Case Name: BENJAMIN KENNEDY AND HARRIET C. KENNEDY, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS, v. WILLIAM V. CAMP, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT
Court: Supreme Court of New Jersey
Jurisdiction: New Jersey
Decision Date: 1954-01-11
Citations: 14 N.J. 390
Docket Number: 
Parties: BENJAMIN KENNEDY AND HARRIET C. KENNEDY, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS, v. WILLIAM V. CAMP, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
Judges: 
Reporter: New Jersey Reports
Volume: 14
Pages: 390–403

Head Matter:
BENJAMIN KENNEDY AND HARRIET C. KENNEDY, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS, v. WILLIAM V. CAMP, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
Argued October 13, 1953
Decided January 11, 1954.
Mr. Abraham, I. Harkavy argued the cause for appellants (Messrs. Harkavy and Lieb, attorneys).
Mr. Samuel P. Orlando argued the cause for respondent (Messrs. Orlando, Devine & Tomlin, attorneys).

Opinion:
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Heher, J.
The question here is whether a tortfeasor may have contribution under the Joint Tortfeasors Contribution Law of 1952, N. J. S. 2A :53A-1, from a joint participant in the tortious act or omission, for the injurious consequences of the wrong to the wife of the joint wrongdoer.
The inquiry was answered in the negative by the Superior Court; there was summary judgment for defendant in this action for contribution.
The subject matter of the action is a judgment in tort for negligence recovered by Viola Camp against the plaintiffs herein, Benjamin Kennedy and Harriet C. Kennedy. On October 6, 1951 an automobile owned by Benjamin Kennedy, and driven by his wife, Harriet C., and a like vehicle operated by the defendant William V. Camp collided at the intersection of Greentree Road and Pitman-Downer Road in Washington Township, Gloucester County. Camp's wife, the judgment plaintiff, was an occupant of her husband's automobile, and the judgment is for the personal injury she sustained as a result of the collision. Her husband joined in the action, per quod and to recover the damage to his automobile. The plaintiff Benjamin Kennedy interposed a counterclaim for the damage to his vehicle. The jury disallowed the claims of Kennedy and Camp, presumably on the ground that the collision was the result of their joint or concurring negligence. Viola Camp was awarded $5,000, and the consequent judgment was satisfied by the judgment defendants by payment made November 3, 1952. This action for contribution was commenced December 23 ensuing, on the hy pothesis that the judgment defendants, the plaintiffs herein, and the defendant William Y. Camp are joint tortfeasors within the intendment of the Contribution Law. But this evinces a fundamental misconception of the law.
The statutory right of contribution is founded on a common liability in tort; and there is none such here. Joint or several liability to the injured judgment plaintiff for the tortious conduct, enforceable by action, is a substantive element of the right. Sattelberger v. Telep, 14 N. J. 353 (1954). The wrongdoers must act together in committing the wrong, or their acts, if independent of each other, must unite in causing a single injury. Matthews v. Delaware, L. & W. R. R. Co., 56 N. J. L. 34 (Sup. Ct. 1893). The Contribution Law, N. J. S. 2A :b3A-l, defines the term "joint tortfeasors" as "two or more persons jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property, whether or not judgment has been recovered against all or some of them." The right of contribution, N. J. S. 2A :53A-3, comes into being when injury or damage is suffered by any person in consequence of "the wrongful act, neglect or default of joint tortfeasors," as so defined, and the injured person recovers "a money judgment or judgments for such injury or damage against one or more of the joint tortfeasors, either in one action or in seperate actions, and any one of the joint tortfeasors pays such judgment in whole or in part"; the recovery is to be had from "the other joint tortfeasor or joint tortfeasors for the excess so paid over" the payor's "pro rata share."
