Case Name: ALLIED CAPITAL CORPORATION, Appellant, v. Jean T. CRAVENS, Gamble J. Palmer and Martha Palmer, Appellees
Court: Texas Courts of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 2002-01-24
Citations: 67 S.W.3d 486
Docket Number: No. 13-01-620-CV
Parties: ALLIED CAPITAL CORPORATION, Appellant, v. Jean T. CRAVENS, Gamble J. Palmer and Martha Palmer, Appellees.
Judges: Before Chief Justice VALDEZ and Justices HINOJOSA and RODRIGUEZ.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Third Series
Volume: 67
Pages: 486–493

Head Matter:
ALLIED CAPITAL CORPORATION, Appellant, v. Jean T. CRAVENS, Gamble J. Palmer and Martha Palmer, Appellees.
No. 13-01-620-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Corpus Christi.
Jan. 24, 2002.
Jennifer L. Davis, Attorney At Law, Laney M. Vazquez, Attorney At Law, Houston, for Appellant.
John R. Griffith, Griffith, Saenz & Hill, L.l.p., McAllen, TX, Moses M. Salas Jr., Griffith, Saenz & Hill, Brownsville, TX, Larry W. Lawrence, Lawrence Law Firm, Paul Gabriel, Attorney At Law, McAllen, TX, for Appellees.
Before Chief Justice VALDEZ and Justices HINOJOSA and RODRIGUEZ.

Opinion:
OPINION
RODRIGUEZ, Justice.
This is an accelerated, interlocutory appeal from a temporary injunction enjoining appellant, Allied Capital Corporation (Allied), from advertising in connection with a foreclosure sale of certain property owned by appellees, Gamble J. (G.J.) Palmer and Martha Palmer (the Palmers) and Jean T. Cravens (Cravens). We reverse and remand.
Background
In 1995 and 1996, the Palmers executed two promissory notes (collectively referred to as the indebtedness) payable to Allied. Note No. 1 was in the original principal amount of $1,100,000.00 and Note No. 2 was in the original principal amount of $100,000.00. To secure the indebtedness, appellees executed deeds of trust and security agreements in the following property:
Lots five (5) and six(6) RIDGEVIEW PLACE UNIT NO. ONE an Addition to the City of McAllen, Hidalgo County, Texas (D & E Building); and
A 1.22 Acre Tract of Land out of certain 20.67 acre tract out of lot 4, Block 6 A.J. McColl Subdivision, or portion 68 of Hi-dalgo County, Texas (Pad Parcel No. 7).
On July 1, 2000, the notes matured according to their terms, with a balance of approximately $1,093,000.00 remaining on Note 1, and approximately $36,000.00 on Note 2. At maturity, the Palmers were late in their note payments and rent assignments. Allied declared default and posted the properties securing Notes 1 and 2, the D & E Building and Pad Parcel No. 7, for foreclosure on August 1, 2000. Allied employed the services of Fox & Associates, Partners, Inc. (Fox) to advertise the foreclosure sale of the two properties.
The Palmers filed an action and obtained a temporary restraining order preventing advertising of the August foreclosure sale, and the sale itself. Subsequently, the Palmers and Allied entered into a rule 11 agreement. Allied agreed to post the foreclosure for a later date, October 3, 2000, contingent upon the Palmers making a $245,000.00 payment by September 15, 2000. When the Palmers did not satisfy their obligation to pay this amount under the agreement, Allied again posted the property for foreclosure sale. The record reveals that Fox distributed faxes of flyers regarding the rescheduling of the foreclosure sale as early as September 8, 2000. Information disseminated included a description of the properties and notices of the substitute trustee's sales. Advertisements regarding the sale were also placed in. the newspaper.
On October 2, 2000, one day before the rescheduled foreclosure sale, Cravens, declaring an ownership interest in Pad Parcel No. 7, filed the present suit seeking, in part, a temporary injunction enjoining Allied from advertising the foreclosure sale of the properties. In her petition, Cravens claimed Allied's actions in publicly advertising the property for public sale amounted to tortious interference with prospective contracts. She alleged injury by virtue of the manner in which Allied advertised the foreclosure. Cravens asserted the advertising tortiously interfered with negotiations that would allow the Palmers to cure the default on the notes. More specifically, Cravens alleged Allied interfered with talks between McAllen Primary Care, P.A., regarding a three year lease extension and/or the potential purchase of the property. Cravens also contended that John Sun was in negotiations to purchase Pad Parcel No. 7 and those negotiations were suspended because of the actions of Allied. The Palmers intervened in the underlying lawsuit on October 12, 2000.
