Case Name: IN THE MATTER OF: S.M., Respondent and Appellant
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 2014-11-25
Citations: 377 Mont. 133
Docket Number: No. DA 13-0793
Parties: IN THE MATTER OF: S.M., Respondent and Appellant.
Judges: CHIEF JUSTICE McGRATH, JUSTICES COTTER and WHEAT concur.
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 377
Pages: 133–147

Head Matter:
IN THE MATTER OF: S.M., Respondent and Appellant.
No. DA 13-0793.
Submitted on Briefs October 15, 2014.
Decided November 25, 2014.
2014 MT 309.
377 Mont. 133.
339 P.3d 23.
For Appellant: Robin A. Meguire, Attorney at Law, Great Falls.
For Appellee: Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General; Tammy K Plubell, Assistant Attorney General, Helena; Ed Corrigan, Flathead County Attorney; Andrew Clegg. Deputy County Attorney, Kalispell.

Opinion:
JUSTICE BAKER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 S.M. appeals the Eleventh Judicial District Court's order involuntarily committing her to the Montana State Hospital. We restate the issues on appeal as follows:
1. Whether the District Court erred in concluding that S.M.'s condition required involuntary commitment.
2. Whether the District Court erred in concluding that commitment to the Montana State Hospital was the least restrictive placement.
¶2 We affirm.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶3 On September 12,2013, the Montana State Hospital discharged S.M. to the care of her mother from a prior involuntary commitment. Within two weeks, S.M., who suffers from bipolar disorder, had run out of and stopped taking her prescribed medications. On September 27, S.M. and her mother, G.M., went to pick up S.M.'s car from a mechanic. S.M. wandered off into a field and then a wooded area near the mechanic's shop. G.M., realizing that S.M. was gone, went looking for her in S.M.'s car. S.M. saw the car's headlights and thought the car was stalking her. She wandered onto private property, where the property owner discovered her and called a crisis hotline. S.M. was picked up and taken to the emergency room, where tests showed that her medication levels were low. S.M. was detained on an emergency basis and hospitalized at Pathways Treatment Center in Kalispell, Montana.
¶4 On September 30, the State filed a petition for S.M.'s involuntary commitment. On October 1, the Eleventh Judicial District Court conducted an initial hearing and advised S.M. of her rights. The court held a hearing on the petition on October 4, at which Dr. Dennis Gee, a psychiatrist at Pathways, testified. Dr. Gee testified that he had first met S.M. when she was hospitalized at Pathways back in August 2012, and knew her well from three additional hospitalizations. Dr. Gee testified that S.M. suffers from bipolar disorder and was then in a manic episode with psychotic features. He testified that since S.M.'s hospitalization on September 27, Pathways had kept S.M. in a special care unit, separate from the rest of the facility» staff, and patients, because S.M. had not been able to sleep in the previous six days and had been impulsively removing her clothes and inappropriately touching others. Dr. Gee opined that S.M. needed to be hospitalized until she could stabilize on her medications.
¶5 Mental health professional Camalla Larson also testified and agreed with Dr. Gee. Larson related that S.M. was still expressing delusional thoughts — for instance, S.M. had gotten up that morning scared, not knowing where she was, and thinking that someone had changed her underwear in the middle of the night. Larson opined that S.M. could not care for her basic needs, including her health. Larson testified that the least restrictive treatment plan would require commitment to the Montana State Hospital because S.M. could not prosper under the restrictions in movement imposed at Pathways.
¶6 S.M. called G.M. to testify. G.M. explained that she and S.M. had planned to get S.M.'s prescriptions refilled after picking up the car from the mechanic. Instead of further hospitalization, G.M. proposed that she take S.M. out to a secluded family cabin in Northwest Montana where she would care for S.M. and make sure that S.M. took her medications.
¶7 At the hearing's close, the District Court made the following findings on the record:
I do find, first of all, that the State has shown that [S.M.] suffers from a mental disorder. I believe the State has shown by clear and convincing evidence that because of her mental disorder, she is presently unable to provide for her own basic needs, most particularly her health and safely. I also find that the State has shown, as demonstrated again by recent acts, that if left untreated, she will continue to deteriorate to the point that she will become a danger to herself.
