Case Name: First Nat. Bank of Jersey City v. Bard et al.
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1891-03-13
Citations: 13 N.Y.S. 688
Docket Number: 
Parties: First Nat. Bank of Jersey City v. Bard et al.
Judges: 
Reporter: West's New York Supplement
Volume: 13
Pages: 688–692

Head Matter:
First Nat. Bank of Jersey City v. Bard et al.
(Supreme Court, General Term, First Department.
March 13, 1891.)
1. Assignment for Benefit of Creditors—Illegal Preferences — Confessions of Judgment.
A general assignment for benefit of creditors and several confessions of judgments were executed at the same time, by a firm on the verge of insolvency; but the assignment was not delivered until the next day, and after the firm knew that
- the judgments had been entered, and executions.thereon levied on their property. Held, that these acts were the result of a common scheme to give preference to those to whom the judgments were confessed; that all the instruments executed under these circumstances were to be considered as one; and that the confessed judgments, as part of a scheme to give preferences in evasion of Laws N. Y. 1887, c. 503, which prohibits preferences in such assignments exceeding one-third of the assets of the assignors, were void, although not themselves fraudulent.
3. Same—Effect of Setting Aside Assignment.
The judgments could not be rendered valid by the setting aside of the assignment itself for fraud, although the statute prohibits undue preferences in assignments only.
3. Fraudulent Conveyances—Knowledge of Grantee.
The consideration of one judgment was successfully impeached, and it and the general assignment were set aside on the ground of fraud. Held, that the other judgments were also void, as the confessions thereof formed part of the fraudulent scheme by which the judgment debtors sought to defraud their creditors, even though the judgment creditors were not privy to such fraud.
Appeal from special term, New York county.
Action by the First National Bank of Jersey City against Frederic B. Bard,' individually and as assignee of the firm of Clarke, Radcliffe & Co. and others, judgment creditors of said firm, and also the partners composing the firm. Plaintiff appeals from so much of each of the judgments in the actions as dismissed the complaint therein as against the defendants Kenyon, Carter, Shepard, and Walker, judgment creditors of Clarke, Radcliffe & Co. Laws N. Y. 1887, c. 503, provides: “In all general assignments of the estates of debtors for the benefit of creditors, hereafter made, any preference created therein (other than for wages or salaries of employes * * *) shall not be valid, except to the amount of one-third in value of the assigned estate left after deducting such wages or salaries, and the costs and expenses of executing such trust; and should said one-third of the assets of the assignor or assignors be insufficient to pay in full' the preferred claims to which, under the provisions of this section, the same are applicable, then said assets shall be applied to the payment of the same pro rata to the amount of each of said preferred claims.” For former report, see 10 N. Y. Supp. 634.
Argued before Van Brunt, P. J., and Daniels and O’Brien, JJ.
Wilson & Wallis. (Hamilton Wallis, of counsel,) for appellant. Ouden & Oakley, (Lucien Ouden, of counsel,) for respondent Kenyon. Warren W. Foster, for respondents Carter, Shepard, and Walker.

Opinion:
O'Brien, J.
The plaintiff is a judgment creditor of the firm of Clarke, Radcliffe & Co., and brings this action against that firm, its general assignee for the benefit of creditors, and five of its judgment creditors by confession, to set aside said assignment and judgments as fraudulent and void, on the ground that all the defendants entered into a fraudulent combination among themselves to hinder, delay, and defraud the plaintiff and other creditors of said firm, and to evade the provisions of chapter 503 of the Laws of 1887, prohibiting preferences in assignments for the benefit of creditors exceeding one-third of the assets of assigning debtor. The case was before this court upon a former appeal, and, in the absence from the record of the requisite certificate showing that it contained all the evidence, it was held that, where the record does not show that it contains all thé evidence, the finding of the lower court on the questions of fact will not be reviewed on appeal. It was also then stated that "the single circumstance that a judgment is confessed at or about the same time that the debtor executes a general assignment does not of itself, standing alone and irrespective of other facts connected with the transaction, necessarily require the conclusion that this judgment is a part of the assignment." 10 K". Y. Supp. 634. The record now before ns is accompanied by the statement that it contains all the evidence, and therefore we can and it becomes important to determine the facts proved upon the trial. It appears that the firm of Clarke, Badcliffe & Co. in the latter part of April, .1888, were unable to continue their business, and decided upon a general assignment for the benefit of their creditors. On the 25th of April the firm was actually indebted, among others, to the defendant Gershon P. Kenyon in the sum of $107,190, to the defendant Benjamin Carter in the sum of $17,000, to the defendant William E. Shepard in the sum of $5,600 or thereabouts, and to the defendant John E. Walker in the sum of $1,500 or thereabouts. On this date the members of the firm went to the office of their attorneys, one of whom subsequently was chosen as their assignee, and then and there prepared the general assignment and