Case Name: UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff, v. CHINA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CORPORATION, et al., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2016-05-26
Citations: 189 F. Supp. 3d 118
Docket Number: Civil Action No. 15-cv-00307 (BAH)
Parties: UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff, v. CHINA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CORPORATION, et al., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 3d
Volume: 189
Pages: 118–137

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff, v. CHINA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CORPORATION, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action No. 15-cv-00307 (BAH)
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
Signed May 26, 2016
Melissa Jane Armstrong, Stephan Jacob Schlegelmilch, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
Edward B. MacMahon, Jr., Middleburg, VA, for Defendants.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BERYL A. HOWELL, Chief Judge
The United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") initiated this action, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"), against three defendants, China Infrastructure Investment Corporation ("CIIC"), Li Xipeng, Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chairman of CIIC, and Wang Feng, Corporate Secretary of CIIC. Corrected Compl. ("Corr. Compl.") ¶ 11,16-17, ECF No. 3. The Corrected Complaint alleges that over the course of six weeks, the defendants submitted three filings to the SEC, and one letter to NASDAQ, which falsely represented that a person named Li Lei was the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") of the defendant CIIC, despite the fact that he had resigned. Id. ¶ 37-46. Shortly after the initiation of this action, the defendants stopped paying fees to and communicating with defense counsel, failed to respond to the SEC's discovery requests, and ignored several of this Court's Orders compelling compliance with the defendants' obligations under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The SEC now seeks default judgment pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(A)(vi). See PL's Mot. Default J. Against Defs. CIIC, Xipeng, and Fang ("Pl.'s Mot."), ECF No. 21; PL's Mem. Supp. Default J. Against Defs. CIIC, Xi-peng, and Fang ("PL's Mem."), ECF No. 21-1. For the reasons discussed below, default judgment is granted.
I. BACKGROUND
Summarized below is the factual and procedural background of this case. The background is based on the allegations .in the Corrected Complaint, as supplemented by the SEC's declaration and facts deemed admitted pursuant to this Court's October 27, 2015 Minute Order. See Min, Order (Oct. 27, 2015) ("Oct. 27, 2015 Min. Order"); Decl. of Stephen J. Schlegelmilch in Supp. PL's Mot. for Default J. Against Defs. CIIC, Xipeng, and Fang (Nov. 23, 2015) ("Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J."), Exs. 2-4 (the "CIIC Admis.," "Xipeng Admis.," and "Feng Admis.," respectively), ECF Nos. 22-2-22-4.
A. Factual Background
The defendant CIIC, a Nevada corporation, is headquartered in Zhengzhou, He-nan Province, The People's Republic of China. Corr, Compl. ¶ 15. "Through a series of holding companies," including Ping-dingshan Pinglin Expressway Co., Ltd., CIIC "owns and operates" a "portion of the Pinglin Expressway" in China, Id, "CIIC is registered with the [SEC] under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act," and "CIIC stock was traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange from 2008 until it was del-isted on February 17, 2012." Id. The defendant Xipeng is a fifty-one-year-old Chinese national and resident, who has served as both the CEO and Chairman of CIIC since 2008. Id. ¶ 16. Xipeng owns fifty percent of the stock of Joylink Holdings Limited, which owns eighty-five percent of the voting stock of CIIC. Id. ¶ 15-16. This makes Xipeng "the largest beneficial owner of CIIC stock." Id. During this period, "Xipeng had control over CIIC business decisions and influenced votes on CIIC's Board of Directors." Id. ¶ 27. The defendant Feng is a forty-one-year-old Chinese national and resident, and since 2008, he has served as the Corporate Secretary of CIIC. Id. ¶ 17. His role "included getting the signatures of CIIC officers on SEC-required filings and correspondence." Id. ¶ 27.
"On September 9, 2010, NASDAQ notified CIIC that its common stock had failed to maintain the required $1.00 minimum bid price" and gave CIIC "180 days to regain compliance, followed by a second 180-day period." Id. ¶ 26. A year later, on September 7, 2011, NASDAQ issued a decision to delist CIIC and the company appealed. Id. ¶29, NASDAQ then scheduled a hearing for October 27, 2011 and requested additional information, including "the accounting treatment of certain nonperforming loans in which Xipeng had a financial interest." Id. Both the defendants Xipeng and Feng "knew that NASDAQ had decided to delist CIIC for failure to maintain a minimum share price of at least $1,00, and they knew that the company was appealing the delisting decision." Id. ¶ 6.
Prior to the NASDAQ delisting decision and appeal, Lei, who is not a party to this action, was appointed to the position of CFO of CIIC, effective June 27, 2011. Id. ¶ 2, 28. Lei also served as a member of CIIC's Board of Directors. Id. ¶ 28. Only three months after he was hired, on September 21, 2011, Lei resigned from all of his positions at CIIC, effective immediately, in a letter to the defendant Xipeng citing "personal reasons." Id. ¶2, 30; Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J. ¶ 12; see also CIIC Admis., No. 3; Xipeng Ad-mis., No. 3; Feng Admis., No. 3. Lei also sent an e-mail communicating his resignation to the defendant Feng, the Independent Director on the defendant CIIC's audit committee, CIIC's outside auditor, and its legal counsel, the Crone Law Group, resigning his positions. Corr. Compl. ¶ 30; see also Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 6, ECF No. 22-6.
In response to Lei's resignation, that same day, the Independent Director emailed Lei, copying the defendant Feng, to report that "legal counsel had advised him that CIIC needed to file a Form 8-K disclosing Lei's resignation by the following Tuesday (September 27)." Corr. Compl. ¶ 31; see also Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 6. Feng asked the Independent Director to tell the legal counsel not to act, stating: "We will have an internal discussion first." Corr. Compl. ¶32. On September 23, "the Independent Director emailed Feng with a proposed resolution of the Board of Directors appointing an interim CFO" and reminding the defendant Feng of the need to file the Form 8-K with the SEC. Id. ¶ 33. On September 26, 2011, "Feng told the Independent Director that Lei had decided to continue as CFO until the Form 10-K was filed." Id. ¶ 36; see also Feng Admis., No. 26. The next day, Feng sent an e-mail to the Independent Director, the outside auditor, and defendant CIIC's other legal counsel, Loeb & Loeb LLP ("Loeb"), writing falsely that the "CFO is on sick leave in the hospital." Corr. Compl. ¶ 36; see also Feng Admis., Nos. 27-28. That same day, CIIC terminated its relationship with the Crone Law Group. Corr. Compl. ¶ 35.
On September 30, 2011, "CIIC sent a letter to NASDAQ responding to its request for additional information." Id. ¶ 37; Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 7 ("NASDAQ Letter"), ECF No. 22-7. Despite the fact that Lei had resigned the week prior, "Lei's electronic signature was on the letter." Corr. Compl. H 37; NASDAQ Letter at 2. "Lei did not sign the document, nor did he authorize the use of his signature." Corr. Compl. ¶ 37; see also CIIC Admis., Nos. 29, 32.1, 31-32.2; Xi-peng Admis., Nos. 29, 32.1, 31-32.2; Feng Admis., Nos. 29, 32.1, 31-32,2. On October 27, 2011, NASDAQ held the scheduled hearing, and on February 17, 2012, issued its final decision delisting the defendant CIIC. Corr. Compl. ¶ 38.
