Case Name: SIVELL v. HOGAN, administratrix
Court: Supreme Court of Georgia
Jurisdiction: Georgia
Decision Date: 1903-12-10
Citations: 119 Ga. 167
Docket Number: 
Parties: SIVELL v. HOGAN, administratrix.
Judges: .All the Justices concur.
Reporter: Georgia Reports
Volume: 119
Pages: 167–173

Head Matter:
SIVELL v. HOGAN, administratrix.
1. At common law the general rule was that when a seal was affixed to an instrument there was a conclusive presumption of law that it was founded upon a consideration. Civil Code, § 3666, is merely a codification of the common law. '
2. The fact that a party endeavoring to enforce a contract under seal and governed by the general rule may himself introduce evidence showing that the ., contract was in fact without consideration furnishes no reason for not en- , forcing it.
3. A unilateral contract within the statute of frauds becomes mutual and binding upon the party not originally bound, if he does any act which would take the transaction out of the operation of the statute so far as he is concerned ; and where he thus becomes bound, the other party can not insist that the contract is invalid because the obligation of both was not originally in writing.
4. A signed a writing agreeing to deliver to B, at a time and place stated, and at a price named, goods exceeding in value $50. B did not agree in writing or otherwise, either at the time the above paper was signed or thereafter, to pay for the goods. The time for delivery passed without B doing anything to bind himself to pay for the goods. After that date B tendered the price and demanded the goods. Held, that B could not maintain against A an action for damages for failure to deliver at the time and place fixed in the writing. The right of B to demand an enforcement of the obligation depended upon his doing some act, prior to the time fixed for delivery, which would bind him to pay in the event of delivery.
Submitted November 21,
Decided December 10, 1903.
Action for breach of contract. Before Judge Longley. City court of LaGrange. June 17, 1903.
Harwell & Lovejoy, for plaintiff in error.
J. R. Terrell and Henry Beeves, contra.

Opinion:
Cobb, J.
T. M. Hogan brought suit against E. M. Sivell, for damages claimed to have resulted from the breach of an alleged contract of which the following is a copy:
" Georgia, Harris Co. Know all men by these presents, that I have this day sold T. M. Hogan 10 bales of cotton averaging 500 lbs. each, at 7 cents per pound, basis middling threes (Inman's classification); said cotton to be delivered in Chipley, Ga., by Nov. 1st, 1900. Witness my hand and seal this 9th day of July, 1900.
E. M. Sivell, L. S."
The defendant pleaded that the instrument sued on was without consideration and wanting in mutuality, and therefore void, that the contract, if a contract at all, was a transaction in cotton futures; and that any promise made by the plaintiff to pay for the cotton was void under the statute of frauds. The petition alleged that the plaintiff tendered to the defendant, on November 1,1900, the agreed price of the cotton, and that the defendant refused to accept the money and deliver the cotton. The plaintiff died before trial, and his administratrix became a party in his stead. The court .directed a verdict for the plaintiff, and the judgment over ruling the defendant's motion for a new trial was reversed by this court. 115 Ga. 667. On the second trial the jury found for the plaintiff $100, with interest from November 1, 1900. The defendant's motion for a new trial was overruled, and he excepted.
At common law a seal imported a consideration, and as a general rule a contract under seal was not open to an attack that it was without consideration. 21 Am. & Eng. Ene. L. (1st ed.) 898; 2 Bl. Com: (Cooley) *446; 6 Am. & Eng. Ene. L. (2d ed.) 682; 762-763, 798 ; 11 Am. Dig. (Cent, ed.) § 406 ; Broom's Com. L.- 284-285. The rule, however, was subject to important exceptions. It did not apply to contracts in restraint of trade, or those in which the consideration was fraudulent or illegal. See 21 Am. & Eng. Ene. L. (1st ed.) 899. Many States have abrogated the common-law rule. See 6 Am. & Eng. Ene. L. (2d ed.) 798. The common-law rule was applied by this court in the cases of Rutherford v. Baptist Convention, 9 Ga. 54, and Justices v. Smith, 13 Ga. 502, and recognized in Bruton v. Wooten, 15 Ga. 570. There has never been any legislative enactment on the subject in this State. The first code codified the common law with reference to this matter, and the provision of that code has been incorporated into the Civil Code, §3656, which is as follows: "In some cases a consideration is presumed, and an averment to the contrary will not be received. Such are generally contracts under seal," etc. The case of Smith v. Smith, 36 Ga. 184, was decided since the code. The question there was -whether the court would decree performance of an agreement of settlement of an estate. The agreement was under seal, and Judge Harris, in discussing the question of consideration, said: "Is the agreement on consideration? It purports to be under seal. The solemnity of a sealed instrument imports consideration, or, to speak more accurately, it estops a covenantor from denying a consideration, except for fraud."
