Case Name: Kerry J. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee; Sandra J. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee
Court: District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: District of Columbia
Decision Date: 1994-11-12
Citations: 650 A.2d 659
Docket Number: Nos. 91-CF-507, 91-CF-802
Parties: Kerry J. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee. Sandra J. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee.
Judges: Before WAGNER, Chief Judge, SULLIVAN, Associate Judge, and MACK, Senior Judge.
Reporter: West's Atlantic Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 650
Pages: 659–667

Head Matter:
Kerry J. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee. Sandra J. JACKSON, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee.
Nos. 91-CF-507, 91-CF-802.
District of Columbia Court of Appeals.
Argued Jan. 19, 1993.
Decided Nov. 12, 1994.
M. Elizabeth Kent, appointed by the court, Washington, DC, for appellant Kerry J. Jackson, No. 91-CF-507.
Joshua F. Bowers, appointed by the court, Washington, DC, for appellant Sandra J. Jackson, No. 91-CF-802.
Steven N. Berk, Asst. U.S. Atty., with whom Jay B. Stephens, U.S. Atty. at the time the brief was filed, and John R. Fisher, Thomas C. Black, and Thomas J. GrucinsM, Asst. U.S. Attys., Washington, DC, were on the brief, for appellee.
Before WAGNER, Chief Judge, SULLIVAN, Associate Judge, and MACK, Senior Judge.
Former Chief Judge Rogers was a member of the division that heard oral argument in this case. After her departure from the court, Associate Judge Wagner was selected by lot to replace her. Judge Wagner’s status changed to Chief Judge on June 14, 1994.

Opinion:
SULLIVAN, Associate Judge:
On October 12, 1989, an indictment was filed jointly charging appellant, Sandra J. Jackson, with second-degree murder while armed (D.C.Code § 22-2403, -3202 (1989)) and assault with a deadly weapon ("ADW") (D.C.Code § 22-502 (1989)); and appellant, Kerry J. Jackson, with second-degree murder while armed. A jury acquitted both appellants of the murder charge, but convicted Sandra Jackson of ADW and Kerry Jackson of assault with intent to kill while armed ("AWIKWA") (D.C.Code § 22-501 (1989)).
In this consolidated appeal, appellant Sandra Jackson, argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion for severance. Appellant Kerry Jackson argues that the trial court erred by (1) refusing to dismiss the indictment following the death of a defense witness known to the prosecution but not disclosed to the defense after a specific Brady request, and (2) instructing the jury on the charge of AWIKWA, which was not a lesser-ineluded offense of the original indictment charge of second-degree murder. We affirm the conviction of Sandra Jackson. As to appellant Kerry Jackson, we do not dwell at length upon his claim that the government's failure to disclose Brady information required dismissal of the indictment in view of the remedy provided by the trial court. We also reject his contention that his conviction must be reversed because the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on the charge of the assault with intent to kill while armed.
I.
At trial, the government's evidence revealed that, in the early evening of August 12, 1989, the decedent Franklin Ball was standing in front of 1238 Wylie Street, N.E., "fussing" and "drinking." According to several witnesses, his "fussing" took the form of abusive and profane language directed at appellant Sandra Jackson, who was across the street on the porch of her home. After approximately an hour of this tirade, Mr. Ball crossed the street toward Ms. Jackson carrying a beer bottle. Ms. Jackson, in turn, came down from the porch, walked into the street and confronted Mr. Ball with a small knife in her hand. During the argument that ensued, Ms. Jackson cut Mr. Ball on the wrist with the knife and quickly retreated inside her house.
This altercation only intensified Mr. Ball's stream of invectives. Ms. Jackson soon returned to her porch with her husband, Mr. Joe Davis, and her son, Kerry Jackson, who was holding a knife estimated to be twelve to fourteen inches long. Moments later, the trio began to chase Mr. Ball through the 1200 block of Wylie Street. Kerry Jackson was carrying his long "shiny" knife, Sandra Jackson was carrying her small knife, and Joe Davis was carrying a handgun. In an attempt to escape, Mr. Ball weaved in and out of the parked cars, stumbling repeatedly. He was finally caught by his pursuers, now joined by Mr. Curtis Nero, after he fell in front of 1247 Wylie Street. There Mr. Nero held him from behind while Kerry Jackson stabbed him in the chest. When his attackers retreated, Mr. Ball, bleeding profusely, arose and stumbled into a nearby vacant lot. While Mr. Ball was lying unconscious, Kerry Jackson walked over to Mr. Ball and kicked him several times in the head in an apparent attempt to determine if he was alive or dead. Mr. Ball died shortly thereafter.
