Case Name: STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. William W. CASTONGUAY, Defendant and Appellant
Court: Utah Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Utah
Decision Date: 1983-05-09
Citations: 663 P.2d 1323
Docket Number: No. 18000
Parties: STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. William W. CASTONGUAY, Defendant and Appellant.
Judges: STEWART, OAKS and DURHAM, JJ., concur.
Reporter: Pacific Reporter 2d
Volume: 663
Pages: 1323–1329

Head Matter:
STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. William W. CASTONGUAY, Defendant and Appellant.
No. 18000.
Supreme Court of Utah.
May 9, 1983.
Ronald R. Stanger, Provo, for defendant and appellant.
David L. Wilkinson, Salt Lake City, for plaintiff and respondent.

Opinion:
HOWE, Justice:
The defendant appeals his conviction of attempted first degree murder on the ground that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to prove a specific intent to kill a peace officer in order to avoid or prevent arrest.
The version of the relevant facts which most supports the finding and judgment entered in the court below discloses the following scenario:
Shortly after midnight on December 11, 1980 Trooper Mangelson of the Utah Highway Patrol and Deputy Carter of the Juab County Sheriff's Department were riding together in Mangelson's marked patrol ear in Nephi, Utah. They stopped to investigate the defendant's activities near his truck and camper parked on the street. They asked him for identification and observed a .338 magnum rifle lying on the camper bed with bullets in the clip but nothing in the chamber. They questioned him and demanded to see his truck registration papers which he produced to their satisfaction. Defendant asked for permission to stay where he was parked as he had drunk a few beers and wanted to go to sleep. Mangelson and Carter had no objections. The defendant and the officers parted on friendly terms. A little while later the officers returned to a point approximately 1902 feet distant from the camper to observe the defendant while staying out of his view.
According to testimony of the two officers, defendant was standing on the driver's side of the camper, then walked to the rear, pulled out his gun, and in rapid succession fired three shots in the direction of the officers' car. The defendant then crawled back into the camper, reemerged and walked away from the officers toward some buildings, carrying his rifle. The officers followed him in their car. Carter then got out and continued his pursuit on foot. Ac cording to Mangelson the defendant reappeared between two buildings, raised the gun as if to aim at the officers, but did not shoot. Mangelson testified that while he was driving on alone over gravel, he heard the defendant fire another shot in his direction and some object hit his car. He lost sight of the defendant again and when he next caught a glimpse of him, the defendant was still packing the rifle. Mangelson stopped his car, got out, took cover behind some boxes, and from a distance of 236 feet yelled at the defendant to "Stop. Throw the rifle down and lay [sic] down on the grass." Mangelson testified that in response the defendant fired another shot at him, but admitted under cross-examination that he did not see that shot being fired. Mangelson then returned fire twice. At that point the defendant backed against the wall of á building, still holding his rifle. Carter arrived at the corner of that building, saw the defendant and told him to throw down his rifle and raise his hands. The defendant dropped his rifle, raised his hands in the air immediately and started walking towards Carter offering no resistance. Other officers summoned over the dispatch radio converged on the scene and the defendant was placed under arrest.
After trial to the court sitting without a jury, the court found "[t]hat at the time the defendant shot at Officer Mangelson, across Main Street — to the east of Main Street, he, then, was doing so for the purpose of avoiding or preventing an arrest by a peace officer acting under cover of legal charge [sic]. And I find the defendant guilty." It is this last "Main Street shot" that resulted in the defendant's conviction, and we must therefore determine whether the evidence was sufficient to find the defendant guilty of attempted first degree murder.
U.C.A., 1953, § 76-5-202 provides: Murder in the first degree. — (1) Criminal homicide constitutes murder in the first degree if the actor intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another under any of the following circumstances:
(e) The homicide was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing an arrest by a peace officer acting under color of legal authority or for the purpose of effecting an escape from lawful custody. [Emphasis added.]
U.C.A., 1953, § 76-4-101 defines attempt as follows:
1. For purposes of this part, a person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime if, acting with the kind of culpability otherwise required for the commission of the offense, he engages in conduct constituting a substantial step toward commission of the offense.
2. For purposes of this part, conduct does not constitute a substantial step unless it is strongly corroborative of the actor's intent to commit the offense. [Emphasis added.]
To sustain the information accusing the defendant of attempted first degree murder, the State had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that the defendant, by firing the "Main Street shot," engaged in conduct constituting a substantial step toward causing the death of another; (2) that he engaged in that conduct for the purpose of avoiding or preventing an arrest by a peace officer acting under color of legal authority; and (3) that he had the culpable mind required to show intent or knowledge to kill in order to avoid or prevent arrest.
Two pivotal questions must be answered in the affirmative before the defendant can be found guilty of attempted first degree murder:
1. Did the defendant's conduct disclose conscious deliberate preparation to kill Mangelson, which was foiled only through some extraneous interference and not through a volitional act or omission on the part of the defendant?
2. Did the defendant manifest, either by voicing his conscious desire, or by divulging by inference that this was his chosen objective, the specific intent to kill Mangelson in order to prevent or avoid arrest?
