Case Name: Jacob R. VALDEZ, Petitioner, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Respondent
Court: Colorado Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Colorado
Decision Date: 1998-09-21
Citations: 966 P.2d 587
Docket Number: No. 97SC461
Parties: Jacob R. VALDEZ, Petitioner, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Respondent.
Judges: Justice SCOTT concurs. Justice KOURLIS dissents, and Justice HOBBS and Justice RICE join in the dissent.
Reporter: Pacific Reporter 2d
Volume: 966
Pages: 587–603

Head Matter:
Jacob R. VALDEZ, Petitioner, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Respondent.
No. 97SC461.
Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.
Sept. 21, 1998.
David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, Elizabeth Griffin, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, Attorneys for Petitioner.
Gale A. Norton, Attorney General, Martha Phillips Allbright, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Richard A. Westfall, Solicitor General, John Daniel Dailey, Deputy Attorney General, Robert Mark Russel, First Assistant Attorney General, John J. Krause, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Enforcement Section, Denver, Colorado, Attorneys for Respondent.

Opinion:
Chief Justice MULLARKEY
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
We granted certiorari to review the court of appeals' decision in People v. Valdez, 946 P.2d 491 (Colo.App.1997), upholding the trial court's determination that the defendant, Jacob R. Valdez (Valdez), failed to establish a prima facie showing of racial discrimination during the jury selection process. We now reverse.
I.
In February 1995, a jury convicted the defendant of theft from an at-risk adult, attempted theft from an at-risk adult, two counts of second degree burglary, two counts of criminal impersonation, and of being a habitual criminal. The charges stemmed from two incidents in July of 1994 when three men who represented themselves as public service or water employees entered the homes of two elderly people, and then stole or attempted to steal items from the homes. As a result of the convictions, the Denver District Court (trial court) sentenced the defendant to thirty years in the Department of Corrections.
During the jury selection process, the trial court rejected the defendant's argument that the prosecutor used- his peremptory strikes to remove potential jurors on account of their race. The court of appeals agreed with the trial court and affirmed the convictions, but remanded for correction of the mittimus, The defendant now raises his claim of racial discrimination in the jury selection process,
II.
"A person's race simply is unrelated to his [or her] fitness as a juror." See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 87, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986) (citations omitted). In Batson, the United States Supreme Court affirmed a principle that was established well over a century ago: the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees to the defendant that the state will not discriminate on account of race in the jury selection process. See id. at 85-86, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (citing Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303, 306-08, 25 L.Ed. 664 (1879)); see also Colo. Const. art. II, § 25. Additionally, the United States Supreme Court stated:
The harm from discriminatory jury selection extends beyond that inflicted on the defendant and the excluded juror to touch the entire community. Selection procedures that purposefully exclude black persons from juries undermine public confidence in the fairness of our system of justice.
See Batson, 476 U.S. at 87, 106 S.Ct. 1712.
Subsequently, the United States Supreme Court expanded the reach of Batson, As relevant to this case, the Supreme Court in Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991), held that the defendant need not be a member of a cognizable racial group capable of being singled out for differential treatment, and need not share the same racial identity with the excluded potential juror. See id. at 415-16, 111 S.Ct. 1364 (holding that while racial identity between the defendant and the excused person may be a factor in some cases, it is not a prerequisite for a defendant raising a Batson challenge). Here the defendant is Hispanic, and he claims discrimination in jury selection based on race, African American.
"Batson outlines a three-step process for evaluating claims of racial discrimination in jury selection under the Equal Protection Clause." People v. Cerrone, 854 P.2d 178, 185 (Colo.1993) (citing Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 358-59, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991); Batson, 476 U.S. at 93-98, 106 S.Ct. 1712). The burden of persuasion is always on the party who alleges discrimination in jury selection. See Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995); Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 185.
In the type of case now before us, the first step of the Batson analysis requires that the defendant make a prima facie showing that the prosecution excluded a potential juror or jurors because of race. See Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 185. To establish a prima facie showing, the defendant: (1) must demonstrate that the prosecution struck from the jury a member of a cognizable racial group; (2) can rely on the fact that "peremptory challenges constitute a jury selection practice that permits those to discriminate who are of a mind to discriminate"; and (3) must show that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an inference of purposeful discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-98, 106 S.Ct. 1712. The trial court must consider all relevant circumstances in determining whether a prima facie ease has been made. See id. at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. 1712.