II.
Sandra Jackson — Severance
Codefendants may be tried together "if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transactions constituting an offense or offenses." D.C.Code § 23-311 (1991). By allowing the trial court "wide latitude in determining whether to grant or deny a motion for severance," King v. United States, 550 A.2d 348, 352 (D.C.1988), we accord a "strong presumption" that "two defendants [when] charged with jointly committing a criminal offense" will be jointly tried. Ingram v. United States, 592 A.2d 992, 996 (D.C.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1017, 112 S.Ct. 667, 116 L.Ed.2d 757 (1991). This presumption may be rebutted where (1) there are " 'irreconcilable defenses so that the jury will unjustifiably infer that this conflict alone demonstrates that both are guilty.' " Johnson v. United States, 398 A.2d 354, 368 (D.C.1979) (quoting Rhone v. United States, 125 U.S.App.D.C. 47, 48, 365 F.2d 980, 981 (1966)), (2) one codefendant is seeking to call a codefendant as an exculpatory witness, id. at 367-68, or (3) where the evidence against one of the parties is de minimis. Russell v. United States, 586 A.2d 695, 698 (D.C.1991). Not only do none of these exceptions apply here, but also considering the undisputed testimony that Ms. Jackson cut Mr. Ball on the wrist, coupled with the jury's acquitting each of the defendants of murder, we are unpersuaded by appellant's argument that her conviction of assault with a deadly weapon was a result of the jury being "inflamed by evidence of the cruel murder."
Kerry Jackson — Lesser-Included Offense
We reject appellant Kerry Jackson's argument that reversal is required because he was convicted of the offense of assault to kill while armed, an offense not charged in the indictment. While recognizing the basic right protected by the rule against permitting a defendant to be tried on charges not returned by the grand jury, see Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 217, 80 S.Ct. 270, 273, 4 L.Ed.2d 252 (1960), we are persuaded that no plain error occurred. See Robinson v. United States, 649 A.2d 584 (D.C.1994); cf. Cash v. United States, 648 A.2d 964, 965 (D.C.1994) (per curiam) (reversible error where trial court erroneously instructed jury on misdemeanor offense of simple possession of controlled substance, instead of felony possession with intent to distribute controlled substance, and jury convicted defendant of felony offense).
A brief review of the facts will facilitate an understanding of the conclusion reached. Appellant was indicted for second-degree murder while armed. He requested a "lesser included offense" instruction of simple assault on the theory that he had admitted to the police that he had a fist fight with the decedent earlier during the evening of the murder. Prior to closing argument, appellant's counsel accepted the court's proposal to instruct on assault with intent to kill while armed, acknowledging that she planned to argue appellant's case on that theory, inter aMa. The jury found appellant not guilty of second-degree murder while armed, but returned a verdict of guilty of assault with intent to kill while armed. On appeal, appellant contends that reversal is required because assault with intent to kill is not a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder and because there was no evidentiary support for the instruction. These arguments must be rejected.
It is a principle of long standing in this jurisdiction that a conviction will not be reversed because of an improper jury instruction, not objected to at trial, unless the instruction to the jury rises to the level of "plain error." See Williams v. United States, 551 A.2d 1353, 1355 (D.C.1989); Deneal v. United States, 551 A.2d 1312, 1316-17 (D.C.1988); Green v. United States, 544 A.2d 714, 715 (D.C.1988); Shivers v. United States, 533 A.2d 258, 261 (D.C.1987); Allen v. United States, 495 A.2d 1145, 1151-54 (D.C.1985) (en banc). If the decision not to object can be viewed as a tactical choice, it should not be considered plain error. Allen, supra, 495 A.2d at 1152 (citing Jones v. United States, 477 A.2d 231, 242 (D.C.1984)); Bennett v. United States, 375 A.2d 499, 504 (D.C.1977). An appellant is bound by the position taken by trial counsel and should not be allowed to reverse a position taken at trial "in order to disavow the implications that flow from it." See Parks v. United States, 627 A.2d 1, 10 (D.C.1993) (citing Mitchell v. United States, 569 A.2d 177, 180 (D.C.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 986 (1990)); Byrd v. United States, 502 A.2d 451, 452-53 (D.C.1985).
After requesting a lesser-included instruction on the offense of simple assault, appellant accepted the trial court's proposed instructions on a number of other offenses, including assault with intent to kill while armed. This was not a hasty decision made in the heat of the trial, for the record reveals that trial counsel had at least an overnight recess to consider the proposed instructions. Having taken that tactical position in the trial court, it is questionable whether appellant can now impeach the jury's verdict. See Parks, supra, 627 A.2d at 10; Byrd, supra, 502 A.2d at 453; Allen, supra, 495 A.2d at 1151-52; Bennett, supra, 375 A.2d at 503-04.
