
Parties: Burks vs Pointer.
Judges: 
Reporter: Kentucky Reports
Volume: 40
Pages: 65–66

Head Matter:
Burks vs Pointer.
Pet. & Sum. Case 21.
Error to the Barren Circuit.
October 28.
Joint and several obligees. Parties.
Question stated.
On a covenant to, and with two, for the performance of an entire duty to one only and.for his sole benefit, both must sue.
Covenant to A or B, is of the same effect as to A and B, and both must sue.

Opinion:
Judge Marshall
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Lewis Pointer, staling himself to be one of the executors of Win. Pointer deceased, sued alone by petition on a note under seal, in which the obligors jointly and severally ' 'promise to pay Lewis Pointer or Harrison, executors of Win. Pointer deceased," the sum of eight hundred dollars, &c.
The petition contains no intimation of Harrison's death, and the only question is; whether upon the face of the note, Pointer is entitled to sue separately? we think he is not.
The rule upon covenants is that the person or persons to whom the covenant or promise is made must sue. 1 Chitty's Pleading, 9, 6th American from 5th London edition. And although the covenant be to and with two, and to and with each of them, if the duty to be paid be entire, though it is to be paid to one only of the covenantees, and for his benefit alone, they must join. Slingsby's case, 5 Coke, 18, b; Anderson vs Martindale, 1 East 500. Each party in such case, has a joint interest in the covenant, though but one is to be benefited by its performance, which differs from the case where the covenant is to several, for the performance of several duties to each, 1 East, 500. To whom, then, is the promise made in this note? for if there be no person to whom the promise is made, either expressly or by implication, no one can sue. There being no exprest» promise, the promise is understood to be made to the person or persons to whom the obligors promise to pay the debt or duty.
Here the promise is to pay to A or B. It is as certainly a promise to pay to B as it is to pay to A. If it is a promise to pay to A, it is a promise to pay B also, that it is a promise to pay to A and B, or either of them, and therefore is to be understood as a promise to A and B and each of them, to pay to them or either of them. The promise or covenant is to A and B jointly, or jointly and severally, and the duty being entire, and each of the promisees having the same and a joint beneficial interest in it, as is evident, from the reference to their joint character, as well as from the promise to pay to either of them, there is no ground for the application of the doctrine which allows separate actions by each of the covenantees, where the covenant is for the performance of several duties to each. And, according to the rule as stated by Chitty, they must both, if living, join in the action, though the covenant be in terms joint and several; 1 Chitty, ubi supra, and. the same as in the case of Anderson vs Martindale, 1 East, 500.
Owsley for plaintiff: C. S. Morehead for defendant.
We are of opinion therefore, that Pointer had no right to sue alone upon the note in question, during the life-of Plarrison, and as the petition does not suggest his death, the demurrer to it should have been sustained. 1 Chitty's Pleading, 15.
Wherefore the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded with directions to sustain the demurrer.