Case Name: Betty Joann FURMAN, as the personal representative of the Estate of Howard G. Furman, deceased, Appellant (Plaintiff), v. RURAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, a Wyoming corporation, Appellee (Defendant)
Court: Supreme Court of Wyoming
Jurisdiction: Wyoming
Decision Date: 1994-02-18
Citations: 869 P.2d 136
Docket Number: No. 93-13
Parties: Betty Joann FURMAN, as the personal representative of the Estate of Howard G. Furman, deceased, Appellant (Plaintiff), v. RURAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, a Wyoming corporation, Appellee (Defendant).
Judges: Before MACY, C.J., and THOMAS, CARDINE, GOLDEN and TAYLOR, JJ.
Reporter: Pacific Reporter 2d
Volume: 869
Pages: 136–150

Head Matter:
Betty Joann FURMAN, as the personal representative of the Estate of Howard G. Furman, deceased, Appellant (Plaintiff), v. RURAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, a Wyoming corporation, Appellee (Defendant).
No. 93-13.
Supreme Court of Wyoming.
Feb. 18, 1994.
Jack Gage and Robert T. Moxley, Cheyenne, for appellant.
Bruce A. Salzburg of Hersehler, Freuden-thal, Salzburg, Bonds & Rideout, P.C., Cheyenne, for appellee.
Before MACY, C.J., and THOMAS, CARDINE, GOLDEN and TAYLOR, JJ.

Opinion:
GOLDEN, Justice.
This appeal arises from a wrongful death suit against appellee Rural Electric Company (REC). Appellant Betty Joann Furman (Furman) alleged negligent construction and maintenance of a high voltage power line caused the death of her son Howard Furman (decedent). Decedent was electrocuted when the aluminum surveying rod he was using contacted a high voltage power line. The jury returned a verdict finding REC zero percent at fault. Furman appeals, asserting that the trial court erred by admitting a toxicology report showing that decedent used marijuana and in instructing the jury.
We affirm.
Appellant states the issues as:
I. Was it an error of law or abuse of discretion to admit legally unreliable defense testimony which falsely implied that the decedent was under the influence of marijuana and amphetamines at the time of the incident leading to his death?
II. Was it an error of law to instruct the jury that the decedent's employer under the circumstances of the case had a duty to prevent the incident which took decedent's life?
III. Was it an error of law for the trial court to refuse jury instructions, tendered by the plaintiff, which defined the defendant's duty of care as a higher duty, commensurate with the ultrahazardous activity involved?
IV. Were the jury instructions cumulatively unfair, prejudicial to the plaintiff, and erroneous, which minimized the defendant's duty and over-emphasized the decedent's duty for self-preservation?
FACTS
Initially, we address appellant's violations of our rules of appellate procedure and determine whether appellant's case can be reviewed by this court. See State, Game & Fish Comm'n v. Thornock, 851 P.2d 1300, 1304 (Wyo.1993). Appellant's first violation was a brief submitted by counsel which did not contain a statement of facts. The Wyoming Rules of Appellate Procedure require that the brief of appellant shall contain "a statement of the facts relevant to the issues presented for review with appropriate references to documents listed in the index of the transmitted record." Wyo.R.App.P. 7.01(e)(2). A failure to comply with the rules of appellate procedure is ground for such action as this court deems appropriate, "including but not limited to: citation of counsel or a party for contempt; refusal to consider the offending party's contentions; assessment of costs; dismissal; or affirmance."' Wyo.R.App.P. 1.03.
Counsel is admonished to comply with appellate rules; however, the facts in this record are straightforward and appellant's violation of the rules did not detract from our review. We therefore have proceeded to consider appellant's issues. Thomock, 851 P.2d at 1304.
Appellant's second violation was a reply brief submitted by counsel which repeated its principal brief. A reply brief is "limited to those new issues and arguments raised by the brief of appellee." Wyo. R.App.P. 7.03. Because appellant's reply brief stated that it would "emphasize again" and "reexamine," it was disregarded by this court.
On August 13, 1990, Howard Furman (decedent) was electrocuted when an aluminum survey rod he was handling contacted a high voltage power line owned by REC. The decedent was working as part of a summer survey crew for the Wyoming Highway Department (Highway Department). On the morning of his death, the decedent's. crew was surveying near the intersection of Campstool Road and Interstate 80, about five miles east of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Decedent was to mark survey monuments with a twenty-five foot, telescoping aluminum rod with a prism placed on top, while the rest of the crew would aim a geodimeter at the elevated prism and record its location. The twenty-five foot rod was necessary because the other crew members' view of the monuments was blocked by a difference in elevation and an intervening highway overpass. After marking and recording the location of one monument, the decedent, working alone, moved to a second monument which was located underneath a 7,200 volt power line.
