Case Name: ROHWER v. DISTRICT COURT OF FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT et al.
Court: Utah Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Utah
Decision Date: 1912-05-11
Citations: 41 Utah 279
Docket Number: No. 2283
Parties: ROHWER v. DISTRICT COURT OF FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT et al.
Judges: McCARTY, J., concurs.
Reporter: Utah Reports
Volume: 41
Pages: 279–299

Head Matter:
ROHWER v. DISTRICT COURT OF FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT et al.
No. 2283.
Decided May 11, 1912.
Rehearing denied June 20, 1912
(125 Pac. 671).
1. Infants — Capacity to Take Title to Land. The mere fact that a grantee in a deed is an infant does not prevent the title from passing. (Page 283.)
2. Cbrtiobap.i — Pbocbedings—Review. Where a district court has taken prohate jurisdiction of an estate, the Supreme Court, on certiorari to determine whether it had jurisdiction therein, cannot inquire into the irregularity of the proceedings, or whether the court may have erred id matters of law, when the acts constituting the alleged irregularities were not in excess of jurisdiction. (Page 284.)
3. Bastaeds — Who Abe Illegitimate. Under the common law a child not conceived or born in lawful wedlock was denominated fllius nullis — a bastard. (Page 284.)
4. Bastards — Legitimation—Statutes. Const, art. 3, effective January 4, 1896, forever prohibits polygamous or plural marriages. Comp. Laws 1907, sec. 1184, makes plural marriages void, and section 1185 provides that the issue of all such marriages, if contracted in good faith, are legitimate issue of both parents if horn or conceived before it was discovered that the marriage was void. Section 2833 provides that an illegitimate child is the heir of his mother. Section 10 provides that the father of an illegitimate child, by publicly acknowledging it as his son, receiving it into his family, and otherwise treating it as if it were a legitimate child, thereby adopts it, and such a child is deemed for all purposes legitimate from the time of its birth. Sections 2833 and 2834 relate to inheritances by and from illegitimate children. Section 2850 legtimates the issue of polygamous marriages heretofore contracted between members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, born on or before January 4, 1896, the date of the beginning of the state government, and entitles them to inherit from both parents and to all rights and privileges to the same extent and in the same manner as though born in lawful wedlock. Reid, in view of the constitutional and statutory provisions as to plural marriages and legitimacy, that section 2850, was intended to apply only to the issue of Mormon or plural marriages, and not to children illegitimate at common law. (Page 284.)
5. Bastards — Property—Inheritance by Bastards. Under the common law an illegitimate child had no inheritable rights and could not inherit property. (Page 288.)
6. Bastards — Property—Transmission by. Under the common law an illegitimate child had no inheritable blood and could not transmit property except to the heirs of his body. (Page 288.)
7. Bastards — Property—Transmission by Bastards — Statutes. Comp. Laws 1907, sec. 2850; which legitimatizes the issue of polygamous marriages between members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, born on or before January 4, 1896, the date of the commencement of the state government, and entitles them to inherit from both parents and to all rights and privileges, to the same extent and in the same manner as though born in lawful wedlock, was intended to remove the stigma of bastardy, including the disability to transmit property, and thereunder the father of a child born of a plural marriage, who has publicly acknowledged the child and cared for him in his own family as his son, may inherit from such child. (Page 288.)
8. Certiorari — Existence of Remedy on Appeal — Discretion. Where an application for a writ of certiorari to the district court acting in a probate proceeding, in which its jurisdiction was denied, was presented at a time when an appeal might have been taken and was pending for a time within which the right to appeal lapsed, the existence of the right to appeal was not jurisdictional, and the court had a discretion in granting or refusing the right. (Page 292.)
Certiorari by Annie C. Rohwer to the District Court of the First Judicial District; Hon. W. W. Maughan, Judge,, presiding, and otters.
Writ quashed AND proceediNg- dismissed.
B. H. J ones for plaintiff.
J. JD. Gall for defendants.

Opinion:
FRICK, C. J.
