Case Name: HICKS v. STATE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1920-12-01
Citations: 227 S.W. 302
Docket Number: No. 5991
Parties: HICKS v. STATE.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 227
Pages: 302–304

Head Matter:
HICKS v. STATE.
(No. 5991.)
(Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Dec. 1, 1920.
Rehearing Denied Feb. 2, 1921.)
1. Physicians and surgeons &wkey;>5(l) — Chiropractor who practiced without registering certificate violated statute.
Defendant chiropractor, who, before practicing medicine, did not register with the district court of the county of his residence the certificate of some authorized board of medical examiners, evidencing his authority to practice medicine, as required by Vernon’s Ann. Pen. Code 1916, art. 750, violated such article, though the remainder of its requirements, with regard to stating under oath his age, etc., were complied with.
2. Physicians and surgeons t&wkey;>2 — Statutes prescribing subjects for examination, and forbidding discrimination against any school of medicine are not in conflict.
Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, art. 5741, prescribing certain subjects on which each applicant for license to practice medicine must stand examination, and article 5742, specifically providing that nothing in the law shall discriminate against any school of medical practice, are not in conflict with each other.
3. Physicians and surgeons <&wkey;I — Practice of medicine within regulative powers of state.
The practice of medicine in all its phases as a public business is within the legitimate police powers of the state for regulation.
4. Constitutional law &wkey;>230(2) — Physicians and surgeons <&wkey;>2 — Examination statute not unconstitutional.
Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Oiv. St. 1914, art. 5741, prescribing certain subjects on which every applicant for license to practice medicine must stand examination, is not violative of Const, art. 16, § 31, commanding laws prescribing the qualifications of physicians and forbidding preference by law to any school of medicine; the statute not being discriminatory.
Appeal from Anderson County Court; Mills Q. Reeves, Judge.
D. M. Hicks was convicted of unlawfully engaging in the practice of medicine, and he appeals.
Affirmed.
A. G. Greenwood and A. M. Barton, both of Palestine, for appellant.
Alvin M. Owsley, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.

Opinion:
LATTIMORE, J.
Appellant was convicted in the county court of Anderson county of unlawfully engaging in the practice of medicine, and. his punishment, fixed at a fine of $50 and one hour in the county jail.
Our statutes (chapter 6, tit. 12, Vernon's Penal Code) contain many provisions governing and defining the unlawful practice of medicine in this state, and since the passage of the law of 1907, there have been many cases in the courts in which men who practiced the healing art in various ways have made known their objections to certain provisions of this law, and have called in question the constitutionality of the same. In the instant case, appellant was shown to be a chiropractor, operating in Palestine, Anderson county; and, not having registered with the district clerk of said county, either a certificate of some authorized board of medical examiners, or a verification certificate, such as is required by the terms of said chapter, he was indicted and convicted, as stated. Upon his trial, he attacked the sufficiency of the indictment by motion to quash, the first ground of which was that said indictment, in addition to the allegations of failure to file the certificates above mentioned, should have stated that appellant did not register his age, post office address, place of birth, or school of practice to which he professes to belong, with said clerk. An inspection of article 750 of our Penal Code discloses that one who desires to legally practice medicine in this state must first register with the district clerk of the county of his residence the document evidencing his authority to so practice, which document is either' a verification certificate, such as is provided in article 752, P. C., or a certificate from a board of medical examiners, such as is provided in article 753, P. C.; and, in addition to such certificate, he must also give under oath his age, post office address, place of birth, etc.
Appellant was not charged in this case with failing to record with the district clerk these latter facts under oath, but only with having failed to register a proper certificate. It seems clear that, even though some character of document under oath setting out the age, address, place of birth, etc«¿ of appellant had been filed with said clerk, this would not have met the demands of the law, and that in such case, if one who had filed such statement attempted to practice medicine without registering the required certificate, he would he held guilty of violating the law. It follows that we are of opinion that failure to file such certificate would be of itself a violation of the law, whether the remainder of the requirements with regard to age, birth, etc., were complied with or not, and that an allegation of failure to file such certificate as a condition precedent to the practice of medicine would be sufficient. We do not find anything in Young v. State, 74 Tex. Cr. R. 133, 167 S. W. 1112, cited by ap pellant, which holds to the contrary. Said opinion merely concludes that it must be alleged that the necessary papers were filed with the district clerk of the county of the practitioner's residence. In said opinion, Lockhart v. State, 58 Tex. Cr. R. 73, 124 S. W. 923, and Marshall v. State, 56 Tex. Cr. R. 205, 119 S. W. 310, are cited as supporting authorities, and each of them is a decision wholly on the point that such papers must he filed in the county of residence.
In Byrd v. State, 72 Tex. Cr. R. 242, 162 S. W. 360, the same learned judge who wrote in the Young Case, supra, upheld an indictment identical in legal effect and terms with that now before us.
