Case Name: Barry E. BAYER, Petitioner and Appellant, v. R. Van JOHNSON, Secretary of Revenue for the State of South Dakota, Respondent and Appellee
Court: South Dakota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: South Dakota
Decision Date: 1987-02-11
Citations: 400 N.W.2d 884
Docket Number: No. 15224
Parties: Barry E. BAYER, Petitioner and Appellant, v. R. Van JOHNSON, Secretary of Revenue for the State of South Dakota, Respondent and Appellee.
Judges: SABERS, J„ and FOSHEIM, Retired Justice, concur.
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 400
Pages: 884–888

Head Matter:
Barry E. BAYER, Petitioner and Appellant, v. R. Van JOHNSON, Secretary of Revenue for the State of South Dakota, Respondent and Appellee.
No. 15224.
Supreme Court of South Dakota.
Considered on Briefs May 21, 1986.
Decided Feb. 11, 1987.
Review Denied March 18, 1987.
Thomas K. Wilka of Hagen & Wilka, Sioux Falls, for petitioner and appellant; Karen E. Schreier of Hagen & Wilka, Sioux Falls, on brief.
John Dewell, Asst. Atty. Gen., Pierre, for respondent and appellee; Mark V. Meier-henry, Atty. Gen., Pierre, on brief.

Opinion:
WUEST, Chief Justice (On reassignment).
Appellant Barry E. Bayer (Bayer) appeals the decision of the trial court in which he was denied a refund of certain sales taxes paid under protest. We affirm.
Bayer applied for and received a retail occupational sales tax license in July, 1981. This license was issued for a service business in the area of amusements. Included in this amusements category are the servic es of "bookies" and "bookmakers, race." Pursuant to this license, Bayer paid various amounts of sales tax from November, 1981, through April of 1982 under protest. That dispute concerned how much of the money received by Bayer in his bookmaking business was to be considered "gross receipts." SDCL 10-46-1(2). State claimed the entire amount of a lost wage paid by a bettor to a bookmaker is included in the gross receipts without any offset for the losses of the bookmaker. Bayer contended, however, that only his "vigorish" or his service fee was subject to sales tax. That issue was appealed to this court. This court, however, declined to consider that issue and instead noted that since games of chance are prohibited by the South Dakota Constitution under article III, § 25, the State thus has no power to implicitly authorize bookmaking activities by taxing them. Bayer v. Johnson, 349 N.W.2d 447 (S.D.1984) (Bayer I). See also SDCL 10-45-9.
In State v. Bayer, 378 N.W.2d 223 (S.D.1985) (Bayer II), Bayer sought to recover $46,000 in back taxes previously paid through the magistrate court for Minne-haha County, Second Judicial Circuit, as part of a plea bargain on three felony charges of failure to file sales and service tax returns on his bookmaking receipts. In Bayer II, we affirmed the circuit court judgment reversing the magistrate's attempt to order a refund of the money paid as part of the plea bargain. Writing for the court, then Chief Justice Fosheim, after rejecting the magistrate's authority to refund the money under the guise of correcting an illegal sentence under SDCL 23A-31-1, stated: "Our legislature has provided an exclusive means for recovery of sales taxes paid and requires that jurisdiction is absent if the procedure established is not strictly followed." Bayer II, 378 N.W.2d at 224.
Following this decision, a hearing was held before the Department of Revenue (Department) concerning Bayer's request for refund of sales taxes paid. By stipulation of both parties, this hearing also included additional return periods from April 1982 through April, 1984. After hearing, Department failed to issue an order concerning Bayer's petition for refund. From the failure of Department to enter an order, Bayer appealed. The trial court, however, dismissed Bayer's appeal. It ruled:
Bayer has refused to provide adequate information to assist either the Secretary or this court in making a full and complete determination as to what portions of the tax funds were constitutionally collected and what portions were unconstitutional collections.... It continues to be speculative so far as the evidence is concerned whether or not the money paid to Department came from gambling. Bayer, through his counsel, argues all around the point and makes assertions that this is the case. However, as this court has previously noted, such speculation or supposition cannot be the basis for ordering a tax refund.
