Case Name: SWB YANKEES LLC, Appellant v. Gretchen WINTERMANTEL and The Scranton Times Tribune, Appellees
Court: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 2012-05-29
Citations: 45 A.3d 1029
Docket Number: No. 44 MAP 2011
Parties: SWB YANKEES LLC, Appellant v. Gretchen WINTERMANTEL and The Scranton Times Tribune, Appellees.
Judges: . CASTILLE, C.J., SAYLOR, EAKIN, BAER, TODD, McCAFFERY, ORIE MELVIN, JJ.
Reporter: West's Atlantic Reporter, Third Series
Volume: 45
Pages: 1029–1050

Head Matter:
SWB YANKEES LLC, Appellant v. Gretchen WINTERMANTEL and The Scranton Times Tribune, Appellees.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued Nov. 29, 2011.
Decided May 29, 2012.
Adam D. Brown, Joseph Kernen, Jayne Anderson Risk, DLA Piper US LLP, Philadelphia, for SWB Yankees, LLC.
Joseph Owen Haggerty Jr., John Timothy Hinton Jr., Haggerty, McDonnell, O’Brien & Hinton, LLP, Scranton, for Gretchen Wintermantel and Scranton Times Tribune.
Emily J. Leader, PA School Boards Association, Inc., for Appellant Amicus Curiae PA School Board Association.
Jillian M. Petrosky, Robert J. Tribeck, Rhoads & Sinon, L.L.P., Harrisburg, for Appellant Amicus Curiae Pennsylvania Foundations Association.
Melissa Bevan Melewsky, Pennsylvania Newspaper Association, for Appellee Ami-cus Curiae PA Newspaper Association.
. CASTILLE, C.J., SAYLOR, EAKIN, BAER, TODD, McCAFFERY, ORIE MELVIN, JJ.

Opinion:
OPINION
Justice SAYLOR.
This appeal concerns the application of Pennsylvania's recently revamped Right-to-Know Law to certain documents in the possession of a private entity serving as the management agent for a municipal authority in the operation of a minor league baseball stadium.
Background
In 1985, the Board of Commissioners of Lackawanna County formed the MultiPurpose Stadium Authority of Lackawan-na County (the "Stadium Authority" or the "Authority"), invoking the Municipality Authorities Act of 1945. According to its Articles of Incorporation, the Authority's main purpose is:
To acquire, by gift, purchase, construction or in any other lawful manner, and to own, hold, manage, maintain, lease and operate a multi-purpose stadium situate in Lackawanna County, including but not limited to, real estate, rights of way, easements, equipment, personal property, both tangible and intangible, and any other asset deemed appropriate by the Authority to generate revenue to retire debt incurred by such Authority....
Certifícate of Incorporation of Multi-Pur-pose Stadium Authority of Apr. 25, 1985, at 3. The Stadium Authority subsequently acquired a minor league baseball team, renamed the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons, which became affiliated with the Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League. After capital was raised via bonds and other public financing, the Authority constructed the Lackawanna County Stadium, now known as PNC Field (and hereinafter as the "Stadium"), to serve as the home field for the franchise.
From 1989 to 2006, the Authority managed all projects at the Stadium, including the day-to-day operations of the Red Barons. The Authority also entered into contracts with various food service providers for concessions at the Stadium. However, in 2006, the Phillies ended their affiliation with the Red Barons; a new one with the New York Yankees ensued; and the Red Barons became the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees.
In the same time period, the Authority consummated a management agreement with Mandalay Baseball Properties, LLC, a private entity, which vested Mandalay with the overall management and control of the day-to-day operations of the baseball club and the Stadium. Per the terms of the contract, Mandalay also assumed total responsibility for, inter alia, concessions and agreed to pay the Stadium Authority, for the duration of the agreement, the greater of $125,000 or 33.33% of the collected net income before income taxes each year.
Mandalay and the New York Yankees later formed a joint venture management company known as SWB Yankees LLC ("Appellant"), and the Stadium Authority and Appellant entered into a replacement management agreement. Under the contract, and as relevant here, Appellant became the sole and exclusive manager of all baseball operations and other entertainment activities and events conducted at the Stadium. In such functions, Appellant was made "an agent of [the Stadium Authority] for the purpose of [baseball operations and certain other activities]"; furthermore, the agreement provided that "the actions of [Appellant] taken in accordance with such authority shall bind [the Authority] and the Team." Management Agreement of Apr. 4, 2007, § 1.2(a). Appellant also was given plenary authority over, among other things, concession sales, while accepting the obligation to make reasonable and prudent expenditures relating to baseball operations. See id. In addition, Appellant was required to make a yearly payment to the Stadium Authority in an "amount equal to one-third . of the Collected Net Income attributable to such Fiscal Year (the 'Annual Payment'); provided, however, that the amount of each Annual Payment shall not be less than . [$125,000]." Id. § 2.9 (emphasis in original).
In 2009, Appellant terminated a then-existing food service contract for concessions at the Stadium. After soliciting bids from various concessionaries and reportedly receiving competing proposals, Appellant contracted with Legends Hospitality LLC.
Shortly thereafter, Gretchen Winter-mantel, a reporter for the Scranton Times Tribune (collectively "Appellees"), submitted a request to the Stadium Authority seeking "access to and copies of all names and the bids submitted to [Appellant] for a concessionaire contract at [the Stadium]." Appellees invoked the Right-to-Know Law, which generally provides for access to "public records," defined as non-exempt and non-privileged "records" of a Commonwealth or local agency. The enactment, in turn, defines the term "record" broadly to encompass:
Information, regardless of physical form or characteristics, that documents a transaction or activity of an agency and that is created, received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency. The term includes a document, paper, letter, map, book, tape, photograph, film or sound recording, information stored or maintained electronically and a data-processed or image-processed document.
