Case Name: Rudolf WINKES, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. BROWN UNIVERSITY et al., Defendants, Appellants
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1984-10-26
Citations: 747 F.2d 792
Docket Number: No. 83-1649
Parties: Rudolf WINKES, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. BROWN UNIVERSITY et al., Defendants, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Volume: 747
Pages: 792–801

Head Matter:
Rudolf WINKES, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. BROWN UNIVERSITY et al., Defendants, Appellants.
No. 83-1649.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Argued Jan. 4, 1984.
Decided Oct. 26, 1984.
Pettine, Senior District Judge, sitting by designation, dissented and filed opinion.
Beverly E. Ledbetter, Providence, R.I., with whom Christopher H. Little and Tillinghast, Collins & Graham, Providence, R.I., were on brief for appellants.
William A. Poore, Providence, R.I., with whom Hodosh, Spinella & Angelone, Providence, R.I., was on brief for appellee.
Lawrence Z. Lorber, Stephen L. Samuels and Breed, Abbott & Morgan, Washington, D.C., on brief for Princeton University, Stanford University, Yale University, Johns Hopkins University and Harvard University, amici curiae.
Before CAMPBELL, Chief Judge, ALD-RICH, Circuit Judge, and PETTINE, Senior District Judge.
Of the District of Rhode Island, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
BAILEY ALDRICH, Senior Circuit Judge.
This action by a male plaintiff claiming that a raise in salary given a female co-employee was in violation of the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206(d), presents difficult questions, as the length of time taken by a normally prompt court must indicate. Even the district court's views expressed during trial varied somewhat from its ultimate conclusions. We have decided that these conclusions were mistaken, and that the finding for the plaintiff must be reversed.
In September, 1977, in a Title VII action against Brown University, defendant there, and here, charging a policy of discrimination in failing to hire tenured female professors, a consent decree was entered under which defendant agreed to exercise all reasonable means to remedy the deficiencies. The decree contained a hoped-for improvement schedule, with dates and numbers. See Lamphere v. Brown University, 491 F.Supp. 232 (Appendix) (D.R.I.1980). The decree did not authorize paying unequal salaries based upon gender; nor does defendant claim that it did. The present is not, in other words, an affirmative action case.
By what has proved to be an unfortunate coincidence, six months after the entry of the decree Catherine Wilkinson-Zerner, an associate professor in the Art Department, who had just recently been awarded tern ure, received an offer from Northwestern University (Chicago) to an equivalent position, at a salary of $25,000, a substantial amount, 36%, more than what Brown was to pay her for the coming year. The only other associate professor in the art history division was plaintiff Rudolf Winkes. He and Zerner were both budgeted salaries of approximately $18,000. The Art Department chairman, Professor Champa, following a conference with Zerner in which the terms and conditions of the Northwestern offer, and her reaction thereto, were discussed, informed defendant's provost, Glicksman, of the offer and her qualifications, and recommended that the offer be matched, in order to keep her. Glicksman reported to Brown's president, and a matching salary was agreed to, and accepted. Winkes was given a raise to $19,500, and in all years since, although with a decreasing differential, has received less than Zerner.
In May, 1980, Winkes brought suit under the Equal Pay Act, challenging the pay differential between him and Zerner as based solely on gender. After discovery the court conducted a bench trial at which Brown defended on the ground that the differential was based on merit, on market forces, and a policy of responding to outside offers. The court, finding that Winkes had established a prima facie case under the Equal Pay Act, rejected Brown's proffered defenses, and entered judgment for Winkes.
The Equal Pay Act provides,
"No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the ' opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions, except where such payment is made pursuant to (i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system; (iii) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (iv) a differential based on any other factor other than sex: ." 29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1).
Winkes established his prima facie case by demonstrating that he and Zerner were paid different salaries for jobs that were comparable with respect to skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions. The burden was on Brown, therefore, to prove the applicability of any one of the four exceptions in the Act. Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 417 U.S. 188, 196-97, 94 S.Ct. 2223, 2229, 41 L.Ed.2d 1 (1974).
Defendant could not succeed as to the first three. There was no seniority system; no merit system in the strict sense of the word, and no quantity or quality system in that same sense. The sole question, accordingly, was whether it met the general one, a differential based on any other factor other than sex. For this defendant offered evidence of a de facto policy of responding to outside offers from other universities when it desired to keep the professor and his or her qualities merited such action. We find that it succeeded, for reasons we will come to.
