Case Name: ARNOLD et al. v. SUN OIL CO. et al.
Court: Louisiana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Louisiana
Decision Date: 1949-05-31
Citations: 218 La. 50
Docket Number: No. 38763
Parties: ARNOLD et al. v. SUN OIL CO. et al.
Judges: HAMITER and HAWTHORNE, JJ., dissent and assign written reasons.
Reporter: Louisiana Reports
Volume: 218
Pages: 50–158

Head Matter:
48 So.2d 369
ARNOLD et al. v. SUN OIL CO. et al.
No. 38763.
May 31, 1949.
On Rehearing June 30, 1950.
Plauche & Plauche, Lake Charles, Sholars & Gunby and Dhu Thompson, Monroe, James T. Spencer, Farmerville, for defendants-appellants.
Dhu Thompson, Monroe, curator and tutor ad hoc.
Liskow & Lewis, Lake Charles, Oliver & Digby, Monroe, Tinsley Gilmer, Milling, Godchaux, Saal & Saunders, New Orleans, Geo. C. Schoenberger, Jr., New Orleans, amici curiae.
O’Niell & O’Niell, New Orleans, Hudson, Potts, Bernstein & Davenport, Monroe, McIntosh, Sims & Hester, Oak Grove, Ellis, Ellis & Lancaster, James W. Ellis, New Orleans, for plaintiifs-appellees.

Opinion:
VIOSCA, Justice ad hoc.
This is a petitory action, in which one of the plaintiffs, Effie Dexter Arnold, seeks to be recognized as the owner of an undivided one-half interest in 80 acres of land on which there is a producing oil well. This tract is situated in the Parish of Rich-land, State of Louisiana, and is described as follows: SEj4 of SW}4 of Section 14, and NE34 of NW% of Section 23, Township 17 North, Range 9 East. Each of her coplaintiffs, Robert B. Prentice and Murray Hudson, seeks to be recognized as the owner of a fractional royalty interest in the minerals under this land by virtue of a deed to each from Effie Dexter Arnold dated August 25, 1945, and plaintiff Prentice seeks, in addition, to be recognized as the owner of a mineral lease granted to him. by Effie Dexter Arnold.
Defendants now before the court are-the heirs and representatives of Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding and James L. Anding, Sr.,, who claim the entire ownership of the property in question, and Charles H. Murphy, Jr., and Sun Oil Company, owners of an-oil, gas, and mineral lease dated August 25, 1944, covering this tract, executed by-Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, widow of James. L. Anding, Sr.
The district court rendered judgment in-favor of plaintiffs and against defendants, decreeing Effie Dexter Arnold to be the true and lawful owner of an undivided one-half interest in the land,- subj ect to the lease-to Prentice and to sales by her of royalty interests to plaintiffs Prentice and Hudson,, and further ordering and decreeing that a. certain tax sale from J. L. Anding to James. L. Anding, Jr., be cancelled and erased from the records of Richland Parish, and reserving to plaintiffs the right to an accounting for the oil, gas, and other minerals, produced from the property, subject to the-proportionate part of any taxes that may be-due. From this judgment defendants have-appealed.
Both plaintiffs and defendants derive-their title from Mariah Dexter, who, authorized by her husband, Boston Dexter,, acquired the property here in controversy on December 9, 1875. Mariah and Boston Dexter both died before the year 1909 with out having parted with title to the property. Thereafter a deed was executed on May 31, 1912, by one of their sons, Walter Dexter, and by Louis and Willie Dexter, who were also members of the Dexter family but who had no interest in the property, to George Calder, with full and complete warranty of title, for a recited consideration of $121.68, in which deed it was recited that they conveyed all of their "rights and titles & interests" in the property.
At the time this deed was executed, however, Walter Dexter, one of the vendors, actually owned only a one-half interest in the property, and the other one-half was owned by plaintiff Effie Dexter Arnold, daughter of Henry Dexter, a deceased son of Mariah and Boston Dexter. According to the record, this plaintiff, who was born on August 22, 1902, and who was 43 years old at the time this suit was filed, has never divested herself of her one-half interest in this property.
By sheriff's deed dated August 11, 1913, the property was acquired by the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company, having been seized under a writ of fieri facias to satisfy a mortgage executed by George Calder, and was by this institution conveyed to Daniel T. Phillips under a deed dated November 28, 1917. Phillips conveyed this property to James L. Anding, Sr., on Januray 4, 1919. As per tax deed dated June 4, 1928, the sheriff and ex officio tax collector sold the property to James L. Anding, Jr., for the 1927 taxes assessed to J. L. Anding. Approximately four years later,, on June 14, 1932, James L. Anding, Jr., conveyed the property to his mother, Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, widow of James L. Anding, Sr., Anding, Sr., having died on December 31, 1928.
Thereafter Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding • executed an oil and gas lease in favor of defendant C. H. Murphy, Jr., who subsequently assigned a one-half interest therein to defendant Sun Oil Company. After the execution of the lease, Mrs. Anding conveyed to her children an interest in the mineral rights, and she and these children, together with the lessee and his assignee, were named as the original defendants herein. After the filing of this suit, Mrs. Anding and her son, James L. Anding, Jr., both died, and their heirs have been substituted' as defendants by appropriate proceedings-
Plaintiffs assert that the purported tax sale dated June 4, 1928, by Anding, Sr., toAnding, Jr., " was simulated, null, void and of no effect; that James L. Anding, Jr. did not make the purchase at tax sale in good faith, for himself, or with his own money, but, rather, that said tax purchase was made in collusion with his father, for his father, and with money furnished by his father; that this attempted tax sale was. an illegal use of the machinery provided by law for the collection of taxes, contrary to. public order and morals, and that in no^ event could it have the effect of transferring title from James L. Anding, Sr., to-James L. Anding, Jr., or of conferring any light whatsoever upon him, or upon any assignees or other claimants of title under him".
Defendants, after setting forth their chain of title from Mariah Dexter, in support of the validity of their title plead the prescriptions acquirendi causa of 10 and 30 years, and also urge a plea of five years' prescription or preemption against plaintiffs' attack on the tax sale under Article X, Section 11, of the Louisiana Constitution. In their answer defendants further plead that by laches, long silence, inaction, and acquiescence plaintiffs have ratified the tax sale and are now estopped to deny its validity.
Defendants Murphy and Sun Oil Company also urge that they were bona fide third purchasers on the faith of the public records with reference to their acquisition •of the oil and gas lease granted by Mrs. Anding, and that, as such, they are not bound or affected by any fraud or simulation in the title of their grantor not appearing of record or by any unrecorded rights and equities of any other parties.
The plea of prescription of 30 years acquirendi causa is without merit as Effie Dexter Arnold did not become 21 years of .age until August 22, 1923, and this suit was filed on October 30, 1945, a lapse of less than 23 years. The prescription of 30 years acquirendi causa does not run against minors. Civil Code, Article 3522.
The pleas of laches and estoppel are without merit. Effie Dexter Arnold, at the age of two years, upon the death of her mother, was placed in the care of Amanda White Shafer, who did not reside on the property. Thereafter, Effie Dexter Arnold was married and moved from the community, and she did not learn of her interest in the property until shortly before the institution of this suit. It is not established that she at any time committed any act calculated to mislead or deceive anyone; and her failure to assert a right of which she was ignorant cannot serve as the basis of a plea of estoppel or laches.
Defendants, in support of their plea of 10 years' prescription acquirendi causa, contend that the title, possession, and good faith of George Calder were the basis for the running of prescription, which continued to run and accrue under subsequent transferees from Calder. They make the same contention 'with respect to the title, possession, and good faith of each of the subsequent transferees — Central Savings Bank & Trust Company, Daniel T. Phillips, James L. Anding, Sr., James L. Anding, Jr., and Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, widow of James L. Anding, Sr. It therefore becomes necessary to consider the title, the good faith, and the possession of each of these respective transferees, from George Calder to and including Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, widow of James L. Anding, Sr.
There is and can be no dispute as to the sufficiency in point of form of the titles of any of these transferees with the exception of that of George Calder. Plaintiffs attack the sufficiency of Calder's title because of certain erasures in the original deed and because Walter, Louis, and Willie Dexter did not convey the whole property but only their "rights and titles & interests" therein. The first contention is without merit. The original deed is in the record. An examination thereof discloses that the notary public who executed the act first inscribed the names of the vendors without their marital status and thereafter erased them and reinscribed them with their marital status. The description of the property apparently was first written thus:
"The SE}4 of the NsWy4 and the NE|4 of the NWy4 of Section 23, T. 17 N. R9 East, containing 80 acres of land more or less".
It will be noted that the first quarter section mentioned apparently was first typed "SW14" and the letter "N" later typed partially over the "S". The whole description was typed over with capital "X's", and the following description was inserted directly below:
"The SE^i of the SWy4 of section 14, and the NEy4 of the NWj4 Section 23. All in T. 17 N. R. 9 E. Containing 80 acres more or less."
