Case Name: The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Ronald Latham, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1997-12-17
Citations: 90 N.Y.2d 795
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v Ronald Latham, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 90
Pages: 795–799

Head Matter:
[— NE2d —, — NYS2d —]
The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v Ronald Latham, Respondent.
Argued November 20, 1997;
decided December 17, 1997
POINTS OF COUNSEL
Kenneth R. Bruno, District Attorney of Rensselaer County, Troy (Bruce E. Knoll of counsel), for appellant.
I. Because defendant failed to move to withdraw his plea pursuant to CPL 220.60, or move to vacate his conviction pursuant to CPL 440.10, or take a direct appeal, there was no procedural vehicle for him to challenge the use of his attempted murder plea allocution, in a subsequent trial arising out of the same criminal transaction, and therefore the Court below erred by reversing his conviction on that basis. (People v Callahan, 126 AD2d 837; People v Lopez, 71 NY2d 662; People v Bell, 36 AD2d 406, 29 NY2d 882; People v Valerio, 182 AD2d 849, 80 NY2d 910; People v Claudio, 64 NY2d 858; People v Sloan, 228 AD2d 976, 88 NY2d 994; People v Palmo, 223 AD2d 952; People v Villafane, 216 AD2d 605, 88 NY2d 996; People v Dritto, 178 AD2d 428, 79 NY2d 856; People v Aloisi, 177 AD2d 491.) II. The use of defendant’s attempted murder plea allocution at his subsequent second degree murder trial was not a direct consequence of his plea. (People v Ford, 86 NY2d 397; North Carolina v Alford, 400 US 25; Boykin v Alabama, 395 US 238; People v Moissett, 76 NY2d 909; Fruchtman v Kenton, 531 F2d 946, 429 US 895; Cuthrell v Director, Patuxent Inst., 475 F2d 1364, 414 US 1005; Hutchison v United States, 450 F2d 930; Sanchez v United States, 572 F2d 210; Johnson v United States, 460 F2d 1203, 409 US 873; United States v Sherman, 474 F2d 303.) III. The Court below erred by deciding that because the lower court failed to specifically advise defendant that his attempted murder plea allocution could be used against him in a subsequent second degree murder trial if the victim died, the People’s use of that plea violated defendant’s privilege against compulsory self-incrimination and, therefore constituted reversible error. (Ando v Woodberry, 8 NY2d 165; People v Spitaleri, 9 NY2d 168; Malloy v Hogan, 378 US 1; People v Nixon, 21 NY2d 338, cert denied sub nom. Robinson v New York, 393 US 1067; People v Harris, 61 NY2d 9; People v Francis, 38 NY2d 150; Boykin v Alabama, 395 US 238; Brady v United States, 397 US 742; Wilkins v Erickson, 505 F2d 761; People v Pacheco, 114 AD2d 913.)
Ackerman, Wachs and Finton, P. C., Albany (F. Stanton Ackerman of counsel), for respondent.
I. The admission of defendant’s attempted murder plea allocution was a flagrant violation of his Fifth Amendment rights against compulsory self-incrimination, which were not waived, in regard to the indicted up murder charge. (Kastigar v United States, 406 US 441; People v Sobotker, 61 NY2d 44; Boykin v Alabama, 395 US 238; Johnson v Zerbst, 304 US 458; Malloy v Hogan, 378 US 1; United States v Edwards, 669 F Supp 168; People v Ortiz, 141 Misc 2d 747.) II. Defendant’s plea of guilty was not knowing and voluntary and thus admission of his statements made therein, at the indicted up murder trial was in violation of his Fifth Amendment rights against compulsory self-incrimination. (Boykin v Alabama, 395 US 238; Jackson v Denno, 378 US 368; Malloy v Hogan, 378 US 1; People v Ortiz, 141 Misc 2d 747; Matusiak v Kelly, 786 F2d 536; People v Callahan, 126 AD2d 837; People v Ford, 86 NY2d 397.) III. When the delayed death exception to double jeopardy could be invoked by the People, part of the admonishments given during a plea allocution should include particular attention to the waiver of defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights and the potential use of his statements in any subsequent proceeding.

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
Wesley, J.
On May 18, 1990, after Marie Shambeau informed defendant that she intended to end their relationship, defendant assaulted her by stabbing and strangling her. After defendant was indicted, defendant pleaded guilty to a charge of attempted murder in the second degree. On January 22, 1991, defendant was sentenced to a term of incarceration of Ph to 221/a years. Seven weeks later, Marie Shambeau died.
