Case Name: Ex parte GEORGE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1948-10-06
Citations: 215 S.W.2d 170
Docket Number: No. 24072
Parties: Ex parte GEORGE.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter Second Series
Volume: 215
Pages: 170–177

Head Matter:
Ex parte GEORGE.
No. 24072.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Oct. 6, 1948.
Rehearing Denied Dec. 1, 1948.
Feild & Woodall, of Marshall, for appellant.
Price Daniel, Atty. Gen., Dean J. Capp, Asst. Atty. Gen., and R. Dean Moorhead, of Austin, amici curiae.
Ernest S. Goens, State's Atty., of Austin, for the State.

Opinion:
DAVIDSON, Judge.
By Chap. 115, Acts of the Regular Session of the 50th Legislature, the legislature of this State passed what is known as the "Plumbing License Law of 1947," appearing as Art. 6243 — 101, Vernon's Civil Statutes. Same will be referred to as the Act.
Without setting out the details, the Act provides for the licensing of "master plumbers," "journeyman plumbers," and "plumbing inspectors," and makes penal the conduct of such business without a license.
Appellant here, relator in the court below, stands charged in the County Court of Harrison County with having engaged in, worked at, and conducted the business of a "master plumber" without a license.
From his arrest under such accusation, relator sought, by writ of habeas corpus, his outright discharge from custody, claiming that the Act, and particularly that part creating the offense charged, was void and violative of both State and Federal Constitutions.
After hearing, the relief prayed for was denied and relator was remanded to the custody of the arresting officer. From this order, this appeal resulted.
Flaving assailed the constitutionality of the law upon which the accusation was predicated, the attack by writ of ha-beas corpus was authorized.
The term J'plumbing" is defined under Sec. 2(a) of the Act, as and including: "(1) All piping, fixtures, appurtenances and appliances for a supply of water or gas, or both, for all personal or domestic purposes in and about buildings where a person or persons live, work or assemble; all piping, fixtures, appurtenances and appliances outside a building connecting the building with the source of water or gas supply, or both, on the premises, or the main in the street, alley or at the curb; all piping, fixtures, appurtenances, appliances, drain or waste pipes carrying waste water or sewage from or within a building to the sewer service lateral at the curb or in the street or alley or other disposal terminal holding private or domestic sewage; (2) the installation, repair and maintenance of all piping, fixtures, appurtenances and appliances in and about buildings where a person or persons live, work or assemble, for a supply of gas, water, or both, or disposal of waste water or sewage."
The terms "master plumber" and "journeyman plumber" are defined as follows (Sec. 2 of the Act) :
"(b) A 'Master Plumber' within the meaning of this Act is a plumber having a regular place of business, who, by himself, or through a person or persons in his employ, performs plumbing work, and who has successfully fulfilled the examinations and requirements of the Board.
"(c) A 'Journeyman Plumber' within the meaning of this Act is any person other than a master plumber who engages in or works at the actual installation, alteration, repair and renovating of plumbing, and who has successfully fulfilled the examinations and requirements of the Board."
In the light of these definitions, it may be said that a "master plumber" is .one who, having successfully passed the required examination, engages in the plumbing business in a "regular place of business," while a journeyman plumber is one who, having passed the required examination, engages in or works at plumbing, as a business.
The class or classification created by the Act is that of plumbing business. '
The Act is assailed as being unconstitutional and void, in the following particulars:
(a) The police power of the State does not extend to or authorize the legislature to regulate the plumbing business;
(b) the Act is discriminatory and arbitrary class legislation violative of the equal protection clauses of Article 1, Sec. 3 of the Constitution of this State, Vernon's Ann. St., and of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution;
(c)the exemption of cities of less than 5,000 inhabitants, as also the exemption contained in Sec. 3 of the Act, constitutes unreasonable and arbitrary class legislation violative of equal protection.
It may be said, therefore, that the questions to be here determined are:
May the legislature of this State, in the exercise of its police power, regulate and require a license of one engaged in the plumbing business? If so, do the exemptions contained in the Act render it class legislation violative of equal protection?