.The cases of Neil v. Bunn, 58 Ga. 583, and Sims v. Lide, 94 Ga. 553, contain a bare intimation that the presumption of a consideration arising from the presence of a seal would be a rebuttable one, but in neither was the point made or passed upon. In none of these cases was the provision in the code cited or referred to. The only case which deals directly with the section of the code is Weaver v. Cosby, 109 Ga. 310, where Mr. Justice Lewis apparently .treated the provision as meaning that a seal was. merely prima facie evidence of a consideration; saying that an instru•ment under seal then being dealt with " raised a strong presumption of law " that it was founded upon a consideration. Inasmuch, however, as it was held in that case that the evidence offered to rebut the presumption was not sufficient for this purpose, the decision is not to be regarded as binding authority for the proposition that the seal would not be conclusive upon the question of consideration. It is manifest, in our opinion, that the section of the code is but a codification of the common law, and that the word generally, used therein, was inserted for the purpose of excluding the exceptions of the common law, as well as any other exceptions' which might have been or might be made in the law of this State. An exception has been made in favor of deeds. Civil Code, § 3599. And before the adoption of the code it was held by this court that failure of consideration could be pleaded to a note under seal. Albertson v. Halliburton, 16 Ga. 377. We are not, however, prepared to adopt the reasoning upon which this decision was founded, that the common-law rule related only to such instruments under seal as were known to the common law as specialties, there being no such thing at common law as a promissory note under seal. We rather prefer the view of the Supreme Court of South Carolina, that a seal raised a presumption of the existence of a consideration at the time the contract was'entered into, but not that it had not since faile(l either wholly or in part; and that while want of consideration could not be pleaded, failure might. See Koster v. Welch, 35 S. E. 435, and cit. Our code defines a specialty to be a contract under seal. Civil Code, § 3634. We are not, however, to be understood as definitely committing ourselves at this time to the proposition that even want of consideration can not be pleaded to a promissory note under seal, though this would seem to be true.
It is said, though, that this rule ought not to be applied in the present case, because the plaintiff undertook to show what was the real consideration, and from the evidence which she introduced it appeared that the contract was in fact without any consideration. We do not think the question of want of consideration was open to examination by either party. The presumption raised by the presence of the seal was one of law, and evidence by either party as to what was the real consideration was immaterial, unless it showed that the consideration was immoral or illegal. It is true that when the case was here before it was ruled that the particular evidence offered by the plaintiff to show a promise on the part of her intestate to pay for the cotton was not open to the objection that it was irrelevant. But the court was not then déaling with the question we have been discussing, but with the plaintiff's right to show a promise to take the cotton; so as to relieve against the unilateral character of the instrument sued on. The fact that the evidence was introduced on the last trial can not be used by the defendant to rebut the conclusive presumption of the law that the contract was founded on a consideration of some kind; and there being nothing in the evidence to show that the consideration was not such a one as the law would recognize, the contract must be deemed to have been founded upon a sufficient consideration.