Tte plaintiff applied for a writ of certiorari to require the defendant, as judge of the district court of Box Elder County, Utah, to certify to this court a transcript of the proceedings had in the estate of one Joseph T. Anderson, deceased. A writ was duly issued requiring defendant to certify 'said proceedings, which has been done; From the application it is made- to appear that the plaintiff is the mother of one Maggie Rlohwer, who, on the 22d day of March, 1898, died intestate leaving surviving her said Joseph T. Anderson, a minor child, as her only heir at law; that an administrator was duly appointed of the estate of said Maggie Rohwer, deceased; that, to wit, on the 28th day of October, 1897, a patent was duly issued by the United States to said Maggie Rohwer wherein there was conveyed to her the S. W. % of the S. W. i/l? section 28, township 11 N., range 4 W., S. L. M., Box Elder County, Utah; that thereafter, and before said estate had gone to final disr-tribution, to wit, on the 12th day of August, 1906, said Joseph T. Anderson died intestate leaving surviving him neither mother, brother, nor sister; that notwithstanding the fact that said Joseph T. Anderson died before reaching the age of maturity and at his death was the only heir at law of said Maggie Rohwer, deceased, the defendant, as judge of the district court of Box Elder County, Utah., on the application of one Nephi P. Anderson, appointed him administrator of said estate, and is proceeding to administer and will distribute the same contrary to the provisions of Comp. Laws 1907, sec. 3953. The defendant has certified up all the proceedings in both of said estates. The proceedings ane very voluminous, but we shall refer only to such facts as are material in this proceeding.
The material and undisputed facts, briefly stated, are as follows: Maggie Rohwer, the daughter of the plaintiff, and said Nephi P. Anderson, were both members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; that some time in the eighties said Anderson married said Maggie Eohwer as his plural wife; that said Joseph T. Anderson is the fruit of said marriage and was bom on the 18th of October, 1895; that during the lifetime of said Maggie Eohwer, to wit, on the 28th day of October, 1897, she, through a patent from the United States, became seised of the S. W. % of the S'. W. %, section 28., township 11 N., range 4 W., S. L. M., Box Elder County, Utah; that thereafter, on the 15th day of March, 1898, she, by warranty deed, duly conveyed said property to said Joseph T. Anderson as her only child, which deed was, on the 30th day of March, 1898, duly recorded on the records of Box Elder County; that said Maggie Eohwer, on March 22, 1898, died intestate leaving her surviving said Joseph T. Anderson as her only child and heir at law; that pending the administration of her estate, to wit, on the 12th day of August, 1906, said Joseph T. Anderson died intestate leaving him surviving neither mother, brother, nor sisr ter, but left him surviving said Nephi P. Anderson, his father, and who had married said Maggie Eohwer, the mother of said decedent, as his plural wife, as before stated; that the real estate aforesaid was, in the petition for the appointment of an administrator, alleged to belong to said Joseph T. Anderson, and was inventoried as belonging to said estate, and was by the district court of Box Elder County distributed to said Nephi P. Anderson as a part of the estate of the said decedent.
Tbe only question to be determined by us in this proceeding is-whether the district court of Box Elder County, sitting as a probate court, had jurisdiction to administer upon the estate of said Joseph T. Anderson, deceased. Plaintiff's counsel insists that by reason of the provisions contained in section 3953, supra, the district court exceeded its jurisdiction in attempting to administer upon the .estate of Joseph T. Anderson, and that such attempt was in direct violation of the provisions of that section, which, so far as material here, are as follows:
"If the decedent has left a surviving child, and the issue of other children, and any of them, before the; close of the administration, have died while under age and not having been married, no administration on such deceased child's estate is necessary, but all the estate to which such deceased child was entitled by inheritance must, without administration, be distributed to such child's heirs at law."
It is insisted that the land hereinbefore referred to was a part of the estate of Maggie Bohwer, deceased; that the only heir at law she left surviving her was said Joseph T. Anderson, her only child; that he died pending the administration of her estate; therefore said estate should have been distributed to the heirs at law of said Joseph T. Anderson without administration as provided in the foregoing section. Further that inasmuch as said Anderson died under the conditions we have stated above, his grandparents, of whom the plaintiff is one, were his only heirs at law, and hence entitled to his estate. In making the foregoing contention, it is assumed that the conveyance from Maggie Bohwer to said Anderson as her only child, and to which we have referred, is of no legal effect. No reason is assigned why said conveyance should not be given its ordinary legal effect.
