Case Name: CITY OF CHICKASHA et al. v. O'BRIEN et al.
Court: Oklahoma Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Oklahoma
Decision Date: 1915-10-12
Citations: 58 Okla. 46
Docket Number: No. 6872
Parties: CITY OF CHICKASHA et al. v. O’BRIEN et al.
Judges: All the Justices concur.
Reporter: Oklahoma Reports
Volume: 58
Pages: 46–70

Head Matter:
CITY OF CHICKASHA et al. v. O’BRIEN et al.
No. 6872.
Opinion Filed October 12, 1915.
On Rehearing, June 13, 1916.
(159 Pac. 282.)
1. TRIAL — Right to Trial by Jury — Equitable Causes. In cases of purely equitable cognizance, the court may, of its own motion, call in a jury or, upon request of one'of the parties, consent to one for the purpose of advising him upon questions of fact, and may submit to it any issue or issues he desires.
2. SAM© — Submission of Issues to Jury — Effect. When a jury trial is not a matter of right, and the court submits to the jury special questions of fact, the answers returned thereto are' merely advisory, and the court may decide for itself all questions of fact and the law of the case, notwithstanding the findings of the jury.
3. APPEAL AND ERROR — Trial by Court — Instructions. In equitable actions when findings of fact are made by the court, the instructions to the jury are wholly immaterial, and error cannot be predicated thereon.
4. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS — Public Improvements — Assessments — Bonds. , Under section 644, Rev. Laws 1910, an action to enjoin assessments levied to pay certain bonds issued under the paving act, and to cancel said bonds on the ground that the work was not performed according to contract owing to fraud upon the part of the contractor and city officials, where the city acquired jurisdiction by proper proceedings to make the improvements, cannot be maintained after the expiration of 60 days from the passage of the ordinance making the final assessment.
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING.
5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — Municipal Corporations — Assessments —Obligation of Contract. — Due Process of Law. Section 644. Revised Laws of 1910, is not unconstitutional, and does not impa'r the obligations of contracts nor deprive persons of their prop erty without due process of law.
(Syllabus by the Court.)
Error from District Court, Grady County; J. T. Johnson, Judge.
Action by Dennis O’Brien and others against the City of Chickasha and others. Judgment for plaintiffs, and defendants bring error.
Reversed and suit dismissed.
Harry Hammerly, City Atty. of Chickasha, and M. D. Libby, for plaintiffs in error.
Stuart, Cruce & Cruce and Bond, Melton & Melton, for defendants in error.

Opinion:
HARDY, J.
Defendants in error brought suit in the district court of Grady county to cancel certain improvement bonds and assessments levied to pay the same, and to enjoin the collection of said assessments, and for other equitable relief. Issues were joined, • and at the trial, upon the request of the plaintiffs, a jury was impaneled, and the court submitted 17 special interrogatories to the jury, and gave them certain instructions, and the jury returned answers to said interrogatories, and thereafter, upon consideration of the evidence, the interrogar tories, and answers by the jury, the court made independent special findings of fact, and adopted and incorporated into said findings the verdict of the jury, and thereupon rendered judgment declaring the contract under which the improvements were made to be void, and enjoined the collection of the assessments that had been levied to pay the bonds which had been issued. Plaintiffs in error complain of the action of the court in impaneling the jury, and in submitting such interrogatories, and also complain of the instructions given.
' This being an equity case, the court was authorized upon its own motion to call, in a jury, or consent to one upon the request of either party, and submit to it any issue or issues of fact which he desired for the purpose of being advised by the jury upon such questions of fact so submitted. Barnes v. Lynch, 9 Okla. 191, 59 Pac. 995; McCoy v. McCoy, 30 Okla. 397, 121 Pac. 167, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 146; Watson v. Borah et al., 37 Okla. 357, 132 Pac. 347; Oklahoma Trust Co. v. Stein et al., 39 Okla. 756, 136 Pac. 746.
The answers of the jury to the interrogatories are advisory merely, and the court may adopt or reject them, as it sees fit, for in such case it is the duty of the court to consider all the record and weigh the evidence, and then determine whether the findings of the jury should be adopted as the findings of the court. Tobin v. O'Brieter, 16 Okla. 500, 85 Pac. 1121; Wah-tah-noh-zhe et al. v. Moore, 36 Okla. 631, 129 Pac. 877; Okla. Trust Co. v. Stein, supra.