Despite these findings, the court stated that it was not satisfied that it had enough information to conclude that commitment to the Montana State Hospital was the least restrictive course for treatment. It therefore allowed additional time for the parties to explore placement options and scheduled another hearing on the matter for October 8.
¶8 At the October 8 hearing, Dr. Gee testified again and related that S.M. was improving but still had a couple more weeks to go until she stabilized on her medications. Dr. Gee expressed reservations about discharging S.M. immediately into the care of G.M. because the secluded location of the family cabin would not permit necessary follow-up visits from Pathways' outpatient treatment team. Dr. Gee also testified that Pathways was not set up to meet S.M.'s needs adequately because S.M. does better with space and freedom to walk around, which Pathways could not provide given S.M.'s condition at that time.
¶9 Blake Passmore, a Mental Health Professional for the State of Montana, also testified. He opined that S.M. was still manic and not stable enough to transition to a safe house. He also explained that if S.M. was released into the care of her mother and taken to the family cabin, the outpatient treatment team would not be able to meet with S.M. the necessary number of times per week.
¶10 Finally, G.M. and S.M. testified. They promised that S.M. would take her medications if released. S.M. further testified that staying at Pathways outside the special care unit would be less restrictive than going to the Montana State Hospital.
¶11 At the end of the hearing, the District Court found that "the less restrictive alternatives that have been discussed are inadequate in light of the testimony that I heard both on the fourth and today." The court continued,
I was hopeful that when I saw you on the fourth that we would have, as the statute describes it, a program or facility» 1 don't see this as either an option that I have that I can commit you to a facility or to a program or an appropriate course of treatment. I don't see sending you off with the hope that you're going to continue to take medication and thrive in a rural setting is contemplated by the statute. In fact I think it would be careless and reckless on my part to do that.
S.M. interrupted the court and asked why she could not stay at Pathways and be allowed to move around the facility freely. The court responded, "[T]he representatives of Pathways told me through their testimony they're not capable of doing that, that's not the environment that you need to be in." The court therefore ordered S.M. committed to the Montana State Hospital. On October 9, the District Court issued a written order restating its findings offact and conclusions of law, and committed S.M. to the Montana State Hospital for no longer than thirty days.
¶12 S.M. appeals the commitment order.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶ 13 We review commitment orders "to determine whether the [district] court's findings of fact are clearly erroneous and its conclusions of law are correct." In re Mental Health of L.K-S., 2011 MT 21, ¶ 14, 359 Mont. 191, 247 P.3d 1100. Whether a district court's findings of fact satisfy statutory requirements is a question of law. In re L.LA., 2011 MT 285, ¶ 7, 362 Mont. 464, 267 P.3d 1.
DISCUSSION
¶14 To order a respondent's involuntaiy commitment to a facility» a district court must determine that (1) the respondent suffers from a mental disorder, (2) the mental disorder requires commitment, and (3) the facility is the least restrictive alternative to protect the respondent and the public and to permit effective treatment. Sections 53-21-126(1), -127(5), MCA. S.M. appeals the District Court's second and third determinations.
¶15 A person suffering from a mental illness may require commitment if one of four criteria are met. Section 53-21-127(2), MCA The first criterion that justifies commitment is that "the respondent, because of a mental disorder, is substantially unable to provide for the respondent's own basic needs of food, clothing, shelter, health or safety." Section 53-21-126(l)(a), MCA. Alternatively, commitment may be justified if the respondent's mental disorder presents "an imminent threat of injury to the respondent or to others because of the respondent's acts or omissions." Section 53-21-126(1)(c), MCA. The final consideration is whether:
the respondent's mental disorder, as demonstrated by the respondent's recent acts or omissions, will, if untreated, predictably result in deterioration of the respondent's mental condition to the point at which the respondent will become a danger to self or to others or will be unable to provide for the respondent's own basic needs of food, clothing, shelter, health, or safety.
Section 53-21-126(lXd), MCA. If a District Court finds that one ofthese criteria necessitates commitment, it must make a "detailed statement of facts upon which the cotut found the respondent to be... requiring commitment." Section 53-21-127(8Xa), MCA.
¶16 If the respondent suffers from a mental disorder that requires commitment, the district court must choose for treatment "the least restrictive alternatives necessary to protect the respondent and the public and to permit effective treatment." Section 53-21-127(5), MCA. But if the court relies solely upon the predictability of deterioration as specified in § 53-21-126(l)(d), the court may not commit the person to a state hospital. Section 53-21-127(7), MCA.
