Case Name: LIBANA de NOBREGA v. SYLVANO de NOBREGA
Court: Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii
Jurisdiction: Hawaii
Decision Date: 1901-11-22
Citations: 13 Haw. 654
Docket Number: 
Parties: LIBANA de NOBREGA v. SYLVANO de NOBREGA.
Judges: Galbraith and Perry, JJ., and Gilbert E. Little, Circuit i Judge, in place oe Erear, C.J., absent.
Reporter: Hawaii Reports
Volume: 13
Pages: 654–665

Head Matter:
LIBANA de NOBREGA v. SYLVANO de NOBREGA.
Exceptions from First Circuit Court.
Submitted October 9, 1901.
Decided November 22, 1901.
Galbraith and Perry, JJ., and Gilbert E. Little, Circuit i Judge, in place oe Erear, C.J., absent.
Under Section 1943, Civil Laws, authorizing the Circuit Court upon granting a -divorcé for the adultery .of the husband, etc., to “make such further order or decree against the defendant, compelling him * * * provide such suitable allowance for the wife, for her support as the court shall deem just and reasonable,” * * * the court may make such allowance in gross.
The court has no power under this statute to -order a 'division of the husband’s real estate and to vest title to a part thereof in- the wife.
A wife who 'owns in her own right real estate of the value of $3,500. or $4,000. is not in “destitute circumstances” as provided in Section 1938, Civil Laws, and an allowance to her of temporary alimony cannot be sustained.

Opinion:
OPINION OP THE COURT BY
GALBRAITH, J.
The libellant filed suit in the court below for divorce on the ground of adultery of the libellee and asked for a divorce a vinculo and for suit money, also that the court order an "equitable division of the property, standing in the name of the libel-lee," between them.
The right of the libellant to a divorce was not contested and she was decreed an absolute divorce on the ground alleged in the libel. The court further decreed "that she shall have one equal half interest and be the sole owner of one-half of all the real property and the improvements thereon now owned by the said libellee in the Territory of Hawaii, or in which he may be interested, and the said one-half interest in the said real property of the libellee, the said Sylvano de Nobrega, is hereby vested in the libellant," and further that the libellee forthwith execute a good and sufficient deed conveying one-half interest in said property to the libellant and sets out a description of the property by metes and bounds. The libellee is also ordered to1 pay the costs and the sum of $300 to the libellant for her attorney's fee and to pay her $15 per week as temporary alimony until the execution of the deed for the property, or the further order of the court.
The libellee excepted to the decision of the court as being contrary to law and the evidence, and the weight of the evidence, also to that part of the decree directing the payment of temporary alimony and to that ordering a division of the real property. Other exceptions were taken at the hearing but were abandoned at the oral argument.
The Circuit Court in its decision, among others, found the following facts:
"That the defendant has lived in open and notorious adultery as alleged in the complaint, and that he is now living in open and notorious adultery with on© Mary Kaaihaole. It further appears from the evidence that the defendant has children by the said Mary Kaaihaole. In fact, the evidence in this case disclosed the most horrible, inhuman and disgusting conduct on the part of the defendant, for it appears from the evidence that plaintiff lived with the defendant for some twenty-two years; that during said time she deported herself as a wife should to her husband; that she went out to work and worked for wages, giving the money she received from such work to her husband, and which he invested in property, being the property now held by him; that two years ago, the plaintiff at that time, having become aged, and having lost the bloom of youth, the defendant cast her aside, got her to execute au agreement of separation, and took into his family as his mistress a younger and sprightlier maiden. The defendant in this case appears to he healthy and robust, and is much younger looking than his wife. He undoubtedly thought that he could cast her aside without having to account to her in the future. In fact h© agreed to give her six dollars a week for her support when she left him two years ago by reason of his cruel and inhuman treatment to her. It further appears from the evidence that the defendant, after making such payments of six dollars a week for a while neglected and refused to keep them up, and thereafter the plaintiff herein discovered that defendant had taken to his home, and was living in open and notorious adulteiy with the said Mary Kaaihaole, and it appears from the evidence he now has her at his place called the homestead, living with her as if she were his wife, while the wife who slaved for him during their marriage, and while she was living with him, is now destitute. No stronger case could he proven of the facts alleged in the complaint than has been proven, and the conduct of the defendant shows such an abandoned nature and such an utter disregard cf morality and the laws of the .country as well as the laws of God, that his plea now that he should only be' required to give her enough to live on, and not divide the property with her, does not appeal to the conscience of the court."
Also, after finding that the property owned by the defendant was of the value of thirty thousand dollars, said, "The •court is asked, however, to make an equitable division of thp property, and feels that, under the circumstances of the case, this is proper, rather than to award alimony in a lump sum. Under the evidence in this case the court feels that the plaintiff herein should be decreed one-half of the property now held by the plaintiff and defendant together. It appearing from the evidence that the plaintiff has one piece of property in her' own name, and it being community property, this should be .put in with the defendant's property, and an equal. division of. the property made."
