Case Name: Joseph Taylor versus John Lowell, Administrator
Court: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Jurisdiction: Massachusetts
Decision Date: 1807-11
Citations: 2 Tyng 331
Docket Number: 
Parties: Joseph Taylor versus John Lowell, Administrator.
Judges: 
Reporter: Massachusetts Reports
Volume: 3
Pages: 292–310

Head Matter:
Joseph Taylor versus John Lowell, Administrator.
An insurance is effected on a ship, her cargo and freight, each distinctly valued, at and from, Calcutta to a port of discharge in the United States. At the time of effecting the policy, the assured represents to the underwriters that the ship was at Calcutta, in July, and would probably sail in August She did sail accordingly in August; but, proving leaky as soon as she was at sea, and her leaks continuing to increase, she returned to Calcutta, where her cargo was relanded; and upon a survey it was found that the leak proceeded from causes existing at the time the cargo was taken on board, and that she was not seaworthy at the time of her sailing. She was thoroughly repaired, her cargo reladen, and she sailed again in the February following, and arrived in safety. In this, action, which was assumpsit for the premium of insurance, it was held that the policy attached on the vessel, cargo and freight, while in port, and oefore the sailing in August; and that the insurers continued liable after her return to port, and for the subsequent homeward voyage, and, of course, that the premium was payable.
Assumpsit for the premium upon a policy of insurance. The action was pending in Suffolk county, and was originally com aienced against John Lowell, Esq., deceased. Upon the death of Mr. Lowell, the present defendant, having taken administration of the estate of the deceased, was admitted to take upon him the defence of the action.
* March term, 1806, the following agreement was en- [ * 332 ] tered into, viz:—
“ The parties agree that said Lowell, deceased, acting adminis irator of the estate of Thomas Russell, Esq., deceased, on the 12th of January, 1798, caused a policy of insurance to be duly effected at the office of said Taylor, insurance broker in Boston, through the agency of said Taylor, for the sum of 30,150 dollars, on the ship Three Sisters, her cargo and freight, as specified in the policy, a copy of which is filed in the case.” [Policy dated January 13, 1798. The voyage insured thus described, “ lost or not lost, 43,000 dollars. viz., 12,000 on the ship Three Sisters and appurtenances, valued at that sum; 25,000 on the cargo valued at that sum; and 6,000 on freight of property belonging to owners or profits valued at that Firm; at and from Calcutta to her port or ports of discharge in the United States, with liberty to touch and trade at any port or ports on her passage home. Premium 12 per cent. Sum in fact subscribed 30,150 dollars.”]
“ The ship sailed from Boston in the year 1796, and arrived at Manilla, February 1, 1797, from whence she sailed, and arrived at Calcutta, March 3. On the 24th of April following, she was arrested by order of the government of that country. On the 19th of July, she was released and damages paid.”
“ The said Lowell, at the time when said policy was made, had advice from the master at Calcutta, that the ship was at that place in July, 1797, and would probably sail in August following for the United States ; which advice he communicated to the underwriters. She sailed accordingly on the nineteenth of August, and proceeded on her said voyage for the United States. The ship began to leak before the pilot left her, which was on the 8th of September, after which the leak increased daily, in such manner, that on the 16th of that month, being in latitude 15° 10' N. and longitude 86° 50' E., it was necessary to put back, and she did return to Calcutta, where she arrived on the 6th of October following, and being examined, it was found that her bottom had been eaten by worms, which was the whole cause of said leak ; the said ship in fact not having been seaworthy * at the time the cargo was [ * 333 } ,aden on board, nor at the time she left Calcutta as alore said. She was unladen at Calcutta, fully repaired and made sea worthy for her voyage ; and her cargo being reladen, she again sailed in February, 1798, from Calcutta for the United States, and arrived in safety, with her cargo and freight, at her port of discharge.’’
“ The said Lowell, at the time of making said insurance, requested the plaintiff to charge him in account with the premium for said insurance, being 3618 dollars, and the sum of one dollar for the policy.”
“ The parties further agree that the said Lowell, as administrator as aforesaid, had an insurable interest in the said ship, cargo, and freight, to the full value of the sum insured ; that no warranty was made to the underwriters as to the time of the ship’s sailing from Calcutta, but advice to the above effect from that place was made known to them; that the master of said ship and the consignee there, at the time of her first sailing, as aforesaid, for the United States, supposed her to be seaworthy; but that she was not so, having a latent defect, as above stated.”
“ And upon the whole matter aforesaid, the parties submit to the opinion of the Court, whether the whole of said premium is due or not; and if it shall be so considered, the defendant shall be defaulted, and judgment be rendered for the sum of 4341 dollars, 60 cents, being the amount of premium and interest; but if the opinion of the Court should .be, that the whole of said premium is not due, and that the premium on the ship, while in port only, is due, the defendant shall be defaulted, and judgment rendered for 120 dollars, being the value of the risk on the ship while in the port of Calcutta, estimated at one per cent.; if the Court should be of opinion that no part of said premium is due, the plaintiff shall be nonsuit, and the defendant recover his costs.”