An indictment was thereafter returned charging defendant with second degree murder. Defendant successfully moved to dismiss that indictment on double jeopardy grounds, but the Appellate Division reversed and reinstated the indictment. On appeal, this Court affirmed, holding that "[njeither defendant's asserted belief that his plea would end all criminal exposure stemming from his conduct nor the fact that Shambeau's death was reasonably foreseeable at the time of the plea can prevent as a matter of double jeopardy a subsequent prosecution for murder in the second degree" (People v Latham, 83 NY2d 233, 239). We distinguished cases from other jurisdictions cited by defendant in which it was established that, "at the time of plea both the defendant and the prosecution intended the plea to close the matter forever," noting "[tjhat is not the case before us" (id.).
At trial, the People introduced factual admissions made by defendant during the attempted murder plea allocution. Defendant was found guilty of first degree manslaughter, and sentenced to a term of 81/3 to 25 years' incarceration.
On appeal, the Appellate Division reversed, holding that defendant had not effectively waived his privilege against self-incrimination at the time of his plea colloquy because he had not been advised that, should Marie Shambeau die, he would be indicted for murder and that his colloquy could then be used against him (234 AD2d 864). We now reverse.
"A trial court has the constitutional duty to ensure that a defendant, before pleading guilty, has a full understanding of what the plea connotes and its consequences" (People v Ford, 86 NY2d 397, 402-403). Nevertheless, because a court could not possibly advise a defendant on all the particular ramifications of a guilty plea, we have drawn a distinction between "direct" consequences which have "a definite, immediate and largely automatic effect on defendant's punishment," and "collateral" consequences which "are peculiar to the individual and generally result from the actions taken by agencies the court does not control" (People v Ford, supra, 86 NY2d, at 403). Although a defendant must be advised of direct consequences, a defendant need not be advised of collateral consequences before it can be said that the defendant's plea " 'represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant' " (People v Ford, supra, at 403, quoting North Carolina v Alford, 400 US 25, 31).
It is important to note that the defendant in Ford attacked the voluntariness of his plea by a motion to vacate the judgment of conviction, which was treated as a motion under CPL 440.10. The voluntariness of a plea is challenged prior to sentencing by a motion to withdraw the plea under CPL 220.60, or after sentencing by a motion to set aside the plea under CPL 440.10. If defendant had successfully moved to withdraw or to set aside the plea to attempted murder as involuntary, the allocution could not have been used against defendant in the later trial (People v Moore, 66 NY2d 1028; see also, People v Curdgel, 83 NY2d 862, 864-865; cf., People v Evans, 58 NY2d 14).
In the absence of such a motion, however, the plea and the resulting conviction of attempted murder are presumptively voluntary, valid and not otherwise subject to collateral attack (see, United States v Broce, 488 US 563, 574). Defendant failed to make use of the available procedural vehicle to seek judicial review of whether his plea was voluntary. This is not a case in which this Court should devise a new procedure for defendant to attack the voluntariness of the plea (see, People v Knack, 72 NY2d 825, 827; cf., People v Bachert, 69 NY2d 593). The Appellate Division improperly permitted defendant to convert his direct appeal of his manslaughter conviction into an application to review the voluntariness of his plea to attempted murder. To allow such a consequence would abrogate the existing, available mechanism and would undercut the validity of judgments of conviction premised on guilty pleas.
Because the plea is presumed voluntary, there was no bar to the People's use of the plea allocution at defendant's murder trial. The Fifth Amendment only precludes the use of statements obtained under legal compulsion (People v Sobotker, 61 NY2d 44, 47). Thus, we need not address the issue of whether the use of the plea allocution at defendant's trial was not a "direct" consequence of the plea.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, and the case remitted to the Appellate Division for consideration of the facts (CPL 470.25 [2] [d]; 470.40 [2] [b]).
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Titone, Bellacosa, Smith and Ciparick concur; Judge Levine taking no part.
Order reversed, etc.
In the "rare case" where the defendant's recitation of the facts underlying the crime calls into question the voluntariness of the plea, a reviewing court on a direct appeal of the plea may address the voluntariness of a plea in the absence of such a motion (People v Lopez, 71 NY2d 662, 666).