It is an ancient rule of the common law that a tort committed by one spouse 'against the person or character of the other is not remediable by action. Thompson v. Thompson, 218 U. S. 611, 31 S. Ct. 111, 54 L. Ed. 1180 (1910); Libby v. Berry, 74 Me. 286 (Sup. Jud. Ct. 1883); David v. David, 161 Md. 532, 157 A. 755, 81 A. L. R. 1100 (Ct. App. 1832); Kaczorowski v. Kalkosinski, 321 Fa. 438, 184 A. 663, 104 A. L. R. 1267 (Sup. Ct. 1936). The ground of this commonlaw immunity is the legal identity of husband and wife. If a wife receives bodily injury from the hands of her husband, he is liable to criminal proceedings for a felony or misdemeanor, as the case may be; and in the case of an ordinary assault it is quite clear that the wife has a right for her protection, to obtain articles of the peace against her husband, and upon this and other occasions she is in law a separate person. But a wife cannot sue her husband for beating her during coverture, even after divorce. This is not a "difficulty as to parties, but a requirement of the law founded upon the principle that husband and wife are one person. The reason why the wife cannot sue the husband for beating her must be because they are one and the same person, and the same reason exists in criminal law, where a woman cannot be convicted of larceny though she has in fact carried away her husband's goods. Other instances might easily be given, all showing that the reason is not the technical one of parties, but because, being one person, one cannot sue the other"; there "was no cause of action during coverture," and the "dissolution of the marriage does not give one." Phillips v. Barnet, 1 Q. B. D. 436 (1876), Blackburn, J. The principle has its roots in the strongest considerations of public policy — i. e. the maintenance of marital unity, peace and felicity. By marriage, the husband and wife at common law become one person: That is, says Blackstone (1 Blackstone's Com. 442), "the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended" during the marriage, or at least is "incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection and cover, she performs everything; and her condition during her marriage is called her coverture." Vide Den ex dem. Hardenbergh v. Hardenbergh, 10 N. J. L. 42, 43 (Sup. Ct. 1828). The common-law rule obtains in New Jersey, unmodified by statute. Hudson v. Gas Consumers Association, 123 N. J. L. 252 (E. & A. 1939). See, also, Bendler v. Bendler, 3 N. J. 161 (1949); Leith v. Horgan, 13 N. J. 467 (1953).
The doctrine is generally sustained on the "sociological and political ground that it would introduce into the home, the basic unit of organized society, discord, suspicion and distrust, and would be inconsistent with the common welfare." David v. David, cited supra. And, for the same basic reason, liability for ante-nuptial torts is extinguished by marriage. Henneger v. Lomas, 145 Ind. 287, 44 N. E. 462, 32 L. R. A. 848 (Sup. Ct. 1896); Gottliffe v. Edelston, 2 K. B. 378 (1930).
The unity of interest of the spouses has not been altered in this regard by the New Jersey Married Persons Act. The enabling provisions of that statute, R. S. 37:2 — 1 et seq., do not in terms embrace actions between spouses in tort for negligence. And it is expressly provided, R. S. 37 :2-5, that nothing in the chapter contained "shall enable a husband or wife to contract with or to sue each other, except as heretofore, and except as authorized by this chapter." Such a radical change in the common-law philosophy of marital union, identity, and integrity cannot be made to rest upon statutory provisions of uncertain and doubtful import; it is fairly to be presumed that the lawgiver was familiar with this basic policy of centuries, and a purpose to effect a change so fundamental would be expressed in clear and indubitable terms. Thompson v. Thompson, cited supra. The Married Persons Act does not suggest this assault upon the unity of the spouses which is interwoven into the law for the domestic peace and well-being that are conducive to the subsistence of the marriage relation, in the service of the common good and welfare as well as the essential interests of the spouses themselves and their offspring.
The policy is likewise inherent in the Contribution Law. There is no right of contribution unless there be joint wrongdoers under a joint or several liability to the injured person for the injurious consequences of the wrongful act, neglect or default reduced to judgment. This by clear and explicit provision. And if the terms were less certain in meaning, a legislative intention to modify this ancient common-law concept of the oneness of spouses cannot rest upon doubtful implication. An interpretation of the Contribution Law that would sustain contribution in these circumstances would afford the means of rendering the husband indirectly liable to his wife in tort for negligence, and thus to transgress this salient principle of the common law that interdicts such intrusions upon marital unity and domestic contentment.
