Case Name: The People of the State of New York ex rel. Abram Langdon and Others, Respondents, v. William Dalton, as Commissioner of Water Supply of the City of New York, and James Moffett, Deputy Commissioner for Brooklyn, Appellants
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1900
Citations: 49 A.D. 71
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People of the State of New York ex rel. Abram Langdon and Others, Respondents, v. William Dalton, as Commissioner of Water Supply of the City of New York, and James Moffett, Deputy Commissioner for Brooklyn, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 49
Pages: 71–75

Head Matter:
The People of the State of New York ex rel. Abram Langdon and Others, Respondents, v. William Dalton, as Commissioner of Water Supply of the City of New York, and James Moffett, Deputy Commissioner for Brooklyn, Appellants.
Civil service — a “stream cleaner" in the New York water department is a laborer and, day workman— the position is not the subject of competitive examination.
A “stream cleaner” in the water department of the city of New York, whose compensation is two dollars per day and whose duty it is to keep clean the water running in the streams, to remove therefrom any rubbish or other injurious material and to prevent the creation of any nuisance thereon or pollution thereof, is a laborer and day workman, and the position is properly placed in Schedule G of the civil service, which comprises those positions which are not subject to competitive examination.
The fact that before the creation of Greater New York, the position was placed in the competitive schedule, B, is not conclusive as to the correctness of that classification.
It seems, that it is the generally accepted doctrine that it is not practicable to determine, by .competitive examination, the fitness of applicants for the position of laborers and day workmen performing ordinary manual labor.
Appeal by the defendants, William Dalton, as commissioner of water supply of the city of New York, and another, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the Queens County Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county-of Queens on the 5th day of February, 1900, directing that a peremptory writ of mandamus issue requiring the defendants, or either of them, to reinstate the relators in employment as stream cleaners on the water works system of the city of New York in the former territory of Queens county, now including Queens and Nassau counties, and to-employ each of them in the performance of such duties as he was-performing at the time of his removal from such position, and further directing them, or either of them, as required by law and the-custom of the department, to take such action as may be appropriate- and necessary to audit and pay, or cause to be paid, his wages and emoluments as such stream cleaner from and after October 10,1898,, up to the time of his reinstatement, without prejudice to any action or proceeding which he may-be advised to be necessary to secure payment of any sum of money due to him or for damages for his wrongful discharge, if his wages from October 10, 1898, be not audited and paid as therein provided for.
William J. Carr [Luke D. Stapleton with him on the brief], for the appellants.
George Wallace, for the respondents.

Opinion:
Hatch, J.:
When this proceeding was before us on a former appeal we affirmed an order which denied the application for a mandamus without prejudice to relators' right to institute a new proceeding. The reason for this ruling was found in the fact that it was conceded that the relators were employed in the water department of the former city of Brooklyn and classified in the civil service of such city in " Schedule B." Such classification subjected them to, competitive examination, and each passed such examination before, receiving his appointment. We were unable from the record then-before us to determine whether upon the reclassification of the civil service for the city of New York, pursuant to chapter 186 of the Laws of 1898, such positions were continued as those requiring a competitive examination or not; and as it did not appear what the duties of the positions were, or that the positions had been abolished or placed in the non-competitive class, leave was granted to renew the application. (People ex rel. Langdon v. Dalton, 46 App. Div. 264.) The opposing papers upon the present application, which must be taken as true, as well as the undisputed facts of the ease,, show that the jiosition of stream cleaner has not been inserted in any competitive class in the civil service of the city of New York, by name. The duties attached to the relators' positions in detail, required them to keep clean the water running in the streams, removing therefrom any rubbish or other injurious material, and to-prevent the creating of any nuisance thereon or pollution thereof. It is apparent, therefore, that the discharge of these duties is quite-within the capacity of an ordinary laborer, and such is the natural designation of a person performing such service. It is in fact manual labor, and the pay attached to the position — two dollars-per day — is also indicative of the fact. It is stated in the affidavit of Mr. Phillips, the secretary of the municipal civil service commission of the city of New York, that such commission, appointed and acting pursuant to law, classified the relators' position in the civil service of the city as that of " laborer and day workman." These positions are classified in Schedule G, and are not subject to competitive examination. It is said that the statement of Mr. Phillips-is a mere