In the first description the whole acreage was erroneously described as being in Section 23, whereas one 40-acre tract was in and the NEy4 of the NWy4 Section 23. Obviously these corrections would not invalidate the deed, and this attack on it must fall.
The second ground of attack on the Calder deed is likewise without merit. Ever since the decision of this court in Read v. Hewitt, 120 La. 288, 45 So. 143, decided December 2, 1907, it has been recognized that a sale of all the vendor's right, title, and interest in and to certain described property vests the whole estate in the vendee, and that such a title may serve as the basis of the prescription of 10 years. See Waterman v. Tidewater Associated Oil Co. (Tambour Corporation v. Rectangle Ranche Co.), 213 La. 588, 35 So.2d 225, and authorities cited therein.
The next question to be considered is. the good faith of the respective transferees. There is no evidence in the record that George Calder acquired this property in bad faith, and, in the absence of such showing, under our law good faith is presumed in matters of'prescription, and he who alleges1, bad faith in the .possessor must prove it. Article 3481, Louisiana Civil Code; Barrow v. Wilson, 38 La.Ann. 209; Brewster v. Hewes, 113 La. 45, 36 So. 883; Harrill v. Pitts, 194 La. 123, 193 So. 562. The deed under which Walter, Louis, and Willie Dexter transferred their right, title, and interest in the property to Calder is an outright conveyance by them in their own right as owners, and makes no reference to the estate of Mariah Dexter, the record owner of the property. There is nothing within the four corners of the deed which would have put Calder on notice that the property involved was succession property, and that. the vendors were acting in the capacity of heirs or were disposing of inherited property; and there is nothing in the record which would have established a doubt in •Calder's mind as to the validity of the title that was being conveyed to him so as to place him under the duty of making an inquiry, under penalty of being in legal bad faith for his failure so to do.
The next transferee, Central Savings Bank & Trust Company, was likewise in .good faith, not only because there is nothing in the record to rebut the presumption of good faith, but because there is affirmative testimony to confirm it. Travis Oliver, president of the bank at the time he testified, and executive vice president who handled the transactions concerning this property, testified that the bank believed that Calder was the owner of the property at the time of the making of the loan to him and the execution of the mortgage, as well as at the time of the institution of the foreclosure proceedings and the execution of the sheriff's deed to the bank on August 11, 1915. It was not until December 30, 1916, that the bank, preparatory to selling the property, secured an abstract of the title and learned for the first time that there was a "break" in the title and an outstanding interest in a minor heir. From that date the good faith of the bank ceased.
When the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company conveyed the property to Daniel T. Phillips by deed dated November 28, 1917, he had been advised by an attorney of the defect in the title. The bank placed the property for sale with an agent named Shaw, and advised Shaw that it would warrant the title to the extent of $1300 only, the amount the bank had invested in the property. It offered Shaw as his commission all of the sale price in excess of that amount. Shaw received $462.92 as his commission, and he divided this with Phillips, obviously because Phillips was willing to take the defective title with the limited warranty. These facts are confirmed by the testimony of Oliver and Phillips and by the records of the bank introduced in evidence. There can be no doubt, therefore, of the bad faith of Phillips.
On January 4, 1919, Daniel T. Phillips sold the property to James L. Anding, Sr., with full warranty. Over the strenuous objection of defendants, Phillips was permitted to testify that he advised Anding that the title was defective, and that there was an outstanding interest in a minor Dexter heir. The objection to the admissibility of Phillips' testimony is based on the contention that Phillips, who conveyed the property to Anding by warranty deed, should not be permitted to repudiate his solemn declarations made in an authentic act. But this rule has no application where the rights of third parties are involved and there is a plea of fraud or bad faith. The defendants in claiming title to the property by prescription. acquirendi causa, based on the good faith of James L. Anding, Sr., are in the position of plaintiffs in recon vention in a petitory action. Since there is no replication in Louisiana, plaintiffs in the original suit have a right to urge the bad faith of Anding and offer evidence in support thereof without the formality of a written plea. Willis v. Ruddock Cypress Company, Ltd., 108 La. 255, 32 So. 386; Abshire v. Lege, 133 La. 254, 62 So. 667; Aertker v. John W. Ball, Inc., La.App., 17 So.2d 309; Green v. McDade, La.App., 17 So.2d 637. The testimony of Phillips is therefore admissible. However, his testimony, though admissible, is entitled to little or no weight unless confirmed, for two reasons. In the first place, Phillips' statement concerning the defective title is alleged to have been made to a person now deceased, who is not in a position to deny it. In the second place, Phillips, prior to the date he testified, made the statement to two reputable attorneys and to one of the Andings that he could not swear positively that he had told Anding, Sr., about the outstanding interest of the minor Dexter heir. Under oath, however, Phillips insisted that his best recollection was that he did so advise Anding, Sr.
That the question of heirship of the Dexters did come up for discussion before Anding, Sr., took his title is established conclusively, however, by the fact that the abstract of title prepared for the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company, which showed the "break" in the title, was delivered to Anding, Sr., before he took title, and by the further fact that an affidavit' of heir-ship of Mariah Dexter, under date of January 4, 1919, the date of the sale, was procured and recorded in the notarial records, and that the original of this affidavit was in the possession of the Andings and was produced by them in compliance with a subpoena duces tecum issued on the motion of the plaintiffs. That affidavit reads as follows :
"State of Louisiana,")
"Parish of Richland,
"Personally came and appeared before me, the undersigned authority, Harrison Bennett who being duly sworn deposes and says:
"That he has known Maria Dexter since his early childhood, that he is now 52 years old, that he remembers when Maria Dexter bought the SEJ4 of the SWJ4 of Sec. 14, Township 17 North, Range 9 East-and the NEJ4 of the NW% Sec. 23 Township 17 North Range 9 East from H. R. Lott in the year 1875.
"That Maria Dexter gave birth to only four children as follows: — Warren White, Walter Dexter, Henry Dexter and Lula Dexter and that on May 31st, 1912 the only remaining heirs of Maria Dexter were her son, Walter Dexter, and Louis Dexter and Willie Dexter, who were the children of Lula Dexter, her daughter.
"That Maria Dexter was in continuous and peaceable possession of the above described property from the year 1875 until her death which occurred about the year 1906.
"That he, Harrison Bennett, is a resident of the Parish of Richland, State of Louisiana.
his
Harrison X Bennett
mark
"Thus done and signed in the presence of me, Notary, and in the presence of the attesting witnesses on this the 4th day of , January, A.D. 1919.
"Attest:
"W. R. Crawford "B. Skidmore
"H. E. Miles "Notary Public."
(Italics ours.)
It will be noted that in this affidavit Henry Dexter, who was the father of Effie Dexter Arnold, is listed as one of the children of Mariah Dexter. Therefore, before Anding, Sr., took title to the property, he knew that Henry Dexter was a child of Mariah Dexter; and it thereupon became his duty under the law to make a complete and exhaustive investigation to determine whether Henry Dexter was still alive or whether he had any descendants. The affidavit contains no statements of fact in this regard. It contains merely the legal conclusion that on May 31, 1912, the date of the Calder deed, which was some six years after the death of Mariah Dexter and some three years after the death of Henry Dexter, the "only remaining heirs" of Mariah Dexter were her son Walter Dexter, and Louis and Willie Dexter, who were the children of Lula Dexter, her daughter. In Knight v. Berwick Lumber Co. (McHugh v. Same), 130 La. 233, 57 So. 900, 902, where the president of the defendant company made a personal investigation of the title and learned sufficient facts to put him on inquiry but did not pursue the investigation to the extent necessary to learn the ultimate facts, this court said:
"To be in good faith, the possessor must have the positive belief that he is the true owner of the property he holds. If 'he doubts the validity of his title, his possession cannot be the basis of the prescription of 10 years. Gaines v. Hennen, 24 How. 553, 16 L.Ed. 770. Doubt as to ownership, or the right to alienate, is inconsistent with good faith, because doubt is the mean between good and bad faith. Good faith demands a firm and positive belief. Carpentier-Du Saint, Répertoire du Droit Français, vol. 31, p. 294, No. 1,534. While the president of the Berwick Lumber Company was not bound, as a matter of law, to inquire into the title of Bradley, he voluntarily undertook an investigation that disclosed to him the facts that the property was assessed to the estate of Richard Lynch and would be assessed to Mrs. Hartman, from or through whom Bradley said he had acquired his title. If the president of the lumber company had honestly believed that Bradley was the real owner of the property, it is fair to presume that he would not have undertaken such an investigation, and would not have sought 'corroborative' evidence of Bradley's statements as to the title. We therefore conclude that the Berwick Lumber Company was a possessor in bad faith, and that its plea of prescription should have been overruled. "
The court further held, as shown by the syllabus by the court, that " A doubt sufficient to induce the possessor to make an investigation of the title of his vendor is presumed to have continued down to the sale, in the absence of evidence tending to show its ' removal by adequate information derived from the records or other trustworthy sources".