65 P.S. § 67.102.
On behalf of the open-records officer, see 65 P.S. § 67.502, the Stadium Authority's solicitor denied the request, stating that the Authority did not possess such information. The solicitor recognized that the Right-to-Know Act applies to certain records in the possession of third parties, such as Appellant, as follows:
A public record that is not in the possession of an agency but is in the possession of a party with whom the agency has contracted to perform a governmental function on behalf of the agency, and which directly relates to the governmental function and is not exempt under this act, shall be considered a public record of the agency for purposes of this act.
65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1) (emphasis added). According to the solicitor, however, Appellant was not performing a governmental function on behalf of the Stadium Authority. Thus, he concluded that the information was not considered a public record of the Authority for purposes of the Law.
Appellees appealed to the Office of Open Records, taking the position that any action by Appellant as the Stadium Authority's agent is public business. See 65 P.S. § 67.1101. In response, the Authority argued that Appellant's function — baseball park management — was non-governmental, and thus, disclosure of its records under Section 506(d)(1) was not implicated. In this regard, the Authority referenced an area of the law which has evolved to determine whether contracts of a governmental entity are binding upon a successor governing body. See, e.g., Mun. Auth. of Borough of Edgeworth v. Borough of Ambridge Water Auth., 936 A.2d 588, 548 (Pa.Cmwlth.2007). In such context, a common-law distinction between "governmental" and "proprietary" functions has been employed to distinguish from ordinary contracts those particular agreements which are so intertwined with policymaking choices as to warrant the opening of an avenue for relief, so as not to impede succeeding government decision-makers. See Program Admin. Servs., Inc. v. Dauphin Cnty. Gen. Auth., 593 Pa. 184, 196, 928 A.2d 1013, 1020 (2007) (explaining that "the governmental-functions test was originally directed to bad faith efforts on the part of 'lame duck' governing bodies to 'handcuff their successors"). See generally Janice C. Griffith, Local Government Contracts: Escaping from the Governmental/Proprietary Maze, 75 Iowa L.Rev. 277, 299-304 (1990) (discussing the historical development of the governmental/proprietary test).
The Office of Open Records granted the appeal and directed the Authority to provide Appellees with the requested information. In her opinion, the appeals officer explained that she regarded the governmental-proprietary distinction as inappo-site to the open-records arena. In this regard, she observed that, under that test, the Stadium Authority's entire purpose (i.e., owning and running a baseball park) might also be considered non-governmental, although, indisputably, the Authority is a local governmental agency. Thus, the appeals officer reasoned that "[t]he test in this case is not whether or not baseball or Stadium operations are governmental functions in a vacuum." In re Winterman- tel v. Multi-Purpose Stadium Auth. of Lackawanna Cnty., No. AP 2009-0184, slip op. at 6 (OOR May 6, 2009). Rather, she explained, the work the Stadium Authority itself performs is "a crucial aspect" in considering whether Appellant performs a governmental function. Id. ("The test under [Section 506(d)(1) ] is whether or not an agency has contracted out functions that it would otherwise have to perform[.]" (emphasis in original)). Highlighting the explicit agency relationship between the Authority and Appellant, the appeals officer's rationale proceeded as follows:
The OOR finds that the [Management] Agreement transfers essentially all functions to [Appellant], and is precisely the kind of arrangement the RTKL targets in [Section 506(d)(1) ] and that the records of [Appellant] are exactly the type required to be disclosed. To hold otherwise would permit a local agency, expressly subject to the RTKL, to contract away all of its functions to a private company and shield all of its operations from the public that funds them. We find the arguments advanced by the Authority, demonstrating the complete control of [Appellant] over operations, to support disclosure rather than protection.
Id. at 6-7.
Appellant lodged an appeal in the common pleas court, see 65 P.S. § 67.1302, which affirmed per an opinion authored by the Honorable Terrence R. Nealon. See SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 19, 33.
In his opinion, Judge Nealon initially rejected Appellant's argument that the bids for a concessionaire contract are not "records" for purposes of the Right>-to-Know Law, since Appellees' request was phrased broadly such that it might be read as subsuming intangible information. According to the court, the request was centered on written concessionaire bids, which readily qualified as "records" per the broad definition provided in the Law. See 65 P.S. § 67.102
Turning to the conception of "governmental function" as used in Section 506(d)(1), Judge Nealon observed that, "[r]egrettably," the statute does not provide a definition. SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 17. Nevertheless, he explained, the Municipality Authorities Act confirms that authorities operate "for the benefit of the people of this Commonwealth, for the increase of their commerce and prosperity and for the improvement of their health and living conditions." 53 Pa.C.S. § 5620. Moreover, the court highlighted, the Municipality Authorities Act authorizes the creation of authorities precisely to "perform[] essential governmental functions in effectuating these [broader] purposes." Id. (emphasis added). Indeed, it is for this very reason, the court continued, that authorities are not required to pay taxes or assessments. See id. ("Since authorities will be performing essential governmental functions in effectuating these purposes, authorities shall not be required to pay taxes or assessments upon property acquired or used by them for such purposes."). In light of this strong governmental nexus invoked to justify the Stadium Authority's very existence and tax-exempt status, see SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 21 ("It is undisputed that by virtue of 53 Pa.C.S. § 5620, the Authority has never paid property taxes with regard to the Stadium."), the court was skeptical of the claim that the Legislature regarded the Authority's activities in a contrary fashion for purposes of a remedial open-records law.