On October 10 and November 14, 2011, CIIC sent Weinberg and Co., P.A. ("Weinberg"), the company's the principal auditor, "management representation letters in connection with the June 30, 2011 audit and the September 30, 2011 first quarter review." Id. ¶ 39; Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp, Default J., Exs. 8-9 ("Oct. 10, 2011 Letter" and "Nov. 14, 2011 Letter," respectively), ECF Nos. 22-8-22-9. The representation letters contained the defendant Xipeng's handwritten signature and Lei's forged signature. Corr. Compl. ¶ 39; Oct. 10, 2011 Letter at 6; Nov. 14, 2011 Letter at 4, "Again, Lei did not sign the document, nor did he authorize the use of his signature." Corr. Compl. ¶39; see also CIIC Admis., Nos. 36-43; Xipeng Admis., Nos. 36-43; Feng Admis., Nos. 36 — 43. Further, these letters "contained the material misrepresentation that the signatories had no knowledge of any fraud affecting CIIC by management and that there had been no violations of laws or regulations whose effect should be considered for disclosure in the consolidated financial statements." Corr. Compl. ¶ 40; Oct. 10, 2011 Letter at 2-3; Nov. 14, 2011 Letter at 2-3.
"Weinberg relied on the October 10, 2011 representation letter" signed by the defendant Xipeng and (purportedly) Lei in conducting the audit of "CIIC's consolidated financial statements" for the 2011 10-K filed on October 13, 2011. Corr. Compl. ¶ 41; Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 10 ("Form 10-K"), ECF No. 22-10. Additionally, Weinberg relied on CIIC's representation letter in connection with "its review of CIIC's condensed consolidated interim financial statements contained in CIIC's first quarter 2012 Forra 10-Q, which was filed along with its Form 10-K/A for 2011, on November 14, 2011." Corr. Compl. ¶ 41; Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Exs. 11-12 ("Form 10-Q" and "Form 10-K/A," respectively), ECF Nos. 22-11-22-12.
The Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, and Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC contained Xi-peng's signature and the forged signature of Lei. See Corr. Compl. ¶ 42; Form 10-K at 70; Form 10-Q at 55; Form 10-K/A at 6; see also CIIC Admis., Nos. 12-24; Xipeng Admis., Nos. 12-24; Feng Admis., Nos. 12-24. These filings "failed to disclose that: (1) Lei had resigned as CFO at the time of the filings, (2) CIIC had no CFO at the time of the filings, and (3) Lei had not authorized the use of his signature as CFO of CIIC-" Corr. Compl. ¶42; see, e.g., Form 10-K at 52 (listing Li Lei as the Chief Financial Officer and Director). The "omissions were material in that any rea-sonablé investor would have considered the omitted information as significantly altering the total mix of available information about CIIC." Corr. Compl. ¶ 42.
Further, all of these filings with the SEC contained the defendant Xipeng's signature, see Form 10-K at 70; Form 10-Q at 55; Form 10-K/A at 6, and thus "represented, falsely that: (1) CIIC had a CFO at the time of the filing's, (2) Lei was the CFO at the time of the filings, (3) Lei had authorized his signature on the filings, and (4) the CFO had concluded that CIIC's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2011, was effective." Corr. Compl. ¶43. "At the time Xipeng signed CIIC's Forms 10-K, 10-K/A, and 10-Q, Lei had not been performing any duties as a CFO or member of the Board of Directors" and "Xipeng knew, - or was reckless in not knowing, that Lei had resigned as CFO and that the [filings falsely portrayed CIIC as having a CFO." Id. ¶ 44-15; see also Xipeng Admis., Nos. 3-17, 31-32.1, 45, 47, 49. Finally, without his authorization, Lei's electronic signature was placed on the Officer's Certifications in each of these filings, as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Corr. Compl. ¶ 5, 46; Form 10-K at 112, 115; Form 10-Q at 58, 60; Form 10-K/A at 9, 12; see also CIIC Ad-mis., Nos. 51-52; Xipeng Admis., Nos. 51-52; Feng Admis., Nos. 51-52.
On November 28, 2011, Lei contacted the Independent Director for the first time since his resignation. By e-mail, Lei informed the Independent Director that he "found his name in CIIC's Yahoo! Finance company profiles as CIIC's CFO and director." Corr. Compl. ¶47. Further, Lei stated that, after his resignation, he had not spoken with the defendant Xipeng. Id. Lei wrote to the Independent Director, "I just wonder if you guys have officially processed my resignation. My name should not be there and should not be attached to the company." Id.
After receiving this e-mail, the Independent Director telephoned the defendant Feng, who "admitted forging Lei's signature on the Forms 10-K and 10-Q" because "he did not want bad publicity from the CFO's resignation during the NASDAQ inquiry and annual report filing." Id. ¶ 48; see also CIIC Ádmis., No. 53; Xipeng Ad-mis., No. 53; Feng Admis., No. 53. "Feng told the Independent Director that Xipeng knew of Lei's resignation but did not accept it." Corr. Compl. ¶ 48. "The Independent Director recommended to Feng that Feng resign." Id. ¶ 49.
Next, the Independent Director called CIIC's legal counsel, Loeb, and reported Feng's admitted forgery. Id. ¶ 50. On De cember 16, 2011, Loeb filed a Form 8-K with the SEC on behalf of CIIC stating that "Lei resigned on September 21, 2011, and 'although the Company, did not accept Mr. [Lei's] Resignation, Mr. [Lei] did not continue to perform his duties as [CFO].' " Id, ¶ 51 (quoting Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 18 ("Form 8-K"), ECF No. 22-18). The Form 8-K further represented that "the Board learned on December 15 that CIIC's Form 10-K, 10-K/A and 10-Q, all of which bear Lei's purported signature, had not been prepared, reviewed, signed or authorized by Lei." Corr. Compl. ¶ 52. CIIC was delinquent in paying Loeb's fees but nevertheless Loeb was tasked with conducting an internal investigation, which never took place. Id. ¶53.
Since Loeb filed the Form 8-K on December 16, 2011, CIIC has been "delinquent in its filings, which is itself a violation of the securities laws." Id. ¶ 10; Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J. ¶ 16 (declaring that the October 13, 2011 Form 10-K and the November 14, 2011 10-Q were the last Form 10-K and Form 10-Q filed on behalf of defendant CIIC as of November 20, 2015).
B. Procedural History
On March 3, 2015, the SEC filed this lawsuit against the defendants, alleging eight counts of securities fraud, namely, that: (1) the defendants CIIC, Xipeng,'and Feng violated the Exchange Act Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5; (2) the defendant CIIC violated the Exchange Act Section 13(a) and Rules 12b-20, 13a-l and 13a-13; (3) the defendants Xipeng and Feng aided and abetted violations of the Exchange Act Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5; (4) the defendants Xipeng and Feng aided and abetted violations of the Exchange Act Section 13(a) and Rules 12b-20,13a-l and 13a-13; (5) the defendants Xipeng and Feng violated the Exchange Act Rule 13b2-2; (6) the defendant Xipeng violated the Exchange Act Rule 13a-14; (7) the defendant Feng aided and abetted violations of the Exchange Act Rule 13a-14; and (8) the defendant Xipeng is liable as a "control person" under the Exchange Act Section 20(a). Corr. Compl. ¶ 54-81; see also Compl., ECF No. 1.