In Roberson v. Reed, La.App., 190 So. 153, 156, where the purchaser knew that the vendor had a son and there were two living children of a predeceased son, but did not know that these two latter children inherited by representation and had an interest in the property, the Court of Appeal for the Second Circuit, through Judge Hamiter, held that the purchaser was in bad faith since error of law can never be alleged as a means of acquiring property, citing Civil 'Code, Article 1846. The court cited numerous decisions of this court in support of the proposition that "
It is only in instances where there is error as to facts, and not as to the law, where , legal good faith is presumed and made the basis of the prescription of ten years acquir'endi causa".
In Dinwiddie v. Cox, 9 So.2d 68, 71, another decision of the same Court of Appeal, in which we denied certiorari on June 29, 1942, the court held that a purchaser of land from an heir, with knowledge that the ancestor had left other heirs, who, after discovering that the other heirs were dead, did not more thoroughly investigate the family history to determine whether the deceased heirs had left descendants, was not a possessor in good faith and could not claim prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa. In the body of its opinion the court said:
"It is true, as contended, no one is required to examine the public records to determine the validity of title to real property he contemplates purchasing as a condition precedent to good faith. He may purchase without any investigation of the title and if the four named essentials exist, he is protected by the prescription of ten years. But if he is not satisfied with the title offered by the seller and institutes an investigation into its validity, from which facts and conditions are revealed which should put a reasonably prudent person on inquiry, it then devolves upon him to pursue every lead and ferret out all the facts to the end that he may not purchase until he has complete information before him. If he does not do this, but purchases upon erroneous assumptions and conclusions, he does so at his own risk and peril.
"Mr. Nance made a good beginning in his inquiry into the family history of Lucinda Thomas' heirs, but he quit too soon. He overlooked the fact that although the original heirs, save Will, were dead they might have left descendants who would stand, as regards the land, 'in the shoes of their father or mother."
The court thus held that a prospective purchaser who learns of the existence of a child, but fails to investigate exhaustively the question of fact of whether that child left descendants, is in the category of one in legal bad faith, and therefore is not entitled to plead the benefits of the prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa. Applying this well established rule to this case, we find that Anding, Sr., who had knowledge of the fact that Henry Dexter (the father of Effie Dexter Arnold) was a child of Mariah Dexter, was under the obligation to make further inquiry into the family history to ascertain whether Henry Dexter left any children, and could not rely on the legal conclusion that Mariah Dexter had only three heirs left on May 31, 1912. We accordingly conclude that James L. Anding, Sr., was in legal toad faith, a conclusion which is confirmed by the subsequent tax sale, to which we shall now advert.
In 1928, some nine years after Anding, Sr., took title to the property, he permitted the sheriff and tax collector to adjudicate the property to his son, James L. Anding, Jr., for non-payment of the taxes for the . year 1927, amounting to $36.30. At that time Anding, Sr., had a substantial estate, but he was heavily involved in debt and was ill with an incurable disease. He died a few tíionths after the tax adjudication. His succession was opened, and his widow qualified as executrix. Anding, Sr., until the date of his death, and thereafter his widow until Anding, Jr., conveyed the property to her in 1932, remained in possession of the property, cultivated it through tenants, executed leases, made loans to the tenants, took crop liens, and paid the taxes. None of the tenants on the property knew Anding, Jr., in any of the transactions. At the time of the tax adjudication and thereafter, Anding, Jr., was in the State of Missouri, where he was employed by the Missouri-Pacific Railroad Company, where he was married, where he attended law school, and where he subsequently resided until the date of his death after this suit was filed. Shortly before the date of the tax adjudication, Anding, Sr., conveyed another piece of property to his son, Anding, Jr., by authentic act for a stated consideration of $5SO and the assumption of a mortgage of $1040. In 1932 Anding, Jr., conveyed both of these pieces of property to his mother, Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, widow of James L. Anding, Sr., for a stated consideration of $4800. Mrs. Anding thereafter executed under date of December 11, 1944, a mineral deed to her five children, which was later corrected by an act of partition under date of September 20, 1945, which act reads as follows :
"Be It Known And Remembered that on this, the 20th day of September, A. D. 1945 personally came and appeared, before me, the undersigned Notary Public in and for Richland Parish, Louisiana, Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, surviving widow of J. L. Anding, Deceased, a resident of Richland Parish, Louisiana and James L. Anding, a resident of Franklin County, Missouri, George K. Anding, Mary J. Hopson, wife of William B. Hopson, Elizabeth Thompson, wife of Julian-Thompson and Corre B. Anding, a femme sole, residents of Rich-land Parish, Louisiana, sole heirs and children of J. L. Anding, Deceased, and who declare that as surviving widow and sole heirs of said J. L. Anding, Deceased, they own the hereinafter mentioned and described oil, gas and mineral rights, some of which were acquired prior to the death of J. L. Anding and belonged to the community of acquets and gains existing between he and his surviving wife, and some of' which were acquired subsequent to his death with funds and property belonging to said community estate by his surviving widow, and which property therefore is owned by the parties hereto in the proportion of an undivided one-half interest to the surviving widow, Mrs. Elizabeth K. An-ding, and an undivided one-half interest jointly by the heirs and children of J. L. Anding, Deceased.
"The parties further declare that they ha've heretofore made a purported partition of a portion of the oil, gas and mineral rights mentioned and described herein, and it is their intention by this act to annul and • declare of no effect the purported previous partition, in lieu of which this act of partition is made.
"Appearers further declare that the property and rights of the community which existed between J. L'. Anding, now deceased, and his surviving wife, Elizabeth K. Anding, was subject to the usufruct of said wife, one of the appearers herein, and that the parties hereto have agreed and do hereby make a partial partition of the property and assets belonging to said community estate, as follows:
"The community estate, being the owner of oil, gas and mineral rights in, on and under the hereinafter described land, do hereby and by these presents, divide and partition such mineral rights equally between appearers herein, and each of said appearers are to have, receive and own by virtue of this partition an undivided one-sixth interest in and to such rights, to-wit:
"a. Three-fourth of all oil, gas and mineral rights in, on and under the
"W/2 of the NWj4 of Section 27, Township 17 North, Range 9, east in Richland Parish, Louisiana;
"b. All of the oil, gas and mineral rights in, on and under the
"SE1/^ of the SWjd, of Section 14, and NE% of NWj4 of Section 23, Township 17, North, Range 9, east, in Richland Parish, Louisiana;
"c. All of the-oil, gas and mineral rights in, on and under the
"SEJ4 of the NWj4 of Section 33, Township 18, North, Range 9, east, in Richland Parish, Louisiana;
"d. All- of the oil, gas and mineral rights in, on and under the
"N^ of the SEJ4 of Section 11, and UW]4 of the SWJ4, and all that part of .the NEj4 of the NWy4 lying west of the Delhi-W'innsboro Public Road, Section 12, all in Township 16, North, Range 9, east, 47 acres more or less, in Franklin Parish, Louisiana.
"Elizabeth K. Anding, surviving widow of J. L. Anding, Deceased, hereby acknowledges receipt of personal property in her individual right from the community estate equal to the value of the difference between the undivided one-half interest which she owned in said mineral rights as surviving widow, and the one-sixth interest which she receives under this act of partition.
".The parties further declare that there are outstanding oil and gas leased [sic] on a portion of the land hereinbefore described, and that it is their intention, and they do hereby grant to the respective parties to this act the right -of reversion which may flow from the abandonment of any existing oil, gas and/or mineral lease or mineral . sale, and that each of the parties to this act of partition are hereby subrogated all rights to recover their proportionate part of any such reversion due to abandonment, prescription or other causes, equal to the interest conveyed and assigned to each herein.
' ' "Thus Done, Read And Signed by the parties hereto, in the presence of the two undersigned, legal and competent witnesses and me, said notary, on the day and date herein first above written and I, said notary, sign hereto officially.
"Witnesses: Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding
"W. B. Hopson James L. Anding
"L. E. Thorpe George K. Anding
"Mary J. Hopson
"Elizabeth Thompson
"Corre B. Anding
"Salon E. Smith
"Notary Public"
The effect of this act was to place the property involved in this suit back into the succession of James L. Anding, Sr., to the same extent as if it had never been adjudicated at tax sale to James L. Anding, Jr. In view of this as well as all of the other pertinent facts, it is obvious that as between the parties the tax sale was a pure simulation and cannot serve as the basis of any new title in the Widow and heirs of James L. Anding, Sr., for the purpose of establishing title by prescription or otherwise.
