Case Name: STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Steven DeWayne DANIELS, Appellant
Court: Iowa Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Iowa
Decision Date: 1998-12-23
Citations: 588 N.W.2d 682
Docket Number: No. 97-1957
Parties: STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Steven DeWayne DANIELS, Appellant.
Judges: Considered by HARRIS, P. J., and LARSON, CARTER, NEUMAN, and TERNUS, JJ.
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 588
Pages: 682–686

Head Matter:
STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Steven DeWayne DANIELS, Appellant.
No. 97-1957.
Supreme Court of Iowa.
Dec. 23, 1998.
Linda Del Gallo, State Appellate Defender, and David Arthur Adams, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Robert P. Ewald and James Kivi, Assistant Attorneys General, and John E. Sehroeder, County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by HARRIS, P. J., and LARSON, CARTER, NEUMAN, and TERNUS, JJ.

Opinion:
NEUMAN, Justice.
Steven DeWayne Daniels challenges the sentences imposed on his convictions for first-degree burglary and assault while participating in a felony. Claiming the assault charge merges with the burglary offense under the alternative charged, Daniels argues for resentencing on constitutional and statutory grounds. Finding no error, we affirm.
A jury could have found the following facts. While high on methamphetamine and armed with a .410 shotgun, Daniels forced his way into the home of Jenice Cavin. Cavin is the mother of Daniels' former girlfriend, Shi Murphy. Cavin, as well as Murphy and Ca-vin's granddaughter, were all in the house when Daniels announced they were about to die. When Cavin questioned him, Daniels struck her severely about -the head and shoulders with the shotgun. Cavin then fled out the back door. Daniels followed her, firing his shotgun at her before returning to the house. Murphy, meanwhile, contacted the sheriff who shortly arrived on the scene.
The State charged Daniels with attempted murder, first-degree burglary, assault while participating in a felony, terrorism, and as a felon in possession of a firearm. Before trial Daniels pleaded guilty to the firearm possession charge. A jury returned guilty verdicts on all the other charges.
On appeal Daniels challenges only the consecutive sentences entered on his convictions for first-degree burglary, see Iowa Code § 713.1, .3 (1995), and assault while participating in a felony, see Iowa Code § 708.3. He complains he has been punished twice for the same offense, in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution and Iowa's merger statute. See U.S. Const, amend. V; Iowa Code § 701.9.
We review Daniels' constitutional claim de novo, his statutory claim at law. State v. Perez, 563 N.W.2d 625, 627 (Iowa 1997).
I. In several recent cases this court has observed that our merger statute, Iowa Code section 701.9, codifies the protection from cumulative punishment secured by the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution. See, e.g., State v. Anderson, 565 N.W.2d 340, 344 (Iowa 1997); State v. Halliburton, 539 N.W.2d 339, 344 (Iowa 1995); State v. Gallup, 500 N.W.2d 437, 445 (Iowa 1993). By its terms, the merger statute protects a person from conviction "of a public offense which is necessarily included in another public offense of which the person is convicted." Iowa Code § 701.9. If a jury returns a verdict conflicting with this statute, the court must enter judgment on the greater offense only. Id.; see Iowa R.Crim. P. 6(2) (defendant may be convicted of offeiise charged, or an included offense, but not both).
The merger statute, like its constitutional counterpart, operates as a check on the courts, not the legislature. Perez, 563 N.W.2d at 627. " [Legislatures are not constrained by the Double Jeopardy Clause from defining crimes and fixing punishments." Id. Iowa Code section 701.9 merely "prevents a court from imposing a greater punishment than the legislature intended." Halliburton, 539 N.W.2d at 344.
Legislative intent to impose multiple punishment, when more than one offense is charged from a single incident, may be discerned from the plain text of the pertinent statutes. Perez, 563 N.W.2d at 628. Here, however, the parties' dispute centers on application of the familiar "legal elements test." Application of the test involves comparing the elements of the two offenses to see "whether it is possible to commit the greater offense without also committing the lesser offense." Halliburton, 539 N.W.2d at 344. If one of the crimes may be committed in alternate ways, "the alternative submitted to the jury controls" the comparison. Anderson, 565 N.W.2d at 344. Pertinent to this appeal, Iowa Code section 713.1 defines burglary to include unlawful entry with intent to commit "a felony, assault, or theft." First-degree burglary, defined by section 713.3, may be established by proof that the burglary occurred at an occupied structure, or while the burglar possessed an incendiary device or dangerous weapon, or if the burglar intentionally or recklessly inflicted bodily injury on one of the occupants.
II. Daniels argues that it is impossible to commit first-degree burglary, instructed under the "intent to commit an assault" alternative, without also committing assault while participating in a felony where burglary is the predicate felony. He claims the elements of each offense are identical. The State counters that the elements do not match up because first-degree burglary requires proof of unlawful entry into an occupied structure plus intent to commit an assault; assault while participating in a felony requires proof of actual assault.
A comparison of the instructions submitted to the jury furnishes persuasive support for the State's argument. The court explained the essential elements of the crimes this way:
(Emphasis added.) The court also gave the following definition of assault:
Assault is committed when a person does an act which is meant to cause pain or injury, result in physical contact which will be insulting or offensive or place another person in fear of immediate physical contact which will be painful, injurious, insulting or offensive to another person, when coupled with apparent ability to do the act.
Juxtaposing the two crimes, it appears plain to us that assault while participating in a felony contains an element not essential to proof of first-degree burglary, that is, commission of an assault. In other words, it is possible to commit first-degree burglary, under the intent-to-assault alternative, without actually assaulting someone. See State v. McNitt, 451 N.W.2d 824, 825 (Iowa 1990) (applying the "impossibility test" articulated in State v. Jeffries, 430 N.W.2d 728, 740 (Iowa 1988)). As the State rightfully notes, this would occur if a person broke into a house with the intent of assaulting the occupant but then, before completing the assault, abandoned the enterprise.
We thus hold that assault while participating in a felony is not a lesser included offense of first-degree burglary under the intent-to-assault alternative. Our conclusion is fortified by comparing this case to State v. Hernandez, 538 N.W.2d 884 (Iowa App.1995). There the defendant was charged with burglary in the first degree under the "intentionally or recklessly • inflicts bodily injury" alternative. Hernandez, 538 N.W.2d at 888. Our court of appeals concluded that the companion crime of assault while participating in a felony was a lesser included offense under that scenario because it is impossible to commit the former crime without also committing the latter. Id.
The factual scenario before us differs from Hernandez, but the controlling legal principle is the same. The record establishes that Daniels forcibly entered the Cavin residence with the intent to assault one or more of its occupants. This constituted proof of burglary. While committing that felony, Daniels assaulted Jenice Cavin. These facts furnished proof of a second crime. Yet the second crime, assault, is not necessarily included in the first crime, burglary. Cf. State v. Mead, 318 N.W.2d 440, 446 (Iowa 1982) (burglary not a lesser included offense of assault while participating in a felony because conviction of assault not dependent on successful completion of burglary).
Because Daniels has not shown double punishment for the same offense or, correspondingly, violation of our merger statute, his claim of illegal sentence must fail.
AFFIRMED.
All justices concur except CARTER, J., who concurs specially.