Case Name: Samuel Bice JOHNSON v. STATE of Mississippi
Court: Mississippi Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Mississippi
Decision Date: 1987-05-27
Citations: 511 So. 2d 1333
Docket Number: No. DP-43
Parties: Samuel Bice JOHNSON v. STATE of Mississippi.
Judges: WALKER, C.J., ROY NOBLE LEE, P.J., and DAN M. LEE, ANDERSON and GRIFFIN, JJ., concur.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 511
Pages: 1333–1345

Head Matter:
Samuel Bice JOHNSON v. STATE of Mississippi.
No. DP-43.
Supreme Court of Mississippi.
May 27, 1987.
Rehearing Denied July 14, 1987.
Clive A. Stafford Smith, Atlanta, Ga., Laurence T. Sorkin, Anthony Paduano, Lisa Pearson, Cahill, Gordon & Reindel, New York City, for appellant.
Edwin Lloyd Pittman, Atty. Gen. by Marvin L. White, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Jackson, for appellee.

Opinion:
ON MOTION FOR POST-CONVICTION RELIEF
HAWKINS, Presiding Justice,
for the Court:
Samuel Bice Johnson filed a petition for relief under our Mississippi Uniform Post-Conviction Collateral Relief Act (CRA), Miss.Code Ann. § 99-39-1, et seq. We address only those assignments contemplated by the CRA for which we are authorized to review in a petition of this nature. For the reasons set forth, we deny his petition.
Following a trial held in the circuit court of Pike County on August 30-September 3, 1982, Samuel Bice Johnson was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. His conviction was affirmed by this Court on May 8,1985, and his petition for rehearing was denied November 6, 1985; Johnson v. State, 477 So.2d 196 (Miss.1985). The United States Supreme Court denied his petition for certiorari, Johnson v. Mississippi, — U.S.—, 106 S.Ct. 1958, 90 L.Ed.2d 366 (1986), and subsequently denied his petition for rehearing, — U.S. —, 106 S.Ct. 2930, 91 L.Ed.2d 557 (1986).
On August 4, 1986, he filed with this Court his petition for relief under our Mississippi Uniform Post-Conviction Collateral Relief Act (CRA), Miss.Code Ann. § 99-39-1, et seq. His petition consists of 60 pages, supported by a brief of 85 pages, a supplemental motion to amend with supporting brief, and exhibits of several hundred pages. The petition contains 43 assignments, and the amendment to the petition adds another.
The purpose of a CRA petition is set forth in Miss.Code Ann. § 95-39-3(2):
(2) Direct appeal shall be the principal means of reviewing all criminal convictions and sentences, and the purpose of this chapter is to provide prisoners with a procedure, limited in nature, to review those objections, defenses, claims, questions, issues or errors which in practical reality could not be or should not have been raised at trial or on direct appeal.
Miss.Code Ann. § 99-39-21 reads in pertinent part:
(1) Failure by a prisoner to raise objections, defenses, claims, questions, issues or errors either in fact or law which were capable of determination at trial and/or on direct appeal, regardless of whether such are based on the laws and the Constitution of the state of Mississippi or of the United States, shall constitute a waiver thereof and shall be procedurally barred, but the court may upon a showing of cause and actual prejudice grant relief from the waiver.
$ ⅝ ‡ ⅜ $ $
(4) The term "cause" as used in this section shall be defined and limited to those cases where the legal foundation upon which the claim for relief is based could not have been discovered with reasonable diligence at the time of trial or direct appeal.
(5) The term "actual prejudice" as used in this section shall be defined and limited to those errors which would have actually adversely affected the ultimate outcome of the conviction or sentence. [Emphasis added]
(6) The burden is upon the prisoner to allege in his motion such facts as are necessary to demonstrate that his claims are not procedurally barred under this section.
In a petition of this nature, we are also governed by Miss.Code Ann. § 99-39-27(5):
(5) Unless it appears from the face of the application, motion, exhibits and the prior record that the claims presented by such are not procedurally barred under section 99-39-21 and that they further present a substantial showing of the denial of a state or federal right, the court shall by appropriate order deny the application.