Defendants make two contentions against the charge of simulation. First, they contend that, because Anding, Sr., was heavily in debt shortly before his. death, it is reasonable to conclude that the tax sale was legitimate. Pretermitting the fact that An-ding, Sr., in spite of his financial difficulties had a substantial estate at the time, and that the. taxes on all of his other property were paid for the same year, a complete answer to the contention that lack of funds was the cause of the tax sale is the fact that the tax adjudication was not made to a stranger, but was made to one of the An-dings, and it required a greater cash outlay to purchase the property at tax sale than to pay the taxes without the costs of sale. The other explanation is that given by the Anding children. They testified that James L. Anding, Sr., was indebted to James L. Anding, Jr., for money sent home by James L. Anding, Jr., to his father while Anding, Jr., was employed by .the Missouri-Pacific Railroad Company at a salary of $150 per month, and that the tax sale was chosen as the means of repaying this indebtedness. They testified further that by 1932 the creditor and debtor relationship had been reversed because -of advances made by Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding to her son, James L. Anding, Jr., and that it was for this reason that James L. Anding, Jr., conveyed the property to his mother, But none of the Andings could give an estimate of the amount of the alleged indebtedness in either case, because the books in which these records were kept were burned in a fire which destroyed the Anding store. • However, when asked why James L. Anding, Sr., had resorted to the device of a tax sale for the purpose of conveying this particular property to his son in consideration of a past indebtedness, when only a few months before he had conveyed to him another piece of property in consideration of a like past indebtedness by the generally accepted procedure of executing an authentic act, none of the Andings could give any explanation whatsoever for the use of this unusual method; and we may add that we can find none either, unless it was for the purpose of curing the defect in the title. We conclude, therefore, that as between the parties James L. Anding, Sr., and his estate were never divested of their interest in the property through the instrumentality of these simulated sales.
This brings us to the question of possession. It cannot be controverted that, from the time Daniel T. Phillips purchased the property until the present time, Phillips and his successors in title have continuously farmed the property and have been in continuous, uninterrupted, public, and unequivocal possession of the property. Since we have found, however, that all of these possessors were in bad faith, their possession cannot serve as the basis -for marking the beginning of the period for the purpose of computing the 10 years necessary for the acquisition of title by the prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa. The possession . must commence in good faith. As we have found that both Calder and the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company were in good faith, we must necessarily consider whether either of them possessed the property. And, as the time intervening between Calder's acquisition of the property in 1912 and the acquisition of the first bad-faith possessor, Phillips, in 1917 was a period of only five years, we must additionally deter- . mine whether the subsequent bad-faith possessors may tack their possession on to the possession of their predecessors in title who were in good faith in order to make-up the 10 years necessary to meet the requirements of the law. We shall consider the question of tacking first.
Articles 3482 and 3493 of the Revised Civil Code read as follows:
"3482. It is sufficient if the possession has commenced in good faith; and if the possession should afterwards be held in bad faith, that shall not prevent the prescription."
"3493. The possessor is allowed to make the sum of possession necessary to prescribe, by adding to his own possession that of his author, in whatever manner he may have succeeded him, whether by an universal or particular, a lucrative or an onerous title."
This court more than 100 years ago, in 1840, had occasion to interpret the first of these articles in Devall v. Choppin, 15 La. 566. There, as here, plaintiff instituted a petitory action, and defendants filed a plea of 10 years' acquisitive prescription, which was held to be good. Good faith existed at the commencement of the prescription, but it was contended by the plaintiff that one of the intervening possessors, a man by the name of Baudin, had possessed in bad faith and therefore his possession could not be of any benefit to the defendants. In answering that contention this court said:
" Had Baudin been the first possessor, or was the time to establish the prescription to be ascertained or computed by taking his possession as the commencement or origin of the right, the authorities quoted by plaintiff's counsel from Pothier and Troplong, would, perhaps, receive their proper application, and there would probably be no difficulty, under our law, to-maintain him in his position. But here, Baudin was an intermediate possessor, and his predecessor was in good faith. Baudin himself would have been entitled to prescribe; and in our opinion, the defendants who hold under him, ought to have the benefit of his, as well as of all the previous possessions. .This doctrine is, undoubtedly, a proper and correct interpretation of the article 3448 [3482], of the Louisiana Code, that says: 'It is sufficient if the possession has commenced in good faith; aivd if the possession should afterwards be held in bad faith, that shall not prevent the prescription.' " (Italics ours.)
In 1886, in the case of Barrow v. Wilson, 38 La.Ann. 209, the same question was discussed by this court, and in the course of that opinion we said:
"On the question of good faith, plaintiffs submit the point that one of defendants' authors, Burton, who had purchased from Cox, resisted the payment of his notes representing part of the purchase price, on the ground, judicially alleged, that Cox's title was defective. From the record it appears that this contention arose in 1875, four years after his purchase from Cox, and two years after the latter's purchase from the State.
"That argument is likewise answered by the text of the Code.
"Article 3482 reads: 'It is sufficient if the possession has commenced in good faith; and if the possession should have afterwards been held in bad faith, that shall not prevent the prescription.'
"Article 3481 reads: 'Good faith is always presumed in matters of prescription; and he who alleges bad faith in the possessor, must prove it.'
"These provisions of our law have been frequently expounded by this Court, and application has been frequently made of them in conformity with our present conclusions.
"It is therefore safe to conclude that the doubt of the validity of the title of Cox which Burton once entertained, and which was evidently removed, as it appears that he subsequently paid the very purchase notes in question, cannot affect the good faith of Cox at the time of his purchase, or •the resulting good faith in the present possessors, both in their purchase and in their possession."
In 1904, in the case of Brewster v. Hewes, 113 La. 45, 36 So. 883, 885, this court made the following observation and statement with reference to the problem with which we are concerned in the instant case:
"The law applicable to the subject is that he who acquires the ownership of an immovable from one whom he believes to be the owner, by a title which would be sufficient to transfer the ownership if derived-from the owner, and who holds continuous, uninterrupted, peaceable, public, and unequivocal possession thereof, as owner, 'prescribes for it in ten years'; -that good faith is always presumed in matters of prescription, and that he who alleges bad faith in the possessor must prove it; and that it is sufficient if the possession has commenced in good faith, the fact that it is afterwards held in bad faith, whether by the original possessor or his successor in title, not affecting the prescription. ' * " (Italics ours.)
In the case of Vance v. Ellerbe, 150. La. 388, 90 So. 735, 739, decided in 1922, we find the following:
" Conceding - that Trezevant's vendees, Huron Land Company and Yarbrough, were in bad faith, which does not appear to be sustained by the record, this would not, in itself, have prevented the running of prescription, for the reason that it had validly commenced under the possession of Treievant. C.C. art. 3482; Brewster v. Hewes, 113 La. 51, 36 So. 883."
As late as 1943, in the case of Goree v. Sanders, 203 La. 859, 14 So.2d 744, in the course of our opinion we had occasion to observe that, once possession is commenced in good faith, subsequent possession in bad faith does not prevent the running of prescription.
Counsel for plaintiffs have cited in their brief the opinions of the French commenta tors, the great majority of whom express the view that a possessor in bad faith cannot tack his possession on to the possession of a prior purchaser in good faith.
A thorough research has been done on the question here involved by the author of a comment appearing in the Louisiana Law Review, styled "Tacking of Possession for Acquisitive Prescription". 8 La.L.Rev. 105. The views of the French commentators and the jurisprudence of this state are discussed therein. It. is pointed out that in the leading case of Devall v. Choppin, which we have discussed supra, this court, relying upon the writings of Troplong, enunciated the proposition that, if a successor can show .that 'one of his authors was a possessor in good faith and had all the necessary ingredients for the 10 years' prescription, he could .acquire the property by the 10 years' acquisitive prescription even though he as well as an intermediate author possessed in bad faith. This comment also shows that this rule has been consistently followed by the courts of this state.
However questionable the soundness of this doctrine of law may be, it is a. well settled rule of property.
In support of their contention that the possession of earlier vendors cannot be tacked on to Anding's possession because 'Anding was not himself a purchaser in good faith, the plaintiffs cite and rely on the cases of Innis v. Miller, 10 Mart. (O.S.) 289, 13 Am.Dec. 330, and Barnett v. Botany Bay Lumber Co., 172 La. 205, 133 So. 446, 448. We do not consider these cases authority for the contention of plaintiffs.
The former case was decided in 1821, prior to the inclusion of the provision of Article 3482, as it now reads, in our law. Before the adoption of the Code of 1825, the law was merely that "It is sufficient to have commenced the possession fairly and honestly". La.Code of 1808, Art. 72, p.' 488. That case, therefore,' would not prevail over the plain interpretation of the provision, as it presently reads, by this court in the Devall v. Choppin case, supra.
The Barnett case did not involve a possessor in bad faith, but plaintiffs seize on the statement therein that "The possessor may add to his own possession that'of his vendor, if both acquired in good faith ", If the correct inference from this statement is that the possessor may not add to his own possession that of his vendor if he acquired in bad faith, the court obviously made the statement inadvertently, for no mention whatever was made of the jurisprudence to the contrary, which we have discussed fully herein.
