Case Name: THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff, v. MICHAEL SLOVER, SR., et al., Defendants (Michael Slover, Sr., et al., Petitioners-Appellees and Cross-Appellants; The Decatur Herald and Review et al., Respondents-Appellants and Cross-Appellees)
Court: Illinois Appellate Court
Jurisdiction: Illinois
Decision Date: 2001-07-19
Citations: 323 Ill. App. 3d 620
Docket Number: No. 4—00—0798
Parties: THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff, v. MICHAEL SLOVER, SR., et al., Defendants (Michael Slover, Sr., et al., Petitioners-Appellees and Cross-Appellants; The Decatur Herald and Review et al., Respondents-Appellants and Cross-Appellees).
Judges: 
Reporter: Illinois Appellate Court Reports, Third Series
Volume: 323
Pages: 620–627

Head Matter:
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff, v. MICHAEL SLOVER, SR., et al., Defendants (Michael Slover, Sr., et al., Petitioners-Appellees and Cross-Appellants; The Decatur Herald and Review et al., Respondents-Appellants and Cross-Appellees).
Fourth District
No. 4—00—0798
Argued March 20, 2001.
—Opinion filed July 19, 2001.
COOK, J., dissenting.
Joseph P. Thorton (argued) and Donald M. Craven, both of Craven & Thornton, P.C., of Springfield, for appellants.
Mark S. Morthland and Bradford A. Rau, both of Morthland, Morthland & Rau, P.C., of Decatur, for appellee Michael Slover, Sr.
Joseph W. Vigneri (argued), of Joseph W. Vigneri, Ltd., of Decatur, for appellee Michael Slover, Jr.
Michael J. Costello, of Springfield, for appellee Jeanette Slover.

Opinion:
JUSTICE KNECHT
delivered the opinion of the court:
The State charged defendants, Michael Slover, Jr., Michael Slover, Sr., and Jeanette Slover, with the first degree murder of Karyn Slover. Michael Slover, Jr., served a subpoena duces tecum upon respondent Peggy Bellows, as editor of respondent Decatur Herald & Review (Herald). After respondents refused to produce unpublished photographs as ordered by the trial court, the trial court cited Bellows for indirect civil contempt and sentenced her to jail, which sentence was stayed pending appeal. Respondents appeal, claiming the photographs are protected by a reporter's privilege. We reverse and remand with directions.
I. BACKGROUND
In January 2000, a grand jury indicted defendants for first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9—1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 1996)) based on the September 1996 homicide of Karyn Slover, and indicted Michael Slover, Jr., and Michael Slover, Sr., for concealing a homicidal death (720 ILCS 5/9—3.1(a) (West 1996)) and Michael Slover, Jr., for perjury (720 ILCS 5/32—2(a) (West 1998)) for a June 1999 false statement under oath in Slover v. Slover, No. 96—D—291 (Cir. Ct. Macon Co.).
In June 2000, counsel for Michael Slover, Jr., caused a subpoena duces tecum to be issued to persons employed at eight media organizations, including Sharon Reynolds, a librarian with the Herald. The subpoena issued to Reynolds commanded her to produce specified items in her custody, including:
"all edited and unedited, published and unpublished, broadcasted and not broadcasted, photographs and moving picture or video depictions concerning the disappearance, dismemberment, concealment and/or death of Karyn Hearn Slover, including the investigation and prosecutions relative thereto, for the period of 9/27/96 to present."
When Reynolds refused to produce unpublished photographs as ordered, Michael Slover, Jr., petitioned for a rule to show cause as to why she should not be held in contempt. Reynolds objected to the subpoena, asserting a qualified reporter's privilege based on section 8—901 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/8—901 (West 1998)) and the free press guaranties in the federal constitution (U.S. Const., amend. I) and the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 4).
In August 2000, the trial court held a hearing on the petition for a rule to show cause. Counsel for Michael Slover, Jr., represented the following to the trial court. Beginning in October 1996, police conducted a series of search warrants at the Miracle Motors automobile dealership in Mount Zion owned by Michael Slover, Sr., and Jeanette Slover. In executing a search warrant on March 10, 1998, police allegedly found in "burn barrels" some buttons from jeans worn by Karyn Slover at the time of her death. Police also allegedly recovered some bone fragments from the property at that time. Prior to that search, police brought a bone or box of meat near the property, where it was cut up for comparison purposes. None of the photographs obtained by the defense through discovery or its independent investigation showed these activities. Counsel for Michael Slover, Jr., also stated he wanted unpublished photographs depicting the search warrants being executed through March 10, 1998, specifically those showing burn barrels. Defense counsel speculated about reasons why the alleged incriminating evidence could not have gone undetected for 16 months in spite of multiple police searches at the property.
Following argument, the trial court took the matter under advisement. In August 2000, the trial court found the unpublished photographs were not privileged and found Reynolds in indirect civil contempt for refusing to deliver all unpublished photographs concerning the murder investigation. The trial court allowed Reynolds to "purge herself of the contempt finding by delivering all referenced photographs to the [cjourt for an in camera review to determine the existence of any photographs as heretofore described by defense counsel." In September 2000, Michael Slover, Jr., filed a motion to reconsider.