At this second monument, the decedent somehow contacted the power line with the extended prism pole. No one witnessed the accident. The crew went to the decedent only after being unable to contact him on their two-way radios. When they arrived, they found the decedent lying in the field next to the monument.
A warning sticker on the aluminum rod stated that it was not to be used during electrical storms or near electrical lines. The decedent had demonstrated an awareness of the danger presented by use of the rod because he had previously refused to use it during a threatening thunderstorm. Decedent had been trained about other existing methods which could have been used to locate this monument and did not require use of the aluminum pole. Also, the Highway Department's safety policy required certain safety measures before use of the rod around electrical power sources.
The monument and the REC-owned power lines above it were located next to the entrance to eastbound Interstate 80 from Campstool Road but were on the outside of the Interstate's control-of-access fence. REC's power line was, at the time and place of contact, somewhere between eighteen feet, one and one-half inches and eighteen feet, two and one-quarter inches above the ground. Because the pole was dismantled after decedent was found and, before measurement of its length at the time of the accident, an investigator reconstructed the pole's length based upon burn marks. The burn marks indicated that the pole's length at the time of contact was twenty feet, seven inches.
The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) is a document created to establish national standards for the construction, installation and maintenance of electricity. Wyo.Stat. § 37-3-114 (1988) requires the Public Service Commission to "adopt the provisions of the current edition of the National Electric Safety Code * ⅜ *." It was undisputed that the 1973 edition of the NESC applied to these wires and that this 7,200 volt line was hanging one foot below the 1973 NESC minimum clearance standard of nineteen feet. REC's expert testified that even if the wire had been at the 1973 NESC height of nineteen feet, the rod and prism, being extended to twenty feet, seven inches, would still have contacted the wire.
REC's chief engineer testified concerning the actual installation of the wire contacted by the decedent. He stated that the installation designs called for the wire to clear the ground by twenty-three feet. He could not state why the wire was five feet below that design height at the time decedent contacted it, although he gave three possible explanations, including improper installation. If the line had been installed at the height of twenty-three feet as designed, decedent's survey rod, which was extended to a height of twenty feet and seven inches at the time of the accident, would not have come in contact with the power line.
An autopsy performed on the decedent revealed the presence of cannabinoids, the active ingredients in marijuana, and phenyl-propanolamine, a stimulant found in over-the-counter cold medicines. The autopsy and toxicology report did not reveal when the decedent had been exposed to marijuana or how he was exposed to it. This information was admitted into evidence over Furman's objection.
On October 29, 1992, a jury returned a verdict finding REC zero percent at fault, attributing thirty percent of the fault to decedent and seventy percent to the Highway Department. Furman appeals from this verdict.
DISCUSSION
A. Admissibility of Toxicologist's Report
Furman contends that the district court abused its discretion when it admitted a toxicology report which offered little probative value and was substantially outweighed by its unfair prejudicial effect. Furman also contends there was inadequate foundation for the admission of the report.
The report was performed as part of decedent's autopsy and showed the presence of amphetamines and cannabinoids (marijuana) in the decedent's urine at the time of his death. The admitted evidence included the toxicology report and testimony from a Cheyenne pathologist describing the amphetamine class as actually phenylpropanolamine, a common cold medicine ingredient found in Dimetapp. Cross-examination revealed that the pathologist could only determine the drugs were present, but could not state an opinion whether decedent was under the influence of either at the time of his death.
Questions of admissibility of evidence are within the sound discretion of the trial court, and its decisions will not be overturned absent a clear abuse of discretion. Buckles v. State, 830 P.2d 702, 705 (Wyo. 1992). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in this case because the toxicology report was relevant as a possible explanation of why decedent raised the pole into the high voltage line. Evidence is relevant if it tends to make any fact of consequence more or less probable than it would be without that evidence. Wyo.R.Evid. 401; Buckles, 830 P.2d at 706. All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by statute, by these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible. Wyo.R.Evid. 402; Buckles, 830 P.2d at 706.
The issue was why decedent disregarded his own knowledge, training, and the warning on the pole and raised it into the high voltage line. Furman had offered an explanation through the testimony of a "human factors engineer" expert in her case in chief. The expert testified that among several possible explanations it was most likely that decedent believed he could safely raise the pole and clear the line. The expert further testified decedent's belief was probably based on safely raising the pole in the past and the human eye's limitation on judging the distance of a power line.