Plaintiffs argue that the possession of Anding, Sr., cannot be tacked on to the possession, if any, of Calder or the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company because acquisitive prescription could not commence to run against Effie Dexter Arnold until her emancipation on August 22, 1920, she being married and having reached the age of 18 years on that date; that the element of good faith must be determined as of that date, and that, since James L. Anding, Sr., the holder of the property at that time, was in bad faith and without a just title, it could not commence to run even on that date.
This argument is predicated on the sole premise that prescription could not and did not run against Effie Dexter Arnold during her minority. This court in Stubbs v. Bain, 173 La. 544, 138 So. 96, 98, a case involving facts very similar to those in the one at bar, held that the acquisitive prescription did run against a minor under the facts as disclosed therein, and in our opinion that decision fully answers plaintiffs' argument herein.
Plaintiff in that case, Mrs. Mabel Allen Mouser, was born on June 20, 1902, and was married in the year 1919, three years after the defendant, H. H. Bain, went into actual possession of the property involved therein. Mrs. Mouser instituted her suit, a petitory action, on June 12, 1926, more than 11 years after Bain went into possession. To that suit defendants pleaded the prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa. Under the above stated facts, it can readily be seen that plaintiff therein became 22 years of age on June 20, 1924, after the effective date of Act No. 161 of 1920, and, since her suit was not instituted until June 12, 1926, this court held that the plea of acquisitive prescription was well founded, more than 22 years having elapsed from the date of her birth to the date of the institution of the suit.
Article 3478 of the Revised Civil Code, as amended by Act 161 of 1920, provides that:
"He who acquires an immovable in good faith and by just title prescribes for it in ten years. This prescription shall run against interdicts, married women, absentees and all others now excepted by law; and as to minors this prescription shall accrue and apply in twenty-two years from the date of the birth of said minor; provided that this prescription shall run against the heirs of said minor and shall not be interrupted in favor of any minor heirs of said minor. Provided that this act shall take effect on January 1st, 1922."'
In the Stubbs case, cited supra, this court quoted from Thomann v. Dutel, 158 La. 1026, 102 So. 52, with approval as follows:
" 'Act 161 of 1920 was approved July 7, 1920. At the date of the passage of said act the prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa did not run against minors under the Civil Code.
" 'A purchaser in good faith under a title translative of property may have had actual possession of the same for 21 years, and then be subjected to a petitory action within 10 years after the minor had arrived at the age of majority. The clear purpose of-the act is to give stability to titles to real estate, by permitting the prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa to run against mi nors during their minority, and by limiting the right of action of a minor to recover immovables to 1 year after arriving at full age, where such prescription had accrued at the time of his reaching his majority! " (Italics ours.)
We further said in the course of the opinion in the Stubbs case:
" We are also of the opinion that where, as in this case, the minor married three years after the prescription pleaded began to accrue, her subsequent marriage did not interrupt the course of that prescription. We fail to see what application the case of Arrington v. Gray, 161 La. 413, 108 So. 790, has to the facts of this case." (Italics ours.)
In the instant case, Effie Dexter Arnold was born on August 22, 1902, and became 22 years of age on August 22, 1924, long after the effective date (January 1, 1922) of Act No. 161 of 1920, which amended Article 3478 of the Civil Code. She instituted this suit on October 30, 1945, a little more than 21 years after her twenty-second birthday. Under these facts, if Calder or the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company had possession, prescription acquirendi causa ran against her during her minority, just as it. did against the plaintiff in Stubbs v. Bain, supra, and her right of action to recover the property here involved was limited to the one year intervening between her twenty-first and twenty-second birthdays, since such prescription, based on the sale to George Calder on May 31, 1912, or on the sale to the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company on August 11, 1915, as the case may be, had accrued at the time of her reaching her twenty-first birthday, and the plaintiff's marriage did not interrupt the course of that prescription. See Stubbs v. Bain, supra.
This brings us to the question of the possession of Calder and of the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company, which is one of the most controversial questions in the case. After the execution of the deed to Calder on May 31, 1912, by Walter, Louis, and Willie Dexter, Walter Dexter and his family continued to live on the property and farmed the land. By 1914 or early in 1915, all of the Dexters except Walter and his wife and family had either died or moved from the property. On February 13, 1915, Walter Dexter was sentenced to the penitentiary for a term of one year after conviction by jury on a charge of larceny. The Central Savings. Bank & Trust Company filed its foreclosure suit against Calder on March 25, 1915, and acquired title by sheriff's deed on August 11, 1915. At some time between 1914 and 1916, the date thereof not being fixed by-the testimony, Wisdom Johnson advised Ellen Dexter, wife of Walter Dexter, who was then incarcerated, that he, Johnson, had rented the property from George Calder, the owner. At the request of Johnson, Ellen Dexter and her children moved from the property, and Johnson took possession as a tenant of Calder and farmed the land for one year. Eight witnesses gave testimony confirming in whole or in part the possession of the property by Wisdom Johnson in the name of Calder. It cannot be disputed, therefore, that Johnson did farm the land for a period of one year as a tenant for Calder, and that this possession was of such a character as to meet the requirements of the law, provided it occurred while Calder was still the record owner of the property.
The difficulty is that the record does not disclose the date of this possession, and as the record stands today, the preponderance of the evidence would indicate that this possession took place after the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company had acquired title by sheriff's deed. Daniel T. Phillips testified that he went on the property twice in 1917, and that "At the time I took it it was laying out but it -had been farmed a year or so previous to that". This would fix the date at 1916 or 1915. Amanda White Shafer, who confirmed Johnson's possession in the name of Calder, gave no testimony with respect to the date. Archie Shafer, who also confirmed Johnson's possession, said, "I can't recall just what year." Tom Shafer testified that, when Walter Dexter went to the penitentiary, he left bis wife and children on the property. This would fix the date of Johnson's possession, .at the earliest, at some time after February 13, 1915. Ellen Dexter Jones, former wife of Walter Dexter, testified that she lived on the property a year after Walter Dexter went to the penitentiary, and that it was in December, 1915, when Wisdom Johnson told her she would have to move off the place. Ed Dexter, one of the children of Walter Dexter and Ellen Jones, testified that he believed the family moved off the property in 1915. While he said it could have been in 1914, he stated, "In my judgment it was 1915; I am not sure but my remembrance is we left the same year he was put in jail, and that was 1915." He testified further, however, that his father went to the penitentiary in the fall. Isom Perry, who lived in the neighborhood and recalled Johnson's farming of the place for one year, could not fix the date of Johnson's possession, or the date Walter Dexter went to the penitentiary. George A. Koutezsky, brother of Mrs. Anding, when asked whether Johnson raised crops and ran an account at Bradley Brothers "along in 1914", answered, "Yes, sir; his account was guaranteed by John Bishop." Taking this testimony as a whole, we cannot say that the defendants have sustained their burden of proving that Johnson, as a tenant of Calder, possessed the property during the time Calder was the record owner thereof.
Defendants argue that, even if the date of Johnson's possession is not fixed, this is immaterial under the doctrine of precarious possession. They contend that the possession of the Dexters from May 31, 1912, until Johnson took possession for Calder, was the possession of Calder because a. vendor is presumed to posses,s for his. vendee. It may likewise be contended that, if Calder through Johnson took possession after the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company acquired its title by foreclosure, Calder's possession through Johnson was possession for the bank under the same rule that a vendor is presumed to possess for his. vendee.
In the solution of this problem, the following articles of the Civil Code must be considered:
Art. 3488. "As to the fact itself of possession, a person is presumed to have possessed as master and owner, unless it appears that the possession began in the name of and for another."
Art. 3489. "When a person's possession commenced for another, it is supposed to continue always under the same title, unless there be proof to the contrary."
Art. 3490. "The circumstance of having been in possession by the permission or through the indulgence of another person, gives neither legal possession nor the right of prescribing.
"Thus, those who possess precariously, that is, by having prayed the master to let them have the possession, do not deprive him thereof, but, possessing by his consent, they possess for him."
Art. 3556.
"25. Precarious. — That possession is called precarious, which one enjoys by the leave of another, and during his pleasure. »
Art. 3441. "Those who possess, not for themselves, but in the name of another, as farmers, depositaries and others who acknowledge an owner, can not acquire the legal possession, because, at the commencement of their possession, they had not the intention of possession for themselves but for another."
Art. 3510. "Those who possess for others and not in their own name, can not prescribe, whatever may be the time of their possession.
"Thus, farmers, tenants, depositaries, usufructuaries and all those generally who hold by a precarious tenure and in the name of the owner, can not prescribe on the thing thus held."
Art. 3512. "Notwithstanding what is said in the two preceding articles, precarious possessors and their heirs may prescribe when the cause of their possession is changed by the act of a third person; as if a farmer, for example, acquires from another the estate which he rented. For if he refuse afterwards to pay the rent, if he declare to the lessor that he will no longer hold the estate under him, but that he chooses to enjoy it as his own, this will be a change of possession by an external act, which shall suffice to give a beginning to the prescription."
Art. 3433. "One may possess a thing not only by one's self, but also by other persons.