confessions of judgments, and these were all executed by all the members of the firm on that date, and about the same time. The same afternoon the general assignment was taken into possession by-one of the firm, and handed to one of their attorneys, who was the partner of the assignee. Thereupon the confessed judgments were entered in the office of the clerk of this court, executions issued thereon to the sheriff, and levies made upon the property of the firm in this city. Transcripts of these judgments, except the one in favor of Kenyon, were taken by an employe of the attorneys for the firm to Montgomery county, in this state, and a transcript of Kenyon's judgment by the latter's attorney to the same place. On the morning of the 26th of April they were filed in the clerk's office of Montgomery county, executions issued thereon, and the property of the firm, stored in warehouse in Amsterdam, was levied upon by the sheriff. Upon the same day, the 26th, the messenger sent by the attorneys for the firm telegraphed that levies had been made under the executions in Montgomery county, and thereafter, on the same day," one of the .firm took the assignment from the possession of his attorney, the partner of the assignee, and delivered' it to the assignee, who.thereupon executed the assignment, and it was filed as required by law.
The consideration of a judgment"in favor of one Eoye having been successfully impeached, and the general assignment itself having been set aside upon the ground of fraud, the learned trial judge refused to disturb the other judgments, and from such refusal this appeal is taken. These facts, beyond a reasonable doubt, show that the assignment and confessions of judgment together constituted a single transaction for the disposition of all the firm's' property, then upon the verge of insolvency. ' They were all drawn and prepared at the same time, and at the same place, by the samé parties, and were executed at substantially the same time. These acts were undoubtedly the result of a common scheme, by which it was sought to make a disposition of the debtor's property, and therein to give a preference to those to whom the judgments were confessed. That instruments of this character, executed under those circumstances, are to be considered as one instrument, is we"; settled. White v. Cotzhausen, 129 U. S. 329. 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 309; Sweetser v. Smith, 5 N. Y. Supp. 378; Kessell v. Drucker, 6 N. Y. Supp. 945. There is much force, therefore, in the suggestion that, as the assignment and judgments constituted a single transaction, parts of which the court held to be fraudulent, thereby the whole became tainted with fraud. In other words, it is claimed that the assignment and judgments, though contained in sepa rate and distinct documents, constituted in law but a single instrument. There are like instance's of the law being thus applied to separate documents, as in the case of a mortgage, which may consist of a deed and a separate agreement of defeasance, both together constituting a single instrument. So a lease may consist of a lessor's covenant, executed separately from a lessee's convenants, both together constituting a single lease. If the judgments are to be regarded as a part of the general assignment, it would seem to follow, logically and legally, that where a part is fraudulent that avoids the whole. If the preferences sought to be given were in the instrument of assignment itself, and this was held to be fraudulent, the preferences, however valid, would fall with that instrument. If, therefore, the judgments and assignments are to be regarded as asingle transaction or instrument, the judgments become ingrafted in and an integral part of the instrument of assignment, the same as though contained therein. Why, as here, where there is shown a single scheme to make a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, should any distinction be made between preferences in and those outside of the assignment? As was said in Spellman v. Freedman, 7 N. Y. Supp. 698, "where a debtor has formed the determination to voluntarily dispose of his whole estate, and has entered upon the execution of that intention, it is immaterial into how many parts the execution thereof may be divided. The law will regard all his acts having for their object to effect the disposition of his estate as parts of a single transaction. "
But there is another and distinct ground upon which these judgments must be set aside. The question we would now consider is not whether the judgments were made for the purpose of hindering, delaying, or defrauding creditors, but whether or not these judgments, being part of a scheme to give preferences, were not obnoxious to the statute, (chapter 503, Laws 1887,) and therefore void. The facts show that the judgments and assignments were parts of a plan for the disposition of all the debtor's property, and an attempt and effort, as part of that scheme, to give preferences forbidden by law. Not only the circumstance of time, but the withholding of the assignment itself, although executed by the debtors until after levies were made under the judgments, is confirmatory of this view. In White v. Cotzhausen, supra, in commenting upon the case of Preston v. Spaulding, 120 Ill. 208, 10 N. E. Rep. 903, the opinion proceeds: "The supreme court of Illinois, considering the question whether the preferential judgments obtained in that case were within the prohibition of the act of 1887, said: ' The statute is silent as to the form of the instrument or instruments by which an insolvent debtor may effect an assignment. It will be observed this act does