Case Name: GUARANTY TRUST CO., TRUSTEE, v. HENWOOD, TRUSTEE, et al.
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1939-05-22
Citations: 307 U.S. 247
Docket Number: No. 384
Parties: GUARANTY TRUST CO., TRUSTEE, v. HENWOOD, TRUSTEE, et al.
Judges: The Chief Justice, MR. Justice McReynolds and Mr. Justice Butler concur in this opinion.
Reporter: United States Reports
Volume: 307
Pages: 247–264

Head Matter:
GUARANTY TRUST CO., TRUSTEE, v. HENWOOD, TRUSTEE, et al.
No. 384.
Argued February 8, 9, 1939.
Decided May 22, 1939.
Mr. John W. Davis on the reargument, and with Mr. Ralph M. Carson on the original argument, for petitioner in No. 384. Messrs. Edwin S. S. Sunderland, Malcolm, Fooshee, and J. Paschall Davis were with them on the briefs.
' Messrs. A. H. Kiskaddon and Carleton S. Hadley for Henwood, Trustee, and Mr. George L. Buland, with whom Mr. Ben C. Dey was on the brief, for the Southern Pacific Co., respondents in No. 384, — on the reargument and the original argument.
Mr. Alfred H, Phillips, on the reargument and on the original argument, for petitioner in No. 495.
Mr. Carleton S. Hadley, with whom Mr. A. H. Kis-kaddon was on the briefs, on the reargument and on the original argument, for respondents in No. 495.
By leave of Court, briefs of amici curiae were filed by Solicitor General Jackson, Messrs. Paul A. Freund, Ed ward H. Foley, Jr., Bernard Bernstein, John W. Pehle, and Joseph B. Friedman, on behalf of the United States, urging applicability of the Joint Resolution to the obligations involved; and by Messrs. Harry Hof man and Clifford B. Schuman, on behalf of Anglo-Continentale Treuhand, A. G., et al., bondholders.
Together with No. 495, Chemical Bank & Trust Co., Trustee, v. Henwood, Trustee, also on writ of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.

Opinion:
MR. Justice Black
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In the bankruptcy reorganization of the St. Louis Southwestern Railway Company, a Missouri Corporation, petitioners filed claims for bondholders. They asserted a right under the bonds to be paid in Dutch guilders, and asked that their claims — based upon guilder value — be allowed for $37,335,525.12. The trustee in bankruptcy contended, and the courts below held that the Joint Resolution of June 5, 1933, made the bonds dischargeable by payment of current legal tender United States money, and petitioners' claims were accordingly allowed for $21,638,000.00, the face amount of their bonds in dollars.
These bonds, secured by a trust mortgage, were issued and sold in the United States in 1912. Purchasers paid and the railroad received United States dollars, and until 1936 interest was regularly paid in dollars.
The asserted right to guilder payment rests upon a provision of the bonds concededly granting holders an option to elect payment in dollars, guilders, pounds, marks, or francs. This multiple currency provision was authorized by the following terms of the mortgage securing the bonds:
". . . the . . . Bonds may be payable, at the option of the holder, both as to principal and interest, at some one or more of the following places in addition to the City of--New York, and in the moneys current at such respective places.of payment, at the following rates of exchange or equivalents of $1,000, viz.: In London, England, £205.15.2 Sterling, or in Amsterdam, Holland, 2490 guilders, or in Berlin, Germany, 4200 marks, D. R. W., or in Paris, France, 5180 francs; . . ."
The bonds themselves provide:
"St. Louis Southwestern Railway Company, . for value received, hereby promises to pay to the bearer, or, if registered; to the registered holder, of this bond, on the first day of January, 1952, at its office or agency in the Borough of Manhattan, City and State of New York, One Thousand Dollars in gold coin of the United States of America, of or equal to the standard of weight and fineness as it existed January 1, 1912, or in London, England, £205 15s 2d, or in Amsterdam, Holland, 2490 guilders, or in Berlin, Germany, marks 4200, D. R. W., or in Paris, France, 5180 francs, and to pay interest thereon, at the rate of five per cent, per annum, from the first day of January, 1912, in said respective currencies, semiannually ."
Since the parties agree that the terms of the bonds granted holders an option to elect payment in guilders, we must determine whether, despite this option, the Joint Resolution operated to make the bonds discharge-able in current United Státes legal tender — a dollar of legal tender to be repaid for every dollar borrowed.
Analysis of the terms of the Resolution discloses, first; that Congress declared certain types of contractual provisions against public policy in terms so broad as to include then existing contracts, as well as those thereafter to be made. In addition, future use of such proscribed provisions was expressly prohibited, whether actually contained in an obligation payable in money of the United States or separately "made with respect thereto." This proscription embraced "every provision" purporting to give an obligee a right to require payment in (1) gold; (2) a particular kind of coin or currency of the United States; or (3) in an amount of United States money measured by gold or a particular kind of United States coin or currency.