The prima facie standard is not a high one; the defendant is not required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that discrimination occurred. Rather, the defendant must present evidence sufficient to raise an inference that discrimination occurred. See id.
If the defendant establishes a prima facie case in step one of the Batson analysis, the burden of production shifts to the prosecution to come forward with a race-neutral explanation. See Purkett, 514 U.S. at 767, 115 S.Ct. 1769. The prosecution cannot satisfy its burden of production in step two by merely denying that the prosecutor had a racially discriminatory motive, see Batson, 476 U.S. at 94, 106 S.Ct. 1712, but the prosecution need not provide an explanation that is persuasive or even plausible, so long as the reason is facially race-neutral. See Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768-69, 115 S.Ct. 1769 (holding that proffered explanation of strike due to long, unkempt hair, a mustache, and a beard of the potential juror satisfied step two of Batson analysis). Again, the burden in step two is not high. • The prosecution need only proffer a racially-neutral explanation for its action.
If the race-neutral reason is tendered, then the trial court moves on to the third and final step in which it must determine whether the opponent of the strike has proven purposeful racial discrimination. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 106 S.Ct. 1712. The defendant must have the opportunity to rebut the prosecution's race-neutral explanation by showing, for example, that it is pretext. See Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 191 n. 22; People v. Mendoza, 876 P.2d 98, 101-02 (Colo.App.1994). The court then must determine the merits of the Batson challenge on the basis of all the evidence before it. The question is whether the court can find by a preponderance of the evidence that one or more potential jurors were excluded because of race. See Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 191.
The standard of review we apply on appeal depends upon which step of the Bat-son analysis is before us. It is well settled that the trial court's determination in the third step of the Batson analysis of actual racial discrimination is an issue of fact to which we afford due deference and review only for clear error'. See Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 364, 111 S.Ct. 1859; Cerrone, 354 P.2d at 191. However, we apply a de novo standard when reviewing the second step of the Batson analysis. The issue in the second step is the facial validity of the reason articulated by the prosecution, see Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, which is a question of law warranting de novo review, see Hurd v. Pittsburg State Univ., 109 F.3d 1540, 1546 (10th Cir.1997); United States v. Sneed, 34 F.3d 1570, 1580 (10th Cir.1994).
This court has not previously considered the appropriate standard of review applicable to the prima facie showing in the first step of the Batson analysis. Traditionally, judicial determinations are divided into three categories for the purposes of the standard of review: (1) questions of law which are reviewable de novo; (2) questions of fact which are reviewable for clear error; and (3) matters of discretion which are reviewable for abuse of discretion. See Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 558, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988). The court of appeals stated that the standard of review on a prima facie showing is abuse of discretion and cited People v. Gardenhire, 903 P.2d 1159 (Colo.App.1995), as well as numerous federal and out-of-state cases to support this proposition. Indeed, the court of appeals in Gardenhire and People v. Hughes, 946 P.2d 509 (Colo.App.1997), and a number of federal courts of appeal have afforded great deference to the trial court's resolution of whether or not a defendant established a prima facie showing of discrimination under Batson. See Gardenhire, 903 P.2d at 1164; Hughes, 946 P.2d at 518; United States v. Bergodere, 40 F.3d 512, 516 (1st Cir.1994); United States v. Vasquez-Lopez, 22 F.3d 900, 901 (9th Cir.1994); United States v. Moore, 895 F.2d 484, 485-86 (8th Cir.1990).
Conversely, a different panel of the court of appeals in People v. Portley, 857 P.2d 459, 463 (Colo.App.1992), explicitly rejected the abuse of discretion standard of review as to the initial step of the Batson inquiry. Moreover, the Tenth Circuit, as well as numerous out-of-state courts, has applied a de novo standard of review to the prima facie determination of the Batson analysis. See, e.g., United States v. Hartsfield, 976 F.2d 1349, 1355-56 (10th Cir.1992); State v. Sledd, 250 Kan. 15, 825 P.2d 114, 119 (Kan.1992); State v. Butler, 795 S.W.2d 680, 687 (Tenn.Crim.App.1990); State v. Pharris, 846 P.2d 454, 459 (Utah Ct.App.1993).
