Case Name: John Carr et al., Appellants, v. Gilbert. Thompson, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1881-12-13
Citations: 87 N.Y. 160
Docket Number: 
Parties: John Carr et al., Appellants, v. Gilbert. Thompson, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 87
Pages: 160–166

Head Matter:
John Carr et al., Appellants, v. Gilbert. Thompson, Respondent.
The provision of the Code of Civil Procedure (§ 382, sub. 5) limiting the time for the commencement of “ an action to procure a judgment other than for a sum of money,, on the ground of fraud,” includes all cases formerly cognizable, by the Court of Chancery, whether its jurisdiction therein was exclusive or concurrent with that of courts of law, in which any remedy or relief is sought for aside from or in addition to a mere money judgment, and which a court of law could not give, although as part of the relief sought a money judgment is also demanded.
It, therefore, includes a case where an accounting is sought 'for in addition to and as a means, of reaching a judgment for money.
Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged in substance that defendant was employed as their agent, for a commission agreed upon, to purchase for them what were known as ‘1 city horns; ” that he acted in that capacity for a series of years, receiving moneys from plaintiffs and .rendering accounts at stated intervals which he represented to be correct, 'and which were settled in reliance upon such statements; that such accounts were, m fact, false and fictitious, and by means thereof defendant, “ intending to cheat and defraud plaintiffs, obtained from them and fraudulently converted to his own use upwards of $11,000.” The relief prayed for was-that defendant render an account and pay over the amount found due. Held, that the action was one “to procure a judgment other than for a sum of money ” within the meaning of said provision, but that it was not “ to procure a judgment * * * on the ground of fraud ; ” that the gravamen of the action was a breach of contract, i, e., a failure of the agent to properly perform his duty of accounting justly and honestly to his prin-. cipal; that the fraud was not material to'the causé of action, but only as a necessary fact to open the closed accounts, and to prevent them from, being a conclusive defense; and that, therefore, the case did not come within the clause of said provision declaring that in the cases specified the cause of action should not be “deemed to have ac'crued until the discovery * * * * of the facts .constituting the fraudbut that the statute began to run from the time of the ipcurring of the obligation ; i. e., from the time of the misappropriation by defendant of the money of his principals, or the obtaining from them of money to which he was not entitled.
Plaintiff claimed .that the agency was continuous, and as defendant was a foreign factor a demand was necessary to the accruing of the cause of action, and so that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until demand. The court found that the employment was always fora single . year, and at the end of each year was renewed for the succeeding year. Held, that a demand was unnecessary.
(Argued October 21, 1881 ;
decided December 13, 1881.)
Appeal from order of the General Term of the Court of Common Pleas, in and for the city and county of Aew York, made June 7, 1880, upon a motion for a new trial, made pursuant to section 1001 of the Code of Civil Procedure, upon defendant’s exception, after entry of interlocutory judgment.
The motion was granted unless plaintiffs stipulate to modify their interlocutory judgment" so as to limit the accounting between the parties directed by it, to transactions occurring within six years.
W. I. Butler for appellants.
This is not an action at law, but is one for an accounting, and can only be properly disposed of by a court of equity. (New Code, § 1241, Throop’s note; 2 Wait’s Pr. 132, 133; Barnes v. Buck, 1 Lans. 268; Guillion v. Lindo, 9 Bosw. 601; Carson v. Ball, 47 Barb. 452.) The agency in this case was a continuing agency. (Ang. on Lim. [6th ed.] 184 and note.) Defendant is in equity estopped from pleading the statute of limitations by his fraudulent acts and by his answer repudiating the agency. (Story’s Eq. Jur., § 1521; Ang. on Lim., §§ 30, 183, 184, note 2, 185, 186; Davy v. Field, 1 Abb. App. Dec. 490.) A demand was necessary before suit. (Ang. on Lim., §§ 115, 179, 182, note; Code, § 410 and note.) A foreign factor is always entitled to a demand. ( Walder v. Crafts, 4 E. D. S. 490; Baid v. Walker, 12 Barb. 208; Downs v. Phœnix Bk., 6 Hill, 297; Payne v. Gardiner, 29 N. Y. 146; Murray v. Coster, 20 Johns. 576; Hoffman v. Van Nostrand, 42 Barb. 174.) In a case of an express and acknowledged trust the statute of limitations does not run against a cestui que trust attempting to call the trustee to account. (Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns. Ch. 89 ; 8 Cow. 360; Robison v. Robison, 5 Lans. 165 ; Murray v. Coster, 20 Johns. 585; Miner v. Beekman, 50 N. Y. 337; Hubbell v. Sibley, id. 469; Code of Pro., § 73; Code of Civ. Pro., §§ 388, 484, sub. 2.) As defendant’s conduct was designedly dishonest, and he had the continuous use of the money of these firms, which he received from them and did not pay out for their account, he should be charged with com pound interest. (1 Story’s Eq. Jur. [Redf. ed.], § 465; 2 id., § 1016, a; 40 N. Y. 76; 2 Hun, 526; 45 Barb. 191; 1 Edw. Ch. 128; 1 Johns. Ch. 260.)