And assayed in relation to the nature of contribution and the juridical principles underlying the remedy, this statutory exegesis is given added emphasis and sanction. Grounded in social policy and the essential justice which renders every man his due, contribution was originally an equitable device, eventually accepted by the courts of law, that would charge the conscience of one under a common liability with his just share of the obligation when discharged by another laden with the common burden. In early times this doctrine was deemed equally well founded in equity and morality. The distribution of the burden to defeat unjust enrichment was not a judicial measure available to wrongdoers, but the statute under review ameliorates that long-established rule. Pennsylvania Greyhound, Lines, Inc. v. Rosenthal, this day decided, 14 N. J. 372. The essence of the doctrine is a common obligation to the person injured by the common tortious conduct. Fault alone is not enough; there must be a joint liability to respond to the injured person in damages for the consequences of the default. The tortfeasor who satisfies the judgment is entitled to be put on the same footing with those who are equally liable for the wrong remedied by the judgment. Compare Stirling v. Forrester, 3 Bligh 575, 590 (1821). All who are equally bound are equally relieved by the payment; and contribution is simply the equalizing of the burden, upon the maxim, qui sentit commodum sentire debei et onus. Shelly's Case, 1 Co. 99; Deering v. Earl of Winchelsea, 1 Cox, 318; s. c. 2 Bos. & Pull. 270. Apart from its foundation in the "clearest principles of natural justice," the doctrine "has an equal foundation in morals; since no one ought to profit by another man's loss; where he himself has incurred a like responsibility. Any other rule would put it in the power of the creditor to select his own victim; and, upon motives of mere caprice or favoritism, to make a common burden a most gross personal oppression. It would be against equity for the creditor to exact or receive payment from one, and to permit, or by his conduct to cause, the other debtors to be exempt from payment." Story's Equity Jurisprudence (11th ed.) sections 492, 493. The gravamen of the action for contribution is the discharge of the joint tortfeasor's common liability for the common wrong, enforceable by action at the instance of the injured person.
In American Automobile Insurance Co. v. Molling, Minn., 57 N. W. 2d 847 (Sup. Ct. 1953), involving a statute of like import, it was held that the "very essence of the action of contribution is 'common liability' "; and the statutory remedy of contribution among joint tortfeasors constitutes "a judicial extension of the common-law doctrine of contribution," and does not change "the basis of the action of contribution." The rationale of contribution is compensation for the release of the joint tortfeasor's positive liability for the wrong effected by payment of the judgment, according to the equitable doctrines respecting unjust enrichment and restitution. Vide Restatement, Restitution, section 86. Such is the principle of our statute. It plainly distinguishes between "joint wrongful acts or omissions" and "common, liability" for such acts or omissions.
Where the negligence of two persons concurred to the injury of the son of one, contribution was denied for want of the "first essential" of "common liability," since under Wisconsin law there could be no recovery by the son from the father. Zutter v. O'Connell, 200 Wis. 601, 229 N. W. 74 (Sup. Ct. 1930). The doctrine was later applied where the concurring negligence of the drivers of two cars caused injury to the guests of one of the drivers who could not recover from him because of their assumption of the risk. Walker v. Kroger Grocery & Baking Co., 214 Wis. 519, 252 N. W. 721, 92 A. L. R. 680 (Sup. Ct. 1934).
This is the ratio decidendi of Norfolk Southern R. Co. v. Gretakis, 162 Va. 597, 174 S. E. 841 (Sup. Ct. App. 1934); Yellow Gab C. of D. C., Inc. v. Dreslin, 86 U. S. App. D. C. 327, 181 F. 2d 626, 19 A. L. R. 2d 1001 (C. C. A. D. C. 1950).
Affirmed.