REC countered the expert's testimony with the toxicology test and asserts that the evidence of phenylpropanolamine and marijuana use was as probative of the reason for Furman's conduct as that presented by Fur-man's expert and has the additional benefit of a factual basis. The district court based its admission of the toxicology report upon Buckles. There, this court held that the trial court had abused its discretion in excluding evidence that the victim of an alleged vehicular homicide had been found to have metabol ites of cocaine in his urine. We found the evidence relevant for two reasons. It was relevant to a conclusion whether or not the state had proved the cause of death beyond a reasonable doubt, and it was relevant to a conclusion whether or not the defendant had caused the death as charged. Buckles, 830 P.2d at 705. In this case, we agree the toxicology report evidence was relevant to support REC's theory that decedent's conduct was consistent with impairment of his faculties. This premise could lead to the conclusion that it was decedent's negligence which caused his death.
The evidence was not unfairly prejudicial. Wyo.R.Evid. 403 provides:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Furman appeals a jury verdict which found REC blameless. This evidence bears only upon the conduct of decedent and his negligence. The trial court did not abuse its discretion. Furman also asserts
that [REC] did not lay adequate foundation for the admission of the actual test results. That is, the expert witness gave an opinion relating to the significance of the tests. The expert did not, and could not, opine about the chain of evidence or accuracy of the tests.
This statement, however, is the only reference to the alleged foundational error, and it is not accompanied by any legal authority. This cursory statement does not amount to cogent argument. We decline, therefore, to consider Furman's claim that the toxicology evidence lacked foundation. Rolfe v. Varley, 860 P.2d 1152, 1161 (Wyo.1993).
B. Instructions
Furman raises several objections concerning the trial court's instructions to the jury. First, she claims that the trial court erred by rejecting her offered instructions and by accepting REC's offered instructions on the question of each party's duty of care. Second, Furman argues that the trial court erred when it instructed the jury regarding the Highway Department's duties.
When reviewing jury instructions for error, we look at the instructions "as a whole and in the context of the entire trial" and determine if the alleged erroneous instruction "fairly and adequately presents the issues for the jury's consideration." Seaton v. Wyo. Highway Comm'n Dist. No. 1, 784 P.2d 197, 206 (Wyo.1989). In order to find reversible error in a trial court's instructions to the jury, Furman must demonstrate prejudice in the form of proof that the instruction confused or misled the jury with respect to the proper principles of law. DeJulio v. Foster, 715 P.2d 182, 186 (Wyo.1986).
1. Instructions on Duty of Care
Decedent's Duty
Furman first challenges Instruction No. 11 as overstating decedent's duty of care. The instruction provided:
In this case, Rural Electric Company contends that Howard Furman was negligent in raising the pole while standing beneath the power line, and that this negligence was the proximate cause of his death. You are instructed that Howard Furman had a duty to act reasonably to assure his own safety, given the situation in which he found himself, including keeping a "proper lookout." By a "proper lookout" is meant that the lookout which would be maintained by an ordinarily careful person in light of all present conditions.
"Proper lookout" includes a duty to see objects in plain sight and a person is bound to see reasonably that which is open and apparent and he must take knowledge of obvious dangers. This duty is not one of merely looking, but of observing which imposes on a person the necessity of being observant as to the conditions which exist in the general situation.
Furman argues that the trial court should have given her proffered instruction based on Gish v. Colson, 475 P.2d 717 (Wyo.1970), instead of this instruction. In Gish, this court determined that a decedent is presumed to have exercised ordinary care if there is no eyewitness or other sufficient evidence to rebut that evidence. Furman proposed instructing the jury that decedent was presumed to have exercised reasonable care. In rejecting Furman's proposed instruction, the trial court stated that the presumption was not applicable because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to determine whether decedent used ordinary care.
This court recognizes that failure to comprehend and recognize danger may in itself constitute negligence. Ely v. Kirk, 707 P.2d 706, 710 (Wyo.1985); Brittain v. Booth, 601 P.2d 532, 535 (Wyo.1979). The evidence indicates decedent was aware that he should not use the pole in the vicinity of power lines and that the pole itself carried a warning against such use. Furman's own expert rendered the opinion that decedent was aware of the danger of using the pole in the vicinity of power lines and, knowing the danger, raised the pole because he thought the pole would clear the lines. Furman's own evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to determine if decedent exercised ordinary care when decedent extended a pole he knew conducted electricity and raised it under a power line. Under the facts of this case, Furman's offered instruction would have been error.
REC's Duty
Furman next asserts the trial court's instructions Nos. 4, 5, 14, and 15 incorrectly stated REC's duty of care because they failed to state that REC was engaged in an extrahazardous activity and, thus, had to exercise "utmost care." Furman asserts that the trial court's error in determining the proper standard of care then caused Instruction No. 18 to be in error. For both of these arguments, Furman relies on Ruhs v. Pac. Power & Light, 671 F.2d 1268 (10th Cir. 1982), interpreting this court's decision in Pan Am. Petroleum Corp. v. Like, 381 P.2d 70 (Wyo.1963) as authority for the higher standard of care.