Assuming arguendo that despite his trial tactics, appellant has not waived his right to impeach the jury's verdict, no plain error rising to the level of a miscarriage of justice occurred here. Appellant's indictment for second-degree murder while armed provided him with ample advance notice that he had to defend against the government's evidence of "malice aforethought," which, in this jurisdiction, denotes three types of murder, each accompanied by a distinct mental state. See Comber v. United States, supra, note 6, 584 A.2d at 38. Malice has been defined by this court as (1) specific intent to kill, (2) specific intent to inflict serious bodily injury, or (3) wanton and willful disregard of an extreme risk of death or serious bodily injury. Id. at 38-39. Proving the intent sufficient for a conviction of assault to kill while armed requires the government to establish evidence of specific "intent to kill." D.C.Code § 22-501 (1989); see Logan v. United States, 483 A.2d 664, 672 (D.C.1984). In proving malice, the government need not elect prior to trial one type of malicious conduct over the others. Thus, an indictment charging appellant with second-degree murder while armed provided appellant with ample notice of its intention to prove malice on any one of the theories, including "specific intent to kill."
At trial, the government sought to prove "malice aforethought" by introducing evidence tending to show that appellant committed the offense of second-degree murder while armed with the specific intent to kill. Thus, appellant had notice of the offense for which he was convicted. In this case, no impermissible expansion of the indictment occurred. Compare United States v. Lawton, 301 U.S.App.D.C. 390, 995 F.2d 290 (1993). The element of specific intent, the critical one involved here, was within the charge in the indictment, and the government proceeded on this theory to prove this element of malice required for second-degree murder while armed. The evidence was clearly sufficient to support an instruction for assault with intent to kill. Under the circumstances, the rigorous standard for demonstrating plain error has not been met.
For the foregoing reasons, appellants' convictions hereby are affirmed.
So ordered.
. Also indicted were Joe Davis, Vernon Holloway and Curtis Nero. Mr. Davis was charged and ultimately acquitted of murder in the second degree and possession of a firearm during a crime of violence. Mr. Holloway was charged with assault with a deadly weapon, a knife, which was ultimately dismissed in a separate action. Codefendant Curtis Nero, charged with second-degree murder, filed a motion for a mistrial which was granted.
. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).
. Appellant's third claim that the charge of AW-IKWA was unsupported by the evidence is merit-less.
. We do note, however, that all five codefendants filed a joint Motion to Compel pursuant to Super.Ct.Crim.R. 16 and Brady. Specifically, the codefendants requested "any and all photo spreads shown to witnesses" and "non identification by any witnesses of any defendant." In the government's response, "[cjonceming defendants' specific Brady requests" they stated, inter alia, that "all photo spreads have been shown to counsel . there is no Brady information concerning the identification of any defendant." This statement proved to be false.
We also note that within two days of the murder, the police questioned Mr. Jose Garcia, a college-educated investment analyst, who witnessed the murder. When shown a photo array by the police that included a photo of appellant Kerry Jackson, Mr. Garcia was unable to identify anyone as the assailant. In fact, when queried whether the assailant was six feet, six inches tall and light-skinned (Kerry Jackson's description), Mr. Garcia responded that the assailant was only five feet, eight inches tall and dark-skinned. On November 2, 1990, Mr. Garcia died of a terminal illness.
On appellant's motion to dismiss, based in part on the government's failure to comply with Brady, the trial court characterized Mr. Garcia's potential testimony as a "non identification," and held that the government's failure to disclose Mr. Garcia's identity constituted a violation under Brady. However, the court held that the violation did not warrant dismissal of the indictment, but rather could be "cured" by requiring the parties to enter into a stipulation setting forth the testimony of Mr. Garcia, which was then read to the jury.
The government wisely conceded in oral argument that, by failing to reveal the identity of a potentially important exculpatory witness, it violated both the letter and the spirit of Brady.
. Moreover, "this court will only reverse upon a showing of an abuse of discretion." Sousa v. United States, 400 A.2d 1036, 1041 (D.C.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 981, 100 S.Ct. 485, 62 L.Ed.2d 408 (1979).
. "Historically, a fourth kind of malice existed when a killing occurred in the course of the intentional commission of a felony." Comber v. United States, 584 A.2d 26, 39 (D.C.1990) (en banc).
. We need not consider whether assault with intent to kill is a lesser-included offense of second-degree murder. Our comparison of the elements of the two offenses is for the purpose of undertaking a plain error analysis.