"Thus the proprietor of a house or other tenement possesses by his tenant, or by his farmer; the minor, by his tutor; and, in general, every proprietor, by the persons who hold the thing in his name."
Art. 2480. "In all cases where the thing sold remains in the possession of the seller, because he has reserved to himself the usufruct, or retains possession by a precarious title, there is reason to presume that the sale- is simulated, and with respect to third persons, the parties must produce proof that they are acting in good faith, and establish the reality of the sale."
The concept of precarious possession originated in the Roman law, where it was applied to those who possessed by the permission of the owner. It was later extended by the French law to include those who possessed for others by title, such as farmers, depositaries, borrowers for use, renters, and usufructuaries. Mourlon, Repetitions sur le code civil (2e ed. 1878), t. 3, no. 1843, p. 853; see Comment, 12 Tulane L.Rev. 608.
Aubry and Rau made this interesting observation on the subj ect:
"Under Roman law the term precario possidere designated the particular character of possession of the person to whom -.the proprietor or the possessor of a thing 'had delivered it, with permission to use it, 'but with the reservation of being able to •claim its return at will. He who had received a thing precario possessed it quoad interdicta, in the sense that he enjoyed un-¡trammeled possession as against everyone with -the single exception of the person from whom he had received the thing. His possession was thus tainted with only a purely relative vice.
"The qualification of possessio precaria had never been applied, under Roman law, to those who, like the usufructuary, the farmer, or the depositary, possessed not for themselves but for the account of another. It is only as a sequel to an erroneous notion of the character of precarium, and by a manifest confusion of ideas, that we have been brought, in our practice and even in the language of our laws, to apply the qualification 'precarious possession' to the simple possession of those who hold for others. :¡í
"Simple possessors, in the sense of the Roman law, or precarious possessors, according to the terminology of French law, are those who, possessing a thing by virtue of an agreement or of a title as a result of which they are obliged to return it at the expiration of the term fixed in the agreement or upon the cessation of their title, hold for the account of another. Such are the usufructuaries, the farmers, the sequestrators Droit civil Francais (5e ed. 1897), t. 2, no. 180, p. 123.
Since under the French law the concept of precarious possession applied where the . possessor held by virtue of a title which obliged him to return the thing at a specified time, there was considerable controversy among the French commentators over whether the vendor who remained in possession of the property of his vendee after the sale could be said to be a precarious possessor for his vendee.
Baudry-Lacantinerie said with respect to this controversy:
"Should the seller who does not deliver the thing to the buyer be considered, as to that thing, a precarious possessor, which would result in the impossibility of his prescribing the property? Thus, I sell you an immovable; you die before I have made delivery to you; your heir, who is ignorant of the sale, fails to claim the immovable during thirty years; then he discovers that a sale was made and brings an action in revendication against me. Can I plead prescription? As we have just said, this asks if my possession is by precarious title. If the affirmative is true, the action in revendication should prevail; it should fall in the contrary case.
"The question is controversial. According to some, the seller who keeps the thing is not a precarious possessor; he does not hold it by virtue of a title which obliges him to return it. [Citing Leroux de Bretagne, n. 394; Laurent, XXXII, no. 314; Hue' XIV, n. 373.] According to others, the seller who owes the duty of delivery and who continues in possession, detains the thing precariously; his juridical situation implies the obligation to deliver, and as a result implies precarious possession. [Citing Duranton, XXI, n. 243; Colmet de Santerre, VIII, n. 343 bis, II; Guillouard, 1, n. 470.]
"We can resolve the difficulty with the aid of a distinction. If the contract, expressly or tacitly, accords no term to the seller for the delivery, and if the vendor does not retain the thing by virtue of the right conferred by article 1612 of the Civil Code ['The seller is not obliged to deliver the thing if the buyer does not pay the price, and if the seller has not accorded him a delay for the payment.'], it cannot be said that he holds the thing by virtue of his title and for the account of the buyer, and thus precariously. He possesses it contrarily to his title and, as a result, without title, since his title obliged him to an immediate delivery; as a result, he possesses animo domini and, at the end of thirty years, prescription will have run in his favor.
"If, on the contrary, the contract expressly or tacitly accords a term to the seller for delivery, or if the seller keeps the thing by virtue of his right of retention, then it seems clear that the seller retains the thing precariously; for he possesses the thing by virtue of his title and very evidently for the account of the buyer, as to whom he recognizes the right of proprietor since he made the buyer the proprietor by the contract. This solution is incontestable in the case where the act recites that the seller will keep the thing until delivery in the character of a renter, farmer, depositary (art. 2236) or where the price is to be paid in ready cash, in which case the seller keeps the thing until payment is received by virtue of his right of retention. But it would seem that the principle should he applied even when the contract does not indicate the title by which the seller is authorized to keep the thing; it was necessarily understood that he would possess the thing precariously, since, by the very title which authorizes him to detain, the seller recognizes the right of proprietor in the buyer. [Citing Bufnoir, p. 213.]" Baudry-Lacantinerie et Tissier, Traité de droit civil (3e ed. 1905), "De la prescription", t. 28, no. 306, p. 238.
Mourlon, who held that the concept of precarious possession did not apply as between vendor and vendee in the absence of a particular clause in the contract of sale as to the time of delivery, conceded that the majority view was to the contrary. He said:
"Must we consider as precarious possessors those who, after having alienated a thing, do not deliver it to the buyer but continue to enjoy it themselves? I put my question more precisely: Paul died after having paid to me the price of an estate which I sold him; his heirs, who are ignorant of the sale, do not demand execution; I remain possessor of the estate; I enjoy it for thirty years without reclamation on their part. Has prescription run to my profit? Have I acquired, by that possession of thirty years, the immovable which I had sold?
"The question depends on the solution of this one: Does the seller who has not delivered the thing sold possess it précariously, that is to say in the name of and for the account of the buyer? Or does he possess it animo domini, that is to say cumi am.imo rein sibi habendi? If he is considered a precarious possessor, prescription does not take place; on the contrary prescription can take place if we decide that he possesses for himself and not for the buyer.
"Where it is agreed, by a particular clause of the contract, that the seller, for a certain period, will conserve the property under title of renter, farmer, or depositary,, it is evident that he holds it precariously, in the name of and for the account of the buyer, and that thus he cannot prescribe. But is the decision to be the same in the case of a contract which contains no clause of this type ?
"The affirmative is generally sustained. The reasoning is thus:
" 'Holding a thing precariously is to hold it in a quality which implies the obligation to return it to its rightful owner; this obligation to return is precisely that which stamps the possession as precarious, that which puts an obstacle to prescription. The seller who does not deliver the thing sold retains it in a capacity which implies, the obligation of delivering it to the buyer; therefore he possesses precariously; therefore he cannot prescribe.'
"I do not think this solution a good one. I admit, for the present, the principle on which it is engrafted. Yes, I would say, that person is a precarious possessor who- holds a thing by virtue of a title which obliges him to return the thing to the person from whom he got it. But that rule is not applicable to our hypothesis. If the seller possessed in his quality as seller, that is, by virtue of the title of sale which obliges him to deliver the thing to his buyer, the majority view which I combat would be irreproachable. But does the seller really possess by virtue of his title of sale ? Is it true that it is the sale which is the cause of his. possession? No one would sustain this contention. He is held obliged, without doubt, to deliver the thing to the buyer; but his obligation does not spring from the title of his possession, since he possesses without title. " Mourlon, op. cit. supra, t. 3, no. 1844, p. 853.
There are two leading cases in Louisiana which consider the question. In Roe v. Bundy's Heirs, 45 La.Ann. 398, 12 So. 759, 763, this court applied the concept of precarious possession to the case of a vendor who remained in possession of the property of his vendee, reaching this conclusion by the following line of reasoning:
"In view of these express articles of our Code declaring that until delivery the seller must take charge of the property as a good administrator, (provisions of law, which, as we have said, must be considered as part of the contract), we are bound to consider that 'in .the interval of time between the sale and the delivery the seller holds the property for the buyer. His cdetention' is his vendee's 'possession,' (for it is impossible for two persons to possess the same property at the same time, each for himself); and, charged as he is with a duty to his vendee by law, and in one sense, therefore, by contract, he falls squarely under what Laurent even considers the conditions necessary to constitute 'precarious possession.' There is no evidence in this record to show that Greene ever performed his obligation of delivery. Under the pleadings we are bound, to accept as true the very reverse."
