Case Name: John Hinckley, Respondent v. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, Appellant
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1874-05-01
Citations: 56 N.Y. 429
Docket Number: 
Parties: John Hinckley, Respondent v. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 56
Pages: 429–434

Head Matter:
John Hinckley, Respondent v. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, Appellant.
The general rule, that a common carrier in forwarding goods beyond the end of his route is bound to follow with fidelity the precise instructions of the consignor, or to suffer the risk of a deviation therefrom, applies in cases where, in the absence of express stipulations, the instructions become part of the contract. If the carrier stipulates in writing that he may forward the goods by any customary mode which is safe and prudent, it is a variation of the contract to permit a prior or cotemporaneous oral direction to control it and to impose upon him a different duty.
Defendant received certain goods for transportation consigned to a place beyond the terminus of its route. It gave to the shipper a receipt, containing a stipulation that goods consigned to any place beyond the termini of its road would be forwarded by a carrier or freight-man willing to receive the same, unconditionally, for transportation. Reid, that the obligation was general, to forward in the usual course of business by any carrier so willing, who was known to be safe and responsible; and that evidence of a parol direction at the time to forward by rail only, was incompetent, as it was in contradiction of the written agreement.
(Submitted April 24, 1874;
decided May 1, 1874.)
Appeal from judgment of the General Term of the Supreme Court in the fourth judicial department, affirming a judgment in favor of plaintiff, entered upon the decision of the court upon trial without a jury.
This was an action to recover the value of a quantity of goods delivered to defendant’s station agent at Oriskany, 1ST. Y., marked J. Palmer, Dennison, Iowa. Plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that he gave oral directions to have the goods forwarded by railroad. The goods arrived safely at Buffalo, and were forwarded by steamboat and were destroyed by the burning of the boat. Defendant’s agent gave a receipt for the goods containing this clause:
“ Goods or property consigned to any place off the company’s line of road, or to any point or place beyond its termini, will be sent forward with as reasonable dispatch as the general business of the corporation, at its warehouse within mentioned, will admit, by a carrier or freight-man, when there are such known to the station agent at said warehouse willing to receive the same, unconditionally, for transportation, the company acting for the purpose of delivery to such carrier, or freight-man, as the agents of the consignor or consignee, and not as carriers. The company will not be liable or responsible for any loss, damage, or injury to property, after the same shall have been sent from said warehouse of the company, or tendered to such carrier or freight-man for such transportation.”
This receipt was offered in evidence by defendant’s counsel who thereupon moved to strike out plaintiff’s evidence as to directions. This was denied by the court.
Purther facts appear in the opinion.
D. M. K. Johnson for the appellant.
The receipt given by defendant to plaintiff cannot be varied by parol. (Long v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 50 N. Y., 76; Dorr v. N. J. St. Nav. Co., 11 id., 492, 585; Wells v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 24 id., 181; Perkins v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., id., 196; Bissell v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 25 id., 442, 446, 453; Nelson v. H. R. R. R. Co., 48 id., 498; 8 id., 505; Eggleston v. Knickerbocker, 6 Barb., 466; 5 C. &. H. Notes, 1439; 5 Cow., 497; 1 Phil. Ev., 561; Home v. Baker, 3 J. R., 509; 5 Wend., 187; 14 id., 26; Reed v. U. S. Ex. Co., 48 N. Y., 462; C. & A. R. R. Co. v. Forsyth, 61 Penn., 81; Ætna Ins. Co. v. Wheeler, 49 N. Y., 620; Babcock v. L. S. & M. S. R. Co., id., 491.) Plaintiff had a right to make the special contract and to waive any claim for loss. (Nelson v. H. R. R. B. Co., 48 N. Y., 462; 98 Mass., 239.) Defendant was only bound for the due delivery of the goods to the next carrier on the route. (Root v. Gt. W. R. R. Co., 45 N. Y., 524, 525.)
E. L. Stevens for the respondent.
Plaintiff’s evidence of the admission of defendant’s agent that the goods were shipped by mistake on the propeller at Buffalo is admissible. (McCotter v. Hooker, 4 Seld., 501, 502; Price v. Powell, 3 Comst., 322; Owen v. Cowley, 36 N. Y., 606.) Plaintiff having shown a disregard of instructions by defendant, proof of the loss of the goods was not necessary. (2 Gr. on Ev., 623, § 642 [6th ed.]; McEntee v. N. J. Stbt. Co., 45 N. Y., 34; Maghee v. C. & A. R. R. Co., id., 514; Johnson v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 33 id., 610.) The judgment should be affirmed. (Johnson v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 33 N. Y., 610; McEntee v. N. J. Stbt. Co., 45 id., 34; Maghee v. C. & A. R. R. Co., id., 514, 522.)

Opinion:
Forger, J.
