Case Name: Formula Development Corporation v. Town of Chester; Clinton Realty Trust v. Town of Chester
Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: New Hampshire
Decision Date: 2007-09-20
Citations: 156 N.H. 177
Docket Number: No. 2006-515
Parties: Formula Development Corporation v. Town of Chester Clinton Realty Trust v. Town of Chester
Judges: Broderick, C.J., and Galway, J., concurred; Dalianis, J., with whom DUGGAN, J., joined, concurred specially.
Reporter: New Hampshire Reports
Volume: 156
Pages: 177–186

Head Matter:
Rockingham
No. 2006-515
Formula Development Corporation v. Town of Chester Clinton Realty Trust v. Town of Chester
Argued: April 3, 2007
Opinion Issued: September 20, 2007
Sumner F. Kalman, Attorney at Law, P.C., of Plaistow {Sumner F. Kalman and Thea Valvanis on the joint brief), for Formula Development Corporation, and Upton & Hatfield, LLP, of Concord {Russell F. Hilliard and Kenneth J. Barnes on the joint brief, and Mr. Hilliard orally), for Clinton Realty Trust.
Wadleigh, Starr & Peters, P.L.L.C., of Manchester {Dean B. Eggert and Gregory M. Sargent on the brief, and Mr. Sargent orally), for the defendant.

Opinion:
HICKS, J.
The plaintiffs, Formula Development Corporation (Formula) and Clinton Realty Trust (Clinton), appeal the decision of the Superior Court (Morrill, J.) denying their petition for abatement of a land use change tax (LUCT), see RSA 79-A:7 (2003 & Supp. 2006), that was imposed by the defendant, Town of Chester (town). We reverse and remand.
The record supports the following. Clinton was the original owner of a thirty-acre parcel of property in Chester. In 2000, the town's planning board granted subdivision approval for the development of a twenty-unit, single-family, condominium cluster development. The development included nearly fifteen acres of open space, pursuant to the town's zoning ordinance which required: (1) at least 1.5 acres of land per housing unit; and (2) at least forty percent of the total area of the "[c]luster tract" be retained for open space. See CHESTER ZONING ORDINANCE, art. 6, § 6.1.6., 6.1.9. Construction of the road running through the subdivision and other infrastructure began in December 2000 or January 2001.
Formula acquired the property in January 2002 with the agreement that both Clinton and Formula were responsible for the LUCT assessed on the property. The town assessed the LUCT on a site-by-site basis as each condominium unit was sold or developed until March 2004, when the total remaining acreage fell below the minimum acreage requirement for current use assessment, at which point the remainder of the property was taken out of current use and assessed an LUCT. See RSA 79-A:4,1 (2003). The plaintiffs paid the LUCT on each site but filed petitions for abatement with the superior court, which were denied. The plaintiffs appeal, arguing that the plain meaning of RSA 79-A:7 requires that the LUCT be assessed on the entire property at the time road construction began.
This case presents an issue of statutory construction, which we review de novo. Pennelli v. Town of Pelham, 148 N.H. 365, 366 (2002). We are the final arbiter of the intent of the legislature as expressed in the words of the statute. Appeal of Estate of Van Lunen, 145 N.H. 82, 86 (2000). When construing the statute's meaning, we first examine its language, and where possible, ascribe the plain and ordinary meanings to words used. Id. If the language used is clear and unambiguous, we will not look beyond the language of the statute to discern legislative intent. State v. Leonard, 151 N.H. 201, 203 (2004). We will, however, construe all parts of the statute together to effectuate its overall purpose and to avoid an absurd or unjust result. Van Lunen, 145 N.H. at 86.