It is the question of intent that must be proved before the conduct may be said to be culpable. In establishing the nexus between intent and act it must be borne in mind that an attempt transcends intent, yet fails to culminate in its planned accomplishment. "When we say that a man attempted to do a given wrong, we mean that he intended to do specifically it, and proceeded a certain way in the doing. The intent in the mind covers the thing in full; the act covers it only in part." Thacker v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 767, 114 S.E. 504, 506 (1922). The conduct of the defendant in the instant case, though culpable, cannot be taken alone to find the defendant guilty absent the concomitant intent to achieve the conscious objective. "The law can presume the intention so far as realized in the act, but not an intention beyond what was so realized. The law does not presume, because an assault was made with a weapon likely to produce death, that it was an assault with the intent to murder. And where it takes a particular intent to constitute a crime, that particular intent must be proved either by direct or circumstantial evidence, which would warrant the inference of the intent with which the act was done." Thacker, supra, 114 S.E. at 505.
This Court has in the past acknowledged the fact that criminal intent is seldom proved by direct evidence but must be instead inferred from the circumstances of the given facts. Nonetheless, we have also cautioned that the act in itself does not raise the presumption that it was done with the specific intent required to prove the offense. All the circumstances, when taken together, must admit of no other reasonable hypothesis than that of guilt to warrant conviction. State v. Lamm, Utah, 606 P.2d 229 (1980), and cases cited therein. State v. Manus, 93 N.M. 95, 597 P.2d 280 (1979). See also State v. Whittinghill, 109 Utah 48, 163 P.2d 342 (1945), applying that rationale to an assualt with intent to rape. In virtually all cases we have examined where an attempt conviction was upheld, the defendant had either voiced or threatened his intent or else conducted himself in such unambiguous ways as to not reasonably allow for any other mens rea. See Attempted Murder, Annot., 54 A.L.R.3d 612, et seq.
No such certainty is revealed by the record here. Both Mangelson and Carter, as well as the defendant, testified that their initial contact at the camper was friendly. Defendant testified that he harbored no ill will against either officer, and had never shot at a human being. He further testified that he did not hear anyone shout at him until Carter told him to drop his gun. Mangelson unmistakenly admitted under cross-examination that he did not see the defendant's gun, let alone see the defendant point the gun at him at the time the alleged "Main Street shot" was fired. Furthermore, although Mangelson saw defendant carry his rifle through a grassy area, he did not at any time see a muzzle blast. Carter did not witness the "Main Street shot." An expert witness testified that at 300 yards a .388 Magnum would create a muzzle blast of an 18 inch diameter visible to a man directly in line of fire; that a cone shaped muzzle blast would be visible if a gun were held at a 90 degree angle away from a target; Mangelson was 236 feet away from the defendant when the alleged "Main Street shot" was fired. Yet he did not see a muzzle blast.
The defendant was an expert marksman capable of hitting "dead on" at a distance of one hundred yards. Had he intended to kill Mangelson to avoid or prevent his arrest, he would most likely have hit his target or within inches thereof. No evidence of a bullet was found anywhere near the site from which Mangelson returned fire in spite of a thorough search. All these voids in the evidence make it highly questionable that the defendant attempted to kill Man-gelson to avoid arrest. The defendant's mindless shooting may have been reckless and was reprehensible and should in no way be sanctioned, but the information charged him with an offense which the State failed to prove.
This case shares many elements with People v. Henry, 3 Ill.App.3d 235, 278 N.E.2d 547 (1971). The criminal episode in that case occurred during the Chicago Civil Rights riots in 1968. Some officers testified that they saw the defendant Henry shoot in the direction of their car; others could not corroborate that testimony. The officer who claimed he had been shot at saw the gun flash, but conceded that he would have noticed a muzzle blast even had the gun been held at a right angle to the car or pointed straight up in the air. Henry, like the defendant in the instant case, was an expert shot and could have easily hit the police car had that been his intent. In reversing Henry's conviction of attempt murder, the appellate court stated, 278 N.E.2d at 549: "The essence of the crime of attempt murder is the specific intent to take life. [Citations omitted.] Although an intent to take life may often be inferred from the character of an assault, the use of a deadly weapon, or the circumstances surrounding the act, the State's evidence failed to establish that the shots were fired with an intent to kill."
Likewise in this case, there is neither direct nor circumstantial evidence that the defendant intended to kill Officer Mangelson. This distinguishes the present case from State v. Maestas, Utah, 652 P.2d 903 (1982) where consistent evidence from several eye witnesses pointed to a specific intent by the defendant to kill the pursuing officer. At least one of those eye witnesses saw a gun in the hands of the defendant who allegedly had just committed a bank robbery; saw him point the gun toward the pursuing officer; heard the gun go off and saw smoke coming from the gun. The officer fired upon heard the gunshot pass nearby him. No such evidence exists in the instant case. All that has been established here is that the defendant was heard firing the "Main Street shot" but no one saw him aim. In this respect, the instant case is similar to the facts in State v. Burusco, 61 Utah 488, 214 P. 302 (1923). There this Court reversed a conviction for assault with a deadly weapon with intent to do bodily harm. The complaining witness testified that the defendant pulled out his pistol and the witness heard the crack of a shot but did not see the defendant shoot, or know whether he shot in the air or shot at the witness or at all.
We must therefore conclude that there was insufficient evidence to show that the defendant attempted to kill Officer Mangel-son in order to prevent or avoid his arrest. The conviction and sentence are set aside.
STEWART, OAKS and DURHAM, JJ., concur.