Moreover, we do not consider on a petition of this nature issues raised and decided on the original appeal, even though theories for relief different from those urged at trial and on appeal are now asserted. Miss.Code Ann. § 99-39-21(2), (3). Dufour v. State, 483 So.2d 307, 311 (Miss. 1985), (and cases cited therein).
Within these circumscribed boundaries, we address the appropriate assignments in Johnson's petition.
I.
JOHNSON'S 1963 NEW YORK CONVICTION AS AN AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE.
During the course of the sentencing phase of trial, the State introduced an authenticated copy of a judgment of conviction of Johnson of assault, second degree with intent to commit rape, first degree, rendered by the Monroe County court New York on April 9,1963. This was offered as one of three aggravating circumstances to support the death penalty. (R. 2171-2173). Johnson did not testify either at the guilt or sentencing phase of his trial.
During the course of his argument, the district attorney recited this conviction as a basis for the jury to render a death penalty verdict. (R. 2273)
In his motion for a new trial and on appeal, Johnson objected to the introduction of the record of this conviction because it did not channel the jury's discretion by "clear and objective standards," and because it was too remote. (Appellant's Brief, pp. 29-31) We rejected both arguments. 477 So.2d at 218-219.
In his petition for certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court, no claim of error was made to the introduction of this record into evidence as an aggravating circumstance.
In this petition, for the first time, Johnson argues that the 1963 conviction was invalid. Apparently, following or commensurate with its filing, Johnson's counsel also took steps to have this conviction vacated by the New York courts. This Court has been furnished with a copy of an order and slip opinion of the Court of Appeals of New York, dated March 24, 1987, in which that court did indeed reverse and vacate this 1963 conviction and dismiss the indictment.
From the exhibits it appears that Johnson did not appeal his 1963 conviction and that he served a year in a New York correctional institution for this crime.
Miss.Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(b) provides:
(5) Aggravating circumstances shall be limited to the following:
# * # #
(b) The defendant was previously convicted of another capital offense of or a felony involving the use of threat of violence to the person.
The aggravating circumstances enumerated in the court's instruction at trial were:
(1) That the defendant, Samuel Johnson, was previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person of another.
(2) That the defendant, Samuel Johnson, committed the capital murder for the purpose of avoiding arrest or effecting an escape from custody.
(3) The capital murder was especially heinous, atrocious and cruel.
(R.2236)
The verdict of the jury found all three of these aggravating circumstances existed. (R. 2294)
It is apparent that Johnson waived this claim, and it is procedurally barred. At no time during his direct appeal, or in his petition for certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court did he argue his New York conviction was constitutionally invalid. Moreover, there is nothing to suggest he took any steps to vacate this conviction until he filed this petition. On appeal Johnson's counsel alleged thirteen assignments of error, and at Johnson's own urging, his counsel added seven additional assignments. None questioned the validity of his New York conviction. See Evans v. State, 485 So.2d 276 (Miss.1986), at 280-281.
Also, the jury found three aggravate ing circumstances to support its verdict. Even if we conceded that the jury had no authority to consider this conviction, the remaining two aggravating circumstances were sufficient to support the jury's verdict. Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862, 880-884, 103 S.Ct. 2733, 2744-2746, 77 L.Ed.2d 235, 252-254 (1983); Irving v. State, 498 So.2d 305, 314 (Miss.1986).
Aside from the statutory limitation of review, we remain unpersuaded by this contention.
We have never faced this question. A somewhat similar question has been before us concerning the use of a prior criminal conviction to impeach a defendant in a criminal trial. We have held that subsequent reversal on appeal of a prior conviction did not affect a defendant's trial conviction. Young v. State, 425 So.2d 1022 (Miss.1983); Milstid v. State, 347 So.2d 1319 (Miss.1977); and Nicholson v. State, 254 So.2d 881 (Miss.1971).