Upon this state of facts, the cause was argued at March term, in Suffolk, and again at the July adjournment, by Amory and Hall, for the plaintiff, and Dexter and W. Sullivan, for the defendant.
For the defendant, it was contended, 1st, that the plaintiff, as insurance broker, could not maintain this action ; that if any [ * 334 ] * premium was due, it must be due to the underwriters; the implied promise, if made at all, was made to them. This is probably the first action of the kind ever instituted here, and the books contain no instance of one brought in the courts in England. A recovery in this action by the plaintiff, it is apprehended, would be no bar to an action which should be brought for the same premium by the underwriters. It is true, Marshall says, it is generally understood, that by the usage of trade in London, the broker alone, and not the underwriters, can recover the premiums from the insured. But he adds, that the point has nevei been settled by any judicial determination. Certainly general principles are against it.
But the second point made by the defendant’s counsel was more insisted upon by them, viz. That the policy in this case never attached to the property intended to be insured for want of seaworthiness in the ship, which rendered the contract of insurance void. The affirmative warranty that the ship is seaworthy when she commences the voyage, which is implied in every contract of insurance, was broken in this case, and was false at the time of making the contract. A breach of a warranty, whether affirmative or executory, makes the contract void ab initia, the warranty being a condition precedent .
For the plaintiff, it was observed that it was the uniform and well-known custom, in private insurance offices, for the broker to take notes for premiums, payable to himself, and out of their proceeds to pay such losses as occur. But, independent of this established usage, it is found, in this case, that the assured expressly requested the plaintiff to charge him in account with the amount of the premium upon this policy, and this fact is an abundant answer to the first objection made to the plaintiff’s recovery.
As to the second point urged for the defendant, the plaintiff’s counsel contended, that the policy attached upon the ship, cargo and freight, while the ship was at Calcutta, previous' to her first attempting the passage home; and that, during that period, it was not necessary that the ship be seaworthy; that, although during the time she was at sea in a * state not seaworthy, [ * 335 ] she was not under the protection of the policy, yet upon her being. put into a proper state of repair, the policy re-attached and covered the property during the real voyage, which commenced in February, 1798, and not before. The doctrine of seaworthiness applies only to the time that a ship is at sea. It cannot be extended further. While in port, she is necessarily undergoing repairs, her sails are unbent, her rigging is stripped off, and she is wholly innavigable. Yet, in such condition, there is no question that she is protected by a policy of insurance at the port. The same is true of the cargo and freight, for she may be wholly laden before she is fit for sea; and indeed every one acquainted with the usage in the case knows that this is universally practised. The last labor performed on board a ship, before sailing on a voyage, is the bending the sails. Had then a loss happened in the port of Calcutta, previous to the sailing in August, 1797, by any of the nerils insured against, the underwriters would have been held to indemnify the assured. To indemnify them for this risk, some premium must be due ; and there being but one voyage, there can be no apportionment of the premium. The risk having once commenced, the whole premium is due.
If a ship, insured at and from a port attempting to depart, is found defective, and returns to her moorings for the necessary repairs, it has never been doubted, that the policy attached upon her actual departure in a state of repair. If the law is otherwise, it ought to be known to merchants, who constantly risk their property under such circumstances. A new policy effected in such a case, is a thing unheard of. Now, whether a ship has removed ten fathoms or ten leagues from her moorings, can make no difference in the law. As soon as the defect is discovered, it is the duty of the master to make the nearest port where the repairs can be effected ; and this, will be no deviation . In fact, it is no part of the voyage insured.
The position laid down by Sergeant Marshall (page 188) has a direct application to our case. “ If the voyage described l # 336 ] in the policy has really been commenced, though at a *time and under circumstances very different from those which were in the contemplation of the parties, at the time when the policy was effected ; yet, if there be no fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment on the part of the insured, this shall be a good commencement of the risk.” And the case of Driscol vs. Passmore, cited in support of the position, has considerable resemblance to the one under discussion. The ship Three Sisters not only commenced, but performed the voyage insured. The representation that she would sail in August, was but the opinion or conjecture of the assured, the whole grounds of which were fairly exposed to the underwriters, who might therefore form as correct an opinion of the probability as the assured himself. A representation is, however, no warranty, and whether the ship was likely to sail in August, or in the February following, as turned out to be the fact, was equally known to both the parties.
So long as the defective state of the ship continued, the operation of the policy was suspended. The same thing happens frequently in case of a cargo insured. The insurance attaches to goods only while on board the vessel, or at most while they are water-borne ; when they are on shore, they are out of the protection of the policy ; when reladen, the insurance again attaches. The case of Motteux vs. The London Assurance Company , is applicable in its various circumstances to the case at bar, and its authority is confirmed bv its being frequently cited with approbation, by Parle and Marshall, as well as often referred to, by the judges in Westminster Hall.