conclusion of law. If it be so regarded, it is reasonably clear that it is sound law as applied to the facts'. The relators under the reclassified service must fall into Schedule F or Schedule G. The former is a classification of miscellaneous positions not elsewhere classified, and reads: " Schedule F shall include stenographers, typewriters and all classified positions not included in the foregoing schedules, except laborers or day workmen." The rule is now settled that the statute authorizing classification to be made under the authority conferred by the statute (Chap. 354, Laws of 1883, as amd. by chap. 186, Laws of 1898) and requiring competitive examinations as a condition- of appointment to the civil service of the-State, must be strictly construed. (People ex rel. Jacobus v. Van Wyck, 157 N. Y. 495.) By virtue of the former law (Chap. 354, Laws of 1883) the rules promulgated were required to provide for open competitive examinations, unless such examinations were found impracticable. By the State Constitution of 1894 (Art. V, § 9), it was commanded that appointments and promotions in the civil service of the State should be made according to merit and fitness, to be ascertained, so far as practicable, by competitive examinations. Under this article the courts have recognized the existence of positions for which competitive examinations are not practicable. (Chittenden v. Wurster, 152 N. Y. 345.) The law authorizing formulation into classes (Chap. 186, Laws of 1898) recognizes such fact, and has made provision therefor within the mandate of the Constitution and the authorities construing the same. It has been the generally accepted doctrine throughout the State that .as to the positions of laborers and day workmen, performing ordinary manual labor, it was not practicable to employ competitive examinations in order to determine fitness, and such persons have usually been classified in the non-competitive •schedules. Denominating manual laborers by a particular name does not change the fact. Calling persons "stream cleaners" does not change the character of the duties which they perform. If a scrub woman should be called "my lady cleaner," we apprehend that it would not be thought necessary to subject such person to a competitive examination or create a new classification xipon that account. When, therefore, it appears that the duties which attach to a position demand only the performance of unskilled manual labor, such positions are properly placed in the non-competitive schedules, no matter by what name they are called. We are not able to comprehend what examination could be formulated to test the capacity of stream cleaners which would not apply with equal force to any other class of manual labor. They were to keep the streams clear of rubbish or other injurious material, and prevent the creation of nuisances and the pollution of the stream. They might be asked what they would do if they saw a dead dog floating in the stream, or if they saw a person throw or attempt to throw ofial in the stream, whether it would be their duty to remove it or prevent the act. But it is manifest that a competitive examination in reference to such mere manual acts is not practicable as a test of fitness. It is not only not practicable but it is foolish, as it is evident that a very low order of intelligence would comprehend .all that was essential to properly perform the duties of the position, and a competitive examination can scarcely be said to determine either merit or fitness as applied to such a case. Indeed, a man might answer correctly all of the questions which could possibly be formulated upon such an examination, and yet lack physical strength to perform the duties, or be so indolent as to lack the disposition. The former classification of these positions in a competitive schedule is not conclusive; on the contrary, it is quite consistent with the fact that upon trial it was found not to produce satisfactory results or that it was unnecessary. When the present classification was made it was not named, and it may be assumed that it was for a satisfactory reason, especially as it is evident that the position properly falls within the classification of laborer. Rothing which appears in People ex rel. Boyd v. Hertle (28 Misc. Rep. 37), or in the affirmance of that case upon appeal (46 App. Div. 505), in anywise conflicts with this view. The court was there speaking of an assistant examiner, which the court held — and we think correctly — was a position for which the statute required a competitive examination. Rot only did the statute require it, but the Constitution and the rules of the civil service commission as well. In the latter case the rule provides " that no public employee, however designated, whether as £ skilled laborer ' or otherwise, who may be called to do or shall, in fact, do any clerical work, shall be included in Schedule G." It was held that as the position fell in the competitive class, the omission to classify the same by name did not destroy the protection which the law gave, and it was for that reason brought within the express provisions of Schedule F. The character of the duties determined the classification. So here the character of the duties determines the classification. As the duties of the position held by the relators brought them within the designation of laborers, they were not only mentioned, but they were classified, in Schedule G, where they properly belonged.
It follows that the order should be reversed and the writ dismissed.
All concurred.
Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and peremptory writ of mandamus dismissed, with ten dollars costs.