The mere fact that the grantee in said deed was an infant —a mere child — certainly would not prevent the title from passing. If the title passed, and. for the purposes of this proceeding we must assume that it did pass, then the real estate described in said deed was the property of said Joseph T. Anderson at his death, and not the prop erty of bis mother, Maggie Rohwei*, at tbe time sbe died. Tbis being so> tbe: provisions of tbe section we bave quoted bave no application, because tbe estate of said Anderson, altbongb be was a minor, could legally be administered upon tbe same as any other estate. In view tbat tbe law governing tbe appointment of an administrator in tbe estate of said minor was complied with, tbe court acquired jurisdiction of said estate.
Tbe court having acquired jurisdiction of tbe estate, we cannot, in tbis proceeding, inquire into- tbe regularity of tbe proceedings, or wbetber tbe court may bave erred in matters of law when tbe acts constituting such assumed irregularites were not without or in excess of jurisdiction.
If we shall assume, however, tbat tbe title to the real estate in question did not pass to Joseph T. Anderson by tbe deed referred to herein, still tbe plaintiff must fail in tbis proceeding. It is not disputed tbat Maggie Nob-wer was tbe plural wife of Nepbi P. Anderson, nor tbat Joseph T. Anderson was bom as tbe fruit of said marriage, nor that said Nepbi P. Anderson is tbe father of said Joseph T. Anderson, deceased: What follows ? Simply tbis: That although said Joseph T. Anderson was tbe fruit of a plural marriage, yet in view tbat be was bom before the 4th day of January, 1896, be, in law, must be treated tbe same as a legitimate child bom in lawful wedlock would bave to be treated.
Comp. Laws 1907, sec. 2850, reads ¡as follows:
"The issue of bigamous and polygamous marriages, heretofore contracted between members of tbe Church, of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, horn on or prior to the 4dh day of Ja/mmry, A. D. 1896, are hereby legitimated; and such issue are entitled to inherit from both parents, and to have and enjoy all rights and privileges ta the same extent and in the same manner as though horn in lawful wedlock(Italics ours.)
It is contended,' however, tbat the foregoing statute relates to s the subject of illegitimate childnen generally, and therefore must be construed and .applied in connection with the proYisions of other sections relating to the same subject. It is insisted that, if this be not done, the provisions of Comp. Laws 1901, sees. 2833 and 10, will he ignored. The former section, among other things, provides that an illegitimate child is heir of his mother, and the latter reads as follows:
"The father of an illegitimate child by publicly acknowledging it as his own, receiving it as such with the consent of his wife, if he is married, into his family, and otherwise treating it as if it were a legitimate child, thereby adopts it •as such, and such child is thereupon deemed for all purposes legitimate from the time of his birth."
We are of the opinion that in adopting section 2850, supra, it was not intended to legislate upon, or to modify, or interfere with, the provisions or effect of any other section or sections relating to thia subject of that class of illegitimate children which, under the common law, were denominated "bastards." Under that law, a child not conceived or horn in lawful wedlock was denominated films nullius; that is, nobody's son — a bastard. (Schouler's Domestic Relations (4 Ed.), sec. 276.) Oomp. Laws 1907," sec. 2850, we think, was intended to apply to children only which were the issue of so-called Mormon polygamous or plural marriages. There can be no reasonable doubt with regard to this, since the statute, in terms, speaks of the issue of plural marriages, and not of illegitimate children generally. Moreover, the statute applies only to such issue, as were born on or prior to the 4th day of January, 1896, the day on which the territorial government of Utah was merged into a state government. In our judgment the language of the statute, entirely independent of the conditions then prevailing, which were then and are now known to all Utah residents — and which need not be detailed here — leavie's no. room for doubt that the provisions of section 2850 were intended to apply to a particular class of children only, which is clearly pointed out in the section itself. To now construe the provisions of that section so as to mtakiei them applicable to; the illegitimate children who under the common law were termed bastards, or to those that are referred to- in sections 10, 2833 and 2834,. requires not only that a forced construction be given to the language usieid in section 2850, but it also requires that certain terms of the latter section be given no meaning or effect whatever.