Homer A. Nelson for respondent.
All causes of action which accrued more than six years before this action was commenced are barred by the statute of limitations. (New Code, §§ 380, 382; Old Code, § 91; 1 Wait’s Pr. 53; Foot v. Farrington, 41 N. Y. 164; Mayne v. Griswold, 3 Sandf. 463; 9 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 25; Murray v. Coster, 20 Johns.; Hickok v. Hickok, 13 Barb. 632; Loder v. Hatfield, 71 N. Y. 92.)

Opinion:
Finch, J.
The substantial allegations of the complaint in this action áre, that the defendant was employed as agent, and for a commission agreed to be paid him, in the purchase, for plaintiffs, of what were known as " city horns;" that through a series of years he acted in that capacity, receiving from the plaintiffs, and paying out on their account large sums of money; that at stated intervals, during the successive years, he rendered an account which he represented to be correct and just, and which was settled in reliance upon such assurance; that as matter of fact, these accounts were false and fictitious, and by means thereof, the defendant, intending to cheat and defraud the plaintiffs, obtained from them and fraudulently converted to his own use upwards of $11,000, properly belonging to his principals. There is not the least'doubt that these allegations constituted a good cause. of action at law. Upon them, a money judgment for the damages actually sustained could have been properly demanded; the accounts in no manner barred the remedy; the allegation of their fraudulent and fictitious character, sustained by proof, would have prevented them from being an obstacle. If they had been pleaded as accounts stated, their existence would have thrown upon the plaintiffs the burden of proving their false and fraudulent character, but affected them in no other way; the remedy at law was perfect and complete. It is equally true that there was concurrent jurisdiction of this cause of action in equity. Whatever may have been its origin, whether founded upon the necessity of a discovery, or also upon the idea that complicated accounts could be with difficulty unraveled in a court of law, the jurisdiction of equity over actions of account is well settled. The case presented by the plaintiffs was, therefore, not one which was solely cognizable in equity before the Court of Chancery was abolished. If, then, the important question in the case, as to what provision of the statute of limitations is applicable to the plaintiffs' cause of action, was to be determined by the provisions of the Old Code, it would not fall within the -terms of section 91, and subdivision 6, which postponed the accruing of the cause of action until the discovery of the fraud, because that provision was in terms applicable only to actions for relief on the ground of fraud in cases which were, theretofore, solely cognizable by the Court of Chancery. (Foot v. Farrington 41 N. Y. 164.) But the Hew Code changed the language of this subdivision in two material particulars. (§ 382.) It. omitted the word usolely" for the apparent purpose of avoiding the effect of the decision referred to, but also substituted in the room of the word " relief," the phrase " to procure a judgment, other than for a sum of money." The General Term has held in this case, that the first amendment is neutralized by the second, and that while the provisions favoring actions founded on fraud now apply to actions in which equity had either sole or concurrent jurisdiction, yet those provisions are inapplicable to this case, because it is not an action " to procure a judgment other than for a sum of money," but simply and only an action to recover a sum of money; that the final judgment must necessarily be for that and nothing else, and the accounting, ordered by the interlocutory judgment, is not the ultimate result sought, but only an incidental aid to the securing of such result. The relief prayed for in the complaint is that the defendant render an account and pay over the money which may be found due. The argument is perhaps plausible, that, because an accounting is asked for, as the means of ascertaining the amount of money to be awarded by the final judgment, it does not follow that such judgment is "other than for a sum of money." And yet we think that expression was intended to describe, and does fairly indicate, the class of cases usually denominated actions in equity, and we should read it as if it had said, " other than for a sum of money merelyIt plainly refers to every case cognizable by the old Court- of Chancery, whether its jurisdiction was exclusive or concurrent with that of the courts of law, in which a judgment is sought for any remedy or relief, over and above or in addition to a mere money judgment. It relates to all that class of cases in which a bind and character of relief is sought which a court of law could not give, although, at the same time and as part of the ultimate relief sought, a money judgment is also demanded. We do not agree, therefore, with the criticism of the General Term upon the language of the Code under discussion. That language does sufficiently describe a case in which judgment for an accounting is sought in addition to, and as a means of reaching, a judgment for money. -
