Case Name: The Board of Education of Cincinnati v. Volk
Court: Supreme Court of Ohio
Jurisdiction: Ohio
Decision Date: 1905-05-23
Citations: 72 Ohio St. 469
Docket Number: No. 8943
Parties: The Board of Education of Cincinnati v. Volk.
Judges: Davis, C. J., Shauck, Crew, Summers and Spear, JJ.. concur.
Reporter: Ohio State Reports, New Service
Volume: 72
Pages: 469–486

Head Matter:
The Board of Education of Cincinnati v. Volk.
Board of education not liable for damages — For negligence in-erecting school house, when — Section 2676, Revised Statutes, does not apply to school boards, when — Law of negligence and public corporations.
1. A board of education is not liable in its corporate capacity for damages, where, in excavating on its own lots for the erection of a school building, it wrongfully and negligently carries the excavation below the statutory depth' of nine feet, thereby undermining and injuring the foundation and walls of a building of an adjoining owner.
2. Section 2676, Revised Statutes, creating a liability against an “owner” or “possessor” of premises whereon such wrongful and unlawful excavation is made, does not apply to boards of education holding title to the lot or land being excavated, for school and school building purposes.
(No. 8943
Decided May 23, 1905.)
Error to the Superior Court of Cincinnati.
The defendant in error filed in the superior court his amended petition as follows:
“Plaintiff, by leave of court, files this, his amended petition, and complains of the defendant, for that he is the owner in fee simple, and was for a long time prior to the happening of the injuries hereinafter complained of, to-wit, the premises with dwelling house situated thereon, and being on the west side of Orchard street (now called Steiner street) in the city of Cincinnati, county of Hamilton and state of Ohio, being the east half of lot number two (2), as designated on the plat of subdivision of Harry F. Sedam, as described in plat book No. 3, page 182, records of Hamilton county, Ohio.
“Plaintiff says that on the--day of — — A. D. 18 — , the grade of said Orchard street was established by an ordinance passed by the council of said city of Cincinnati, and thereafter said street was improved and graded in accordance with said ordinance. That after said street was so improved, to wit*, during the year 18 — , the plaintiff erected on said lot at great cost a dwelling house, which same was constructed with reference to said grade of said street, and entirely in conformity thereto.
“The defendant is a body corporate and politic under the laws of Ohio, and as such, is the owner in fee simple of the following described real estate situated on the west side of Orchard street (now Steiner street) and adjacent to the premises of plaintiff as hereinbefore described, and being lots 138, 139, 140 and 141 of subdivision of Harry P. Sedam’s estate as made in case No. 2957 of the probate court of Ohio.
“Plaintiff says that long after he had erected the frame dwelling house upon the lot hereinbefore men tioned and described, the said defendant on or about the--day of February, A. D. 1892, proceeded to ■erect a school house upon the aforementioned premises owned by it, and commenced excavating upon ■said lots for the purpose of erecting a large school building thereupon.
“Plaintiff says that said excavation was of such an extensive character and carried to a depth of more than forty feet below the established grade of said Orchard street, and wrongfully and unlawfully and in a careless and negligent manner, excavated to a depth below the foundation walls of plaintiff’s house and to a much greater depth than twelve feet below the established grade of said Orchard street, and negligently and carelessly caused the base of the hillside on said premises to be removed and cut away, thereby destroying the lateral and subjacent support to plaintiff’s premises upon which he had erected his said dwelling house, thereby causing the surface and loose strata of earth to remove, without shoring up or taking other reasonable precautions to support the house of plaintiff so as to prevent it from giving away on that occasion, and by reason of said neglect and said deep excavations in the earth near to the foundation of the house of this plaintiff so weakened the foundation and injured the building and destroyed the cistern connected with said dwelling house.
“Plaintiff says that by reason of the wrongful, careless and negligent acts aforesaid of the defendant, the value of the plaintiff’s property has been diminished in the sum of three thousand dollars, and that he has been damaged by the carelessness, neglect and default of said defendant in the sum of three thousand dollars, for which sum he prays judgment with interest from the--day of October, A. D. 1893.”
To this amended petition, the Board of Education filed the following demurrer:
‘ ‘ 1. The plaintiff has not legal capacity to sue this defendant.