In considering the proper standard of review, we seek guidance from Title VII cases. See Sledd, 825 P.2d at 119 (citing Butler, 795 S.W.2d at 687, and referring to Title VII in determining that the court had plenary review over whether a prima facie case under Batson had been established); see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e (1994); Batson, 476 U.S. at 94 n. 18, 106 S.Ct. 1712 ("Our decisions concerning 'disparate treatment' under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have explained the operation of prima facie burden of proof rules."). Appropriately, the standard for a Title VII prima facie showing (i.e., whether the plaintiff raises an inference of illegal discrimination under McDonnell Douglas), see Furnco Constr. Corp. v. Waters, 438 U.S. 567, 576, 98 S.Ct. 2943, 57 L.Ed.2d 957 (1978), is similar to the prima facie standard under Batson.
In Fumco, the United States Supreme Court indicated that whether a plaintiff has made a Title VII prima facie showing is a matter of law. See Furnco, 438 U.S. at 575, 579, 98 S.Ct. 2943. Subsequently, some federal courts have applied a de novo standard of review to the trial court's prima facie determination under Title VII. See Hill v. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth., 841 F.2d 1533, 1538 (11th Cir.1988) (applying a de novo standard of review to cases dismissed for failure to make a prima facie case); Gay v. Waiters' & Dairy Lunchmen's Union, Local No. 30, 694 F.2d 531, 543 n. 10, 546 (9th Cir.1982). In GcCy, the court articulated that the clearly erroneous standard of review should not be applied to a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas because the dispositive question is a legal inquiry. Gay, 694 F.2d at 543 n. 10.
Therefore, although we afford deference to the trial court's ultimate determination of a Batson challenge in step three, we believe that the first step involves a question of legal sufficiency over which the appellate court must have plenary review. We continue to defer to the underlying factual findings, including any predicate credibility determinations of the trial court upon which its prima facie determination under Batson is based. However, we hold that the question of whether the defendant has established a prima facie case under Batson is a matter of law, and we apply a de novo standard of review to a trial court's prima facie determination of the Batson analysis. Thus, we reject the court of appeals' conclusion that the appropriate standard of review as to a prima facie case under Batson is whether the trial court abused its discretion. To the extent Garde-nhire and Hughes conflict with our determination that the standard of review for a prima facie showing under Batson is de novo, we overrule them.
III.
The defendant argues that the issue of whether a prima facie case under Batson was established is moot, and that the trial court should have completed the third step of the Batson analysis because the trial court completed step two under Batson by providing possible reasons for the prosecutor's peremptory strikes. The following conversation during jury selection occurred between the trial court and defense counsel:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: —on the Bat-son issue. Judge, I think that if the Court would go down and take a look at the bumps that the prosecutor used, I think he used five bumps. Three of them were to black people_ With regard to [Mr. P], there was nothing that I heard in any response that [Mr. P] gave that would be a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for booting him off of this jury.... There is a pattern that exists: five challenges exercised, three challenges made to African Americans,
[TRIAL COURT]: The Court is going to find, based upon [Mr. P's] questionnaire, that he does have a family member who has been convicted of a crime in the past ten years. I believe he is one of the few if not the only juror who answered that "yes" on his questionnaire.
Further, with regard to [Ms. M], she was doing nothing but trying to get off this jury in response to questions from me, the prosecutor and the defense attorney. She as much as said she wouldn't pay attention because she'd be worried about her work, so I'm not sure that this is a fair person to look at in terms of it being a pattern.
The Court is going to find, pursuant to the case law, that the defense has not made a proper prima facie showing. I will make that finding as well because [Mr. B], who was excused, was replaced by a black woman, and [Mr. T], who was one of the final jurors seated, is a black man. Also, [Ms. L], who remains, is a black woman, and I believe [Ms. B] is the other black member of the' — or African-American member of the jury panel. I think there are four African-Americans who remain on the jury, notwithstanding the People's challenges.
Just because I think it is probably the safest way in which to proceed, [prosecutor], I will ask you if you wish to make a record as to why you excused [Mr. P], notwithstanding my failure to find a prima facie ease shown by the Defense.
