Case Name: SAN DIEGO COUNTY EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Nicholas M. MAOUNIS, Charles H. Winkler, Robert W. Jones, Brian Hunter, and Amaranth Advisors, LLC, Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2010-03-15
Citations: 749 F. Supp. 2d 104
Docket Number: No. 07 Civ. 2618 (DAB)
Parties: SAN DIEGO COUNTY EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Nicholas M. MAOUNIS, Charles H. Winkler, Robert W. Jones, Brian Hunter, and Amaranth Advisors, LLC, Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 749
Pages: 104–129

Head Matter:
SAN DIEGO COUNTY EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Nicholas M. MAOUNIS, Charles H. Winkler, Robert W. Jones, Brian Hunter, and Amaranth Advisors, LLC, Defendants.
No. 07 Civ. 2618 (DAB).
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
March 15, 2010.
Michael D. Newman, Queena Hu, Steven P. Rice, Crowell & Moring LLP, San Francisco, CA, Steven David Greenblatt, William J. McSherry, Jr., Crowell & Moring LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff.
Christopher M. Green, Boies, Schiller & Flexner, LLP, Armonk, NY, Steven Michael Schwartz, David Emilio Mollon, Winston & Strawn LLP, Shannon Rose Selden, Debevoise & Plimpton, LLP, Michael Sangyun Kim, Kobre & Kim LLP, New York, NY, Dan K. Webb, Matthias A. Lydon, Kristen Victoria Grisius, Stephen J. Senderowitz, Winston & Strawn LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendants.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
DEBORAH A. BATTS, District Judge.
Plaintiff San Diego County Employees Retirement Association ("SDCERA") brings this action against Defendants Nicholas M. Maounis ("Maounis"), Charles H. Winkler ("Winkler"), Robert W. Jones ("Jones"), Brian Hunter ("Hunter"), and Amaranth Advisors, LLC ("Amaranth"), alleging federal securities fraud, common law fraud, gross negligence, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and vicarious liability. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants — the founder, managers, and chief energy trader of hedge fund Amaranth Partners, LLC (the "Fund") — fraudulently induced Plaintiff into investment in the Fund, and into holding its investment in the Fund, by making a number of oral and written misrepresentations before and after investment, upon which Plaintiff reasonably relied. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants represented that the Fund was a multi — strategy hedge fund that exercised sophisticated risk management controls, while in reality the Fund operated as a single-strategy natural gas fund and did not apply even basic risk management techniques. Plaintiff alleges that the Fund collapsed in late September 2006 as a result of Defendants' fraud and other misconduct, resulting in a loss of over $6 billion in Fund value, including a loss of more than $150 million by SDCERA.
Each of the Defendants has moved individually to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(6), 12(b)(1), 23.1, and 9(b). Defendant Hunter, a citizen and resident of Canada, has additionally moved to dismiss the Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2). For the reasons set forth below, Defendant Hunter's Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is DENIED. All of Defendants' Motions to Dismiss are otherwise GRANTED in their entirety, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) and 23.1.
I. BACKGROUND
The following facts alleged in the Complaint in 07 Civ. 2618 (DAB) ("Compl.") are assumed to be true for purposes of the Motions to Dismiss before the Court. The LLC Agreement, Subscription Agreement, and Confidential Private Placement Memorandum ("PPM") referenced throughout this section are incorporated by reference in the Complaint. See Yak v. Bank Brussels Lambert, 252 F.3d 127, 130 (2d Cir.2001).
Plaintiff SDCERA is an independent association established by California's County Employees Retirement Law of 1937. (Compl. ¶ 23.) SDCERA collects and invests retirement funds in order to provide retirement and associated benefits for approximately 33,000 eligible employees, former employees, and retirees of the County of San Diego and other participating employers. (Id.) SDCERA manages a defined benefit plan qualified under section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. (Id.)
Effective September 1, 2005, SDCERA invested $175 million in Amaranth Partners LLC (the "Fund"), a Connecticut-based hedge fund formed under Delaware's Limited Liability Company Act. (Id. ¶ 2.) Defendant Amaranth Advisors, LLC ("Amaranth"), a Delaware limited liability company, is the managing member of the Fund. (Id. ¶ 24.) Up until its collapse in September 2006, the Fund was structured as an unregistered pooled investment, pri vately organized and administered by Amaranth, its professional investment manager. (Id. ¶ 30.) The principal office of the Fund and of Amaranth is located in Greenwich, Connecticut. (Id.)
Defendant Nicholas M. Maounis ("Maounis") is the co-founder, managing member, principal, President, and Chief Investment Officer of Amaranth; Defendant Charles H. Winkler ("Winkler"), an attorney, is the Chief Operating Officer of Amaranth; and Defendant Robert W. Jones ("Jones") is Amaranth's Chief Risk Officer. (Compl. ¶ 25-27.) Upon information and belief, Maounis, Winkler, and Jones are residents of Greenwich, Connecticut. (Id.) Defendant Brian Hunter ("Hunter") was, at various times, a trader, co-Portfolio Manager, or Portfolio Manager at Amaranth for Amaranth's energy trading desk, and head of Amaranth's natural gas trading desk. (Id. ¶ 28.) Hunter is no longer employed by Amaranth. (Id.) Upon information and belief, Hunter is a resident of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. (Id.)
In August 2002, SDCERA entered into a Consulting Engagement and Advisory Agreement with Rocaton Advisors, LLC ("Rocaton"), pursuant to which Rocaton provided SDCERA with investment advice. (Compl. ¶ 38.) In July 2004, SDCERA and Rocaton expanded this engagement to include hedge fund consulting. (Id.) In late December 2004 or early 2005, Rocaton introduced the Fund to SDCERA. (Id. ¶ 39.) Plaintiff alleges that Rocaton rated the Fund as a "buy" due to Amaranth's representations regarding the Fund's diverse set of investment strategies and rigorous risk management controls. (Id. ¶ 39-40.) Plaintiff alleges that Rocaton met with Amaranth several times prior to SDCERA's investment in the Fund. (Id. ¶ 41.) Plaintiff further alleges that prior to investment, Amaranth "repeatedly represented the Fund as being a highly diversified multi-strategy hedge fund with a sophisticated and independent risk management team and a broad base of diversified strategies with a global focus." (Id. ¶ 45.)
In March 2005, as part of SDCERA's due diligence process, SDCERA's in-house investment professionals. Chief Investment Officer David Deutsch ("Deutsch") and Assistant Chief Investment Officer Lisa Needle ("Needle") visited Amaranth's offices in Connecticut, and met with Maounis, Winkler, and Jones, together with a representative from Rocaton. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that during this meeting, Amaranth introduced the portfolio managers of the Fund's assets to discuss their various strategies, and represented that "energy trading" was only one of five substantial sectors that the Fund was pursuing at that time. (Id. ¶ 42.) At the meeting, Amaranth emphasized the Fund's superior risk management controls, including the size of the Fund's 14-member risk management team, which Maounis, Winkler, and Jones told SDCERA was a proactive as well as reactive group. (Id. ¶ 43.)
On July 21, 2005, Maounis personally attended and made a presentation about Amaranth and the Fund to SDCERA's Retirement Investment Board (the "Board") in San Diego, California. (Compl. ¶ 44.) Plaintiff alleges that Maounis explained to the Board at that time, regarding Amaranth's methods for avoiding risk, that
"When we analyze a bond or a stock, we're not looking for a 500, uh, a five times return on investment. We want to make investments where if we spend a million dollars, we're sure we're going to make a million and a half dollars back. We want to make that decision because that decision is in fact in the best interest of our investors . The most important thing for us is really to minimize the downside . We don't want to hit home runs, we want to get singles and doubles. So we want to minimize that downside. It's not okay to lose money in the year. And that's really what we try to do . We're targeting high single-digit to low double-digit returns with small volatility. That's what we're targeting."
(Id.)
Effective September 1, 2005, SDCERA invested $175 million in the Fund, thereby becoming a "member" of the Fund. (Compl. ¶ 50.) Plaintiff alleges that it invested in the Fund in reliance on Amaranth's representations during SDCERA's due diligence process, including those made by Maounis, Winkler and Jones to SDCERA's investment professionals at the March 2005 meeting, and the statements made by Maounis to SDCERA's Board at its July 21, meeting. (Id.) In order to invest, SDCERA became a party to the Fund's LLC Agreement, which provided that Amaranth had the sole power to manage and operate all aspects of the Fund's investing and trading, received a Confidential Private Placement Memorandum dated March 2003 ("PPM"), and executed the Fund's Subscription Agreement. (Id. ¶ 31.) As a condition precedent to investment, Amaranth required that all investors keep confidential certain operating information. (Id. ¶ 51.) As such, Amaranth executed a separate confidentiality agreement with Rocaton, which permitted Rocaton to receive information regarding the Fund's business and assets on behalf of SDCERA. (Id.)