“2. The facts stated in the amended petition are not sufficient in law to constitute a cause of action against this defendant. ’ ’
The court overruled the demurrer and the board answered, admitting it is a body corporate and politic under the laws of Ohio, and its ownership of the several lots as alleged in the amended petition. All of the other allegations of said petition are denied. On the issues thus made up, the parties proceeded to trial. The defendant board objected to the introduction of any evidence, on the ground “that the amended petition does not state facts sufficient in law to constitute a cause of action.”
The objection was overruled and the case proceeded with the introduction of the testimony for each party. After arguments of counsel, the case was submitted to the jury under the charge of the court. A verdict for $550 was returned; a motion for new trial overruled, and judgment entered on the verdict.
This judgment was affirmed at the general term of the superior court and error is prosecuted here to reverse both judgments.
Mr. Charles J. Hunt; Mr. John V. Campbell and Mr. Albert H. Morrill, attorneys for plaintiff in error,
cited and commented upon the following authorities:
Finch v. Board of Education, 30 Ohio St., 37; State ex rel. v. Board of Public Works, 36 Ohio St., 409; Black on Interpretation of Laws, 119; Endlich on Interpretation of Statutes, sec. 161; Mississippi v. Joiner, 23 Miss., 500; Josselyn v. Stone, 28 Miss., 753; Raymond v. State, 54 Miss., 563; Rose v. Governor, 24 Tex., 496; Cole v. White Co., 32 Ark., 45; Maryland v. Milburn, 9 Gill (Md.), 105; State v. Kinne, 41 N. H., 238; People v. Herkimer, 4 Cow., 345; Commonwealth v. Johnson, 6 Pa. St., 136; Tiedeman on Municipal Corporations, sec. 339; Gibbons v. United States, 8 Wall., 269; Langford v. United States, 101 U. S., 341; Toledo v. Cone, 41 Ohio St., 149; Dillon on Corporations, sec. 22; Hamilton County v. Mighels, 7 Ohio St., 109; Hill v. Boston, 122 Mass., 344, 345; Dargan v. Mobile, 31 Ala., 469; Barbour County v. Brunson, 36 Ala., 362; Askew v. Hale County, 54 Ala., 639; Greene Co. v. Eubanks, 80 Ala., 204; Lee Co. v. Yarbrough, 85 Ala., 590; Granger v. Pulaski County, 26 Ark., 37; School District v. Williams, 38 Ark., 454; Huffman v. San Joaquin, 21 Cal., 426; Croswell v. Sonoma, 25 Cal., 313; Winbigler v. Los Angeles, 45 Cal., 36; Tranter v. Sacramento, 61 Cal., 271; Board v. Bish, 33 Pac. Rep., 184; Jewett v. New Haven, 38 Conn., 368; Torbush v. Norwich, 38 Conn., 225; Mead v. New Haven, 40 Conn., 72; Chidsey v. Canton, 17 Conn., 475; Ward v. Hartford Co., 12 Conn., 404; Carter v. Wilds, 8 Houst., 14; Grumbine v. Mayor, 2 McAr., 578; McElroy v. Albany, 65 Ga., 387; Bibb County v. Dorsey, 15 S. E. Rep., 647; Governor ex rel. v. Justices of Clark County, 19 Ga., 97; Seales v. Chattahoochee County, 41 Ga., 225; Wilson v. Macon, 88 Ga., 455; Kincaid v. Hardin County, 53 Ia., 430; Ogg v. Lansing, 35 Ia., 495; Colwell v. Boone, 51 Ia., 687; Packard v. Volts et al., 94 Ia., 277; Dashner v. Mills County, 88 Ia., 401; Bindley v. Polk County, 84 Ia., 308; Robinson v. Evansville, 87 Ind., 334; Abbett v. Johnson County, 114 Ind., 61; Vigo County v. Daily, 132 Ind., 73; White v. Sullivan County, 129 Ind., 396; Summers v. Commissioners, 103 Ind., 262; Wilcox v. Chicago, 107 Ill., 334; White v. Bond Co., 58 Ill., 297; Odell (Town) v. Schroeder, 58 Ill., 353; Elmore v. Commissioners, 135 Ill., 269; Greenwood v. Louisville, 13 Bush, 226; Pollock v. Louisville, 13 Bush, 