Error cannot be predicated upon the charge of the court to the jury in such case, because, notwithstanding the instructions may be erroneous, it is the duty of the court to review the record and make his own findings, and, where it appears that the court has discharged this duty, the case will not be reversed for error in the instructions given to the jury. Apache State Bank v. Daniels, 32 Okla. 121, 121 Pac. 237, 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 901, Ann. Cas. 1914A, 520; Wah-tah-noh-zhe et al. v. Moore, supra; Watson v. Borah et al., supra. And though it be that the interrogatories submit mixed questions of law and fact to the jury, still this could not prejudice the parties where the court, upon a review of the record, either adopts the findings of the jury as his own or rejects the verdict and makes other findings.
It is urged by plaintiffs in error that this action is barred by section 644, Rev. Laws 1910, while defendants in error insist that the limitation applicable hereto is found in the third subdivision of section 4657, Id. Section .644 is as follows:
"No suit shall be sustained to set aside any such assessment, or to enjoin the mayor and council from making any such improvement, or levying or collecting any such assessment, or installment thereof, or interest or penalty thereon, or issuing such bonds, or providing for their payment, as herein authorized, or contesting the validity thereof on any ground, or for any reason other than for the failure of the city council to adopt and publish the preliminary resolution provided for in cases requiring such resolution and its publication, and to give the notice of the hearing on the return of the appraisers, unless such, suit shall be commenced not more than 60 days after the passage of the ordinance making such final assessment. "
The third subdivision of section 4657 provides that action shall be brought:
"Third. Within two years: An action -for trespass upon real property; an action for taking, detaining or injuring personal property, including actions for the specific recovery of personal property; an action- for injury to the rights of another, not arising on contract, and not hereinafter enumerated; an action for relief on the ground of fraud — the cause of action in such case shall not be deemed to have accrued until the discovery of the fraud." ' .
The plaintiffs in the court below sought to enjoin the collection of the assessments and to cancel the bonds involved, upon the ground of fraud upon the part of the contractor and the city officials in the performance of the work under the contract, occurring more than 60 days after the passage of the assessing ordinance and the issuance of the bonds, and say that by reason thereof this statute applies, and not section 644. It is readily seen that subdivision three of section 4657 is a general statute of limitations, while section 644 is a special statute applying to that class of causes involved in the present.proceeding.
Defendants in error base their right to maintain this action upon section 4881, Rev. Laws 1910, which is as follows:
"An injunction may be granted to enjoin the enforcement of a void judgment, the illegal levy of any tax, charge, or assessment, or the collection of any illegal tax, charge, or assessment, or any proceeding to enforce the same; and any number of persons whose property is affected by a tax or assessment so levied may unite in the petition filed to obtain such injunction. An injunction may be granted in the name of the state to enjoin and suppress the keeping and maintaining of a common nuisance. The petition therefor shall be verified by the county attorney of the proper county, or by the Attorney General, upon information and belief, and no bond shall be required; but the county shall, in all other respects, be liable as other plaintiffs."
If this section and section 644 each are to be given full effect according to the ordinary meaning of their language, it might be said that there is an apparent conflict between the two. Such a conflict appeared to exist in the laws of the State of Kansas, and was considered by the Supreme Court of that state in Lynch et al. v. City of Kansas City et al., 44 Kan. 452, 24 Pac 973; and that court held the general statute was amended, "so far as restraining the collection of an assessment is concerned," by the statute of limitations contained in the paving law of that state, and also in the case of Beebe et al. v. Doster, 36 Kan. 663, 14 Pac. 150, held:
"Where in special cases a different limitation is prescribed by statute, the action shall be governed by such limitation."
So, applying the same rule here, the seeming conflict, if in fact there be any, between section 4881 and section 644 may be obviated by construing section 644, which is a special statute applying to this class of cases, as an amendment to section 4881, in so far as actions of the character mentioned in section 644 are involved.
There is no question made as to the regularity of the proceedings of the council prior to and including the passage of the final assessing ordinance, or the issuance of the bonds-; the fraud complained of, as stated, being in the performance of the work.
