Case Name: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary C. Cavender, deceased
Court: Delaware Orphans' Court
Jurisdiction: Delaware
Decision Date: 1925-05-16
Citations: 14 Del. Ch. 465
Docket Number: 
Parties: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary C. Cavender, deceased.
Judges: 
Reporter: Delaware Chancery Reports
Volume: 14
Pages: 465–471

Head Matter:
In the Matter of the Estate of Mary C. Cavender, deceased.
Kent,
May 16, 1925.
Harrington, J., sitting.
Henry Ridgely, for the petitioner.
George M. Fisher, Jr., for the respondents.

Opinion:
Harrington, J.,
delivering the opinion of the court:
The question before the court is as to the proper distribution of the proceeds arising from the sale of the real estate of Mary C. Cavender, deceased.
Chapter 212, Volume 33, Laws of Delaware, page 617, which is substituted for Section 3267, Revised Code 1915, in part, provides:
"When any person-having title, or right, legal or equitable, to any lands, tenements, or hereditaments in fee simple, shall die intestate as to the same, such lands, tenements, or hereditaments shall descend, in fee simple, unless herein otherwise provided, to his kindred, in coparcenary, according to the following course, or order, to-wit:
"Fourth. If there be no brothers or sisters of the intestate, or lawful issue of such brother or sister, then to the next of kin in equal degree, and the lawful issue of such next of kin by right of representation; provided, that the collateral kindred claiming through a nearer common ancestor shall be preferred to collateral kindred claiming through a more remote common ancestor.''
Mrs. Cavender left no husband, descendants, father or mother; nor did she leave any brother or sister, or the issue of such. She did, however, leave numerous collateral relatives on both her father's and mother's side, consisting of first counsins and the children and grandchildren of various other deceased first counsins.
No question arises under the last clause of the statute above referred to, as the common ancestors under whom all parties claim are either Benjamin Fisler, the paternal grandfather, or John Cummins, the maternal grandfather of Mrs. Cavender, each of whom, as will hereafter appear, were related to her in the same degree.
The particular clause in the statute to be construed is the clause which provides that property under certain circumstances shall descend "to the next of kin in equal degree and the lawful issue of such next of kin by right of representation."
By express legislative enactment the civil law rule for ascertaining the next of kin of a deceased person applies in this State. Section 3268, Revised Code 1915. See also McKinney v. Mellon, 3 Houst. (Del.) 277. Under this rule the degree of relationship must be ascertained by counting back to the nearest common ancestor or ancestors and from such ancestor or ancestors down to the particular relative in question. 18 C. J, 808, 823; 2 Kent, 422.
The mother and father of Mrs. Cavender were, therefore, related to her in the first degree, her grandparents in the second degree, her uncles and aunts in the third degree and her first cousins in the fourth degree.
The families of her uncles and aunts naturally varied in number, and one question is whether their living children, who constituted the next of kin of Mrs. Cavender, take the proceeds arising from the sale of her real estate per capita or whether they take per stirpes.
The clause of the statute above referred to provides that two classes of persons shall inherit: "The next of kin in equal degree" and the "lawful issue of such next of kin." That the "lawful issue" referred to is the issue of any next of kin who may have previously died leaving issue and that the words "by right of representation" merely refer to such issue and have no reference whatever to the words "the next of kin" is clear both from the language and history of the statute.
The first statute in this State having any bearing on this question was enacted November 1, 1766, and appears in volume 1, Delaware Laws, at page 417. Section 3 of this statute, after providing for the valuation and assignment of intestate real estate to certain specified preferred relatives, also provides:
"If there should be none such then to the most worthy of blood amongst the next of kindred of the intestate, or his or her legal representatives or assigns; or on his, her or their refusal, to every other of the next of kindred (who are in equal degree) or their legal representatives or assigns, successively; provided always that in the division of intestate real estate there be no representatives admitted amongst collaterals after brothers' and sisters' grandchildren."
No provision similar to the last clause above quoted appears in the present statute, but it is a matter .of interest to note that the English statute providing for the distribution of personal property (22 and 23 Car. II, c. 10) limited representation among collaterals to brothers' and sisters' children. 2 Kent. 421, 422, 424.
As first enacted, the act of 1766 was merely a temporary act, to be in force for approximately seven years, but with some slight additions it was made permanent by an act passed November 6, 1773, and published in Volume 1, Delaware Laws, at page 537.
The only change in the permanent act in any way affecting this question appears in Section 4. This section provided for the disposition of intestate real estate inherited from a parent.
The provision, with respect to inheritance by the next of kin, not within the classes specifically enumerated in such statute, was as follows:
' "Then the said residue shall go equally to every of the next of kindred, in equal degree, of the intestate and those who legally represent them."
The next statute with respect to intestate real estate was passed in 1827 and appears in Vo ume 7, Laws of Delaware, c. 38, page 77. It in part provided:
"To the next of kin to the intestate in equal degree and the lawful issue of any such kin who shall have died before the decease of the intestate or such of them as there may be."
