Case Name: Appeal of STANDARD MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD.
Court: United States Board of Tax Appeals
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1926-09-18
Citations: 4 B.T.A. 853
Docket Number: Docket No. 4822
Parties: Appeal of STANDARD MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD.
Judges: 
Reporter: Reports of the United States Board of Tax Appeals
Volume: 4
Pages: 853–867

Head Matter:
Appeal of STANDARD MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD.
Docket No. 4822.
Decided September 18, 1926.
Randolph E, Paul, Esq., and Charles B. McIrmLs, Esq., for the petitioner.
A. E. Fast, Esq., for the Commissioner.
William H. Hotchkiss, Esq., as amicus curiae.

Opinion:
OPINION.
MaRquette
: The Commissioner in his answer to the taxpayer's petition herein concedes that the amount of $186'paid on the taxpayer's behalf in the year 1917 by the obligors of tax-free covenant bonds should not be included in the taxpayer's income for that year and that the taxpayer, in computing its net income for the year 1917, is entitled to deduct the amount of $33,639.49 on account of expenses incurred by the home office in that year, which were applicable to the United States branch. Since the hearing, the taxpayer has abandoned its contention that the reserve maintained by it for unpaid losses and claims is a reserve required by law within the meaning of the Revenue Act of 1916, as amended by the Revenue Act of 1917, and that it is entitled to deduct, in computing its net income for the year 1917, the net addition to that reserve made within the year 1917. This leaves for determination four questions which will be discussed in the order in which they are set forth in the findings of fact.
The first question is whether or not there should be included in the taxpayer's income for the years 1917 and 1918 the amounts received by it in those years as interest on certain United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland bonds and Anglo-French External Loan bonds owned by the taxpayer and actually held by it within the United States. It is admitted by the parties to this appeal that the bonds in question were obligations of the Governments of Great Britain and France and that the interest thereon was paid by them.
The Revenue Acts in force during the years 1917 and 1918 respectively were the Revenue Act of 1916, as amended by the Act of October 3, 1917, and the Revenue Act of 1918. Section 10 of the Revenue Act of 1916, as amended by section 1206 of the Act of October 3,1917, provided —
Sec. 10. (a) That there shall he levied, assessed, collected arid paid annually upon the total net income received in the preceding calendar year from all sources by every corporation, joint-stock company or association, or insurance company, organized in the United States, no matter how created or organized, but not including partnerships, a tax of two per centum upon such income; and a like tax shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid annually upon the total net income received in the preceding calendar year from all sources within the United States by every corporation, joint-stock company or association, or insurance company, organized, authorized, or existing under the laws of any foreign country, including interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise, and including the income derived from dividends on capital stock or from net earnings of resident corporations, joint-stock companies or associations, or insurance companies, whose net income is taxable under this title.
Section 12 of the Revenue Act of 1916 provides in part—
Sec. 12. (a) In the case of a corporation, joint-stock company or association, or insurance company, organized in the United States, such net income shall be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount of its income received within the year from all sources—
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(b) In the case of a corporation, joint-stock company or association, or insurance company, organized, authorized, or existing under the laws of any foreign country, such net income shall be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount of its income received within the year from all sources within the United States .
The parts of the Revenue Act of 1918 pertinent here are sections 230 and 233, which provide among other things—
Seo. 230. (a) That, in lieu of the taxes imposed by section 10 of the Revenue Act of 1916, as amended by the Revénue Act of 1917, and by section 4 of the Revenue Act of 1917, there shall be levied, collected, and paid for each taxable year upon the net income of every corporation a tax at the following rates: .
Sec. 233. (a) That in the case of a corporation subject to the tax imposed by section 230 the term " gross income " means the gross income as defined in section 213, except that:
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(b) In the case of a foreign corporation gross income includes only the gross income from sources within the United States, including the interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise, dividends from resident corporations, and including all amounts received (although paid under a contract for the sale of goods or otherwise) representing profits on the manufacture and disposition of goods within the United States.
It is apparent from a reading of the foregoing provisions of law that, during the years 1917 and 1918, foreign corporations doing business within the United States were subject to tax only on their net income from sources within the United States, such net income being gross income from sources within the United States, less certain deductions not material here, and it therefore follows that, since the taxpayer is a foreign corporation, the interest received by it in the years 1917 and 1918 on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland bonds and the Anglo-French External Loan bonds in question should be included in its income only if it was from sources within the United States.