Judge Nealon recognized that, when viewed more abstractly, the term "governmental function" is subject to varying interpretations according to the context in which it might be used. Nevertheless, he rejected Appellant's invitation to import the meaning ascribed to the term in determining the contractual duties of successor governing bodies into the open-records setting. In elaborating on this conclusion, the court invoked principles of statutory construction. See, e.g., Gontarchick v. City of Pottsville, 608 Pa. 1, 6, 9 A.3d 1174, 1177 (2010) ("In light of . material ambiguity, we refer to the tools of statutory construction, including consideration of the occasion and necessity for the statute, the object to be attained, and the consequences of a particular interpretation.") (citing, inter alia, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)). In this regard, the court remarked that "[t]he obvious intent of the new Right-to-Know Law is to provide broader and easier public access to records relating to the activities of government agencies and their contractors." SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 27. See generally Bowling v. OOR, 990 A.2d 813, 824 (Pa.Cmwlth.2010) (explaining that the Right-to-Know Law "is remedial legislation designed to promote access to official government information in order to prohibit secrets, scrutinize the actions of public officials, and make public officials accountable for their actions"), appeal granted, 609 Pa. 265, 15 A.3d 427 (2011) {per curiam). With this objective, the court contrasted the policy considerations underlying the governmental-proprietary distinction utilized in assessing the binding nature of government contract, explaining:
The obvious purpose of the rule [against binding a successor governmental body] is to permit a newly appointed governmental body to function freely on behalf of the public and in response to the governmental power or body politic by which it was appointed or elected, unhampered by the policies of the predecessors who have since been replaced by the appointing or electing power. To permit the outgoing body to "hamstring" its successors by imposing upon them a policy implementing and to some extent, policy making machinery, which is not attuned to the new body or its policies, would be to most effectively circumvent the rule.
SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 22 (quoting Lobolito, Inc. v. N. Pocono Sch. Dist., 562 Pa. 380, 385, 755 A.2d 1287, 1289-90 (2000)). Judge Nealon found such rationale to be very different from the aims of an open-records regime. Indeed, he expressed concern that, if courts were to impose a narrowing construction, municipal authorities could undermine the salutary purposes of the open-records law by the mere act of delegating their core functions to a private entity.
In this regard, Judge Nealon examined the previous incarnation of Pennsylvania's open-records law. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(5) (authorizing courts, in the face of an ambiguity, to consider "[t]he former law, if any, including other statutes upon the same or similar subjects"). He developed that such law applied to an "[a]gen-cy," which was defined as including "any political subdivision . or any State or municipal authority or similar organization created by or pursuant to a statute which declares in substance that such organization performs or has for its purpose the performance of an essential governmental function." 65 P.S. § 66.1(1) (repealed) (emphasis added). Judge Nealon found that this language reflected an appreciation — within the former open-records scheme itself and dovetailing with the Municipality Authorities Act — that authorities perform governmental functions. See SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 26.
Judge Nealon also believed the omission of the "essential" modifier from Section 506(d)(1) of the 2009 Right to Know Law was yet a further manifestation of the Legislature's desire for greater public access. Id. at 30 ("The omission of the word 'essential' . presumably reflects a legislative intent to create a broader and more liberal interpretation of the phrase 'governmental function' when considering requests for records in the possession of government contractors."). See generally Panik v. Didra, 370 Pa. 488, 492, 88 A.2d 730, 732 (1952) ("Where words of a later statute differ from those of a previous one on the same subject they presumably are intended to have a different construction." (quoting Fidelity Trust Co., v. Kirk, 344 Pa. 455, 458, 25 A.2d 825, 827 (1942))). The court expressed concern, however, that application of Appellant's restrictive construction would yield less, rather than more, openness.
From a broader frame of reference, Judge Nealon indicated that the terms of the competing concessionaire contracts submitted to Appellant are matters of legitimate public interest, particularly in view of their impact on the annual payment to the Stadium Authority under the Management Agreement. In this regard, the court highlighted that the Stadium Authority owes Lackawanna County more than $13,000,000 for past indebtedness. Furthermore, the court stressed that the Authority had made Appellant its agent, with the ability to bind it. See SWB Yan kees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 29 ("Because the functions that [Appellant] perform[s] on behalf of the Authority directly affect the Authority's revenue stream and its potential liability to aggrieved vendors of [Appellant], the taxpayers of Lackawanna County have a bona fide interest in scrutinizing [Appellant's] performance of those duties which were previously the responsibility of the Authority.").
Having rejected the invitation to import the governmental-proprietary litmus into the open-records context, Judge Nealon looked to other jurisdictions for guidance as to the appropriate construction of Section 506(d)(l)'s "governmental function" term. In doing so, he explained that a number of them employ a "totality of factors" test to determine whether a private entity acting on behalf of a public agency is subject to the state's open records law. See, e.g., News and Sun-Sentinel Co. v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., 596 So.2d 1029, 1031 (Fla.1992). Upon such review, the court found that it was required to undertake a fact-sensitive inquiry. At a minimum, the court reasoned that "governmental function" should encompass activities:
(1) that the agency is empowered to conduct; (2) that the agency previously performed prior to contractually delegating that function to the government contractor; (3) that are conducted on agency owned property; (4) in which the agency has a continuing financial interest; and (5) that affect the quality or cost of goods or services offered to the public on the agency owned property.
SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 31-32.
Judge Nealon had little difficulty in concluding that the confluence of such factors in the present circumstances yielded the conclusion that the services Appellant performs on the Stadium Authority's behalf constitute governmental functions. See id. at 33; see also id. at 2 ("Inasmuch as the contractor's plenary management of all events involving the Authority-owned Stadium and Triple-A Baseball team occurs on Authority property, represents a function that the Authority previously performed, serves as the sole means of revenue for the Authority and its corresponding ability to maintain the Stadium and repay its debt to the County, and affects the quality and cost of the goods and services offered to the public on the Authority's property, the work performed by the management company constitutes a 'governmental function' under the Right-to-Know Law."). Furthermore, the court found that the competing bids that Appellant received for the food service contracts directly relate to those functions.
After Appellant lodged an appeal, the Commonwealth Court issued its decision in East Stroudsburg University Foundation v. OOR, 995 A.2d 496 (Pa.Cmwlth.2010) (en banc), appeal denied, 610 Pa. 602, 20 A.3d 490 (Table) (2011), determining, in relevant part, that "all contracts that governmental entities enter into with private contractors necessarily carry out a 'governmental function' [for purposes of Section 506(d)(1) ] — because the government always acts as the government." Id. at 504. Judge Nealon authored a supplemental opinion under Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a), in which he derived additional support from the East Strouds-burg decision.
Before the Commonwealth Court, Appellant argued that the common pleas court ignored the straightforward meaning of the term governmental function; proffered an interpretation of the phrase that contravened the legislative intent underlying the new Law; and erroneously rejected the governmental-proprietary test. In developing these contentions, Appellant as serted that Judge Nealon's decision implicates concerns raised by concurring jurists in East Stroudsburg, both in terms of the breadth of "governmental functions," see id. at 508 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring) (suggesting that the majority's interpretation of the term "governmental function" is "far too broad, for it renders the term 'governmental function' meaningless"); id. at 510 (McCullough, J., concurring) (same), and in terms of the association with transactions or activities of municipal authorities. See id. at 508 n. 1 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring) (faulting the majority for "summarily assum[ing]" that Section 506(d)(1) requires the "production of documents created by third party contractors containing information about those contractors' activities in performance of the 'governmental function,' where such a contract is found to exist" (emphasis in original)).
The intermediate court affirmed. See SWB Yankees LLC v. Wintermantel, 999 A.2d 672 (Pa.Cmwlth.2010). Its opening observations mirrored those of the common pleas court in that the Commonwealth Court drew substantial support from the understanding reflected in the Municipality Authorities Act that authorities perform "essential governmental functions," and the absence of the "essential" qualifier from the new Right-to-Know Law. See id. at 675. The court reasoned:
Here, we have an authority that was clearly created for the benefit of the people of the Commonwealth, and for the increase of their commerce and prosperity. The fact that it contracted out the operation of its baseball and other entertainment events at the Authority, is of no consequence as Section 506(d)(1) of the RTKL clearly puts a third party in the same position as an agency for purposes of the RTKL. Given the above, the fact that [Appellant] creates revenue for the Commonwealth and operates a public place for the benefit of the Commonwealth, the bids requested from [Appellant], which clearly affect the amount of revenue generated by the Authority, are public records. [Appellant] had the burden of proving otherwise by a preponderance of the evidence; the OOR and the trial court did not find that it met its burden. We agree, and hold that the facts, as presented, do not indicate otherwise.
Wintermantel, 999 A.2d at 675. Based on these considerations, the Commonwealth Court also indicated that that the case did not involve the concerns raised by the concurring judges in East Stroudsburg, and that the requested information qualified as a "record" under the Law. See id. at 675-76.
The framework governing appellate review in matters arising under the Right-to-Know Law is presently under consideration elsewhere. See Bowling v. OOR, 609 Pa. 265, 15 A.3d 427 (2011) (per curiam). In this case, our review is limited to matters of statutory construction and, thus, is plenary. See, e.g., In re Erie Golf Course, 605 Pa. 484, 501-02, 992 A.2d 75, 85 (2010).
Arguments
Presently, Appellant maintains that the Office of Open Records, Judge Nealon, and the Commonwealth Court reached an incongruous result in holding that exhibiting baseball games and selling concessions is a governmental function. In various passages, Appellant appears to recognize a need for guidance beyond the statutory term "governmental function" itself concerning exactly what was intended, but Appellant is emphatic in its position that, at the very least, "[t]his Court can and should draw [the] line at beer and hot dogs." Brief for Appellant at 9.
Invoking the East Stroudsburg concurrences, Appellant contends that the extension of "governmental function" to any and all revenue-raising activities strips the term of any role or function within the statutory scheme. See id. at 14 ("The General Assembly consciously and intentionally chose the phrase 'governmental function' as the linchpin of a limiting condition placed on requests made under the RTKL for records that are not in the possession of an agency."). According to Appellant, a greater nexus to acts of governance must be required, "which at a minimum, requires the exercise of authoritative direction or control over a political or sovereign unit." Id. at 17. Appellant highlights that its approach aligns closely with the common law governmental-proprietary distinction. See, e.g., id. at 54 ("The governmental/proprietary distinction is a fundamental concept in Pennsylvania law and the only mechanism for giving § 506(d)(1) any meaning").