The protection of the public health, safety, and welfare is a cardinal principle coming within the police power of the State. While there is some authority to the contrary, the great weight of authority in this country is that the plumbing business falls within the police power of the State to regulate. We could dwell at length on a discussion of this question but, here, content ourselves with the statement that we follow the majority rule. We have no difficulty in arriving at the conclusion that a business having to do with the installation, maintenance, and repair of water, gas, and sewer lines is so related to the health, safety, and welfare of the public as to come within the police power of the State, as supporting the conclusions here expressed. See 41 Am.Jur., p. 662, and 53 C.J.S., Licenses, § 30, page 567, and authorities there listed; Trewitt v. City of Dallas, Tex.Civ.App., 242 S.W. 1073.
The question arises as to whether the exemptions mentioned invalidate the Act. In approaching a determination of such question it is well to keep in mind that there is nothing in our State or Federal Constitutions which prohibits the legislature of this State from resorting to classification for the purpose of legislation. The only limitation upon the passage of such legislation is that there must be some reasonable basis for the classification not arbitrary or capricious, and -it must rest upon grounds of difference having a fair and substantial relationship to the legislation, so that all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike.
In Ex parte Tigner, 139 Tex.Cr.R. 452, 132 S.W.2d 885, 895, affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, 310 U.S. 141, 60 S.Ct. 879, 84 L.Ed. 1124, 130 A.L.R. 1321, we announced the controlling rules relative to class legislation, as follows: "1. The equal-protection clause of the 14th Amendment (U.S.C.A.Const.) does not take from the state the power to classify in the adoption of police laws, but admits of the exercise of a wide scope of discretion in that regard, and avoids what is done only when it is without any reasonable basis, and therefore is purely arbitrary. 2. A classification having some reasonable basis does not offend against that clause merely because it -is not made with mathematical nicety, or because in practice it results in some inequality. 3. When the classification in such a law is called in question, if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that would sustain it, the existence of that state of facts at the time the law was enacted must be assumed. 4. One who assails the classification in such a law must carry the burden of showing that it does not rest upon any reasonable basis, but is essentially arbitrary. Bachtel v. Wilson, 204 U.S. 36, 41, 27 S.Ct. 243, 51 L.Ed. 357, 359; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Melton, 218 U.S. 36, 30 S.Ct. 676, 54 L.Ed. 921 (47 L.R.A.,N.S., 84); Ozan Lumber Co. v. Union County Nat. Bank, 207 U.S. 251, 256, 28 S.Ct. 89, 52 L.Ed. 195, 197; Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113, 132, 24 L.Ed. 77, 86; Henderson Bridge Co. v. Henderson, 173 U.S. 592, 615, 19 S.Ct. 553, 43 L.Ed. 823, 831."
See, also, 9 Tex.Jur., Constitutional Law, Secs. 119 and 120, p. 555, et seq.; 12 Am.Jur., Sec. 476, p. 140; 16 C.J.S., Constitutional Law, § 507, page 1006.
It follows that legislation upon a subject or class within the police power which conforms to the rules stated is valid.
Sec. 3, sub-section (b) of the Act exempts "Plumbing work done outside the municipal limits of any organized city, town or village in this state, or within any such city, town or village of less than five thousand (5,000) inhabitants, unless required by ordinance in such city, town or village of less than five thousand (5,000) inhabitants".
The effect of this exemption is to make the Act apply to "plumbing work" done in "organized", cities of and in excess of 5,000 inhabitants. While it is true the legislative body of the exempted cities may make the Act apply in those cities, yet until that delegated authority has been exercised such cities are not within the Act. In so far as the Act is concerned, cities of less than'5,000 inhabitants are exempted therefrom.
Does such exemption constitute the legislation arbitrary, unreasonable, and a denial of equal protection? Population has long been recognized as a basis for classifications in legislation. In 12 Am.Jur., Constitutional Law, Sec. 489, p. 169, we find the rule stated as follows: "Population. — The rule is well settled that under usual circumstances and for most purposes, the legislature may, in the exercise of the various powers of state sovereignty which it possesses, employ population as a basis for classification, making distinctions applicable to people of different localities on .such grounds, without violating any of the Federal or state constitutional guaranties of equality."