As part of the Subscription Agreement executed by SDCERA at the time of investment, Plaintiff agreed to a number of "Representations, Warranties and Acknowledgments" "[a]s an inducement to the Fund to accept th[e] Subscription Agreement." (Subscription Agreement at S-2, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. A.) Among these representations, Plaintiff warranted that it
"has been furnished a copy of the [PPM] and has carefully read and understands the [PPM], has evaluated the risks of a purchase of the Interest, including the risks set forth in the [PPM] . and has relied solely on the information contained in the [PPM] in deciding whether to invest in the Fund (irrespective of any other materials and information furnished to [SDCERA] in connection with such investment)".
(Id.)
The cover page of the 2003 PPM, just below its title, states in bold, capital letters, "THESE ARE SPECULATIVE SECURITIES." (PPM, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. B.) The second page the PPM lists the following "GENERAL NOTICES":
THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY INTERESTS ("INTERESTS") IN AMARANTH PARTNERS L.L.C. (THE "FUND") ARE OFFERED EXCLUSIVELY TO FINANCIALLY SOPHISTICATED, HIGH NET WORTH AND INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS CAPABLE OF EVALUATING THE MERITS AND RISKS OF AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUND....
NO PERSON HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED TO MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS CONCERNING THE FUND OR THE INTERESTS OTHER THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THIS MEMORANDUM. THE OFFEREE MUST SUBSCRIBE SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF THE INFORMATION SET FORTH HEREIN.
THE CONTENTS OF THIS MEMORANDUM SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS INVESTMENT, LEGAL OR TAX ADVICE. THE OFFEREE IS URGED TO SEEK INDEPEN DENT INVESTMENT, LEGAL AND TAX ADVICE CONCERNING THE CONSEQUENCES OF INVESTING IN THE FUND.
THE INTERESTS ARE SPECULATIVE, ILLIQUID, INVOLVE SUBSTANTIAL RISK, AND ARE A SUITABLE INVESTMENT ONLY FOR A LIMITED PORTION OF A PORTFOLIO. INVESTORS COULD LOSE ALL OR SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THEIR INVESTMENT IN THE FUND.
SEE "RISK FACTORS."
(PPM at i.)
In its Summary of the Fund, the PPM states the following as the Fund's "Investment Objective and Strategies"
The investment objective of the Fund is to achieve superior risk-adjusted returns. The Manager [Amaranth] opportunistically employs a wide range of relative value, event-driven, directional and hybrid and other strategies in managing the Fund's portfolio on a global basis. There are no material limitations on the instruments, markets or countries in which the Fund may invest.
There can be no assurance that the investment objective of the Fund mil be achieved or that its strategies mil be successful. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results, and investors must be prepared to lose all or substantially all of their investment in the Fund.
(Id. at 2) (emphasis as italics in the original.) The PPM Summary closes with a section entitled "Suitability/Risk Factors", which states:
All prospective investors, either individually or together with their professional advisers, must have the financial sophistication and expertise to evaluate the merits and risks of an investment in the Fund.
The Interests are a speculative and illiquid investment. Investors must be prepared to lose all or substantially all of their investment in the Fund. In addition to the risks associated with the Fund's complex and leveraged trading strategies, the risks associated with an investment in the Fund include: (1) credit risks; (2) market risk; (3) legal risks; (4) operational risk; (5) documentation risk; (6) liquidity risk; (7) systematic risk; (8) concentration risk; and (9) settlement risk.
(Id. at 7) (emphasis as bold text in the original.)
As to "Investment Strategies", the PPM states that "[t]he Fund is a multi-strategy private investment company that employs a diverse group of trading strategies" and "trades globally in a broad range of equity and debt securities, derivatives and other financial instruments." (Id. at 8.) The PPM qualifies that:
Asset allocations among strategies are based on the Manager's ongoing analysis of prevailing market conditions. The Fund does not focus on, nor is its trading limited to, any geographic area, industry sector, issuer credit rating or issuer market capitalization level. The Manager is not subject to any formal diversification requirements, and the Fund's portfolio may from time to time be concentrated in a limited number of positions or strategies.
(Id.)
The PPM devotes more than fifteen pages to "RISK FACTORS" associated with investment in the Fund. (See generally PPM at 19-33.) Among "Market Risks", the PPM cautions potential investors that:
All of the Manager's strategies are subject to some dimension of market risk . [D]ue in part to the degree of leverage which certain of the Manager's strategies employ, these strategies have from time to time incurred sudden and dramatic losses.
The diversification of the Fund's positions and strategies may not always be significant and, even if significant, may not provide meaningful risk control, even though it may reduce the Fund's profit potential as a result of certain strategies being unprofitable while others are profitable.
(Id. at 20-21.) As to "Strategy Risks", the PPM states:
There can be no assurance that what is perceived by the Manager as an investment opportunity will not, in fact, result in substantial losses due to one or 'inore of a wide variety of factors. From time to time, the economic viability of an entire strategy may deteriorate, due to an excessive concentration of investors implementing the same approach or general economic events that disrupt the source of profits which the strategy seeks to exploit.... The Fund can only be successful if the Manager is able to invest successfully, and there can be no assurance that this will be the case.
(Id. at 22) (emphasis as italics in the original.) Regarding "Importance of Market Judgment", the PPM states that:
Although the Manager uses quantitative valuation models in evaluating the economic components of certain prospective trades, the Manager's quantitative strategies are by no means wholly systematic; the market judgment and discretion of the Manager's personnel are fundamental to the implementation of these strategies. The greater the importance of subjective factors, the more unpredictable a trading strategy becomes.
(Id. at 27.) The PPM makes clear that the Manager is bound by "No Formal Diversification Policies"; that is, that:
Although diversification is an integral part of the Manager's overall portfolio risk management process, the Manager is not restricted as to the percentage of the Fund's assets that may be invested in any particular issuer, industry, instrument, market or strategy. The Fund does not and will not maintain any fixed requirements for diversifying its portfolio among issuers, industries, instruments, markets or strategies. In attempting to maximize the Fund's returns, the Manager may concentrate the holdings of the Fund in those industries, companies, instruments or markets which, in the sole judgment of the Manager, provide the best profit opportunities consistent with the Fund's investment objective. Consequently, a loss in any such concentrated position could ultimately result in significant losses to the Fund and a proportionately higher reduction in the Net Asset Value of the Fund than if its capital had been spread over a wide number of positions.
(Id. at 29-30.) The PPM further discloses that the Manager "intends to develop new strategies in the future . [and] is not restricted from using the Fund's capital in developing and incubating new strategies, even if the Manager has limited experience in a new strategy." (Id. at 30.)
Among "Structural Risks", the PPM cautions investors as to the "Restrictions on Capital Withdrawals". (Id.) Specifically, the PPM states that "[i]rrespective of the success or failure of the Manager's strategies, Members' inability to withdraw from the Fund on short notice materially increases the risk of an investment ." (Id.) The PPM describes three principal methods by which members may make capital withdrawals from the Fund: Anniversary Withdrawals, Annual Appreciation Withdrawals, and Quarterly Withdrawals. (Compl. ¶ 32; PPM at 4, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. B.) The option permitting withdrawal on the shortest notice is the Quarterly Withdrawal, which permits members, upon at least 45 days' written notice to the Fund, to make a capital withdrawal as of any January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31, subject to some limitations. (PPM at 4, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. B.)
Plaintiff acknowledges that the PPM lists a number of risk factors associated with investment in the Fund. (Id. ¶ 37.) Plaintiff alleges, however, that the PPM omits material information and misrepresents the true nature of the risk Defendants employed in their management of the Fund. (Id.) Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that the PPM "failed to disclose that [Amaranth] would cease (or had ceased by the time plaintiff made its investment) operating the Fund as a diverse multi-strategy fund with sound risk controls (including the type of controls specifically promised in the PPM), that it would become (or had already become) a highly-concentrated natural gas fund ." (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that these misrepresentations were affirmed in an amended PPM distributed in January 2006, and that Plaintiff relied on these misrepresentations in making and holding its investment. (Id. ¶ 36.)