On March 20, 2015, pursuant to the SEC's ex parte motion, Pl.'s Mot. For Leave to Serve Defs. Xipeng and Feng by Alternative Means, ECF. No. 5, the SEC was granted leave to serve the Corrected Complaint, Summons, and Standing Order on the defendants Xipeng and Feng, both residents of China, by alternative means. Order (March 20, 2015) ("March 20, 2015 Order") at 2, ECF No. 6. Defendant CIIC was subsequently served on March 23, 2015, by serving Gateway Enterprises, Inc., CIIC's registered agent. Notice of Service on Def. CIIC, ECF No. 8. The defendants Xipeng and Feng were served, in accordance with the Court's March 20, 2015 Order, on March 26, 2015, by e-mail and by serving Gateway Enterprises, Inc. Decl. of Stephen J. Schlegelmilch in Supp. of PL's Notice of Service by Alternative Means ¶ 2-9, ECF No. 7-1.
On April 15, 2015, counsel entered an appearance for the defendant CIIC and filed an answer on its behalf. .Notice of Appearance, ECF. No. 9; Answer ("CIIC Answer"), ECF No. 10. The defendants Xipeng and Feng filed their answer on April 29, 2015. See Answer ("Xipeng and Feng Answer"), ECF No. 12. Thereafter, the parties submitted a Joint Meet and Confer Report, ECF No. 13, and on June 2, 2015, the Court entered a Scheduling Order requiring Rule 26 disclosures to be exchanged by June 16, 2015, any additional parties to be joined, and any pleadings to be amended, no later than June 16, 2015, and all discovery to be closed by June 1, 2016. Min. Order (June 2, 2015) ("June 2, 2015 Min. Order"). As required, the defendants filed their Rule 26 disclosures on June 16, 2015. Defs.' Initial Disclosures Pursuant to Rule 26(a)(1), ECF No. 15.
From that point forward, the defendants become unresponsive. "On July 13, 2015, [the SEC] served by e-mail to the defendants' counsel requests for admission, interrogatories, and requests for production of documents." Pl.'s Mot. Compel and Deem Admitted PL's Req. Admis. ("PL's Mot. Compel") at 3, ECF No. 16; see also Decl. of Stephen M. Schlegelmileh in Supp. of PL's Mot. Compel and to Deem Admitted Req. for Admis. ("Schlegelmileh Decl. Supp. Mot. Compel") ¶ 3-5, ECF No. 16-2. Included in this discovery request were fifty-three requests for admission, fewer than ten interrogatories, and seventeen requests for production of documents to each defendant. Id., Exs. 2-4 (Xipeng); id., Exs. 5-7 (Feng); id., Exs. 8-10 (CIIC). The SEC also requested that the defendants provide information regarding their availability for depositions. Id., Ex. 11. The defendants' counsel responded that "I have not heard from my clients in a while and will update you on that status when I can." Id., Ex. 12 at 1. The defendants failed to respond to any of the discovery requests or to provide deposition dates. Id. ¶ 7-8. As a result, on August 27, 2015, the SEC moved to compel the defendants to respond to its interrogatories and requests for production of documents, and to deem admitted each of the SEC's pending requests for admission. PL's Mot. Compel, ECF No. 16.
On this same day, the defendants' counsel moved to withdraw due to the defendants' "failure] to honor their continuing obligations under a written retainer agreement." Mot. to Withdraw as Att'y ¶2, ECF No. 17. Over a week later, on September 11, 2015, counsel for the defendants filed a response to the SEC's discovery motion, requesting a stay of consideration of the SEC's motion pending resolution of defense counsel's motion to withdraw. Defs.' Resp. to PL's Mot. Compel and Deem Admitted PL's Req. Admis., ECF No. 19. Counsel noted, "Counsel cannot, without input and direction from his clients, make proper responses to any of the discovery that has been filed." Id. at 1-2.
Shortly thereafter, on September 17, 2015, defense counsel's motion to withdraw was granted and the defendants were ordered to notify the Court as to "whether they have obtained other counsel and/or whether the individual defendants intended to proceed pro se" by September 24, 2015. Min. Order (Sept. 17, 2015) ("Sept. 17, 2015 Min. Order"). The Court cautioned the defendants that corporate entities are not permitted to appear pro se and that, absent counsel, default judgment may be entered against the corporate defendant. Id. (citing Lennon v. McClory, 3 F.Supp.2d 1461, 1462 n. 1 (D.D.C.1998)).
The defendants failed to respond to the September 17, 2016 Minute Order. Consequently, on October 1, 2016, the defendants were ordered to show cause by October 8, 2015: "(1) why the defendants have failed to comply with this Court's September 17, 2015 Minute Order, which requires the defendants to file a notice by September 24, 2015; and (2) why the Court should not grant as conceded the plaintiffs motion to Compel Responses to Interrogatories and Document Requests and to Deem Admitted Requests for Admission." Min. Order (Oct. 1, 2015) ("Oct. 1, 2015 Minute Order"). The SEC sent copies of the October 1, 2015 Minute Order to the defendants by e-mail. Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 1, ECF No. 22-1. Again, the defendants failed to respond, and on October 27, 2015, the Court granted as conceded the SEC's motion to compel— deeming admitted the SEC's requests for admission and directing the defendants to respond to the SEC's July 13, 2015 interrogatories and requests for production of documents by November 6, 2015. Oct. 27, 2015 Min. Order.
In the October 27, 2015 Minute Order, the Court expressly warned the defendants that noncompliance with the Court's Orders would result in default judgment: "[Fjailure to comply with the Court's Orders will result in the Court rendering default judgment against the defendants pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure' 16(f)(1) and 37(b)(2)(A)(vi)." Oct. 27, 2015 Min. Order. The SEC sent copies of the Oct. 27, 2015 Minute Order to the defendants by e-mail. Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J., Ex. 5, ECF No. 22-5.
The defendants failed to comply with the Court's Order to provide responses to the SEC's July 13, 2015 written discovery. Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J. ¶ 11. On November 23, 2015, the SEC filed a motion for default judgment under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(A)(vi) as to all the defendants. See Pl.'s Mot. The defendants have not submitted any response to this pending motion for default judgment or otherwise attempted to communicate with the Court.