Having thus unmistakably stamped illegality upon both outstanding and future contractual provisions designed to require payment by debtors in a frozen money value rather than in a dollar of legal tender current at date of payment, Congress — apparently to obviate any possible misunderstanding as to the breadth of its objective — added, with studied precision, a catchall second sentence sweeping in "every obligation," existing or future, "payable in money of the United States," irrespec tive of "whether or not any such provision is contained therein or made with respect thereto." The obligations hit at by Congress were those "payable in money of the United States." All such obligations were declared dis-chargeable "upon payment, dollar for dollar, in any coin or currency [of the United States] which at the time of payment is legal tender for public and private debts." It results that if petitioners' claims rest upon "obligation [s] . . . payable in money of the United States," by the terms of the Resolution they shall be discharged upon payment of current legal tender dollars equal to the number of dollars promised in gold or a particular kind of money. Decision must therefore turn upon the nature of the "obligation [s] . . . incurred" by the railroad in its bond contracts of 1912.
These bonds provide that, "For a description of the property and franchises mortgaged, the nature and extent of the security, the rights of the holders of said bonds under the same and the terms and conditions upon which such bonds are issued and secured, reference is made to the . . . Mortgage." In determining the nature of the railroad's obligation, we, accordingly, look both to the mortgage and the bonds. It appears that—
The railroad executed the mortgage *in 1912 to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York as trustee, to secure forty-year mortgage bonds "limited to an aggregate principal amount of One Hundred Million Dollars ($100,000,000.00) at any one time* outstanding . to be payable on the first day of January, 1952, with interest at the rate of five per cent per annum payable semiannually . . the bonds are payable optionally in for-' eign currencies as indicated above; registration in New York is required of bonds subjected to registration; to be valid all bonds must be authenticated by the Guaranty Trust Company in New York; non-coupon bonds and coupon bonds are interchangeable upon request, but non-coupon bonds contain no option for payment in foreign currencies; the New York trustee is granted broad supervisory powers (for the benefit of the bondholders) oyer finances and operations of the railroad; the railroad is required to keep an office in New York where bonds and coupons can be presented for payment, but is not required to keep any foreign offices; in the event of default in payment of bonds or coupons, the New York trustee is authorized, through its agents or attorneys, to take charge of the mortgaged property, to sell under foreclosure proceedings in the United States, and to protect bondholders' interests by employment of attorneys and institution of judicial proceedings either in law or equity; "for the equal benefit of all holders of . . . outstanding bonds and coupons"; should the Guaranty Trust Company resign as Trustee, the bondholders may designate another which, however, 'must always be a trust company having an office in the Borough of Manhattan, in the City of New York, N. Y."
The mortgaged property is located in the United States; the trustee was required to be a New York trust company; enforcement of the trust security, collection of bonds and interest, employment of attorneys, institution of legal proceedings and distribution of assembled assets, were all responsibilities placed upon the trustee located in New York, and obviously contemplated that any. necessary judicial proceedings would be had in this country under the governing law of the United States. Both the mortgage and bonds are domestic obligations, and the law of this country must determine their interpretation, their nature, and the obligations enforceable under them. The Joint Resolution thus must govern if the bonds are, within its terms, "obligation [s] . . . payable in money of the United States."
In their construction of the bonds, petitioners urge that each of the alternative promises to pay in- a foreign currency is a separate and independent "obligation" to pay. From this, they argue that the only "obligation" for which enforcement is here sought is one "payable" in guilders which must be treated as though it were an entirely separate and independent promise of the railroad. But the railroad undertook only a single obligation to repay the money it borrowed. Repayment of that money might be called for in any one, but only one, of the five different types of money. This, however, did not divide the railroad's undertaking to repay into five separate and independent obligations to repay the same loan. Payment under the contract in any one of the currencies selected by the bondholder would discharge the entire single obligation of the, debtor. Payment in guilders, after payment in guilders was elected, would nonetheless discharge an obligation which prior to such election and payment was an obligation also payable in United States dollars. The language of the Joint Resolution was intended to refer to a monetary obligation in its entirety. That which the Joint Resolution made dis-chargeable was the debt — the monetary obligation ,to pay. This debtor's obligation was a .monetary obligation. The foreign currencies promised were not bartered for as commodities, but their function was that of money to be paid in countries in which they were legal tender and upon them interest was to be paid. Interest is not paid on commodities but on monetary obligations. And these promises in alternative currencies were not separate and independent contracts or obligations, but were parts of one and the same monetary obligation of the debtor.
