Case Name: MICHAEL MASON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DONALD N. SNYDER, Defendant-Appellee
Court: Illinois Appellate Court
Jurisdiction: Illinois
Decision Date: 2002-08-01
Citations: 332 Ill. App. 3d 834
Docket Number: No. 4-01-0878
Parties: MICHAEL MASON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DONALD N. SNYDER, Defendant-Appellee.
Judges: TURNER, J., concurs.
Reporter: Illinois Appellate Court Reports, Third Series
Volume: 332
Pages: 834–845

Head Matter:
MICHAEL MASON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DONALD N. SNYDER, Defendant-Appellee.
Fourth District
No. 4 — 01 — 0878
Opinion filed August 1, 2002.
Michael Mason, of Pontiac, appellant pro se.
No brief filed for appellee.

Opinion:
JUSTICE STEIGMANN
delivered the opinion of the court:
In August 2001, plaintiff, Michael Mason, an inmate at the Pontiac Correctional Center (Pontiac), filed a pro se mandamus petition against Donald N. Snyder (Director), Director of the Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC). The petition alleged that various DOC administrative bodies had either found him guilty or confirmed a guilty finding that he had violated DOC disciplinary rules, resulting in his loss of good-time credits and an adverse classification status within DOC. Plaintiff asked the trial court to issue an order of mandamus (1) expunging the disciplinary action taken against him by DOC, and (2) directing DOC to provide him a proper disciplinary hearing.
Four days after the petition was filed, the trial court sua sponte reviewed it, concluded that it did not state a cause of action, and ordered it stricken.
Plaintiff appeals, and we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs petition, which consisted primarily of a preprinted form with blank spaces for the insertion of specific information, stated that plaintiff was a Pontiac inmate serving a 60-year sentence for first degree murder. The petition alleged that the Director was responsible for "the Illinois Department of Corrections, Administrative Review Board, and Prisoner Review Board Disciplinary hearings on appeal." The preprinted portion then alleged that plaintiff had requested that "the defendants [sic] perform specific ministerial duties. The defendants have refused to perform such duties regardless of plaintiffs clear entitlement to performance of the specific dutiesf,] which are set forth as follows." The only thing plaintiff wrote in the blank space after this preprinted section was the following: "20 Ill. Adm. Code Section 504.80(k)(l)."
On the preprinted portion stating, "As a result of [defendant's actions, [p]laintiff will suffer irreparable damages and be subjected to _," plaintiff wrote the following: "unlawful punitive segregation, loss of good-time credits, and loss of institutional privileges."
The section of the Illinois Administrative Code (Code) to which the petition refers states only that if the prison adjustment committee finds the inmate did not commit the offense charged, then the disciplinary report shall be dismissed and expunged from the inmate's master record file. 20 Ill. Adm. Code § 504.80(k)(l) (Conway Greene CD-ROM June 2001). Another section of the Code provides that a prison's adjustment committee shall decide in a disciplinary proceeding whether an accused inmate committed the offense charged based on all relevant information and evidence, and must be reasonably satisfied that "there is some evidence that the committed person committed the offense for the individual to be found guilty." 20 Ill. Adm. Code § 504.80(j)(l) (Conway Greene CD-ROM June 2001).
Attached to the petition was an untitled document (the document) that plaintiff apparently wrote out in longhand. The document contains five paragraphs, each of which plaintiff designates as a "ground," and provides the following allegations.
In March 2001, plaintiff was issued a major disciplinary ticket accusing him of sexual misconduct and insolence "which was based on a lie by a correctional guard[,] Josephina Williams." The institutional adjustment committee before whom plaintiff appeared on this charge was chaired by Benny Dallas, even though plaintiff informed Dallas that plaintiff had a lawsuit pending against him and requested Dallas to recuse himself from the hearing. The document asserts, "Dallas lied[,] stating he has no knowledge of such a lawsuit and denied plaintiffs request."
After the committee found plaintiff guilty, he filed an institutional grievance. However, the reviewing grievance officer (1) failed to provide plaintiff with a fair and impartial review hearing, (2) agreed with the committee, and (3) denied plaintiffs grievance. The chief administrative officer thereafter concurred.
Plaintiff then submitted his grievance to the administrative review board, but it denied him relief. He later forwarded his documents to the Director, who also concurred with the administrative review board.
The document then states that plaintiff appeared before the Prisoner Review Board regarding the revocation of his good-time credits, complaining that the Director, upon revoking those credits, failed to provide plaintiff with a written statement as to evidence relied on or reasons for the action taken against him. The document does not say that the Prisoner Review Board denied plaintiff any relief, but that seems to be the implication.