But in the later case of Succession of Zebriska, 119 La. 1076, 44 So. 893, 897, this court, through Justice Provosty, held that the question of whether the continued possession of the vendor has been for himself or for his vendee is a question of fact. We said in that case:
"The question of .whether the continued possession of the vendor has been for self or for another can become a question of law only from the point where it ceases to be a question purely o.f fact; that is to say, where the evidence leaves it doubtful whether the possession was or not for self, as where the possession which existed before the sale has simply continued, with no outward sign of whether from and after the sale it was for the vendor or the vendee. In such a case the law may step in and decide the matter by a legal presumption. The natural inference in such a case would be that the vendor had continued in. possession only by sufferance and with the tacit understanding that he would yield to the vendee on demand. And that is the view taken by the common law, which we find stated in 1 A. & E.E. 818, as follows:
"'Possession of Vendor. — Though the mere continued possession of the vendor of land, after conveyance executed, is not adverse to his vendee, or one claiming under him, yet there is nothing in their relations which will prevent the vendor from acquiring a title by adverse possession; and if the intention to hold adversely is manifested by some unequivocal act of hostility, brought to the knowledge of the vendee, the statute of limitation will begin to run.' "
In distinguishing the case of Roe v. Bundy, supra, we went on to say:
"The decision in the case of Roe v. Bundy, 45 La.Ann. 398, 12 So. 759, invoked by the city, has no application under the facts of this case. In that case the vendor had continued in possession. That fact not only was not denied, but was expressly alleged, by the plaintiff, and the court, in deciding the case, laid stress on the peculiarity of the pleadings; and the court also emphasized the fact that there was nothing to show what had been the character of the possession after the sale whether as owner or otherwise. True, the syllabus is broadly to the effect that 'a vendor, until delivery to his vendee, occupies the position of a precarious possessor. His detention of the property sold is the vendee's possession of the same.' But that syllabus is broader than the facts of the case called for. There was nothing in the facts of the case to show whether the possession of the vendor after the sale had been in point of fact as owner, or by mere sufferance.
"The case at bar can be and is decided on its facts, and hence the question of what is the judgment of the civil law on a case where the continued possession of the vendor is unexplained need not be gone into; but the writer of this opinion, without discussing the point, and merely as the expression of his own individual view, upon which the court is not called upon to express itself one way or the other, will add that in his opinion the decided weight of civil law authority is to the effect that such unexplained continued possession of the vendor is presumed to be for himself, and he will add, further, that by textual provision of the Code delivery of possession accompanies the notarial act of sale of immovable property, and that consequently under our Code such a thing as a notarial sale of immovable property without delivery is an impossibility."
The individual view expressed by Justice Provosty was, of course, as stated by him, not the opinion of the court, and our review of the writings of the French commentators convinces us that the opinion of the majority of these commentators does not support, his view. We hold to the view that, when the continued possession of the vendor is unexplained, as to third persons there is a presumption of simulation, Civil Code, Article 2480, and as between the parties the unexplained continued possession of the vendor is presumed to be for the benefit of the vendee. Civil Code, Articles 3433 and 3489. But, where a vendor is not in actual possession'at the time of the sale, or where he is in possession at that time, and surrenders possession to his vendee, and where, in either of such cases, the vendor later takes or re-takes, as the case may be, possession of the thing sold, the unexplained possession of the vendor thereafter, in either case, is presumed to be for himself, as owner, and not for the benefit of his vendee. However, all of these presumptions may be rebutted. Civil Code, Articles 2480, 3512, and 3488. In both Roe v. Bundy and Succession of Zebriska, both cited supra, it is conceded that a vendor may possess adversely to his vendee and reacquire the property he has sold by the prescription of 30 years. In Roe v. Bundy, supra, we said:
"Coming to the consideration of the question as to whether the vendor of property is absolutely precluded from acquiring title to the property conveyed by him to his vendee, adversely to that vendee, by the prescription of 30 years, we find that the weight of authority, both under the civil and common law, is decidedly in favor of the proposition that he is not estopped from doing so, and that the differences among commentators and courts on this subject have been principally as to the time, circumstances, and conditions under which such acquisition can be made and claimed, and under and by what evidence it can be proven. The common-law decisions will be found in the American and English Encyclopedia of Law under the title of 'Adverse Possession/
>f: # sfc # sfs #
"How, assuming that Greene, before he had performed that duty, could place himself in a position of hostility to his vendee [vendor], and could through some positive act of his own, which the French commentators speak of as an 'acte de contradiction/ change the character of his possession from that of its origin, and be entitled to alter it by an 'interversión of possession,' we would certainly require of him, for the purpose of acquiring the property by the 30-years prescription, that he should clearly establish that knowledge of this change of position had been brought home by him to his vendee. This proof, as we have said, has not been made."
In Succession of Zebriska, supra, we said on the same subj ect:
"In the case of Roe v. Bundy's Heirs, 45 La.Ann. 398, 12 So. 759, this court said that the vendor is not precluded from reacquiring by prescription the property he has sold.
‡
" The question of whether a vendor has continued in possession for himself or another is primarily a question purely of fact. Whether one's possession is for self or for another is primarily a question o'f fact. Where the evidence is unquestionable one way or the other, there can be no controversy. If, for instance, the evidence showed that as soon as the sale had been completed the vendor had notified the ven•dee that he would not surrender possession, but would continue to hold the property in his own name and for his own account; and if, in pursuance of that notice, he had for 30 years thereafter continued said possession, resisting every effort of the vendee to oust him — there could be no question but that he had possessed in his own name and for his own account, and not in the name of and for the account of the vendee, and there could be no question but that the prescription of 30 years would apply. In such a case the only action the vendee would have had for enforcing his rights under the sale would have been an action for immovable property; and by article 3548, Civ.Code, 'all actions for immovable property are prescribed by thirty years.' In such a case, to say that the vendor was holding for the vendee would be simply to make an assertion contrary to the facts; and to say that the prescription of 30 years did not apply would be simply to legislate out of existence for that particular kind of action the prescription of 30 years."
The other cases cited by counsel on both sides throw no additional light on the problem.
In the instant case, therefore, the question of whether the vendors, Walter, Willie, and Louis Dexter, after the sale to Calder on May 31, 1912, intended to possess the property for Calder or for themselves is primarily one .of fact. Likewise, if Wisdom Johnson as a tenant for Calder went into possession of the property after the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company became the owner thereof, we must first look to the facts to determine whether Wisdom Johnson's possession was for the bank or for Calder as an adverse possessor to the bank. Only in the absence of facts must we apply the presumptions of law. The presumption of simulation under Article 2480 of the Civil Code will not apply in this case because the family of Walter Dexter was evicted from the property by Calder through his tenant, Johnson, and Walter Dexter, after his release from the penitentiary, made no effort whatsoever to regain possession of the- property. Likewise, Wisdom Johnson remained in possession of the property for only one year, and, after he left, Calder made no effort to claim possession of the property from the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company, which had taken the property away from him by foreclosure. In the case of the continued possession of the Dexters after the sale to Calder, the only testimony in the record with respect to the character of their possession is that of Ellen Dexter Jones, former wife of Walter Dexter, that her husband owned the property, that they paid rent to no one, and that they possessed as owners and not as tenants of Calder. If it be a fact that Wisdom Johnson went into possession of the property after the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company became the owner thereof, the record is devoid of any evidence from which we can determine whether Johnson as tenant for Calder possessed for the bank or adversely to it. In connection with the possession of Walter Dexter, there is another problem to be considered, concerning which the record is also devoid of facts. At the time that possession began, Walter Dexter and Effie Dexter Arnold were co-owners of the property to the extent of one-half each. Co-owners or owners in indivisión possess for each other and cannot acquire title to property by prescription as against each other unless the possession is clearly proved to be hostile. Liles v. Pitts, 145 La. 650, 82 So. 735. Such possession of one co-owner for another is not converted into adverse possession by the mere execution and registry of a sale of the property. In Moore Planting Co., Ltd., v. Morgan's Louisiana & T. R. & S. S. Co., 126 La. 840, 53 So. 22, 35, we said:
"Such excerpts as these — all in the same sense — could be multiplied almost indefinitely. . From them it is very plain that for a precarious possessor, such as a usufructuary or the holder of a servitude, to change the cause of his possession and inaugurate a new possession, it does not suffice for him to acquire and record a new title; but that he must, in addition, indicate by some outward acts of possession his intention to hold no longer under the old title but under the new; and that these acts must be of an unusually pronounced character. He must so conduct himself as to let the' owner know that a new order of things has. begun. In the same way that prescription! •liberandi causa is founded upon a presumption of payment, prescription acquirendi causa is founded upon a presumption of acquiescence on the part of the owner in the claim of title set up by the possessor; and the owner of property cannot be presumed: to have acquiesced in a claim of ownership! of which he is in total ignorance. He cannot be presumed to have known that the-possession which theretofore had been precarious has suddenly become animo domini,. when there has been absolutely nothing in the manner of the possession to indicate the change. The registry of the new title is not notice to him. It is as to him res inter alios acta. He has no concern with it. A man who is in the quiet and peaceable possession and enjoyment of his property does not have to be inspecting the public records every day, or every month or every year, or, for the matter of that every 10 or 30 years, to find out if somebody has not been recording title to his property. Until his possession is disturbed he does not have to concern himself with any claims that other people may be recording against his property. Registry is for the benefit of those who wish to contract with reference to property — to inform them of the condition of the title to the property with reference to which they are about to contract, and was never designed to operate as a means of disturbing or ousting the possession of the owner of the property. "
With the record in the instant case in its present state, we do not believe that there .are sufficient facts before us to justify us in ruling on the plea of prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa based on either the Calder deed or the deed to the Central .Savings Bank & Trust Company. Because of the inadequacy of the evidence in the record with respect to the possession of the property between May 31, 1912, and December 30, 1916, and because it is obvious that neither the plaintiffs nor the defendants explored this question fully in the trial below, we believe the case should be remanded to the district court in order that further evidence, if any is available, may be produced on this point. If, after the available evidence is presented, the defendants are able to establish that Johnson's possession in the name of Calder was at a time when Calder was the record owner of the property, the plea of prescription of 10 years must be sustained. Likewise, if it should be established that Johnson's possession for Calder took place after the Central Savings Bank & Trust Company became the owner of the property, and defendants are able to establish that this possession was with the expre.ss permission and .approval of the bank and for its benefit, and not adverse to it, the plea should be sustained. Moreover, if it can be shown as a matter of fact that Walter, Willie, and Louis Dexter possessed for, and not adversely to, Calder or the Central Savings Bank & Trust Compány, as the case may be, and that Effie Dexter Arnold was properly put on notice of the change in the character of Walter Dexter's possession, the plea should also be sustained. Otherwise, the plea of prescription of 10 years acquirendi causa must be overruled, and judgment rendered for plaintiffs.