In September 2005, the month that SDCERA became a member of the Fund, Amaranth reported the best month in the Fund's history, due to Hurricane Katrina's positive effect on Amaranth's energy trading positions. (Compl. ¶ 55.) On October 10, 2005, during a conference call between representatives of Amaranth and Rocaton, Amaranth stated that it would reduce capital attributed to energy trading from 36% to 25%. (Id.) That reduction was not completed. (Id.) Instead, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Maounis continued to allocate a large amount of capital to natural gas trading into 2006. (Id. ¶ 57.) Plaintiff alleges that Maounis had the ultimate authority to make decisions regarding the Fund's capital allocations, and that Maounis did not discuss capital allocation issues -with his portfolio managers, but discussed them on "an almost daily basis" with Defendant Winkler. (Id. ¶ 56.) Plaintiff alleges that Winkler was intimately involved in all of Amaranth's operations and key decisions, "needed to approve everything", and was "extremely fastidious" in the way he ran Amaranth's operations. (Id.)
On March 29, 2006, Amaranth announced by email that the then Portfolio Manager of its energy trading desk was leaving Amaranth, and would be replaced by Defendant Hunter. (Id. ¶ 69.) Hunter had joined Amaranth in 2004 as a natural gas trader. (Compl. ¶ 46.) Before joining Amaranth, Hunter had worked at Deutsche Bank where, Plaintiff alleges, his group lost $51.2 million in one week in December 2003, eliminating more than 70% of the Bank's energy trading profits for that year. (Id.) Upon information and belief, Plaintiff alleges that Deutsche Bank consequently demoted Hunter from head trader to analyst and denied him a bonus for 2003, leading Hunter to leave the Bank in April 2004, and file a lawsuit against the Bank in New York Supreme Court for constructive termination. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that Maounis, with the approval, knowledge, and participation of Winkler and Jones, hired Hunter in bad faith, aware of Hunter's history at Deutsche Bank. (Id.) Because Hunter did not hold the title of Portfolio Manager during SDCERA's pre-investment, due diligence period, Plaintiff alleges that no one from SDCERA met with Hunter or even knew about him until Amaranth's March 2006 announcement that he would assume the role of Portfolio Manager for the Fund's energy desk. (Id. ¶ 48.)
On April 4, 2006, SDCERA spoke with Amaranth by telephone about Hunter's new role. (Id. ¶ TO.) During that call, Amaranth did not disclose Hunter's history at Deutsche Bank, alleged warnings from Amaranth risk management personnel regarding the "excessive risk" associated with Hunter's trading practices, or the departing energy Portfolio Manager's statement that he was "uncomfortable with [the] size and concentration" of Hunter's trading. (Id.)
Plaintiff alleges that, with Maounis and Winkler's "blessing and knowledge", Hunter made increasingly larger and riskier natural gas trades in 2006 with increased capital allocated to him by Amaranth and Maounis. (Id. ¶ 58.) Maounis agreed that Hunter was to receive 15% of his gains, while other portfolio managers were paid the industry standard of about 7% to 12%. (Id. ¶ 57.) Plaintiff alleges that "Hunter's positions became so large during the Spring of 2006 that Amaranth effectively was the natural gas spread market", and HedgeWorld USA, Inc. reported in 2006 that "[t] he natural gas market is not that big. [Amaranth] had billions of dollars levered. The notional amount they commended [sic] was tens of billions of dollars . All hedge funds knew that they were dominating the spread." (Id.) According to the non-profit organization, Industrial Energy Consumers of America ("IECA"), at one point Amaranth controlled at least 100,000 contracts, or the equivalent of one trillion cubic feet of natural gas, representing 54% of the monthly demand in the United States. (Id. ¶ 59.) Upon information and belief, Plaintiff alleges that Amaranth "imposed no size thresholds, concentration limits, or other measures to constrain Hunter's accumulation of natural gas." (Id. ¶ 60.)
SDCERA received the April 2006 statement of its Fund account in late May 2006. (Compl. ¶ 71.) The statement showed that in the month of April alone, the Fund's value had increased more than 13%. (Id.) In written correspondence to all investors, which Rocaton received on May 15, 2006, Amaranth and Maounis explained that the April profits were due to "extreme volatility in the energy markets" and that "[a]s volatility increased during the month, we took the opportunity to reduce exposure in our natural gas . portfolio[ ] and realized profits", a statement that Plaintiff alleges was false when made. (Id. ¶ 72.) Concerned with the large and rapid Fund value increase, SDCERA called Amaranth on June 2, 2006. (Compl. ¶ 71.) Steve Johnson of Amaranth represented during that call that: (a) the April gain was followed by a 10% loss in May; (b) the Fund volatility was caused by "an extreme tail event" (i.e., an event that will either almost certainly happen or not happen) in the movement of natural gas prices; (c) Amaranth was having the Fund cash out of its energy positions to reduce risk; and (d) Amaranth was going to "move conservatively to capitalize the risk of the positions on [the Fund's] books." (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that these representations were false, and were known and authorized by Defendants Maounis, Winkler, Jones and Amaranth, who knew they were false. (Id.) On June 7, 2006, Amaranth, Maounis, Jones, and Hunter represented to Rocaton that: (a) an unprecedented dry-up of liquidity had occurred in the natural gas market in the final two weeks of the month, while Amaranth was attempting to unwind its natural gas spreads; (b) the relationship between natural gas and fuel oil had inverted as never before; and (c) as a result, Amaranth had significantly recalibrated its risk models and would be reducing its notional energy exposure by approximately 50%. (Id. ¶ 73.) SDCERA alleges that each of these statements was false, as Defendants were aware, and that SDCERA relied on these statements in continuing to hold its investment and not exercise its withdrawal rights. (Id. ¶ 71 & 74.)
Contrary to the statements made and authorized by Defendants, Plaintiff alleges, Amaranth was not cashing the Fund out of its energy positions. (Compl. ¶ 75.) Rather, as of June 30, 2006, the Fund had increased its energy trading positions and had 56% (or $4.76 billion) of its capital allocated to energy trading. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that while the Fund's paper profits in natural gas were significant, they could not be realized, as there was no possible exit to the investment because the Fund's positions were "too large for the market." (Id.) In order to raise cash, Plaintiff alleges, Maounis, Winkler, and Jones had the Fund's traders in other areas, such as stocks and convertible bonds, reduce their positions, increasing the Fund's exposure to Hunter's trades. (Id.)
Rocaton received Amaranth's May 2006 performance report describing the Fund's May losses — the worst since the Fund's inception — on June 22, 2006, later in the month than usual and after the June 16, 2006 withdrawal request deadline for July 31 withdrawals. (Id. ¶ 76.) SDCERA's staff did not receive the May report until even later. (Id.) In the report, Amaranth and Maounis stated that the losses were "humbling" and led them to "recalibrate how [they] assess risk". (Id. ¶ 76.) Plaintiff alleges that SDCERA did not notify Amaranth to withdraw its investment by June 16 because it was unaware of the May 2006 losses, and relied on Amaranth's assurances that it was reducing the risk of the Fund's natural gas trading. (Id. ¶ 77.) Had SDCERA known the truth, Plaintiff alleges, it would have requested a withdrawal of all of its assets in the Fund at that time. (Id.)
On August 10, 2006, Rocaton participated in a phone conference with Defendants during which Defendants represented that, following the events of Spring 2006, Amaranth had dramatically reduced the notional exposure of its energy strategy. (Id. ¶ 78.) On August 14, 2006, after the collapse of an unrelated hedge fund that traded in natural gas, Amaranth again represented to SDCERA that Amaranth was reducing the Fund's energy exposure. (Id. ¶ 79.) In written correspondence to all investors received by Rocaton on August 18, 2006, Defendants reassured investors that Amaranth had "taken steps since May to reposition our [natural gas] holdings . we are targeting a smaller allocation for natural gas in the future". (Id. ¶ 80.) In reality, Plaintiff alleges that Amaranth was taking risks much greater than those expressed or implied by Defendants' representations, and acquiring additional energy positions. (Id. ¶81.) At times, Plaintiff alleges, the Fund's natural gas positions were so significant that the Fund "was the market", making the Fund's positions so illiquid that there was no party with whom to trade out the positions. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that in August 2006, managers at the New York Mercantile Exchange ("NY-MEX") became concerned over the size of the Fund's positions in natural gas, and informed Amaranth that the Fund's positions were too large. (Id. ¶ 83.) NY-MEX's warning was, however, never conveyed to SDCERA or Rocaton. (Id.)
During the week of September 11, 2006, the Fund lost about $3.2 billion, or 35% of its assets, when natural gas prices fell ten percent (10%) in a single day. (Compl. ¶ 85.) Plaintiff alleges that a ten percent drop in natural gas prices is not necessarily large, but that what hurt the Fund was the number of positions it held relative to its capital base. (Id.) The Fund collapsed in mid-September. (Id.)