It was argued in the opening for the defendant, that a breach of a warranty rendered the policy void ah initia. But is it contended that an affirmative warranty, such, for instance, as that the ship is seaworthy, must be true at the date of the policy ? The position cannot be true to such an extent. I may insure a ship, for a voyage intended, while she is in dock repairing, or even while yet unfinished on the stocks. So a policy may be retrospective, as when made upon a ship abroad from such a time or such a place, lost or not lost, and the ship may not even exist at the time of effecting the * policy. The truth is, that this warranty of seawor- [ * 337 ] thiness relates to the time of the ship’s commencing her voyage, and in no sense at all to the date of the policy. If the doctrine was true, that a breach of a warranty makes a policy void from its date, we should meet with it in the books, but it is not to be found. And it may be asked, if this doctrine is true, on what ground was there an apportionment of the premium in the case of Stevenson vs. Snow , where there was a breach of an express warranty ?
In this stage off the argument, the Chief Justice suggested to the plaintiff’s counsel the following questions for their consideration, and the further hearing was postponed for some days.
1. Admitting, for argument’s sake, that the policy attached upon the ship immediately on the restoration of her to the master in the port of Calcutta, when she was in an innavigable state; admitting also that the implied warranty of seaworthiness was not broken until her departure from the port, and supposing that, when the cargo was laden on board in the port, the insufficiency of the ship was of that nature, that she could not be repaired or made seaworthy, unless the cargo was relanded; was the cargo ever at the risk of the underwriters, and if" it was, at whose risk was it when relanded, and until it was again laden on board after repairing the ship ?
2. Admitting as above respecting the ship, did the policy ever attach upon the freight, as the ship was not navigable on her first departure ?
3. Supposing the ship was at no time after her first departure at the risk of the insurers, was the cargo, after her return and repairs, at the risk of the underwriters; or can a policy upon a ship, cargo, and freight, after the insurers are discharged from any future risk on the ship by a breach of the implied warranty of seaworthiness, be considered as continuing on the cargo and freight, or either of them ?
4. Can the departure of the ship, after she was made seaworthy, and the goods reladen, be considered as the inception of the risk ns to the goods 1
At an after-day, this cause being called up, the counsel [ * 338 ] * for the plaintiff made some observations in reply to the questions that had been suggested to them from the bench.
The insurance on the cargo attached as soon as it was laden on board for the voyage. Had it been destroyed or injured in the port of Calcutta, before the first attempt to depart, by any of the perils in the policy, the underwriters must have been answerable, but not while on shore until reladen. The same position applies to the freight. Whether the risk be considered as divisible or indivisible, the plaintiff claims the whole premium. If it was divisible, then the part of it which was the consideration for the insurance at Calcutta, is due for the risk run in the port, and the part from is duo from the second departure, when the ship was in a seaworthy state. If the risk was indivisible, and it attached once in the port, the whole is due .
This policy being on ship, cargo, and freight, each separately valued, is to be considered precisely as three distinct and independent policies on those several subjects. Whatever then may be the opinion of the Court as to the ship, the goods being insured by a separate policy, must be considered wholly independent of the contract for insuring the ship. The principle in Stevenson vs. Snoiv goes to enow that the policy attached upon the cargo, from the time it was reladen after the ship was put into a state of repair. If it attached on the cargo, by the same rule it covered the freight of the cargo.
When a contract is under the consideration of the Court, to the execution of which no fraud is imputed, it will be the inclination of the Court to effectuate the intentions of the parties. This observation applies with peculiar strength to policies of insurance, and especially to those effected on adventures to India, both on account of the great value of those adventures, and the difficulty of receiving information from so distant a country .
* For the defendant, it was argued in the close, that [ * 339 ] the case of Motteux vs. The London Assurance Company has no bearing on this cause. It is cited by Marshall, as showing that a ship meeting with damage in the course of her voyage, so that she cannot safely proceed without repairs, may be carried ti some convenient port for the purpose of obtaining the necessar) repairs, and that such a deviation will be excusable. If the original report of the case is resorted to, it will appear that the principal question did not arise from her want of seaworthiness on her arrival at Fort St. George, but was whether she was in fact lost in the course of the voyage insured.
The point we contend for in this case is, that the ship Three Sisters¡ her cargo or freight, were never protected by this policy. There is no case to be found where a ship not seaworthy has been decided to be a subject of a policy of insurance. What Lord Kenyon is reported to have said in the case of Smith vs. Surridge, that it was not necessary that a ship be seaworthy at the time of the insurance, was a mere obiter opinion at nisi prius, and foreign to the point then on trial, and which was in fact alone decided, viz., that a delay which is employed in necessary repairs shall not avoid a policy, if it is at and from a port.
But admitting for true that a ship need not be seaworthy while in port, yet, if she commences her voyage in such a state, the insurance is void ab initia. The voyage is the principal, her being at the port is but an incident. Suppose the ship never to sail from her port, it is apprehended the insurance would be void, though made at and from.