In 41 Am.Jur., Sec. 14, p. 675, we find the rule stated has been given application to legislation regulating the plumbing business in the following language: "The general rule that a classification of the cities, towns, and villages of the state by population as a basis for legislation may be made if such classification is based upon a rational difference of situation or condition found in the municipalities placed in the different classes is generally deemed fully applicable to legislation regulating plumbers and electricians and the installation of their work."
In 16 C.J.S., Constitutional Law, § 506, the rule is stated as follows:
"Legislation limited in its operation to a portion of the state or prescribing different rules for distinct areas is not invalid as denying the equal protection of the laws to individuals, where there is a reasonable basis for the limitation or differentiation and all persons similarly situated in the same place are treated alike; and in no event is it invalid as a denial of the equal protection of the laws to a municipal corporation or other governmental agency."
See, also, 12 Am.Jur., Secs. 488-89, pp. 167-169.
Authorities supporting the rules stated will be found cited under .each of the citations.
It is concluded, therefore, that the mere, fact that the Act applies only to cities of and in excess of 5,000 inhabitants does not render it invalid.
The question as to whether there was a reasonable basis for that classification will be discussed in connection with the contention that the personal exemptions contained in the Act render it invalid.
Relator argues, with much emphasis, that the personal exemptions render the Act unreasonable and arbitrary class legislation. In support of this contention he cites the case of Jackson v. State, 55 Tex.Cr.R. 557, 117 S.W. 818.
The personal exemptions mentioned are contained in sub-section (c) of Sec. 3 of the Act, which reads as follows: "Plumbing work done by anyone who is regularly employed as or acting as a maintenance man or maintenance engineer, incidental to and in connection with the business in which he is employed or engaged, and who does not engage in the occupation of a plumber for the general public; construction, installation and maintenance work done upon the premises or equipment of a railroad by an employee thereof who does not engage in the occupation of a plumber for the general'public; and plumbing work done by persons engaged by any public service company in the laying, maintenance and operation of its service mains or lines and the installation, alteration, adjustment, repair, removal and renovation of all types of appurtenances, equipment and appliances ; appliance installation and service work done by anyone who is an appliance dealer or is employed by an appliance dealer, and acting as an appliance installation man or appliance service man in connecting appliances to existing piping installations. Provided, however, that all work and service herein named or referred to shall be subject to inspection and approval in accordance' with the terms of all local valid city or municipal ordinances."'
There is exempted from the provisions of the Act, then, the following:
(a) plumbing work done by maintenance employees in connection with the business in which they are employed who do not engage in the occupation of a plumber for the general public;
(b) plumbing work done by railroad employees upon the premises or equipment of a railroad who do not engage in the occupation of a plumber for the general public;
(c) plumbing work done by employees of public service companies in the laying, maintenance, and service of its lines, appurtenances, equipment, and appliances;
(d) plumbing work done by appliance .dealers and their employees .in connecting appliances to existing piping installations.
Jackson's case involved the validity of an Act of the 30th Legislature in 1907, Laws 1907, c. 141, requiring barbers in the State to have a license or certificate to engage in the occupation of barber and -making it unlawful for any person to follow the occupation of barber without such license. Exempted from the Act were (a) students of the State University or other schools of the State who are or may be making their way through school by serving as barbers, (b) those serving as barbers in any State eleemosynary institution, (c) persons serving as barbers in towns of 1,000 inhabitants, or less. A majority of the court held that Act to be invalid, for two reasons: first, the license fee was an unauthorized occupation tax and, second, the exemptions contained in the Act rendered is discriminatory and violative of equal protection. Judge Ramsey dissented, entertaining the view that the license fee was not-a tax. He does not appear to have expressed disapproval of the holding that the exemptions invalidated the Act.
The holding in the Jackson case was predicated upon a finding'by this court that the barbers legislated against and those* exempted were of the same class and that no reasonable basis existed for the exemptions, which made that Act violative of equal protection.
The legal conclusion there expressed was correct, because all legislation which dis criminates against persons of the same class, .and similarly circumstanced falls within the condemnation of equal protection.