Also, in Phillips v. State, 421 So.2d 476 (Miss.1982), the state used a Kentucky conviction as a basis for Phillips' conviction under one of Mississippi's habitual criminal statutes. Miss.Code Ann. § 99-19-81 (Supp.1984). We held that when the conviction was subsequently reversed, it could constitute a basis for post-conviction relief from the habitual criminal conviction.
Under Miss.Code Ann. § 99-19-81, however, upon proof of the prior conviction a circuit judge has no alternative except to sentence to the maximum authorized by law. Such sentence cannot be suspended, and the accused will never be eligible for parole or probation prior to serving this maximum sentence. In the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial the jury is not required to sentence the defendant to death, regardless of its finding.
When a prior conviction is used under either habitual offender statute, it is, of course, certain that the defendant will receive greater punishment. The admission of a prior conviction in order to impeach the accused as a witness, or at a sentencing phase of a capital murder trial may or may not materially influence the jury.
As we noted, the jury found three aggravating circumstances existed, and of the three we have little doubt that in a rational sentencing process Zant v. Stephens, supra, the other two aggravating circumstances would carry greater weight than the New York conviction in determining Johnson's sentence. Indeed, the remoteness in time of the prior conviction was a mitigating circumstance. Johnson v. State, 477 So.2d at 219.
We eschew "harmless error" in our reasoning, however, because the district attorney argued this particular aggravating circumstance as a reason to impose the death penalty. Johnson v. State, ill So.2d at 219. Nevertheless, we reject New York's setting aside of the 1963 conviction as a basis to vitiate the verdict of the jury.
If there is one single point emphasized by the U.S. Supreme Court decisions of Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 96 S.Ct. 2978, 49 L.Ed.2d 944 (1976); Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976); and Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972), it is that before a jury is permitted to sentence a human being to death, it must have clear guidelines. The centerpiece of these decisions requires the jury to find one or more aggravating circumstances exist before they can impose the death sentence. Of course, any such "aggravating circumstance" must reasonably justify making the difference between imposing a life sentence or the death penalty.
If the death penalty is to be imposed without caprice or chance, there is no doubt that a crucial guideline to assist citizens who have this formidable responsibility is whether the convicted murderer has engaged in serious criminal conduct involving violence to other people in the past. Thus, the reason for Miss.Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(b).
There is no question but that the state proved this aggravating circumstance in this case. At the time of Johnson's trial, New York had imposed a final conviction and Johnson had served his sentence.
If we adopted Johnson's argument, the state could never use a conviction as an aggravating circumstance, because of the extreme likelihood that a foreign state could overturn the prior conviction through collateral attack. The loss of this guideline to a jury would serve to return juries to the unbridled, unchannelled, and hence, unconstitutional discretion they had in imposing the death sentence.
We are not required in this case to go as far as Nicholson, Milstid and Young, supra, in authorizing introduction of proof of a prior conviction in a capital murder case. That is, in this case, we do not address whether a prior conviction can be used as an aggravating circumstance if that conviction is subsequently reversed on direct appeal. We do hold that a foreign state cannot vitiate the death penalty verdict in this state by setting aside a prior conviction of a violent crime through a collateral relief petition.
We deem it important to add in this case that there is no evidence or indication that the post-conviction relief proceedings in the New York courts were truly adversarial. Insofar as we can determine from Johnson's petition and exhibits, the state's attorney in New York had no significant interest or concern in vouchsafing the validity of his 1963 conviction, and we find no challenge by the state's attorney of New York of Johnson's petition. Other than Johnson, this state had the greatest interest in upholding the validity of his New York conviction. Yet, this state was not made a party to Johnson's petition and had no voice in any of the New York proceedings to vacate his conviction. Indeed, we know of no method whereby this state could have been made a party to the New York proceedings, and this state probably should not have been a party. This does not remove the fact that the proceedings lacked an essential adversarial ingredient. The New York courts are, of course, the final and proper arbiters of all judicial proceedings in that state, including the disposition of post-conviction petitions. Assuredly, by our view, we suggest no impropriety in the courts of that state taking whatever action they deem appropriate in a criminal case in New York. The fact remains that Johnson was convicted in 1963 by a New York court of a serious felony involving violence to a female for which he was imprisoned in that state. No New York court extended Johnson relief from his conviction before Johnson paid his debt to the state. If his crime was serious enough for him to be convicted and final enough for him to serve time in a penal institution, it had sufficient finality to be considered as an aggravating circumstance by a jury of this state. No death penalty verdict based upon this conviction need be vitiated by the subsequent relief granted more than twenty years later by the New York Court of Appeals.
