Case Name: LEO GOLD ET AL. v. TOWN OF EAST HADDAM
Court: Connecticut Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Connecticut
Decision Date: 2009-03-24
Citations: 290 Conn. 668
Docket Number: SC 18067
Parties: LEO GOLD ET AL. v. TOWN OF EAST HADDAM
Judges: 
Reporter: Connecticut Reports
Volume: 290
Pages: 668–694

Head Matter:
LEO GOLD ET AL. v. TOWN OF EAST HADDAM
(SC 18067)
Rogers, C. J., and Norcott, Katz, Palmer and Schaller, Js.
Argued October 22, 2008—
officially releasedMarch 24, 2009
John S. Bennet, with whom was Kenneth J. McDonnell, for the appellant (defendant).
Leo Gold for the appellees (plaintiffs).

Opinion:
Opinion
ROGERS, C. J.
The plaintiffs, Leo Gold, Joan S. Levy and the executors of the estate of Bernard Manger, Harold Bernstein and Joseph Lieberman, brought this action seeking a permanent injunction barring the defendant, the town of East Haddam, from condemning their property. Specifically, the plaintiffs claimed that the taking was barred because the defendant had not condemned their property within six months of the referendum vote authorizing the condemnation as required by General Statutes § 48-6 (a). The defendant filed a motion for summary judgment claiming that the six month time limitation contained in § 48-6 (a) did not apply to the condemnation because the land was to be used for school purposes and, therefore, the taking was governed by General Statutes § 10-241a, which con tains no time limitation. The trial court granted the motion and rendered judgment for the defendant. The plaintiffs appealed to the Appellate Court, which reversed the judgment on the ground that the referendum question authorizing the purchase of the plaintiffs' property, which had been approved by vote of the town meeting, raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the property would be used for school purposes. Gold v. East Haddam, 103 Conn. App. 369, 374-75, 928 A.2d 1234 (2007). This court then granted the defendant's petition for certification to appeal. Because we conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact that the plaintiffs' land is going to be used for school purposes and for purposes incidental to that use, we reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.
The opinion of the Appellate Court sets forth the following undisputed facts, as detailed in the trial court's memorandum of decision, and procedural history. "[The plaintiffs] were . . . the owners of real property in the town of East Haddam. On June 17, 2004, the [defendant] held a special meeting for the purpose of considering and discussing the acquisition by purchase or eminent domain of the plaintiffs' property. On June 24, 2004, the governing body of the [defendant] by town meeting voted to acquire the plaintiffs' property. The referendum vote was, in relevant part, on the question of: 1. Shall the [defendant] appropriate $24,500,000 for the New Middle School Project including, but not limited to, (a) the acquisition by purchase or eminent domain of approximately 226 . . . acres of real property located off Clark Gates Road, East Had-dam on the following parcels: Map # 74, Lot 3, Map # 73, Lot 20-1, Map # 74, Lot 009A, provided, however approximately 30 . . . acres be used for the New Middle School Project, approximately 50 . . . acres be used for general purposes and the remaining real property of approximately 146 . . . acres be designated as open space, (b) the construction of a new middle school of approximately 96,000 square feet to house grades [four through eight], (c) the construction of parking areas and drives, ball fields and soccer fields, (d) site improvements and (e) all alterations, repairs and improvements in connection therewith . . . and authorize the Board of Selectmen to acquire such real property. On or about January 6, 2006, the [defendant] filed a statement of compensation in the Superior Court . by which it seeks to take by condemnation the plaintiffs' real property.
"By complaint dated February 6, 2006, the plaintiffs filed this action, claiming that the defendant failed to commence the condemnation proceeding within six months after the vote authorizing the acquisition of the property as required by § 48-6 and that the vote, therefore, was void. The defendant subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming that . . . § 10-241a, which does not have a time limitation, governs the acquisition of property by condemnation for school purposes, and, because the defendant was taking the plaintiffs' property to build a school, the six month time limitation did not apply. The plaintiffs] filed a cross motion for summary judgment, claiming that because the voters approved the land acquisition not only for school purposes but also for other municipal and open space purposes, § 48-6, and not § 10-241a, applied." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 370-72.