221; Prather v. Lexington, 13 B. Mon., 559; Downing v. Mason County, 87 Ky., 208; Peters v. Lindsborg, 40 Kan., 654; LaClef v. Concordia, 21 Pac. Rep., 272; Marion County v. Riggs, 24 Kan., 255; Eikenberry v. Township, 22 Kan. 556; Coffey Co. (Comrs.) v. Venard, 10 Kan., 95; Stewart v. New Orleans, 9 La. An., 461; Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 12 La. An., 190; Bennett v. City of New Orleans, 14 La. An., 120; New Orleans v. Kerr, 50 La. An., 413; Sherman v. Vermillion Parish, 51 La. An., 880; Brown v. Vinalhaven, 65 Me., 402; Mitchell v. Rockland, 52 Me., 118; Cobb v. Portland, 55 Me., 381; Lynde v. Rockland, 66 Me., 309; Burrill v. Augusta, 78 Me., 118; Bulger v. Eden, 82 Me., 352; Goddard v. Harpswell, 84 Me., 499; Reardon v. St. Louis County, 36 Mo., 555; Murtaugh v. St. Louis, 44 Mo., 479; Rowland v. Gallatin, 75 Mo., 134; Clark v. Adair County, 79 Mo., 536; Cunningham y. Pi. Louis, 96 Mo., 53; Ulrich v. St. Louis, 112 Mo., 138; Bryant v. St. Paul, 33 Minn., 289; Grube v. St. Paul, 34 Minn., 402; Snider v. St. Paul, 51 Minn., 466; Miller v. Minneapolis, 75 Minn., 131; Barney v. Lowell, 98 Mass., 570; Tindley v. Salem, 137 Mass., 171; Fisher v. Boston, 104 Mass., 87; Howland v. Maynard, 34 N. E. Rep., 515; McCarthy v. Boston, 135 Mass., 197; Sullivan v. Holyoke, 135 Mass., 273; Detroit v. Blackeby, 21 Mich., 84; Larkin v. Saginaw County, 11 Mich., 88; Commissioners v. Martin, 4 Mich., 557; Detroit v. Beckman, 34 Mich., 125; Sutton v. Board, 41 Miss., 236; Brabham v. Hinds County, 54 Miss., 363; Nugent v. Commissioners, 58 Miss., 197; White v. Chowan County, 90 N. C., 437; Clodfelter v. State, 86 N. C., 51; Threadgill v. Anson Co., 99 N. C., 352; Maxmilian v. Mayor, 62 N. Y., 160; Ham v. Mayor, 70 N. Y., 459; N. Y., etc., Co. v. Brooklyn; 71 N. Y., 580; Lewis v. State, 96 N. Y., 71; Sussex County v. Strader, 18 N. J. Law, 108; Cooley v. Freeholders, 27 N. J. Law, 415; Eastman v. Meredith, 36 N. H., 284; Griffin v. Sanbornton, 44 N. H., 246; Edgerly v. Concord, 62 N. H., 8; Wehn v. Gage County, 5 Neb., 494; Woods v. Colfax County, 10 Neb., 552; Morin v. Multnomah County, 22 Pac. Rep., 490; Lehigh County v. Hoffart, 19 N. W. C. (Pa.), 363; O’Rourke v. Sioux Falls, 54 N. W. Rep., 1044; Hill v. City of Charleston, 2 Hill, 571; Hill v. Laurens Co., 13 S. W. Rep., 318; Young v. Charleston, 20 S. C., 116; McKenzie v. Chovin, 1 McMull., 222; Coleman v. Chester, 14 S. C., 286; Black v. Columbia, 19 S. C., 412; Navasota v. Pearce, 46 Tex., 525; Baxter v. Winooski, 22 Vt., 114; Richmond v. Long, 17 Gratt., 375; Fry v. Albermarle County, 9 S. E. Rep., 1004; Smith v. Board of Carlton County, 46 Fed. Rep., 340; Clark v. Lincoln County, 25 Am. & Eng. Corp. Cas., 211; Overholser v. National Home, 68 Ohio St., 236; secs. 3971, 3987 and 3990, Rev. Stat.
Messrs. Shay & Cogan, attorneys for defendant in error,
cited and commented upon the following authorities:
Railroad Co. v. Morey, 47 Ohio St., 207; Burkhardt v. Hanley, 23 Ohio St., 558; Board of Educa Mon v. Milligan, 51 Ohio St., 115; Shearman & Redfield on Negligence, par. 258; Finch v. Board of Education, 30 Ohio St., 37; Keating v. Cincinnati, 38 Ohio St., 141; City of Columbus v. Jaeger, 55 Ohio St., 644; Cohen v. Cleveland, 43 Ohio St., 193; Railroad Co. v. Pfau, 8 Dec. Re., 691; 9 W. L. B., 201; Birtwhistle v. Cincinnati, 8 Dec. Re., 453; 8 W. L. B., 26; Cummings v. Toledo, 5 Circ. Dec., 595; 12 C. C. R., 653; sec. 19, art. 1, Bill of Rights; secs. 2575, 2576, 2676, 2677, 2971 and 3987, Rev. Stat.