We accordingly reject all assignments of Johnson's petition based upon his 1963 conviction in the State of New York.
II.
INEFFECTIVE COUNSEL
The only remaining assignments of Johnson not clearly procedurally barred are assignments VII and VIII wherein he claims his trial counsel were ineffective in their representation of him during the guilt and sentencing phases of his trial, thus depriving him of his Sixth Amendment right to assistance of counsel. Under the assignments he lists some forty instances in which he claims his lawyers did not render professional service guaranteed to him by the Sixth Amendment.
The Sixth Amendment states the accused has the right "to have the Assistance of Counsel for his Defense."
Literally hundreds of court decisions have grappled with this phrase since the U.S. Supreme Court in Powell v. State, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158, 84 A.L.R. 527 (1932), announced the Sixth Amendment required something more than just having a person with a law license sitting at the counsel table with an accused. Also, Avery v. Alabama, 308 U.S. 444, 446, 60 S.Ct. 321, 322, 84 L.Ed 377 (1940). A number of these cases are annotated and the various authorities examined in 4 A.L.R.4th 1 — 244 (1980); see also 1986 supplement.
In 1984 the U.S. Supreme Court in two seminal cases set forth guidelines to determine whether the constitutional guaranty had been met. US. v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984); and Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
Strickland tells us the benchmark inquiry is whether defense "counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." Id. at 686, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. It is an attack on the "fundamental fairness of the proceeding." Id. at 697, 104 S.Ct. at 2070. The Court then held the "proper standard for attorney performance is that of reasonably effective assistance," and it was incumbent upon a defendant to show that "counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. More specific guidelines are not appropriate." Id. at 687-688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Also, "judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential," and "every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight." Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. The Court must then determine "whether, in light of all the circumstances, the identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." [Emphasis added] Id. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066.
In addition, the accused must show he was prejudiced. That is, he must prove there is "a reasonable probability that but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." [Emphasis added] Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068.
And finally, in determining whether ineffectiveness of counsel justifies setting aside a conviction, the appellate court may "independently weigh the evidence," and decide whether the aggravating and mitigating circumstances on balance warranted the death penalty.
This Court has followed the guidelines of Strickland in Irving v. State, 498 So.2d 305 (Miss.1986); Evans v. State, 485 So.2d 276 (Miss.1986); Dufour v. State, 483 So.2d 307 (Miss.1985); Leatherwood v. State, 473 So.2d 964 (Miss.1985); Lambert v. State, 462 So.2d 308 (Miss.1984); Gilliard v. State, 462 So.2d 710 (Miss.1985).
What then does "assistance of counsel" mean?
It obviously means an accused has the right to a lawyer to represent him. Just as obviously, it cannot mean there is a constitutional guaranty to a lawyer who in hindsight made no errors in defending the case. This would be tantamount to a constitutional guaranty of non-conviction. It would lend to continued court battles with successive defense lawyers, each of whom in hindsight could be found to have made mistakes. This never ending battle would continue until the state wearily threw in the towel. Covington v. State, 600 S.W.2d 186 (Mo.App.1980); People v. Moody, 676 P.2d 691 (Colo.1984); Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89, 315 N.E.2d 878 (1974); State v. Wolf, 347 N.W.2d 573 (N.D.1984).