The Appellate Court also found that "[i]n support of its motion for summary judgment, the defendant presented affidavits from James Ventres, the defendant's land use administrator, and Bradley Parker, the first selectman. In his affidavit, Ventres stated that the plaintiffs' property was sought for 'the sole purpose of development of the middle school facility project and accessories thereto.' He stated that the project, as currently planned, would consume approximately sixty-one acres, including building location, access roadways, necessary sloping and fill along the access ways at the school site, and for septic fields and playing fields. He stated that another approximately twenty-two acres constituted land that might be developed into additional playing fields or related school facilities in the future. Ventres stated that 'the entire balance of the site is either not subject to development or is substantially constrained by the location of wetlands, ponds, steep slopes and other similar constraints.'
"In his affidavit, Parker reiterated that the only planned use for the plaintiffs' property was the school project. Parker explained that '[t]he [resolution put before the voters . by [r]eferendum describes three elements of the property to be acquired for purposes of the school project simply as a way to inform the voters . of how the property acquired would be adapted to the use for the public school project and future expansion and buffer of adjacent neighborhoods.' " Id., 373-74.
"The [trial] court found that the plaintiffs' property was being acquired solely for school purposes and that the time limitation of § 48-6 therefore did not apply. Accordingly, the court granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment and denied the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment." Id., 372.
The plaintiffs appealed from the judgment of the trial court to the Appellate Court claiming that the trial court improperly had found that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the condemned land would be used solely for school purposes. Id., 370. The Appellate Court concluded that, "[although the affidavits submitted by the defendant support the claim that it sought the plaintiffs' property solely for the school project, the language of the referendum question submitted to the voters, when viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiffs, suggests that only a portion of the property was being taken for school purposes and that other portions were being taken for general purposes or designated as open space. The affidavits, read together with the referendum notice, create a factual question as to whether the taking was intended solely for school purposes or also included general municipal purposes." Id., 374. Accordingly, the Appellate Court reversed the judgment of the trial court. Id., 375.
This certified appeal followed. The defendant claims that the Appellate Court improperly: (1) concluded that the intent of the voters is a question of fact that may be considered by the trial court in determining the meaning of the referendum language; and (2) failed to determine that uses that are incidental and secondary to the use of a condemned property for school purposes do not come within § 48-6 (a). The plaintiffs dispute the defendant's claims and further contend that, because the denial of a motion for summary judgment is not a final judgment, this court lacks jurisdiction over the appeal. We conclude that this court has jurisdiction over the appeal. We further conclude that, regardless of whether there was ambiguity in the referendum question presented to the voters, there was no genuine issue of material fact that the entire condemned property actually was to be used for school purposes pursuant to § 10-241a. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.
I
Because it implicates this court's subject matter jurisdiction, we first address the plaintiffs' claim that the judgment of the Appellate Court reversing the trial court's summary judgment rendered in favor of the defendant was not a final judgment. See State v. Curcio, 191 Conn. 27, 30, 463 A.2d 566 (1983) ("[bjecause our jurisdiction over appeals . is prescribed by statute, we must always determine the threshold question of whether the appeal is taken from a final judgment before considering the merits of the claim"). The plaintiffs claim that, because the denial of a motion for summary judgment is not an appealable final judgment; see Hopkins v. O'Connor, 282 Conn. 821, 828, 925 A.2d 1030 (2007); and because the judgment of the Appellate Court amounted to a denial of the motion for summary judgment and put this case in the same procedural posture that it would have been in if the trial court had denied the defendant's motion for summary judgment, the judgment of the Appellate Court is not an appealable final judgment. We disagree.
Certified appeals to this court from the judgment of the Appellate Court are authorized by General Statutes § 51-197Í, which provides in relevant part: "Upon final determination of any appeal by the Appellate Court, there shall be no right to further review except the Supreme Court shall have the power to certify cases for its review upon petition by an aggrieved party or by the appellate panel which heard the matter and upon the vote of three justices of the Supreme Court so to certify and under such other rules as the justices of the Supreme Court shall establish. . . ." It is clear that the matter before the Appellate Court was an appeal, that the judgment of the Appellate Court reversing the judgment of the trial court was a final determination of the appeal and that the defendant was aggrieved by the Appellate Court's judgment. Accordingly, we conclude that this court has jurisdiction over the appeal under § 51-197f. See Provencher v. Enfield, 284 Conn. 772, 775-77, 936 A.2d 625 (2007) (this court granted certification to appeal from judgment of Appellate Court reversing trial court's summary judgment); Krevis v. Bridgeport, 262 Conn. 813, 814, 817 A.2d 628 (same), on remand, 80 Conn. App. 432, 835 A.2d 123 (2003), cert. denied, 267 Conn. 914, 841 A.2d 219 (2004).