A hearing was held on appellees' request for a temporary injunction on October 31, 2000. Drawing all legitimate inferences in a manner most favorable to the trial court's judgment, see Rugen v. Interactive Bus. Sys., Inc., 864 S.W.2d 548, 551 (TexApp.-Dallas 1993, no writ), the evidence at the hearing reveals that Fox sent advertisements directly to De Saussure McFaddin Trevino of McAllen Primary Care, P.A., a former and prospective lessee of a portion of the D & E Building. There was testimony that, as -a result of Allied's advertising, Trevino was deterred from continuing her interest in re-leasing the property. There was also testimony that John Sun, a potential buyer, may have received the advertisements. In addition, Robert Kelly, an officer of Allied, acknowledged that, from plaintiffs petition, he would imply notice that Allied's advertising was interfering with appellees' ability to negotiate a sale of the pad site and to renegotiate refinancing.
Almost nine months after the hearing, the trial court granted appellees' request for a temporary injunction and ordered Allied to "desist and refrain from posting, selling, foreclosing, auctioning, and advertising for the sale" of the D & E Building or Parcel Pad No. 7. Allied appeals from this order.
Temporary Injunction
To be entitled to a temporary injunction a plaintiff must show: (1) a viable cause of action against the defendant; (2) a probable right to recovery; and (3) a probable, imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim. Walling v. Metcalfe, 863 S.W.2d 56, 57 (Tex.1993). The standard of review for granting or denying a temporary injunction is abuse of discretion. Id. at 58; Matagorda County Hosp. Dist. v. City of Palacios, 47 S.W.3d 96, 99 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.). The appellate court must not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court and determine the trial court abused its discretion by granting injunctive relief unless the trial court's action was so arbitrary it exceeded the bounds of reasonable discretion. Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 861-62 (Tex.1978); Rugen, 864 S.W.2d at 551. Moreover, the appellate court should draw all legitimate inferences from the evidence in a manner most favorable to the trial court's judgment. Rugen, 864 S.W.2d at 551. However, abuse of discretion can be shown when the court misapplies the law to established facts or when it concludes that the applicant has a probable right of recovery and the conclusion is not reason ably supported by evidence. See id. at 550-51. The burden of proof is on the litigants attacking the trial court's action. Garcia-Marroquin v. Nueces County Bail Bond Bd., 1 S.W.3d 366, 379 (Tex.App.Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.); GXG Inc. v. Texacal Oil & Gas, Inc., 882 S.W.2d 850, 851 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no writ). Thus, Allied has the burden of proving that the trial court abused its discretion when it granted this temporary injunction. See Garcia-Marroquin, 1 5.W.3d at 379.
Issue
By one issue, Allied contends the trial court erred in granting the injunction because appellees failed to show that they would probably prevail at trial. Allied contends appellees' tortious interference with prospective contracts claim is not a viable cause of action because advertising a foreclosure sale is not an independent tortious act or a violation of law.
Tortious Interference with Prospective Contract or Business Relations
To prevail on a claim of tortious interference with prospective business relations this Court has required a plaintiff to establish:
(1) a reasonable probability the plaintiff would have entered a contractual relationship with a third-party;
(2) an intentional and malicious act that intervened with the formation of that relationship;
(3) the defendants lacked privilege or justification to interfere; and
(4)actual damage, loss, or harm resulted from the defendant's interference.
Garner v. Corpus Christi Nat'l Bank, 944 S.W.2d 469, 477 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1997, writ denied). Without specifically enumerating each of the elements of this cause of action, the Texas Supreme Court recently analyzed and modified the second and third elements identified above.
In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 726 (Tex.2001), the Texas Supreme Court held:
to recover for tortious interference with a prospective business relation a plaintiff must prove that the defendant's conduct was independently tortious or wrongful. By independently tortious we do not mean that the plaintiff must be able to prove an independent tort. Rather, we mean only that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's conduct would be actionable under a recognized tort.... [A] plaintiff could recover for tortious interference by showing an illegal boycott, although a plaintiff could not recover against a defendant whose persuasion of others not to deal with the plaintiff was lawful. Conduct that is merely "sharp" or unfair is not actionable and cannot be the basis for an action for tortious interference with prospective relations, and we disapprove of cases that suggest the contrary.