After plaintiffs petition was filed, the Livingston County circuit clerk referred it to the trial court, which entered the following order four days later:
"Court reviews filing of [p]laintiff; [c]ourt finds that [pjlaintiff is complaining of the result of certain disciplinary proceedings. Therefore, [c]ourt finds that [p]laintiff has not stated a cause of action and accordingly [pjetition is ordered stricken."
The common-law record contains no indication that before the court sua sponte ordered the petition stricken, any summons was issued to the Director, DOC, or any other prison authority. Accordingly, no attorney ever appeared on behalf of the Director at the trial level.
Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
The gist of defendant's argument on appeal is contained in the following quote from his brief:
"Writer of ticket!,] Josephina Williams!,] made miscellaneous allegations against Mr. Mason!.] [A]t no time did Josephina Williams indicate she eye-witnessed [sic] Mr. Mason committing a violation of departmental rules, nor was she at Mr. Mason [sic] cell. The disciplinary report was insufficient to permit a conviction by the tribunal."
This appeal is unusual because appellant appears pro se and no one appears on behalf of appellee. However, because the record before us is simple — indeed, it could hardly be more so — and the claimed errors are such that this court can easily decide them without the aid of an appellee's brief, we will decide this case on its merits. Cf. First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133, 345 N.E.2d 493, 495 (1976) (no appellee brief filed).
A. Mandamus Generally
Resolving this appeal requires us to review the law pertaining to mandamus. In Hatch v. Szymanski, 325 Ill. App. 3d 736, 739, 759 N.E.2d 585, 588 (2001), the court discussed mandamus as follows:
"Mandamus relief is an extraordinary remedy to enforce, as a matter of right, the performance of official duties by a public official where the official is not exercising discretion. A court will not grant a writ of mandamus unless the petitioner can demonstrate a clear, affirmative right to relief, a clear duty of the official to act, and clear authority in the official to comply with the writ. The writ will not lie when its effect is to substitute the court's judgment or discretion for the official's judgment or discretion. Mandamus relief, therefore, is not appropriate to regulate a course of official conduct or to enforce the performance of official duties generally."
See also Durbin v. Gilmore, 307 Ill. App. 3d 337, 339, 718 N.E.2d 292, 294 (1999) ("The issuance of a writ of mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, discretionary in nature, and it is appropriate only when there is a clear right to the requested relief, a clear duty of the defendants to act, and clear authority in the defendants to comply with the writ").
B. Mandamus in a Prison Context
DOC inmates have been filing increasing numbers of mandamus petitions. This phenomenon hardly seems surprising when, as in the present case, preprinted mandamus forms seem to be available throughout Illinois prisons. As a result of these filings, a body of Illinois case law has developed dealing with mandamus actions brought by inmates against DOC officials. For instance, in Brewer v. Peters, 262 Ill. App. 3d 610, 613, 633 N.E.2d 17, 19 (1994), the appellate court affirmed the trial court's dismissal of the inmates' mandamus petitions regarding good-conduct time and explained as follows:
"For mandamus to be granted, there must be a clear duty to act on the part of defendant, appellee here, and clear authority to act. (Orenic v. Illinois State Labor Relations Board (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 453, [467-68,] 537 N.E.2d 784[, 791].) The award of good-conduct time and the decision to consider granting good-conduct time are discretionary under the statute; defendant is not required to grant the time or even consider it. A clear duty to act is not present here."
See also Helm v. Washington, 308 Ill. App. 3d 255, 257-58, 720 N.E.2d 326, 328 (1999) (inmate's mandamus petition properly dismissed because decision to award meritorious good-conduct credit to qualifying prisoners is discretionary).
In People ex rel. Braver v. Washington, 311 Ill. App. 3d 179, 185-86, 724 N.E.2d 68, 73 (1999), the court discussed principles of mandamus in a prison context, as follows:
"Mandamus, an extraordinary remedy, is awarded in the exercise of judicial discretion according to legal principles [citations]; it is appropriate when necessary to compel a public officer to perform purely ministerial duties, requiring no exercise of judgment on the part of the public officer. [Citations.] Mandamus will not issue to direct the manner of performance of an action requiring the exercise of discretion [citation], but 'is available only when the plaintiff has set forth every material fact needed to prove that he has a clear, legal right and is entitled to the performance of the act he seeks to compel.' [Citation.]"
