Case Name: CAHN v. GUION
Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Ohio
Decision Date: 1927-05-30
Citations: 5 Ohio Law Abs. 696
Docket Number: No. 8221
Parties: CAHN v. GUION
Judges: (Sullivan, PJ., concurs; Levine, J., dissents.)
Reporter: The Ohio Law Abstract
Volume: 5
Pages: 696–698

Head Matter:
CAHN v. GUION
Ohio Appeals, 8th Dist., Cuyahoga Co.
No. 8221.
Decided May 30, 1927.
Mooney, Hahn, Loeser & Keough, Cleveland, for Cahn.
Gordon & Gordon and Paul Howland, Cleveland, for Guión.

Opinion:
VICKERY, J.
In the court below, Louis Cahn brought this action asking for a mandatory injunction to compel the building inspector of Cleveland, Wm. D. Guión, to re-issue several permits to him, or rather, to state it correctly, to compel him to withdraw his withdrawal of permits, that he had theretofore issued, to build on five parcels of land on the' west side of West Boulevard between Clifton Boulevard and Lake Avenue and east of West 110th Street.
The situation is rather peculiar, and, inasmuch as the plaintiff claims some equities, it might be well to advert to a situation which would throw some light on his standing in a court of equity.
The property between West Boulevard and West 110th Street, to say nothing of further west between Clifton Boulevard and Lake Avenue, is highly restricted residence property and has been for a great number of years. All the buildings that have ever been on this tract of land have been high class residences.
The restrictions on this property were about to expire on the 8th day of January, 1927. Apparently plaintiff became aware of this and recently, just prior to the proceedings hereinafter stated, bought in these properties. I speak of this, because he cannot say that he was deprived of the use of his property, because it was bought just prior to the events which hereafter transpired, not that he did not have the legal, right, not that the law was not upon his side, that he could not claim all the benefits of the law, but in an equitable proceeding this should be taken into consideration as bearing upon the parties.
There had been some talk about the expiration of these restrictions and an effort was about to be made to protect this property from the building of stores and apartment houses within this district. It was sought to do this by passage, in the City Council of Cleveland, of what is known as a stop-gap ordinance, that is, an ordinance that would be so comprehensive and so drawn that it would serve to prevent the erection of apartment houses and stores or business houses within this district, until there could be a proper zoning ordinance prepared. By the action of Council on the 15th day of November, 1926, this so-called stop-gap ordinance was passed. It was not passed as an emergency ordinance, and so did not go into effect until forty days thereafter, to-wit, on the 26th day of December, 1926.
Notwithstanding that the plaintiff could not, at this time, erect any buildings of the character that he seeks to erect upon this property because the restrictions were still in force, he, on the 19th of November, procured a permit to erect, I believe, stores and apartments on Clifton Boulevard, within this district, and later, perhaps on December 9th, he procured three more permits, and, on Dec. 23rd, he procured another. These are the ñve permits, the revocation of which he seeks to compel the Building Inspector to withdraw.
The ordinance was passed prior to the getting of these permits and the last one he got was three days before the ordinance went into effect. He could not tell whether it would be effective from that day or not because petitions had been circulated for a referendum. However, so far as it appears now, the ordinance went into effect on the 26th of December, a petition filed with the Clerk having been found to be insufficient. Thereafter an amended petition was filed which the clerk certified was sufficient, but there has been no vote on that question as to whether there shall he a referendum, and that is still pending in court.
The Building Inspector, upon the passage of this ordinance and its going into effect, revoked these building permits, and it is to that action that these proceedings are brought.
It is argued strenuously, by plaintiff in this action, that these permits gave a certain property right that could not be divested by any action of the Building Inspector nor by the City Council itself, because, it is argued, they are within the inhibition of the Constitution of the United States, which provides that no retroactive law shall be passed, nor shall there be any law passed impairing the obligation of a contract. There would be some strength in this argument, if it had not been wholly disposed of by the Supreme Court in the case of State ex Ohio Hair Products Co. v. Rendigs, Bldg. Comm. 98 OS. 251, in which case the Supreme Court absolutely disposed of this contention. It is argued, to distinguish this case from the one at bar, that it was sought in the Hair Products case to erect a business that was deleterious to health, in a residence district, while in the instant case there is nothing detrimental so far as it is claimed, at least it is not a nuisance per se to erect apartment houses and stores, as it is sought to erect in the instant case, but the Supreme Court, in the Hair Products case, held that it was within the police power of the City to zone against such buildings, as it was proposed to erect in the Cincinnati District, and that it came within the police power of the city and therefore was a valid exercise of police power, and that the man who had procured these permits, had procured no property right that was immune to invasion by such legislation.
The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Village of Euclid v. The Ambler Realty Co., decided that it is not necessary to have a nuisance per se before the Municipality can zone against the erection of certain buildings in a certain area.
We do not think that the plaintiff is entitled to the remedy he seeks upon the first ground of error, the one that he has argued most strenuously in his brief.
There is another ground that he refers to and that is that the whole ordinance is unconstitutional, that it takes private property without due process of law, in violation of the constitution of the United States and the constitution of Ohio. He points out what he regards as a very conglomerate ordinance. He calls attention to the number of districts. I believe the ordinance defines a district as any strip of land on either side of the street between two intersecting streets. Now if I were going to argue this case, I should take issue with learned counsel for plaintiff that instead of these numerous districts making the ordinance unconstitutional, they would make the ordinance constitutional. In other words, the ordinance is so elastic and so adaptable to the needs of different communities, that a community or district can have almost anything they want by the' proper majority, and why not? They are the ones that are interested and consequently they should have their say, and, inasmuch as it is submitted largely to the owners of the property in the various districts, it would be difficult to see how it could be attacked as being unconstitutional. Suppose, however, that there were certain districts and certain features of this ordinance that would be unconstitutional because of the taking of property without due process of law, or other infirmity that might exist in it contrary to the constitution of Ohio or the United States, still, before the plaintiff can avail himself of that, he must bring the instant case within that provision of the law.
There is another very potent reason why, at this time at least, the court would be compelled to find for the defendant. Strictly speaking, there is no ordinance, for, within the time allowed by the City Charter, petitions in referendum were filed, or it is claimed they were filed, and whether there were any such petitions depends upon the final decision of that question in the case of Dillon v. City of Cleveland, now pending in this court, but, in the present instance, it appears that there are referendum petitions filed. Consequently the ordinance never went into effect, and the referendum is a right of the citizens of Cleveland, and it puts them in the position, if you please, of a third house of legislation. Until all of the various departments in the legislativé branch of the City Government have acted, there is no ordinance, the constitutionality of which could be attacked.
We are of the opinion that the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief sought and there will be a decree for the defendant.
(Sullivan, PJ., concurs; Levine, J., dissents.)