This case addresses portions of RSA 79-A:7, IV and V. RSA 79-A:7, IV(a) dictates when land is considered changed in use for purposes of applying the LUCT. The amount of land considered changed in use, however, is dictated by RSA 79-A:7, V, which provides that land is removed from current use lot-by-lot based upon "the number of acres on which an actual physical change has taken place . and land not physically changed shall remain under current use assessment." RSA 79-A:7, V. There are, however, two exceptions to this provision:
(a) When a road is constructed or other utilities installed pursuant to a development plan which has received all necessary local, state or federal approvals, all lots or building sites, including roads and utilities, shown on the plan and served by such road or utilities shall be considered changed in use, with the exception of any lot or site, or combination of adjacent lots or sites under the same ownership, large enough to remain qualified for current use assessment under the completed development plan____
(b) When land, though not physically changed, is used in the satisfaction of density, setback, or other local, state or federal requirements as part of a contiguous development site, such land shall be considered changed in use at the time the development site is changed in use.
RSA 79-A:7, V.
The plaintiffs focus upon subparagraph (b), but argue that either exception applies to take the entire property out of current use when road construction began. The plaintiffs rely upon our decision in Dana Patterson, Inc. v. Town of Merrimack, 130 N.H. 353 (1988), and the fact that the property was approved as a cluster development, as opposed to a traditional subdivision.
The defendant counters that the property consists of twenty units, each of which is "a distinct parcel of land with an equal share in common area." Although labeled as a cluster development, the defendant argues that the property is more akin to a traditional subdivision, where each lot is treated as an individual site. Relying upon our decision in Van Lunen, the defendant argues that each site, together with the site's proportionate share of the common area, comes out of current use and is assessed an LUCT as it is sold or further developed. The defendant argues that once the remaining sites, together with their respective shares of the common area, no longer contain a sufficient amount of acreage to satisfy the current use acreage requirement, see RSA 79-A:4,1, the remainder of the property then comes out of current use.
As a starting point in our analysis, we first note that subparagraphs (a) and (b) provide two separate exceptions to the general rule of lot-by-lot LUCT assessment. See RSA 79-A:7, V. Subparagraph (a) provides the first exception, then concludes with a period. RSA 79-A:7, V(a). This is followed by subparagraph (b), which begins with a capital letter. RSA 79-A:7, V(b). As indicated by the period, the language in subparagraph (b) is not dependent upon, nor necessarily related to, the language in subparagraph (a) . Because subparagraphs (a) and (b) are two separate exceptions, land may fall under either or both.
Our next task is to determine which, if any, exception applies to the plaintiffs' thirty-acre parcel. We hold that the exception in subparagraph (b) applies in this case and therefore we need not reach subparagraph (a). Accordingly, we disagree with the defendant that our decision in Van Lunen is instructive since it addressed the application of subparagraph (a) only. Van Lunen, 145 N.H. at 87-88.
The thirty-acre parcel here was approved and developed as a cluster subdivision, with approximately fifteen acres of the land preserved as open space in satisfaction of the town's open space and density requirements. Accordingly, subparagraph (b) directs that the fifteen acres are considered changed in use at the time the "development site is changed in use." RSA 79-A:7, V(b). The plain language of the statute provides that where, as here, a portion of the site being developed is reserved as open space to satisfy local land use requirements, then (1) the property, constituting the entire development site, comes out of current use all at once, and (2) a change in use on the development site determines the date on which the LUCT is assessed on the entire property. See RSA 79-A:7, V(b).
Our holding is consistent with Patterson, where we held that open space preserved in a cluster development for purposes of satisfying the town's open space and density requirements was considered changed in use when construction of the cluster development began. Patterson, 130 N.H. at 354, 356. While we recognize that Patterson was decided in 1988, three years before the relevant language in paragraph V was added, see Laws 1991, 281:15, we find it to be instructive, since Patterson deals precisely with the situation described in RSA 79-A:7, V(b). Perhaps not coincidentally, the language in subparagraph (b) is, in places, identical to language we used in Patterson. See Patterson, 130 N.H. at 354 (referring to open space acreage "used to satisfy the density requirement"), 356 (referring to the property as "the development site").