It is contended on behalf of the libelee (1) that the Circuit Court rmder the law had no authority to make an allowance of alimony in gross; (2) that it had no authority to order a division of the real property and to vest title in the 'libellant; (3) that, if the court possessed the power claimed and exercised iri this case, the amount of property decreed libellant is in excess of the amount to which she would be entitled in equity 'and good conscience without the allowance of temporary alimony provided for in the decree.
It is insisted on behalf of the libellant that the libelee is estopped either from denying the power of the court to decree alimony in gross or to order a division of the real property, (1) because there was introduced in evidence at the hearing 'a written stipulation wherein the libellee agreed to pay the libellant the sum of $4,000 as alimony; (2) that while testifying as a witness in the case the libellee said that he would prefer to pay. alimony in land rather than in money.
It does not seem that the doctrine of estoppel has any- application to the fact of this case. The court by its decree .did not attempt to enforce the stipulation for the payment of alimony, in gross and the evidence showed that this-stipulation was not accepted by the libellant and was expressly repudiated by - her, The fact that the Kbellee expressed a willingness to pay alimony in land rather than money certainly cannot estop him from contesting the power of the court to compel him to give one-half of his land. It nowhere appears that the libellee consented to the decree as entered or expressed his satisfaction with it. ' The facts of this case distinguish it from' those where the appellate courts have affirmed the decree on the theory of the consent of the parties. See Calame v. Calame, 25 N. J. E. 548; Crews v. Mooney, 74 Mo. 26.
Had the Circuit Court power in decreeing the .divorce to make an allowance to the wife of a gross sum as alimony, or in lieu of alimony, and order the same paid from the estate of the husband? If this power exists it is by virtue of the statute. The statute reads, "Upon granting a divorce for the adultery or other offense amounting, thereto, of the husband, the court may make such further decree or order against the defendant, compelling him -to> provide for the maintenance of the children of the marriage, and to provide such suitable allowance for the wife, for her support, as the court shall deem jiist and reason; able, having regard to the ability of the husband, the character and.situation of the parties, and all other circumstances of the case." (O. L. Sec. 1943.)
It will be observed that the word alimony was hot' used in the above séction. The phrase "to provide such suitable allowance for the wife" is certainly broader than the technical term "alimony," as known at the common law. 1 Blackstone, p 441.' "Alimony is not a sum of money or a specific proportion of the husband's estate given absolutely to the wife, but it is a continuous allotment of sums payable at regular intervals,' for her support from year to year." Bouvier, p. 131.
Under the Illinois statute authorizing the court' to "make such order touching the alimony and maintenance of the wife," an annual allowance to the wife has been sustained. (See Lennahan v. O'Keefe et al., 107 Ill., 620.) An allowance in gross has also been upheld under this statute, (See Dinet v. Eigen mann, 80 Ill., 274; Draper v. Draper, 68 Id., 17; Plaster v. Plaster, 47 Id., 290; Rabbins v. Robbins, 101 Id., 417.)
In Massachusetts where the wording of the statute is very similar to our own Mr. Justice Gray said in rendering judgment for the court, "This court has long been vested, by successive statutes, with authority, upon granting to a wife a decree of divorce, either from bed and board or from the bond of matrimony, to allow her reasonable alimony out of her husband's estate." "And the practical construction of these statutes has always been that such alimony might) at the discretion of the court, be ordered to be paid in one gross sum, instead of being made payable at stated periods." Bunows v. Purple, 107 Mass., 431; also see Chase v. Chase, 105 Id., 385.
The language of the statute of California is almost identical with that of our statute and authorizes the court to "make such suitable allowance to the wife for her support^ during her life or a shorter period." The Court said in construing this section, "The question is, had the court the power, under this section, to require a gross sum to be paid to the plaintiff for her support. "We think the language broad enough to confer this power. It will be observed that the allowance may be for the wife's support during her life and there is nothing limiting it to periodical payments." Robinson v. Robinson, 79 Cal. 515.
The Supreme Court of South Dakota in construing a statute that seems to be a verbatim copy of that of California said, "The appellant also contends that the court had no authority to award alimony payable in one sum, instead of payable monthly or annually. But we are of the opinion that our statute fully authorizes the court to render the judgment complained of." Williams v. Williams, 61 N. W. R., 41.
No good reason has been suggested nor does • any appear to the court, on its investigation of this question, - why under the terms of our statute the court could -not make an allowance to the wife of a gross sum as - alimony or in lieu thereof, The obligation of the husband to sup •port tbe wife and tbe fact that the decree of divorce forever sever the relation existing between the parties would seem to be sufficient reason for the legislature to empower the court to finally adjust and determine the financial relations as well as the marital rights at one and the same time. We are of the opinion that the circuit court was fully authorized to make an allowance to the libellee in gross.