II
The defendant next claims that the Appellate Court improperly determined that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the plaintiffs' land will be used for school purposes. We agree.
"The standard of review of a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary judgment is well established. Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Practice Book § [17-49]. In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. . . . Although the party seeking summary judgment has the burden of showing the nonexistence of any material fact . a party opposing summary judgment must substantiate its adverse claim by showing that there is a genuine issue of mate rial fact together with the evidence disclosing the existence of such an issue. . It is not enough, however, for the opposing party merely to assert the existence of such a disputed issue. Mere assertions of fact . . . are insufficient to establish the existence of a material fact and, therefore, cannot refute evidence properly presented to the court [in support of a motion for summary judgment]. . . . Requiring the nonmovant to produce such evidence does not shift the burden of proof. Rather, it ensures that the nonmovant has not raised a specious issue for the sole purpose of forcing the case to trial. See Farrell v. Farrell, 182 Conn. 34, 39, 438 A.2d 415 (1980) ([i]ndeed, the whole summary judgment procedure would be defeated if, without any showing of evidence, a case could be forced to trial by a mere assertion that an issue exists)." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Great Country Bank v. Pastore, 241 Conn. 423, 435-36, 696 A.2d 1254 (1997).
In determining whether the trial court properly rendered summary judgment in favor of the defendant on the ground that the six month time limitation contained in § 48-6 (a) does not apply to the condemnation of the plaintiffs' property, the dispositive question is whether there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the condemned property "has been fixed upon as a site . of a public school building" under § 10-241a. In addressing this question, it is important to keep in mind that the plaintiffs make no claim that their land will not, in fact, be used for school purposes. Rather, they claim that "[t]here is nothing in the [referendum] question which would lead one to believe that 'general purposes' meant 'general school purposes.' " (Emphasis added.) They further claim that the referendum question "approved by the voters calls for three uses of the property and does not permit the [defendant] to change the language so as to limit the taking to school purposes only." If the undisputed evidence adduced by the defendant established conclusively that the site is in fact going to be used for school purposes, however, a lack of clarity in the referendum question would not alter that fact.
We conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the plaintiffs' land actually will be used for school purposes. First, the language of the referendum question itself indicates that the development of a school is the intended use of the property. Although, taken as a whole, the language is not a model of clarity, the first sentence of the referendum question provides in relevant part: "Shall the [defendant] appropriate $24,500,000 for the New Middle School Project including, but not limited to, (a) the acquisition by purchase or eminent domain of approximately 226 . . . acres of real property . . . ?" (Emphasis added.) This sentence, standing alone, clearly indicates that both the entire appropriation and the entire property would be used for school purposes. See Hasselt v. Lufthansa German Airlines, 262 Conn. 416, 425, 815 A.2d 94 (2003) (term "include" defined as "to . . . comprise as a part of a whole" [internal quotation marks omitted]); Mahoney v. Lensink, 213 Conn. 548, 569, 569 A.2d 518 (1990) ("the word include suggests the containment of something as a constituent, component, or subordinate part of a larger whole" [internal quotation marks omitted]). The remainder of the question is divided into five subparts, identified by the letters (a) through (e). Part (a) describes how different portions of the entire property will be used, and parts (b) through (e) describe the improvements that will be made on the property, all of which relate to school purposes. Although part (a) states: "provided, however . . . [that] approximately [fifty] . . . acres be used for general purposes and the remaining real property of approximately 146 . . . acres be designated as open space"; (emphasis added); the use of land for general purposes and for open space is not inherently inconsistent with its use for school purposes. Rather, in the context of the entire referendum question, the language most reasonably can be understood to mean general school related purposes and open space surrounding the school.
Second, the affidavits submitted by the defendant in support of its motion for summary judgment establish conclusively that the condemned land will be used for school purposes. Both Parker and Ventres, the defendant's first selectman and land use administrator, respectively, stated unequivocally that the entire site would be devoted to the middle school project. These representations were supported by the statement of compensation and by the authorization to inspect and examine the plaintiffs' property, both of which indicated that the defendant intended to use the property as the site of a public school building.* See footnotes 4 and 7 of this opinion. The statements also were supported by the aerial photograph of the property, which shows that the great majority of the condemned land that will not be used for actual construction is unbuildable wetlands, wetlands buffer and steep slope. See footnote 6 of this opinion. The plaintiffs submitted no evidence in support of their opposition to the defendant's motion for summary judgment that would cast any doubt on the statements made in these affidavits. See Great Country Bank v. Pastore, supra, 241 Conn. 435-36 ("a party opposing summary judgment must substantiate its adverse claim by showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact together with the evidence disclosing the existence of such an issue" [emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted]).