Notwithstanding the substitution of a substantial definition of the word "represent" or "representatives" for those words in the clauses above quoted, this act provided:
"The issue of children, brothers, sisters, or other kin, who shall have died in the lifetime of the intestate shall in all cases take according to stocks by right of representation, that is to say, the same share which such children, brothers, sisters, or other kin if living would have taken."
The same provisions appeared in the Code of 1829, at Page 315, and in a republication of the same statute in Volume 9, Delaware Laws, at Page 488. There was apparently no change in either of these provisions until the Code of 1852. This code was enacted section by section, and Paragraph 5, Section 1, of Chapter 85, omitted the words "who shall have died before the decease of the intestate or such of them as there may be" and substituted therefor the words "by right of representation" as they appear in the present statute.
It also omitted the clause above quoted with respect to the "issue of children, brothers, sisters or other kin" taking according "to stock by right of representation" and substituted therefor the clause appearing in Section 3268, Revised Code 1915. This clause is as follows:
"Inheritance or succession 'by right of representation, ' takes place when the issue of a deceased heir take the same share, or right, in the estate of another person which their parent would have taken, if living."
It makes the meaning of the statute to be construed perfectly clear. It specifically refers to the issue of a deceased heir. No one can inherit from or become an heir of an intestate until the death of such intestate; só far as this case is concerned it is, therefore, clear that the word "heir" was used in the sense of next of kin.
While the clause, with respect to representation, above quoted from the act of 1827 (Chapter 38, Vol. 7, Laws of Delaware), does not appear in the present act, that its intent was precisely the same as the language above quoted from the present statute is shown by a reference on the margin of that act as originally published as well as in the Code of 1829, and in the republication of the same act in Volume 9, Del. Laws, to 2 Blackstone, Commentaries, c. 17, Rule 14, p. 217, which reference is, in part, as follows:
"A fourth rule or canon of descent is this: That the lineal descendants in infinitum shall represent their ancestor; that is, shall stand in the same place as the person himself would have done had he been living. In the descending line the right of representation is in infinitum and the inheritance will descend in stirpes; as if one of three daughters died leaving ten children, and when the father died the two surviving daughters had each one-third of his effects and the ten grandchildren had the remaining third divided between them. And so among collaterals, if any person of equal degree with the persons represented were still subsisting (as if the deceased had left one brother and two nephews, the son of another brother) the succession was still guided by the roots; but if both of the brethern would die leaving issue then (I apprehend) their representatives in equal degree became themselves principals, and shared the inheritance per capita, that is share and share alike; they being themselves now the next of degree to the ancestor in their own right and not by right of representation."
Chancellor Kent, while recognizing an exception to this rule in a few enumerated states, also lays down precisely the same general rule with respect to the distribution of both real and personal property in this country. 4 Kent, Com. 391, See also 375, 378.
In commenting on the English statute providing for the distribution of personal property (22 and 23 Car. II, c. 10), on which, together with the canons of descent, our statute is largely -based, Chancellor Kent, in 2 Kent, Com. 425, also said:
"It is the doctrine under the statute of distribution that the claimant take per stirpes only when they stand in unequal degrees of claim by representation, and then the doctrine of representation is necessary. But where all stand in equal degrees as three brothers, three grandchildren, three nephews, etc., they take per capita, or each an equal share because in this case representation or taking per stirpes is not necessary to prevent the exclusion of those sn a remoter degree; and it would be contrary to the spirit and policy of the itatute which aimed at a just and equal distribution."
While I have not had access to the English statute above referred to, and, therefore, am not familiar with its language, it is apparent from the quotations from Blackstone that the remarks of Chancellor Kent, with respect to this statute, would apply with equal force to our statute of 1827.
Whatever the purpose of the change in the act of 1827 by the act of 1852 may have been, the statute to be construed certainly does not expressly provide that the next of kin shall take merely the shares to which his, her or their parent would have been entitled if living, and if it had intended them to take in this manner such a drastic change in legislative policy would have been clearly expressed. ' '
It is true that the present statute also omits the words, "who shall have died before the decease of the intestate," but attention has already been called to the fact that those words were rendered unnecessary by defining the words "by right of representation." Any other construction of the meaning of the present statute would be contrary to the legislative policy of this State from the very beginning.
In Knapp v. Windsor, etc., 6 Cush. (Mass.) 156, in commenting on a similar statute, providing for descent to the "next of kin in equal degree," the court said:
'It is a plain rule of law, that those who take property, as a class of persons described, when there is nothing in the law making the appropriation to distinguish their respective rights, take in equal shares."
See also Snow, Adm'r., v. Snow, 111 Mass. 389, and Kean's Lessee v. Roe & Hoffecker, 2 Har. (Del.) 103, 29 Am. Dec. 336.
It, therefore, follows that the first cousins of Mrs. Cavender, enow living, take per capita, but that the children of deceased first aousins, and the grandchildren of other deceased first counsins, til of whom take by right of representation, merely take together lhe share to which their parents would have been entitled, if iving.