Case Name: PEOPLE v. STARK; GARDEN CITY v. STARK
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1982-10-07
Citations: 120 Mich. App. 350
Docket Number: Docket No. 58390
Parties: PEOPLE v STARK GARDEN CITY v STARK
Judges: Before: M. F. Cavanagh, P.J., and D. C. Riley and C. J. Hoehn, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 120
Pages: 350–353

Head Matter:
PEOPLE v STARK GARDEN CITY v STARK
Docket No. 58390.
Submitted July 21, 1982, at Detroit.
Decided October 7, 1982.
Gerald R. Stark and Kevin L. Stark were issued Garden City ordinance citation tickets charging them with interfering with and hindering police officers in the discharge of their duties after the Starks unsuccessfully attempted to prevent two Garden City police officers from forcibly entering the Starks’ residence to conduct a search without a warrant for a third person against whom there was an outstanding arrest warrant for traffic violations. The person sought in connection with the arrest warrant was not a resident of the house where the Starks lived and was not found in the house. Gerald R. Stark was also charged with assault and battery on a police officer in connection with the incident. The assault and battery charge was later dismissed on a pretrial motion. The Starks were tried by jury in 21st District Court and found guilty on the interference charges. The court granted defendants a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict, ruling that the search was illegal and defendants had a right to defend their property. The City of Garden City appealed to the Wayne Circuit Court, which reversed the judgment and reinstated the jury’s verdict, Charles Kaufman, J. Defendants appeal. Held:
1. The search of defendants’ house was prima facie unreasonable because the police officers did not first obtain a search warrant and there were no exigent circumstances involved. Because the entry by the police was unlawful, the defendants had a common-law privilege to use reasonable force to prevent the search. Defendants did not unlawfully interfere with the police officers.
2. Defendants’ claim that the district court erred in instructing the jury that police officers have a right to enter any building to make an arrest after announcing their purpose and being refused admittance will not be addressed since, due to the holding of the Court of Appeals in this case, no prejudicial error occurred by the giving of that jury instruction.
References for Points in Headnotes
5 Am Jur 2d, Arrest § 4 ei seq.
68 Am Jur 2d, Searches and Seizures § 92 ei seq.
68 Am Jur 2d, Searches and Seizures §§ 127, 128.
Reversed and remanded for reinstatement of the judgment of acquittal.
1. Criminal Law — Search Warrants — Arrest Warrants.
Different interests are protected by arrest warrants and search warrants; when a magistrate considers issuing a search warrant, the interests in privacy in the areas to be searched or the items to be seized are directly considered, whereas, when issuing an arrest warrant, third persons’ interests are not generally considered by the magistrate; the magistrate issuing an arrest warrant considers the possibility that officers will have to enter the subject’s home on the strength of the arrest warrant alone, but the possibility that other unknown residences may have to be entered is not considered and therefore not authorized.
2. Searches and Seizures — Unlawful Entry — Search Without Warrant.
A person has a common-law privilege to exercise reasonable force to prevent an unlawful entry and search of his home by police.
Ronald E. Mack, for plaintiff.
Stempien & Stempien, P.C. (by Marvin R. Stempien), for defendants.
Before: M. F. Cavanagh, P.J., and D. C. Riley and C. J. Hoehn, JJ.
Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.

Opinion:
Per Curiam.
On October 15, 1979, at about 11:15 p.m., two Garden City police officers forcibly entered defendants' home. They had no search warrant. The officers were attempting to arrest a third person who they believed was in the house. This third person, who was the subject of an outstanding arrest warrant for traffic violations, was not a resident of the house. The officers searched the house over defendants' protests and after a scuffle at the door of the house. They did not find the man they sought, and left. They later sent tickets to the defendants for interfering with an officer in the discharge of his official duty. MCL 750.479; MSA 28.747.
The defendants were tried by jury in the 21st District Court. A guilty verdict was given, but Judge Richard L. Hammer entered a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict on March 11, 1980. Judge Hammer ruled that the search of defendants' home was illegal, and therefore the defendants were rightfully defending their property. The City of Garden City appealed the acquittal to the Wayne County Circuit Court. Judge Charles Kaufman reversed the judgment and reinstated the jury's verdict. The defendants appeal to this Court. We reverse.
In Steagald v United States, 451 US 204; 101 S Ct 1642; 68 L Ed 2d 38 (1981), federal Drug Enforcement Administration agents entered defendant Steagald's home looking for Lyons. They had a warrant for Lyons' arrest, but not a search warrant for Steagald's home. While searching for Lyons, the agent discovered cocaine and other incriminating evidence. They arrested Steagald on drug charges. The trial court admitted the seized evidence over objection. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the search was illegal.
The Court noted the difference in interests protected by arrest warrants and search warrants. When a magistrate considers issuing a search warrant, the interests in privacy in the areas to be searched or the items to be seized are directly considered. When issuing an arrest warrant, though, third persons' interests are not generally considered by the magistrate. While the arresting magistrate considers the possibility that officers will have to enter the subject's home on the strength of the arrest warrant alone, the possibility that other unknown residences may have to be entered is not considered. Payton v New York, 445 US 573; 100 S Ct 1371; 63 L Ed 2d 639 (1980). It is too much to speculate whose interest will be implicated if officers can enter any home on the sole authority of an arrest warrant.
Steagald controls this case. Because the officers conducted a search of defendants' house without first obtaining a search warrant, it was prima facie unreasonable. No exigent circumstances save this search from unconstitutionality. There was no danger that evidence of the underlying traffic violations would be destroyed.
Because the entry was unlawful, the defendants had a common-law privilege to use reasonable force to prevent this search. People v Krum, 374 Mich 356; 132 NW2d 69, cert den 381 US 935; 85 S Ct 1765; 14 L Ed 2d 699 (1965) (unlawful arrest). They therefore did not unlawfully interfere with police officers. The circuit court must therefore be reversed.
Defendants also raise as error a district court instruction on the right of police officers to enter any building to make an arrest after announcing their purpose and being refused admittance. See MCL 764.21; MSA 28.880. Because this Court is reinstating the judgment of acquittal, there can be no prejudicial error stemming from jury instructions. We therefore decline to address the validity of the instructions or the facial constitutionality of the statute. Steagald prohibits warrantless searches of third persons' homes absent exigent circumstances. The Supreme Court in Steagald did not address searches of "any building", and we similarly limit our discussion to the facts of this case.
We reverse and remand to the district court for reinstatement of the judgment of acquittal.