not assume to interfere in the slightest degree with the action of a debtor while he retains the dominion of his property. Notwithstanding this act, he may now, as heretofore, in good faith, sell his property, mortgage or pledge it to secure a bona fide debt, or create a lien upon it by operation of law; as by confessing a judgment in favor of a bona fide creditor. But when he readies the point where he is ready, and determines to yield the dominion of his property, and makes an assignment for the benefit of his creditors under the statute, this act declares that the effect of such assignment shall be the surrender and conveyance of all his estate not exempt by law to his assignee, rendering void all preferences, and bringing about the distribution of his whole estate equally among his creditors; and we hold that it is within the spirit and intent of the statute, that, when the debtor has formed a determination to voluntarily dispose of his whole estate, and has entered upon that determination, it is immaterial into how many parts the performance or execution of his determination may be broken. The law will regard all his acts, having for their object and effect the disposition of his estate, as parts of a single transaction; and on the execution of the formal assignment it will, under the statute, draw to it, and the law will regard as embraced within its provisions, all prior acts of the debtor having for their object and purpose the voluntary transfer or distribution of his estate to or for creditors; and, if any preferences are shown to have been made or given by the debtor to one creditor over another in such disposition of his estate, full effect will be given the assignment, and such preference will, in a court of equity, be declared void, and set aside as in fraud of the statute.' " In Abegg v. Schwab, 7 N. Y. Supp. 46, subsequently affirmed upon another ground in Abegg v. Schwab, 9 N. Y. Supp. 681, it was held that "judgments confessed by debtors about to make an assignment for the benefit of creditors, the effect of which would be to prefer creditors above the amount of one-third in value of the assigned estate, is in evasion of Laws 1887, c. 503, and are void, if made as parts of one plan for the disposal of all their property." This decision followed the rule laid down in White v. Cotzhausen, 129 U. S. 329, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 309. A distinction, however, is to be observed between the Illinois statute, the construction of which was involved in that case, and the New York statute. The former made preferences in violation of the statute void, while our statute only renders preferences in excess of one-third void. A grave question is therefore presented, under our statute, as to whether any greater penalty is to be attached to illegal preferences than such as the statute itself imposes. For this reason I assume the learned judge writing the opinion of this court upon the appeal in Abegg v. Schwab, supra, was disposed to question the soundness of the conclusion above quoted, as to the effect of an illegal preference upen the entire judgment. This, however, is no longer an open question in this court; for in Spellman v. Freedman, 7 N. Y. Supp. 698, the principle enunciated in Abegg v. Schwab was distinctly held. In Stein v. Levy, 8 N.Y. Supp. 505, (general term, January, 1891,) the presiding justice, referring to Spellman v. Freedman, supra, says: -"It was held in that case that judgments which were confessed as part and parcel of a scheme resulting in an assignment, whereby all the debt- or's property was devoted to the payment of preferred creditors, should not be allowed to stand, as the assignment and confession of judgments must necessarily be considered together, they having been part and parcel of a single scheme, and were plain violations of the law in question." If right in our assumption that the assignment and j udgments were parts of a single scheme or transaction for the disposal of all the insolvent debtor's property, these cases are controlling. While, therefore, the trial judge was right in concluding upon the •evidence that the judgments themselves were not fraudulent, still he seems to have overlooked the consideration of the question as to whether the judgments did not violate the statute forbidding preferences.
It has been urged by the respondent that, as the assignment itself has been set aside and no longer exists, the upholding of the judgments would not contravene the statute, which can only be invoked where an undue preference is given in a general assignment for the benefit of creditors. The logical conclusion flowing from such an argument would be that, if the assignment was valid, the judments would be void, but that-the setting aside of the assignment for fraud would leave the judgments of binding force and effect. Thus we would reach a legal absurdity by holding that, where an illegal preference Is sought to be made, the court will hold the judgments void if the assignment is valid, and if the assignment is fraudulent the judgments will be upheld. It is unnecessary for us to determine what results may flow from this conclusion as to the judgment creditors' liability to account to the plaintiff for the amounts received by them, respectively, under their judgments. Whether the plaintiff can compel the defendants to account for such sums received or not, cannot control the conclusion to be reached as to the invalidity of the judgments,, if otherwise warranted. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the judgment appealed from should be reversed, and a new trial ordered, with Costs to plaintiff to abide the event.