The point is made, however, that this obligation of the railroad was never payable in United States money because the option to receive payment in dollars has never been exercised. Conceding that one meaning of "payable" is "capable of being paid," petitioners nevertheless urge that the use of this meaning should not be attributed to Congress, but that instead we must narrow and restrict "payable" to mean an absolute and unconditional obligation. But the railroad, since the day its bonds were issued,- was under obligation to hold itself prepared to pay United States money — or any one of the optional currencies. And, on the date the Resolution went into effect, no election had been made so that the railroad was, at that time, still under obligation to pay dollars. If prior to election by the holders the railroad was under no obligation to pay United States money, it was likewise under no obligation to pay any money, United States or otherwise, although it then had outstanding a $100,000,000.00 mortgage on all of its properties. Neither in logic nor law can it be said that the railroad's promise, secured by a $100,000,000.00 mortgage, to pay in any one of five currencies was not an obligation payable in any currency until express election of payment in a particular currency was made. Legal rights and obligations came into existence when the contracts for purchase of the bonds were completed. Since the words "obligation [s] . . . payable in money of the United States" are clearly broad enough to require inclusion of these multiple currency obligations, there is no justification here for restricting the meaning of these words of the Resolution. Consideration of the evils aimed at leaves no doubt but that such restriction would do violence to the intention of the Congress.
The report of the Senate Committee on the Resolution opens with words reyealing its purpose. It is there stated that "Certain questions of interpretation have arisen with respect to the legislation empowering the President to prevent the withdrawal and hoarding of gold and the provision of the Thomas amendment making all coins and currencies legal tender for all debts. Additional and immediate legislation is necessary to remove the disturbing effect of this uncertainty and to insure the success of the p'olicy by closing possible legal loopholes and removing inconsistencies." (Italics supplied.) The comprehensive language of the Resolution was intended— as by its terms it did — to close "legal loopholes" contributing to "dislocation of the domestic economy which would be caused by such a disparity of conditions in which, it is insisted, those debtors under gold clauses should be required to pay one dollar and sixty-nine cents in currency while respectively receiving their taxes, rates, charges and prices on the basis of one dollar of that currency." Here, the admitted purpose of the multiple currency provision supplementing the gold clause was the same as that óf the gold clause itself, that is, to afford creditors of United States debtors on domestic money obligations contractual protection against possible depreciation of United States money. It was a plan, wholly legal when contrived, specifically designed to require debtors to pay 1912 gold dollars or fixed amounts in foreign currencies which were the exact equivalents of gold dollars in 1912. In purpose, pattern and, as shown-here, in result, the multiple currency provision is identical with the practice Congress declared to be, against public policy; and it furthers a mischief which the Resolution was enacted to end.
The mischief Congress intended to end will not end if the multiple currency provision of these bonds is held to be unaffected by the Resolution. Congress sought to outlaw all contractual provisions which require debtors, who have bound themselves to pay United States dollars, to pay a greater number of dollars than promised. The Resolution intended that debtors under obligation to pay dollars should not have their debts tied to any fixed value of particular money, but that their entire obligations should be measured by and tied to the actual number of dollars promised, dollar for dollar. A multiple currency provision was inserted in. these bonds in order to tie this debtor to a fixed value of particular money, and, relying upon this provision, petitioners demand more dollars than promised in the bonds. The provision is thus clearly at cross purposes with the Resolution. By a simple mathematical calculation translating! guilder value into dollar value, petitioners will, if the Resolution is not applied to them, enforce the obligations of this debtor, not dollar for dollar as the Resolution provides, but more than a dollar and a half for every dollar borrowed, and the purpose of Congress, that no such premium need be paid, will be completely defeated.
When the Joint Resolution was enacted the railroad had by its promise assumed obligations to pay its bonds in dollars; its obligations were therefore "payable in money of the United States" and so fall squarely within the letter, as well as the spirit of the Resolution making obligations dischargeable by payment of current United States legal tender money.
There remains the argument of petitioners that the Resolution, if construed to forbid enforcement of the option to demand payment in guilders, nullifies contractual rights in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. But, as has already been pointed out, the contracts on which the claims for guilders rest are domestic obligations, controlled by and to be interpreted under the law of the United States. And contracts be tween private parties cannot create vested rights which serve to restrict and limit an exercise of a constitutional power of Congress. These bonds and their securing mortgage were created subject not only to the exercise by Congress of its constitutional power "to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin," but also to "the full authority of the Congress in relation to the currency." The-extent of that authority of Congress has been recently pointed out: "The broad and comprehensive national authority over the subjects of revenue, finance and currency is derived from the aggregate of the powers granted to the. Congress, embracing the powers to lay and collect taxes, to borrow money, to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several States, to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standards of weights and measures, and the added express power 'to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution' the other enumerated powers."
