Case Name: ALBERTO-CULVER COMPANY, a Delaware corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz SCHERK, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1973-08-02
Citations: 484 F.2d 611
Docket Number: No. 72-1158
Parties: ALBERTO-CULVER COMPANY, a Delaware corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz SCHERK, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Volume: 484
Pages: 611–620

Head Matter:
ALBERTO-CULVER COMPANY, a Delaware corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz SCHERK, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 72-1158.
United. States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued Feb. 21, 1973.
Decided Aug. 2, 1973.
Rehearing Denied Oct. IS, 1973.
Robert F. Hanley, Lynne E. McNown, Chicago, 111., for defendant-appellant.
Francis J. Higgins, A. Charles Lawrence, Chicago, 111., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before STEVENS, Circuit Judge, GRANT, Senior District Judge, and GORDON, District Judge. ■
Senior District Judge Robert A. Grant of the Northern District of Indiana is sitting by designation.
District Judge Myron L. Gordon of the Eastern District of Wisconsin is sitting by designation.

Opinion:
MYRON L. GORDON, District Judge.
This is an interlocutory appeal. The district court found that it had jurisdiction over both the parties and the subject matter of this lawsuit. Also, the district court refused to stay the proceedings before it while the parties arbitrated their dispute before the International Chamber of Commerce tribunal in Paris, France. The court enjoined the parties from such arbitration.
The appellee urges that the findings and order of the district court are not appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) and has moved for dismissal of the appeal. -For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we find that this court may properly entertain the appeal, and we affirm the decision of the district court.
The plaintiff-appellee, Alberto-Culver (Alberto) is a Delaware corporation with its principal offices situated in Illinois. It manufactures and distributes toiletries and hair products in national and international markets.
The defendant-appellant, Fritz Scherk (Scherk) is a German citizen who presently resides in Switzerland. Prior to the transactions here in issue, Scherk was engaged in the manufacture and sale of cosmetic products for sale in western Europe. The principle manufacturing operations were conducted by Scherk in facilities situated within Berlin, Germany, and owned by Scherk through a sole proprietorship called Fir-ma Ludwig Scherk (FLS).
Scherk also owned interrelated business entities known as Scherk Esta-blissement Vaduz (SEV), a Lichtenstein entity which has no counterpart in the United States, and Lodeva Herstellung und Vertrieb Kosmetischer Artikel GMBH (Lodeva), a German entity which has no counterpart in the United States. SEV was operated by Scherk as a holding company licensing the sale and distribution of Scherk's cosmetics on an international basis under a variety of trademarks. The Lodeva entity was dormant and remains so.
In June, 1967, Alberto contacted Scherk in Germany to explore the possibility that Scherk might sell his European cosmetic business. In November, 1967, Fred Maeding of Alberto visited Scherk in Germany to pursue negotiations for such acquisition. In December, 1967, Alberto's president, Leonard H. Lavin, met with Scherk's representative, Benjamin Navon, in Chicago, Illinois. The negotiations were terminated.
In February, 1968, Alberto contacted Scherk in Berlin and negotiations were resumed. An agreement in principle was reached at this time concerning the basic terms for Alberto's acquisition of Scherk's business entities, SEV, FLS, and Lodeva; the details of the agreement were hammered out in Melrose Park, Illinois, during a 3-day meeting held in late May and early June, 1968. Scherk was present in Illinois for this latter meeting. A written document was ultimately prepared and signed in Vienna, Austria, by Scherk in February, 1969.
Among other things, the agreement between Alberto and Scherk provided that SEV was to be converted to a stock corporation and that Alberto was to acquire 100% of the stock of the new corporation. Accordingly, the parties entered into an escrow agreement by which Scherk assigned all of his rights in SEV to the escrow agent who was to accomplish the conversion and hold the certificates until closing.
The agreement also provided that as to the acquisition of SEV that:
"The parties agree that if any controversy or claim shall arise out of this agreement or the breach thereof and either party shall request that the matter shall be settled by arbitration, the matter shall be settled exclusively by arbitration in accordance with the rules then obtaining of the International Chamber of Commerce, Paris, France, by a single arbitrator, if the parties shall agree upon one, or by one arbitrator appointed by each party and a third arbitrator appointed by the other arbitrators. In case of any failure of a party to make an appointment referred to above within four weeks after notice of the controversy, such appointment shall be made by said Chamber. All arbitration proceedings shall be held in Paris, France, and each party agrees to comply in all respects with any award made in any such proceeding and to the entry of a judgment in any jurisdiction upon any award rendered in such proceeding. The law of the State of Illinois, U.S.A. shall apply to and govern this agreement, its interpretation and performance."
The agreement provided that as to the acquisition of FLS that:
"The parties agree that if any controversy or claim shall arise out of this agreement or the breach thereof, the matter shall be settled exclusively by arbitration in accordance with the rules then obtaining of the International Chamber of Commerce, Paris, France, by a single arbitrator, if the parties shall agree upon one, or by one arbitrator appointed by each party and a third arbitrator appointed by the other arbitrators. In case of any failure of a party to make an appointment referred to above within four (4) weeks after notice of the controversy, such appointment shall be made by said Chamber. Unless otherwise agreed, all arbitration proceedings shall be held in Paris, France, and each party agrees to comply in all respects with any award made in any such proceeding and to the entry of a judgment in any jurisdiction upon any award rendered in such proceeding. The laws of the State of Illinois, U.S.A. shall apply to and govern this agreement, its interpretation and performance."