This insurance being made after .the fact had taken place, which constituted the breach of the warranty, viz., the sailing of the ship in a defective state, the policy could have no operation * at all. The implied warranty in this case was an affir- [ * 340 ] motive one, and had a restrospective operation. It was false at the moment it was made, and being in nature of a condition precedent not performed, the contract was thereby wholly void.
[The Chief Justice put a supposed case of a ship insured hence to Jamaica, and thence to England, warranted to sail from Jamaica with convoy. She receives damage vn her outward passage, and sails from Jamaica without convoy, and he asked if the underwriter would be excused from the partial loss by a breach of the express warranty, which happened afterwards.]
If the policy was made posterior to the breach of the warranty, it is believed that an affirmative answer to the question might be maintained. If a warranty is broken, the insurer is discharged, and it is quite immaterial whether the loss arises from causes connected with the breach of the warranty, or from others wholly foreign from it.
It was inquired by the plaintiff’s counsel, in a manner that inti mated great confidence, If a breach of a warranty discharges the underwriter ab initia, how came there to be an apportionment of the premium in the case of Stevenson vs. Snow ? The answer to that inquiry has already been given. The risk commenced after the insurance was made.
In the case at bar, the risk being entire, there can be no apportionment of the premium, as was determined in Tyrie vs. Fletcher . In Stevenson vs. Snow, the court went upon the ground of its being a policy upon two distinct voyages. And it would seem a very extravagant principle, that the minute risk incurred in this case in the port of Calcutta, supposing the policy to have covered ",t, should draw after it the premium stipulated for the whole voyage.
The representation in this case was that the ship would sail in August, 1797. She did not sail, in fact, within the agreed terms of the policy, until February, 1798. The representation, as well as the warranty, applies to the three objects of the insurance. The time when the voyage was to commence was equally r * 341 ] important in relation to each, and the risk was * much enhanced by the difference of season in which the ship was represented to sail, and in which she actually sailed.
There is no principle or decision which shows a difference in the law as applied to ship, and to cargo and freight. If the ship is not seaworthy when the voyage commences, the underwriters, whether on ship, on cargo, or on freight, are discharged. The contract is void as to all the objects, and being once void can never afterwards revive or be valid. The cargo is insured for the voyage, and, agreeing to the principle that the ship must not necessarily be seaworthy, or in every respect fit for the voyage, while in port, yet there is an implied warranty, when the goods are laden on board, that the ship is in such a state that they need not be unladen and relanded for any defect then existing, whereby the risk is increased in a manner and degree not within the contemplation of the parties to the contract. The ship ought to be in a condition, not only to receive the goods on board, but also to retain them without damage from her defects. Though no cases occur precisely to this point, yet the position rests on the same principle of reason and justice as that which 0 requires the ship to be seaworthy when she commences the voyage .
Marshall, 204
Marshall, 250.
Smith vs. Surridge, 4 Esp. 25.
Martin vs. Salem M. I. Ins. Company, ante, vol. 2, 420
1 Atk. 545
3 Burr. 1237
Meyer vs. Gregson, Marshall, 568.
For the plaintiff were also cited Marshall, 567.—Horncastle & Al. vs. Suart, 7 East. 401.—Long vs. Allen, Park, 390, also the following note of the case of Forbes & Al. vs. Wilson, Park, 229, 5th edition.
“ In a late case, where an insurance was on the ship Henry, at and from Liverpool, to the coast of Africa, &e., it appeared that, at the time the policy was made, the ship was not in a condition to go to sea, but was in fact, at that time, undergoing very material repairs; and it was contended by the underwriters that, as the risk described was at as well as from, if the ship was not seaworthy, from whatever cause, when the policy was subscribed, it was void; and that any repairs done afterwards, so as to make her completely seaworthy at the time of sailing, would not cure that defect.”
"Lord Kenyon wag of opinion that, under the words at and from, it is sufficient if the ship be seaworthy at the time of sailing, for from the nature of the thing, the ship, while at the place, probably must be undergoing some repair. Tne plaintiffs had a verdict, one no motion was made to set it aside.”
“ But if the insurance be on goods,” Mr. Park inquires, “ ought not the ship to be seaworthy when the goods are beginning to be loaded, at which time the risk on goods commences? ”
Cowp. 666.
The defendant’s counsel, referred, in the course of tl err argument, to the case of Bond vs. Nutt, Cowper, 606, and Marshall, 156, 203, 363.

Opinion:
The cause stood continued nisi for advisement, and now, at this term, the opinion of the Court was delivered as follows, by
Sewall, J.
The plaintiff demands the amount of certain premiums due on a policy of insurance, of the ship Three Sisters, her cargo and freight, with the charges of the policy; for which he alleges the promise of the defendant's intestate in his lifetime.