Further, just last week, on May 19, 2016, the SEC filed a Status Report as required by the Court in the June 2, 2015 Minute Order. See Pl.'s Status Réport, ECF No. 23; see also June 2, 2015 Min. Order. The SEC attempted to contact the defendants in order to submit a "joint" status report, but, yet again, the defendants did not respond. See PL's Status Report at 1.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2), the Court may order sanctions, including default judgment, for failure to obey a discovery order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A)(vi). As articulated in Webb v. District of Columbia, 146 F.3d 964 (D.C.Cir.1998), the D.C. Circuit recognizes three basic justifications supporting default judgment as a discovery sanction. See also Wash. Metro. Area Transit Comm'n v. Reliable Limousine Serv., LLC, 776 F.3d 1, 4-5 (D.C.Cir.2015) (restating justifications). First, the Court may determine that the "errant party's behavior has severely-hampered the other party's ability to present his case." Webb, 146 F.3d at 971 (citing Shea v. Donohoe Constr. Co., 795 F.2d 1071, 1074 (D.C.Cir.1986)). Second, the Court "may take account of the prejudice caused to the judicial system when the party's misconduct has put 'an intolerable burden on a district court by requiring the court to modify its own docket and operations in order to accommodate the delay.' " Id. (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1075). Third, the Court "may consider the need 'to sanction conduct that is disrespectful to the court and to deter similar misconduct in the future.'" Id. (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1077.) "A default judgment is inappropriate unless the litigant's misconduct is accompanied by "willfulness, bad faith, or fault.' " Wash. Metro. Area Transit Comm'n, 776 F.3d at 4 (quoting Founding Church of Scientology v. Webster, 802 F.2d 1448, 1458 (D.C.Cir.1986)).
"Though there is a 'strong presumption in favor of adjudications on the merits,' " Carazani v. Zegarra, 972 F.Supp.2d 1, 11 (D.D.C.2013) (quoting Shepherd v. ABC, 62 F.3d 1469, 1475 (D.C.Cir.1995)), default judgment is appropriate where defendants are •" 'essentially unresponsive parities]' " whose defaults are "'plainly willful, reflected by [their] failure to respond to the summons and complaint, the entry of default, or the motion for default judgment.'" Id. (citations omitted); see also Wash. Metro. Area Transit Comm'n, 776 F.3d at 6 (affirming default judgment where defendant argued that he was not participating in discovery because he was applying for a license at issue in the suit, and noting that "[[litigants cannot pick and choose the legal proceedings they want to participate in at any given time."). Default judgment is the " 'sanction of last resort,' to be used only when less onerous methods (for example, adverse evidentiary determinations or other 'issue-related sanctions') will be ineffective or obviously futile." Webb, 146 F.3d at 971 (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1075). Accordingly, to grant default judgment, the Court must find "clear and convincing evidence of misconduct" and "provide a specific, reasoned explanation for rejecting lesser sanctions, such as fines, attorneys' fees, or adverse evidentiary rulings." Shepherd v. ABC, 62 F.3d at 1478.
"A defaulting defendant concedes all well-pleaded factual allegations as to liability, though the court may require additional evidence concerning damages." Al-Quraan v. 4115 8th St. NW, LLC, 123 F.Supp.3d 1, 1 (D.D.C.2015); see also Carazani, 972 F.Supp.2d at 12 ("Although default judgment establishes the defaulting party's liability for every well-pleaded allegation in the complaint, it does not automatically establish liability in the amount claimed by the plaintiff."). "[U]nless the amount of damages is certain, the court is required to make an independent determination of the sum to be awarded." Adkins v. Teseo, 180 F.Supp.2d 15, 17 (D.D.C.2001) (entering default judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a)). "[T]he court may rely on detailed affidavits or documentary evidence to determine the appropriate sum for the default judgment." Int'l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund v. R.W. Amrine Drywall Co., 239 F.Supp.2d 26, 30 (D.D.C.2002); see also United Artists Corp. v. Freeman, 605 F.2d 854, 857 (5th Cir.1979) (where damages were "not liquidated or capable of mathematical calculation," they "should not have been awarded without a hearing or a demonstration by detailed affidavits establishing the necessary facts"); SEC v. Mgmt. Dynamics, Inc., 515 F.2d 801, 814 (2d Cir.1975) (finding a similar independent determination to be "applicable to the granting of an injunction,.which is appropriately entered only after the exercise of a court's discretion, and upon a finding of the likelihood that the defendant would commit future violations if not enjoined").
III. DISCUSSION
The Court addresses the defendants' default before turning to the judgment that will be entered in this case.
A. Default
Default may be entered pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2) when; (1) a party has failed to obey an order to provide or permit discovery; (2) one of the three Webb justifications for use of default judgment as a sanction has been met; and (3) lesser sanctions will not adequately deter and punish the misconduct. Webb, 146 F.3d at 971; Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1478-79. The Court addresses each of these requirements seriatim, below.
1, Defendants Have Violated Every Court Order Since September 17, 2015
The Court may impose sanctions under Rule 37(b)(2) when a party has violated a production order issued by the Court. Webb, 146 F.3d at 972 n. 16. In the instant case, the defendants' violation of the last three Court Orders, the most recent of which expressly compelled the defendants to respond to the SEC's interrogatories and requests for production of documents, triggers the Court's authority to impose sanctions. Carazani, 972 F.Supp.2d at 13-15 (entering default judgment where the defendant repeatedly failed to obey court orders to permit discovery, including a scheduling and procedures order, an order for hearing, an order to compel, and an order for a joint status report). Specifically, the September 17, 2015 Minute Order required the defendants to notify the Court by the following week as to whether they had obtained new counsel and/or whether the individual defendants intended to proceed pro se. Sept. 17, 2015 Minute Order. The defendants failed to respond. The October 1, 2015 Minute Order required the defendants to explain why they failed to comply with the September 17, 2015 Minute Order and explain why the Court should not grant as conceded the SEC's motion to compel discovery responses by October 8, 2015. Oct. 1, 2015 Min. Order. Again, the defendants failed to respond. The October 27, 2015 Minute Order required the defendants to respond to the SEC's interrogatories and requests for production of documents by November 6, 2015. Oct. 27, 2015 Min. Order. Yet again, the defendants failed to respond.
The Court expressly warned the defendants regarding its intention to enter default judgment if met with noncompliance. See Oct. 27, 2015 Min. Order. Even so, the defendants continue to remain absent over six months later. See Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J. ¶ 11. Nothing suggests to this Court that the defendants have any intention of rectifying their ongoing violations of this Court's last three Orders. Accordingly, the Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the defendants have violated a production order issued by this Court.
2. The Defendants' Complete Disregard for the CouH's Orders Justifies Default Judgment
Under any one of the three-alternative bases set forth in Webb, the defendants' total disregard for the Court's Orders justifies default judgment. First, the defendants' conduct has severely prejudiced the SEC's ability to obtain discovery related to its claims and the relief sought. Webb, 146 F.3d at 971. The defendants' failure to respond to the SEC's requests for interrogatories and production of documents, served on July 13, 2015, and ultimately due on November 16, 2015, has hampered the SEC's ability to present its case on the merits. See Perez v. Berhanu, 583 F.Supp.2d 87, 91 (D.D.C.2008) ("Plaintiffs are unable to present their case for a merits resolution without any discovery from defendants; no such discovery is possible in the face of defendants' failure to respond to discovery requests or orders of this Court."). Second, the defendants' conduct has unreasonably delayed this case. Webb, 146 F.3d at 971, The defendants' refusal to respond to these discovery requests, in violation of this Court's October 27, 2015 Minute Order, have completely stalled litigation. The defendants have already missed three Court-ordered deadlines, and are approaching the June 1,2016 fad>discovery deadline (without producing any requested discovery). See June 2, 2015 Min. Order. The defendants simply continue to remain absent without any sign of reengaging in this lawsuit. See Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C.Cir.2005) (affirming default judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 where "the adversary process has been halted because of an essentially unresponsive party"). Third, the defendants' behavior has demonstrated a disrespect for the Court and a need to deter future misconduct. The complete refusal to respond to this Court's last three Orders, and to participate in the case in any manner since the defense counsel's final- submission on September 11, 2015, demonstrates a disrespect for the Court's deadlines and a need to deter further noncompliance. See Perez, 583 F.Supp.2d at 91 ("The extreme disregard defendants have shown for their discovery obligations and the schedule set by this Court shows that a court order to comply with deadlines or to take some other corrective action is unlikely to deter future misconduct.").