But there are still other sections of our statute which shed some light upon what thiei legislature intended to accomplish by adopting section 2850. There is also a constitutional provision which must not be overlooked that became effective January 4, 1896. Article 3 of the Constitution of this state {forever prohibits polygamous or plural marriages. This requirement was a condition imposed by the enabling act, and proper statutes through which the constitutional provision is made effective have been duly adopted and have been in force ever since statehood. Although Congress had passed laws whereby polygamous and plural marriages were prohibited, yet, at the time the territorial government was merged into a state government, there were a large number of children who were bom as the fruit of the plural marriages that were entered into during territorial days, whose status and rights it was proper to fix and protect by state laws. All plural marriages were necessarily void in law, and hence the children born as the fruit of that relation were, in the^eyes of the law, illegitimate. Comp. Laws 1907, sec. 1184, also1 makes such marriages void. It is there provided that all marriages are void "when there is a husband or wife living from whom the person marrying has not been divorced." The section following (1185), however, provides that the issue of all marriages that are made void by the preceding section, if contracted in good faith, are the legitimate issuia of both parents if bom or begotten before it was discovered that the marriage was void. This ostensibly does not refer to Mormon plural marriages. Section 2833, among other things, provides : "The issue of all marriages null in law . . . are legitimate." This identical provision was also a part of the territorial laws, and was in force until modified by Cbngress in what are commonly called the "Edmunds" and "Edmunds-Tucker" laws. It may be asked, however — and the question is pertinent — in what way do any or all of the foregoing provisions, except those found in section 2850, make the children of void marriages legitimate so as to escape thie consequences of that condition ? The answer is obvious. Neither one nor all of those provisions have, or were intended to have, such effect, and a child which is the issue of a so-called plural or Mormon marriage is no doubt an illegitimate child, and, if it were not for the provisions of section 2850, would have to suffer all the legal, if not all the social, consequences of that status. The only object in view in referring to the foregoing provisions was to show that, so far as illegitimate children generally were concerned, the law covered the subject when section 2850 was passed in 1896. In view of that, it was not necessary to adopt the latter section unless it was intended to confer upon the issue mentioned therein larger rights than those conferred upon illegitimate children generally. Neither in the eyes of the law nor in the eyes of society were the children mentioned in section 2850 born as the result of mere lust or meretricious relations, although the relation of their parents was prohibited by law. The social standing of such •children was practically the same as that of other children born in lawful wedlock, at least when bom of parents embracing the same creed or faith. Moreover, such a child was not jilius nullius; but his parentage was and is quite as well known as was and is the parentage of legitimate children. Such a child bore his father's name, and he regarded the child of his father, if such child was one by a different mother, whether of a legal or a plural wife, as his half-brother. Besides, every Latter Day Saint, or so-called "Mormon," who believed in plural marriages, regarded that relation as sacred and as binding as we who believe in monogamy hold that relation sacred and binding. Moreover, history attests that, in many of the countries where the law concerning bastardy was rigorously applied, even in those countries there was a distinction between the child that was the fruit of a sexual relation that had some social recognition, although illegal, and a child which was the result of a purely meretricious relation. Again, Congress, in passing the Edmunds (Act March 22, 1882, c. 47, 22 Stat. 30 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3633]) and Edmunds-Tucker laws (Act March 3, 1887, c. 397, 24 Stat. 635 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3635]), in which polygamous and plural marriages were prohibited and those who entered into that relation were required to be severely dealt with, also recognized the justness of not treating the children of such marriages as bastards, but as beings who were entitled to some legal recognition provided they were bom in that relation prior to a certain day fixed in the act. It is for that reason that in those very acts-children of polygamous marriages were legitimated. In view of the foregoing circumstances and conditions, the legislature had ample grounds upon which to base a law which in some respects should make a distinction between, a child that was the fruit of a plural marriage and one that was merely the offspring of a meretricious relation or of sexual intercourse the fruit of which at common law was denominated a bastard becausiei he was filius nullius.