• The next question presented by the record is, did the Circuit Court have power to order a division of the real estate and vest title to oner-half thereof in the libellant? The statute malees no mention of property but authorizes the court to make "such suitable allowance for the wife," etc. In Illinois where the statute authorizes the court to "make such order touching the alimony and maintenance of the wife," it was held that "the practice of vesting the fee of real estate in the wife by decree for alimony, although sometimes sanctioned by this court under special circumstances, is objectionable." Ross v. Ross, 78 Ill., 402; and in Robinson v. Robinson, 101 Ill., 422, the court said, "Under such circumstances, while it was proper that Robbins should be decreed to pay to h'is wife for her support and the support of his children a reasonable sum of money as alimony upon the .granting of a divorce, yet we are of opinion that it was error to decree the wife the title to the quarter-section of land named in the decree."
Under the Iowa statute which provides that the court "may make such order in relation to the children and property -of the parties and the maintenance of the wife as shall be right and proper," the court said in Russell v. Russell, 4 Greene 29, "If the law should be so enforced as upon a prayer for alimony to distribute in fee simple the real estate of the husband between him and his wife, it might tend to promote litigation of this 'kind, and render the proceeding under the code- for divorce not only an easy mode of shaking off the bonds of matrimony, but an ingenious and fashionable way of acquiring title to real estate apd changing the inheritance'thereof. We think in every view of the case, it was going too far for the court to divest' the husband of the fee simple title to any portion of his land and transr fer it to the wife for the purpose of giving her alimony." However, later decisions of the same court have recognized the right of the court to divest the husband of the title to real estate in divorce cases. Cole v. Cole, 23 Iowa, 433; Zuver v. Zuver, 36 Iowa, 190; Iwing v. O'Meara, 59 Iowa, 326. The holding in these later cases sustaining the right to vest the fee in real estate in the wife in divorce proceedings, is based on the use of the word property in the statute. •
By the "unwritten law of the United States," a court.cannot award to the wife specific property as alimony. Stewart, Marriage and Divorce, Sec. 374; 1 Bishop, Marriage, Divorce and Separation, Sections 1383 to 1421. This power is given to the courts in many of the states by statutes. "We do not think that the language of our statute is broad enough to show a clear intention on the part of the legislature to confer this power on the Circuit Court nor do we feel authorized to extend the term* of the statute by interpretation so as to confer a power that the legislature may not have intended to give. Section 1947 fully authorizes the court to enforce any money judgment for alimony it may render.
"We have hereto found that under the evidence of the case, the decree cannot be sustained on the theory of the consent of the parties, and we now conclude that the court had no power under the statute to order a division of the real estate.
The trial court was in error in the decision in finding that the real property in the name of the libellant should be divided and one-half conveyed to the libellee. Under Section 1945, Civil Laws, on the entry of the decree of divorce the real estate owned by the wife became her "sole and absolute property."
The court was also in error in making the order for the payment of $15.00 per week as temporary alimony. This order can only be sustained on the theory that the libellant was in "destitute circumstances." (Section 1938, Civil Laws.) The court found that the libellant owns in fee real estate of the value of $3,500 or $4,000; such a person cannot be said to be in "destitute circumstances" and unable to support herself pending the litigation in this case.
•' The contention is made by a member of this court that a decision on the question of the power of the Circuit Court to make an allowance in gross is not called for by the record in this case. Is this correct?
It certainly cannot be denied that the kind of an allowance that the Circuit Court may make to the wife under Section 1943, Civil Laws, is fairly presented by the record. The Circuit Court, under this statute, made an allowance in gross, in lieu of alimony — not in money but in property — real estate. The right of the court to make this allowance is challenged by the libellee in his exceptions. To simply decide that the court cannot "decree a division or conveyance of real property" is merely to settle one of the questions raised and leaves the other undetermined. It is true that the questions are separable, still that, is no reason why both ought not to be decided. It seems that the only logical method to pursue in disposing of the questions is that adopted by the majority, i. e., first to determine whether or not the court under this statute had the power to make the allowance in a gross sum. This power was of necessity assumed and included in that exercised by the court and called in question by the exceptions. If it had been determined that the court did not have the power to make the allowance in gross, then it would follow as a matter of course that it had no power to order a division and conveyance of land. However, when it was decided that the court had the power to make the allowance in gross it did not follow that a division of lands could be ordered and that question must also be determined.
• If the opinion of the court on the one question is mere obiter dictum the opinion of the court on the other is equally so. The one is as fairly presented by the record as the other. The decision on each proposition is the deliberate opinion of the major ity and cannot be said to be obiter by any proper use of that term,
G. A. Davis for libellant.
J. T. De Bolt for libellee.
. This was the view of the case taken by counsel for both of the parties. It was argued with ability and zeal by counsel for libellee, at the hearing and in his brief, that under this statute the court did not have the power to make the allowance in gross and it was argued with equal ability and zeal by counsel for the libellant that the court did possess this power. In view of these facts and the record it seems that this question ought to be decided.
. The exceptions are sustained and the decree allowing temporary alimony and dividing the real estate is reversed and the cause remanded to the Circuit Court with direction to make to libellant such suitable allowance as the court shall deem just and reasonable and for such further proceedings, consistent with the foregoing opinion, as may be necessary.