Id. Finding no underlying tortious or unlawful activity, the court held in favor of Wal-Mart. Id. at 728.
Furthermore, in Bradford v. Vento, 48 S.W.3d 749, 757 (Tex.2001), as to the intentional component of this cause of action, the supreme court stated that interference is intentional "if the actor desires to bring it about or if he knows that the interference is certain or substantially certain to occur as a result." Id. (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 7668 cmt. d (1979)). However, the Restatement further provides that "if [the actor] had no desire to effectuate the interference by his action but knew that it would be a mere incidental result of conduct he was engaging in for another purpose, the interference may be found to be not improper." Id.
The Sturges Court also addressed the concepts of justification and privilege, concluding they are defenses in a claim for tortious interference with prospective business relations only to the extent they are defenses to the independent tortiousness of the defendant's conduct. Id. at 727.
In light of Sturges and Bradford, the elements of a claim for tortious interference with prospective business relationship may now be restated as:
(1) a reasonable probability that the parties would have entered into a contractual relationship;
(2) an "independently tortious or unlawful" act by the defendant that prevented the relationship from occurring;
(3) the defendant did such act with a conscious desire to prevent the relationship from occurring or knew that the interference was certain or substantially certain to occur as a result of his conduct; and
(4) the plaintiff suffered actual harm or damage as a result of the defendant's intei'ference.
Baty v. Protech Ins. Agency, 63 S.W.3d 841, 859-860, 2001 Tex.App. LEXIS 8012, at *45-46 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] no pet.) (citing Ash v. Hack Branch Distrib. Co., 54 S.W.3d 401, 414-15 (TexApp.-Waco 2001, pet. denied)).
Analysis
In order to establish their tor-tious interference with contract claim, ap-pellees must prove an underlying tortious or illegal act. See Baty, at 859-860, 2001 TexApp. LEXIS 8012, at *45-46. Appel-lees do not argue that Allied's actions were illegal. They do not plead or urge that Allied's actions constitute an independent tort such as fraud, an assault, or an illegal boycott. See Sturges, 52 S.W.3d at 727. Appellees do, however, assert that Allied's advertising of the foreclosure sale of the properties was an independent tort because its actions went beyond that required by statute or the deeds of trust. However, appellees have provided us with no authority, and we have found none, to support this contention.
Section 51.002 of the Texas Property Code provides that "[a] sale of real property under a power of sale conferred by a deed of trust . must be a public sale at auction . at the county courthouse.... " TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 51.002(a) (Vernon 1995). Written notice must be given at least twenty-one days in advance and must be (1) posted at the courthouse door in each county in which the property is located, (2) filed in the office of the county clerk of each county in which the property is located, and (3) sent by the holder of the debt via certified mail to each debtor obligated to pay the debt. Id. at § 51.003(b)(l)-(3). The relevant portions of the deeds of trust in this case provide that any foreclosure sale and notice thereof "shall be made . in accordance with the then applicable provisions of [s]ection 51.002 of the Texas Property Code.... " Appellees do not complain that Allied did not comply with the statutory notice requirements. Moreover, Mark Freeland, appellees' legal expert in the area of real estate law, testified at the temporary injunction hearing that the language of the property code and the deeds of trust in this case set forth the minimum, not the maximum, requirements to conduct a foreclosure sale. Freeland also acknowledged there is nothing in the statute or the deeds of trust that says one can or cannot advertise a foreclosure sale beyond the required statutory notice. Freeland, however, disagreed with Allied's method of advertising, concluding that, under the circumstances of this case, it was improper for Allied to advertise the property for sale before the foreclosure sale was posted.
Nonetheless, we cannot conclude that Allied's conduct in advertising the foreclosure sale of the property beyond the required statutory notice is actionable as an independent tort. Allied's conduct may appear "sharp" or unfair because it provided foreclosure information to those who had shown an interest in leasing or buying the properties at issue, but we cannot conclude that it is tortious behavior. See Sturges, 52 S.W.3d at 726. As the Texas Supreme Court has provided, appellees cannot recover against one whose persuasion of others not to deal with them is lawful. See id. at 727. We conclude, therefore, that advertising a public sale to the public beyond the minimum requirements set out by statute or in the deed of trust is not, under the facts before us in this appeal, independently wrongful or tor-tious, and cannot be the basis of a claim for tortious interference with a contract.