The thrust of the district court's opinion was that Professor Zerner's raise was a precipitate and seemingly unconsidered, unusual, and unmerited, response due to gender, induced by the Lamphere decree. It said,
"Without any formal bargaining sessions or negotiations Professor Zerner's salary for 1978-79 was increased to $25,-000;" "a sixty-four percent (64%) salary increase which created the salary differ ential which is the subject of this lawsuit."
Defendant Glicksman stated that he did not even know if the employment offer was gratuitous or solicited by Professor Zerner. Further, the Provost was not aware of the salary structure at Northwestern. The offer was met after only a slight delay, with little research conducted and no negotiations undertaken."
After stating that "[t]he plausibility of Defendants' position is undercut by the existence of the Lamphere Consent Decree," the court returned to Zerner's "meteoric rise in earning capacity," and "the unusual speed in responding to the offer, the exceptional dollar for dollar match [and] the invasion of the University's contingency fund."
Passing, for the moment, the matter of the Lamphere decree, the full record greatly reduces the strength, and hence significance, of these observations. In the first place, as a result of previous action promoting Zerner to tenure, she was already due a tenure raise, as well as an annual raise. The raise attributable to the Northwestern offer was 36%, not the 64% increase twice mentioned by the court as "creating] the salary differential" without once mentioning the lesser figure. With respect to his ignorance of what had sparked the offer, Glicksman stated it was irrelevant. The court did say why it thought otherwise. To us, the weight of an offer is its content.
The statement that Glicksman was ignorant of Northwestern's salary schedule is to be measured against Champa's testimony that he told Glicksman that "[t]he Northwestern program in the area that she worked in was quite strong, the library was strong, the research report (sic) was strong." Even more is it to be read against Glicksman's testimony that he "had evidence of salaries including those of Northwestern average (sic) for all associate professors available in charts that are published." None of this was unreasonable, contradicted, or found unbelievable.
If the rise was "meteoric," so, too, concededly, was the offer "high." Whether only two weeks consideration was unusual, and negotiations absent or minimal compared with other cases, requires a more detailed examination of the evidence. We start with Champa's testimony that he did discuss with Zerner the various aspects of the Northwestern position and found them comparable in all respects, except salary; that she seemed entirely willing to move, and that he formed the conclusion that the offer would basically have to be met to keep her. In other words, there was believed to be nothing to negotiate. Nor was it the fact that meeting an offer was exceptional, and that all other cases resulted in trading down. It is true that in other instances of outside offers there was shown to have been a deeper examination and discussion. However, this was because it had appeared that there were inequalities, rendering further examination essential. In the case of Champa himself an outside offer was ultimately met. The court found that when "analyzed . Brown substantially met . Dr. Champa's financial and benefit demands." The fact that this meeting was not "dollar for dollar" was due to the fact that the initial dollar figure, on analysis, was not comparable. In this circumstance to say there was no other dollar for dollar match is meaningless.
While in the case of Professor Fishman the offer was not met (although Glicksman testified it was more than met nine months afterwards), the court's suggestion that in considering outside offers the university could not appraise the (there lower) quality of the offering institution is, with due re spect to the court, contrary to common experience.
Finally, the significance of the fact that Zerner's raise exceeded the budget, and hence had to come from the contingency fund, escapes us.
Completing the circle, the testimony of both Champa and Glicksman was to the effect that merit raises were customarily, and almost exclusively, triggered by outside offers. Champa testified that an outside offer "is about the only way, in my experience, that substantial merit increases were ever allocated to [the] faculty____" There was no contradiction of this, although plaintiff had been at Brown over ten years. It was no contradiction that sometimes the offer was not met. Thus it must stand that it was not unusual, but a customary de facto practice, to award a merit raise on the occasion of an outside offer.
While every case must differ on its facts, on analysis of the record as a whole we must find, contrary to the court's conclusions, that this merit increase was processed fundamentally by the same methods utilized in previous eases.
There was, moreover, no evidence that Zerner's raise, although high, exceeded her accomplishments, present and anticipated. The court, obviously recognizing this, stated as follows.