But another difficulty remains. The language of the subdivision is " an action to procure a' judgment other than for a sum of money on. the grovmd of fraud." Can it be justly said that the gra/vamen of this action, the ground on which it rests, is fraud? It is alleged that the accounts were made up fraudulently, and with intent to cheat and defraud; but such is not the basis of the action. That is the contract duty of the agent to account justly and honestly to his principal. Mo damages are asked for the-fraud, but simply justice under the contract and the agent's duty. The fraud is important, in the pleading and the proofs, not at all as being the cause of action, but merely as a necessary fact to open the closed accounts, and prevent them from being a conclusive answer to the judgment sought. The learned counsel for the ^plaintiffs, as we understand him, distinctly admits this 'proposition. He says, " this is not an action for relief on the ground of fraud; the fraud is availed of only to effect the opening of the false accounts rendered, and as a ground on which to charge defendant with annual rests in the interest account." This language very correctly, and very frankly, describes the character of the plaintiffs' cause of action. An allegation of fraud was in no sense essential to its perfect and correct statement; it could stand without it; omitting every such allegation it could still successfully defy a demurrer; it cannot be said to be founded on fraud, when that element is not essential; the proof of fraud becomes only necessary as the fit answer to a possible defense. It is to be observed that the complaint, is not framed for the purpose of opening an account stated; it does not allege the existence of such an account as an obstacle to a recovery which requires the aid of equity to remove; nor, indeed, does the answer set up any such defense. Both complaint and answer refer to the statements from time to time rendered by the defendant, and fully open for trial the question of their truth or falsity, their fairness or injustice. So that the sole question presented is, whether the defendant, acting as an agent, properly performed his duty in such relation, and if he failed so to do, is liable, whether such failure was intentional and fraudulent, or not. On his part, the defense is that he was not an agent at all, but simply the vendor of the horns ; we cannot say then that the action was founded on fraud. The case does not fall within the provisions of subdivision 5 of section 382, but comes within subdivision 1, as being an action upon a contract obligation or liability, express or implied, and the limitar tion of six years was properly applied by the General Term.
Two other grounds of resistance to this result are suggested. It is said that the agency was continuous, and that a demand was necessary to the accruing of the cause of action because defendant was a foreign factor. The findings of the court indicate that defendant's employment was always for a single year, and that, at the end of such year, it was renewed or continued for the succeeding year "by correspondence or a personal interview." We do not think any demand was necessary as a condition of the right of action in the present case. The authorities to which we are referred are cases of factors authorized to sell the goods of their foreign principal, and whose duty to remit awaits a demand and.suitable directions, or of deposits of money payable only on demand. Here the defendant, if liable at all, became so at the moment that he misappropriated the money of the principal, or obtained from him money to which as such agent he was not entitled.
We do not see any other question properly presented by this appeal; the defendant made a motion at the G-eneral Term for a new trial under sections 1001 and 1002 of the Oode. The motion was granted, unless the plaintiffs should stipulate to modify their interlocutory judgment, so as to limit the accounting to transactions within the six years. From this order the plaintiff only appealed, and the question involved is solely upon the condition imposed upon him as necessary to a denial of the defendant's motion.
The order should be affirmed, with costs, and judgment absolute rendered in favor of the defendant upon the stipulation.
All concur.
Order affirmed and judgment accordingly.