The Commissioner in support of his contention that the interest involved herein was income to the taxpayer within the meaning of the Revenue Acts mentioned relies on the case of DeGanay v. Lederer, 250 U. S. 376. The facts of that case were that Emily R. DeGanay, a citizen and resident of France, was the owner of certain stocks and bonds of corporations organized under the laws of the United States and of bonds and mortgages secured upon property in the United States, the stocks, bonds and mortgages being actually held in the United States by the Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities, as agent for Mrs. DeGanay. The Supreme Court of the United States held that the income from these stocks, bonds and mortgages was subject to tax as income from " property owned in the United States by persons residing elsewhere," under the Revenue Act of 1913, Par. A, subdivision 1, which provided among other things—
That there shall be levied, assessed, collected and paid annually .upon' the entire net income arising or accruing from all sources in the preceding calendar year to every citizen of the United States, whether residing at home or abroad, and to every person residing in the United States, though not a citizen thereof, a tax of 1 per centum per annum upon such income, except as hereinafter provided; and a like tax shall be assessed, levied, collected, and paid annually upon the entire net income from all property owned and of every business, trade or profession carried on in the United States by persons residing elsewhere.
We have carefully considered the arguments advanced by. the Commissioner and the effect of the case of DeGanay v. Lederer, supra, on the question presented in the instant appeal. We do not agree, however, that the decision in that case is controlling here. Under the Revenue Act of 1913, foreign corporations were taxed on " income accruing from business transacted and capital invested within the United States," and nonresident alien persons were taxed on the income " from all property owned and of every business, trade, or profession carried on in the United States." (Act of October 3, 1913, Pars. G (a), A (1), 38 Stat. 166). It was under the last-quoted provision of the Act that the tax involved in the case of DeGanay v. Lederer arose. Here we are concerned with taxing statutes that are materially different from the Revenue Act of 1913. Both the Revenue Act of 1916, as amended by the Revenue Act of 1917, and the Revenue Act of 1918 provide that foreign corporations shall be taxed on net income from sources within the United States, suchmet income being gross income from sources within the United States including " interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise " less certain allowable deductions. It may be noted that while they expressly include in income from sources within the United States, "interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise," they do not in terms include interest from bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of nonresidents. Since interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise, is expressly included in income from sources within the United States, and interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of nonresidents is not mentioned as being included therein, it may well be held, " expressio unius est exolusio dlterius," and that Congress intended to exclude interest of the latter class from income from sources within the United States.
But it is not necessary for us, in holding that interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of nonresidents is not income from sources within the United States within the meaning of the Revenue Acts of 1916, 1917, and 1918, to rely entirely on the fact that it is not expressly included by the statutes as being from such sources. The word "sources" as defined by Webster means "first cause; origin; that which gives rise to anything; the first producer; one who or that which originates," and unless the contrary appears, which it does not, it must be presumed to be used in the statute under consideration herein in its ordinary and usual sense, and with the meaning commonly attributable to it. DeGanay v. Lederer, 250 U. S. 376. What is the source of the income here in question ? Con-cededly it was paid because certain governments foreign to the Gov ernment of the United States found it necessary to borrow and did borrow money from persons who were willing to lend, giving to such persons their promise to pay, the promises being in the form of bonds. Pursuant to the tenor of their promises, these foreign governments paid interest. It is apparent that the source of the interest was the foreign government that paid it. We are of the opinion that the interest received by the taxpayer during the years 1911 and 1918 on the bonds referred to herein, was clearly not income from sources within the United States within either the spirit or the letter of the Eevenue Act of 1916, as amended by the Act of 1917, or the Revenue Act of 1918.
The second question presented is whether or not the taxpayer, in computing its net income for the years 1917 and 1918, is entitled to deduct the cost of reinsurance effected by the home office of risks written by the United States branch. The taxpayer contends that since it is required to include in its gross income from sources within the United States the entire amount of premiums on risks written by the United States branch, it must, in order correctly to reflect its net income from such sources, deduct the cost of reinsuring such risks. The contention of the Commissioner is in substance that the cost of reinsurance effected by the home office is not deductible, since it would be possible for the taxpayer or any other company engaged in a similar business to reinsure abroad with an affiliated company all of the risks written within the United States, thereby avoiding taxation under the revenue laws of the United States.