SDCERA issued a written request for full redemption on September 18, 2006. (Id. ¶ 89.) On September 20, 2006, Amar anth, Maounis, and Winkler accepted an offer for the Fund's natural gas positions from JP Morgan Chase ("JP Morgan") and Citadel Investment Group LLC ("Citadel"). (Id. ¶ 91.) Plaintiff alleges that the sale cost the Fund approximately $5 billion, with $2.5 billion due to trading losses and $2 to $2.5 billion in concession fees demanded by JP Morgan and Citadel. (Id.) With the sale, the Fund's losses rose to $6 billion by the end of September. (Id. ¶ 92.) On September 29, 2006, Amaranth announced to investors that all redemption requests payable on September 30 and October 31, 2006, including Plaintiffs were "temporarily suspended." (Id. ¶ 94.) To date, Amaranth has not honored SDCERA's redemption request. (Id.) The Fund has, however, made liquidating distributions, including $61 million to SDCERA as of March 2007. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that "had defendants adequately managed risk as represented, the Fund would have been able to withstand the fall in prices in mid-September 2006" but because Defendants "leveraged the Fund's trading positions, instead of the Fund's capital base, and had not adequately hedged their bets . the Fund did not have enough cash to meet withdrawals and margin calls, and investors like SDCERA lost most of their capital." (Id. ¶ 95.)
II. DISCUSSION
A. Defendant Brian Hunter's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2)
Defendant Hunter moves to dismiss the Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2). Defendant argues that because he is a citizen and resident of Canada, and did not conduct business in New York, there is no basis for personal jurisdiction over him in this Court.
Courts typically consider a defendant's jurisdictional motions before considering any other type of motions. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 94, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998) (" '[wjithout jurisdiction the court cannot proceed at all in any cause' ") (quoting Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. 506, 514, 7 Wall. 506, 19 L.Ed. 264 (1868)). On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of making a prima facie showing that jurisdiction exists. Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Walker, 490 F.3d 239, 242 (2d Cir.2007). In deciding such a motion, "a district court has considerable procedural leeway," Marine Midland Bank, N.A. v. Miller, 664 F.2d 899, 904 (2d Cir.1981) (citations omitted), and "may look to evidence outside the pleadings." Seaweed, Inc. v. DMA Product & Design & Marketing LLC, 219 F.Supp.2d 551 (S.D.N.Y.2002). The court may "determine the motion on the basis of affidavits alone or it may permit discovery in aid of the motion; or it may conduct an evidentiary hearing on the merits of the motion." Id. Plaintiff ultimately bears the burden of establishing personal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, either at an evidentiary hearing or at trial. A.I. Trade Fin., Inc. v. Petra Bank, 989 F.2d 76, 79 (2d Cir.1993). "But where the issue is addressed on affidavits, all allegations are construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and doubts are resolved in the plaintiffs favor." Id. Conclusory allegations lacking factual specificity, however, do not satisfy plaintiffs burden. Jazini v. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 148 F.3d 181, 184-85 (2d Cir.1998).
As no jurisdictional discovery has occurred, and the Court will decide Defendant's motion on the basis of affidavits, the Court construes all allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. See id. Plaintiff alleges that Hunter, a resident of Canada, is subject to personal jurisdiction under both C.P.L.R. § 301, New York's general jurisdiction statute, and C.P.L.R. § 302, New York's long-arm statute, because he traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange ("NYMEX"), which is located in this District. (Compl. ¶ 20-21; PL Opp. to Hunter Mot. at 5-12.)
"Presence" in New York at the time the action is commenced is the key to general jurisdiction under C.P.L.R. § 301. FCNB Spiegel Inc. v. Dimmick, 163 Misc.2d 152, 619 N.Y.S.2d 935, 937 (N.Y.Civ.Ct.1994). New York courts may exercise jurisdiction over non-domiciliary defendants "doing business in New York" under § 301 based on the doctrine of "constructive presence." Id. (citation omitted). A non-resident defendant is constructively present in New York if it is "engaged in such a continuous and systematic course of doing business here as to warrant a finding of its presence in this jurisdiction." Laufer v. Ostrow, 55 N.Y.2d 305, 309-10, 449 N.Y.S.2d 456, 434 N.E.2d 692 (N.Y.1982). Personal jurisdiction over a nonresident individual is proper only if the individual himself is "doing business" in New York. Id. at 313, 449 N.Y.S.2d 456, 434 N.E.2d 692. Where an individual defendant is acting on behalf of a corporation, he does not subject himself to personal jurisdiction under § 301. Id.
Plaintiff contends that because Hunter derived pecuniary benefit from the trades he conducted on the NYMEX on behalf of Amaranth, Hunter was "doing business" on behalf of himself in New York, warranting jurisdiction under C.P.L.R. § 301. This argument fails under New York law. Hunter traded in the New York market at all times as an employee of Amaranth, and the trades were conducted within the scope of his work for Amaranth. This is not enough to create personal jurisdiction over Hunter individually under C.P.L.R. § 301. See Laufer, 55 N.Y.2d at 313, 449 N.Y.S.2d 456, 434 N.E.2d 692.
Hunter's trading on the NYMEX does, however, create a basis for personal jurisdiction under C.P.L.R. § 302, New York's long-arm statute. C.P.L.R. § 302(a) provides that a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over any non-domiciliary if that party "transacts any business within the state" and if the claim arises from these business contacts. D.H. Blair & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 104 (2d Cir.2006) (citation omitted). The showing necessary to find that a defendant "transacted business and is suable on a cause of action arising from that transaction" is "considerably less than that needed to establish defendant's 'doing business' " under C.P.L.R. § 301. Hoffritz for Cutlery, Inc. v. Amajac, Ltd., 763 F.2d 55, 58-59 (2d Cir.1985) (citations omitted). To have transacted business in New York, a defendant must have " 'purposely availed [himself] of the privilege of conducting activities within New York and thereby invoked the benefits and protections of its laws.' " Bank Brussels Lambert v. Fiddler Gonzalez & Rodriguez, 171 F.3d 779, 787 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. v. Franklyn, 26 N.Y.2d 13, 308 N.Y.S.2d 337, 341, 256 N.E.2d 506 (1970)) (alteration in original). "To determine whether a party has 'transacted business' in New York, courts must look at the totality of circumstances concerning the party's interactions with, and activities within, the state." Id.
Recently, in another case in this District against Hunter surrounding trades he made on the NYMEX while employed by Amaranth, the Honorable Judge Denny Chin denied Hunter's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. See U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Com'n v. Amaranth Advisors, LLC et al., 554 F.Supp.2d 523 (S.D.N.Y.2008). In finding jurisdiction appropriate under C.P.L.R. § 302(a), Judge Chin found that because Hunter "personally placed orders through a NYMEX broker and directed Amaranth traders under his supervision to place orders to trade natural gas futures on NYMEX on February 24 and March 26 [2006]____Hunter was clearly transacting business within the state, albeit by telephone from Canada, which is sufficient to support personal jurisdiction under New York's long-arm statute." Id. at 530 (citation omitted). As this case involves these and other trades made by Hunter for Amaranth from Canada on the NYMEX in early 2006, jurisdiction is appropriate under C.P.L.R. § 302(a) and U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Com'n. See also In re Nat. Gas. Commodity Litig., 337 F.Supp.2d 498 (S.D.N.Y.2004). Defendant Hunter's Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is accordingly DENIED.
B. Legal Standard for a Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
Defendants have moved to dismiss each Count of the Complaint for failure to state a claim, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). For a complaint to survive dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), the plaintiff must plead "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). "A claim has facial plausibility," the Supreme Court has explained,
"when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to a 'probability requirement,' but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Where a complaint pleads facts that are 'merely consistent with' a defendant's liability, it 'stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of 'entitlement to relief.' ' "
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Edüd 868 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57, 127 S.Ct. 1955). "[A] plaintiffs obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of cause of action will not do." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (internal quotation marks omitted). "In keeping with these principles," the Supreme Court has stated:
"a court considering a motion to dismiss can choose to begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief."
Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950.
In ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion, a court may consider the complaint as well as "any written instrument attached to the complaint as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated in it by reference." Zdenek Marek v. Old Navy (Apparel) Inc., 348 F.Supp.2d 275, 279 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (citing Yak v. Bank Brussels Lambert, 252 F.3d 127, 130 (2d Cir.2001) (internal quotations omitted)).
