Case Name: State v. Rivers
Court: Iowa Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Iowa
Decision Date: 1882-01-18
Citations: 60 Iowa 381
Docket Number: 
Parties: State v. Rivers.
Judges: 
Reporter: Iowa Reports
Volume: 60
Pages: 381–387

Head Matter:
State v. Rivers.
1. Larceny: prom a receiver: evidence op qualification. Where the indictment charged the larceny of property from the possession of a receiver, it was not necessary for the State to prove that the receiver-had given bond and qualified as such. It was sufficient to show that he was an acting receiver under a proper order of court, and that defendant knew that he was so acting.
2. -: -: section 3915 op the code not applicable. Areceiver is not an “officer” within the meaning of section 3915 of the Code, which provides for the punishment of larceny where the property is in the hands of a sheriff, coroner, marshal, constable or other officer,” by virtue of legal process.
3. -: -: possession: special property. Where goods are in the hands of a receiver as such, he has a special property therein, and, in an indictment for larceny, the ownership may be laid in him.
4. -:--: possession by agent. Where the receiver notified the tenants of his appointment, and of his duty in regard to the crops, and the tenants thereupon agreed with the receiver that they would hold and manage the crops for him, and the grain was afterwards stolen, held that the possession of the tenants was the possession of the receiver, and that the indictment properly laid the possession in him.
ON REHEARING.
5. Larceny: felonious intent: facts constituting. A felonious taking is a taking without color of right or excuse for the act, and an instruction requiring that, in order to convict, the jury should find that defendant, knowing that he had no authority to take the grain, knowingly and willfully, by himself or his employes, and with intent to deprive the owner thereof, took and carried the same away and converted it to his own use, imports the felonious intent necesssry to constitute larceny
Appeal frofi Dallas Gi/rcuit Court.
Thursday, January 18.
The defendant was indicted for laraeny. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to the penitentiary for eighteen months, and he appeals.
G. O. Gole and A. R. Smalley, for appellant.
Smith McPherson, Attorney-general, for the State.

Opinion:
Rothrock, J.
I. The indictment was presented on the sixth day of November, 1880, and it was charged therein that the defendant on the first day of September, 1880, stole three hundred bushels of flax seed, and five hundred bushels of oats, the property of Stephen Adams.
The grain which it is claimed the defendant stole was grown upon a farm in Dallas county, which, we infer from tlie abstract, the defendant once owned or had an interest in, but upon which there was a mortgage which had been foreclosed, and the property sold, and a sheriffs deed made therefor. Afterwards action was taken by the holder of the sheriffs deed to obtain possession of the premises. Pending this action, certain parties were in possession of the land as tenants of some one, but of whom does not clearly appear from the abstract. The tenants, either pending this action for possession or before it was commenced, sowed part of the farm in flax and oats. Pending the action, and on the twenty-fourth day of April, 1880, Stephen Adams was appointed receiver in said action, to take charge of the real estate in controversy pending the suit. Afterwards, on the twenty-seventh day of July, 1880, a further order of the court was made, directing the receiver to take charge of and control the crops upon the farm, and to harvest and dispose of the same, and to render an account of his doings in the premises.
It is claimed by the State that, after said appointment, and after Adams was authorized to take possession and control of the crops, he went upon the premises and made a contract with the tenants by which they were to harvest and thrash the oats and flax, and keep an account of the expense thereof, and haul the grain to market at a specified price per wagon load; and that, being thus in possession of thergrain,' the defendant' by stealth caused some of it to be concealed under hay and straw in a slough, and in a cave, and hauled nearly all. of it to market, and sold it as his own, and appropriated the proceeds to his own use.
In the trial of the case in the court below, no record evidence was introduced showing that Adams had given bond and qualified as receiver. He was permitted to x x testify as a witness that he had so done, and this js made the ground of complaint by appellant. We think that there was no necessity upon the part of the State to prove that a bond had been given by Adams, and that he was s^orn as receiver. That he was an acting receiver under a proper order of the court, and that defendant, long before the commission of the acts with which he is charged, knew that he was so acting, abundantly appears from the evidence. The defendant was arrested and imprisoned for contempt in resisting the receiver, before it is claimed he committqd the larceny.