The state of facts, referred to the consideration of the Court, admits that the plaintiff, as an insurance-broker, being employed by the intestate, effected at his request, and for his account and use, the policy mentioned; which was proposed for the sum of 43,000 dollars, and subscribed for the sum of 30,150 dollars, in January, 1798, to insure the ship, her cargo and freight, distinctly valued by the policy, at and from Calcutta, to a port or ports of discharge in the * United States, for a premium of ] 2 per [ * 342 J cent. It is also admitted that the defendant's intestate had the insurable interest specified in the policy ; and that, in applying for his insurance, the defendant communicated a letter from the master of the ship, informing that the ship was at Calcutta, in July, 1797, had commenced the lading of her homeward cargo, and would probably sail in the course of the next month.
It also appears that the ship mentioned was at Calcutta, and there commenced her lading in July, and sailed therewith in August, preceding the date of the insurance; but proving leaky as soon as she was at sea, and her leaks continuing to increase for some days, she was thought to be incapable of the voyage ; and the master thought it necessary to put back, and accordingly returned to Calcutta, where he arrived in October. There the cargo was relanded, and the ship surveyed and examined; when it was discovered that her bottom ar d keel were defective, and had been eaten by worms; and that this latent defect had occasioned the leaks. And the parties agree that the defect existed at the time the lading commenced, and when the ship sailed from the port of Calcutta, and that the ship was not then seaworthy. It further appears that after this survey the ship underwent a complete repair, and in February, 1798, sailed again from Calcutta for the United States, and, before this action was commenced, arrived at the port of Boston in good safety.
This demand is resisted, upon the ground that the policy effected by the plaintiff never attached upon the property proposed to be insured, and that the insurance intended by the parties was rendered wholly void, by the want of seaworthiness, and insufficiency of the ship Three Sisters, when she sailed from Calcutta, in August, 1797; and that the voyage afterwards commenced was not within the terms of the policy, or was excluded by the representation of the insured, when the policy was effected.
The defence suggests this principal question, whether the policy, for which the agreed premium is demanded in this action, though prima facie a sufficient contract on the part of the underwriters, was, under the circumstances which have been stated, so [ * 343 ] far ineffectual and void, as to entitle the * assured, or his representative, to a return of the premium, or as this action is, to defeat the plaintiff's demand, either in the whole, or for any part of the premium demanded.
The general rules of law, applicable to this question, are expressed by Lord Mansfield in the case of Tyrie vs. Fletcher . "Where the risk has not been run, whether that circumstance was owing to the fault, the pleasure, or the will of the insured, or to any other cause, the premium shall be returned." And, "Where the risk is entire, if it has once commenced, there shall be no return of premium afterwards. These rules of the law merchant, adopted by the common law , are entirely conformable to the principles stated and explained by foreign jurists. Thus Boccus, in his treatise of insurances, after citing several cases of return-premium, maintains this fundamental maxim by a variety of authorities: " Si non adest risicur-,, assecuratio non valet, nom non adest materia, in qua forma possit fundari" . And according to Emerigon, " Insurance is a conditional contract, and conditional in two respects. 1. The contract fails, if before the commencement of the risk the voyage is interrupted, even by the act of the insured himself—the contract is revoked by a failure of the risk. And, 2dly, Insurers are liable only in the event of a loss, total or partial, occasioned by a peril of the sea " {par fortune de mer). " But insurers are not liable for a return of premium after the risk has commenced, even if it should have but a momentary continuance" .
In the present case, the risk intended to have been insured is supposed to have failed, not by its being actually interrupted or withdrawn, before the insurance upon it commenced, but because it existed under circumstances which discharged the insurers, and in which no responsibility attached to them.
Foreign jurists consider insurers as not liable for losses or damages occasioned by the fault of the insured, his agents, or servants, or by an original defect of the thing insured, ex vitio rel et intrínseca ejus natura. It is upon this principle, * that, in [ * 344 ] cases of innavigability, importing, according to their jurisprudence, an entire failure or irremediable defect of the vessel, rendering her incapable of existing as a ship, or of fulfilling the purpose of her destination, the insurers are discharged, and are not liable either for the loss of the vessel, or the voyage insured, when they can prove her to have been in an innavigable state at sailing .
The same general principle was enforced or relied on for the discharge of the insurers in the cases of Lee vs. Beach, Oliver vs. Cowley, and Mills & Al. vs. Roebuck , the most noted cases which have been decided in England upon the doctrine of seaworthiness. By these decisions it is very clearly established that insurers are not liable, when the vessel insured perishes, or is condemned as incapable of proceeding, if the loss was occasioned by her own weakness or natural decay, without any extraordinary violence of the sea or winds, or other external misfortune; or where goods insured, having been laden on a vessel in a defective state, suffer damage, or are lost, in consequence of the total innavigability of the vessel, if occasioned by a defect existing "at the commencement of the risk. In each of these cases, the loss demanded by the insured proceeded immediately from the defective state of the vessel, upon which the insurance had been made; and the decisions are entirely consonant to the general principles of the marine law. But in these and other cases where the same' subject has been incidentally mentioned, the doctrine of the common law is stated to be, " That in every insurance, whether on ship or goods, there is an implied warranty, that the ship shall be seaworthy when the risk commences; that is, that she c'»all be tight, stanch, and strong, properly manned, provided with all necessary stores, and in all respects fit for the intended voyage " .