To the extent that the plaintiffs claim that, as a matter of law, "general purposes" and "open space" constitute incidental or secondary uses that cannot be considered part of a "site . of a public school building" under § 10-241a, even if they are related to the school, we disagree. Again, the affidavits clearly demonstrate that the uses for general purposes and open space were uses associated with the proposed middle school, such as lawns, roads, septic systems, playing fields and open space between the school and the surrounding area. It would be entirely unrealistic to construe the phrase "site . of a public school building" as used in § 10-241a to be limited to the footprint of the school building and related construction and to exclude land required for the other uses described in the affidavits. Accordingly, because there is no genuine issue of material fact that the condemned land will be used for school purposes, the taking was governed by § 10-241a, which contains no time limitation.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with direction to render judgment affirming the judgment of the trial court.
In this opinion NORCOTT, KATZ and PALMER, Js., concurred.
General Statutes § 48-6 (a) provides: "Any municipal corporation having the right to purchase real property for its municipal purposes which has, in accordance with its charter or the general statutes, voted to purchase the same shall have power to taire or acquire such real property, within the corporate limits of such municipal corporation, and if such municipal corporation cannot agree with any owner upon the amount to be paid for any real property thus taken, it shall proceed in the manner provided by section 48-12 within six months after such vote or such vote shall be void."
General Statutes § 10-241a provides in relevant part: "Any local or regional school district may take, by eminent domain, land which has been fixed upon as a site, or addition to a site, of a public school building, and which is necessary for such purpose or for outbuildings or convenient accommodations for its schools, upon paying to the owner just compensation, provided such talcing is with the approval of the legislative body of the town, and in the case of regional school districts, subject to the provisions of section 10-49a, and in each case in accordance with the provisions of sections 8-129 to 8-133, inclusive. The board, committee or public officer empowered to acquire school sites in such school district shall perform all duties and have all rights prescribed for the redevelopment agency in said sections with respect to such taking. . . ."
We granted certification to appeal limited to the following issues: (1) "Did the Appellate Court err in its finding that the intent of the voters is a question of fact rather than a question of law to be determined by the language approved by the voters in a town meeting?"; and (2) "Did the Appellate Court err in failing to find that uses which are incidental and secondary to the primary public school purpose do not require the taking to occur within six months of the referendum vote?" Gold v. East Haddam, 285 Conn. 901, 902, 938 A.2d 592 (2007). Our review of the record and the briefs submitted by the parties persuades us, however, that the question on appeal should be reframed as follows: Did the Appellate Court properly determine that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the plaintiffs' property would be used for school purposes? See Pekera v. Purpora, 273 Conn. 348, 354 n.8, 869 A.2d 1210 (2005).
The statement of compensation provided that "[o]n June 24, 2004, the governing body of the [defendant] duly voted to acquire the [plaintiffs'] property and found that the convenience and necessity of the [defendant] requires the same for construction of a school."
In support of their motion for summary judgment, the plaintiffs presented copies of the statement of compensation, the notice of a special town meeting and the text of the referendum vote.
Ventres attached an aerial photograph of the property to his affidavit that showed the location of the proposed school braiding, the limits of the other proposed construction, and the location of wetlands, wetlands buffer and steeply sloped land.
Parker also stated in his affidavit that he had "sought and obtained [the] permission of the [plaintiffs] to enter upon [their] property for purposes of testing the site for development of a public school building project." He attached to the affidavit a copy of an authorization to inspect and examine the property that the named plaintiff, Gold, had signed on March 15, 2004. The authorization provided in relevant part: "The [defendant] has requested permission to enter upon your property referenced above, for purposes of inspection and examination for possible location of a public school building. . . ."
Although the plaintiffs made a cursory argument in their memorandum to the trial court in support of their motion for summary judgment and in opposition to the defendant's motion for summary judgment that § 48-6 (a) applies to the condemnation of property for school purposes, neither the trial court nor the Appellate Court addressed that question. Rather, both courts assumed that, if the condemned property was to be used solely for school purposes, § 48-6 (a) would not apply. See Gold v. East Haddam, supra, 103 Conn. App. 372. Without formally raising the issue as an alternate ground for affirming the judgment of the Appellate Court, the plaintiffs, in their brief to this court, appear to renew their claim that § 48-6 (a) applies to the condemnation of property for school purposes. Because the claim was inadequately briefed, both at trial and on appeal to this court, we decline to address it. See State v. Canales, 281 Conn. 572, 579, 916 A.2d 767 (2007) (this court will not review claims not distinctly raised at trial); State v. Clark, 255 Conn. 268, 281 n.30, 764 A.2d 1251 (2001) ("[c]laims on appeal that are inadequately briefed are deemed abandoned" [internal quotation marks omitted]).