The closing of the transaction was accomplished in Geneva, Switzerland, in June, 1969. Nearly one year later, Alberto discovered that the trademark rights purchased from Scherk were subject to substantial encumbrances. A dispute arose, and Alberto attempted to rescind the purchase agreement; it tendered the business to Scherk, who refused to accept the tender.
Scherk first took steps to institute arbitration in early 1971; however, a request for arbitration was not filed with the International Chamber of Commerce until November 9, 1971. Alberto commenced the instant action in the district court for the northern district of Illinois on June 11, 1971, alleging that it was defrauded in the acquisition of these businesses in violation of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78a et seq.
As pertinent here, 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a) provides:
"The courts of appeals shall have jurisdiction of appeals from:
(1) Interlocutory orders of the district courts . . . granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions. . . ."
The- appellee contends that the district court's order preliminarily enjoining Scherk from proceeding with arbitration in Paris and denying a stay of its own proceedings is not an interlocutory injunction within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). We disagree.
The practical result of the district court's order is to terminate Scherk's recourse to arbitration of the dispute before the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris and as such, the order qualifies as an "injunction" within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a) (1). Et-telson v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 317 U.S. 188, 63 S.Ct. 163, 87 L.Ed. 176 (1942); Shanferoke Co. v. West-chester Co., 293 U.S. 449, 55 S.Ct. 313, 79 L.Ed. 647 (1935); Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp. v. Pennsylvania Turn. Com'n, 387 F.2d 768 (3d Cir. 1967); Cuneo Press v. Kokomo Jam-dler's Union No. 34, 235 F.2d 108 (7th Cir. 1956). Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the appeal may not be granted.
The district court based its refusal to stay the proceedings and granted an injunction to bar the parties from proceeding with arbitration before the Paris tribunal on the authority of Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L. Ed. 168 (1953). That case held that section 14 of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq., voided agreements made in connection with the purchase of securities to arbitrate disputes which may arise in the future; the aggrieved party has a nonwaivable right to have his dispute determined in a judicial forum. In resolving the conflict between the United States Arbitration Act and the Securities Act of 1933, the Court stated at page 438, 74 S.Ct. at page 188:
"Two policies, not easily reconcilable, are involved in this case. Congress has afforded participants in transactions subject to its legislative power an opportunity generally to secure prompt, economical and adequate solution of controversies through arbitration if the parties are willing to ac cept less certainty of legally correct adjustment. On the other hand, it has enacted the Securities Act to protect the rights of investors and has forbidden a waiver of any of those rights. Recognizing the advantages that prior agreements for arbitration may provide for the solution of commercial controversies, we decide that the intention of Congress concerning the sale of securities is better carried out by holding invalid such an agreement for arbitration of issues arising under the Act."
The appellant seeks to limit the rule of Wilko v. Swan to domestic transactions and asserts that the correct rule for international transactions is found in M. S. Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 92 S.Ct. 1907, 32 L.Ed. 2d 513 (1972). However, the Bremen ease did not involve the sale of securities and is, therefore, not controlling.
We agree with the district court that the appellant had sufficient contacts within the United States to give the court personal jurisdiction over the appellant. See McGee v. International Life Insurance Co., 355 U.S. 220, 78 S.Ct. 199, 2 L.Ed.2d 223 (1957); International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). The question of the district court's jurisdiction turns on whether the transaction here in issue involves "securities" within the purview of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5. We conclude that it does.
Section 3(a) (10) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides:
"(10) The term 'security' means any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, debenture, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement or in any oil, gas, or other mineral royalty or lease, any collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit, for a security, or in general, any instrument commonly known as a 'security'; or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing; but shall not include currency or any note, •draft, bill of exchange, or banker's acceptance which has a maturity at the time of issuance of not exceeding nine months, exclusive of days of grace, or any renewal thereof the maturity of which is likewise limited."
The United States Supreme Court determined in Tcherepnin v. Knight, 389 U.S. 332, 88 S.Ct. 548, 19 L.Ed.2d 564 (1967) that this language is to be construed broadly to effect the purposes of the act, one of which is "to protect investors through the requirement of full disclosure by issuers of securities". At page 338, 88 S.Ct. at page 554, the Court stated:
"As used in the 1933 [Securities Act] and 1934 [Securities Exchange Act] Acts, security 'embodies a flexible rather than a static principle, one that is capable of adaptation to meet countless and variable schemes devised by those who seek the use of money of others on the promise of profits.' "
This mandate to construe broadly the term "security" compels our conclusion that the agreement to incorporate the SEV entity, and to transfer the assets of the SEV, FLS and Lodeva entities in exchange for cash and promissory notes involves a "security" within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Movielab, Inc. v. Berkey Photo, Inc.,.452 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1971); Lawrence v. Securities and Exchange Comm., 398 F.2d 276 (1st Cir. 1968).
We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to stay the proceedings before it, pending arbitration. The order appealed from is
Affirmed.