Appellant acknowledges that the Legislature's main goal in implementing the new Right-to-Know Law was to substantially enlarge public access to government records. Appellant, however, discerns no similar purpose with regard to third-party records, since "none of the most significant objectives of the RTKL involve or entail exposing information held by private third party contractors to public disclosure." Brief for Appellant at 32. It is Appellant's position that the General Assembly intended to create a "limited, narrowly tailored class of third party records that may properly be considered agency records under the RTKL," thus addressing a void that existed under the previous open-records law. Id. at 30.
Appellant also criticizes the prior reviewing courts' allusions to the phrase "essential governmental function," appearing in the previous open-records law, explaining that, in that statute, the Legislature merely employed the phrase in defining an agency. Since the prior law did not contain any analogue to Section 506(d)(1), Appellant posits that "it cannot be logically concluded that the reference to 'governmental function' in the new RTKL constitutes a purposeful omission of the word 'essential' from the previous RTKL, thereby somehow expanding the meaning of the phrase." Brief for Appellant at 37.
Appellant also challenges the common pleas and intermediate courts' reliance upon the Municipality Authorities Act, asserting that such enactment does not pertain to third-party contractors and, in any event, cannot be read to mean that municipal authorities only perform essential governmental functions. See, e.g., Reply Brief for Appellant at 12 ("[I]t is simply incredible for [Appellees] to argue that all functions of a municipal authority must be considered governmental, so that every function delegated by a municipal authority to a private entity must necessarily be a 'governmental function' under the RTKL."). In addition, Appellant argues that, were this Court to adopt the Commonwealth Court's interpretation of the term governmental function, it would chill business relations between government agencies and private parties, leaving the latter "left to speculate as to what effect § 506(d)(1) will have in a given case or, even worse, would simply be deterred altogether from entering into agreements with agencies." Brief for Appellant at 38. Lastly, Appellant alleges that the contemporaneous legislative history surrounding the new RTKL supports a narrow interpretation of the phrase. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(7).
As to the second issue on appeal, Appellant maintains that the requested information does not fall within the definition of a record. It claims the information sought does not "document[ ] a transaction or activity of an agency," and was not "created, received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency." 65 P.S. § 67.102 (emphasis added). Rather, Appellant argues, the request pertained to bids that were created by prospective subcontractors and submitted to Appellant, thereby falling outside of that definition. Accord Brief for Amicus Pa. Sch. Bds. Ass'n at 7 ("Because the requested records document only an activity of [Appellant], not the Authority, and because they were created, received or retained in connection with an activity of [Appellant], not the Authority, they are not records subject to disclosure under the RTKL.").
Amicus, the Pennsylvania Foundations Association, expresses the concern that the broad interpretation of "governmental function" reflected in the Commonwealth Court's decisions has had the effect of converting private university foundations into public entities, stripping them of features which attract private-sector donations. The Association argues:
Because of the Commonwealth Court's overbroad and legally incorrect interpretation of the term "governmental function" in East Stroudsburg, all government contractors that perform any function for a State agency are now plainly within the purview of the RTKL....
. The determination in East Strouds-burg and its application to the pending matter, have a detrimental and disproportionate effect on government contractors that perform proprietary business functions pursuant to a contract with a government agency. It is submitted that the term "governmental function" in the RTKL was not intended to have the effect of opening the records of each and every entity that contracts with the government, regardless of the nature of the actual contracted function performed, to public view and inspection. The Foundations Association submits that the definition of "governmental function" set forth in East Stroudsburg and subsequently applied and expanded in Yankees is contrary to Pennsylvania law and will only serve to diminish the availability of low cost private contractors to perform non-governmental functions for the State.
Brief for Amicus Pa. Founds. Ass'n at 5 (emphasis in original).
Amicus, Pennsylvania School Boards Association, also seeks a determination that the concessionaire bids are not "public records" for purposes of Section 506(d)(1), effectively advocating review of the Commonwealth Court's decisions in Allegheny County Department of Administrative Services v. A Second Chance, Inc., 13 A.3d 1025 (Pa.Cmwlth.2011). Additionally, the Association stresses the burden imposed upon government agencies, in that they are:
faced with the prospect of seeking records from former contractors which parted on bad terms, from contractors engaged in litigation with the agency, from small companies with records in a shoebox to large corporations that just do not pay attention to an agency's request for cooperation. If an agency is not successful in securing these records, it is the agency, not the third party that faces sanctions under the RTKL.
Brief for Amicus Pa. Sch. Bds. Ass'n at 4.
Appellees, on the other hand, credit the common pleas and intermediate courts' analyses, emphasizing the legislative policy of providing broader access to citizens concerning information about the affairs of government. Appellees agree with Judge Nealon that the most appropriate framework for ascertaining if a private contractor is performing a governmental function is to apply a flexible "totality of factors" approach, not the government-proprietary litmus, and that the relevant factors weigh substantially in favor of public access in this case
In this same vein, amicus Pennsylvania Newspaper Association asserts that the governmental-proprietary rubric provides an unsuitable definition of a governmental function for purposes of the Right-to-Know Law. In this regard, the Association avers that adopting the common-law test would thwart the policy behind the new Law, since:
government agencies would be free to contract away the public access requirements of the RTKL while the public, the OOR and the court system would be mired in a confusing analytical morass trying to determine when public records could transform into non-public records by operation of contract under the governmental/proprietary function test.