In the event of a final judgment for plaintiffs, there is one remaining question to be considered. Defendants Charles H. Murphy, Jr., and Sun Oil Company contend that they took their lease from the record owner of the property, Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding, and that, as innocent purchasers on the faith of the public records, they are hot bound by facts dehors the public records. They point out that the tax sale is a valid sale in every respect on the face of the records, and that the act of partition in which Mrs. Elizabeth K. Anding acknowledged that the property belonged one-half to herself and one-half to her children, was not executed and recorded until after the execution of their lease. They contend that, even if the tax sale is a simulation as between the parties, their rights would not be affected under the doctrine of the case of Bell v. Canal Bank & Trust Co., 193 La. 142, 184 So. 382, 187 So. 295, 190 So. 359, 363, where we held:
"The jurisprudence is clear under the law of registry that a purchaser of real estate in good faith from the owner of record and without notice cannot be affected by latent equities and secret rights which may have existed in favor of former owners of the property dehors the public records. [Authorities.]
"The law is well settled that a third person can acquire a good title to immovable property from the owner of record, even though he has been apprised of the equities or rights of others in the property that did not appear of record, in accordance with the law of registry. [Authorities.]-
"The Prudential Insurance Company of America, having been granted a mortgage on the property on April 16, 1927, to secure the note of '$1500, which sum of money it advanced to Dr. Houston L. Staring, who was the sole and only record owner of the property — and there being nothing registered or recorded in connection with the title to show any defects therein or equities or rights of Manuel Bell, Sr., or his heirs, the Insurance Company, as a third party, relying upon the public records and the law of registry is protected against latent rights' and secret equities of former owners dehors the record. The Canal Bank & Trust Company, in Liquidation, having purchased, in due course of business, the note secured by the mortgage, without any knowledge or notice of the claims or rights of the heirs of Manuel Bell, Sr., certainly acquired the same rights obtained by the Prudential Insurance Company of America in the mortgage and the note."
But the ruling in the Bell case and in the other cases relied upon by the mineral lessees has application only where the third person, relying upon the faith of the public records, purchases the immovable or acquires a real right therein. It has no application to the case of a lessee, whose-rights are strictly personal and who has no-greater rights than those of his lessor. In Gulf Refining Co. of Louisiana v. Glassell, 186 La. 190, 171 So. 846, we held that the usual oil and gas lease with a cash or royalty consideration, or both, such as the one presently before us, is a contract of letting and hiring within the meaning of the codal' articles, and that the lessee in such a mineral lease obtains an obligatory or personal' right only, and not a servitude on the realty or a real right in the land.
In Tyson v. Spearman, 190 La. 871, 183 So. 201, 208, the mineral lessees made the same contention as they do in this case. In that connection we said:
"But counsel for the defendant, the United Gas Public Service Company, contend that it acquired the lease on the property from the record owner on the faith of the public records, and the plaintiffs having knowingly allowed the Gibson children to remain in possession of the estate of Louisa Gibson as owners and to sell the same as owners to N. S. Spearman and W. R. Spear-man, that they are estopped under the provisions of Article 1839, and en pais from contesting its rights as lessee under its contract of lease.
" 'It is the established jurisprudence of this state that the lessee in the usual oil and mineral lease merely obtains a personal Tight and not a real right in the property' (Marchand v. Gulf Refining Co. of Louisiana, 187 La. 1002, 175 So. 647, 649. See, also, Sabine Lumber Co. v. Broderick, 5 Cir., 88 F.2d 586; Posey v. Fargo, 187 La. 122, 174 So. 175), and his possession being for another (his lessor) does not thereby .acquire rights for himself. On the contrary, such rights as the lessee may have acquired by virtue of his possession inures •to the benefit of his lessor."
The adoption of Act No. 205 of 1938 has not altered this situation. We have consistently held that that act is remedial and procedural in character, and that it has not affected or changed any of the substantive rights flowing from the execution of mineral leases. Allison v. Maroun, 193 La. 286, 190 So. 408; Tyson v. Surf Oil Co., 195 La. 248, 196 So. 336; Amerada Petroleum Corporation v. Reese, 195 La. 359, 196 So. 558; Coyle v. North American Oil Consolidated, 201 La. 99, 9 So.2d 473. We did not depart from that view in Davidson v. Midstates Oil Corporation, 211 La. 882, 31 So.2d 7, where we held that, under Act No. 205 of 1938, mineral leases must be in writing and cannot be proved by parol evidence. Our ruling in that case was limited to matters of form and did not include matters of •substance. We did not hold in that case that there was any change in the substantive rights of the parties to a mineral lease •as a result of the adoption of Act No. 205 «of 1938.
In support of their contention that the rule that third persons can acquire good title to immovable property from the owner of record applies to mineral leases, counsel for Charles H. Murphy, Jr., and Sun Oil Company cite the cases of Baird v. Atlas Oil Co., 146 La. 1091, 84 So. 366; Braswell v. Columbia County Development Co., 153 La. 691, 96 So. 534; Jefferson v. Childers (Querbes, Intervener), 189 La. 46, 179 So. 30; English v. Blackman, 189 La. 255, 179 So. 306, and Angichiodo v. Cerami, D.C., 28 F.Supp. 720. All of these cases, except the federal case, were decided before Tyson v. Spearman, supra. In Baird v. Atlas Oil Co., supra, it was said:
"However, the conveyance records are the only thing to which one dealing with real estate or any real right thereon needs to look, under the repeated decisions of this court; and one seeking to acquire a subsequent mineral lease upon property to which the right had been previously conveyed would only have to inquire and inform himself as to the status of the person's claims in whose name the property stood at the time he sought to deal with it. " [146 La. 1091, 84 So. 369.]
This decision, which treated the rights of a mineral lessee as real rights rather than personal rights, has been impliedly overruled by our decisions in Gulf Refining Co. of Louisiana v. Glassell, supra, and Tyson v. Spearman, supra. This is likewise true of the decision in Braswell v. Columbia County Development Co., supra. The case of English v. Blackman, supra, was decided after Gulf Refining Co. of Louisiana v. Glassell, supra, but before Tyson v. Spearman, and the ruling is based on the erroneous conclusion reached in Baird v. Atlas Oil Co., supra, which has been impliedly overruled by Tyson v. Spearman. The decision in Jefferson v. Childers, supra, was based on the plea of estoppel, but, if there was anything said in that decision which is contrary to what was said in the later case of Tyson v. Spearman, the latter decision necessarily ' prevails. The decision in Angichiodo v. Cerami, supra [28 F.Supp. 722], by the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, to the effect that "An oil and mineral .lease, or a royalty interest, is an interest in real property and is governed by the same rule, as that which governs property rights", was based on our earlier jurisprudence. Cf. Lawrence v. Sun Oil Co., 5 Cir., 166 F.2d 466.
Mineral leases must be construed as leases, and the codal provisions applicable to ordinary leases must be applied. See Tyson v. Surf Oil Co., and Coyle v. North American Oil Consolidated, both cited supra. Accordingly, since Murphy and Sun Oil Company have no greater rights than those of their lessors, their co-defendants herein, they must be held to an accounting to Effie Dexter Arnold to the extent of her interest in the event of a final judgment in favor of plaintiffs.
For the reasons assigned, the judgment of the district court is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings-in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Costs of this appeal as well as all other •costs are to await the final disposition of this cause.
HAMITER and HAWTHORNE, JJ., dissent and assign written reasons.
O'NIELL, C. J., recused.