In September 2000, the trial court held a sentencing hearing, at which the trial court allowed Bellows to be substituted as the subject of its order. Bellows waived service of summons. Bellows respectfully declined to produce unpublished photographs and requested a sentence in the trial court's discretion to enable her to appeal the trial court's order. The trial court sentenced Bellows to the Macon County jail pending compliance and stayed the sentence pending appeal. The trial court allowed Michael Slover, Jr., to withdraw his motion to reconsider, and the trial court allowed Michael Slover, Sr., and Jeanette Slover to join in Michael Slover, Jr.'s motion to produce unpublished photographs. Respondents appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Reporter's Privilege
•1 In Illinois, reporters have a statutory, qualified privilege protect-' ing their sources, whether confidential or nonconfidential, from compelled disclosure. People v. Palacio, 240 Ill. App. 3d 1078, 1091, 607 N.E.2d 1375, 1383 (1993). This statutory privilege, also known as the reporter's privilege, is found in section 8—901 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/8—901 (West 1998)), which states, "[n]o court may compel any person to disclose the source of any information obtained by a reporter except as provided in * this [Code]."
The parties disagree whether the Herald's news photographers are "reporters" as defined in section 8—902(a) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/8—902(a) (West 1998)) and whether the photographs they took are a "source" of information as defined in section 8—902(c) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/8—902(c) (West 1998)).
•2 Statutory construction is a matter of law and is considered de nova. McCann v. Presswood, 308 Ill. App. 3d 1068, 1071, 721 N.E.2d 811, 813 (1999). The principal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature's intent. To determine the legislature's intent, courts first look to the statute's language. Mc-Cann, 308 Ill. App. 3d at 1071, 721 N.E.2d at 813. A court must give the legislative language its plain and ordinary meaning. People v. Bowden, 313 Ill. App. 3d 666, 668, 730 N.E.2d 138, 140 (2000).
B. The Herald's Photographers as Reporters
•3 The first issue is whether the Herald's photographers are considered "reporters" under section 8—901. Section 8—902(a) defines "reporter" as "any person regularly engaged in the business of collecting, writing[,] or editing news for publication through a news medium." (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/8—902(a) (West 1998). Photojournalism includes "photographic presentation of news stories." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 875 (10th ed. 1998). The Herald's photographers unquestionably were engaged in the business of collecting news for publication in a news medium. Therefore, the photographs defendants subpoenaed were "obtained by a reporter" within the plain meaning of section 8—901 and section 8—902(a):
C. Photographs as a Source of Information
•4 The parties also disagree whether the trial court has compelled respondents to disclose the "source" of any information. Defendants urge us to interpret section 8—901, in cases involving photographs, to protect only those photographs depicting the identity of news sources. We disagree.
Section 8—902(c) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/8—902(c) (West 1998)) defines "source" as "the person or means from or through which the news or information was obtained" (emphasis added). A "means" is "something useful or helpful to a desired end." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 720 (10th ed. 1998). News media employ photographers for purposes beyond obtaining pictures to publish; photography is a useful means to collect newsworthy information. "Photojournalism" is not a word crafted to artificially enhance the status of a photographer. It is a descriptive word meant to recognize the photographer's capacity to tell a story and gather or report the news by means of an image. A photojournalist is a reporter. When a reporter obtains news or information by means of photography, the photograph is a "source" of information within the plain meaning of section 8—901 as defined in section 8—902(c).
By defining "source" to include a "means," the legislature, .clearly intended the privilege to protect more than simply the names and identities of witnesses, informants, and other persons providing news to a reporter. We note the legislature did not limit the scope of section 8—901 of the Code by inserting either "the name of' or "the identity of' before "the source of any information."
•5 Defendants also contend the subpoenaed photographs should not be privileged because they preserved images all of which are part of the public domain. We reject that argument because section 8—901 protects even nonconfidential sources. Palacio, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 1092, 607 N.E.2d at 1383.
•6 In this case, defendants desire certain information, namely, whether police dumped burn barrels during searches prior to March 10, 1998. When defendants subpoenaed the Herald's photographs and filed their motion for a rule to show cause, they sought, to compel respondents to disclose a source of that information. When the trial court found the statutory reporter's privilege did not apply, it erred as a matter of law. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's order compel ling respondents to produce unpublished photographs, and we reverse the contempt finding based upon Bellows' violation of that order. We remand for the trial court to allow defendants to file an application to divest the privilege, pursuant to section 8—903(a) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/8—903(a) (West 1998)), if they so desire.
D. Cross-Appeal
Because we reverse the trial court's order, we need not address defendants' cross-appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court's order requiring respondents to produce unpublished photographs for an in camera examination, reverse the contempt finding, and remand for the trial court to allow defendants to file an application to divest the privilege.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
MYERSCOUGH, J., concurs.