The contract as it originally stood was wanting in mutuality. See Harrison v. Wilson Lumber Co., 119 Ga. 6, and cit. It is well settled, however, that a unilateral contract, though required by the statute of frauds to be in writing, may be made mutual by the other party's doing some act which would take the case out of the statute, so far as he is concerned. Perry v. Paschal, 103 Ga. 134, and cit; Hammon on Con. § 337; Harriman on Con. § 103; 1 Parsons on Con. (8th ed.) * 451; Bishop on Con. (en. ed.) § 87; Broom's Com. L. (9th ed.) 300-301. There was, however, in the present ease no evidence that Hogan had done anything which would take the case out of the statute of frauds so far as he was concerned. It was sought to accomplish this purpose by the introduction of a paper of which the following is a copy: " Georgia, Harris County. Know all men by these presents, I have this, day purchased of E. M. Sivell-bales cotton, averaging five hundred (500) pounds each, at seven (7) cents per pound, basis middling threes (Inman's classification); said cotton to be delivered in Chipley, Ga., by Nov. 1st, 1900. Witness my hand and seal this - 1900. [Signed] T. M. Hogan." This paper did not have the effect contended for by the plaintiff. It did not specify the number of bales of cotton, nor was it dated, nor was there anything on the face of the paper to connect it with the writing- signed by Sivell. No other writing was offered to so connect it, and parol evidence would not have been admissible. See, in this connection. Turner v. Lorillard Co., 100 Ga. 645; Augusta So. R. Co. v. Smith, 106 Ga. 864.
When the case was here before, it was ruled that it was necessary for the plaintiff to prove the allegations of the petition that her intestate actually tendered the price of the cotton to the defendant. On the second trial there was evidence of a tender on November 15. It is insisted now that time was of the essence of the contract, and that as no tender was made on November 1, the date fixed by the contract for the delivery of the cotton, the plaintiff could not recover. Time is of the essence of a contract, when the parties so stipulate, or when the nature of the contract is 'such as to indicate that this must have been their intention. Harriman on Con. § 285 ; Sneed v. Wiggins, 3 Ga. 94; 11 Am. Dig. (Cent, ed.) § 938-939. When Sivell signed the writing agreeing to deliver to Hogan ten bales of cotton at Chipley, Ga., on November 1,1900, Hogan was not bound to take and pay for the cotton, the contract being within the statute of frauds and he not having signed any obligation in writing to do so. Consequently, as the matter then stood, Hogan was not bound to take the cotton even if Sivell had delivered it at the time and place agreed on. Sivell was bound by the terms of the contract so far as the statute of frauds was concerned, he having signed it. But as Hogan was under no obligation to take and pay for the cotton, Sivell was at liberty to withdraw what at this stage of the transaction was a mere offer to deliver the cotton upon the terms stated in the writing, provided the withdrawal was communicated to Hogan before he did anything which would make him bound to accept the offer and pay for the cotton. But if Hogan did any act which would take the case out of the statute of frauds so far as he was concerned and make the contract binding upon him, then what was before a mere offer would become a contract binding ' upon both parties, and neither would be at liberty to withdraw without the consent of the other. Hogan might have become bound by a payment of the amount to Sivell before the time for delivery arrived. He might have become bound by signing a writing agreeing to pay the amount stipulated in the event the cotton was delivered at the time and place fixed. It is possible that he might have become bound to pay by a tender of the amount stipulated on the first of November, or by a continuing tender prior to that date. If he had become bound iu any of these ways, it would then have been incumbent on Sivell to deliver the cotton at the time and place agreed on. Sivell, however, being chargeable with notice that at the time he signed the paper Hogan was not bound to take and pay for the cotton, he was under no obligation to complete his offer by delivery, unless Hogan did something to render himself bound to accept it. Consequently, unless Hogan did something to render himself bound, Sivell was not liable to an action for damages for a failure to deliver the cotton at the time and place stated in his offer. By signing the paper Sivell placed himself in a position where he was required either to withdraw his offer before Hogan did something to render himself bound, or to deliver the cotton and complete the offer in the event Hogan became bound to an acceptance. In this sense time was of the essence of the contract, and if Hogan did nothing, on or before November 1, to render himself bound, Sivell had a right to treat the transaction as at an end.
Under this view of the case, the verdict was contrary to the evidence, and the court should have granted a new trial. The foregoing discussion covers all of the assignments of error with which it is necessary to deal.
Judgment reversed.
.All the Justices concur.