[PROSECUTOR]: Although I don't have to, Your Honor, and in most cases I probably would not, but just to make a record, I believe [Mr. P] was one of the individuals who indicated that he did have a family member who had been convicted, and I have that highlighted on the questionnaire, which was a concern. I asked him about it. His answer was not a quick answer, "No, I can be fair." he said, "Um, well," and he was hesitant, even when I asked him regarding that particular question. To me, that was an indication that it appeared that maybe there was something there. He did say and give the proper answer, that he thought he could be fair, but he appeared hesitant, and it was one of the matters that I highlighted with respect to [Mr. P],
[TRIAL COURT]: Thank you. I think the record on that is complete. You can excuse [Mr. P],
As a general matter, once the proponent of the challenged peremptory strike offers a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenge (i.e., the second step of Batson) and the trial court has ruled on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination (i.e., the third step of Batson), the preliminary issue of whether the defendant has made a prima facie showing becomes moot. See Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 186 n. 13 (citing Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359, 111 S.Ct. 1859 (plurality opinion)).
For purposes of our review, the defendant's argument that the prima facie issue under Batson is moot has no merit. Although the trial court improperly offered its own plausible reasons for the prosecutor's strikes, the trial court never reached steps two or three of the Batson analysis. Its ruling was limited to the prima facie issue. Thus, the prima facie issue under Batson is not moot, and applying a de novo standard of review, we must determine whether the defendant established a prima facie case under Batson.
IV.
Having ruled that the prima facie issue is not moot, we now turn to the defendant's argument that the trial court erred by ruling that he did not establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination under Batson. , We agree.
At trial, the defendant contended that the prosecutor's use of his peremptory challenges exhibited a pattern of racial discrimination and that one potential African-American juror, Mr. P, was struck because of his race. The defendant asserts that after the venire was passed for cause, there were seven African Americans in a venire of twenty-six (27%), and the prosecutor used three of his five challenges (60%) to eliminate potential African-American jurors. He contends that the prosecutor's use of 60% of his challenges against a cognizable group that only composed 27% of the venire is a pattern sufficient to raise an inference of discrimination.
It is well-established that African Americans constitute a cognizable racial group under Batson. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 100, 106 S.Ct. 1712. Additionally, a party objecting to a peremptory challenge can use statistical evidence to substantiate a prima facie case under Batson. See Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 189. However, "there is no magic number of challenged jurors which shifts the burden to the government to provide a neutral explanation for its actions." Turner v. Marshall, 63 F.3d 807, 812 (9th Cir.1995) (quoting United States v. Chinchilla, 874 F.2d 695, 698 (9th Cir.1989)).
Other courts have looked to statistics in determining whether a prima facie case under Batson is established. In Turner, 63 F.3d at 812-13, the court found a prima facie case under Batson when the prosecutor exercised 56% (five of nine) of his or her challenges against African Americans which composed approximately 30% of the venire. See also United States v. Alvarado, 923 F.2d 253, 255-56 (2d Cir.1991) (finding a Batson prima facie case when prosecutor had a challenge rate against members of a minority, which constituted 29% of the venire, of over 50%). We agree that the statistics in this case indicate a pattern of strikes against African Americans disproportionate to the percentage of African Americans in the venire; however, there are other factors we must consider.
While the prosecutor did use three of his five challenges exercised to strike potential jurors who were African American, the prosecutor did not exercise all of his seven peremptory challenges. Moreover, as the trial court noted, the defendant's theory of a dis criminatory pattern is further weakened by the fact that one of the potential African-American jurors excused by the prosecutor was replaced by another African American. This is an important consideration under the jury selection method used in this case because the prosecutor knew which potential juror would replace a potential juror whom he struck. The final jury consisted of four African Americans, a factor that is particularly significant in light of the prosecution's decision not to exercise all of its peremptory challenges. Compare United States v. Grandison, 885 F.2d 143, 147 (4th Cir.1989) (stating that the fact that proponent of the strike did not use available strikes against African Americans who served on final jury is significant in prima facie analysis under Batson) and People v. Saiz, 923 P.2d 197, 206 (Colo.App.1995) (holding that no prima facie case under Batson existed where six individuals with Spanish surnames were on the final jury) with Turner, 63 F.3d at 813 (stating trial judge may have impermissibly relied on fact that African Americans and members of other minorities remained on jury, without considering other factors) and People v. Baker, 924 P.2d 1186, 1189 (Colo.App.1996) (holding that use of peremptory challenge to strike the only venire member of a cognizable racial group establishes a prima facie case under Batson). Finally, the defendant failed to provide any evidence to the trial court which supported his theory that Mr. P. was only excused because of his race.