¶17 1. Whether the District Court erred in concluding that S.M.'s condition required commitment.
¶18 The District Court concluded that S.M.'s condition required commitment because, under § 53-21-126(l)(a), S.M. was substantially unable to care for her own health and safety, and, under § 53-21-126(l)(d), S.M.'s condition would predictably deteriorate to the point that she would become a danger to herself if she did not receive treatment.
¶19 S.M. argues there was insufficient evidence to support the District Court's determination that she was substantially unable to care for her own health and safety. Even if there was sufficient evidence, S.M. argues that the District Court failed to make a "detailed statement of facts" supporting this determination. Section 53-21-127(8Xa), MCA. Thus, S.M. suggests, the only criterion that could justify her commitment was the predictability of deterioration, which she claims cannot lawfully sustain a commitment to the Montana State Hospital according to § 53-21-127(7), MCA. Moreover, S.M. argues that any commitment based solely on the predictability of her deterioration would be unconstitutional.
¶20 We find sufficient evidence in the record to sustain the conclusion that S.M. could not care for her basic needs at the time of the hearings. At the October 4 hearing, two medical professionals testified that S.M. suffers from bipolar disorder, that she was in a manic phase, and that she needed to be hospitalized for further treatment. Larson testified specifically that S.M. was unable to provide for her basic needs, including her health. The opinions were accompanied by substantial evidence. Particularly, the record shows that, after S.M.'s September 12 release from the hospital, she was noncompliant with taking her medications; that led to her deterioration and to her emergency room visit on September 27. S.M.'s deteriorating condition was exampled by acts such as running away from her mother under the belief that her mother was stalking her, wandering onto strangers' properties, inappropriately removing her clothes and touching others, and believing that others were changing her underwear in the night. Though the mental health professionals agreed that S.M. did not present an imminent danger to herself, the District Court did not rely on § 53-21-126(lXc), MCA, in its findings and conclusions. Rather, it concluded that S.M.'s condition was accompanied by acts that would lead to such a danger if left untreated. The evidence supports the District Court's conclusions that S.M. was not able at the time of the hearings to care for her basic needs, including her health and safety, and that she would become a danger to herself if her condition was allowed to deteriorate.
¶21 Further, the District Court's findings of fact were sufficient to support these conclusions. In the written order, the District Court noted S.M.'s illness, her recent manic presentation, her noncompliance with medication, her expression of delusional thoughts, and the opinions of Dr. Gee and Larson that S.M. was unable to care for her basic needs.
¶22 To be sure, the District Court could have been more specific and listed more of the facts we have recited in this opinion. But that does not mean, as S.M. suggests, that the court ran afoul of the statutory guidelines. Indeed, the cases S.M. cites to support her contention are distinguishable. In In re Mental Health of E.P.B., 2007 MT 224, 339 Mont. 107, 168 P.3d 662, at the end of the commitment hearing, the District Court adopted whole cloth a commitment order prepared by the State, read aloud the commitment order's conclusions of law, and then signed and entered the order. E.P.B., ¶ 4. By contrast, the District Court here made independent findings of fact at S.M.'s hearings that supported her commitment. For example, at the conclusion of the hearing on October 8,. the court declared,
"[I]t is my findings that it has been proven that... you suffer from a mental disease, specifically bipolar, that you have been in a manic phase, that as a result of . the behaviors that were described to me at the last hearing... and the fact that you are substantially unable to provide for your own basic needs, particularly your health and safety... and by that I mean you do not take your medication."
S.M. also cites In re L.L.A., but in that case we reversed a commitment order that merely recited legal conclusions and did not describe facts particular to the respondent. L.LA., ¶ 14. Here, the District Court made findings of fact based on S.M.'s individual circumstances.
¶23 We thus affirm the District Court's determination that S.M. was, at the time of the hearings, unable to provide for her basic needs, including her health and safely. The District Court also concluded, under § 53-21-126(l)(d), MCA, that S.M. would predictably deteriorate and become a danger to herself if she did not receive treatment. S.M. does not specifically challenge this conclusion. Rather, she argues that if the predictability of deterioration were the sole basis for commitment, the District Court could not lawfully or constitutionally order S.M.'s commitment to the Montana State Hospital. Because the predictability of deterioration was not the sole basis for S.M.'s commitment, we decline to examine that argument.