The question for us to solve therefore is: What was the intention of the legislature in adopting section 2850 ? It is seriously contended that all the legislature intended to and did accomplish was to permit the childi'en who were bom before 'January- 4, 1896, as the issue of plural marriages, to inherit from both parents. That is, while such children were legitimated, they, nevertheless, were not legitimated for all purposes, but such legitimation was limited to the right of inheriting from both parents; a right not existing at common law. But that is not what the statute says. The language there used is that such children are "hereby legitimated; and such issue are entitled to inherit from both parents, and to ham and enjoy all rights and privileges to the same extent and in the sanne manner as though born in lawful wedlockIf the construction contended for be applied, namely, that no further rights than to' inherit from both parents were conferred, then' the words given in italics are practically meaningless. The suggestion that they are intended to confer either family or social rights or privi leges is entirely untenable, because such rights or privileges are already covered by the term "legitimate." Moreover, in view of what has already been said, and which was well known to the Legislature such children were not in need of having their social or family rights protected; but they were sorely in need of being given the legal rights which were enjoyed by their half-brothers and half-sisters. These latter rights and privileges, therefore, were intended to be and were given by the section in question. And, so as to leave no lingering doubt in the mind of any one what the rights and privileges were, the legislature defined them by making them the same as those that are enjoyed by those who were bom in lawful wedlock. Language could not have been selected which was better calculated to define what rights and privileges were given. The legal rights and privileges given were to be the exact equivalent of those enjoyed by all legitimate children.
What were those rights in contradistinction from those that, under the common law, are withheld from illegitimate children? Briefly stated, they are these: The right to inherit and the right or privilege to transmit property by descent or succession. Speaking upon this subject^ Mr. Schouler says:
"The most important disability of an illegitimate child at the common law is that he has no inheritable blood; that he is incapable of becoming heir either to his putative father or to his mother, or to any one else; that he can have no heirs but those of his own body." Schouler's Dom. Relations.(4th Ed.), section 277.
In other words, under the inexorable logic of the common law, such a child could neither inherit nor transmit property except to the heirs of his body "because he is the son of nobody." This was the bar sinister that the common law placed upon every illegitimate child. Can any one reasonably contend that all that was intended by section 2850 was to remove this bar only so far as to permit the issue named in that section to inherit, but still leave the stigma upon them so that they are incapable of transmitting property except to the heirs of their own body, or to their mother as provided in section 2834? To so construe the language of section 2850, to our minds intensifies the rigorous and unjust doctrine of the common law instead of modifying it. Why leave the stigma of bastard upon the issue named in section 2850 ? If it be true that they had overcome every social inequality placed upon them as a consequence of their birth, why should the legal stigma be retained ? It is intimated, however, that by the construction we have given to section 2850 the father of the illegitimate child is made the beneficiary of a relation he entened' into in direct violation of the law, and thus he is permitted to profit by his own wrong. Such is merely a superficial view. In fact, it is not the father who- is punished by refusing to give full force and effect to the provisions of the foregoing section, but it Í3 the child who suffers, because to him still clings the stigma of being incapable of transmitting property because of his birth. What satisfaction can the community derive from the fact that the father cannot inherit, because his child is a bastard, and therefore cannot transmit property to- him? Does such a result stigmatize the father or the child ? We have no hesitancy in saying that the whole stigma of being a bastard still rests upon the child, and- the father escapes, as he always escaped under the common law, upon the theory that the child is "nobody's son." If the father is to' be punished, and there is no reason why he should not be, make the law such that it will in fact punish him without being a lasting stigma resting upon the innocent child. The father is responsible for the child's condition, and his punishment should take somje form other than that of preventing his child from enjoying all the fruits of legitimacy. If the child cannot transmit property, it is not a legitimate child, but still remains a bastard. It was this stigma that was sought to be removed by section 2850, and, if it has not accomplished its purpose, it is not because appropriate language was not used in that section. The question of what rights should be conferred upon the children mientioned in section 2850 was for tbe legislature to determine as a matter of state policy, and, when that branch of tbe state government has by law fixed tbe legal status of tbe' issue mentioned in that section, tbe courts have no alternative save to declare and enforce tbe law.