The rule is well established in this state, that:
"When a city acquires jurisdiction by preliminary proceedings to pave certain of its1 streets, a property owner who sits by and sees such improvements made, with the knowledge that the city authorities intend to levy and collect a special tax against his property, and that these who do such work cannot be compensated in any' other way, and there is no objection thereto until complete performance of the work has been made, cannot thereafter maintain an action to enjoin the collection of assessments against his property on the ground of alleged irregularity in the proceedings subsequent to the time that jurisdiction to perform said work had attached." City of Perry v. Davis et al., 18 Okla. 458, 90 Pac. 865; Sharum v. Muskogee, 43 Okla. 22, 141 Pac. 22; City of Norman v. Allen, 47 Okla. 74, 147 Pac. 1002; Norris v. City of Lawton, 47 Okla. 213, 148 Pac. 123, and cases cited; Kerker v. Bocher, 20 Okla. 729, 95 Pac. 981; Paulsen v. City of El Reno, 22 Okla. 734, 98 Pac. 958; Jenkins v. Oklahoma City et al., 27 Okla. 230, 111 Pac. 941; Lon-singer v. Ponca City, 27 Okla. 397, 112 Pac. 1006; Weaver v. Chickasha, 36 Okla. 226, 128 Pac. 305; Shultz v. Rit-terbusch, 38 Okla. 478, 134 Pac. 961; City of Muskogee v. Rambo et al., 40 Okla. 672, 138 Pac. 567; Bartlesville v. Holm et al., 40 Okla. 467, 139 Pac. 273.)
In Morrow v. Barber Asphalt Co., 27 Okla. 248, 111 Pac. 198, it was held that this rule did not apply to bar an action by a lot owner to enjoin the collection of an assessment upon his property, when the proceedings upon which it was based were void. In the case at bar the city acquired jurisdiction of the proceedings in the proper way, and did everything that was required up to and including the making of the contract, the passage of the assessment ordinance, and the issuance of the bonds. The findings of the court show that these proceedings were regular in every particular; therefore the city acquired jurisdiction, and the contract was not void as found by the court; and in so finding the court committed error. -
The question is. then presented whether this statute would operate to bar- an action by a property owner after the passage of the assessment ordinance, the issuance of the bonds, and the performance of the work, to enjoin the collection of said assessments and to cancel said bonds because of matters occurring more than 60 days after the date of the assessing ordinance. It appears from the record before us that the original improvement district No. 8 was subdivided into 15 separate districts, and that separate ordinances were passed upon different dates for the various districts so created. The bonds were issued before the performance of the work and were delivered to the contractor in installments, after the completion and approval of portions of the work, in accordance with section 638, Rev. Laws 1910.
By section 644, it is seen that no suit may be maintained on any grodnd except for the two reasons given, which two reasons were necessary to constitute due process of law; that is, that the city should acquire jurisdiction to make the contemplated improvements by the adop tion and publication of the preliminary resolution, where same was required, and should acquire jurisdiction of the property owner by giving notice of the hearing on the return of the appraisers. This language is as broad and comprehensive as it could be made, and indicates an intention upon the part of the Legislature to cause any litigation involving the validity of the assessments, • or seeking to enjoin the payment of the bonds, to be brought within the time limit. No exception is made for fraud occurring thereafter in the performance of the work, and, had the Legislature intended that such exception should be made, it would have been perfectly easy to say so; and the significant fact that the language used is as-broad and comprehensive as it is, and that no exception is made, is to our minds conclusive evidence that none was intended.
A similar question arose in the case of City of Topeka et al. v. Gage et al., 44 Kan. 87, 24 Pac. 82, and the Supreme Court of Kansas reached the conclusion which we have reached, and in the opinion used this language:
"The language of this statute is such as to leave little or no room for construction. Its provisions are plain, direct, and positive, and seem sufficiently broad to cut off all defenses not asserted within the period of time named therein. It says no suit shall be brought, nor any defense allowed, after the expiration of 30 days from— what? From the time the amount due on each lot is ascertained. It not only declares that no suit shall be brought to set aside or enjoin the making of the assessments, but provides that no defense to the validity thereof shall be allowed after 30 days from the time the assessment is ascertained. However, the defendants, plaintiffs below, insist that at the time the contract was entered into between the city and Ramsey, two of the councilmen, representing the city, had a pecuniary interest in said contract, which rendered it null and void; that said fraud was concealed from and unknown to plaintiffs below until October 29, 1889, when Ramsey assigned said contract to the brick and paving company; and that, because of said concealment of the fraud, the statute of limitations did not commence to run until said 29th of October, a time within 30 days before the suit was commenced, and that therefore the suit is not barred by said statute. We hardly think this position is tenable. The Legislature has provided a special statute of limitations for these cases, and any fair construction of its provisions is against this position. It would have been easy for the Legislature to have so worded the statute as to have cut off all defenses except for fraud, and to have said that the statute should run as against fraud from the time of its discovery. This is done in the general statute of limitations, but there is nothing of the kind in this statute; and, as the Legislature was providing a special statute of limitation, different from the general statute, we must presume that they intended it to have the effect they said it should have, and cut off all defenses of whatever kind or character. This may be a harsh rule, but that fact does not furnish a reason why we should not construe the statute as it is, though it may furnish a reason why the Legislature should modify it."