Appellees also argue that the underlying tortious act supporting their claim is one of wrongful foreclosure. They rely on First State Bank v. Keilman, 851 S.W.2d 914, 921-22 (Tex.App.-Austin 1993, writ denied), and other wrongful foreclosure cases to support their contention that Allied failed to strictly comply with notice requirements, and, thus, deterred third-party bidding. However, one of the elements of wrongful foreclosure is an irregularity in the sale. See Charter Nat'l Bankr-Houston v. Stevens, 781 S.W.2d 368, 371 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, writ denied). Because there has been no foreclosure in this case, appellees' argument and their reliance on First State Bank and other cases involving wrongful foreclosure is misplaced.
Additionally, appellees contend that the underlying tort that forms the basis of their claim is business disparagement. Appellees pleaded that Allied interfered with their contractual relations with Trevino and Sun by advertising the foreclosure of the property to them while they were in negotiations with appellees to either lease or purchase the property at issue. Given a liberal construction of their pleadings, we could conclude appellees' pleadings allege that Allied interfered by conduct constituting business disparagement, a means of interference which is tortious in itself. See Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 81 (Tex.2000) (absent special exceptions, court construes petition liberally in favor of pleader). The general elements of a claim for business disparagement are publication by the defendant of the disparaging words, falsity, malice, lack of privilege, and special damages. See id. However, even construing the pleading liberally, we cannot affirm on this basis because appellees did not present this argument or evidence supporting this argument during the temporary injunction proceedings. We review only the record as it appeared before the trial court at the time the injunction was issued. Univ. of Tex. v. Morris, 162 Tex. 60, 64, 844 S.W.2d 426, 429 (Tex.1961). Any arguments, evidence, or causes of action presented to the trial court subsequent to the granting of the temporary injunction are not properly before this Court. Id.
Finally, appellees contend that the underlying tortious act for their claim was a breach of contract. The basis for this contention is that Allied's advertisement of the foreclosure sale of the properties breached the provisions of the deeds of trust. We have already resolved this argument against appellees, thus, this contention also fails. Furthermore, breach of contract was not pleaded, nor was this argument made before the trial court prior to the temporary injunction being granted. Therefore, it is not properly before us in this appeal. See id.
Accordingly, appellees are unable to demonstrate a probable right of recovery, one of the elements necessary for a temporary injunction. See Walling, 863 S.W.2d at 57. Based on the record before us, we conclude appellees cannot state a viable cause of action for tortious interference because they have not established independently tortious or unlawful conduct on the part of Allied, and injunctive relief should not issue. The trial court abused its discretion by granting the temporary injunction.
We sustain Allied's sole issue, reverse the order granting temporary injunctive relief thereby dissolving the temporary injunction, and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings.
. It is undisputed that the D & E Building is owned by the Palmers and Pad Parcel No. 7 is owned by G.J. Palmer and Cravens.
. Fox is a defendant/third-party plaintiff in this lawsuit, and was appointed substitute trustee in the deeds of trust. Fox is not, however, an appellant in this appeal.
. The Palmers and Attorney Larry W. Lawrence, Jr., signed the agreement. Cravens did not, although her name appeared on the agreement's signature page. The document does not reflect whether Cravens was a party to that lawsuit, or whether Lawrence represented her.
. Additionally, the Palmers agreed to release Allied from all claims they may have had, and, in the event of their default of the rule 11 agreement, they agreed that they would not seek any additional temporary restraining order or temporary injunction to prevent such a foreclosure sale.
. Neither Cravens nor the Palmers dispute the debt owed to Allied, Allied's security interest in the properties, or default by the Palm-ers.
. The Sturges Court concluded there may be tortious interference from a defendant who makes fraudulent statements about a plaintiff to a third person, who threatens assault on a plaintiff's prospective customer for doing business with plaintiff, or who is involved in an illegal -boycott. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 727 (Tex.2001). However, a plaintiff could not recover against a defendant whose persuasion of others not to deal with plaintiff was lawful. Id.
. See Conversion Props., L.L.C. v. Kessler, 994 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1999, writ denied); Peterson v. Black, 980 S.W.2d 818, 821-22 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, no pet.); Bonilla v. Roberson, 918 S.W.2d 17, 23 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1996, no writ); Biddle v. Nat'l Old Line Ins. Co., 513 S.W.2d 135, 138 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.).