But reference is made to the following cases, which, it is claimed, bold to a different view, namely: McCully v. Warrick, 61 N. J. Eq. 606, 46 Atl. 949; Keeler v. Dawson. 73 Mich. 602, 41 N. W. 700; Doe v. Bates, 6 Blackf. (Ind.) 533; McCormick v. Cantrell, 15 Tenn. 615; Bent v. St. Train, 30 Mo. 268; Miller v. Stewart, 8 Gill (Md.) 128; Croan v. Phelps, 94 Ky. 213, 21 S. W. 874, 23 L. R. A. 753; Lessee, etc., v. Lake, 8 Ohio, 290; and Blair v. Adams (C. C.), 59 Red. 243. In all of those cases the courts did no more than pass upon the rules of succession that were applicable to bastards under the common law. In most of tbe cases tbe common law is either enforced, or statutes in derogation thereof are strictly construed and applied. But such is not tbe rule of construction required in this state. Comp. Laws 1907, sec. 2489, expressly requires a liberal construction to' be given to all statutes so as to effect their purposes. The only case which seems in point is the one cited from the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In that case the court passed on a private act in which it was provided that the illegitimate child referred to in the act "shall in all respects, both in law and equity, be upon an equal footing with the other children" of the parents. This, it was held, "is too general to create in an illegitimate child an inheritable quality," or to enable the parent or bis legitimate children to inherit the estate of an illegitimate child. In that case, and in all others that are cited, the courts dealt only with what iinder the common law were termed bastards, and they so denominated them in the opinions. There were no such conditions to be met as was the case in this state, and it is very clear, both from tbe decisions and the language of the statutes passed on in those decisions, that it was hot intended to pass upon any such or similar conditions. While we do not mean to intimate that tbe law as declared by those deci sions is not good law when applied1 to the conditions there disclosed, yet, in our judgment, we would be far from administering the law of this state as it is written if we held, in the case at bar, that in adopting section 28-50 it was not intended to confer all the rights and privileges enjoyed by legitimate children upon those mentioned in that section, including the light of transmitting property. Neither the language nor spirit of that section authorizes the conclusion that any part of the stigma which by the common law is cast upon bastards shall continue to be visited upon those who are provided for therein.
The record in this case also discloses that said Joseph T. Anderson, was publicly acknowledged by Nephi Anderson as his own child, was received into- and cared for in Mr. Anderson's family, and treated as his own. In view of this, we think that under the provisions of section 10, which we have, here-inbefore set forth in full, said Joseph T. Anderson must be "deemed for all purposes legitimate from the timie: of his birth." The language there used is that such a child is legitimated for all, and not only for some, purposes. "All purposes" mean that the child may transmit property as wiell as inherit it. Courts have no right to place limitations on plain and unambiguous language, unless under peculiar circumstances limitations are required for the purpose of preserving or making effective other provisions upon the same subject.
It is, however, suggested not by any of the defendants, but by a member of this court — that the writ should be quashed upon the ground that an appeal lies from the order of the court which we have reviewed herein, and that the plaintiff therefore had a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy. The application for a writ has been pending in this court for many months, and, even though it were conceded that when the application in this case (in which the jurisdiction of the district court is denied) was presented the right to an appeal existed, the time has now fully elapsed within which am appeal is permitted, and hence no appeal is now permissible. If there was any error committed by this court, it was in permitting the application to be filed, and in issuing the alternative writ — for which the writer hereof assumes his full share of responsibility. If we desire to insist upon the strict rule that we will not hear applications of this hind where an appeal was possible, we, in all fairness to the plaintiff, should have made such an order whiea the application was presented. As we view it, the question, in view of the whole record, is not jurisdictional. This court, in common with all courts having the power to issuie writs of certiorari, may exercise a reasonable discretion in granting or refusing a writ. The majority of this court is of the opinion that in this case the discretion aforesaid was properly exercised. We are of the opinion, therefore, that for the reasons herein stated the district court had full power and jurisdiction to make and enter the judgment or decree-of distribution which is assailed in this application.
The writ heretofore issued, therefore, should be quashed, which is accordingly done, and the application is dismissed, at plaintiff's costs.
McCARTY, J., concurs.