In Thompson v. Lane, 194 Ill. App. 3d 855, 861, 551 N.E.2d 731, 735 (1990), this court explained the policy underlying restrictions on mandamus petitions brought by prison inmates:
"Prisoners are not afforded all of the rights and privileges guaranteed to other citizens. (Wolff [v. McDonnell], 418 U.S. [539,] 555, 41 L. Ed. 2d [935,] 950, 94 S. Ct. [2963,] 2974 [(1974)].) The rights they enjoy are flexible and subject to limitation. It is therefore necessary to balance the need for efficient and secure prisons against petitioners' rights to be protected against unwarranted losses of liberty. Prison officials must have broad discretion in structuring and operating the prison disciplinary system. A court should not meddle in prison affairs unless legitimate constitutional issues are raised that require intervention."
C. The Trial Court's Inherent Authority To Strike
In this case, four days after plaintiff's mandamus petition was filed, the trial court reviewed it, found it lacking, and sua sponte ordered it stricken. The court took this action before the Director or anyone else connected with DOC was served. Thus, two questions present themselves: (1) Could the trial court determine from plaintiffs petition and its attachments that plaintiff failed, as a matter of law, to set forth a basis for mandamus relief? And (2) assuming the court could do so and correctly determined that plaintiff failed to set forth a basis for mandamus relief, does the court have authority to sua sponte order the mandamus petition stricken?
1. Sufficiency of the Mandamus Petition
In Romero v. O'Sullivan, 302 Ill. App. 3d 1031, 1034, 707 N.E.2d 986, 989 (1999), this court affirmed the trial court's dismissal of a DOC inmate's mandamus petition and wrote the following:
"Mandamus is appropriate relief only where a petitioner can demonstrate a clear right to the requested relief, the respondent's clear duty to act, and the respondent's clear authority to comply with the terms of the writ. [Citation.] The party requesting a writ of mandamus bears the burden of demonstrating a clear right to the relief desired."
Further, we have already noted that mandamus is available only when the plaintiff has set forth every material fact needed to prove that he has a clear, legal right and is entitled to the performance of the act he seeks to compel. Braver, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 185, 724 N.E.2d at 73.
Thus, with the rules governing petitions for mandamus clearly laid out, we conclude that trial courts may evaluate such petitions to determine their sufficiency, particularly when filed by DOC inmates. In so concluding, we take judicial notice of our own records, which show an ever-increasing number of appeals brought by inmates in such cases, as well as the fact that DOC currently houses over 46,000 inmates. The potential to overwhelm the courts and the civil justice system by the filing of groundless DOC inmate mandamus petitions is clear and real, and one first step to deal with this situation is to recognize the trial court's authority to evaluate such petitions for their sufficiency.
2. The Trial Court's Authority To Sua Sponte Strike Insufficient Mandamus Petitions
We next consider whether a trial court that has examined a mandamus petition and found it lacking possesses the authority to strike it sua sponte. We hold that the court possesses such authority.
In Barrett v. Guaranty Bank & Trust Co., 123 Ill. App. 2d 326, 329, 260 N.E.2d 94, 96 (1970), after the defendant was defaulted, the trial court sua sponte dismissed the complaint because it did not state a cause of action when plaintiff appeared for a prove-up proceeding on damages. The plaintiff in Barrett petitioned for rehearing, relying, in part, on sections 40(2) and 42(1), (2) and (3) of the Civil Practice Act (then Ill. Rev. Stat. 1967, ch. 110, pars. 40, 42 (now 735 ILCS 5/2— 610, 2 — 612 (West 2000)), which generally provided that objections to pleadings, both as to form and substance, (1) must be specific, (2) must be made in the trial court, and (3) if not timely made are forfeited. Barrett, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 330, 260 N.E.2d at 97. The Barrett court concluded as follows:
"The aforementioned sections do not purport to prevent a trial court from considering the sufficiency of a pleading on its own initiative and it would appear inevitable in a default case that the trial court will give the question some consideration if for no other reason than to determine the sufficiency of the evidence." Barrett, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 330, 260 N.E.2d at 97.
See also Ronwin v. Piper, Jaffray & Hopwood, Inc., 113 Ill. App. 3d 687, 693, 447 N.E.2d 954, 958 (1983) (where the court held that "[a] court has inherent power to protect itself from frivolous and vexatious litigation." However, that case did not involve a situation in which a trial court sua sponte dismissed a complaint).