It is upon this more enlarged doctrine or remedy of the common law, that questions of return-premium have been made in cases where a contract of insurance has been construed to have [ * 345 ] been dissolved by the innavigability or defective * state of the vessel insured, existing at the commencement ot the risk. Accordingly Marshall states a want of seaworthiness as presenting a case of return-premium : " If the contract be void, on account of the non-compliance with any warranty, express or implied ; as if the ship do not sail on the day prescribed, or do not depart with convoy, ór be not seaworthy; and there be no. fraud imputable to the insured, he shall be entitled to a return of premium, because the contract never attached, and the risk therefore never commenced" .
In cases where the insurance has been defeated by the non-per formance of express warranties, limiting the time of sailing, or engaging to sail with convoy, the underwriter has been holden entitled to his premium, and permitted to retain it, or a proportion of it when the contract has been found divisible, if the insurance had commenced previous to the breach of warranty; as when made upon the vessel or goods at the port, as well as for the voyage from it .
In the case of Penson vs. Lee , upon a policy of insurance, the defence was a want of seaworthiness, and the underwriters succeeded in it. The insured, after some deliberation upon a point, of practice which alone gave occasion to the report of the case, obtained a verdict for a return of premium; but the facts, upon which the principal question was decided, are not reported; and it does not appear when the insurance was understood to have commenced ; whether at the port, or upon the departure of the vessel.
In the case of Forbes & Al. vs. Wilson, cited in the argument fcr the plaintiff, the insurance was at, as well as from the port of lading, upon a ship then (and therefore at the intended commence ment of the voyage) undergoing very material repairs, and not sea worthy. The vessel sailed in a navigable state-; and to a demand for a subsequent loss, the underwriter objected the defective state of the vessel before sailing, and at the intended commencement of the risk. Lord Kenyon was of opinion, that, under the words at and from the port of lading, it is sufficient if the ship be [ * 346 ] seaworthy at the * time of sailing; for, from the nature of the thing, the ship, while in port, must be undergoing some repairs; and he decided for the insured; and this decision appears to have been acquiesced ini It may not be understood, from this case, to have been directly decided that an insurance commences upon a ship while not seaworthy, although in port. But in another case, that of Motteux & Al. vs. The London Insurance Company, the law was taken to be so, unless the point was entirely overlooked. There the insurance commenced upon' a ship from her arrival at Fort St. George, which came thither from Bengal in a decayed condition, and, after unlading her cargo, went back to Bengal for necessary repairs. Being put into a state of repair, the ship sailed again upon her homeward voyage, and was lost in the river of Bengal upon the Engilee sands. In the final decision of this cause for the plaintiff, upon the ground that the loss had happened in the course of the voyage insured, it must have been understood that the insurance commenced at Fort St. George, notwithstanding the state of decay in which the vessel arrived there, and continued, when she sailed from Bengal repaired and fitted for the homeward voyage.
The resemblance of that case to the present, in all the facts material in determining the validity of the insurance, is sufficient to make the decision an authority in point. But the law of that case, applicable to the present inquiry, was rather adopted without ques tian, than expressly decided. On-this account it is not, perhaps, to be relied on as a complete authority. That decision, however, as well as the decision by Lord Kenyon, in the case of Forbes & Al. vs. Wilson, are wholly irreconcilable with the supposition, which has been urged in the argument for the defendant, that the implied warranty of seaworthiness is in the nature of a condition precedent. This opinion has not been supported by any decision which has been cited, and is in some degree opposed by the construction given to express warranties in the cases referred to on that subject. This implied warranty is not governed by the rules applicable to the question of property in the assured. An interest in the risk is a pre-requisite * to the substantial existence and [ * 347 ] validity of a contract of insurance ; and this, by the general policy of the law; for it is never treated of as an implied warranty or engagement of the insured. In practice, therefore, when a loss is demanded upon a policy of insurance, the insured is held to prove his interest. In the other case, the insurer must prove a want of seaworthiness in the vessel insured, if he would thereby avoid the contract.
If we have recourse to general reasoning, in this inquiry, for the want of any direct and complete authority from decided cases, it may be observed, that stipulations on the part of the insured, which, not being expressed, are enforced as the implied intention? of the parties; for example, that there shall be no unnecessary deviation from the voyage described; that the vessel shall be suitably manned, shall be conducted with the advantage of customary pilotage, and shall be seaworthy, are reciprocal engagements, inferred from the nature of the contract, and arising with it. And although the remedy, adopted or provided by the common law, against a failure in either of these stipulations, is a forfeiture of the entire contract incurred on the part of the insured, yet this respects losses or damages subsequent, and not previous, to the failure of the assured in his implied reciprocal engagement. »
. Thus, in the case of deviation, even when it has been designed at the commencement of the voyage, the forfeiture of the insurance is not incurred until the departure actually takes place, and until that time the insurer is liable. A forfeiture by a want of seaworthiness may coincide with the commencement of the risk insured, as when the insurance commences from the sailing of the vessel, and she sails, and pursues her voyage in an innavigable state: there the contract may be construed to be avoided ab initia, the underwriter incurs no risk, and is therefore not entitled to retain his premium.
