Case Name: DODD v. STATE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1918-02-13
Citations: 201 S.W. 1014
Docket Number: No. 4820
Parties: DODD v. STATE.
Judges: PRENDERGAST, J., absent.
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 201
Pages: 1014–1018

Head Matter:
DODD v. STATE.
(No. 4820.)
(Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Feb. 13, 1918.
On Motion for Rehearing, March 20, 1918.)
1. Criminal Law <§=1092(6) — Appeal—-Bill of Exceptions — Time of Filing.
Bill of exceptions, containing evidence, to denial of change of venue on account of prejudice, filed more than a month after court adjourned, and without showing that the delay was caused by the court officers, cannot work reversal of conviction, in view of Code Or. Proc. 1911, art. 634, precluding review of order denying change of venue unless bill of exceptions is filed at the term.
2. Criminal Law <§==31150 — Appeal—Record —Change of Venue.
In the absence of arbitrary action or abuse of discretion in denying change of venue, the judge’s decision will not be overturned.
3. Witnesses <§=211(2) — Physicians—Privilege.
In prosecution for rape, where accused claimed temporary insanity, his examining physician having testified, it was not error for the state to call him in rebuttal, and on objection of the witness, setting up privilege, to excuse him without instructions to disregard the incident; there being no statute exempting communications between patient and physician, in the absence of which they are admissible.
4. Criminal Law @=3465 — Defenses—Insanity — Evidence—Admissibility.
Where insanity is an issue, it is competent for the state to call witnesses to prove the conversations and conduct of an accused, not admitting guilt, while in jail, as a basis for an opinion as to the sanity or insanity.
5. Rape <§=319 — Principals—Criminal Liability.
Where accused held the victim while another raped her, accused was guilty of rape, under the law of principals, unless insane, in view of Pen. Code 1911, arts. 74, 75, defining principals.
6. Rape <§=320 — Principals—Criminal Liability-Indictment.
To convict one of rape under law of principals, the indictment need not allege the acts making accused a principal, but may directly charge the crime of rape.
7. Criminal Law <§=3078(5) — Election after Reception of Evidence.
Where accused was charged with rape, and evidence showed that he raped the victim and also held her while another also raped her, if he desired the state to elect the offense, it was incumbent on him to move for election.
8. Rape <§=>59(24) — Election—Necessity of Demand.
Where accused was charged with rape, and evidence showed that he raped the victim and also held her while another also raped her, accused’s instruction that conviction could be had only for actual rape by personal intercourse was properly refused, since it does not lie with accused to select the transaction which shall be abandoned.
9. Criminal Law <§=>419, 420(4) — Evidence-Admissibility.
In prosecution for rape, question addressed to physician whether the victim had told him that her hymen had been ruptured by a prior operation was properly excluded, being hearsay; for the victim should have been asked„directly as to such fact.
10. Criminal Law <§=1153(4) — Review—Discretion — Leading Questions.
While leading questions are not generally permissible, ordinarily determination of their admissibility is within -the discretion of the trial judge, reviewable only for abuse.
11. Criminal Law <§=1091(3) — Bill of Exceptions — Leading Questions.
When leading questions are complained of,, it is incumbent upon the appellant to show by his bills - of exception that they were allowed under circumstances which should have caused their exclusion.
12. Criminal Law <§=52 — Intoxication — Temporary Insanity — Instructions.
In prosecution for rape, where defendant set up temporary insanity on account of drunkenness, the court properly limited the defense to a state of mind rendering accused incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong, since it is-such condition, and not mere intoxication, that mitigates the offense.
13. Criminal Law <§=1119(4) — Question Presented — Argument. • •
Arguments referred to in the motion for new-trial, but not .verified by bills of exception, will-not be reviewed.
14. Criminal Law <§=1092(6) — Filing of-Bill of Exceptions.
Bill of exceptions preserving evidence on motion for new trial, not filed until some weeks-after close of term, cannot be considered.
On Motion for Rehearing.
15. Courts <§=1 — Powers.
It is the courts’ duty to observe, and not disregard, statutory provisions.
Appeal from Criminal District Court, Dallas County; C. A. Pippen, Judge.
Leonard Dodd was convicted of rape, and-he appeals. Affirmed. On motion for rehearing.
Motion overruled.
H. G. Wills and J. H. Synnott, both of Dallas, for appellant. Mike T. Lively, Dist.. Atty., of Dallas, and E. B. Hendricks, Asst-Atty. Gen., for the State.
Mike T. Lively, Dist..

Opinion:
MORROW, J.
Appellant was convicted of rape, and the death penalty assessed. The-subject of the rape was Miss Florence Or-cutt. The indictment contained but. one-count, and therein charged appellant with rape by force.