The provisions of law pertinent to this issue are section 12 of the Revenue Act of 1916 and section 234 of the Revenue Act of 1918, which were in effect during the years 1917 and 1918, respectively. Section 12 of the Revenue Act of 1916 provides in part that—
(b) In tbe case of a corporation, joint stock company or association, or insurance company, organized, authorized, or existing under the laws of any foreign country, such net income shall be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount of its income received within the United States—
First. All the ordinary and necessary expenses actually paid within the year out of earnings in the maintenance and operation of its business and property within the United States ♦.
Section 234 of the Revenue Act of 1918 provides among other things as follows:
(a) That in computing the net income of a corporation subject to the tax [including foreign corporations] imposed by section 230 there shall be allowed as deductions:
(1) All the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business .
(14) (b) In the case of a foreign corporation the deductions allowed in subdivision (a), except those allowed in paragraph (2) and in clauses (a), (b), and (c) of paragraph' (3), shall be allowed only if and to the extent that they are connected 'with income arising from sources within the United States .
From the above-quoted sections of the Bevenue Acts, it is apparent that the taxpayer, being a foreign corporation, is entitled to deduct from gross income from sources within the United States, among other things, all ordinary and necessary expenses paid during the year 1917 "in the maintenance and operation of its business and property within the United States " and all necessary and ordinary expenses, paid in carrying on its business during the year 1918, to the extent that the expenses are "connected with income arising from sources within the United States."
The taxpayer claims the right to deduct from its gross income from sources within the United States, the " net cost " of all reinsurance effected by the home office during the years 1917 and 1918 of risks written by the United States branch. This " net cost " represents the excess of the amount paid for reinsurance over recoveries thereon. The effect is the same as if the taxpayer had included in its gross income from sources within the United States all recoveries made on the reinsurance of risks written by the United States branch and deducted the entire cost of the reinsurance. We are of the opinion that this is a proper method of determining the net income of the taxpayer's United States branch and that it could not be correctly determined by any other method. The taxpayer is required to include in gross income from sources within the United States the entire amount of premiums on risks written therein. From this gross income it is obviously entitled to deduct losses on the risks written, and the expense of doing business. If a loss is sustained on any risk, the actual loss of the taxpayer thereon is the entire amount of the loss compensable under the original policy less the amount recovered by the taxpayer on the reinsurance of that policy. It reduces its deductible losses by the amount of recoveries on reinsurance, or, in other words, it, in effect, includes in gross income from sources within the United States the total amount recovered on the reinsurance of risks written in the United States, and it clearly should be entitled to deduct from gross income the cost to it of the amount so recovered. In this connection it may be pointed out that the amount of recoveries on reinsurance in any year might exceed the cost of such reinsurance.
It is not necessary to enter into an extended discussion of the methods by which the business of marine insurance is carried on. It is sufficient to state that the evidence establishes that reinsurance of risks is a vital phase of the business and that it is necessary that marine insurance companies reinsure a portion of their risks in order to spread their liability and minimize their losses. Otherwise it would be difficult or perhaps impossible for them to continue in business. Since reinsurance is a vital and necessary phase of the marine insurance business, the cost of such reinsurance must be regarded as an ordinary and necessary expense of that business. The taxpayer during the years 1917 and 1918 wrote certain risks within the United States, and a portion of these risks was reinsured either directly by the United States branch with companies doing business in the United States, or by the home office under its blanket reinsurance contracts with other foreign companies. The Commissioner has permitted the taxpayer to deduct as a business expense the net cost of reinsurance effected directly by the United States branch with companies doing business in the United States, but has refused to permit the deduction of the cost of the reinsurance effected by the home office of risks written by the United States branch. We can perceive no distinction between the reinsurance effected by the home office for the United States branch and the reinsurance effected directly by the United States branch. In each case the taxpayer was simply purchasing insurance in order to protect itself against the possibility of too great a loss on the risks written by the United States branch. We are of the opinion that the cost of the reinsurance in question was an ordinary and necessary expense in the maintenance and operation of the taxpayer's business in the United States and that it is connected with income arising from sources within the United States.
The third question is whether or not the taxpayer in computing its net income for the year 1917 is entitled to deduct the increase in its accrued liability as at the end of that year on account of the country-damage clause in its cotton contracts and to increase its income for the year 1918 by the amount of the decrease of the same liability as of the end of that year. The evidence relative to this question establishes that the taxpayer, in order to induce shippers to protect their cotton against loss resulting from exposure, offered to return to them a portion of the premium paid, representing the difference between the losses paid on country damages and a certain percentage of the total liability covered during the entire season, payment of the return premium not to be made until four months after the insured's last shipment and until after all of the outstanding country damage losses had been settled. As a result of this provision, the taxpayer usually had a liability at the end of the calendar year to return premiums earned by the shippers. These amounts appear to have been estimated and set up on the taxpayer's books at the close of the year. The increase during the year 1917 of the liabilities so set up was deducted from gross income for that year. During the year 1918 this liability decreased by $4,765.50 and that amount was added to the taxpayer's income for that year.