¶24 2. WhethertheDistrictCourterredinconcludingthatcommitment to the Montana. State Hospital was the least restrictive placement.
¶25 S.M. challenges the District Court's conclusion that the Montana State Hospital was the least restrictive alternative for her treatment. She argues that (1) the court failed to make sufficient findings of fact, and (2) there was insufficient evidence in the record to support the District Court's conclusion.
¶26 A district court ordering commitment must make findings of fact regarding "the alternatives for treatment that were considered," "the alternatives available for treatment of respondent," and "the reason that any treatment alternatives were determined to be unsuitable for the respondent." Sections 53-21-127(8)(bMd), MCA. S.M. points out that the District Court's written order never specifically mentioned the possibility that S.M. might stay at Pathways for treatment, even though this possibility was discussed in the October 8 hearing. The State responds by noting that there is evidence in the record showing that Pathways was not capable of providing the treatment S.M. needed and that the court made such a finding at the conclusion of the October 8 hearing. In her reply brief, S.M. argues that what the District Court found at the October 8 hearing is irrelevant because, by law, we determine the sufficiency of findings of fact based solely on the written commitment order.
¶27 In commitment cases, we have considered a district court's oral findings in addition to its written findings. For example, in In re Mental Health of O.R.B., 2008 MT 301, 345 Mont. 516, 191 P.3d 482, the respondent contended that the district court failed to make sufficient findings of fact under § 53-21-127(8), MCA. O.R.B., ¶ 19. We rejected that argument, in part because "the court orally detailed its findings at the conclusion of the commitment hearing." O.R.B., ¶ 21; see alsoL.LA., ¶ 11-12 (holding a district court failed to meet § 53-21-127(8)'s requirements and distinguishing O.R.B. on the basis of O.R.B.'s oral findings of fact).
¶28 Further, under the doctrine of implied findings, we may consult hearing transcripts in addition to the written findings. This doctrine holds that where " 'findings are general in terms, any findings not specifically made, but necessary to the determination, are deemed to have been implied, if supported by the evidence.' " In re Mental Health of S.C., 2000 MT 370, ¶ 15, 303 Mont. 444, 15 P.3d 861 (quoting Interstate Brands Corp. v. Cannon, 218 Mont. 380, 384, 708 P.2d 573, 576 (1985)).
¶29 The written order of commitment must at the least be adequate to "apprise! ] the receiving staff at [the commitmentfacility], treatment professionals, and even law enforcement who may be involved in transporting the patient, of the particular condition and behaviors that prompted hospitalization or gave rise to the need for commitment." L.LA., ¶ 21. We thus require that written orders be at least "minimally sufficient." ¿.¿A, ¶ 13.
¶30 Here, the written order was minimally sufficient and was supported by substantial evidence. The written order includes findings that Dr. Gee, Passmore, and Larson all testified that the Montana State hospital was the least restrictive placement option for S.M.'s treatment, and that Passmore testified that other community placement options had been explored but were inadequate. The written order concludes that "there are no community based treatment facilities which are adequate!,] so the Court finds that under the circumstances of this case the least restrictive treatment alternative whichis necessary to protect [S.M.] and provide for effective treatment is commitment to the Montana State Hospital." These findings are consistent with the District Court's determination at the October 8 hearing that Pathways was "not the environment" that S.M. needed. The findings imply that Pathways could not provide S.M. with the type of freedom of movement that would support her stabilization, whereas the Montana State Hospital was capable of providing that freedom.
¶31 S.M. contends that the District Court ignored the treatment option of permitting her to remain at Pathways, which S.M. testified was less restrictive "as long as they let me out into the regular room." But Pathways representatives said that if S.M. remained at Pathways, she would have to remain in the special care unit, and that she would do better in a situation where she would have more stimulation. There is thus substantial support in the record for the District Court's determination that, under the circumstances of this case, the Montana State Hospital was the least restrictive placement alternative.
CONCLUSION
¶32 We affirm the District Court's commitment order.
CHIEF JUSTICE McGRATH, JUSTICES COTTER and WHEAT concur.