The subject instructions read as follows:
INSTRUCTION NO. 4
Defendant Rural Electric Company had a duty toward [decedent] to exercise due care in the design, installation and maintenance of its lines, to avoid undue risk of harm to him.
INSTRUCTION NO. 5
When the word negligence is used in these instructions, it means the failure to use ordinary care. Ordinary care means the degree of care which might reasonably be expected of the ordinary careful person under the same or similar circumstances. The law does not say how such an ordinary careful person would act. That is for you to decide.
INSTRUCTION NO. 14
Each utility shall construct, install, operate and maintain its plant, including structure, equipment and lines, in accordance with accepted good engineering practice.
INSTRUCTION NO. 15
When electrical lines and equipment are put into service, they shall comply with the safety rules of the National Electrical Safety Code. Electrical lines shall be inspected at such intervals as experience is shown to be necessary. Lines and equipment with recorded defects which could reasonably be expected to endanger life or property shall be promptly repaired, disconnected or isolated.
INSTRUCTION NO. 18
In the design, construction and maintenance of its power lines, Rural Electric Company's duty was to do so in consideration of the reasonably foreseeable activities which would occur beneath the power lines. A failure to anticipate and guard against a happening which would not have arisen but for exceptional or unusual circumstances is not negligence, nor does the law require those maintaining power transmission lines to anticipate every possible circumstance that might cause injurious contacts with those lines.
If you should find that Rural Electric Company was negligent in the design, construction or maintenance of the power line in question, that negligence is not the proximate cause of the injury unless, under all the circumstances, the injury might have been reasonably foreseen.
The trial court rejected Furman's proposed instructions asserting the higher standard because there was no Wyoming ease law to support the requested instructions, and the other included instructions adequately covered the fact that electricity is a dangerous instrumentality. This court has recently held that a jury should not be instructed there is a higher degree of care when a dangerous instrumentality is involved. Wyrulec Co. v. Schutt, 866 P.2d 756, 762 (Wyo. 1993).
We confirmed in Wyrulec that the Ruhs case did not hold there was a higher duty of care for a dangerous instrumentality. We also confirmed that the Pan American case was properly interpreted as stating the standard of care is ordinary care under all of the circumstances, regardless of whether a dangerous instrumentality is involved. It is not necessary to have degrees of care because the legal standard remains constant. However, what constitutes ordinary care increases as the danger increases. Wyrulec, 866 P.2d at 761-62. All of these instructions properly instructed the jury on the law.
2. Instructions Concerning Decedent's Employer
Furman next asserts that the instructions given concerning the Highway Department's duty of care are not supported by law. Fur-man did not object to these instructions as required by Wyo.R.Civ.P. 51; therefore, we review these instructions for plain error only. Hashimoto v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 767 P.2d 158, 163 (Wyo.1989). Furman asserts that the instructions given concerning the Highway Department's duties are not supported by law and that the trial court should have instructed the jury concerning the Highway Department's immunity from suit.
Instruction No. 16 described a highway department policy concerning its employees working near high voltage lines and Instruction No. 17 described certain rules and regulations imposed by the Wyoming Occupational Safety Commission. Furman's sole argument is that the policy described in Instruction No. 16 comes from the Wyoming High Voltage Power Lines and Safety Restrictions Act (High Voltage Act) which, she argues, does not apply to the Highway Department. This argument fails to demonstrate how the giving of these instructions amounts to clear violation of a clear rule of law which adversely affects her substantial rights. See, Goggins v. Harwood, 704 P.2d 1282, 1291 (Wyo.1985). The safety policy described in Instruction No. 16 applied to the Highway Department because it was self-imposed and in place before Furman's accident, not because the High Voltage Act required compliance.
Lastly, Furman asserts that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the effect of the verdict form. She claims the verdict form should have indicated that the decedent's employer was immune from suit. Again, because Furman failed to properly object, we search only for plain error. Goggins, 704 P.2d at 1291. Wyo.Stat. § 1-1-109(b)(i)(B) (1988) provides:
(i) The court may, and when requested by any party shall:

(B) Inform the jury of the consequences of its determination of the percentage of fault.
The trial court gave an instruction describing Wyoming' comparative fault scheme and alerting the jury that if it found decedent over fifty percent at fault then Furman will recover nothing. We recently found a similar instruction adequate for compliance with Wyo.Stat. § l-l-109(b)(i)(B). Haderlie v. Sondgeroth, 866 P.2d 703 (Wyo.1993). Therefore, we find no plain error by the trial court in failing to inform the jury that the Highway Department was immune from suit.
CONCLUSION
The trial court's admission of the toxicology report was not error. The trial court correctly rejected an instruction to the jury that decedent was presumed to have exercised ordinary care and correctly instructed on the proper standard of care for those dealing with high voltage electric wires. We affirm the jury verdict.