In the most recent hearing before the Secretary of Revenue, following this court's reversal in Bayer I, supra, Bayer refused to produce documents substantiating his involvement in bookmaking and invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination when asked questions involving bookmaking. Through his testimony, Bayer did, however, claim that the sales tax payments made under protest were paid under a license obtained for the area of amusements. SDCL 10-45-5.2 provides that the services enumerated under major group 79 (amusement and recreation services) in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 are subject to the retail sales and service tax levied by SDCL ch. 10-45. Bookmakers are included within major group 79. At the hearing before Department, Bayer was questioned regarding each separate category listed under major group 79. He testified that each of the categories listed were not the basis upon which he paid the sales taxes, except for categories enumerated "bookies" and "bookmakers, race." He declined to answer inquiries regarding whether or not taxes were paid for these activities based upon his Fifth Amendment privileges.
Bayer initially contends that the trial court erred in finding that there was insufficient evidence to show that Bayer paid the taxes under protest on an unconstitutional activity, that being bookmaking. As noted above, Bayer invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination when asked whether he paid sales taxes upon bookmaking. This he could validly do.
Although a taxpayer may validly invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, he may not be the sole judge of whether .certain material is incriminating. A court must determine whether the taxpayer is justified in remaining silent. Where the danger of self-incrimination is not readily apparent, the claimant of the privilege has the burden of proving the danger exists. Any danger of incrimination must be real and substantial and not merely remote or speculative.
Baskin v. United States, 738 F.2d 975, 977 (8th Cir.1984) (citations omitted).
While it is not completely clear whether bookmaking would be a criminal offense under the South Dakota Code, see SDCL 22-25-1, given, however, the import of our decision in Bayer I, supra, Bayer was under a "real and substantial danger of incrimination." See Baskin, supra. Thus, it was appropriate for him to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege during the hearing on his petition for a sales tax refund.
In Bayer I, supra, this court stated: "Appellant candidly states he is engaged in the bookmaking business and the facts seem essentially undisputed." 349 N.W.2d at 448. Thus, for purposes of that appeal, this court determined that Bayer was involved in the bookmaking business.
The law of the case doctrine is used to provide finality to an issue once it has been determined by a court of record. Once an issue is litigated and decided, it remains settled throughout any subsequent litigation revolving around that issue. See American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984).
'It is a fundamental principle of jurisprudence that material facts or questions which were in issue in a former action, and were there admitted or judicially determined, are conclusively settled by a judgment rendered therein, and that such facts or questions become res judicata and may not again be litigated in a subsequent action.'
Callahan v. Prewitt, 143 Neb. 787, 13 N.W.2d 660, 662 (1944) (quoting 30 Am.Jur. § 178, at 920). Thus, we hold that this court's disposition in Bayer I, supra, settled the question of fact regarding that Bayer's sales taxes paid under protest were based upon his business as a bookmaker. Since the payments were made upon an unconstitutional activity, we hold Bayer cannot recover.
We base our decision upon public policy holding Bayer is denied access to the courts to recover these taxes paid to engage in an unconstitutional and possibly criminal activity. Our rationale is stated in Jasper v. Rossman, 73 S.D. 222, 226, 41 N.W.2d 310, 312 (1950), wherein we said:
In the case of Ferguson v. Yunt, 13 S.D. 120, 82 N.W. 509, 510, this court said: 'Courts do not lend their aid to parties engaged in transactions in violation of law, and betting and gambling contracts are uniformly held to be contrary to the policy of the law, and illegal.' 'The test to determine whether the plaintiff is entitled to recover', said the court in that case, 'is his ability to establish his case without any aid from the illegal transaction. If his claim or right to recover depends upon a transaction which is malum in se, or prohibited by legislative enactment, and that transaction must necessarily be proved to make out his case, there can be no recovery.' The general rule that the law will not aid either party has been applied to illegal transactions other than gambling. E.P. Wilbur Trust Co. v. Fahrendorf 64 S.D. 124, 265 N.W. 1; Bartron v. Codington County, 68 S.D. 309, 2 N.W.2d 337, 140 A.L.R. 550; Beverage Co. v. Villa Marie Co., 69 S.D. 627, 13 N.W.2d 670. The defense of illegality prevails, not as a protection to the defendant, but as a disability in plaintiff. The reasons for refusing the aid of the court become even stronger when the property is liable to proceedings by the state to enforce a forfeiture.
Although our rationale is different than the trial court, we affirm its judgment.
SABERS, J" and FOSHEIM, Retired Justice, concur.
MORGAN and HENDERSON, JJ., dissent.
MILLER, J., not have been a member of the Court at the time this action was submitted to the Court, did not participate.