It is apparent, then, that Jackson's case was founded upon a determination that the legislature was not authorized to say that a reasonable basis existed for the classification or that no rational difference existed between those legislated against and those exempted.
Does there exist a material distinction between the instant case and the Jackson case?
In the Barber Act, the class there created and legislated upon was the individual barber, as well as the barber business. Therein lies the material distinction. Here, those persons exempted in Sec. 3 of the Act are employees in no sense engaged in the business of plumbing or operating a regular place- of plumbing business. It is apparent, therefore, that those exempted in Sec. 3 of the Act do not fall within the same general classification as do those engaged in the business of plumbing. It is elementary that in order for legislation to come within the condemnation of arbitrary class legislation those exempted must be of the same class as those legislated upon.
It follows, therefore, that the Act is not invalid because of the personal exemptions contained in Sec. 3.
There remains for consideration, then, only the exemption of cities of less than 5,000 inhabitants. There is no question but that in the Jackson case [55 Tex.Cr.R. 557, 117 S.W. 819] one of the reasons assigned for holding the Barber Act to be arbitrary class legislation was the exemption of "persons serving as barber in towns of 1,000 inhabitants or less." Such conclusion was founded upon the proposition that "it may not be readily perceived, nor intelligently understood, why a barber or a lot of barbers in the various towns of Texas of 1,000 inhabitants or less could not as easily spread contagious or infectious diseases from their shops as could the barbers in towns of 1,000 or more." In other words, the business of barbering was so universal in its relation to the public as that no reasonable basis existed whereby different classifications could be made within that group.
If the plumbing business occupies a similar position, then the Jackson case supports relator's contention; otherwise, it does not.
Finally, then, a determination of the question before us rests upon whether or not the legislature was authorized to find that a reasonable basis existed for exempting those engaged in the plumbing business in cities of 5,000 inhabitants and less.
The barber, in the conduct of his business, comes in personal contact with the customer and is to be found conducting his business in every city, town, and village of this State. It was because of this personal contact and relationship common to the public in all cities, towns, and villages in the State that the conclusion was reached in the Jackson case. Such is not true of the plumbing business, for the plumber has to do only with the installation, repair, and maintenance of water, sewer, and gas lines and connections. Nor is the business of plumbing common to the State as a whole, for we know, and the legislature was authorized to find, that there are cities, towns, and villages in this State which do not have water, sewer, and gas lines. Moreover, as cities increase in population, so also, and commensurate therewith, is increased the use of plumbing facilities.
It can hardly be said, therefore, that the danger to the public health and safety arising from the installation, maintenance, and repair of water, sewer, and gas lines and connected appliances is as great in the smaller as in the larger cities of this State. The legislature, in the exercise of its legislative function, was warranted, therefore, in finding that the danger to the public health and safety sought to be guarded against by the Act was not equal and uniform .in all cities of this State.
From what has been said, it is apparent that the legislature was authorized to classify the plumbing business for the purpose of legislation. The holding in the Jackson case, supra, is therefore not here controlling.
Having reached the conclusion that the business of plumbing was subject to class ification by the legislature, the question remaining relates to whether or not the exemption of cities of 5,000 inhabitants, and less, was unreasonable.
Again we refer to what was said in the Tigner case, supra [139 Tex.Cr.R. 452, 132 S.W.2d 895], viz.: "A classification having some reasonable basis does not offend against that clause (equal protection) merely because it is not made with mathematical nicety, or because in practice it results in some inequality."
Such rule is deemed here controlling.
The right of the legislature to create a class or make a classification for legislative purposes carries with it, of necessity, the right also to fix the limits of that classification. It is only when these limits are so unreasonable as to be arbitrary that the courts are authorized to strike down the legislation. While it is true that some inequality may arise as between plumbers conducting their business in a city of 5,000 inhabitants or more and those in cities of less than 5,000, we cannot say that the legislature was not authorized to make the classification it did. The public health and safety sought to be safeguarded by' this legislation was of paramount importance.
Believing the Act to be valid as against the contentions here levelled, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
PER CURIAM.
The foregoing opinion of the Commission of Appeals has been examined by the Judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals and approved by the court.