II. Section 3915 of the Code is as follows: "If any person knowingly, .and without authority of law, take, carry away, secrete or destroy any property or chatties, while the same are in the lawful custody of any sheriff, coronerj marshal, constable or other officer, and rightfully held by such officer by virtue of any execution, writ of attachment, or other legal process issued under the laws of Iowa, he shall be deemed guilty of larceny, and shall be punished, when the value of the property so taken, carried away, secreted or destroyed exceeds the sum of twenty dollars, by imprisonment in the penitentiary not more than one year; and when the value of the same does not exceed twenty dollars, by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, etc."
It is urged that this is the only section of the statute under which the defendant could have been indicted, tried and convicted. We think that this cannot be so, because a receiver does not hold property under what is denominated a legal process issuing out of any court. He holds no process whatever. He acts under an order of the court, and he is not an officer within the meaning of that section.
III. It is further claimed that as Adams merely held the property as receiver, the ownership cannot be laid in him, should be laid in the name of the real owner; ^iat appointment of the receiver did not divest the owners of the right of possession or the ownership of the property. This may be conceded to be correct, if the receiver was not in possession of the property when it was taken by the defendant. If he was in possession of the property, and it was stolen, the ownership might well be laid in him in an indictment. Where a person has a special property in a thing which has been stolen, the property in an indictment for its larceny may be laid in the special or general owner, and a party having mere possession as bailee or pledgee of property has such an interest therein that tiie ownership, may be laid in him in an indictment for its larceny. Burley v. Rose, 57 Iowa, 651.
IY. A material question in the case is whether Adams was in the possession of the property at the time it is claimed it was stolen. The court instructed the jury upon this branch of the case to the effect that, if Adams, after liis appointment as receiver, went to the farm and notified the tenants then in possession thereof of his appointment as receiver, and of his duty thereunder in regard to the crops and the tenants thereupon made a contract with the receiver by which they were to assist him in harvesting the crops, and taking them to market, and the receiver left them on the premises for that purpose, then "the possession of said tenants was the possession of their employer, to-wit, -Stephen Adams."
We think the proposition of law contained in this instruction is correct. If the evidence shows that the tenants who raised the crops and were in possession of the premises peacably surrendered any claim they had thereto, and agreed with the receiver that they would hold and manage the crops for him, and the grain was afterwards stolen, the possession of the tenants was the possession of the receiver, in the same sense that it would be if the receiver had himself raised the grain and put the other parties in possession thereof to harvest the same and haul it to market for him. In such case there can be no doubt , the possession of the receiver would be sufficient to maintain an indictment in which the property is laid in him.
The jury were fully warranted from the evidence in finding that such an agreement wan made, and the evidence does not show that Rivers was in the actual possession of the farm when the receiver made the contract with the tenants', but it does show that he was not in possession. It is true, it appears that he was claiming some right there to a share of the crop, probably as landlord. But there is no showing in the record that he had any legal right, either as landlord or otherwise.
Adams received only a small part of the flax seed raised on the farm, and he received none of the oats of which there were 500 or 600 bushels. Sometime after the appointment, Rivers and the parties in possession were arrested for contemptuously iiiterfering with the receiver. They were imprisoned, and purged themselves of the contempt by executing a writing surrendering the grain to the receiver. After this, some one stole away the grain and sold it. We believe the jury were fully warranted in finding from the evidence that the defendant employed the teams which hauled the grain, and received the proceeds. Indeed, it aj)pears to us without doubt that, after he surrendered the grain, he took it, hauled it away and sold it. It is true, it appears from the evidence that he owned or had control of other farms in the neighborhood, and that grain was hauled from them to the farm of which Adams was appointed receiver, and it is thus sought to show that the grain which he marketed was not that in controversy. But we think the jury were warranted in finding that he feloniously took and carried away that with which he is charged in the indictment. The fact that he employed others to take flax seed from the barn, and put it away in a slough, and cover it up and conceal it, and then haul it away and sell it, bardly comports with the claim that the seed thus disposed of was his own.
We have examined this record with «are. We find no error in it, either in rulings on the evidence or in the instructions of the court to the jury, and are united in the opinion that the judgment should be
Affirmed.