Case Name: The People, Resp'ts, v. Patrick W. Connor, App'lt
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1891-04-14
Citations: 37 N.Y. St. Rep. 23
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People, Resp’ts, v. Patrick W. Connor, App’lt.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York State Reporter
Volume: 37
Pages: 23–28

Head Matter:
The People, Resp’ts, v. Patrick W. Connor, App’lt.
(Court of Appeals,
Filed April 14, 1891.)
1. Rape—Resistance.
The extent of the resistance required of an assaulted female is governed by the circumstances of the case, and the grounds which she has for apprehending the infliction of great bodily harm.
2. Same.
If the evidence warranted the jury in finding that a female subject to such an assault as was shown in this case, had reason to fear great bodily injury if she resisted to the extent of her ability, they were justified in finding that the crime of rape had been committed.
3. Same.
The fact that the prosecutrix did not in the limited time allowed her employ all the means in her power to resist the assault does not as a matter of law prove that she did not resist to the extent of her existing ability.
Appeal from judgment of the supreme court, general term, first department, affirming judgment of court of general sessions, entered upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of rape.
Henry A. Gildersleeve, for app’lt; McKenzie Semple, ass’t dist. att’y, for resp’ts.
Affirming 31 N. Y. State Rep., 163.

Opinion:
Ruger, Ch. J.
The defendant was tried at the general sessions in ¡New York and convicted of the crime of rape alleged to have been committed on the body of a female named Minnie Heath. The course taken on the trial resulted in presenting but one disputed question of fact for the jury, which was, whether the connection, admitted to have taken place between the defendant and Minnie Heath, was effected by force alone or was partially or wholly accomplished with her consent.
The jury, under a charge upon this question which has elicited the encomiums of the defendant's counsel, found that the connection was effected against the will and without the consent of the prosecutrix; and he appeals from the judgment, entered upon the verdict, upon the ground that there was no evidence to sustain it, or rather that the jury were bound to infer consent from the evidence. The prosecutrix and defendant were the only eye witnesses to the circumstances of the alleged connection, and theirevidenceconflicted on all material points. The prosecutrix, a young, virtuous and apparently truthful girl, gave a consistent and probable account of the transaction and was supported in respect to her story by the material 'circumstances of the case. Tlíe defendant's testimony was unnatural and improbable and tended to show that he was a reckless and unprincipled man, capable of fabricating testimony to escape the consequences of his crime. It was not strange or unnatural that under these circumstances the jury gave credit to the story of the girl and disbelieved the testimony of the defendant. This they had. the right to do, unless there were circumstances in the testimony of the prosecutrix so radically inconsistent with the theory of a constant and earnest resistance to the attempt of the defendant as to present a question of law. If her evidence showed the fact of non-consent and the exercise of all the means of resistance which, under the circumstances of the case and. the condition of her mental faculties, were within her power to make, the judgment cannot be disturbed.
Hnder the Revised Statutes rape was defined to be the act of " carnally and unlawfully knowing any female child under the age of ten years," or " forcibly ravishing any woman of the age of ten years or upwards." 3 R. S., 2476, 7th ed. The Penal Code defined with more care and precision the circumstances which should constitute the crime of rape, and included within its provisions cases which might not have been punishable under the prior statute. The crime is there defined to be " an act of sexual intercourse with a female, not the wife of the perpetrator, committed against her will and consent." The circumstances under which consent cannot be implied are expressed in six subdivisions, among which are those " when the female is under the age of ten years " (now sixteen, act of 1887); " when incapable of giving consent through idiocy or other unsoundness of mind " ; " when her resistance is forcibly overcome, or is prevented by fear of immediate and great bodily harm, which she has reasonable cause to believe will be inflicted upon her;" and other cases not material to consider in the discussion of this case. Sec. 278, Penal Code. Such cases as come within these definitions, and such alone, now constitute the crime of rape.
The codifiers, evidently, undertook to make a comprehensive definition of the crime, including all of the cases which should thereafter be punishable as rape, and those they define in language so plain and unambiguous that the measure of resistance required of a female, subjected to felonious assault, cannot well be now the subject of misunderstanding. The substantial elements required by the Code to constitute the crime are, that the connection shall be effected against the will and consent of the female; but such consent cannot be implied unless the case is brought within the meaning of some of the conditions- named in the statute. Of course, any partial or voluntary submission to an assault will be construed now, as formerly, to amount to a consent ; but when the submission is produced by the fear of great bodily harm, the necessity of showing the same degree of resistance required in other cases is now unnecessary.
It is thus seen that the extent of the resistance required of an assaulted female is governed by the circumstances of the case, and the grounds which she has for apprehending the infliction of bodily harm. When an assault is committed by the sudden and unexpected exercise of overpowering force upon a timid and inexperienced girl, under circumstances indicating the power and will of the aggressor to effect his object, and an intention to use any means necessary to accomplish it, it would seem to present a case for a jury to say whether the fear naturally inspired by such circumstances had not taken away or impaired the ability of the assaulted party to make effectual resistance to the assault.