Brief for Amicus Pa. Newspaper Ass'n at 12. The Newspaper Association thus urges this Court to hold that any function that would be performed by the Stadium Authority in the absence of a third-party contract is a governmental function for purposes of the Right-to-Know Law. See id. at 9 ("[WJhen a contractor willingly steps into the shoes of a government agency, and performs functions that would otherwise be performed by a government agency, accountability must accompany the contract and it is a legitimate aspect of doing business with the government.").
Appellees also maintain that the requested information is a "record," since the Management Agreement between the Stadium Authority and Appellant documents a transaction or activity of the Authority, and the bids or proposals are "integral" to that contract. Brief for Ap- pellees at 34-85. The Newspaper Association, however, seems to acknowledge that, since the definition of a "record" is couched in terms of information that documents a transaction or activity "of an agency," Section 506(d)(1), on its face, might be read to exclude materials of a third party contractor. The Newspaper Association nonetheless argues that:
[I]f the information fits the definition of "record" and "public record" for a government agency that has not assigned a function to a third party contractor, it must likewise fit the definitions when the information is related to, generated, retained or received by a government contractor performing the agency's function pursuant to [a] contract.
Brief for Amicus Pa. Newspaper Ass'n at 14. Otherwise, the Newspaper Association posits, "no third party records would be public because[,] by definition, they would not be records or public records 'of an agency[,]' " thereby rendering Section 506(d)(1) meaningless relative to third-party contractors. Id. at 15-16.
Discussion
Having reviewed the relevant statutory scheme, the parties' arguments, and the record, we agree with the appeals officer, Judge Nealon, and the Commonwealth Court that the disclosure of any written concessionaire bids is required per Section 506(d)(1) of the Right-to-Know Law.
A. Governmental function
Initially, we find the term "governmental function," as used in this statute, to be materially ambiguous. See generally Trizechahn Gateway LLC v. Titus, 601 Pa. 637, 653, 976 A.2d 474, 483 (2009) (recognizing that an ambiguity exists when there are at least two reasonable interpretations of the text under review). In modern times, the government has undertaken to operate various commercial enterprises, such as its systems of liquor stores and lottery games. Although in ordinary parlance it may seem incongruous to couch liquor and gambling ventures as "governmental functions," they plainly are so in the sense that they are core activities assigned to and undertaken by government agencies. See 47 P.S. § 3-301 (requiring the Liquor Control Board to operate liquor stores); 72 P.S. § 3761-303(a) (tasking the Secretary of the Department of Revenue with the duty to operate and administer a state lottery). Moreover, this understanding — ie., that some activities which conventionally may be couched as proprietary in nature are being undertaken as governmental functions — is consistent with a common definition of the term as "[a] government agency's conduct that is expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, or other law and that is carried out for the benefit of the general public." Blaok's Law Dictionary 716 (8th ed.2004).
Some municipal authorities have come to typify the phenomenon of line-blurring between public and private enterprise, with the Stadium Authority serving as an apt example. As developed above, the Authority's existence and tax exempt status are justified on the ground that it performs an "essential governmental function," 53 Pa. C.S. § 5620, yet no one has identified any function it serves other than via its identi ty as the owner and principal operator of an amusement enterprise.
We do not see that the government's entry into areas which might more comfortably be associated with the private sector suggests diminished cause for openness. In this regard, it seems unlikely that that the Legislature would be naive about the potential for inappropriate influences which have become a risk attending such ventures. Rather, the nature of these activities, and the departures from the more conventional confines of government, appear to us to militate in favor of public scrutiny.
Moreover, the Management Agreement governing the Stadium Authority's relationship with Appellant is framed in such a way as to afford the latter "plenary" powers over a primary function of a government agency, essentially deputizing Appellant as an "agent" of the Authority, and specifically prescribing that certain of Appellant's actions "shall bind" the agency. Management Agreement § 1.2(a). In this fashion, and through the income-sharing feature of the Management Agreement, the interests of the Stadium Authority and Appellant have become closely intertwined.
In line with these observations, we agree with Appellees and their amicus that a reasonably broad construction of "governmental function" best comports with the objective of the Right-to-Know Law, which is to empower citizens by affording them access to information concerning the activities of their government. Furthermore, as ably developed by Judge Nealon, such policy is very different from that motivating the application of the governmental-proprietary distinction as it has evolved in other settings. Accordingly, and, in the absence of specific legislative guidance, we decline to infer that the General Assembly intended to transport such construct into the open-records arena merely by employing the term "governmental function." Accord Griffith, Escaping from the Govemmental/Proprietary Maze, 75 Iowa L.Rev. at 327 ("If courts apply the governmental/proprietary test without scrutinizing the actual interests at stake, they may import inappropriate standards[.]"). Rather, we conclude that it is the delegation of some non-ancillary undertaking of government, and not a convention-based assessment of the governmental-versus-proprietary character of the activity, that should control.
In offering this conclusion, we realize there is ambiguity in our use of the term "non-ancillary." We have chosen it here, because we do agree with Appellant and its amici that the government-always-aets-as-government overlay of the East Stroudsburg majority is too broad for purposes of Section 506. We also believe the Legislature used the "governmental" function delimiter in Section 506 to narrow the category of third-party records subject to disclosure by some measure, see 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(2) (embodying the principle, in statutory construction, that the General Assembly "intends the entire statute to be effective and certain"), presumably on account of the burden, expense, and other impositions attending wholesale disclosure. Accord East Stroudsburg, 995 A.2d at 508 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring) ("Surely, government agencies enter into some, if not many, contracts that do not implicate a governmental function."). While extrapolating from other jurisdictions in the open-records is difficult due to variances in the approaches taken in the governing statutes, such concern appears to be a recurrent one in the cases. See, e.g., Evertson v. City of Kimball, 278 Neb. 1, 767 N.W.2d 751, 761 (2009) ("We agree with other courts that public records laws should not permit scrutiny of all a private party's records simply because it contracts with a government entity to provide services.").
