Case Name: RIVES v. ATLANTA NEWSPAPERS, INC.
Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
Jurisdiction: Georgia
Decision Date: 1964-07-16
Citations: 110 Ga. App. 184
Docket Number: 40617
Parties: RIVES v. ATLANTA NEWSPAPERS, INC.
Judges: Bell, P. J., Frankum, Hall and Russell, JJ., concur. Felton, C. J., Nichols, P. J., Jordan and Pannell, JJ., concur specially.
Reporter: Georgia Appeals Reports
Volume: 110
Pages: 184–195

Head Matter:
40617.
RIVES v. ATLANTA NEWSPAPERS, INC.
Decided July 16, 1964
Rehearing denied July 30, 1964.
Marson G. Dunaway, Jr., for plaintiff in error.
B. P. Gambrell, Henry A. Stewart, Forrest C. Oates, Jr., contra.

Opinion:
Eberhardt, Judge.
We deal here with a written motion to dismiss upon the ground that the "court is without jurisdiction over the person of this defendant" which was sustained. There is no question but that the trial court has jurisdiction of the subject matter. Consequently, unless the petition shows on its face that the court has no "jurisdiction of the person," i.e., that the venue is improperly laid, the sustaining of the motion to dismiss was error. Code § 81-302, 81-501. See Judge Hall's concurrence in Standford v. Davidson, 105 Ga. App. 742 (125 SE2d 720).
It is alleged that the defendant is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of this State, with its principal office and place of business in Fulton County, but has an office and agent in Polk County. For the purposes of the motion these allegations must be treated as admitted. Service was perfected upon the person alleged to be the defendant's agent residing in Polk County. This being an action for damages the venue was thus properly laid if the tort was committed in Polk County. Code § 22-1102.
While plaintiff alleges that "The Atlanta Journal (in which the alleged libelous matter appeared) published by the defendant has a very large and extensive circulation in Polk and surrounding counties, and throughout the State of Georgia and elsewhere," it is urged by the defendant that the tort, if com mitted, was committed when the edition of the paper carrying the article complained of was first generally circulated and that this occurred in Fulton County, circulation elsewhere not being separate torts or wrongs but republications which might be shown in aggravation. If the defendant's contention in this respect be correct, venue was lacking and the sustaining of the motion was proper—provided the court could conclude from the petition that the first publication of the alleged libelous matter did not occur in Polk County. Code § 81-302, 81-501.
Dean Prosser in his Handbook on the Law of Torts (2d Ed. 1955), p. 599, § 94, asserts: "The English rule has been that every sale or delivery of each single copy of a newspaper is a distinct publication, and a separate basis for a cause of action. This rale has received the unqualified acceptance of the Restatement of Torts, and there are American jurisdictions in which it is still the last word of the courts. The majority of the American courts, however, have developed, in cases involving venue or the statute of limitations, a 'single publication rule,' under which an entire edition of a newspaper, magazine or book is treated as only one publication. .
The rule of Brunswick v. Harmer "had its origin in an era which long antedated the modern process of mass publication and nationwide distribution of printed information." Gregoire v. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 298 N.Y. 119 (81 NE2d 45). In the light of present day demands for the printed word in newspaper, magazine and book there is, under the English rule, the constant and frightening spectre of the possibility of one, deeming himself to have been libeled, instituting separate suits in connection with each and every sale of the paper, magazine or book and in every location where the sales may have taken place. Whether meritorious or not, they hang like the sword of Damocles over the head of the publisher. And the plaintiff has the advantage, not afforded in the case of other torts, of selecting the forum in which he will bring his suit.
Our sister States of Alabama in Age-Herald Publishing Co. v. Huddleston, 207 Ala. 40 (92 S 193, 37 ALR 898), and Mississippi in Forman v. Mississippi Publishers Corp., 195 Miss. 90 (14 S2d 344, 148 ALR 469), along with many others, have adopted the "single publication rule" as the most fair and satisfactory method of insuring a just handling of libel suits against newspaper, magazine or book publishers. Under it there is but one tort in the libeling of another and it is deemed to have been committed at the time and in the place where the paper, magazine or book is first published or circulated. The venue of the action is thus fixed under the Alabama statute providing where suits may be maintained against domestic corporations and which is similar to our Code § 22-1102 insofar as they affect this kind of situation, in the county where the paper was first given general circulation. The decision of the Supreme Court of Alabama is well reasoned, giving a detailed and full discussion of its rationale.
It may be said that the "single publication rule" does not solve all problems, as indeed it does not—particularly in the case of publications which have a nationwide circulation. Recognizing the confusion that exists among the States relative to the conflicts of laws problems, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1952 promulgated, and the American Bar Association approved, a proposed Uniform Single Publication Act. But whether accomplished by court decision or legislative act the rule is a step in the right direction—seeking to accomplish a more even-handed justice between all parties.
The cases relied upon in the special concurrence are inapposite and do not support the contrary rule.
A general demurrer was held properly sustained to an action brought in Glynn County in Wallace v. Southern Exp. Co., 7 Ga. App. 565 (67 SE 694) because the petition showed on its face that the defendant, a domestic corporation, had its principal office and place of business in Richmond County, while the alleged libel had been published in Hall County. The statement in the second headnote that "A resident corporation is suable for libel only in the county of its principal office or in the county of the publication of the libel," is not inconsistent with the position urged here. The question at issue is simply as to where the publication took place.