In Wahlgren v. City of Kansas City, 42 Kan. 243, 21 Pac. 1068, the court said:
"The fixing of a time when a cause of action shall be barred, or in which actions may be brought, is in the discretion of the Legislature, a-nd will be rarely disturbed by courts"
—and held that the limitation of the time in which actions could be brought under the provisions of section 1, c. 101, Sess. Laws 1887, then under consideration, was valid and constitutional.
Another reason, to our minds, why this is so is a consideration of all the provisions of chapter 10, art. 12, Rev. Laws 1910, providing for improvements of the character here involved. It is therein provided that, after the passage of the resolution of necessity and other proceedings have been had, up to the passage of the assessing ordinance, the property owner may, within 30 days from the date of such ordinance, pay his assessment in full without interest, but, should he fail to avail himself of this privilege, section 635 provides that, after the expiration of said period of 30 days from the passage of the assessing ordinance, negotiable coupon bonds in the aggregate amount of such assessment, bearing date 15 days after the passage of the assessing ordinance, shall be issued, of such denominations as the mayor and council shall determine, which bonds shall in no event become a liability of the city issuing same; and by section 639 it is required that said bonds shall be designated as street improvement bonds and shall recite the street or streets or other public place for the improvement of which they have been issued, and that they are payable from the as-' sessments which have been levied upon the lots and tracts of land benefited by said improvements. While the statute quoted says the bonds shall be negotiable, counsel for both parties seem to doubt whether said bonds are of this character because they are made payable out of the assessments levied upon the property in the improvement district, and are in no event a liability against the city. This would furnish strong reason for construing the statute as we do, in order to give stability and value to these securities. If the validity of said bonds might be litigated, or the levy and collection of said assessments enjoined after said 60-day period of limitation, it would practically destroy the market for this class of securities, and render it well-nigh impossible for improvements of this nature to be made. It is a common practice, as in the case at bar, for the bonds to be issued before the completion and approval of the work (and this practice seems to be authorized by sections 637, 638, Rev. Laws 1910), and to be delivered in installments to the contractor as the work progresses, in payment for such parts as may have been completed and approved, and the contractor in turn negotiates same in the markets of the country, in order to provide himself with funds to pay the current expenses of constructing the balance of the improvements. This, being authorized, would indicate a purpose on the part of the Legislature to cause litigation, if any there is to be, to be commenced before the expiration of said 60-day period, to avoid any uncertainty about the legality of said bonds that might affect their market value.
Section 644 is " not unusual because it operates as an absolute bar to án action to set aside the assessment, or to contest the validity of the bonds upon grounds other than the two reasons therein mentioned. Similar provisions are found in the statutes of this state. The Attorney General is by law ex officio bond commissioner in the state, and by section 377, Rev. Laws 1910, his duties as such are defined, and he is required to examine and pass upon any security issued, and it is provided in said section that:
"Such security, when declared by the certificate of said bond commissioner to be issued in accordance with the forms of procedure so provided, shall be incontestable in any court in the State of Oklahoma, unless suit thereon shall be brought in a court having jurisdiction of the same within 30 days from the date of the approval thereof by the bond commissioner."
The purpose of this act was to give credit to the municipal securities of the State of Oklahoma; and, likewise, the similar provision in the paving act, which we are now considering, had for its purpose the giving of credit to the securities issued under that act. Another example of this character of legislation is found in section 2999, Rev. Laws 1910, being a part of the drains and ditches act. Said- act provides for the issuance of bonds payable out of funds raised by assessment; and by said section 2999 it is provided:
"The only defense that shall be offered against the validity of said bonds shall be forgery or fraud."
Here the limitation, while not as to time, goes to every defense as to the bonds except that of forgery or fraud, which is permitted by the terms of that section. Thus it is seen that the construction placed upon section 644 is not a strained or unusual one, but is in accord with the legislation above referred to.