A second ground of said motion to quash is based on the 'proposition that article 5741 of our Civil Code and article 5742 thereof conflict with each other, in that the former prescribes certain subjects upon which every applicant for license to practice medicine must stand an examination, while the latter specifically provides that nothing in this law — referring to the law of medical examination — shall discriminate against any school or system of medical practice. Neither the trial court, nor this court, is informed by this motion wherein the said conflict arises. The mere statement that there is a conflict, or that the terms of one article are contradictory of another, presents nothing demanding favorable judgment, unless there be something in the language or construction in one of said articles which is in fact in conflict with the other. The only matter before the trial court, in passing on this motion, or before this court in reviewing such action, was and is whether in article 5741 anything appears which is in conflict with article 5742. The respective articles are as follows:
"Art. 5741: All examinations shall be conducted in writing, and in such manner as shall be entirely fair and impartial to all individuals and every school of medicine, the applicants being known by numbers, without names or other method of identification on examination papers by which members of the board may be able to identify such papers, until after the applicants have been granted licenses or rejected. Examinations shall be conducted on the scientific branches of medicine only, and shall include anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, pathology, bacteriology, physical diagnosis, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, hygiene, and medical jurisprudence. Upon satisfactory examination under the rules of the board, applicants shall be granted licenses to practice medicine. All questions and answers, with grades attached, shall be preserved for one year. All applicants examined at the same time shall be given identical questions in each of 'the above branches. AH certificates shall be attested by the seal and signed by all members of the board, or a quorum thereof."
"Art. 5742: Nothing in this law shall be so construed as to discriminate against any particular school or system of medical practice.
This law shall not apply to dentists legally qualified and registered under the laws of this state who confine their practice strictly to dentistry ; nor to nurses who practice only nursing, nor to masseurs, in their particular sphere of labor, who publicly represent themselves as such; nor to commissioned or contract surgeons of the United States army, navy or public health and marine hospital service, in the performance of their duties, but such shall not engage in private practice without license from the board of medical examiners; nor to legally qualified physicians of other states called in consultation, but who do not open offices or appoint places in this state where patients may be met or called to see. This law shall be so construed as to apply to persons other than licensed druggists of this state not pretending to be physicians, who offer for sale on the streets or other public places remedies which they recommend for the cure of disease."
We confess ourselves unable to find anything in either of these articles which conflicts with the other. It is substantially provided in article 5741 that the applicant for medical examination may keep his medical beliefs and scholastic affiliations, as well as identity, a secret from the examiners, being known to them only as a number, and said article also directs that the examination must be fair, and impartial, both as to individuals and schools of medicine. Article 5742 commands such construction of the law in its application as shall not be discriminatory against any school or system of medical practice, and names certain near-medical professions which shall not be held as within the pale of the provisions of chapter 6, supra.
We frankly admit that it seems to us that appellant has mistaken his remedy. There is nothing in the articles named which is conflicting. It appeared on the trial that appellant did- not use, or believe in the use of, medicine, but that he practiced adjustments of the spinal column, for which, as testified by his wife, the usual fee was $25 for 26 adjustments, it being claimed that by such treatment tuberculosis, tonsilitis, smallpox, ecizema, appendicitis, and various other ailments could be cured. Appellant seems to believe that in order to so treat human beings as a business in this state it is not necessary for him to have to stand an examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and the other subjects named in article 5741, supra, or to have a certificate, as required by articles 752-753 of our Penal Code, and he seems to think that to so require such of him is discriminatory. It seems to us that this is a complaint directed at article 755 of our Penal Code, which makes any one a practitioner of medicine, within the terms of said chapter 6, supra, who treats any disease, disorder, or injury, for compensation. A motion to quash the indictment could not be sustained upon any such ground as that the facts, when developed, would show that the accused belongs to a class that ought possibly to be now add ed by- tbe Legislature as another exemption from the terms of this chapter.
The facts were not before the trial court when he overruled the motion to quash, and could not be. These facts were for the Legislature. The practice of medicine affects the lives and well-being of all our citizens, and in all its phases as a public business is well within the legitimate police powers of the state. It is not to be supposed that the Legislature would arbitrarily fix unreasonable limitations upon so vital a matter as the general requirements for examination, applicable alike to all who desire to engage in the high calling of the practice of medicine, but, on the contrary, we must presume that upon facts presented to the Legislature, which would show that chiropractors ought to be exempted from the pi'ovisions of chapter 6, the laws would be so amended or changed as to effect that object. We have no right to judicially assume as to the facts which were before the Legislature when they passed the law in question, whether same was urged by allopaths, homeopaths, osteopaths, optometrists, chiropractors, chiropodists, or ophthalmologists. The law as a law, appears to be made equally for all who fairly come within its comprehension, and as far as we know, prescribes no examination conforming to the technical requirements of any school or branch of medical practice, and is not violative of the tenets of article 16, § 31, of our Constitution, which commands laws prescribing the qualifications of physicians, and forbids preference by law to any school of medicine. The constitutionality of this law has been often passed on by the courts. Germany v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. R. 276, 137 S. W. 130, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 477; Kenedy v. Schultz, 6 Tex. Civ. App. 461, 25 S. W. 667; Ex parte Collins, 57 Tex. Cr. R. 2, 121 S. W. 501; Newman v. State, 58 Tex. Cr. R. 224, 124 S. W. 956; Kellogg v. State, 58 Tex. Cr. R. 84, 124 S. W. 958; Byrd v. State, 72 Tex. Cr. R. 242, 162 S. W. 361.
Appellant cites Ruling Case Law, pages 354 and 355, as sustaining his contention that this law is discriminatory. We quote from said work, on page 355, as follows:
"It is reasonable to prescribe that all followers of the healing art, no matter of what school, shall be subjected to a general examination, for no one is well qualified to deal with disease who does not understand disease, and so, though the only qualification that a Christian Science healer might claim to need is an ability to pray fervently and effectively, yet the safety of the people of the state may demand that such healer be able to appreciate the nature and danger of the diseases with which he comes in contact."
We have carefully examined the various contentions made by appellant in his motion for new trial and brief, but, being unable to agree with the correctness of same, the judgment of the trial-court will be affirmed.
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