In Crissman v. Strickland, 43 Ill. App. 3d 496, 498, 357 N.E.2d 222, 224 (1976), this court reversed the trial court's sua sponte dismissal of a complaint because (1) no motion to dismiss was filed, (2) the trial court did not find that the plaintiff had failed to state a cause of action, and (3) the trial court's action was not "designed to protect the court from harassment or vexatious litigation." However, the Crissman court also "agree[d] with the defendant that a trial court has inherent authority to protect itself from and to deal with harassing or vexatious litigation and to dismiss complaints that do not state causes of action." Crissman, 43 Ill. App. 3d at 498, 357 N.E.2d at 224. In context, this apparently means that a trial court could sua sponte dismiss a civil complaint as long as the court made the appropriate and necessary findings.
Twelve years later, this court relied on Crissman in McGann v. Illinois Hospital Ass'n, 172 Ill. App. 3d 560, 565, 526 N.E.2d 902, 904 (1988), for the proposition that a "court has inherent authority to protect itself from frivolous or vexatious litigation."
In Rhodes v. Mill Race Inn, Inc., 126 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 1028, 467 N.E.2d 915, 918 (1984), the trial court dismissed a count of the plaintiffs complaint against a defendant who had not filed an appearance or a motion to dismiss. The Rhodes court affirmed the dismissal of that count, along with the dismissal of two other counts (to which it appears motions to dismiss had been brought), explaining as follows:
"[W]e conclude that the trial court properly dismissed the count on its own motion. The failure of a complaint to state a cause of action is a fundamental defect which may be raised at any time by any means and cannot be waived. [Citation.] The complaint failed to state a cause of action in strict liability as to Peterson [(who had never appeared)], and the court therefore acted properly in ordering count VII dismissed. Crissman v. Strickland (1976), 43 Ill. App. 3d 496, [498, 357 N.E.2d 222, 224,] cited by the plaintiff, is distinguishable. In that case, there was no finding that the counts dismissed on the court's own motion failed to state a cause of action." Rhodes, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 1028, 467 N.E.2d at 918.
In Mitchell v. Norman James Construction Co., 291 Ill. App. 3d 927, 937, 684 N.E.2d 872, 881 (1997), the trial court dismissed sua sponte some counts of a complaint. The court's action occurred in a complicated and somewhat confused hearing regarding which counts were viable and how a pending bankruptcy would affect the case. After the court dismissed the counts at issue, the plaintiff complained that it did so in the absence of any motion by the defendants. The court responded that such a motion had been made, but the reviewing court noted that, in fact, no such motion had been made. In this context, the First District Appellate Court wrote the following:
"There is little question that a trial court has the authority, on its own motion, to strike a complaint' that is insufficient in substance or fails to sufficiently define the issues and order that other pleadings be prepared. See 735 ILCS 5/2 — 612(a) (West 1994). The trial court on its own motion also possesses the authority to dismiss any claim that fails to state a cognizable cause of action. Rhodes v. Mill Race Inn, Inc., 126 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 1028, 467 N.E.2d 915[, 918] (1984)." Mitchell, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 937-38, 684 N.E.2d at 881.
We note that our holding is inconsistent with the decision this court reached in West v. Gramley, 262 Ill. App. 3d 552, 557, 634 N.E.2d 1261, 1265 (1994). In West, the trial court dismissed the DOC inmate's mandamus petition upon finding that he was not, as a matter of law, entitled to a writ of mandamus to compel the grievance officers and the chief administrative officer of the prison to address his grievances. The trial court found the grievances "to be frivolous and without merit." West, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 557, 634 N.E.2d at 1265. We reversed and remanded for an evidentiary hearing on the grounds for dismissal raised by the defendant. West, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 558, 634 N.E.2d at 1266. In so holding, we made the following observation:
"We believe the trial court's assessment of plaintiff as a professional litigant who inappropriately burdens the court system with nonmeritorious litigation out of boredom may be correct. We know the trial courts in counties where correctional centers are located bear the brunt of dealing with litigation fostered by inmates. We have no creative solution to the problems noted in the trial court's remarks and ruling. Perhaps we simply add to the problem by reversing, but find we are compelled to do so." West, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 557-58, 634 N.E.2d at 1265.
Eight years have passed since our decision in West, and we now conclude that the trial courts, which have the inherent authority to control their courtrooms and their dockets, have the corollary authority to utilize their discretion in dealing with "professional litigants" who inappropriately burden the court system with nonmeritorious litigation, stemming from their unhappiness as DOC inmates. We conclude that trial courts have the authority to sua sponte order stricken mandamus petitions the courts find to be frivolous and without merit.
We encourage trial courts when utilizing this administrative tool to set forth the analysis regarding the deficiencies in any mandamus petition ordered stricken, especially since, as here, no one will be appearing on behalf of the Director or prison authorities to assist this court in reviewing the appeal of a stricken petition.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
Affirmed.
TURNER, J., concurs.