We are of the opinion that the amount of payments made or incurred by the taxpayer in any year on account of the liability to return, under the country-damage clause of cotton insurance contracts, a portion of its premiums to the insured, is a proper deduction from gross income for that year. However, the evidence fails *to show that the items^ involved herein represented liabilities either paid or actually incurred. On the other hand, the account in question appears to have been a mere estimate, an undetermined liability in the nature of a reserve, and we are of the opinion that the Commissioner's action in respect thereto should be approved.
The fourth question presented for determination is whether or not the decrease in the taxpayer's unearned premium reserve during the year 1917 constituted income to it for that year. The Commissioner added the amount of the decrease to the taxpayer's income oil the ground, as alleged in his answer herein, that the , decréase resulted in an increase of the same amount in the taxpayer's free assets. The Commissioner in his answer also denied that the reserve for unearned premiums is a reserve required by law within the meaning of the Revenue-Act of 1916 which provides—
Sec. 12. (b) In the case of a corporation, joint-stock company or association, or insurance company, organized, authorized, or existing under the laws of any foreign country, such net income shall be ascertained by deduct- ' ing from the gross amount of its income received within :the year from all sources within the United States—
First. All the ordinary and necessary expenses actually paid within the year out of earnings in the maintenance and operation of its business and , property within the United States, including rentals or other payments required to be made as' a condition to the continued use or possession of property to which the corporation has not taken or is not taking title', or in which it has no equity.-
Second. (c) In the case of insurance companies, the net addition, if any, required by law to be made within the year to reserve funds and the sums other than dividends paid within the year on policy and annuity contracts .
A similar provision relative to reserves which insurance companies are required by law to maintain is found in the Revenue Act of 1913.
The reserves for unearned premiums maintained by insurance companies are reserves known to the general law of insurance and are usually required by the laws of the several States regulating the insurance business. The reserve under consideration here was specifically required by the laws of the State of New York and by regulations promulgated thereunder. That reserves of this character are required by law within the meaning of the Revenue Acts of 1918 and 1916 is clear and seems to have been so recognized by the courts, although the question, so far as we can find, has never been directly raised. McCoach v. Insurance Co. of North America, 244 U. S. 585; Maryland Casualty Co. v. United States, 251 U. S. 342. We are of the opinion that the reserve for unearned premiums maintained by the taxpayer was a reserve required by law within the meaning of the Revenue Act of 1916.
The facts as to the decrease in the year 1917 in the taxpayer's reserve for unearned premiums are disclosed by the pleadings, but no evidence thereof was presented by either party to this appeal. The taxpayer alleged that the amount of the decrease did not go into the free assets of the company but was used to pay policy losses. The Commissioner alleged that the decrease in the reserve resulted in an increase of .the same amount in the taxpayer's free assets, and that it therefore constituted income to the taxpayer.
The rules of this Board provide that the burden of proof is on the taxpayer. This means that unless the Commissioner in his answer admits the material allegations of the taxpayer's petition, the taxpayer must produce sufficient evidence to make a prima facie showing that the allegations of the petition are true and to overcome the proof submitted by the Commissioner. As to the issue here presented, the Commissioner has determined that the decrease in the taxpayer's unearned premium reserve resulted in an increase of its free assets and therefore constituted income. The taxpayer alleged in its petition that the decrease in the reserve did not result in an increase of its free assets, and the Commissioner denied that allegation. The issue has been squarely joined, the burden of proof being placed .thereby on the taxpayer to establish its contention by evidence. It has failed to produce any evidence in support of its contention as to this point and, in the absence of such evidence, we must approve the determination of the Commissioner. Appeal of J. M. Lyon, 1 B. T. A. 378.
The taxpayer in its petition alleges that a computation of its income or loss from sources within the United States for the year 1919, on the basis which we have herein set forth for computing its income for the years 1917 and 1918, results in a net loss which it is entitled to apply against its net income for the year 1918. However, no evidence was introduced by the taxpayer to support,this contention.
Order of redetermmation will be entered on 10 days1 notice, under Rule 50.