Yet, if the Sixth Amendment guaranty has any meaning it must mean more than simply having a man admitted to law practice as a defense lawyer for the accused. U.S. v. Cronic, supra. It must mean that a lawyer with some competence conscientiously represented the accused. Duf-our v. State, supra. It must require both, because an incompetent can be conscientious, and an otherwise competent lawyer can by a lack of concern for his responsibility, fail in his adversarial duty.
Yet it does not necessarily mean that a lawyer was either incompetent or failed to responsibly represent his client because he made mistakes. However, conduct of an attorney, including the mistakes he made, can very well be of such proportion as to reveal the lack of competence or diligence. Leatherwood v. State, supra.
Therefore, any Court seeking to determine whether the constitutional guaranty has been met, must look at the entire performance of the attorney and determine whether the defense attorney was competent and whether he sincerely tried to assist his client. In Dufour v. State, supra, at 310, we stated: "There are, however, certain basic duties required of an attorney when representing a criminal defendant."
Unless the mistake or conduct was of such magnitude that the Court concludes the lawyer was incompetent or evidenced a failure to conscientiously fulfill his adversarial role, we will conclude the constitutional guaranty for performance of counsel as enunciated in Strickland has been met.
Admittedly, these criteria remain generalizations and subject to disagreement between lawyers and judges.
Nevertheless, the members of this Court have each had years to observe trial practice and procedure in this state, and each is able to pass judgment by studying a record to determine whether or not a particular attorney was both competent and had a responsible attitude in his client's defense of a lawsuit in this state.
Indeed, by studying a trial record an appellate judge cannot escape forming an opinion on the performance of trial counsel. The record in this case, contrary to Johnson's assertion, clearly reveals he was represented by competent counsel dedicated to his defense. We have again carefully reviewed the record, and our original view that he had competent, zealous counsel has been reinforced.
They most assuredly met the "reasonably effective assistance," and "wide range of professionally competent assistance," guidelines of Strickland. There clearly was no lack of competence, or failure of interest in their defense of Johnson to support the contention that the constitutional guaranty was not met.
III.
REFUSED MOTION FOR CONTINUANCE
For example, Johnson charges his counsel failed to properly move for a con tinuance, thereby depriving him of expert witnesses, H. Dale Ñute and Stephen B. Halligan. These experts examined Johnson's and the other participants' homicide clothing, and studied the laboratory reports of the state and Federal Bureau of Investigation. We have reviewed their letter to Diaz, Johnson's trial defense counsel, dated August 23, 1982, and we find nothing in this report which compels us to conclude that the defense counsel erred in not having these witnesses present at trial. These experts did not reach a conclusion so at odds with the state's proof so as to seriously challenge Johnson's guilt. Thus their absence from trial does not appear prejudicial.
It is just as plausible that their testimony would have been weak, and upon cross-examination their testimony would have helped the state's case. On the direct appeal of this case, we suspected Johnson's counsel moved for a continuance as a tactical gesture — not really expecting the court to grant it — but hoping that the circuit judge's refusal to grant the continuance would be considered error on appeal. It is not an altogether unfamiliar tactic of defense counsel in criminal as well as civil cases to produce an appeal record cluttered with adverse rulings. Some occasionally stick on appeal. The temptation to use this tactic increases in inverse proportion to the weakness of counsel's case.
IV.
WITHHOLDING OBJECTIONS TO CLOSING ARGUMENT
Of like import is Johnson's claim that his trial counsel were ineffective because they asked the trial judge to permit them to withhold objections to the state's argument until its completion and outside the presence of the jury. This clearly was a tactical decision of counsel. They, of course, knew they had the right to object whenever an improper argument was made. The very fact they made this request to the court evinced an awareness this right. Rather than risk offending the jury by objecting during argument, they asked permission to withhold objection and make it outside the presence of the jury. We criticized this sort of practice because when an improper argument was in fact made, it did not give the circuit judge the opportunity to correct it promptly upon objection by opposing counsel.
A conscious choice of trial strategy by defense counsel which proves unfortunate is not to be equated with incompetency. Roe v. State, 95 Wis.2d 226, 290 N.W.2d 291 (1980); State v. Baker, 169 W.Va. 357, 287 S.E.2d 497 (1982). Moreover, in our original opinion we found that the state did not make a prejudicial argument.