The plain language of RSA 79-A:7, V(b), therefore, does not provide for the defendant's piece-meal approach. The statute refers to undeveloped land that is "part of a contiguous development site." RSA 79-A:7, V(b) (emphasis added). The statute, therefore, treats the property, including any preserved open space area required by local regulations, as a single site. To hold otherwise would add words to the statute which the legislature did not see fit to include. See Pennelli, 148 N.H. at 369. In addition, the town's own zoning ordinance treats cluster developments as a single site. In setting the minimum area guidelines for cluster developments, Article 6 of the zoning ordinance states: "lots or tracts under one ownership or brought together under one ownership shall be considered merged and considered as a single tract." Chester ZONING ORDINANCE, art. 6, § 6.1.5.1. (emphasis added).
We next turn to the issue of when the "development site" is considered changed in use. RSA 79-A:7, V(b). As we stated above, while RSA 79-A:7, V determines the amount of land that changes in use, RSA 79-A7, IV determines when land is considered changed in use. To determine when the "development site" is considered changed in use, therefore, we look to RSA 79-A:7, IV(a). To look elsewhere would divest paragraph IV of meaning.
RSA 79-A:7, IV(a) provides that land is considered changed in use when "[a]ctual construction begins on the site causing physical changes in the earth, such as building a road to serve . planned residential . buildings." The date on which road construction began on the site, therefore, is the relevant date for the LUCT assessment on the entire property.
Our application of RSA 79-A:7, IV(a) is consistent with Patterson. Given that the relevant language in RSA 79-A:7, IV(a) has not changed since Patterson, our analysis in that case retains its precedential value. In Patterson, we applied RSA 79-A:7, IV(a) to determine when property was considered changed in use. We held: "[W]e conclude that the land underwent a change in use . when an act of construction was performed on the land to begin the development of the project." Patterson, 130 N.H. at 356. Construction of the road in this case, therefore, constitutes a change in use of the development site. See id.; see also RSA 79-A:7, IV(a).
The defendant argues that regardless of the open space and density requirements for this property, the twenty units are actually "distinct parcels of land," with a divided ownership interest in the common land. To support its argument, the defendant points to: (1) the "Declaration of Condominium" for the subdivision, which provides that each condominium "unit" has set boundaries; (2) the warranty deeds conveying each individual condominium unit, which have specified acreage and property lines described therein; and (3) RSA 356-B:4 (1995), which provides for separate taxation for "[e]ach condominium unit." We do not see how any of these points supports the defendant's argument. Should the town wish to assess the LUCT on each individual unit separately, our holding today does not preclude it from doing so. However, should the town assess the LUCT in this manner, each lot must be assessed at the time road construction began.
The defendant further argues that the administrative rules adopted by the current use board (CUB) support its argument that the LUCT is assessed on a site-by-site basis. During the years 2000 through 2004, when the property was under development, the CUB adopted rules applying RSA 79-A:7, V. See N.H. Admin. RULES, Cub 307.01(c) (1998) and N.H. Admin. Rules, Cub 307.01(d) (2004) (amended and readopted as Cub 307.02, 307.03 (2006)). Our interpretation of RSA 79-A:7, however, is not influenced by administrative rules. "[A]dministrative officials do not possess the power to contravene a statute[] [and] . administrative rules may not add to, detract from, or modify the statute which they are intended to implement." Appeal of Anderson, 147 N.H. 181, 183 (2001) (quotation and citation omitted). Our holding above, therefore, remains unchanged. To the extent the CUB rules contradict our holding today, they are ultra vires.
Accordingly, it was error for the trial court to deny the plaintiffs' petition for tax abatement. The trial court found that construction on the road serving the site began in December 2000 or January 2001. We remand with instructions to determine more specifically when road construction began, for that is when the LUCT should have been assessed on the entire thirty-acre tract.
Reversed and remanded.
Broderick, C.J., and Galway, J., concurred; Dalianis, J., with whom DUGGAN, J., joined, concurred specially.