On the night of June 25, 1917, Miss Florence Orcutt was riding in a jitney driven by a man by the name of Savage. According to> their testimony, they were on their way to the residence of a man living some miles-out of the city of Dallas on a business mission ; Miss Orcutt having employed'. Savage-to make the trip. They claimed by mistake to have taken the wrong road, getting into a narrow lane, and while looking for a place to turn their car around heard an automobile overtaking them. They stopped on one side-to allow the approaching car to pass. The-car in which appellant and Walter Stevenson were riding was stopped, and some conversation took place with reference to a road to a certain village. Appellant and Stevensom passed on after this conversation, and Miss Orcutt and Savage turned and drove back into the pike road. Soon after reaching it they were overtaken and stopped by Stevenson and appellant. Savage was struck by one of them with a hammer, and while he was helpless from the blow or blows Miss Orcutt was taken out of his car and put into that of appellant and Stevenson, appellant driving the car, and Stevenson sitting on the back seat with Miss Orcutt. They drove toward the city of Dallas, passed through a part of the lighted portion, and again drove into a dark portion of the country, where they forced and dragged Miss Orcutt out of the automobile and assaulted her. That Stevenson raped her while appellant held her is not questioned; that appellant tried to rape her while Stevenson held her is definitely established; that appellant succeeded in penetration is controverted, though there is evidence to sustain the affirmative finding upon the issue. Miss Orcutt was told by them that they would keep her until morning and kill her to prevent her from disclosing the facts. While they were still -with her they were discovered by a man in an automobile. Stevenson ran; and appellant remained, his person exposed, threatening the man who discovered them with a hammer, trying to drive him away. The young lady screamed, however, and jumped onto the automobile and was rescued. She exhibited evidence of abuse in the way of the disarray of her clothing and numerous wounds about her face and head which she testified were given by the appellant and his companion during her struggles resisting violence.
A motion for change of venue on the ground of prejudice was made. Evidence was heard for and in opposition to it. The bill of exception containing this evidence was not filed until November 9th, while court adjourned September 29th. Objection to its consideration is made by the state based on article 634, C. C. P., which is as follows:
"The order of the judge granting or refusing a change of venue shall not be revised upon appeal, unless the facts upon which the same was based are presented in a bill of exceptions prepared, signed, approved and filed at the term of the court at which such order was made."
This statute has frequently been held to deny this court the right to review the action of the trial judge in refusing a change of venue where evidence was heard in the absence of a bill of exception preserving the evidence and filed during the term of court at which the order was made. Bowden v. State, 12 Tex. App. 246; Bink v. State, 50 Tex. Cr. R. 445, 98 S. W. 863; and numerous cases collated in Branch's Ann. P. C. p. 181, § 301.
The record does not disclose a state of fact showing the officers of the court are responsible for the delay so as to require a reversal because of the failure of appellant to secure his bill, as was done in Miller v. State, 52 Tex. Cr. R. 72, 105 S. W. 502. The transcribed notes of the stenographer appear to have been available some days before the end of the term. A reading of the evidence adduced at the hearing for a change of venue does not indicate arbitrary action or abuse of discretion by the trial judge in overruling the motion in the absence of which his decision will not be overturned. Dupree v. State, 2 Tex. App. 613; Bohannon v. State, 14 Tex. App. 302; Branch's Ann. P. C. § 299, and eases cited.
Appellant set up insanity as a defense. An expert on this subject was asked a hypothetical question, to which objection was made "for the reason that the same was not a complete nor a true statement of the testimony and states facts as proven, which were contradicted by the testimony and by the confession in evidence." The trial judge in qualifying the bill says that the hypothetical question was a fair, full, and complete statement of matters in evidence. Such is our view of it after reading the bill. Nothing is pointed out in the bill as going beyond the evidence. Mr. Branch, in his Ann. P. C. p. 18, § 31, deduces from the decisions of this court the following rule: -s
"Each side has a right to an opinion from the expert witness upon any hypothesis reasonably consistent with the evidence, and if meagerly presented on one side, it may be fully presented on the other, being within the control of the court, whose duty it is to see that the examination is fairly and reasonably conducted. In putting hypothetical questions, counsel may assume the facts in accordance with his theory of things, and it is not essential that he state, all the facts to the witness as they have been proved."
This is supported by the decisions which he cites, including Burt v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 444, 40 S. W. 1000, 43 S. W. 344, 39 L. R. A. 305, 330, and Morrisson v. State, 40 Tex. Cr. R. 494, 51 S. W. 358.