"The record reveals that Professor Zerner possessed a strong academic record, and impressive professional credentials. This court in no way seeks to diminish Professor Zerner's capabilities as a teacher or belittle her scholarly accomplishments."
Then, however, came the blow.
"Nevertheless, the Lamphere decree created a powerful incentive to retain a tenured female professor and caused gender to be the predominate factor in responding to the outside offer."
Further,
"Defendant Glicksman acknowledged that Brown had a commitment to increase the number of tenured women faculty members, and conceded that he was concerned about meeting required goals____ [But] gender, allegedly was not a factor despite the absence of a tenured woman within the Art Department. The timing of the entry of the Consent Decree, followed by Professor Zerner's meteoric rise in earning capacity diminishes the force of Defendant Glicksman's testimony. All the circumstantial evidence, along with the resulting logical and reasonable inferences, point to gender as the factor motivating Professor Zerner's salary increase."
Passing the matter of the "circumstantial evidence," defendant is presented with the blade of a two-edged sword. One blade is the Equal Pay Act. The other is a court order to take all reasonable steps to increase the tenured female faculty. It faces the loss of a concededly valuable woman. Had it not done what it believed necessary to keep her, viz., meet the offer, and had lost her, on the basis of the court's reasoning could it be thought that the question why would not have arisen in the Lamphere ease? Right on top of the decree, see ("timing") post, it lets a woman go. In defending, defendant would have had to face the fact that receipt of an outside offer was the classic time for giving a merit raise; that it had met an offer in the Art Department before, and that Professor Zerner had unquestioned high merit. On such a record, if defendant had not met the offer, by the present approach might a court not have equally said that defendant used the Equal Pay Act as an excuse for adhering to the practice that Lamphere had condemned?
One may ask what is the university to do. To use a decree requiring it to give affirmative recognition to women's merits as the very basis for finding conduct unlawful when it does so would be ironic. But more to the point, how fair is it to assume defendant deliberately created a prima facie case against itself under the Equal Pay Act in order to escape possible criticism in Lampherel Defendant met the Equal Pay matter head on; it did not even claim a justification of affirmative action. Nevertheless, it was penalized in the court's thinking even by virtue of the "timing;" the fact that the decree was so recent. Seemingly, it would have been more excusable to have given Zerner a raise the next year. Yet, obviously, defendant must face an offer when it is presented.
Obviously any university that is a pluralistic entity has a concern with respect to gender, as well as any ethnic or other class underrepresentation, as Glicksman freely admitted. To use that commendable motive in itself, or a decree to that effect, as a predominant ground for finding action that furthers it improper would not only be an unfortunate turnaround of the Congressional intent, but a decided impediment to its achievement. Cf. NLRB v. Eastern Smelting & Refining Corp., 598 F.2d 666, 670 (1st Cir.1979) ("Trap" to use employer's protected anti-union speech to infer improper anti-union animus). Nor did the court give any reason for concluding that defendant preferred to face a prima facie case of violating the Equal Pay Act than to meet a charge of violating the Lamphere decree. We think there should not have been an either-or choice, but that the test should have been one of reasonableness, without a sword, single or double-bladed, to mix our metaphors, placed over defendant's head.
We recognize, of course, that the district court's findings are to be reversed only for clear error. F.R.Civ.P. 52(a). Under this standard, "[a] finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed." United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 542, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948); Fortin v. Commissioner of Department of Public Welfare, 692 F.2d 790, 794 (1st Cir.1982). We have already pointed out, however, a number of substantial errors. With this in mind, we return to the matter of the Northwestern offer.
Glicksman testified, and Champa agreed, that Champa spoke highly of Zerner and recommended that the offer be met; that he, Glicksman, "had available to me in my files detailed review of her performance and qualifications since her tenure review had occurred that very academic year, and those files were reviewed by me again at that time. He told me of the quality of her performance and the reasons she was a desirable faculty member in terms of her award of a prize by the College Art Association for an article she had published in the Art Bulletin which was considered the best article published by a young scholar that year. He told me the Art Bulletin was the prestigious journal in her field. Also that her being offered that year fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study [at Princeton] was evidence of very strong qualifications; that she had and was continuing to receive invitations to give lectures at institutions and meetings that were prestigeous, both domestic and foreign _"
Glicksman further testified that he discussed the matter with the President, and told him the salary was high, but that he, too, thought it was justified.