C. Securities Fraud (Count One)
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Maounis, Winkler, Jones, and Amaranth knowingly and intentionally made several misrepresentations and omissions of material fact in order to induce SDCERA to invest in the Fund, in violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 ("Securities Act"), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. (Compl. ¶ 97.) Plaintiff alleges that these misrepresentations included oral representations made to SDCERA and Rocaton at the March 2005 meeting at Amaranth, in Connecticut, and at the July 21, 2005 SDCERA Board meeting, as well as written representations made in the PPM. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that at the time the misrepresentations were made, Defendants knew that they were false, and intended that SDCERA would rely on the false representations in deciding whether or not to invest in the Fund. (Id.) Plaintiff claims that it reasonably relied on Defendants' misrepresentations when it invested $175 million in the Fund, and that, as a direct result of Defendants' fraud, Plaintiff suffered damages in excess of $150 million. (Id. ¶ 99-100.)
Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs securities fraud claim for failure to state a claim, arguing that Plaintiff cannot claim to have reasonably relied on any oral representations or omissions prior to its investment, because Plaintiff agreed in the Subscription Agreement at the time of investment that it would rely only on the representations made in the PPM in making its investment. Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot claim to have been misled by representations in the PPM itself given the abundance of cautionary language contained in the PPM, which explicitly warned Plaintiff of the risks that brought about its loss.
Section 10(b) of the Securities Act makes it unlawful to "use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security . any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may proscribe." 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). Rule 10b-5 prohibits "mak[ing] an untrue statement of material fact or [omitting] to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading...." 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. To state a claim for securities fraud under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a plaintiff must plead "that the defendant, in connection with the purchase or sale of securities, made a materially false statement or omitted a material fact, with scienter, and that the plaintiffs reliance on the defendant's action caused injury to the plaintiff." Dresner v. Utility.com, Inc., 371 F.Supp.2d 476, 491 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (quoting Lawrence v. Cohn, 325 F.3d 141, 147 (2d Cir.2003)). A statement or omission is "material" if there is "a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omit ted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the 'total mix' of information made available." Halperin v. eBanker USA. com, Inc., 295 F.3d 352, 357 (2d Cir.2002) (quoting Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231-32, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988)). Plaintiff must establish that its reliance on any alleged misrepresentations or omissions was reasonable. Emergent Capital Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Stonepath Group, Inc., 343 F.3d 189, 195 (2d Cir.2003). In assessing the reasonableness of a plaintiffs alleged reliance, courts in this Circuit consider the entire context of the transaction, including factors such as its complexity and magnitude, the sophistication of the parties, and the content of any agreements between them. Id. (citing Lazard Freres & Co. v. Protective Life Ins. Co., 108 F.3d 1531, 1541-Í3 (2d Cir.1997)) (additional citation omitted).
Defendants argue that the non-reliance provisions in the Subscription Agreement foreclose a securities fraud claim by Plaintiff surrounding alleged oral misrepresentations made by Defendants to SDCERA prior to its investment. This Circuit has held that in appropriate circumstances, sophisticated parties may by certain contractual provisions waive rights to rely on statements made outside an agreement, thereby precluding them from later alleging fraud on the basis of such statements. See Emergent Capital, 343 F.3d at 196. To determine whether a plaintiffs reliance was reasonable in light of such a merger or waiver clause, the Court must look to "the entire context of the transaction, including factors such as its complexity and magnitude, the sophistication of the parties and the content of any agreements between them." Id. at 195.
SDCERA is a sophisticated investor, responsible for collecting and investing retirement funds for approximately 33,000 eligible employees, former employees, and retirees of the County of San Diego and other participating employers. (Compl. ¶ 23.) Before investing in the Fund, SDCERA retained the services of an investment advisor, Rocaton, including consulting services specific to investing in hedge funds. (Id. ¶ 38.) It was Rocaton, SDCERA's professional investment advis- or, that initially introduced SDCERA to the Fund, and Plaintiff alleges that Rocaton met with Amaranth several times before SDCERA made its investment. (Id. ¶ 39 & 41.) Rocaton participated in SDCERA's March 2005 meeting with Amaranth, and advised Plaintiff throughout the due diligence period prior to investment. (Id) Rocaton guided and assisted SDCERA through its investment, its concomitant receipt of the PPM, and its execution of the Fund's LLC Agreement, Subscription Agreement and a related confidentiality agreement, which permitted Rocaton to receive information on behalf of SDCERA. (Id. ¶ 31 & 51.)
In executing the Subscription Agreement at the time of investment, SDCERA agreed and represented that it
"has been furnished a copy of the [PPM] and has carefully read and understands the [PPM], has evaluated the risks of a purchase of the Interest, including the risks set forth in the [PPM] . and has relied solely on the information contained in the [PPM] in deciding whether to invest in the Fund (irrespective of any other materials and information furnished to [SDCERA] in connection with such investment)"
(Subscription Agreement at S-2, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. A.) The General Notices of the PPM provided to Plaintiff further included the following clause:
"NO PERSON HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED TO MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS CONCERNING THE FUND OR THE INTERESTS OTHER THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THIS MEMORANDUM. THE OFFEREE MUST SUBSCRIBE SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF THE INFORMATION SET FORTH HEREIN."
(PPM at i, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. B.) The language of these contractual provisions is clear and unequivocal: SDCERA agreed in executing the Subscription Agreement at the time of its investment that it "ha[d] relied solely on the information contained in the [PPM] in deciding whether to invest in the Fund (irrespective of any other materials and information furnished to [SDCERA] ." (Subscription Agreement at S-2.)
Given the sophistication of SDCERA and its investment advisor, and the clear, unambiguous language of the non-reliance provisions at issue, the Court finds Plaintiffs purported reliance on statements made before the execution of the Subscription Agreement to be unreasonable as a matter of law. See Dresner v. Utility.com, Inc., 371 F.Supp.2d 476, 492-93 (S.D.N.Y.2005); see also Emergent Capital, 343 F.3d at 195; Harsco Corp. v. Segui, 91 F.3d 337, 343 (2d Cir.1996). Plaintiffs securities fraud claim against Defendants is therefore dismissed insofar as it relates to representations made before the execution of the Subscription Agreement.
Regarding Plaintiffs claim surrounding alleged written misrepresentations in the PPM, Defendants argue that the "bespeaks caution" doctrine precludes this claim as a matter of law, because the PPM was saturated with cautionary language that warned Plaintiff of the precise risks that ultimately precipitated its loss. Under the "bespeaks caution" doctrine, "[c]ertain alleged misrepresentations in a[n] . offering are immaterial as a matter of law" and therefore not actionable under Section 10(b), "because it cannot be said that any reasonable investor could consider them important in light of the adequate cautionary language set out in the same offering." Halperin, 295 F.3d at 357 (citations omitted). Accordingly, the Second Circuit has stated that:
"when cautionary language is present, we analyze the allegedly fraudulent materials in their entirety to determine whether a reasonable investor would have been misled. The touchstone of the inquiry is not whether isolated statements within a document were true, but whether defendants' representations or omissions, considered together and in context, would affect the total mix of information and thereby mislead a reasonable investor regarding the nature of the securities offered."
Id. A securities fraud claim brought under Section 10(b) must be dismissed as a matter of law where the cautionary language provided "explicitly warns of or directly relates to the risk that brought about a plaintiffs loss". In re Salomon Analyst Winstar Litig., 2006 WL 510526, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2006) and "no reasonable investor could have been misled about the nature of the risk when he invested." Halperin, 295 F.3d at 360.
Because "[c]autionary language in securities offerings is just about universal . the key question a district court must decide when determining whether to grant a motion to dismiss a securities fraud complaint is whether plaintiffs have overcome the existence of such language." Id. at 359. Plaintiffs can do this, as Plaintiff attempts to do here, by showing that the cautionary language provided "did not expressly warn of or did not directly relate to the risk that brought about plaintiffs' loss." Id. (citing Hunt v. Alliance N. American Gov't Income Trust, Inc., 159 F.3d 723, 729 (2d Cir.1998)). Plaintiff claims here that although the PPM warned of Amaranth's broad discretion in managing risks and diversifying the Fund's investments, the PPM ultimately promised that Defendants would operate the Fund with meaningful risk-controlling diversification, and it was Defendants' abandonment of that promise that precipitated Plaintiffs loss.