Opinion:
Price, J.
The controversy between the parties was heard at the general term of the superior court, upon a petition in error and the bill of exceptions taken at the special term, but this bill is not a part of the printed record in this court, and the plaintiff in error here does not rely on any question of fact or law which may appear in it.
Among the errors assigned in the general term, are: ' "1. Said court in special term erred in overruling the demurrer of the defendant below to the petition of the plaintiff below to which exception was taken at the time by said defendant below. 3. Said trial court erred in overruling the motion of the defendant to exclude the evidence of the plaintiff on the ground that his petition did not state facts sufficient in law to constitute a cause of action against the defendant below. ' '
The judgment of the special term was affirmed on all points raised, including the above, and the plaintiff in error assigns in this court as errors complained of,— (1) "Said judgment is contrary to law; (2) The amended petition of the plaintiff filed in the special term of the Superior Court does not state facts sufficient in law to constitute a cause of action against the Board of Education of the School District of Cincinnati."
Hence, it appears that the sufficiency of the amended petition was tested in each of the lower courts, and that is the only question presented in the record before us.
The plaintiff below alleges in substance, that he owns certain premises in the city of Cincinnati on the west side of Orchard street— (now called Steiner street) —the grade of which has been established by an ordinance of the city and that the street had been improved in accordance with said ordinance; that after the street was so improved, at great expense, he constructed on his lot a dwelling house with reference and in conformity to the grade established for the street; that after said house was erected in the year 1892, the Board of Education proceeded to erect a school house on the several lots owned by it which are adjacent to the plaintiff's premises; that in making the excavation, the board wrongfully and unlawfully carried its depth below the grade of the street more than forty feet, and below the foundation walls of his house more than twelve feet, and negligently and carelessly caused the base of the hillside on said premises to be removed and cut away, thereby destroying the lateral and subjacent support to plaintiff's premises, thereby causing the surface and loose strata of earth to remove, without shoring up or taking other reasonable precautions to support plaintiff's house so as to prevent it from giving away, and that by reason of that neglect the foundation of his house was weakened and injured and the cistern connected with his house was destroyed. It is alleged "that by reason of the wrongful, careless and negligent acts aforesaid of the defendant, the value of the plaintiff's property has been diminished in the sum of three thousand, dollars
The averments of this pleading make a clear case of tort, which,consists of the unlawful and wrongful acts of the Board of Education and of its negligence, want of care and precaution. The violation of hi.s rights is charged to consist in the unlawful and wrongful acts, negligence and want of care on the part of the board. Therefore we are to determine, whether, for such tort, the board can be held to respond in daniages.
It is sued and described as a body corporate and politic under the laws of Ohio. It is not a corporation for profit, nor does it own any property, except in a trust capacity and for the purposes defined by the statute creating it. Its purposes, and powers are likewise, defined and limited, and it can only own, manage or dispose of its property, for the uses and in the manner prescribed by law. Its general powers are conferred by section 3971, Revised Statutes, and this section is made applicable to all boards of education within the state. Such boards are "declared to be bodies politic and corporate, and, as such, capable of suing and being sued, contracting and being contracted with, acquiring, holding, possessing and disposing of property, both real and personal, and taking and holding in trust for the use and benefit of such districts, any grant or devise of land, and any donation or bequest of money or other personal property, and of exercising such other powers, and having such other privileges as are conferred by this title The other parts of the title, measure the duties and powers of the board in all respects, so much so, that nothing seems left to inference or implication. It may contract and be contracted with, but a contract not authorized by statute is ultra vires and can not be enforced, although the board is capable of suing and being sued. It has no power to bind the school district which it represents on contracts not authorized by íaw, and it has been so held repeatedly. If it cannot bind the district by such contracts, how can it be bound for unauthorized torts of the board?