Under these powers, Congress was authorized — as it did in the Resolution — to establish, regulate and control the national currency and to make that currency legal tender money for all purposes, including payment of domestic dollar obligations with options for payment in foreign currencies. Whether it was "wise and expedient" to do so was, under the Constitution, a determination to be made by the Congress. The Resolution that made these creditors' bonds dischargeable in the same United States legal tender which other creditors in this country must accept, does not contravene the Fifth Amendment.
Our conclusion that the Joint Resolution makes petitioners' claims in bankruptcy allowable dollar for dollar renders consideration of subsidiary questions unnecessary.
The judgments are
Affirmed.
48 Stat. 112, 31 U. S. C. 463.
98 F. 2d 160, 179. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit previously held to the contrary, Anglo-Continentale Treuhand, A. G. v. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 81 F. 2d 11, cert. den. 298 U. S. 655, and the Court of Appeals of New York did likewise in Zurich General & A. L. Ins. Co. v. Bethlehem Steel Co., and Anglo-Continentale Treuhand v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 279 N. Y. 495, 790; 18 N. E. 2d 673; 19 N. E. 2d 89; post, p. 265. Because of the divergence of views on this important question, we granted certiorari, 305 U. S. 588.
"Joint Resolution
"To assure uniform value to the coins and currencies of the United States.
"Whereas the holding of or dealing in gold affect the public interest, and are therefore subject to proper regulation and restriction; and
"Whereas the existing emergency has disclosed that provisions of obligations which purport to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or a particular kind of coin or currency of the United States, or in an amount in money of the United States measured thereby, obstruct the power of the Congress to regulate the value of the money of the United States, and are inconsistent with the declared policy of the Congress to maintain at all times the equal power of every dollar, coined or issued by the United States, in the markets and in' the payment of debts. Now, therefore, be it
"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That (a) every provision contained in or made with respect to any obligation which purports to give the obligee a right to require payment in gold or a particular kind of coin or currency, or in an amount in money of the United States measured thereby, is declared to-be against public policy; and no such provision shall be contained in or made with respect to any obligation hereafter incurred. Every obligation, heretofore or hereafter incurred, whether or not any such provision is contained therein or made with respect thereto, shall be discharged upon payment, dollar for dollar, in any coin or currency which at the time of payment is legal tender for public and private debts. Any such provision contained in any law authorizing obligations to be issued by or under authority of the United States, is hereby repealed, but the repeal of any such provision shall not invalidate any other provision or authority contained in such law.
"(b) As uséd in this resolution, the term 'obligation' means an obligation (including every obligation of and to the United States, excepting currency) payable in money of the United States; and the term 'coin or currency' means coin or currency of the United States, including Federal Reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and national banking associations.
. "Sec. 2. The last sentence of paragraph (1) of subsection (b) of section 43 of the Act entitled 'An Act to relieve the existing national economic emergency by increasing agricultural purchasing power, to raise revenue for extraordinary expenses incurred by reason of such emergency, to provide emergency relief with respect to agricultural indebtedness, to provide for the orderly liquidation of joint-stock land banks, and for other purposes', approved May 12, 1933, is amended to read as follows:
" 'All coins and currencies of the United States (including Federal Reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and national banking associations) heretofore or hereafter coined or issued, shall be legal tender for all debts, public and private, public charges, taxes, duties, and dues, except that gold coins, when below the standard weight and limit of tolerance provided by law for the single piece, shall be legal tender only at valuation in proportion to their actual weight.'
"Approved, June 5, 1933, 4.40 p. m."
Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 397, 453, 459; United States v. North Carolina, 136 U. S. 211, 222; R. v. International Trustee, [1937] 2 All E. R. 164; Mount Albert Borough Council v. Australasian, T. & G. S. Life Assurance Soc., [1938] A. C. 224; Judgment of the Supreme Court of Sweden, (Jan. 30, 1937), reported in Bulletin de.L'Institut Juridique International, April, 1937, pp. 327, 334.
Holyoke Power Co. v. Paper Co., 300 U. S. 324, 335-336; Norman v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., 294 U. S. 240, 302.
48 Stat. 51, § 43.
Sen. Rep. No. 99, 73d Cong., ist Sess.
Norman v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., supra, 315-16.
Norman v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., supra, 306-311; cf., Home Bldg. & L. Assn. v. Blaisdell, 290 U. S. 398, 435.
Norman v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., supra, 303.
Juilliard v. Greenman (Legal Tender Case), 110 U. S. 421, 448, 450.