Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kevin Glenn RAWLS, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1996-06-17
Citations: 85 F.3d 240
Docket Number: No. 95-50861
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kevin Glenn RAWLS, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before GARWOOD, WIENER and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 85
Pages: 240–244

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kevin Glenn RAWLS, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 95-50861
Summary Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
June 17, 1996.
Richard L. Durbin, Jr., Asst. U.S. Attorney, Joan E.T. Stearns, Office of the United States Attorney, San Antonio, TX, for plaintiff-appellee.
Kevin Glenn Rawls, Lewisburg, PA, pro se.
Before GARWOOD, WIENER and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff-Appellant Kenneth Glenn Rawls is a federal prisoner serving a sentence imposed following conviction by a jury for possession of a firearm by a previously convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 924(a) (count one), and acquisition of a firearm by knowingly making a false written statement, in violation of § 922(a)(6) (count two). Seeking relief through 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Rawls filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence, which motion was denied by the district court. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
When Rawls was convicted on counts one and two, the government sought an enhanced sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), on the basis of Rawls' two burglary convictions grounded in different occurrences on the same date, and a conviction for robbery committed three years thereafter. As a result, Rawls was sentenced to an enhanced sentence totaling 188 months of imprisonment, a total period of supervised release of five years, a $1500 fine, and a $100 special assessment. In his unsuccessful direct appeal to this court, Rawls argued that (1) the district court abused its discretion in admitting purported hearsay testimony during the trial; (2) the evidence was insufficient to prove that he knowingly made a false statement in connection with his acquisition of the firearm; (3) his constitutional rights were violated by the court's use of the preponderanee-of-theevidenee standard for the government's burden of proof for enhancement of his sentence under § 924(e)(1); and (4) the enhancement under that section was improper because the two burglaries, committed on the same date, could not be deemed "separate occurrences."
In his § 2255 motion, Rawls insists that § 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional for exceeding the authority of Congress under the Commerce Clause, and is unconstitutional as applied to him under the facts of this case. He also urges that he had ineffective assistance of counsel and that he should receive a three level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. For good measure, Rawls urges that his two prior burglary offenses should have been counted as only one offense under the authority of U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2, that pre-indictment delay violated his due process rights, and that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated. The district court denied the § 2255 motion and this appeal ensued.
II
ANALYSIS
Relying in large part on United States v. Lopez, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995), Rawls argues that Congress exceeded its authority to regulate commerce when it enacted § 922(g)(1). That section, however, has been held to be constitutional under the Commerce Clause. United States v. Wallace, 889 F.2d 580, 583 (5th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1006, 110 S.Ct. 3243, 111 L.Ed.2d 753 (1990). In Lopez, the Supreme Court affirmed our holding that 18 U.S.C. § 922(q), which purported to criminalize possession of a firearm within a specified proximity to a school, exceeded the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause because "[t]he possession of a gun in a local school zone is in no sense an economic activity that might, through repetition elsewhere, substantially affect any sort of interstate commerce." Lopez, — U.S. at -, -, 115 S.Ct. at 1626, 1634. Central to the Court's holding in Lopez was the fact that § 922(q) contained "no jurisdictional element which would ensure, through a ease-by-case inquiry, that the firearm possession in question affects interstate commerce." Id. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 1631.
We have not, since Lopez, considered its effect on the constitutionality of § 922(g)(1). Other circuits addressing the issue since Lopez have concluded that the Court's reasons for holding § 922(q) unconstitutional are inapplicable to § 922(g)(1). See United States v. Sorrentino, 72 F.3d 294, 296 (2d Cir.1995); United States v. Bell, 70 F.3d 495, 498 (7th Cir.1995); United States v. Shelton, 66 F.3d 991, 992 (8th Cir.1995), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1364, 134 L.Ed.2d 530 (1996); United States v. Hanna, 55 F.3d 1456, 1462 & n. 2 (9th Cir.1995); United States v. Collins, 61 F.3d 1379, 1383-84 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 543, 133 L.Ed.2d 446 (1995); United States v. Bolton, 68 F.3d 396, 400 (10th Cir.1995), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 966, 133 L.Ed.2d 887 (1996). Today we join all other circuits that have considered the issue post-Lopez and hold that neither the holding in Lopez nor the reasons given therefor constitutionally invalidate § 922(g)(1).
Rawls also argues that § 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional as applied to him. More specifically, he points out that when he was arrested no interstate activity was occurring. He contends that, as such, he was not involved in an enterprise engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, so his possession of the firearm "had no connection to channels or instrumentalities of interstate commerce." This argument too is unavailing.
Section 922(g)(1) makes it unlawful for a person who has been convicted of a felony "to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce." The "in or affecting commerce" element can be satisfied if the firearm possessed by a convicted felon had previously traveled in interstate commerce. United States v. Fitzhugh, 984 F.2d 143, 146, cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 259, 126 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993) ("[A] convicted felon's possession of a firearm having a past connection to interstate commerce violates § 922(g)."); Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563, 575, 97 S.Ct. 1963, 1969, 52 L.Ed.2d 582 (1977) (concluding that Congress did not intend to require any more than the minimal nexus that, at some time, the firearm had been in interstate commerce). As we noted on direct appeal, an ATF weapons expert testified at Rawls' trial that the revolver he possessed was manufactured in Massachusetts, so that the revolver's presence in Texas had to result from transport in interstate commerce. This evidence is sufficient to establish a past connection between the firearm and interstate commerce. See Fitzhugh, 984 F.2d at 146. We hold that § 922(g)(1) is not unconstitutional as applied to Rawls.
As for the other issues urged by Rawls in this appeal, it suffices that we have reviewed the record and considered the legal arguments raised by the parties in their briefs to this court, and are satisfied that no reversible error has been committed, and that Rawls is-entitled to no relief, in connection with his claims regarding the counting of prior crimes and ineffective assistance of counsel. The remaining claims asserted by Rawls in his § 2255 motion have not been raised on appeal and are thus deemed abandoned. Hobbs v. Blackburn, 752 F.2d 1079, 1083 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 838, 106 S.Ct. 117, 88 L.Ed.2d 95 (1985). For the foregoing reasons, the rulings of the district court culminating in the denial of Rawls' § 2255 motion are, in all respects,
AFFIRMED.
. In United States v. Segeada, No. 95-40430, 74 F.3d 1237 (5th Cir. Nov. 30, 1995) (unpublished), we held, without discussion, that the defendant's assertion that § 922(g)(1) was unconstitutional did not constitute reversible error.