The seaworthiness of the vessel, her complete capacity to perform the voyage insured from the port of lading,, is not material to the portion of the risk incurred at the port, before sailing. A loss or damage occasioned by the defect of the vessel, whether [ * 348 ] occurring in port or at sea, is not chargeable *to the insurer. A possible deficiency of the vessel while in port, a necessity of repairs, some delay for the purpose, are events unavoidably contemplated by the parties, in every contract of insurance. Lord Kenyon says, from the nature of the thing, every ship is, while in port, unavoidably undergoing repairs. The case of latent defects is not essentially different; for these may or may not be discovered before sailing.
If any case may be supposed of a vessel insurable, while in port, although in a defective state, it becomes necessary to ascertain the circumstance or event, which shall be construed a- breach of the implied warranty of seaworthiness. From the authorities cited, from the nature of the warranty itself, this can be no other than the sailing of the vessel in an innavigable state. Then the state of the vessel becomes material to the risk insured; and then the extraordi nary exposure, contrary to the intention of the parties, is a forfeiture of the insurance; and until this event, even in the case of a latent defect, the sailing in a defective state, and, therefore, the forfeiture is future and contingent, and could not be objected to a loss previously occurring.
Respecting the insurance upon the ship Three Sisters, the conclusion is, that, notwithstanding her latent defects, the insurers, though not liable for any loss occasioned by those defects, were answerable for any other loss within the ternas of the policy, which might have occurred to the vessel while in port and before sailing.
Respecting the goods and freight, there is a circumstance which deserves some further consideration. Was the lading of the goods upon a vessel in a defective state, which occasioned a relanding of them, a sufficient lading to commence this part of the risk insured ? and if so, as was suggested in the course of the argument, at whose risk were the goods, when relanded, and while on shore ?
For injuries to a cargo taken on freight, not occasioned by the perils of the sea, but by the defective state of the vessel, or the neglect or misconduct of the owners or mariners, the master and ship-owner are responsible to the freighters; and against these injuries they cannot insure, unless in some instances by a special clause in the contract. The responsibility *of [ * 349 J the master or ship-owner commences at the receipt of the goods; and at the same time, the right to freight commences, which becomes then an insurable interest. Where the ship-owner is also owner of the goods, and the freight is the expected increase of price, to arise by the carriage of them to a foreign market, the rules respecting the insurance of the cargo and freight are the same. They are not insurable against perils occasioned by the innavigability of the vessel, or the neglect or misconduct of the owner or his agents; but the goods become cargo as soon as they are received /or the vessel, and with their freight, or the benefit of their carriage, become an interest insurable under those names, against the perils of the sea, or those external misfortunes, which are not to be prevented by human foresight. While in port, the cargo and freight, as well as the vessel, are exposed to perils of this kind ; for instance, to capture, detention, or fire, which are not aggravated by a latent defect of the vessel, and respecting which the ship-owner is entirely innocent. In the case of a freighter sustaining a loss of this kind, and a subsequent discovery of a latent defect in the vessel, it would hardly be pretended, even if the insurer were discharged, that the ship-owner could be made responsible; the loss not being occasioned by the defect, for which he is chargeable, and the sailing in an innavigable state, being, at the time of the supposed loss, altogether future and contingent .
Upon this reasoning, I infer that the construction of the implied warranty is tne same on the question respecting the goods and freight, as it is respecting the vessel; that the circumstance, by which the breach is ascertained, to the effect of avoiding the policy is the sailing of the vessel in an innavigable state. Until then, there is an opportunity for the cure of latent defects, if they should be discovered; and their mere existence, while not prejudicial or material to the risk insured, is not a forfeiture of the contract.
Whether in this case there was a division of the risk insured, is a question which will require very little discussion. [ * 350 ] * In the case of Stevenson vs. Snow, and several subsequent cases, in which that decision has been adhered to with some hesitation, the division of the risk has been placed altogether upon the ground that the two voyages, or distinct risks, appeared satisfactorily in the contract of the parties, or constructively from a usage connected with it. In this case, there is nothing in the words of the contract to suggest a division of the risk; nor has any usage been stated to aid the construction ; and, indeed, both intention and usage are excluded by the circumstances of this case.