As to the offer itself, a peer appraisal, backed by a money commitment, would seem highly probative evidence. Glicksman testified that the offer was a "confirmation of the high qualities of her performance, particularly her performance as a scholar, since those are the levels of performance which are most able to be judged by an outside group." We remark, in passing, that in denigrating it because it was received from a "single" .university, the court did not address the fact that plaintiff had not received any offers at all.
It is true that Champa testified he thought plaintiff and Zerner were of equal merit. Glicksman testified he thought she was superior. The court, wisely, did not resolve this conflict. We say wisely because in such a complex area something much more than conclusions would be needed for judicial resolution of, indeed, a perhaps unresolvable matter of opinion.
The court's making the linchpin of its thinking defendant's natural interest in gender poses a real danger of improper interference with intangible, but important rights. "Academic freedom, although not a specifically enumerated constitutional right, long has been viewed as a special, concern of the First Amendment." Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 312, 98 S.Ct. 2733, 2759, 57 L.Ed.2d 750 (1978). It should be interfered with only for well-demonstrated, substantive, reasons. See Cuesnongle v. Ramos, 713 F.2d 881, 884 (1st Cir.1983). Unfortunately defendant, by a knee-jerk, over-opposition to pretrial discovery, painted itself into a corner, limiting itself to actions in one department, but such a question must be faculty-wide. The amicii institutions view it as of national importance, and we agree.
A university is, of course, not free of the Equal Pay Act, but when it is confronted with possibly opposing pressures or obligations, some of which involve the difficult subject of gender, it must be allowed substantial room to maneuver, rather than find itself between the devil and the. deep blue sea. Otherwise, instead of some measure of academic freedom, it will face the constant prospect of judicial reproof. Viewing the record here as a whole, particularly once the deficiencies in the court's other findings are fully regarded, we must hold that defendant was within a permissible area of choice, and made a reasonable decision.
Reversed; the complaint to be dismissed.
. Glicksman was also named as a defendant, but we use the term defendant herein as referring to Brown.
. If the court's thought was that Zerner sought the offer as a ploy, with no intention of leaving, Champa testified, post, without contradiction, that she appeared entirely prepared to move. For the court to find otherwise would be pure speculation. And, in any event, this would have no bearing on the figure that Northwestern thought she was worth.
. During trial the court expressed surprise that an employer could not weigh the fact that an offer came from the "Bozo Corporation" down the street. And, surely, although there may not be a unanimity of opinion, there are recognized orders of standing of educational institutions, not to be rejected because based upon "nebulous criteria." We see no basis for the court's discrediting defendant's placing itself ahead of Wayne State.
. Glicksman testified that a "[fjaculty member is expected to show excellence in performance, in scholarship, that is to carry out research and scholarly activities related to his or her discipline. Also expected to show excellence in teaching and to provide the teaching needed to maintain the program _ And, thirdly, but usually with less weight than the first two, to provide service both to the department and to the community of scholars____"
. Our dissenting brother's comment upon the absence of evidence comparing Zerner's salary university-wise is somewhat troublesome. Unfortunately, when defendant sought to go into this matter at trial, plaintiff objected that he had been rebuffed when seeking discovery in this area on the ground of irrelevancy, the court ruling that defendant had made its bed, and must lie in it. This case should be an object lesson; counsel-should think ahead before opposing discovery. However, although there was much talk about the percentage of Zerner's raise, basically the criticism was that the plaintiff should get the whole total figure, not that the figure was too high.
. See, e.g., NLRB v. Radio Engineers, 364 U.S. 573, 575, 81 S.Ct. 330, 332, 5 L.Ed.2d 302 (1961). The writer, qua admiralty judge, notes that the stated predicament is a classic pun. The devil may be thought a characterization of a pirate who, at sword's point, is forcing some unfortunate victim to walk the plank. Actually, one meaning of "devil" is the finish piece between , the staggered butts of the upper deck planking and the ship's waterways or hull; also the caulker's name for its jagged seam. See THE OXFORD COMPANION TO SHIPS & THE SEA (1976) p. 244. Hence the phrase is a literal description of the victim's hopeless position. Ibid.