The dissent disagrees with this conclusion and argues that the plaintiffs' claim is that part of the condemned property actually will be used for municipal purposes that are not related to the school. It appears to us, however, that the plaintiffs are claiming only that the referendum question is unclear as to whether the entire property will be used for school purposes. Each of the plaintiffs' affirmative assertions that the property will be used for nonschool purposes is based on the language of the referendum. A conclusion either that the referendum question was unclear or that it clearly indicated that the defendant intended to use the property for nonschool purposes would not necessarily mean, however, that the purpose for which the defendant actually intends to use the property is unclear and that a trial is therefore required to establish that purpose. Rather, it seems likely that either conclusion would result in a determination that the referendum question was void ab initio, a claim that the plaintiffs did not raise before the trial court and have not raised on appeal. See Leek v. Michaelson, 111 Ill. 2d 523, 530-31, 491 N.E.2d 414 (1986) (referendum was vague and ambiguous and was therefore invalid under state constitutional provision authorizing municipal referendum). Accordingly, we decline to address that question. See Konigsberg v. Board of Aldermen, 283 Conn. 553, 597 n.24, 930 A.2d 1 (2007) ("[a]s we have observed repeatedly, [t]o review [a] claim, which has been articulated for the first time on appeal and not before the trial court, would result in a trial by ambuscade of the trial judge" [internal quotation marks omitted]); Jalowiec Realty Associates, L.P. v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 278 Conn. 408, 418, 898 A.2d 157 (2006) (declining to review claim because defendants did not raise it adequately before trial court).
The dissent also argues that the affidavits of Parker and Ventres themselves support a conclusion that the plaintiffs' land will not be used exclusively for school purposes. In support of this claim, it points out that Parker stated that "it was determined that acquisition of most of the [plaintiffs' property] would be necessary for purposes of the planned school project . . . ." (Emphasis added.) In light of Parker's subsequent statement that "[t]he acquisition of the property of the [pjlaintiffs is for a single school project, and no other anticipated projects," however, Parker could not have meant that some of the plaintiffs' property would be used for nonschool purposes. Rather, he presumably meant either that the defendant was not required to condemn all of the plaintiffs' property or that, although not all of the plaintiffs' property was absolutely necessary for the school, enough of it was necessary that it would have made no sense to leave the remainder to the plaintiffs. Indeed, as we have indicated, the plaintiffs themselves make no claim that the affidavits support their position. Instead, they claim only that "[t]he notice of the special town meeting and the referendum question make it clear that this was to be a taking for multiple purposes." (Emphasis added.)
Contrary to the dissent's claim, we do not rely on the affidavits to interpret a legislative act. See footnote 9 of this opinion. Rather, we rely on them to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant actually intends to use the plaintiffs' property for school purposes, as we are authorized to do by Practice Book § 17-45, which provides in relevant part that "[a] motion for summary judgment shall be supported by such documents as may be appropriate, including but not limited to affidavits, certified transcripts of testimony under oath, disclosures, written admissions and the like. ."
As we have indicated, the named plaintiff, Gold, signed the authorization to inspect and examine the plaintiffs' property on March 15, 2004, before the referendum vote. This belies any suggestion that the defendant changed its mind about how it would use the property after the six month limitation period of § 48-6 (a) expired.
We recognize that this court has held that land may be condemned under § 10-241a, formerly General Statutes § 7175, only if it is "reasonably necessary" for school purposes. See West Hartford, v. Talcott, 138 Conn. 82, 91, 82 A.2d 351 (1951). As the defendant in the present case points out, however, the plaintiffs "do not complain that the [defendant] cannot acquire their property for public school use [or] that the real property taken is in excess of the need." Thus, to the extent that the dissent suggests that it was unreasonable or unnecessary for the defendant to taire 146 acres of land to serve as a buffer for the school, no such claim was raised by the plaintiffs. We further note that, if such a claim had been raised, the appropriate remedy would not have been to void the taking as untimely under § 48-6 (a), as the plaintiffs in the present case request, but to void it as unauthorized by § 10-241a.