To supplement his prima facie argument under Batson, however, the defendant now advances two arguments. First, he contends that the prosecutor discriminately struck Mr. P while not striking Mr. D, a similarly-situated white juror. Second, he contends that the prosecutor improperly injected the issue of race into the voir dire by his statements during the beginning of voir dire. Neither argument was raised in the trial court and the question is whether either should be considered by this court.
The burden of persuasion is always on the defendant to present evidence of purposeful discrimination to the trial court under Batson. See Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769; Cerrone, 854 P.2d at 185. Turning to the first argument, the transcript indicates that Mr. D was part of the pool of thirty-four potential jurors. Originally, he was not one of the first twelve jurors and two alternates, but he moved into the rank of the twelve when another juror was removed by the exercise of a peremptory strike by the prosecution. Mr. D was seated before Mr. P was peremptorily challenged by the prosecutor. After Mr. P was stricken, both the prosecutor and the defense accepted Mr. D and he served on the jury.
After Mr. D was accepted by the prosecution, the defendant could have asserted that Mr. D was similarly situated to Mr. P and the prosecution's acceptance of Mr. D was evidence of racial discrimination. However, the defendant did not make the claim that the two potential jurors were similarly situated. Had he done so, that claim then could have been tested and determined as a factual matter by the trial court. As the record stands, we have no such determination. We cannot be finders of fact. Nor can we demand that, in every Batson challenge, the trial court must compare the struck juror(s) to all of the other potential jurors in order to determine if any of the other potential jurors were similarly situated to the struck juror(s). It was incumbent on the defense counsel to raise this argument to the trial court. If it was not apparent to the defense counsel that Mr. D was similarly situated to Mr. P, it is unreasonable to expect that the trial court should have noted the comparison on its own.
However, we do address the issue of the prosecutor's opening remarks during voir dire. While the defendant has the burden of presenting evidence of discrimination in a Batson challenge, Batson itself mandates that "the trial court should consider all relevant circumstances" and specifically refers to "the prosecutor's questions and statements during voir dire examination." See Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. 1712. Unlike the characteristics of all of the potential jurors, the prosecutor's remarks are obvious to the trial judge because they are made before the trial judge in the context of jury selection. Here, the trial court heard and even interrupted the prosecutor's opening remarks in order to admonish the prosecutor for referencing the O.J. Simpson ease during his opening statement. Thus, because these remarks were obvious to the trial court and relevant to the Batson analysis, the trial court should have considered the prosecutor's opening remarks in its Batson determination, and we will address the defendant's argument that these remarks helped establish a prima facie case under Batson. See Turner, 63 F.3d at 814 (noting that the trial court failed to consider the prosecutor's questions and statements during voir dire in reversing the trial court's denial of the defendant's Batson challenge).
The prosecutor's statements during the beginning of voir dire were as follows:
[PROSECUTOR:] Everybody has a different life experience. We have different cultures.... One of the principal issues that you hear quite a bit about, and you probably have heard about it since some of you may be listening to the O.J. Simpson case—
[TRIAL COURT:] I told you you couldn't talk about that in here, [prosecutor].
[PROSECUTOR:] I'm not going to discuss the O.J. Simpson case, but one of the issues that sometimes does come up in a courtroom is whether or not an individual can be fair and impartial regarding perhaps the race of a person, either the accused, the prosecutor or defense attorney, or anything of that nature. Really the racial issue in your deliberations is not something that you have to consider.... We're only going to ask you to be fair and impartial, but if there is in your background something that you really feel that — in this case, the defendant happens to be Hispanic, the prosecutor is Hispanic . the defense counsel, is black. If there's something racial, just be candid with us. If you don't feel you can be fair because of that particular issue, let us know. Just be candid with us, because, you know, life outside is not a sterile environment.