V.
FAILURE TO RAISE INVALIDITY OF 1963 CONVICTION
Johnson's claim that his counsel were ineffective for failing to inquire into the invalidity of 1963 conviction ignores the fact that Johnson did not take the stand in the sentencing phase of his trial to assert his innocence of the New York conviction, overlooks Johnson's failure to assert his innocence in the pro se document he filed with this Court on direct appeal, and disregards his counsel's failure to assert it in his appeal to this Court or in his petition for certiorari before the U.S. Supreme Court. He filed no such petition urging us to consider this issue as an additional assignment of error to those filed by his counsel.
VI.
REMAINING INEFFECTIVE ASSIGNMENTS
The remaining complaints Johnson makes of his trial counsel are a litany of Monday morning quarterbacking, attempts to again litigate issues decided, and assertions outside the record. All these fall far short of demonstrating his counsel were not reasonably effective.
The record in this case reveals that two dedicated, assidious trial attorneys did the best they could to defend Johnson. Had the facts which pointed to Johnson's guilt not been overwhelming, his attorneys, no doubt, would have fared much better. In addition, the circuit judge, a jurist renowned for his patience, kindness and forbearance, more than lived up to his reputation in trying this case. No practicing attorney could hope for more consideration from a trial judge than these attorneys received in this case.
It is true we criticized defense counsel in our decision affirming Johnson's conviction for their manner of requesting a continuance, and by their request to withhold objections to the state's closing argument until its conclusion. But there was nothing about our comments to intimate that they harmed Johnson in doing so. To hold that Johnson's trial counsel, in this case, from this record, lacked that degree of competency guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment would make the Sixth Amendment virtually impossible to abide by. No rational mind can conceive of such a proscriptive constitutional requirement as a condition precedent to the validity of a criminal conviction.
The jury in this case believed that Johnson stabbed a highway patrolman in the back and instructed another to shoot him with the patrolman's own gun. Their verdict was supported by overwhelming evidence. This officer was carrying out his duty in a peaceful manner, and posed no physical threat to Johnson or any of his companions. Civilized society depends upon peace officers for its survival. Such a murder can be equated with treason.
In his motion for post-conviction relief, Johnson asserts asssignments XII, XVIII and XXIII which he failed to raise at trial or on the direct appeal. Having failed to raise them at trial or upon appeal, Johnson waived his right to assert them in his motion for post-conviction relief. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-21 (Supp.1985); Irving v. State, 498 So.2d 305, 311 (Miss.1986); Mann v. State, 490 So.2d 910, 911 (Miss. 1986); Evans v. State, 485 So.2d 276, 280 (Miss.1986); Dufour v. State, 483 So.2d 307, 308 (Miss.1985).
Johnson also asserts assignments III, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI, XIII, XVI, XVII, XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV and XXV, which were considered and addressed by us on the direct appeal of his case. Consequently, these assignments are res judicata and cannot be raised again. Miss.Code Ann. § 99-39-21 (Supp.1985); Irving v. State, supra; Evans v. State, supra.
DENIED AND WEDNESDAY, JULY 22, 1987, IS SET AS THE DATE FOR EXECUTION OF THE SENTENCE AND INFLICTION OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN THE MANNER PRESCRIBED BY LAW.
WALKER, C.J., ROY NOBLE LEE, P.J., and DAN M. LEE, ANDERSON and GRIFFIN, JJ., concur.
ROBERTSON, PRATHER and SULLIVAN, JJ., dissent.
. Johnson was represented in his trial by Gerald Diaz and Gregory L. Harper of the Jackson Bar; on appeal to this Court by Kenneth J. Rose of the Atlanta Bar; in his petition to the United States Supreme Court by Clive A. Stafford Smith of the Atlanta Bar and in his present petition by Clive A. Stafford Smith of the Atlanta Bar and Laurence T. Sorkin and Anthony Paduano of the New York Bar.