Another reason why we have reached this conclusion is that by section 628, Rev. Laws 1910, the mayor and council are required by resolution to provide that the contractor shall execute to the city a good and sufficient bond in any amount to be stated in said resolution, conditioned for- the full and faithful execution of the work and the performance of the contract, for the protection of the city and all property owners interested against any loss or damage, by-reason of the negligence of the contrictor or improper execution of the work, and they shall also-require a bond, in an amount to be stated in said resolution, for the maintenance in good condition of such improvement for a period of not less than five years from the time of its completion. In pursuance of this section, the council did require of the contractor, and he did.execute, a good and sufficient bond in the sum of $128,000, as required by law, conditioned for the full and faithful execution of -the work and the performance of the contract on his part, and also executed to the city other bonds in the aggregate sum of more than $75,000, for the maintenance in good condition of such improvement for a period of five years from the .time of its completion, which bonds were approved and accepted by the city; and, at the time of the trial, the court found that the surety on said bonds was solvent.
We have already seen that one purpose of the Legislature in fixing a limit of 60 days within which actions must be brought, contesting the validity of the bonds or seeking to enjoin the collection of the assessments, was to give stability and value to securities of this character; and, while' aiming to bring about this result, it also sought to give proper protection to the property owner by requiring of the contractor the performance and maintenance bonds.
Under the statute, as we' construe it, the failure of the contractor to comply with the terms of his contract in the performance of the work is an irregularity that does not defeat the jurisdiction of the city to make the improvement, and therefore could not be availed of in a suit for injunction. The rule in this regard is stated in Elliott, Roads and Streets (2d Ed.) 608 (3d Ed.) 772, as follows:
"Irregularities or errors not jurisdictional cannot ordinarily be made available in a suit for injunction. The question whether the work . has been done according to contract is one to be determined by the local tribunal, or tried at law, and not in injunction proceedings. In a suit for injunction the question whether the ayes and nays were taken on the passage of the ordinance directing the improvement cannot be litigated. It may safely be affirmed without multiplying illustrations that, where nothing more than errors or irregularities in the proceed:ngs appear, an injunction 'will not be awarded unless it is applied for before the work has been done, and even then the writ will not issue if the errors are not of a material character, nor will it issue if there is an adequate remedy; at law." See authorities there cited.
In Lyman v. City of Chicago et al., 211 Ill. 209, 71 N. E. 832, the rule is stated thus:
"It is fundamental that the aid of equity can only be invoked in the absence of an adequate legal remedy. Equity will interfere by injunction to prevent the. collection of a special assessment only where the same is void or levied without authority of law, or the property assessed is exempt from taxation. A special assessment will not be enjoined because the improvement is not made in conformity with the provisions of the ordinance, the remedy being by mandamus."
In McEneney v. Town of Sullivan, 125 Ind. 407, 25 N. E. 540, the rule is stated as follows:
"Questions as to the manner in which the work was done under the contract and kindred questions cannot, it is manifest, be considered in a suit for injunction, for such questions do not go to the jurisdiction. Authorities cited in note 5, Elliott, Roads and Streets, p. 442. The settled rule, that only questions going to the jurisdiction can be considered in a suit for injunction, requires us to decline to consider or decide many of the questions which the appellants endeavor to present. *' 'The improvement of a street at the cost of abutting lot owners will not be enjoined because the improvements were not made according to the contract awarded nor on the grade established by the civil engineer."
See, also, Dixon v. Detroit, 86 Mich. 520, 49 N. W. 630; Callister v. Kochersperger, 168 Ill. 338, 48 N. E. 156.
To the effect that, where a bond is given for the performance of a contract and a breach thereof occurs, the party injured has a remedy upon such bond, see the following cases: Long Beach School Dist. v. Lutge et al., 129 Cal. 409, 62 Pac. 36; Commissioners of Putnam County v. Krauss et al., 53 Ohio St. 628, 42 N. E. 831; Chapman & Dewey Land Co. v. Wilson, 91 Ark. 30, 120 S. W. 391.
The section of the statute under which this suit is brought, section 4881, as we have seen, only permits resort to this remedy where the tax, charge, or assessment sought to be enforced is illegal; and we have already determined that the city acquired jurisdiction in the regular way to levy the assessment and,to issue the bonds, and that the assessments are not void nor the bonds issued invalid. In the cases cited by defendants in error none of them involves a statute similar to the one that we are considering here, and for that reason cannot control our conclusion.
Being of the opinion that the action is barred by section 644, it is unnecessary for us to consider the other questions presented, and the judgment is reversed and the cause dismissed.
All the Justices concur.