Rather than omitting or misrepresenting Defendants' discretion in managing the Fund, the PPM and Subscription Agreement loudly and repeatedly warn investors, including Plaintiff, that Amaranth and its personnel entertain wide discretion and are bound by no requirements of diversification or risk control. The PPM discloses instantly that "[t]here are no material limitations on the instruments, markets or countries in which the Fund may invest". (PPM at 2.) Next to a statement that the Fund is a "multi-strategy private investment company that employs a diverse group of trading strategies", the PPM qualifies that "[t]he Manager is not subject to any formal diversification requirements, and the Fund's portfolio may from time to time be concentrated in a limited number of positions or strategies." (PPM at 8.) Among the many "RISK FACTORS" associated with investment in the Fund, addressed by over fifteen pages of the PPM, the PPM cautions investors specifically that "[t]he diversification of the Fund's positions and strategies may not always be significant and, even if significant, may not provide meaningful risk control ." (Id.) (emphasis added.) The PPM further warns that:
"There can be no assurance that what is perceived by the Manager as an investment opportunity will not, in fact, result in substantial losses due to one or more of a wide variety of factors. From time to time, the economic viability of an entire strategy may deteriorate, due to an excessive concentration of investors implementing the same approach or general economic events that disrupt the source of profits which the strategy seeks to exploit.... The Fund can only be successful if the Manager is able to invest successfully, and there can be no assurance that this will be the case."
(Id. at 22.) The PPM cautions as to the "Importance of Market Judgment" that:
"Although the Manager uses quantitative valuation models in evaluating the economic components of certain prospective trades, the Manager's quantitative strategies are by no means wholly systematic; the market judgment and discretion of the Manager's personnel are fundamental to the implementation of these strategies. The greater the importance of subjective factors, the more unpredictable a trading strategy becomes."
(Id. at 27) (emphases added.) The PPM makes clear that the Manager is bound by "No Formal Diversification Policies", that is, that:
"Although diversification is an integral part of the Manager's overall portfolio risk management process, the Manager is not restricted as to the percentage of the Fund's assets that may be invested in any particular issuer, industry, instrument, market or strategy. The Fund does not and will not maintain any fixed requirements for diversifying its portfolio among issuers, industries, instruments, markets or strategies. In attempting to maximize the Fund's returns, the Manager may concentrate the holdings of the Fund in those industries, companies, instruments or markets which, in the sole judgment of the Manager, provide the best profit opportunities consistent with the Fund's investment objective. Consequently, a loss in any such concentrated position could ultimately result in significant losses to the Fund and a proportionately higher reduction in the Net Asset Value of the Fund than if its capital had been spread over a wide number of positions."
(Id. at 29-30) (emphases added.) Further, the PPM discloses that the Manager "intends to develop new strategies in the future . [and] is not restricted from using the Fund's capital in developing and incubating new strategies, even if the Manager has limited experience in a new strategy." (Id. at 30.)
The PPM warned Plaintiff, loud and clear, that Amaranth and its personnel were not subject to any diversification requirements, that diversification may not be significant, that holdings may be concentrated, and that the Fund relied on the subjective judgment and discretion of its management, creating a significant risk of substantial loss. Plaintiff was warned of the precise risks that it now claims precipitated its loss. Indeed, rather than omit or obscure the risks attendant to investment, and those that engendered the Fund's collapse, the Court finds that the offering materials provided to SDCERA "not only bespeak caution . they shout it from the rooftops". Halperin, 295 F.3d at 360. As such, Plaintiff cannot maintain a claim to securities fraud on these facts as a matter of law. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Count One of the Complaint is GRANTED.
D. Common Law Fraud (Count Two)
Plaintiff charges Defendants Maounis, Winkler, Jones and Amaranth with common law fraud, surrounding both Plaintiffs initial decision to invest in the Fund and its later decision not to withdraw its investment. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants fraudulently induced SDCERA to invest and hold its investment through misrepresentations made before and after its investment. (Compl. ¶ 102-106.)
Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs first common law fraud claim, surrounding Defendants' alleged inducement of Plaintiff into making its investment, on the same grounds that they moved to dismiss Plaintiffs federal securities fraud claim. To state a claim for common law fraud in New York, a plaintiff must allege "a material, false representation, an intent to defraud thereby, and reasonable reliance on the representation, causing damage to the plaintiff." Katara v. D.E. Jones Commodities, Inc., 835 F.2d 966, 970-71 (2d Cir.1987). Because the elements of common law fraud in New York are "substantially identical to those governing § 10(b), the identical analysis applies." Morse v. Weingarten, 777 F.Supp. 312, 319 (S.D.N.Y.1991). As such, the Court's finding that Plaintiffs reliance upon Defendants' alleged misrepresentations prior to investment was unreasonable as a matter of law defeats Plaintiffs common law fraud claim alleging fraudulent inducement into investment just as it defeated Plaintiffs federal securities fraud claim.
Plaintiffs second claim to common law fraud is that Defendants made written and oral misrepresentations to SDCERA and Rocaton after Plaintiffs investment to induce Plaintiff to hold its investment, and not exercise its withdrawal rights under the Subscription Agreement. (Compl. ¶ 105.) Defendants argue that there is a conflict of laws regarding this claim among the states relevant to this action, and as Connecticut is the state with the greatest interest, Connecticut law governs. Because Connecticut law does not permit "holder" claims as a matter of law, Defendants argue that dismissal of Plaintiffs common law fraud "holder" claim is warranted.
Federal courts typically apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state. See GlobalNet Fin. Com., Inc. v. Frank Crystal & Co., 449 F.3d 377, 382 (2d Cir.2006). Under New York choice-of-law rules, the first step is to determine whether there is a substantive conflict between the laws of the relevant jurisdictions. Id. In the case of a conflict, a choice-of-law analysis is appropriate. Id.
In the case of Plaintiffs common law-fraud "holder" claim, the Court finds that a conflict does exist between the laws of New York, Delaware, Connecticut, and California, the relevant states at issue. New York, Delaware, and California recognize the right to pursue "holder" claims, while Connecticut does not. Compare In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 382 F.Supp.2d 549, 559 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (citation omitted) ("New York recognizes a claim for fraud where investors were induced to retain securities in reliance on a defendant's misrepresentations"), In re Oracle Corp., 867 A.2d 904, 932 n. 118 (Del.Ch.2004) (Delaware law "is in tension with federal law" because it recognizes the possibility of a holder's recovery), and Small v. Fritz Cos., 30 Cal.4th 167, 132 Cal.Rptr.2d 490, 494-95, 65 P.3d 1255 (2003) ("California recognizes a cause of action for stockholders induced by fraud or negligent misrepresentation to refrain from selling stock . ") with Chanoff v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 857 F.Supp. 1011, 1018 (D.Conn.), aff'd, 31 F.3d 66 (2d Cir.1994) (under Connecticut law "claims for damages based on the plaintiffs' failure to sell or hedge their stock are too speculative to be actionable"). As such, a choice-of-law analysis is necessary.
For tort claims, including fraud, New York courts apply an "interest analysis", giving "controlling effect to the law of the jurisdiction which, because of its relationship or contact with the occurrence or the parties, has the greatest concern with the specific issue raised in the litigation." Babcock v. Jackson, 12 N.Y.2d 473, 481, 240 N.Y.S.2d 743, 191 N.E.2d 279 (1963); see GlobalNet, 449 F.3d at 384. The significant contacts are generally the parties' domiciles and the locus of the tort. Cromer Finance Ltd. v. Berger, 137 F.Supp.2d 452, 492 (S.D.N.Y.2001). When the law is one which regulates conduct, "the law of the jurisdiction where the tort occurred will generally apply because that jurisdiction has the greatest interest in regulating behavior within its borders." GlobalNet, 449 F.3d at 384. For claims based on fraud, the locus of the fraud is "the place where the injury was inflicted, as opposed to the place where the fraudulent act originated", which "is usually where the plaintiff is located." Cromer, 137 F.Supp.2d at 492 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiff argues that because SDCERA is located in California, and California is where Plaintiff suffered its loss, California law applies to Plaintiffs common law fraud "holder" claim. (PI. Opp. at 46-47.) Defendants maintain that Connecticut law applies, given that the majority of the facts giving rise to the alleged fraud and injury occurred in Connecticut. (Def.'s Mem. at 24-25.) While for the purpose of "interest analysis", the tort is thought to have "occurred" "where the injury was inflicted", which is "usually where the plaintiff is located" rather than "where the fraudulent act originated", injury in this case "has occurred in locations with only limited connection to the conduct at issue, while a substantial portion of the fraudulent conduct has occurred" in another locus, Connecticut. Cromer, 137 F.Supp.2d at 492. In such a case, "the plaintiffs' location is not a dispositive factor," and "other occurrences and contacts within each jurisdiction that relate to the conflict of law" are appropriately considered. Pension Committee of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of America Securities, LLC, 446 F.Supp.2d 163, 193 (S.D.N.Y.2006). The jurisdiction with the greatest concentration of occurrences and contacts with the issues presented in this litigation is clearly Connecticut. Amaranth and the Fund operated out of offices in Connecticut, and each of the individual Defendants worked from Amaranth's Connecticut office, including Hunter, who worked in Connecticut until he began to trade from Amaranth's Calgary office in 2006. Defendants' alleged misrepresentations were made from Amaranth's Connecticut offices, including alleged oral representations made during conference and telephone calls with Plaintiff, and written reports generated to investors in 2006. Because occurrences in Connecticut and the Parties' contacts with that forum bear the most relation to the torts at issue, Connecticut has the greatest interest in applying its law with respect to these Defendants, who are alleged to have executed a number of torts within the state, to "serve as a check against such misconduct." Id. at 195. As such, the Court finds that Connecticut law governs Plaintiffs common law fraud "holder" claim. Because such claims are "too speculative to be actionable" in Connecticut, Chanoff, 857 F.Supp. 1011, 1018 (D.Conn.), aff'd, 31 F.3d 66 (2d Cir.1994); see In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 336 F.Supp.2d 310, 320 (S.D.N.Y.2004), Plaintiffs claim fails as a matter of law.
Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Count Two of the Complaint is GRANTED.
E. Gross Negligence (Counts Three and Eight), Breach of Fiduciary Duty (Count Five), and Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty (Count Six)
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs Gross Negligence and Breach of Fiduciary claims, asserted in Counts Three, Five, Six, and Eight of the Complaint are derivative claims, and must therefore be dismissed due to Plaintiffs lack of standing, pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6), and 23.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Plaintiff alleges in Count Eight that Defendant Hunter breached a duty of care to SDCERA by failing to perform his jobs as energy trader, co-Portfolio Manager, and Portfolio Manager with diligence. (Compl. ¶ 131.) Plaintiff alleges in Count Three that Defendants Maounis, Winkler, and Jones acted with gross negligence when they failed to control for risk and monitor Defendant Hunter's trading activities, despite knowledge of Hunter's history, and the risk and volatility of his investments. (Compl. ¶ 110.) Plaintiff alleges in Count Five that Defendants Amaranth, Maounis, Winkler, and Jones breached fiduciary duties to act honestly, openly, fairly, and in the best interests of SDCERA "[bjy failing to properly manage the Fund, failing to exercise proper risk management and control over Hunter, concentrating the Fund's exposure in the natural gas sector, and by deliberately misleading SDCERA as to the Fund's investment strategies and risk controls before and after SDCERA made its investment." (Id ¶ 117.) In Count Six, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Hunter, Winkler, and Jones aided and abetted these breaches of fiduciary duty. (Id ¶ 122-23.)
Because the Fund was incorporated in Delaware, the Court applies Delaware law to determine whether the suit may be brought directly on behalf of investors or whether it must be brought derivatively. See Debussy LLC v. Deutsche Bank AG, 2006 WL 800956, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2006) ("When deciding issues of 'shareholder standing,' that is, whether claims should be brought directly or derivatively, courts must look to the law of the fund's state of incorporation.") (citation omitted). Under Delaware law, to determine whether a claim is properly characterized as direct or derivative, the court examines two questions: "(1) who suffered the alleged harm (the corporation or the suing stockholders, individually); and (2) who would receive the benefit of any recovery or other remedy (the corporation or the stockholders, individually)." Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031, 1033 (Del.2004). To constitute a direct claim, the "claimed direct injury must be independent of any alleged injury to the corporation. The stockholder must demonstrate that the duty breached was owed to the stockholder and that he or she can prevail without showing any injury to the corporation." Id at 1039. In conducting its analysis, the court must not rely on a plaintiffs characterization of his claims in the complaint, but rather, "must look to all the facts of the complaint and determine for itself whether a direct claim exists." Dieterich v. Harrer, 857 A.2d 1017, 1027 (Del.Ch.2004); see also In re Syncor International Corp. Shareholders Litig., 857 A.2d 994, 997 (Del.Ch.2004) ("under Tooley, the duty of the court is to look at the nature of the wrong alleged, not merely at the form of words used in the complaint.").
The gravamen of Plaintiffs gross negligence claims is that Defendants acted recklessly when they failed to manage the Fund's trading activities, and that Plaintiff lost over $150 million when the Fund collapsed as a result. Plaintiff cannot prevail on such claims without showing that the Fund itself was injured — in fact, that it collapsed. Plaintiffs loss, like that of all other investors in the Fund, was incidental to the Fund's financial ruin. Plaintiff itself asserts in the Complaint that "[a]s a result of Defendants' fraud and other misconduct, the Fund collapsed in late-September 2006, resulting in a loss of over $6 billion in Fund value, and causing SDCERA to lose more than $150 million." (Compl. ¶ 4) (emphasis added.) Recovery on a gross negligence claim belongs to the Fund, and must be shared proportionately by all the Fund's investors. "Essentially [ ] claim[s] for mismanagement" of the Fund, Plaintiffs gross negligence claims are "paradigmatic derivative elaim[s]." See Albert v. Alex Brown Management Services, 2005 WL 2130607, at *13 (Del.Ch.2005); see also Kramer v. W. Pac. Indus., Inc., 546 A.2d 348, 353 (Del.1988).
Plaintiffs breach of fiduciary duty claims allege essentially that by failing to manage properly the Fund, and by misleading SDCERA regarding the Fund's investment strategies, Defendants breached their fiduciary duties to Plaintiff, and/or aided and abetted these breaches of fiduciary duty, resulting in a loss of over $150 million to SDCERA when the Fund collapsed. The first allegation — that Defendants broke fiduciary duties to SDCERA by failing to manage properly the Fund— is, like Plaintiffs gross negligence claims, a classic claim of fund mismanagement that belongs to the Fund, and is therefore derivative. See Debussy, 2006 WL 800956, at *3 ("When the duty implicated in a breach of duty claim is the normal duty to manage the affairs of the corporation . [t]hat duty is owed to the corporation and not separately or independently to the stockholders. Therefore, the injury flowing from a claim of mismanagement — although admittedly here not by a corporate board of directors but rather by the portfolio manager of the Trust's assets — is a wrong to the corporation.") (citing Dieterich v. Harrer, 857 A.2d 1017, 1027 (Del.Ch.2004); Agostino v. Hicks, 845 A.2d 1110, 1123 (Del.Ch.2004) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Plaintiffs second breach of fiduciary duty claim — that Defendants breached fiduciary duties to SDCERA by making misrepresentations to Plaintiff before and after its investment — is less straightforward, but also derivative under Tooley. While Plaintiff claims it was individually wronged by Defendants' misrepresentations, "[t]o the extent that plaintiff was deprived of accurate information upon which to base its investment decisions '... [plaintiff] experienced an injury suffered by all" Fund investors when the Fund collapsed, in proportion to their share of investment.' Smith v. Waste Management Inc., 407 F.3d 381, 385 (5th Cir.2005) (quoting Manzo v. Rite Aid, 2002 WL 31926606, at *5 (Del.Ch.2002)). Plaintiffs claim is derivative, because the misrepresentations that allegedly caused its losses injured not just Plaintiff, but the Fund as a whole. See Smith, 407 F.3d at 384-85 (5th Cir.2005); compare from Albert, 2005 WL 2130607 at *13 (finding claims for breach of fiduciary duty based on nondisclosure of information to be direct where "the unitholders, not the partnerships, suffered the alleged harm."). Plaintiff has not alleged that Defendants aimed their misconduct specifically at SDCERA, uniquely or with any particular animus, and not at other investors. Indeed, the Fund lost $6 billion, and Plaintiff invested only $175 million, so Plaintiff could not possibly be alone in the alleged deceptions. Without such a showing, Plaintiffs breach of fiduciary duty claims remain derivative. See Big Lots Stores, Inc. v. Bain Capital Fund VII, LLC, 922 A.2d 1169, 1179-80 (citing Production Resources Group v. NCT Group, 863 A.2d 772 (Del.Ch.2004)).
Because SDCERA did not make pre-suit demand or plead facts excusing such demand for its derivative claims, these claims must be dismissed. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Counts Three, Five, Six, and Eight of the Complaint is GRANTED.
F. Breach of Contract (Count Four)
Plaintiff alleges in Count Four of the Complaint that Amaranth is liable for breach of contract, to wit, breach of the Subscription Agreement and LLC Agreement. (Compl. ¶ 113.) Plaintiff alleges that, pursuant to these contracts and the PPM, Amaranth agreed "to allocate capital and manage the Fund as if it were a diverse multi-strategy hedge fund with sound risk management policies." (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that Amaranth willfully and knowingly breached the terms of its contracts with SDCERA, as well as the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, by instead "concentrating the Fund's exposure in the energy sector, and . failing to manage the Fund properly by, inter alia, failing to exercise proper risk controls." (Id.) Defendant Amaranth argues that it is not a party to the Subscription Agreement because it signed the Agreement on behalf of the Fund as Manager, and not on behalf of itself individually. Defendant asserts that the LLC Agreement contains a provision that expressly precludes liability against Amaranth as Manager for breach of contract. (Def.'s Mem. at 35-37). Defendant further submits that Plaintiff has failed to cite a specific term within either agreement that Amaranth allegedly breached, and that Plaintiffs breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law. (Id. at 37).