3. Lesser Sanctions Would Not Be More Appropriate
Where, as here, the defendants have ignored numerous orders by the Court, and the Court's express warning of default judgment, no lesser sanction is warranted. To merit default judgment, "the party typically has engaged in a pattern of disobedience or noncompliance with court orders . and the noncompliance most often has prejudiced the opposing party, so that the court concludes that no lesser sanction is warranted." Charles Alan Wright et al" 6a Federal Practice and Prooedure § 1531 (3d ed. 2016) (discussing Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(f)). The defendants' silence since September 11, 2015— in contravention to this Court's Orders — establishes a willful "pattern of disobedience or noncompliance." SEC v. Hollywood Trenz, Inc., 202 F.R.D. 3, 7 (D.D.C.2001); see also Nat'l Hockey League v. Metro. Hockey Club, Inc., 427 U.S. 639, 642, 96 S.Ct. 2778, 49 L.Ed.2d 747 (1976) (affirming default judgment rather- than lesser sanctions under Rule 37 where "[n]ot only did respondents fail to file their responses on time, but the responses which they ultimately did file were found by the District Court to be grossly inadequate"). The defendants have not argued that they did not receive the Court's Orders, and to the contrary, the SEC sent the last two Minute Orders to the defendants by e-mail. Cf. Societe Internationale v. Rogers, 357 U.S. 197, 212, 78 S.Ct. 1087, 2 L.Ed.2d 1255 (1958) ("Rule 37 should not be construed to authorize dismissal of [a] complaint because of petitioner's noncompliance with a pretrial production order when it has been established that failure to comply has- been due to inability, and not to willfulness, bad faith, or . any fault of petitioner.").
Notably,- this Court 'has already deemed admitted the SEC's requests for admissions from the three defendants as a result of the defendants' failure to respond to the SEC's motion to compel that discovery. See Oct. 1, 2015 Min. Order. This ruling did not prompt the defendants to act. The Court then made clear to the defendants that failure to respond to the Court's Order compelling additional written discovery would result in default judgment. Oct; 27, 2015 Min. Order. The defendants still did nothing. These "numerous warning shots" demonstrate that lesser sanctions would not serve to deter the defendants' future misconduct. Hollywood Trenz, Inc., 202 F.R.D. at 7; see also Perez, 583 F.Supp.2d at 91 (finding other sanctions to be "obviously futile" where the defendants "have failed to respond to plaintiffs' discovery requests in any manner — [defendant] has failed to make any objections or even ask for more time, and his company has not retained counsel to respond on its behalf'). Consequently, the Court finds clear and convincing evidence of miscondpet and as the appropriate sanction, enters default judgment against the defendants on all counts.
B. Judgment
The SEC seeks injunctive relief enjoining the defendants from future violations of the securities laws, and permanently barring the defendants Xipeng and Feng from acting as officers or directors of publicly-traded companies. Pl.'s Mot. at 1-2; PL's Mem. at 18-21. The SEC also requests the imposition of civil penalties upon all three defendants. PL's Mot. at 2; PL's Mem. at 19-20.
As noted above, the well-pleaded allegations are deemed admitted fot purposes of the liability determination, but the Court must make "an independent determination of the damages." Carazani, 972 F.Supp.2d at 15. On November 23, 2015, the SEC submitted a declaration and accompanying exhibits as evidence to support its motion for default judgment, see Schlegelmileh Decl. Supp. Default J., to which the defendants have not filed a response. Taking the allegations of the Corrected Complaint as admitted, in conjunction with the SEC's declaration and exhibits, the Court finds that it has sufficient evidence to determine relief without requiring a hearing. See Carazani, 972 F.Supp.2d at 15. Accordingly, the Court addresses the SEC's three requested forms of relief'below.
1. Injunctive Relief Enjoining the Defendants from Future Violations of the Securities Laws
The Court is authorized to grant injunctions "commanding compliance with the [federal securities] laws and regulations promulgated thereunder." SEC v. Savoy Indus., Inc., 665 F.2d 1310, 1317 n. 54 (D.C.Cir.1981) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d), (e)). "[A]n injunction is appropriate if the court determines there is a reasonable likelihood that [the defendant] will violate the laws again in the future." SEC v. Bilzerian, 29 F.3d 689, 695 (D.C.Cir.1994). The Court considers three factors when determining the "reasonable likelihood" of future violations: (1) " 'whether a defendant's violation was isolated or part of a pattern' (2) " 'whether the violation was flagrant and deliberate or merely technical in nature'"; and' (3) "'whether the defendant's business will present opportunities to violate the law in the future.'" Id. (quoting SEC v. First City Fin. Corp., 890 F.2d 1215, 1228 (D.C.Cir.1989)). "No single factor is determinative; instead, the district court should determine the propensity for future violations based on the totality of circumstances." First City Fin. Corp., 890 F.2d at 1228.
Here, an injunction is proper because there is a reasonable likelihood that the defendants CIIC, Xipeng, and Feng will commit future violations of the securities laws. First, the violations committed were part of a pattern. The defendants falsified Lei's signature on. three separate filings submitted to the SEC and on one letter submitted to NASDAQ. See Corr. Compl. ¶ 37-46; see also Form 10-K at 70; Form 10-Q at 55; Form 10-K/A at 6; NASDAQ Letter at 2; CIIC Admis., Nos. 12-17, 31-32.2, 51-53; Xipeng Admis., Nos. 12-17, 31-32.2, 51-53; Feng Admis., Nos. 12-17, 31-32.2, 51-53. Each of the SEC filings failed to disclose Lei's resignation and the forged signature. Corr. Compl. ¶ 42-43; see also Form 10-K; Form 10-Q; Form 10-K/A. These actions.occurred over the course of six weeks, amounting to a pattern of misconduct rather than a single, isolated incident. Cf. SEC v. Nat'l Student Mktg. Corp., 457 F.Supp. 682, 716 (D.D.C.1978) (finding that violations were part of an isolated incident where they "principally occurred within a period of a few hours at the closing of the merger").