It may be of some utility to notice the other view of this case, suggested by the state of facts ; although the opinions and reasons already offered may be satisfactory in deciding the question upon which the defence in this action depends. The period and events subsequent to the return of the ship Three Sisters to the port of Calcutta, are within the descriptive terms of this policy, either as a revival or continuance of the risk previously commenced, or, if in construction of law there had been no previous commencement of the risk insured, then as constituting a risk, to which the policy in question was completely applicable. The last would have been precisely the state of the case, if the insurance had been from the port of Calcutta, and for a risk commencing with the voyage.
Against a construction to this effect, it has been contended for the defendant, that the insured, by his own representation of the state of the risk, was prevented from any application of the policy to the period of events, subsequent to the return of the vessel to the port of Calcutta. Considering the assured to be concluded by the assertions of his captain, the only facts positively represented by his letter are, the continuance of the ship at Calcutta, in July, 1797, and that she had then commenced her lading. The time of her sailing is stated conjecturally, and there was no under taking by the assured, that the event should be as the captain had conjectured it might be. And it deserves consideration, that an objection of this kind, if made by the insurers, would have been Hable to this reply; that the risk in fact had been more favorable to them than it had appeared in the representation, which, by its tendency to enhance the * premium, had been [*351 ] injurious only to the insured. And upon the whole, there seems to have been nothing in the representation which varied the condition of the contract, or which would have operated to prevent the legal effect of it, according to the obvious construction of the policy.
A necessity of repairs must be within the contemplation of tl e parties, and every unavoidable delay and deviation occasioned thereby, is therefore constructively permitted in a contract of marine insurance. This was the point decided in the case of Motteux vs. The London Assurance Company, which was a case of a known defect, existing at the commencement of the risk insured, and where a resort to another port for necessary repairs was found to have been unavoidable. The case is cited by Mr. Parle in proof of this general position, that if a ship is decayed, and goes to thfe nearest place to refit, it is no deviation . He cites also the case of Guibert vs. Readshaw , where a want of sufficient ballast, in the opinion of the captain, induced him to depart from the course of the voyage insured, upon the solicitation of the crew. This was decided to be no deviation; and yet a want of sufficient ballast is a want of seaworthiness.
In the case of Scott & Al. vs. Thompson , the plaintiff claimed, under a limited policy, a loss occurring out of the course of the voyage insured, where the deviation had been caused by a force and accident not insured against, and the insurer was determined to be liable. In the present case, the delay, or, as it may be called, the departure, in the voyage and risk insured, supposing it to have commenced in July, 1797, was occasioned by an accident not insured against, and the defective state of the vessel at the commencement of the risk; but being unavoidable, and for the necessity of repairs, to enable the vessel to perform the voyage insured, it was not a deviation prejudicial to the insurance.
Upon the whole, it may be understood to be the opinion of the Court, in considering the validity of the insurance, for which the premium is demanded in this action, that the policy * in question attached upon the vessel, cargo and [ * 352 ] freight, while in port, and before the sailing of the ship Three Sisters, in August, 1797; and that the insurers continued liable after her return to port, and for the subsequent homeward voyage, and of course that the defence in this action upon the merits of it is not in any part supported.
It is necessary to notice one other objection made, though not much insisted on, for the defendant, to the form of this action ; that the party plaintiff, claiming as broker only, is not entitled. And to this, it may be sufficient to observe, that the direction by the assured, the defendant's intestate, to the plaintiff, to charge the premiums in his account, was in itself a contract and promise on the part of the assured, and established a right of action in the plaintiff. Marshall observes that, according to the usage of trade in London, it is generally understood that the insurance broker, alone, and not the underwriters, can recover the premiums from the insured; though the point had not been settled .by a judicial determination. But there can be no reason against the action in the name of the broker, where a note has been given to him, or he has become the creditor of the insured at his request .
Judgment for the plaintiff.
Cowp. 668.—Park, 377.
4 Black. Comm. 67.
Roccus de assecurat. No. 56, 57, 82, 88.
1 Emer. ch. 1, § 3.—2 Emer. ch. 16, § 1, 2.—Poth. N. 5
1 Emer. ch. 12, § 2, 9, 35.—2 Val. 80, 81.— 1 Val 659
Marshall, 368, 369, 370.
Ibid. 363, 364.
Marshall, 557, 564.
Marshall, 568, Meyer vs. Gregson.—1 Bos. & Pul. 172, Rothwell vs. Cook
2 Bos. & Pul. 330.
1 Emer, ch. 11.
Vide Abbot on Shipping, 146,148.—1 Emer. 373, 374, 375.—Molloy, lib 2 ch. 2, § 10.
Park, 300.
Ibid. 301.
1 Bos. & Pul. N. Rep.181
Parmenter vs. Cousins, 2 Camp. 235.—Annen vs. Woodman, 3 Taunt. 299.— Brown vs. Girard, 4 Yeates, 115.—Hibbert vs. Martin, Park. Ins. 344.—Weir vs. Aberdeen, 2 B. & A. 320.—Oliver vs. Longman, 2 B. & A. 322.—Forbes vs. Wilson, Park, 344.—Treadwell vs. The Union Insurance Company, 6 Cowen, 270.—Ed.]