It is true that boards of education are authorized, when necessary, to purchase grounds for school and school house purposes and to erect and maintain school houses; to enter into necessary contracts for the erection of proper school buildings and the purchase of school supplies, yet the method of making such contracts is prescribed by statute, so that it is the general assembly speaking through the board as to what may be done and how it must be done. The board is not authorized to commit a tort, — to be careless or negligent, and when it commits a wrong or tort, it does not in that respect represent the district,' and for its negligence or tort in any form, the board cannot make the district liable. It is without power to levy taxes except for school and school house purposes, and therefore no levy could be legally made to pay a judgment against it, if one should be recovered for its torts. The property belonging to the board and to which it holds title in its trust capacity cannot be seized or held to satisfy a judgment for damages, for it is declared in section 3973, Revised Statutes, that "all property, real or personal, vested in any board of education, shall be exempt from tax and from sale on execution, or other writ or order in the nature of an execution."
Legislative control and limitation is further shown in section 3958, Revised Statutes, which provides that "each board of education shall annually, at a regular or special meeting to be held between the third Monday in April and the first day of June, determine by estimate, as nearly as practicable, the entire amount of money necessary to be levied as a contingent fund for the continuance of the school'or schools of the district, after the state funds are exhausted, to purchase sites for school houses, to erect, purchase, lease, repair and furnish school houses, and build additions thereto, and for other school expenses."
It is therefore very plain that, neither by a levy of tax, nor levy of execution can the property of the district or its citizens be reached to satisfy a judgment for damages against the board of education, and it would follow that such a judgment would be a dead and barren letter. Surely the law does not contemplate a right of action in the plaintiff without any remedy to enforce it.
Moreover while boards of education are "bodies politic and corporate," as declared by statute, yet like counties, they are but quasi corporations and differ materially from municipal corporations as they are organized in this state. School districts are organized to promote education and carry into effect the provision of section 2 of article 6 of our state constitution. It says "the general assembly shall make such provisions by taxation, or otherwise, as with the income arising from the school trust fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the state; ." Boards of education for these school districts, are arms or agencies of the state for the promotion of education throughout the state, while "municipal corporations are called into existence, either at the direct solicitation or by the free consent of the people who compose them." As said in Commissioners of Hamilton County v. Mighels, 7 Ohio St., 119, "a municipal corporation proper is created mainly for the interest, advantage and convenience of the locality and its people; a county organization is created almost exclusively with a view to the policy of the state at large for purposes of political organization and civil administration in matters of finance, of education, of provision for the poor, of military organization, of the means of travel and transport, and especially for the general administration of justice. With scarcely an exception all the powers and functions of the county organization have a direct and exclusive reference to the general policy of the state, 'and are in fact, but a branch of the general administration of that policy. ' '
In that case suit was brought against the commissioners for damages resulting from falling into an unguarded opening in the court house while the plaintiff was making his way from the court room, where he had been in attendance under process of the court. Negligence of the commissioners was charged in causing the opening to be there and remaining unprotected.
At that time the statute relating to county commissioners providéd ' ' that the board of commissioners in the several counties of the state, shall be capable of suing and being sued, pleading and being impleaded, in any court of judicature within the state. ." The court there held that the board of commissioners of a county are not liable, in their quasi corporate capacity, either by statute or at com mon law, to an action for damages for injury resulting to a party by tbeir negligence in the discharge of their official duties. This was the law as to the liability of boards of county commissioners, until section 845, Revised Statutes, was amended and enlarged April 13, 1894 (91 O. L., 142), and we must notice the new language: — "and any such board.of county commissioners shall be liable in their official capacity for any damages received by reason of the negligence or carelessness of said commissioners in keeping any such road or bridge in proper repair. ' ' Even this clause would not have aided the plaintiff in Commissioners v. Mighels, supra, if it had been in the statute when he was injured. The amendment seems a very sparing one, and makes the commissioners liable officially only for negligence as to roads and bridges, and no further.
There is no statute whereby a board of education can be made liable for damages for its negligence or want of care.
In Finch v. The Board of Education of Toledo, 30 Ohio St., 37, this court held that, "a board of education is not liable in its corporate capacity for damages for an injury resulting to a pupil while attending a common school, from its negligence in the discharge of its official duty in the erection and maintenance of a common school building under its charge, in the absence of a statute creating a liability." The opinion of the court in that case is a full discussion of the authorities, and the statutes, under which boards of education are organized and which confer their powers and regulate their conduct. The facts of that case presented a strong appeal to the court for a redress of a wrong done to a pupil through the negligence of the board, having its edu cation in charge, but under the law no relief could be obtained against the board for want of a statute creating a liability.
There is no liability at common law. In the case last cited on page 47, this court says: "Having already concluded that defendant, as a quasi corporation, is a public agent employed in administering the common school system of this state, there is no principle of common law by which this action can be supported;" and refers to Commissioners v. Mighels, supra, as authority.