To account for this consideration, and in the absence of a specific statutory degree-nexus, we find that the non-ancillary threshold represents an appropriate opening inroad into establishing an interpretive one. In this respect, we observe that this is the type of conception that is most amenable to further development over time in the decisional law. Notably, President Judge Leadbetter expressed this point in her concurrence in East Stroudsburg, as follows:
We are here faeed with a new statute which embodies not only new rules, but an entirely new conceptual and procedural framework. Many of these new concepts are provided in statutory language susceptible of multiple interpretations. Compounding the problem, the new Office of Open Records (OOR) is being overwhelmed by a deluge of requests which must be decided now. Under these circumstances, there is an understandable temptation to rush to fill in the details left blank in the new law and provide immediate interpretive guidance in the form of sweeping black letter rules. Nonetheless, I believe it is necessary to take our time and address these questions with a narrow focus on the facts presented in each case and avoid broad pronouncements which may prove unworkable or unwise in different circumstances.
East Stroudsburg, 995 A.2d at 508-09 n. 4 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring).
President Judge Leadbetter also correctly observed that Section 506 requires that the agency "has contracted to perform a governmental function...." Id. at 508 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring) (quoting 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1) (emphasis added)). We read this to connote an act of delegation of some substantial facet of the agency's role and responsibilities, as opposed to entry into routine service agreements with independent contractors. Of course, in the myriad factual scenarios as they will arise in the cases going forward, courts will be confronted with many examples between the extremes.
The present circumstances, however, do not involve an independent contractor conducting some ancillary activity, nor do they lay in the boundaries. Rather, the Stadium Authority, having been formed to administer an amusement enterprise, generated substantial public indebtedness in such venture. Appellant has accepted delegation of the responsibility to operate the ball park for the public benefit as the Authority's agent. Consistent with all previous rulings in the appeal proceedings, we also have no difficulty holding that, where a government agency's primary activities are defined by statute as "essential governmental functions," and such entity delegates one of those main functions to a private entity via the conferral of agency status, Section 506(d)(1) pertains on its terms to non-exempted records directly relating to the function.
B. Records
We also hold that written concessionaire bids are "records" for purposes of Section 506(d)(1). On this issue, we differ with Appellant's position that the bids have "no connection whatsoever to any government agency," Brief for Appellant at 9, in light of its acceptance of the status of an agent in the performance of a primary public duty of the Stadium Authority, as reflected in the Authority's Certificate of Incorporation and in the Management Agreement. In this regard, we agree with the Newspaper Association that it would undermine the clear aim of Section 506(d)(1) — which recasts certain third-party records bearing the requisite connection to government as public reeords "of the [government] agency," 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1) — to require that that the materials actually be "of such agency" in the first instance. 65 P.S. § 67.102 (definition of "record").
While we have little doubt that the disclosure requirements pertaining to third-parties undertaking governmental functions may have bearing on their business decisions in dealing with agencies, this is within the range of considerations likely to have been taken into account in the General Assembly's open-records calculus.
The order of the Commonwealth Court is affirmed.
Justice ORIE MELVIN did not participate in the decision of this case.
Justices EAKIN, BAER, TODD and McCAFFERY join the opinion.
Chief Justice CASTILLE files a concurring opinion.
. Act of May 2, 1945, P.L. 382, No. 164 (as amended 53 P.S. § 301-322), recodified and superseded by Act of June 19, 2001, P.L. 287, No. 22 (as amended 53. Pa.C.S. § 5601-5623).
. Legends Hospitality LLC is owned, in part, by the New York Yankees. See N.T., Aug. 27, 2009, at 68.
. Act of Feb. 14, 2008, P.L. 6, No. 3 (as amended 65 P.S. § 67.101-67.3104) (the "Right-to-Know Law" or the "Law," also referred to by the parties as the "RTKL"). This enactment repealed the prior open-records law which was in effect since 1957. See Act of June 21, 1957, P.L. 390, No. 212 (as amended 65 P.S. § 66.1-66.9) (repealed 2009).
.65 P.S. § 67.701 ("Unless otherwise provided by law, a public record . shall be accessible for inspection and duplication in accordance with this act."), 67.102 (providing definitions for "public record" and "local agency," the latter of which includes municipal authorities); 67.302 ("A local agency shall provide public records in accordance with this act.").
. Although Appellant was not previously a party in the proceedings, it invoked Section 1101(c) of the RTKL as conferring standing to file the appeal. See 65 P.S. § 67.1101(c). While Section 1101(c) pertains to proceedings before the Office of Open Records, the common pleas court gleaned support for Appellant's standing from a line of Commonwealth Court decisions applying general principles of administrative agency law within the previous open-records regime. See SWB Yankees LLC v. Wintermantel, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 10 n. 5 (C.P.Lackawanna, Sept. 9, 2009) (citing Hartman v. DCNR, 892 A.2d 897, 899 n. 3 (Pa.Cmwlth.2006)). The court also observed that the matter of standing had not been raised before it, and consideration was subject to issue preservation and presentation requirements. See generally Rendell v. Pa. State Ethics Comm'n, 603 Pa. 292, 307, 983 A.2d 708, 717 (2009).