We have held that where a common carrier has received freight for transportation, under a special contract limiting his liability at common law, and by which he has undertaken, for an agreed compensation, to carry the goods to the termination of his route, and then to deliver to another carrier, his duty will end when the goods have reached that terminus and have been delivered to another carrier. (Babcock v. L. S. & M. S. R. W. Co., 49 N. Y., 491.)
The written and printed receipt given to the plaintiff, in the case in hand, by the stationman at Oriskany — if it is the contract of the defendant — does not bind it to do more than that. The proof shows that it did take the goods to the terminus of its route, and did deliver them to another common carrier of such property, in the accustomed course of business. So that the question to be determined is, whether this paper did express the only and whole contract of the defendant with the plaintiff's- assignor.
There is no dispute but that it expresses the whole contract of the parties, save in one particular. The plaintiff claims, and the defendant denies, that it undertook to forward the goods from Buffalo toward Dennison, in Iowa, by railroad. If there was such undertaking, it is to be found outside the written and printed instrument delivered to and received by the plaintiff. It is found nowhere save in the testimony of the plaintiff. He says that he told the agent of the defendant, at Oriskany, that he wanted it' to go as freight by railroad to Dennison, Iowa; that he asked him if he could get it on as through freight to Chicago; that the agent replied, "Ho; I can't;" that he then- asked him " if he could fix it so it would get on to the through .freight; " that the agent said, " I think I can fix it all right." But the witness also says that he took from the agent, at the same time, the written and printed instrument above mentioned. We have held in Long v. N. Y. C. R. R. (50 N. Y., 76), that where a shipper of .goods takes from the carrier a bill of lading, receipt or other voucher, acknowledging the reception of the goods, and expressing the purposes for, and the terms and conditions on which they are received, the verbal negotiation as to the carriage is merged in the written paper, which must be taken as the evidence, and the sole evidence, of the final and deliberate agreement of the parties, in the absence of mistake or fraud, which must be shown to avoid it.
The learned justice, before .whom the case was tried, did not rule to the contrary of this in terms; nor does he find, that the defendant made any agreement different from that expressed in the instrument delivered to the plaintiff. He held and found, however, that the goods were delivered to the defendant to he forwarded by railroad to the consignee ; and that the defendant was instructed and directed, at the time the agreement for the transportation thereof was made,, to forward the same by railroad, and not otherwise, from Buffalo to and toward the place of destination; and that such-instruction and direction was not in contradiction of the written agreement. In this last particular we think he was in error. The agreement in express terms stipulates,, that the defendant is to transport the goods to its warehouse in Buffalo, and is not to be liable for the loss thereof by any other carrier after the same has been sent from- such warehouse. It further stipulates that goods, consigned to any place beyond the termini of the defendant's road, will be sent forward by a carrier or freight-man willing to receive the same unconditionally for transportation. This obligation is general, and would be fulfilled by sending the goods forward, in the usual course of business, by any carrier so willing who was known to be safe and responsible. The defendant had by it the right to- select any carrier, the most convenient for itself, who met these requirements. (Simkins v. N. & N. L. St. Co., 11 Cush., 102; see White v. Ashton, 51 N. Y., 280.) But if the direction and instruction, as it is called, was imperative upon the defendant, it added a specific agreement to this general obligation; and provided that it might relieve itself of responsibility by delivery to another carrier—only in case that carrier was one by rail—and not otherwise. This was adding another clause or condition to the agreement not expressed in the writing; and it is no less so that it is called a direction, and treated as something standing outside of the agreement, and existing apart from it. Beyond doubt, a common carrier, in forwarding goods beyond the end of his route, is bound as a general rule, to follow with fidelity the precise instructions of the- consignor or to suffer the risk of a deviation therefrom. (Johnson v. N. Y. C. R. R., 33 N. Y., 610.) But it is when in the absence of express stipulations, the instructions become part of the contract under which the goods are committed to the earner. It is often an important part of a contract of a common carrier, by what mode of carriage he shall forward the goods when they have reached the end of his own route (see Bostwick v. B. & O. R. R. Co., 45 N. Y., 712; Maghee v. C. & A. R. R. Co.., id., 514); and if he has taken pains to stipulate in writing that he may do so by any customary mode which is safe and prudent, it is a variation of his contract to permit a prior or cotemporaneous oral direction to control it, and to fix upon him a different duty. In the case last cited, it was the insertion in the bill of lading, of the words " all rail," which was held to constitute not only a direction by the consignor, but an agreement by the carrier, that the goods should go through to ultimate destination by railroad carriage. The carrier was there held to have varied from his undertaking, when he attempted to carry the goods in violation of the instructions in the contract. (P. 524.)
Hence, the motion of the defendant, in this case, to strike out all the testimony of the plaintiff which contradicted or was in conflict with the written receipt, was proper. The learned justice erred in holding that it was not contradictory of it, and in denying the motion.
There are some other questions raised by the exceptions and the points ; but, as they are not likely to recur upon a new trial, they are not now noticed.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.