Second, the defendants deliberately submitted false documents to the SEC and NASDAQ. The defendant Feng admitted that he was aware of Lei's resignation, but nevertheless signed Lei's electronic signature without Lei's authority. See Feng Ad-mis., Nos. 6-17, 31-32.2, 51-53. Similarly, the defendants CIIC and Xipeng admitted to knowing that Lei had resigned, that Lei did not sign the filings or letter, and that Lei had not authorized anyone to sign on his behalf. See CIIC Admis., Nos. 3-17, 31-32.2, 50-53; Xipeng Admis., Nos. 3-17, 31-32.2, 50-53. At the time of the fraud, CIIC was facing a NASDAQ inquiry and annual SEC-report filing. Corr. Compl. ¶ 6, 26, 29. The defendants designed their fraudulent activities, in part,, to avoid bad publicity from the CFO's resignation. Id. ¶ 49. These deliberate misrepresentations, made with the intent to prevent the public from knowing the truth regarding the state of affairs at CIIC, were not merely technical or inconsequential. Cf. SEC v. Steadman, 967 F.2d 636, 648 (D.C.Cir.1992) (finding activities to be "'merely technical in nature'" where defendants failed to add a single footnote about potential liability under the Blue Sky laws in filings) (quoting First City Fin. Corp., 890 F.2d at 1228); SEC v. Savoy Indus. Inc., 587 F.2d 1149, 1165 (D.C.Cir.1978) (equating technical violations to "inconsequential violations").
Finally, the defendant CIIC is a registered company under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and as such, continues to have reporting obligations. Corr. Compl. ¶ 15. Thus, the defendant CIIC's business will present opportunities for it to submit false information to the SEC in the future. The defendant Xipeng, as the CEO and Chairman of CIIC, and the defendant Feng, as Corporate Secretary of CIIC, will likely continue to play central roles in all SEC filings. Compare SEC v. E-Smart Techs., Inc., No. 11-895, 139 F.Supp.3d 170, 177-78, 2015 WL 5952237, at *4 (D.D.C. Oct. 13, 2015) ("[Defendants'] plan to continue developing and commercializing smart-card products of the type that landed' them in hot water in the first place.), with SEC v. Johnson, 595 F.Supp.2d 40, 45 (D.D.C.2009) (finding where defendant now works at a non-public, private company, present business opportunities could not provide opportunities for further violation of securities laws).
The SEC argues that "[repeated, deliberate violations are sufficient to warrant a permanent injunction." Pl.'s Mem. at 19. The great weight of authority supports permanent injunctions where an injunction is warranted. See, e.g., Savoy Indus., Inc., 665 F.2d at 1317 n. 54 (affirming, apart from one provision, a permanent injunction against the defendant for future violations of certain provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder); E-Smart Techs., Inc., 2015 WL 5952237, at *4 (imposing a lifetime injunction on defendants from violating relevant securities laws); SEC v. Prince, 942 F.Supp.2d 108, 154 (D.D.C.2013) (permanently enjoining the defendant from violating the Accounting Bar where the court found a " 'reasonable likelihood' " .of future violations) (quoting Savoy Indus. Inc., 587 F.2d at 1168); SEC v. Kenton Capital, Ltd., 69 F.Supp.2d 1, 15 (D.D.C.1998) (entering permanent injunction against the defendants where there is a "reasonable likelihood" of future violations). But see SEC v. Levine, 517 F.Supp.2d 121, 147 (D.D.C.2007) (awarding a ten-year injunction against violating the securities laws where "future violations are reasonably likely to occur"). Accordingly, the Court will order that the defendants be permanently enjoined from future violations of the securities laws that they have violated here.
2. Injunction Prohibiting the Defendants Xipeng and Feng from Acting as Officers or Directors of Publicly-Traded Companies
"The court may prohibit, conditionally or unconditionally, and permanently or for such period of time as it shall determine," any person who has violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, "from acting as an officer or- director of any issuer that has a class of securities registered pursuant to [15 U.S.C. § 781] or that is required to file reports pursuant to [15 U.S.C. § 78o(d)] if the person's conduct demonstrates unfitness to serve as an officer or director of any such issuer." 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(2). "[Njeither Congress nor , this Circuit has elaborated on the meaning of 'unfitness' in this context" but the Second Circuit has set forth a six-factor framework assessing unfitness to serve and another district court in this Circuit has set forth a similar nine-factor framework. E-Smart Techs., Inc., 2015 WL 5952237 at *6 (discussing SEC v. Patel, 61 F.3d 137, 141 (2d Cir.1995) and Levine, 517 F.Supp.2d at 144).
The factors of the Second Circuit's framework in Patel include: " '(1) the egregiousness of the underlying securities law violation; (2) the defendant's repeat offender status; (3) the defendant's role or position when he engaged in the fraud; (4) the defendant's degree of scienter; (5) the defendant's economic stake in the violation; and (6) the likelihood that misconduct will recur.'" Patel, 61 F.3d at 141 (quoting Jayne W. Barnard, When Is a Corporate ExeCutive "Substantially Unfit To Serve"?, 70 N.C. L. Rev. 1489, 1492-93 (1992)). These Patel factors largely overlap with those enumerated by the Levine Court, which outlined the following factors to be considered: "'(1) the nature and complexity of the scheme; (2) the defendant's role in the scheme; (3) the use of corporate resources in executing the scheme; (4) the defendant's financial gain (or loss avoidance) from the scheme; (5) the loss to investors and others as a result of the scheme; (6) whether the scheme represents an isolated occurrence or a pattern of misconduct; (7) the defendant's use of stealth and concealment; (8) the defendant's history of business and related misconduct; and (9) the defendant's acknowledgment of wrongdoing and the credibility of his contrition.' " Levine, 517 F.Supp.2d at 145 (quoting Jayne W. Barnard, Rule 10b-5 AND the "Unfitness" Question, 47 Aeiz. L. Rev. 9, 46 (2005)). The goal in both tests is to ensure that only "likely recidivists" are enjoined from serving as officers and directors. E-Smart Techs., Inc., 2015 WL 5952237, at *6.
Although the SEC did not present evidence on each factor set out by these two tests, the Court is persuaded/ based upon the record as a whole, that a bar prohibiting the defendants Xipeng and Feng as serving from directors and officers of publicly-traded companies is justified. The defendant Xipeng, as the CEO and Chairman of CIIC, knowingly allowed the company to submit fraudulent filings to the SEC and NASDAQ four times ás part of a scheme to cover up the resignation of the CFO. See Corr. Compl. ¶ 37-47; see also Xipeng Admis.,' Nos. 3-17, 31-32.2, 45, 47, 49. The defendant Feng, as the Corporate Secretary, actually forged the CFO's signature on these fraudulent filings to further this ruse; Corr. Compl. ¶ 37-49. Moreover, Feng expressly lied tó the Independent Director and the other professionals associated with the company, stating that "Lei had decided to continue as CFO until the Form 10-K was filed" and "the CFO is on sick leave in the hospital." Id. ¶ 35 — 36; Feng Admis., Nos. 26-28. It is undisputed on the record before the Court that the defendants acted with a high degree of scienter. See CIIC Admis., Nos. 3-17, 31-32.2, 45, 47, 49; Xi-peng Admis., Nos. 3-17, 31-32.2, 45, 47, 49; Feng Admis., Nos. 6-17, 31-32.2, 45, 47, 49. Rather than demonstrate any culpability and intent to reform their behavior, the defendants are now delinquent in their filings to the SEC and have stopped participating in this lawsuit altogether. Corr. Compl. ¶ 10. The defendants Xipeng and Feng's central role in this pattern of egregiousness misconduct, and their lack of acknowledgement of wrongdoing necessitates a director-officer bar.