It is quite impossible to lay down any general rule which shall define the exact line of conduct which shall be pursued by an assaulted female under all circumstances, as the power and strength of the aggressor, and the physical and mental ability of the female to interpose resistance to the unlawful assault, and the situation of the parties, must vary in each case. What would be the proper measure of resistance in one case would be totally inapplicable to another situation accompanied by differing circumstances. One person would be paralyzed by fear and rendered voiceless and helpless by circumstances which would only inspire another with higher courage and greater strength of will to .resist an assault. A young and timid child might, we think, be easily overpowered and deprived of her virtue before she had an opportunity to recover her self-possession and realize her situation and the necessity of the exercise of the utmost physical resistance in order to preserve her virtue. It would be unreasonable to require the same measure of resistance from such a person that would be expected from an older and more experienced woman, who was familiar with the springs and motives of human action and acquainted with the means necessary to be used to protect her person from violence.
It was said by Judge Folger in The People v. Dohring, 59 N. Y., 383, that " of course the phrase ' the utmost resistance ' is. a relative one; and the resistance may be more violent and prolonged by one woman than another, or in one set of attending physical circumstances than in another. In one case a woman may be surprised at the outset, and her mouth stopped so that she cannot scream, or her arms pinioned so that she cannot use them, or her body so pressed about and upon that she cannot struggle. But whatever the circumstances may be, there must be the greatest effort of which she is capable therein to foil the pursuer and preserve the sanctity of her person." It was held that the request to charge was correct as it limited the resistance to the extent of the ability of the prosecutrix on the occasion in question and under the circumstances in which she was then, placed.
We do not see anything there decided which conflicts with the conclusions we have reached in this case. If the evidence warranted the jury in finding that a female subjected to such an assault as was shown in this case had reason to fear great bodily injury if she resisted to the extent of her ability, they were justified in finding that'the crime had been committed. We think the evidence was of this character and brought the case, not only within the meaning of the statute, but also within the rule laid down in the Dohring case. That proof showed that the defendant was a strong, robust man, fifty years of age and was engaged, in managing an intelligence office located on the comer of ¡Forty-seventh street and Tenth avenue in the city of ¡New York. The prosecutrix was a young and virtuous girl, but little over sixteen years of age, who had come to ¡New York from the country, a short time before the commission of the alleged crime, to find employment in some domestic capacity. She was staying, temporarily, with her aunt near Tenth avenue, and near the defendant's place of business, and, not being successful in securing employment by her own efforts, on the 6th day of December, 1888, went to the office of the defendant and solicited .his aid in getting a situation. Thereupon he executed the customary contract with her, by which for a consideration then paid him, he engaged to-find her a situation as a domestic servant within thirty days pro vided she remained at the office during business hours, at least four days in a week. She, with a number of other females, remained in such office the required period on the 6th and 7th days of December.
On the latter day, as the other girls were leaving the office to go home at the accustomed hour, about half-past three o'clock in "the afternoon, the defendant induced the prosecutrix, by artifice, tó consent to remain until after four o'clock. The other inmates of the office having left, and the prosecutrix being unwilling, for some reason, to remain longer, about twenty minutes to four, notified the defendant that she would not stay longer than four o'clock in any event The defendant was then in the office alone, and as the girl made this announcement immediately locked the outer door of the office and drew down the shades of the windows, seized the girl and lifting her from the floor, bore her through an adjoining room, in which the girls were accustomed to sit, into the last room of the suite. He then laid her on her back upon a long bench, holding her down by force, and getting upon her remained there until he had accomplished his purpose. The whole trans.action occupied less than five minutes, and when it was over the defendant immediately left the room and the building, leaving the girl alone. ' Immediately upon her release she followed the defendant out of the building and went to the home of her aunt, to whom she immediately related the circumstances of the assault. She was then hysterical and in tears; her hair was dishevelled, .and her drawers, stained with fresh blood, were torn so as to render access to her person possible. A surgical examination of the girl made shortly thereafter revealed that the hymen had been recently ruptured, and her private parts were lacerated and bleeding. This prosecution was immediately instituted, and the defendant arrested before five o'clock of the same day. The prose•cutrix testified that she struggled with defendant, and used all her efforts to get away from him, from the time he seized her until the contest was over; that she used her hands and feet and .•continually requested him to release her and let her go; that she •did not halloo because she was too frightened to do so, and that she was in a dazed condition. We think there was nothing in this evidence that tended to show any relaxation of a purpose to resist the efforts of the defendant to deflour her person; and that the verdict of the jury was sustained by the evidence.
The defendant was a man of mature years and apparently of fair intelligence, and was engaged in a respectable business. The sudden exhibition by such a man of ungovernable passion and criminal design, with a contempt for the restraints which the law and decency impose upon all persons, could not fail to inspire a timid girl with feelings of alarm and consternation. The brutality and violence exhibited in this 'case were quite sufficient to engender that degree of fear requisite to confuse the mind and paralyze the efforts of his victim to free herself from the grasp of her assailant. The relations existing between the prosecutrix •and the defendant, her dependence upon his good will for the means of earning a livelihood, naturally tended to disarm any sus picion of violence from him and induced the belief that he would be influenced by her supplications and show some regard to her wishes. The fact that the prosecutrix did not in the limited time allowed her employ all the means in her power to resist the assault, does not, as matter of law, prove that she did not resist to-the extent of her existing ability.
Ho other point requiring serious consideration was raised on the argument before us.
For the reasons stated, as well as those so clearly expressed in the opinion below, we think the judgment of conviction should be affirmed.
All concur, except Finch and Gray, JJ., absent