. Judge Nealon also observed that the Pennsylvania courts have recognized that " '[a] sports stadium is for the recreation of the public and is hence for a public purpose' even if it is primarily used by private enterprises to generate revenue." SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 24 (quoting Martin v. City of Philo., 420 Pa. 14, 17, 215 A.2d 894, 896 (1966), which concluded that a municipal stadium, which would be leased to private major league sports franchises, would nonetheless be used for public purposes).
. In support of this observation, the court developed that the Act: establishes a presumption that any record possessed by an agency is a public record, see 65 P.S. § 67.305(a); creates a new administrative agency to hear citizens' open records challenges without the necessity of court action in the first instance, see id. § 67.1101(a), 67.1102; expands the types of documents discoverable to include public records in the possession of government contractors, see id. § 67.506(d)(1); increases the civil penalties recoverable against an agency acting in bad faith, see id. § 67.1304, 67.1305; and decreases the agency's response time in addressing a public records request. See id. § 67.901.
. The court also noted that disclosure of certain documents in the possession of third-party contractors was required under the previous open-records regime. See, e.g., Lukes v. DPW, 976 A.2d 609, 624 (Pa.Cmwlth.2009) (holding that the Department of Public Welfare was required to produce provider agreements in the possession of third-party contractors, where the contractors performed duties which otherwise would have been undertaken by the government agency).
. See also Reply Brief for Appellant at 19-20 ("The General Assembly did not employ the phrase 'governmental function' by accident or without knowledge of the meaning it carried . The phrase . necessarily implies a distinction between such a function and its opposite, a proprietary function. Therefore, the fact that the General Assembly did not expressly use the word 'proprietary' in the RTKL is not . a valid reason for this Court not to apply the distinction in the context of § 506(d)(l)."(citation omitted)).
. Further, Appellant highlights that the term is used similarly in the current Law, within the definition of "Commonwealth agency." See 65 Pa.S.A. § 67.102.
. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 42 ("The legislative history . demonstrates that the General Assembly did not define 'governmental function' because it was wary of opening the floodgates to broad record requests directed to private third party contractors."); id. at 45 ("[T]he General Assembly did not, and does not, wish to provide for access to a large class of third party records!.]").
. This appeal was not taken to evaluate the factual circumstances presented in East Stroudsburg, albeit we do address the concerns of Appellant and its amici regarding the breadth of the "governmental function" construct on more general terms, below.
. The Second Chance decision downplays the Legislature's use of the term "public record" in its description of the range of third-party materials subject to open-records disclosure, since enforcement of a requirement that a record be a public one in the first instance would result in Section 506(d)(1) merely expressing a tautology. See id. at 1037. This appeal also was not allowed to consider the Second Chance decision, which presently serves as governing law on this subject matter.
. Indeed, since the liquor and lottery enterprises are operated by the government as monopolies, they have no legal private-sector analogues.
. The Municipality Authorities Act of 1945, under which the Stadium Authority was created, see supra note 1, contained materially identical language in all relevant regards. See 53 P.S. § 318 (superseded).
. While Appellant quips about the incongruity of dubbing the sale of hot dogs and beer as public functions, it offers little accounting for the above sorts of risks (or for the centrality of amusement activities in the Authority's mission as a government agency in the first instance).
. In terms of the particular factors discussed by Judge Nealon, it bears emphasis that he was careful to avoid couching these as an overarching test. Notably, the underlying criteria were developed in a different type of open-records scheme, which defines government 'agencies" to include business entities acting on behalf of public agencies. See News and Sun-Sentinel Co., 596 So.2d at 1031. See generally Craig D. Feiser, Protecting the Public's Right to Know: The Debate Over Privatization and Access to Government Information Under State Law, 27 Fla. St. U.L.Rev. 825 (2000) (suggesting a categorization overlay for various open-records schemes). Thus, consistent with Judge Nealon's reasoning, while application of the factors he derived from this line of authority does lend support to the decision that Section 506(d)(1) presently applies, these may not reliably reflect the Pennsylvania statute's reach as applied in other contexts.
. Our conclusion is reinforced by the General Assembly's use of the term "governmental function," as contrasted with "essential governmental function," in Section 506(d)(1). Cf. Cmty. Coll. of Phila. v. Brown, 544 Pa. 31, 34, 674 A.2d 670, 671 (1996) (reflecting a narrower understanding of the concept of an essential governmental function).
. Again, the definition of "record" contemplates, inter alia, information which "documents a transaction or activity of an agency" and is "created, received or retained . in connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency." 65 P.S. § 67.102. Particularly in the context of a government agency's wholesale delegation of its own core governmental function to another entity, we find that a reasonably broad perspective concerning what comprises transactions and activities of the agency should be applied.
Notably, the decision in Tribune-Review Publishing Company v. Westmoreland County Housing Authority, 574 Pa. 661, 833 A.2d 112 (2003) — holding that a settlement agreement generated and maintained by an insurance exchange on behalf of a local agency was subject to open-records disclosure under the predecessor to the RTKL — -is consistent with our decision here, particularly when considering that the Legislature intended greater, not lesser, openness under the new open-records regime. The same can be said relative to the Commonwealth Court's decision in Lukes. See supra note 8.