"Before imposing a permanent bar, the court should consider whether a conditional bar (e.g., a bar limited to a particular industry) and/or a bar limited in time (e.g., a bar of five years) might be sufficient, especially where there is no pri- or history of unfitness." Patel, 61 F.3d at 142. While the SEC does not identify any specific justification for imposing a permanent bar rather than a shorter-term prohibition, id. (finding that in the absence of past violations, before a lifetime ban is awarded the court must articulate "the factual basis for a finding of the likelihood of recurrence"), this Court has no trouble finding that a permanent bar is appropriate, given the defendants' blatant disregard of the regulatory process in this country and the lawful orders of this Court. See, e.g., SEC v. Great Am. Techs., Inc., No. 07 Civ. 10694, 2010 U.S. Dist, LEXIS 34830, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2010) (permanently enjoining defendant from violating the securities laws and serving as an officer or director of an issuer of securities after entering default judgment for failure to produce documents and appear at his deposition); SEC v. Lawbaugh, 359 F.Supp.2d 418, 422, 424-26 (D.Md.2005) (permanently enjoining defendant from violating the securities laws and serving as an officer or director of an issuer of securities after entering default judgment where defendant had been "unresponsive for more than a year"); Order, SEC v. Hollywood Trenz, Inc., No. 1:98-cv-01106 (D.D.C. April 30, 2001), ECF No. 66 (permanently enjoining defendant from violating the securities law and serving as an officer or director of a public company after defendant was found to be in default for failure to provide discovery and appear at court-ordered depositions and hearings). Accordingly, this Court awards the relief requested of a permanent ban prohibiting the defendants Xipeng and Feng from serving as officers or directors "of any issuer that has a class of securities registered pursuant to [15 U.S.C. § 781] or that is required to file reports pursuant to [15 U.S.C. § 78o(d)] if the person's conduct demonstrates unfitness to serve as an officer or director of any such issuer," 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(2), commencing from the date of this Order.
3. Civil Penalties
The Exchange Act permits district courts to impose civil penalties upon persons who have violated the statute or the rules thereunder. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3). The Act provides for three tiers of penalties and the "amount of the penalty shall be determined by the court in light of the facts and circumstances." 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3)(B)(i). The SEC requests the imposition of "second-tier" civil penalties, which "shall not exceed the greater of (I) [$75,000] for a natural person or [$375,000] for any other person, or (II) the gross amount of pecuniary gain to such defendant as a result of the violation." 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3)(B)(ii); 17 C.F.R. § 201.1003 & Pt. 201, Subpt. E, Tbl. IV (modifying penalties to adjust for inflation). To warrant "second-tier" civil penalties the violation must involve "fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement." 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3)(B)(3i). Further, when imposing "second-tier" penalties, the Court "must determine how many violations occurred and how many violations are attributable to each person, as the statute instructs." Rapoport v. SEC, 682 F.3d 98, 108 (D.C.Cir.2012) (vacating and remanding the SEC's order of civil penalties that were imposed for each year the alleged solicitations occurred).
"In determining the amount of the penalty, courts frequently consider such factors as: (1) the egregiousness of the defendant's conduct; (2) the degree of scienter; (3) whether -the conduct created substantial losses or the risk of substantial losses to other persons; (4) whether the conduct was isolated or recurrent; and (5) whether the penalty should be reduced due to demonstrated current and future financial condition." See, e.g., SEC v. Milan Grp., Inc., 124 F.Supp.3d 21, 25 (D.D.C.2015).
Each defendant committed at least four fraudulent acts as evidenced by the falsifications of Lei's signature and the misrepresentations regarding Lei's officer status on three separate SEC filings and the letter to NASDAQ. See SEC v. Pentagon Capital Mgmt. PLC, 725 F.3d 279, 288 n.7 (2d Cir.2013) ("find[ing] no error in the district court's methodology for calculating the maximum penalty by counting each late trade as a separate violation"). Taking the SEC's allegations as true, the fraudulent nature of the -defendants' scheme to cover up the resignation of the CFO is sufficient to satisfy the criterion for "second-tier" civil penalties because the violations "involved fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement." Kenton Capital, Ltd., 69 F.Supp.2d at 17 ("At a minimum, imposition of a first tier penalty is appropriate for each violation. If the violation 'involved fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement,' second tier penalties should be imposed." (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3))). Further, imposing the maximum amount permitted under the "second-tier" penalties on all three defendants is appropriate in light of the nature of the defendants' knowing and egregious fraud, and their total disregard for the Court's Orders in this lawsuit. See SEC v. Johnson, 652 F.Supp.2d 29, 32-33 (D.D.C.2009) (holding that the defendant's actions to deceive investors, "including directions to subordinates to forge signatures and falsify documents," and subsequent obstruction of justice during his criminal trial were "so flagrant, and so serious that measures to achieve maximum deterrence are appropriate"). Thus, the Court will impose, four maximum "second-tier" civil penalties upon each defendant. The Court imposes a total penalty of $300,000 upon the defendant Feng, $300,000 upon the defendant Xi-peng, and $1,500,000 upon the defendant CIIC.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the SEC's motion for default judgment is granted. The defendant CIIC is permanently restrained and enjoined from violating, directly or indirectly, Sections 10(b) and 13(a) of the Exchange Act and Rules lob-5, 12b-20, 13a-l, and 13a-13 thereunder. The defendant Xipeng is permanently restrained and enjoined from violating, directly or indirectly, Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rules 10b-5, 13b2-2, 13a-14 thereunder, from aiding and abetting violations of Sections 10(b) and 13(a) of the Exchange Act and Rules 10b-5, 12b-20, 13a-l, and 13a-13 thereunder, from controlling, directly or indirectly, any person who violates Section 10(b) and 13(a) of the Exchange Act and Rules 10b-5,12b-20, 13a-l, and 13a-13 thereunder, and from acting as an officer or director of any issuer that has a class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act or that' is required to file reports under Section. 15(d) of the Exchange Act pursuant to Section 21(d)(2) of the Exchange Act. The defendant Feng is permanently restrained and enjoined from violating, directly or indirectly, Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rules 10b-5 and 13b2-2 thereunder, aiding and abetting violations of Sections 10(b) and 13(a) of the Exchange Act and Rules 10b-5, 12b-20, 13a-l, 13a-13 and 13a-14 thereunder, and from acting as an officer or director of any issuer that has a class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act or that is required to file reports under Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act pursuant to Section 21(d)(2) of the Exchange Act. The defendant CIIC is liable for a civil penalty in the amount of $1,500,000, and the defendants Xipeng and Feng are each liable for a civil penalty in the amount of $300,000.
An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered contemporaneously.
. The Court notes that in the titles of the SEC's motion for default judgment and supporting documents, the défendant Wang Feng's name is misspelled "Wang Fang."