Dr. Turner, an expert on insanity, who appears to have been present at the trial as a witness, was called by the state in rebuttal, and objected to testifying because he had been employed by appellant to make an examination of him with reference to his sanity, and that he desired to be exempt from the necessity of giving his opinion on account of the confidential relationship existing between him, a physician, and the appellant, his patient. The court, without objection from appellant, 'excused the witness, and at the end of the trial the appellant requested the court to instruct' the jury to disregard the incident just related. Appellant presents no authority sustaining the contention that there was error thus disclosed, and we have found none. Dr. Turner was a witness, and the state's counsel appears to have been within his rights to call him to testify, and so far as we are advised, to require him to testify, so far as the inhibition of privileged communications touches the subject. The general rule is that communications between physician and patient in the absence of statute are not privileged. Wharton's Crim. Law, p. 1059, § 516. The courts recognize that there are many reasons for regarding the communications between physician and patient as privileged where the patient seeks the physician for medical aid, and in many states statutes have been enacted on the subject. It has been held, however, that where the consultation is not for medical aid, these reasons do not obtain. Bower v. Bower, 142 Ind. 194, 41 N. E. 523. Whatever the rule, there is no statute in this state exempting such communications.
Where insanity is an issue, it is competent for the state to call witnesses to prove the conversations and conduct of an accused, not admitting guilt, while in jail as a basis for an opinion as to the sanity or insanity. Adams v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. R. 470, 31 S. W. 372; Burt v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 397, 40 S. W. 1000, 43 S. W. 344, 39 L. R. A. 305, 330; and other cases cited in Branch's Ann. P. C. p. 17.
The -court in submitting the case to the jury authorized conviction on the theory presented by the evidence that appellant accomplished penetration, and also on the theory that he aided Stevenson, and might be held as a principal in the rape by Stevenson. Appellant, by objecting to the charge, complained of submitting the law of principals, and in a special charge insisted that conviction should be authorized alone on the theory that appellant succeeded in penetration and accomplished the rape by his own act. The evidence was undisputed that Stevenson committed the rape while appellant held the victim, and, unless insane, he was guilty of the offense under the law of principals (Campbell v. State, 63 Tex. Cr. R. 595, 141 S. W. 232, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 858; P. C. arts. 74 and 75); and in order to convict him under the law of principals it was not necessary to allege in the indictment the acts which made him a principal.
"A principal offender may be charged directly with the commission of the offense although it may not actually have been committed by him." Branch's Ann. P. C. p. 344, § 676, and cases cited, including Cruit v. State, 41 Tex. 477; Williams v. State, 42 Tex. 392; Bell v. State, 1 Tex. App. 598; Campbell v. State, 63 Tex. Cr. R. 595, 141 S. W. 232, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 858.
It follows that under the indictment it was competent to prove that appellant was guilty of rape as a principal without allegation showing that it was the intent of the state to support- the prosecution upon evidence that by his aiding another in the act he became guilty of it under the law of principals.
When it was developed by the evidence that the facts were such as would support two prosecutions for rape against appellant, one for his own act of having carnal intercourse, and one for the act- of Stevenson aided by him, it was his right and duty, if he desired the state to elect to abandon the prosecution for one of the offenses and confine itself to the other, to make a motion that the state be so required. Lunn v. State, 44 Tex. 85; Dalton v. State, 4 Tex. App. 335; Simms v. State, 10 Tex. App. 159; Blackwell v. State, 51 Tex. Cr. R. 25, 100 S. W. 774; Walker v. State, 72 S. W. 401; Bishop, New Crim. Procedure, § 462; Collins v. State; 77 Tex. Cr. R. 156, 178 S. W. 349. There was no motion or other effort so far as disclosed by the record to require the state to make an election.
The appellant, after the evidence had closed, in his objections to the court's charge and in a special charge insisted that the prosecution under the indictment could only rest upon facts tending to show the rape by appellant; that is to say, that his efforts at penetration were successful; the view of counsel being that the indictment would not sustain a prosecution -under the law of principals. This view, as indicated by the authorities as cited hereinabove on the subject, is not sound in our opinion. In so far as this attack upon the charge may be regarded as suggesting the ideia of election, it is ineffective for the reason that it does not lie with an accused to select the transaction w£ich shall be abandoned where the facts are such as to require an election. That is the privilege of the state. Walker v. State, 72 S. W, 401; Bradshaw v. State, 32 Tex. Cr. R. 381, 23 S. W. 892.
The state relied for a conviction wholly upon the direct evidence. The rape by Stevenson with appellant's aid was proved without dispute both by the testimony of Miss Orcutt and the confession of appellant, and to prove penetration by appellant the state relied upon the direct testimony of prose-cutrix that he did so. One of the incidents of the transaction testified to by the pros-ecutrix was that appellant put his fingers in her person, and he complains in one of his bills of exception that while Miss Orcutt was on the stand the court sustained an objection to a question, as follows; "Do you remember Dr. Pence speaking to you about your hymen having been shattered before that morning -before the crime." He states in his bill that he expected her to answer that her hymen had been destroyed by an operation before the date of the offense. Under the circumstances disclosed by the record we do not think there is harmful error shown by the bill. If evidence that the hymen had been ruptured by an operation was material and admissible, the proof of it should have been made by direct inquiry of the witness as to the fact. Her statement to Dr. Pence would have been hearsay, not competent to prove the fact, but available only to impeach the prosecuting witness if on inquiry of her she had denied the fact, that the operation had taken place.