In Western Union Tel. Co. v. Vickers, 71 Ga. App. 204 (30 SE2d 440) no question was raised as to the venue. On the other hand the court points out in the opinion that the defendant demurred generally and answered, admitting jurisdiction in the answer. And, in holding that evidence of publications at places other than that complained of could not be received, this court relied on the case of Central of Ga. Ry. Co. v. Sheftall, 118 Ga. 865 (45 SE 687) in which the issue of venue was neither raised nor decided.
We find no case which precludes the adoption of the single publication rule in Georgia. No case cited deals with an action for libel against the publisher of a newspaper or with the problem of venue that arises in that situation. As we see it, that is an open question and since it is, we think the single publication rule a better one to follow.
However, it does not appear from the allegations of the petition here whether the general circulation of the newspaper carrying the alleged libelous matter occurred first in Polk County, or in Fulton County where its principal office and place of business is alleged to be, or somewhere else. Consequently, it would be necessary for the court to take judicial notice of the fact that the first general circulation occurred elsewhere than in Polk County in sustaining the motion to dismiss.
"The rule may be stated broadly that generally courts will take notice of whatever matters are known, or ought to be gen erally known, within the limits of their jurisdiction, upon the theory that justice does not require that courts be more ignorant than the rest of mankind." 20 Am. Jur. 48, Evidence, § 17. Consequently, courts will take notice of that which is within the knowledge of most men. The test is (1) whether the fact is one of common, everyday knowledge that all men of average intelligence are presumed to know, and (2) whether it is certain and indisputable. That the Atlanta Journal is a newspaper every edition of which is first circulated generally in Fulton County where the publishing plant is located may be so well and generally known as to warrant the taking of judicial notice of that fact, but we are hesitant to assert it. See Constitution Publishing Co. v. May & Co., 16 Ga. App. 599 (85 SE 934). Nothing in the order sustaining the motion, or elsewhere in the record, indicates that the trial court was taking into consideration judicial notice of that fact. While this will often be found unnecessary, it is a matter that we should consider if the question is close. Cf. Byrd v. State, 212 Ala. 266 (102 S 223). It is stated in 20 Am. Jur. 48, supra, that "the power of judicial notice must be exercised with great caution by the courts," and we have held that "judicial notice should be used sparingly by the court to strike down pleadings." Genesco, Inc. v. Greeson, 105 Ga. App. 798, 801 (125 SE2d 786).
It is to be noted that the motion to dismiss was made subject to a plea to the jurisdiction and a traverse of the return of service. Although the sustaining of the motion be reversed the defendant has preserved its rights on the question of venue.
Even under the single publication rule it can not be said that lack of venue appears on the face of the petition, and the sustaining of the motion was error. The trial court should proceed with a determination of the plea to the jurisdiction and the traverse to the entry of service. Code Ann. § 81-1002.
Judgment reversed.
Bell, P. J., Frankum, Hall and Russell, JJ., concur. Felton, C. J., Nichols, P. J., Jordan and Pannell, JJ., concur specially.
Stemming from the holding in Duke of Brunswick and Luneberg v. Harmer (1849), 14 QB 185, 117 Eng. Rep. 75.
Dean Prosser cites Central of Ga. R. Co. v. Sheftall, 118 Ga. 865 (45 SE 687) as one of the authorities supporting this statement. However, an examination of the record in that case does not lead to that conclusion. As will be observed from a reading of the reported case, the defendant was a railroad company, not a publisher of a newspaper, magazine or book. The alleged libelous matter was a notice circularized to the conductors, division superintendents and perhaps some other company employees, and which plaintiff alleged, by amendment, was published by being posted in the company offices at Macon, Atlanta and Savannah, and other places unknown to him, the offices of the company being open to and frequented by the general public who might there see and read the notice. Nothing in the petition, as amended, indicated that the first posting of the notice did not occur in the Macon office. Moreover, there was no challenge of the venue by the filing of a plea to the jurisdiction; a matter not reached by general demurrer unless the lack of jurisdiction appears on the face of the petition. Central R. & Bkg. Co. v. Gamble, 77 Ga. 584, 587 (2) (3 SE 287); Harper v. Allen, 41 Ga. App. 736 (1) (154 SE 651). Consequently, under our rules of pleading, when the railroad company demurred generally (on other grounds) and filed no plea to the jurisdiction, that matter was loaived, even if it be said that the petition did not allege that the notice was first published in Macon. Code § 81-503.
"The anomalies and absurdities of this branch of the law have been exposed time and time again by able legal writers but an almost incredible judicial and legislative inertia have preserved a mausoleum of antiquities peculiar to the common law and unknown elsewhere in the civilized world." Donnelly, The Right of Reply: An Alternative to an Action for Libel, 34 Va. L. Rev. 867, 870. "Unfortunately the English law of defamation is not the deliberate product of any period. It is a mass which has grown by aggregation, with very little intervention from legislation, and special and peculiar circumstances have from time to time shaped its varying course. The result is that perhaps no other branch of the law is as open to criticism for its doubts and difficulties, its meaningless and grotesque anomalies. It is, as a whole, absurd in theory, and very often mischievous in its practical operation." Van Vetchen Veeder, The History of the Law of Defamation in 3 Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History, 446.
Ala. Code § 6112 (Recompiled in 1958, Title 7, § 60): "A foreign or domestic corporation may be sued in any county in which it does business by agent; but all actions for personal injuries must be brought in the county where the injury occurred, or in the county where the plaintiff resides, if such corporation does business by agent in the county of plaintiff's residence." (Italics supplied).
1952 Handbook of National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, pp. 186-187.
38 ABAJ 1071.
The Act has been adopted in Arizona, California, Idaho, Illinois, New Mexico, North Dakota and Pennsylvania.