This case did not have any apparent racial issues. The prosecutor's statements show his own concern with the racial composition of the jury, the defendant, and the two counsel. Furthermore, his remarks about different cultures, references to the O.J. Simpson case, and concerns about people's backgrounds with regard to race suggest a fear that a certain cognizable racial group of jurors would be unable to be impartial, an assumption forbidden by the Equal Protection Clause. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 89, 106 S.Ct. 1712. In fact, the trial judge noted that reference to the O.J. Simpson murder trial was inappropriate in this case. The prosecution's implicit and explicit references to racial bias during voir dire certainly support the defendant's argument that he established a prima facie case under Batson.
The Batson analysis replaced the crippling burden placed on the defendant in Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965), under which a defendant was required to prove a pattern of discrimination in jury composition. See Batson 476 U.S. at 92-93, 95, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (holding that a defendant can rely solely on the facts of his ease in making a Batson challenge). While the defendant has a burden of proving the existence of an inference of discrimination in order to establish a prima facie ease under Batson, this burden, as discussed above, is not an onerous one. See Bergodere, 40 F.3d at 516; see also Texas Dep't of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981) (stating that the burden of establishing a prima facie case of disparate treatment under Title VII is not onerous).
We hold that the prosecutor's statements, when combined with his pattern of peremptory strikes, establish a prima facie case under Batson. We note that the prosecutor's opening statements may very well have been an attempt to prevent possible racial bias of the potential members of the jury, rather than an indication of his own racial bias. However, this factual determination of whether the prosecutor purposefully discriminated during jury selection should have been determined by the trial court in the third and ultimate step of the Batson analysis. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 106 S.Ct. 1712.
V.
For these reasons, we hold that the court of appeals erred in affirming the trial court's determination that the defendant failed to establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the jury selection process under Batson. We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and return this case to it. We direct that the case be remanded to the trial court to proceed with steps two and three of the Batson analysis. If the court on remand is unable to make these determinations based on the record and whatever additional evidence is presented, the court is directed to conduct a new trial.
Justice SCOTT concurs. Justice KOURLIS dissents, and Justice HOBBS and Justice RICE join in the dissent.
.We granted certiorari on the following issues:
1. Whether the court of appeals erred in holding that abuse of discretion is the standard of review on the prima facie showing issue in a Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), challenge.
2. Whether the defendant made a prima facie showing under the facts of this case.
3. Whether a defendant's burden of making a prima facie showing of intentional discrimination is rendered moot by the trial court's decision to first address the reasons for the challenged strikes.
. See § 18-6.5-103 and 18-4-401, 6 C.R.S. (1997).
. See § 18-2-101, 18-6.5-103, and 18-4-401, 6 C.R.S. (1997).
. See § 18-4-203, 6 C.R.S. (1997).
. See § 18-5-113, 6 C.R.S. (1997).
. See § 16-13-101, 6 C.R.S. (1997). Although the jury found the defendant guilty of being a habitual offender, the trial court dismissed the habitual criminal counts for lack of proof.
. The Batson case involved a prosecutor's use of peremptory strikes in a criminal trial; but its principles now apply to gender-based discrimination, see J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 146, 114 S.Ct. 1419, 128 L.Ed.2d 89 (1994), and to peremptory challenges by criminal defendants, see Georgia v. McCollum, 505 U.S. 42, 59, 112 S.Ct. 2348, 120 L.Ed.2d 33 (1992), as well as those of private litigants in civil cases, see Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., Inc., 500 U.S. 614, 631, 111 S.Ct. 2077, 114 L.Ed.2d 660 (1991). Only a claim of race-based discrimination by the prosecution is at issue here.
. In Batson,' the United States Supreme Court described several possible ways in which a defendant could satisfy step one of the Batson test. Proof of systematic exclusion from the venire automatically raises an inference of a discriminatory motive. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 94, 106 S.Ct. 1712. The defendant also may make a prima facie case by relying solely on the facts concerning jury selection in his or her specific case. See id. at 95, 106 S.Ct. 1712. Factors which the court should consider that could raise or lend support to an inference of purposeful discrimination include a pattern of strikes against potential jurors who are members of a particular cognizable racial group or the prosecutor's questions and statements during voir dire examination and in exercising his challenges. See id. at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. 1712.
. The People, in their brief, argue that because the defendant did not present this claim of standard of review to the court of appeals in his briefs or petition for rehearing, we should not address this issue. While we do not address issues that are not properly preserved for review, see Gorman v. Tucker, 961 P.2d 1126, 1131 (Colo.1998), we must determine the standard of review in this case in order to address the underlying issues regarding the Batson determination. See Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 557-58, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988) (determining the proper standard of review before addressing the underlying substantive issue). In fact, during oral argument, the attorney for the People conceded the necessity of determining the standard of review in order to reach the issue of whether a prima facie case under Batson had been established.
