Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Noe RIVERA-GALVEZ, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2007-07-23
Citations: 241 F. App'x 207
Docket Number: No. 06-41305
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Noe RIVERA-GALVEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before JOLLY, DAVIS, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 241
Pages: 207–209

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Noe RIVERA-GALVEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 06-41305
Summary Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
July 23, 2007.
James Lee Turner, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for PlaintiffAppellee.
Marjorie A. Meyers, Federal Public Defender, Federal Public Defender’s Office, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before JOLLY, DAVIS, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
PER CURIAM:
Noe Rivera-Galvez appeals the sentence imposed following his guilty-plea conviction of being found in the United States without permission after deportation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b). He argues that the district court erred by imposing an enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A)(ii) (2005) based on the determination that his prior Maine conviction of aggravated assault was a crime of violence. He also challenges the constitutionality of § 1326(b)'s treatment of prior felony and aggravated felony convictions as sentencing factors rather than elements of the offense that must be found by a jury.
The offense level for illegal reentry is increased by 16 levels if the defendant has a prior conviction of a crime of violence. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A)(ii). A crime of violence is (1) any specified enumerated offense, including "aggravated assault," or (2) "any offense under federal, state, or local law that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another." § 2L1.2, comment. (n.(l)(B)(iii)); see United States v. Velasco, 465 F.3d 633, 637 (5th Cir.2006). This court reviews de novo whether the district court properly applied § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) for having committed a crime of violence. United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez, 467 F.3d 492, 493 (5th Cir.2006), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1350, 167 L.Ed.2d 143 (2007). Rivera argues that his prior offense is not a crime of violence because it is not an enumerated offense and because it does not have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against another person.
Because the enumerated offenses are not defined, this court uses a "common sense approach," giving the offense their "generic, contemporary, meaning." United States v. Fierro-Reyna, 466 F.3d 324, 327 (5th Cir.2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As Rivera argues, the relevant section of the Maine aggravated assault statute criminalizes "recklessly" causing bodily injury with a deadly weapon, while the Model Penal Code does not include the term "reckless ly" in the subsection that sets forth the offense of causing bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon. See Model Penal Code § 211.1(2)(b); Me.Rev.Stat. Ann. tit. 17-A, § 208(1)(B).
However, in United States v. Mungia-Portillo, 484 F.3d 813, 816-17 (5th Cir.2007), when analyzing the Tennessee aggravated assault statute, this circuit held that "reckless aggravated assault" falls within the enumerated offense of "aggravated assault." The reasoning of Mungia-Portillo is persuasive in light of the text of the Maine statute under which Rivera was charged and convicted. Thus, as set forth in Mungia-Portillo, the district court did not err when it concluded that Rivera's prior Maine conviction for aggravated assault fit within the definition of the enumerated offense of aggravated assault, and it did not err when it determined that Rivera's prior offense warranted a 16-level enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A)(ii). Because Rivera's prior offense qualifies as a COV as the enumerated offense of aggravated assault, we need not consider Rivera's argument that his prior offense did not have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against another person.
Additionally, Rivera's constitutional challenge is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 235, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). Although he contends that AlmendarezTorres was incorrectly decided and that a majority of the Supreme Court would overrule Almendarez-Torres in light of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), we have repeatedly rejected such arguments on the basis that Almendarez-Torres remains binding. See United States v. Garza-Lopez, 410 F.3d 268, 276 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 919, 126 S.Ct. 298, 163 L.Ed.2d 260 (2005). Rivera properly concedes that his argument is foreclosed in light of Almendarez-Torres and circuit precedent, but he raises it here to preserve it for further review.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.