Some leading questions were asked prosecutrix by the state's attorney, and complaint is made thereof. Leading questions are generally objectionable. There are exceptions, however, to the rule prohibiting them, and ordinarily the determination of their admissibility is left to the discretion of the trial judge, not subject to review except in instances where the discretion has been abused or where by the liberal exercise of it injustice has been done. Wharton's Crim. Ev. § 454a; Branch's Ann. P. C. § 158, and cases cited; Campbell v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. R. 563, 138 S. W. 607.
When leading questions are complained of, it is incumbent upon the appellant to show by his bills of exception that they were allowed under circumstances not bringing them under any of the rules excluding them. Branch's Ann. P. C. § 159, and cases cited; Montgomery v. State, 4 Tex. App. 142; Henderson v. State, 5 Tex. App. 138; Harris v. State, 37 Tex. Cr. R. 446, 36 S. W. 88; Hamilton v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. R. 601, 58 S. W. 93; Green v. State, 148 S. W. 593; Jones v. State, 65 Tex. Cr. R. 69, 144 S. W. 252; Graham v. State, 73 Tex. Cr. R. 28, 163 S. W. 728. The bill in the present case as qualified by the court and accepted by appellant shows that the circumstances justified the resorting to leading questions to the extent that the bill shows it to have been done. Carter v. State, 59 Tex. Cr. R. 73, 127 S. W. 217; Harris v. State, 37 Tex. Cr. R. 441, 36 S. W. 89.
The record shows that appellant on the day of the offense had been drinking intoxicating liquor, and he interposed that fact and the consequences following it in mitigation of the penalty as provided by article 41, P. C. The court instructed the jury on the subject, and the terms in which he gave the charge are criticized in the exception to the charge, the exception made being that the charge was too restrictive of his rights in defining temporary insanity embraced in the statute; that it was such as would render the appellant incapable of knowing the act he was doing was wrong or criminal. The court told the jury, if the appellant was laboring under such temporary insanity produced by the voluntary recent use of ardent spirits, it should be taken into consideration in mitigation of the punishment in the event they found appellant guilty. It was the duty of the court to instruct the jury in regard to the meaning of the term "temporary insanity," and we have been referred to no authority which indicates that the definition given was not a proper one. It is in accord with the definition approved by this court in Evers v. State, 31 Tex. Cr. R. 319, 20 S. W. 744, 18 L. R. A. 421, 37 Am. St. Rep. 811. It is the temporary insanity produced by the ardent spirits that may mitigate. Mere drunkenness does not do so. Branch's Ann. P. C.
Counsel in his argument laid some stress upon the introduction of appellant's confession. Erom our examination of the record we are unable to discern any irregularity in it or in the manner in which it was taken. McDonald v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 210, 116 S. W. 47; Goode v. State, 57 Tex. Cr. R. 220, 123 S. W. 597; Harris v. State, 64 Tex. Cr. R. 594, 144 S. W. 232.
In their brief counsel makes some complaint of arguments which are referred to in the motion for new trial, but not verified by bills of exception, and which' under the established practice are not before us for review. The bill of exceptions .which preserves certain evidence as it was introduced on the motion for new trial was not filed until November 9th, which was some weeks after the term at which the trial was had and the term ended. The law, before permitting us to consider the evidence heard on a motion for new trial -as a basis for review, requires that the bill containing it be filed during the term at which the case was tried. Black v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. R. 185, 53 S. W. 116. The evidence taken on motion for new trial would not, if considered, justify the conclusion that the trial was had under the influence of a mob spirit or that the verdict was responsive to any illegitimate influence. The difficulties in obtaining a jury appear not to have been such as indicate extensive prejudgment in the case or prejudice against the accused. The crime was characterized by extreme brutality accompanied by incidents of the most shocking nature. Appellant's participation in it was not in doubt, and, unless the jury accepted as true his defense of insanity or felt inclined to mitigate his punishment under his plea of temporary insanity resulting from the use of intoxicants, the severity of the verdict is not a subject of wonder. The evidence touching his defensive pleas, while conflicting, were such as to sustain the finding against the defense of insanity and the plea in mitigation of temporary insanity. The trial appears to have been a fair one, legally conducted, and we are not authorized to overturn its result.
The judgment is affirmed.
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