. The court of appeals in this case applied an abuse of discretion standard to the first step of the Batson analysis. However, the federal courts it cites use a clear error standard of review. See United States v. Bergodere, 40 F.3d 512, 516 (1st Cir.1994); United States v. Vasquez-Lopez, 22 F.3d 900, 901 (9th Cir.1994); United States v. Moore, 895 F.2d 484, 485-86 (8th Cir.1990).
. The trial court in this case sua sponte offered its own plausible reasons behind the peremptory strikes at issue. This was improper. It is the responsibility of the prosecution to provide its reasons supporting its peremptory strikes at step two of the Batson analysis, after the trial court rules that an inference of discrimination exists. However, we disagree with the defendant's argument that this error equated to a completion of step two of the Batson analysis. The trial court explicitly limited its ruling to the prima facie determination, and the prosecutor only offered his reasons after that determination.
.We do not address whether the defendant's right to a trial by an impartial jury under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article II, section 16, of the Colorado Constitution has been violated because this issue is not properly before us. See Fields v. People, 732 P.2d 1145, 1151 (Colo.1987) (addressing right to trial by an impartial jury, but refusing to address equal protection question because the issue was not raised in defendant's petition for certiorari).
. Courts must be wary of relying on only statistics in cases where the numbers utilized are relatively small and the results may be statistically insignificant. See Aldridge v. State, 258 Ga. 75, 365 S.E.2d 111, 114 (Ga.1988) ("Deciding cases through the use of raw numbers carries with it inherent dangers and possibilities of illogical or unjust results.").
. We note that the prosecutor chose not to use his final two peremptory challenges after the defendant initially objected to the striking of Mr. P. However, the trial court postponed its Batson analysis until after the prosecutor declined to use his final two peremptory challenges and accepted the jury.
. We note that in close cases where the answer to whether racial discrimination existed in jury selection is not easily discernable, the better policy would be for the trial court to complete the Batson analysis.
. The defendant contends that both male jurors had similar educational backgrounds and prior military service, were approximately the same age, were both victims of car thefts, had never served on a jury before nor been a witness, and both either were convicted or had a family member convicted of a crime within the past ten years.
.The Batson court cited this example as "merely illustrative" of the relevant circumstances that the trial court should consider. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 106 S.Ct. 1712. The Third Circuit has incorporated this factor as one of a five-factor test it uses to determine whether a defendant has presented a prima facie case under Batson. The five factors are:
1) how many members of the cognizable racial group are in the venire panel from which the petit jury is chosen;
2) the nature of the crime;
3) the race of the defendant and the victim;
4) the pattern of strikes against racial group jurors in the particular venire;
5) the prosecutor's statements and questions during selection.
See Deputy v. Taylor, 19 F.3d 1485, 1492 (3d Cir.1994). We see no reason to endorse a factors test because the applicable test for a prima facie showing under Batson is one of the totality of the circumstances. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. 1712. The factors enumerated by the Third Circuit are certainly relevant but are not necessarily dispositive.
. The defendant is Hispanic; however, the racial or ethnic identity of the two victims is not part of the record. Although the victims do not have Spanish surnames, we are unable to say more about their identity.
. Jury selection in this case occurred on February 7, 1995, and references to the highly publi cized OJ. Simpson case no doubt implicated concerns regarding racial bias. While the issue of race and jury bias came to the forefront of the press after OJ. Simpson, an African American, was acquitted in October 1995 of charges he murdered his ex-wife and her friend, who were both white, see Christo Lassiter, The OJ. Simpson Verdict: A Lesson in Black and White, 1 Mich. J. Race & L 69, 78-79 (1996), the makeup of the jury which was selected on December 8, 1994, was the subject of intense discussion in the media, see The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1996, at 45 (Robert Famighetti, et al. eds., 1996).
. The Batson court explained that many lower courts following Swain reasoned that in order to establish a violation of the Equal Protection Clause in jury selection, it was necessary to provide proof of repeated strikes to African Americans over a number of cases. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 92, 106 S.Ct. 1712.