Plaintiff does not contest that the limitation of liability provision in the LLC agreement absolves Amaranth of any breach of contract arising out of that Agreement. (Pl.'s Opp. at 95.) The Court therefore analyses Plaintiffs breach of contract claim as it pertains to the Subscription Agreement only.
The Subscription Agreement, executed by the Fund and Plaintiff at the time of investment, contains a clause providing that the laws of the State of New York govern the contract. (See Subscription Agreement at S-9, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. A.) Under New York law, "it is well-settled that an individual who signs a contract on behalf of a corporation, indicates her representative capacity on the contract, and exhibits no intention to assume personal liability for the corporation's breaches is not subject to personal liability." Hudson Venture Partners, LP v. Patriot Aviation Group, Inc., 1999 WL 76803, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 1999). "A corporate agent who signs a contract within the authority of his official capacity 'will not be personally bound unless there is clear and explicit evidence that the agent intended to substitute his personal liability for that of his principal or that fraud is involved.' " Tesgaye v. Impol Aluminum Corp., 2003 WL 221743, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (quoting In re Estate of Gifford, 144 A.D.2d 742, 535 N.Y.S.2d 154, 156 (App.Div.1988)). The Subscription Agreement was executed between Amaranth Partners, LLC — the "Fund" — and SDCERA, the Subscriber, and is signed by SDCERA and "Amaranth Partners LLC By: Amaranth Advisors LLC, its Manager." (See Subscription Agreement, Execution Pages (Entities)-lO, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. A) (emphasis added.) Defendant Winkler, Chief Operating Officer of Amaranth, signed for Amaranth on behalf of the Fund. (Id.) Among the "Subscription Instructions" on the second page of the Agreement, the Agreement states,
The Manager reserves the right to reject Subscription Agreements in whole or in part. This Subscription Agreement is not accepted by the Fund until the Manager has executed a counterpart of the Execution Pages of this Subscription Agreement on behalf of the Fund and returned them to the Subscriber.
(Subscription Agreement at 2, at Def.'s Mem., Ex. A) (emphasis added.) Plaintiff has offered no evidence that Amaranth intended to substitute its personal liability for that of the Fund. Therefore, Defendant cannot be bound by the Subscription Agreement as a matter of law, and Plaintiffs breach of contract claim is dismissed.
Further, as "New York law does not recognize a separate cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when it is based on the same facts as the breach of contract claim", Goldblatt v. Englander Commc'ns, L.L.C., 2007 WL 148699, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 22, 2007) (citing Harris v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 310 F.3d 73, 81 (2d Cir.2002)), Plaintiffs claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is likewise dismissed. Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count Four is GRANTED.
G. Vicarious Liability (Count Seven)
In Count Seven of the Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Maounis, Winkler, Jones, and Amaranth are vicariously liable for the wrongful acts and omissions made by Hunter within the scope of his employment by Defendants. (Compl. ¶ 127.) Defendants have correctly argued, and Plaintiff concedes (Pl.'s Opp. at 98) that a "viable cause of action against the employee . is a condition precedent to imputing vicarious liability for such negligence to the employer pursuant to the theory of respondeat superior." Greco v. Univ. of Del., 619 A.2d 900, 903 (Del.1993). As all the prior Counts of the Complaint have been dismissed, Plaintiff has failed to state a viable cause of action against Hunter. Therefore, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Count Seven of the Complaint is GRANTED.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant Hunter's Motion to Dismiss the Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2) is DENIED. Each Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) and 23.1 is GRANTED in its entirety. The Clerk of Court is directed to close the docket in this case.
SO ORDERED.
. Defendants have moved separately but make the same substantive arguments for dismissal as to Count One (Securities Fraud), Count Two (Common Law Fraud), Count Three (Gross Negligence), Count Five (Breach of Fiduciary Duty), Count Six (Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty), and Count Seven (Vicarious Liability). Only Defendant Amaranth is charged in Count Four (Breach of Contract), and has moved to dismiss that claim. For convenience, and because the arguments are most completely articulated by Amaranth, and referenced by the other Defendants, the Court refers to Defendant Amaranth's Memorandum of Law throughout this Memorandum and Order as "Def.'s Mem."
. The exercise of personal jurisdiction must also comport with the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution. D.H. Blair & Co., 462 F.3d at 104-05. Because the "application of N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a) meets due process requirements," it is unnecessary to engage a separate due process analysis here, as the Court has found jurisdiction appropriate under § 302(a). Id., at 105; see also United States v. Montreal Trust Co., 358 F.2d 239, 242 (2d Cir.1966) (exercise of personal jurisdiction under New York's long-arm statute does not present constitutional issues because the jurisdictional reach of C.P.L.R. § 302(a) over non-domiciliaries is narrower than that permitted under the Due Process Clause).
. Defendants have also moved to dismiss Count One for failure to plead with particularity, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). Because the Court finds dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) to be appropriate, it does not reach Defendants' Rule 9(b) argument.
. Plaintiff has not asserted a federal securities fraud claim surrounding its decision to hold its investment because Section 10(b) does not provide for such "holder" claims. See First Equity Corp. of Fl. v. Standard & Poor's Corp., 869 F.2d 175, 180 n. 2 (2d Cir.1989) (citing Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723, 743, 95 S.Ct. 1917, 44 L.Ed.2d 539 (1975)) ("plaintiffs suing under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 may recover only for losses that result from decisions to buy or to sell, not from decisions to hold or refrain from trading.").
. Plaintiff asserts in the Complaint that the laws of New York and Delaware govern this action. (Compl. ¶ 1.) California and Connecticut are the domiciliary states of Plaintiff and the Defendants charged in this Count. (Id. ¶ 22-27.)
. The Court notes that under these circumstances, standing can be raised on either a Rule 12(b)(1) or a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, RBCI Holdings, Inc. v. Drinks Americas Holdings, Ltd., 2008 WL 759339, at *3 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (citations omitted), and Defendants raise it under both rules here. Where standing goes to the existence of a case or controversy, a prerequisite to jurisdiction, it is proper for the district court to first consider standing on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion before considering issues that maybe inextricably intertwined with the merits. Id. The distinction is largely immaterial here, where the issue of standing is relevant to only four of Plaintiff's eight claims, and the Court is not required to make any jurisdictional findings of fact in reaching its determination as to Plaintiff's standing to bring these claims. See e.g., Winn v. Schafer, 499 F.Supp.2d 390, 395 (S.D.N.Y.2007). As such, the Court operates under Rule 12(b)(6) and does not detail the Rule 12(b)(1) legal standard.
. Even were Amaranth bound under the Subscription Agreement Plaintiff's breach of contract claim would fail, as Plaintiff has not identified any specific term of the Agreement that Defendant violated. To establish a claim of breach of contract under New York law, a plaintiff must show "(1) the existence of an agreement, (2) adequate performance of the contract by the [plaintiff], (3) breach of contract by the [defendant], and (4) damages." Eternity Global Master Fund Ltd. v. Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of N.Y., 375 F.3d 168, 177 (2d Cir.2004). Plaintiff must "plead facts surrounding the formation of the contract such as the date the parties entered into the contract, the major terms of the contract, the parties to the contract, and that the party to be bound assented to the contract." Fuji Photo Film U.S.A., Inc. v. McNulty, 669 F.Supp.2d 405, 412 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (citing Berman v. Sugo LLC, 580 F.Supp.2d 191, 202 (S.D.N.Y.2008)). Plaintiff must allege the specific provisions of the contract upon which the breach of contract claim is based, as "[a] claim for breach of contract cannot be sustained by a conclusory statement that the accused breached a contract." Id. at 412-13. In its Complaint, Plaintiff alleges obliquely that, pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, Amaranth "agreed to allocate capital and manage the Fund as if it were a diverse multistrategy hedge fund with sound risk management policies" and that Amaranth "breached the terms of its contracts with SDCERA" by "failing to manage the Fund properly by, inter alia, failing to exercise proper risk controls." (Compl. ¶ 113.) The Court finds no contractual obligation in the Subscription Agreement that would sustain Plaintiff's claim to breach of contract under New York law. Rather, as the Court discussed in dismissing Plaintiff's securities fraud claim, supra, the Subscription Agreement and PPM put Plaintiff on due notice that Amaranth had broad discretion and no formal requirements with regard to its investment and risk management strategies.