. The SEC requested fifty-three admissions from each of the defendants and, in each set of requests for admissions, misnumbered the requests by numbering two requests for admission as "Request for Admission No. 32." Accordingly, the earlier-listed "Request for Admission No. 32" will be referred to as request for admission number 32.1 and the second-listed "Request for Admission No. 32" will be referred to as request for admission number 32.2,
. Paragraphs 42-43 of the Corrected Complaint refer solely to the Form 10-K and 10-Q. In conjunction with the exhibits submitted, the Court understands these allegations to refer also to the Form 10-K/A which amends the Form 10-K.
. Though defense counsel did not enter an appearance on behalf of the defendants Xi-peng and Feng, he did file documents with this Court on their behalf. See Answer ("Xi-peng and Feng Answer"), ECF No. 12 ("listing in the signature block Edward B-. MacM-ahon, Jr. as "Counsel for Counsel for [sic] Li Xipeng and Wang Feng"). Accordingly, this Court finds Xipeng and Feng to have been represented from April 29, 2015 to September 17, 2015 when this Court granted defense counsel's motion to withdraw. See Min. Order (Sept. 17, 2015) ("Sept. 17, 2015 Min. Order").
. In defense counsel's motion to withdraw, defense counsel certified pursuant to Local Rule 83.6(c) that he delivered to the defendants a copy of the motion to withdraw, and notified and advised the defendants that they "should obtain other counsel." Mot. to Withdraw as Att'y at 3, ECF No. 17. Defense counsel further advised that "if the defendants desire to conduct the case pro se [sic] or if they desire to object to the requested withdrawal, they shall have seven days to notify the Court in writing as to how they desire to proceed or otherwise object to the withdrawal." Id. The defendants did not respond.
. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(f)(1)(C) similarly authorizes the Court to "issue any just orders, including those authorized by Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(ii)-(vii), if a party or its attorney . fails to obey a scheduling or other pretrial order." Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(f)(1)(C). Although the SEC's arguments focus on the defendants' failure to produce discovery as warranting sanctions under Rule 37, the Court notes that the defendants' failure to comply with the Court's requirements and deadlines in the June 2, 2015 Minute Order, the September 17, 2015 Minute Order, and the October 27, 2015 Minute Order also warrant sanctions under Rule 16(f)(1)(C).
. The procedural posture of a default does not relieve a federal court of its "affirmative obligation" to determine whether subject matter and personal jurisdiction may be exercised by the Court. James Madison Ltd. ex rel. Hecht v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C.Cir.1996); see also FC Inv. Grp. LC v. IFX Mkts., Ltd., 529 F.3d 1087, 1091 (D.C.Cir.2008) ("The plaintiffs have the burden of establishing the court's personal jurisdiction over [the defendants]."); Khadr v. United States, 529 F.3d 1112, 1115 (D.C.Cir.2008) ("[T]he party claiming subject matter jurisdiction . has the burden to demonstrate that it exists."); Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C.Cir.2005) ("entry of a default judgment is not automatic"). All jurisdictional requirements are met here. First, this Court properly exercises subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(l)-(3) and (e), which provide authority to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to enjoin acts or practices constituting a violation of any provision of the Exchange Act, to prohibit persons from serving as officers or directors, to impose civil penalties, and to issue writs of mandamus, injunctions, or orders requiring compliance with the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Second, venue is proper, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78aa, which provides that "[a]ny suit or action to enforce any liability or duty created by this chapter or rules and regulations thereunder, or to enjoin any violation of such chapter or rules and regulations, may be brought in any such district or in the district wherein the defendant is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business." See SEC v. Savoy Indus., Inc., 587 F.2d 1149, 1154 n. 12 (D.C.Cir.1978) (filings with the SEC occur as a matter of law in the District of Columbia). Finally, although the defendant CIIC is incorporated in Nevada and the defendants Xipeng and Feng are residents of China, the Court, has personal jurisdiction over the defendants because their activities are directed at the SEC. "Numerous circuits have 'uniformly held that when the personal jurisdiction of a federal court is invoked based upon a federal statute providing for nationwide or worldwide service, the relevant inquiry is whether the respondent has had sufficient minimum contacts with the United States.' " SEC v. e-Smart Techs., Inc., 926 F.Supp.2d 231, 236 (D.D.C.2013) (alternation omitted) (quoting SEC v. Carrillo, 115 F.3d 1540, 1543 (11th Cir.1997)); see also Warfield v. Alaniz, 569 F.3d 1015, 1029 (9th Cir.2009) (under the Exchange Act, any federal court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant with minimum contacts with United States). Where a person has " 'purposefully directed' his activities at the residents of the forum," Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472-73, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774, 104 S.Ct. 1473, 79 L.Ed.2d 790 (1984)), such as filing statements with the SEC, and the court proceeding results from alleged injuries that " 'arise out of or relate to' those activities," the minimum contacts required by the Constitution are satisfied, id. (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984)), Accordingly, the defendants CIIC, Xipeng, and Feng's actions of submitting false information to the SEC support the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the defendants in this lawsuit.
. As noted above, defense counsel moved to withdraw on August 27, 2015 due to his clients' "fail[ure] to honor their continuing obligations under a written retainer agreement." Mot. to Withdraw as Att'y ¶ 2. The Court granted this motion on September 17, 2015 and copies of the September 17, 2015 Minute Order were mailed to the now pro se parties. Defendant CIIC's failure to obtain new counsel — despite the Court's warning in the September 17, 2015 Minute Order — is itself grounds for this Court to enter default judgment with respect to the corporate defendant. See Lennon v. McClory, 3 F.Supp.2d 1461, 1462 n. 1 (D.D.C.1998) ("[A corporation] must be represented by counsel or it will be treated as not having appeared at all, and default judgment may be entered against it.").
. See Schlegelmilch Decl. Supp. Default J. ¶ 8, 10. Moreover, the Court sent a copy of the September 17, 2015 Minute Order to defendants at their addresses of record.
. In fact, the defendants were cautioned about the risk of default judgment twice in this lawsuit. The Court first cautioned the defendants about the risk of default judgment resulting from defendant CIIC's lack of coun sel — a problem that still has not been remedied. Sept. 17, 2015 Min. Order. The Court second cautioned the defendants about the risk of default judgment when the defendants failed to comply with the Court's Order compelling compliance with discovery obligations. Oct. 27, 2015 Min. Order.
. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2), defendants who have appeared personally or through counsel "must be served with written notice of the application [of default judgment] at least 7 days before the hearing." Fed. R. Civ, P. 55(b)(2). The SEC brought this motion pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 16(f) and 37(b)(2). In any event, the defendants had ample notice of the application for default judgment. The defendants received the October 27 Minute Order cautioning of the possibility of default judgment in the event of noncompliance, see Schlegelmileh Decl. Supp. Default J. ¶ 10, and the SEC's motion requesting this relief. See PL's Mot. at 4 (certificate of service showing motion mailed and e-mailed to the defendants); PL's Mem. at 23 (certificate of service showing memorandum in support mailed and e-mailed to the defendants).
. Notably, the defendant CIIC has been delinquent in its submissions to the SEC since the filing of the Form 8-K on December 16, 2011. Corr. Compl. ¶ 10.
. The SEC has provided no evidence that the defendants' conduct "resulted in substantial losses or created a significant risk of substantial losses to other persons." Accordingly, the Court does not consider "third-tier" civil penalties. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3)(B)(iii)(bb).