Again, on pages 48-9, the court says: "this defendant is but a quasi corporation of inferior grade, acting for the public as one of the state's ministerial educational agencies, with power to levy taxes for school and school building purposes, and no other. It was a public school agent in. the city of Toledo in the same sense that a township board of education is a public school agent in a township."
The scope of this doctrine was further discussed and illustrated in Overholser v. National Home for Disabled Soldiers, 68 Ohio St., 236. That is a recent case and we need not extend this opinion by quoting from it. It fully sustains our present position.
But it is urged that there is a statute which creates the liability in this case. It is not in the statutes creating boards of education, or prescribing their duties and limiting their powers, but it is section 2676, Revised Statutes. This section and the next following have origin in an act passed April 28, 1854, found in S. & 0. Statutes, p. 1538, as a part of the chapter for the organization of cities and incorporated villages.
And sections 2676 and 2677, supra, at the time of the injuries complained of, were a part of the municipal code.
Neither they nor their original were ever a part of the school law. The organization of school boards and school districts was prior in time, but that is not of so much importance as the fact that sections 2676-7 are a part and quite distinct from the legislation for the organization of public schools and school boards.
Section 2676, supra, provides; "If the owner or possessor of any lot or land, in any city or village, digs or causes to be dug, any cellar, pit, vault or excavation, to a greater depth than nine feet below the curb of the street on which such lot or land abuts, or, if there be no curb, below the surface of the adjoining lots, and by such excavation, causes any damage to any wall, house or other building upon the lots adjoining thereto, such owner or possessor shall be liable, in a civil action to the party injured, to the full amount of the damages aforesaid."
It seems that this statute influenced the judgment of the lower court, — the general term. In a portion of its opinion brought to our attention, it is conceded that boards of education cannot be held in damages for personal injuries, because there is no statute authorizing such actions; "but in respect of liabilities incident to the ownership or control of lands" the above statute section (2676) applies, and creates the liability in this case.
In so holding, we think the court erred. If we are correct in what we have already said as to the powers conferred upon boards of education and the limitations on those powers, the error of the general term is apparent, for the section relied upon must be con strued with reference to what we have found to he the established law in this state. The title to school grounds, and other school property, is by express terms of the statute, vested in the board of education. But for what purpose?
It is not the private property of the board, but it is authorized to hold it for the state for the promotion and advancement of the education of the youth of the commonwealth, and jits control is limited according to the will of the sovereign power. The board is a mere instrumentality of the state to accomplish its purpose in establishing and carrying forward a system of common schools throughout the state. ' As heretofore stated, these boards are but arms of the sovereign, the state, and the latter has neither authorized, nor permitted, by any law, its agents to be sued for tort to either person or property.
As the citizen cannot sue the state without its consent, expressed by legislation, its agents, the boards of education cannot be sued and made liable for damages without consent of the sovereign, expressed by pertinent legislation. Such legislation exists as to contracts made within the scope defined, but it does not extend to official misconduct, negligence or want of care.
Therefore the words "owner" and "possessor" must be understood and construed with reference to this doctrine, for the board of education, is the "pos-, sessor" in the same sense, that it is or may be the "owner." This being true, section 2676, supra, does not apply to boards of education and the property committed to their care.
If it be said that in the light* of the foregoing, the injured party has no redress, we answer in the lan guage of the authorities: "Even the state or the general government may be guilty of individual wrongs, for, while each is sovereign, it is a corporation also, and as such capable of doing wrongful acts. The difficulty here is with the remedy, not with the right. No sovereignty is subject to suits except with its own consent. But either this consent is given by general law, or some tribunal is established with power to hear all just claims, or, if neither of these is.done, the tort remains; and it is always to be presumed that the legislative authority will make the proper provision for redress when its attention is directed to the injury." Cooley on Torts, marginal page 123; United States v. Peters, 5 Cranch, 139; Osborn v. Bank of U. S., 9 Wheat., 738; United States v. McLemore, 4 How., 286; Hill v. United States, 9 How., 386.
In conclusion upon the subject of remedy, we do not mean it to be understood that the alleged excessive and wrongful excavation, without protecting the plaintiff's property, might not have been restrained in a proper and timely action for that purpose.
The judgments of the lower courts are reversed, the demurrer to the amended petition sustained and that petition is dismissed.
Judgment reversed.
Davis, C. J., Shauck, Crew, Summers and Spear, JJ.. concur.