Case Name: James L. Gandy v. State of Nebraska
Court: Nebraska Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Nebraska
Decision Date: 1906-12-21
Citations: 77 Neb. 782
Docket Number: No. 14,884
Parties: James L. Gandy v. State of Nebraska.
Judges: 
Reporter: Nebraska Reports
Volume: 77
Pages: 782–787

Head Matter:
James L. Gandy v. State of Nebraska.
Filed December 21, 1906.
No. 14,884.
1. 'Witness, Bribery of: Information. An. information for tbe crime of attempting to corrupt a witness must allege that the person sought to he corrupted was a witness; that the defendant knew such person to he a witness, or must state such facts constituting the offense as show conclusively that the defendant had such knowledge. "
2. —■-. One who has not been summoned or recognized as a witness in a pending suit, and who is not acquainted with either of the parties thereto, and has no knowledge of any fact either direct or collateral which may he the subject of inquiry therein, is not a witness within the meaning of section 164 of the criminal code.
3.-: Evidence. On the trial of one charged with the crime of attempting to corrupt a witness, it is reversible error to allow the state to introduce evidence tending to show that the defendant offered a person the sum of $500 to steal a written instrument called a certain power of attorney, where the information contains no charge of that kind or nature.
Erkor to tbe district court for Nemaha county: John B. Rarer, Judge.
Reversed.
Edwin Falloon, O. F. Reavis and S. P. Davidson, for plaintiff in error.
Norris Brown, Attorney General and W. T. Thompson, contra.

Opinion:
Barnes, J.
James L. Gandy, hereafter called the defendant, was convicted of a violation of section 164 of the criminal code, which provides: "If any person shall attempt to corrupt or influence any juror or witness, either by promises, threáts, letters, money, or any other undue means, either directly or indirectly, every person so offending shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $500 or imprisoned in the penitentiary not more than five years nor less than one year." From the judgment and sentence of the district court for Nemaha county based on such conviction he brings the case to this court by a petition in error. His petition contains a large number of assignments, but few of which will be considered in this opinion.
1. The first question to be determined is defendant's contention that the trial court erred in. overruling his demurrer to the amended information. It is urged that the omission to allege that the defendant knew the person sought to be corrupted was a witness renders the information fatally defective. In support of this our attention is directed to the case of State v. Howard, 66 Minn. 309, where it was said: "An indictment for the crime of offering a bribe to a juror, under the provisions of Gen. St. 1894, sec. 6348, must directly allege that the person to whom the bribe was offered was a juror; that the defendant knew it; also, what Avas offered, naming it, and the fact that it was of value; and that it was offered with intent to influence the action of the juror as such." An examination of the Minnesota statute discloses that, like our oavu, it fails to set forth all that is essential to constitute the offense intended to be punished. It will be observed by an examination of the section of our statute on Avhich this prosecution is founded that it simply names or defines the crime sought to be punished by its legal result, and does not purport to set forth all of the elements of the offense. In such a case an indictment or information in the Avords of the statute is not sufficient. State v. Carpenter, 54 Vt. 552; State v. Smith, 11 Or. 205, 8 Pac. 343; Collins v. State, 25 Tex. Supp. 204. And this does not conflict with the other Avell-established general rule that an indictment or information for a' statutory crime is generally sufficient if it follows the language of the statute, for this is the exception to such general rule. It is claimed by the state, hoAvever, that Chrisman v. State, 18 Neb. 107, announces a contrary doctrine. ' We do not so understand that decision. The question there decided was whether flie indictment charged that the person sought to be corrupted was a witness. And it was held that the language of the indictment was sufficient to so charge. It may be stated, in passing, that the indictment in that case contained the allegation that the defendant well knew that the person sought to be corrupted Avas a witness. We are therefore of opinion that in such case the information should charge that the defendant knew the person sought fo be corrupted A\ras a Avitness, or should contain such a statement of facts as would lead to the irresistible conclusion that the defendant had such knowledge. The information in this case charges in express terms that Fisher was a witness in the civil case of Gandy v. Estate of Bissell (deceased), and then sets forth facts relating to the conduct of the defendant which, if true, show conclusively that lie knew Fisher was to be a witness in tliat case. We therefore bold that the information is sufficient to charge a violation of the section in question, and the demurrer thereto «•as properly overruled.
2. It is. also contended that the evidence does not support the charge contained in the information and is insufficient to sustain the verdict, for the reason that it shows conclusively that Fisher was not a witness within the meaning of section 164 above quoted. This requires us to determine who is a -witness within the meaning of the statute on which this prosecution is founded. A witness, in the strict legal sense of the term, means one who gives evidence in a cause before a court. Barker v. Coit, 1 Root (Conn.), 224. In 29 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (1st ed.), p. 583, note, it is said a witness is "a person who, being present before a court, magistrate, or examining officer, orally declares what he has seen or heard or done relative to a matter in question." When the books speak of a witness, they always mean one who gives oral testimony. United States v. Wood, 14 Pet. (U. S.) 455. In Bliss v. Shuman, 47 Me. 248, it was said: "The word witness is a most general term, including all persons from whose lips testimony is extracted to be used in any judicial proceeding." If we were to apply this rule, it could not be contended for a moment that Fisher was a witness. It is our opinion, however, that the word "witness," as used in the statute in question, should receive a broader and more general definition. 8 Words and Phrases, p. 7511, defines a witness to be one who has knowledge of a fact. See, also, State v. Desforges, 47 La. Ann. 1167, 17 So. 811. A witness is one who has knowledge of a fact or occurrence sufficient- to testify in respect to it. In re Losee's Will, 34 N. Y. Supp. 1120. We are unable to find a broader and more general definition of the word than those above quoted. Applying this rule to the facts disclosed by the evidence in this case, Ave are satisfied that Fisher was not a witness within the meaning of the statute. He testified j>ositively that be was a stranger in Nebraska, that be bad never beard of tbe case of Gandy v. Estate of Bissell; that be never knew any of tbe parties to tbe action; that be knew nothing in regard to any fact relating to it; and that be never intended to be a witness in that case. His evidence was that Gandy sought to induce him to become' a witness; that he paid him a certain sum of money, trifling in amount; told him to go to tbe bouse of one* of bis tenants, and that later be would tell him Avhat he wanted him to testify to. He also said that Gandy offered him $500 to steal a certain writing, called "a power of attorney," from one Hawley, who be was told was a witness in tbe case above mentioned. So, it is apparent that, if tbe evidence of tbe prosecution is true, when Gandy approached Fisher be (Fislier) was not a witness within the meaning of tbe statute, and never intended to become one. So, it would seem that tbe defendant's contention that the evidence discloses an attempt to suborn perjury, and does not support a charge of attempting to corrupt a witness, is well founded. While the action of tbe defendant was reprehensible in tbe extreme, and well calculated to pervert justice, yet we are satisfied that it is not covered by tbe statue under which the prosecution is brought. Tbe facts of tbe case present a matter for proper legislative rather than for judicial action. So, we are of opinion that tbe evidence in this- case is insufficient to support tbe verdict.
3. It is further contended that tbe court erred in permitting tbe witness Fisher to testify, over proper objections, that tbe defendant offered him $500 to steal the power of attorney above mentioned. An examination of the information discloses that no such charge is 'contained therein. Neither is that matter mentioned in setting out the facts constituting the crime charged. So while it is not necessary to determine this question, yet it is not improper for us to say that the rule is quite general that to receive evidence on the part of the prosecution of facts tending to prove other and extrinsic charges which relate to some offense n<it contained in the information, on the trial of one charged with crime, is reversible error.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings according to law.
Reversed.