Case Name: DUPLICATOR MFG. CO. v. HEYER
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1922-05-12
Citations: 284 F. 242
Docket Number: No. 3030
Parties: DUPLICATOR MFG. CO. v. HEYER.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 284
Pages: 242–245

Head Matter:
DUPLICATOR MFG. CO. v. HEYER.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
May 12, 1922.
Rehearing Denied June 9, 1922.)
No. 3030.
1. Patents <§=>328 — 965,887, for multiple copying machine, infringed.
The Flanigan patent, No. 965,887, for a multiple copying machine, held infringed.
2. Patents <§=>255 — Replacement of an element of a combination held a recon-
struction and infringement.
In a patented multiple copying machine, the copies were printed from a gelatinous band, which was made an element of the patented combination. Such band was several feet long and wound over a spool at each end, so that, if desired, different parts of its length could be successively used. Each part could be used for making from 30 to 50 copies. Held, that the replacement of such bands, when worn out, was not repair, but reconstruction, and that the furnishing of such p*art by defendant was an infringement.
(g^For other cases see same topic & KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests & Indexes
Alschuler, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part.
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Eastern Division of the Northern District of Illinois.
Suit in equity by the Duplicator Manufacturing Company against Theodore A. Heyer, doing business as the T. A. Heyer Duplicator Company. Decree for defendant, and complainant appeals.
Reversed.
Certiorari granted 260 U. S.-, 43 Sup. Ct. 89, 67 E. Ed.-.
Geo. L. Wilkinson, of Chicago, Ill., for appellant.
Samuel W. Banning, of Chicago, Ill., for appellee.
Before ALSCHULER, EVANS, and PAGE, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
EVAN A. EVANS, Circuit Judge.
Appellant charged infringement of United States letters patent No. 965,887 to Elanigan for a multiple copying machine. In the District Court the bill was dismissed for want of equity. On the 42 claims of- the patent, infringement is alleged of but one, which is:
"42. In a multiple copying machine, the combination with a machine frame, having on one side thereof a journal bearing and on the opposite side a chuck, of a duplicating hand, and a spool on which said duplicating hand is wound, said spool having at each end a squared chuck-engaging member and cylindrical hearing member, whereby said spbol is interchangeable end for end between said chuck and journal bearing, substantially as described."
The infringement charged is in the making and selling, prior to the filing of the bill, of spools and of duplicating bands wound thereon, for use on the patented machine. The bands are made of a gelatinous substance well known in the hectograph and copying machine art. A master copy of the desired instrument is made by typewriter or otherwise, with a peculiarly adapted ink, and, the master copy being placed face down on the surface of the duplicating band, the ink is transferred from the copy to the band, and from this there may be printed any desired number of copies up to about 100. After from 18 to 24 hours the ink is absorbed from, the surface toward the opposite side of the band, and the same surface is ready to be used again in the same way. This particular surface may thus be used from 30 to 50 times, depending upon the number of copies made. With each copy made there is withdrawn from the surface a certain amount of the substance, so that, after using 30 to 50 times with the full number of copies, or a greater number of times where less copies are made, that particular part of the surface is worn out. The bands may be of desired length, in plaintiff's machine usually about 14 feet, and they are initially wound upon one of the spools, and, as used, rolled up on another spool, and a fresh surface presented, without waiting for the first surface to become usable again. The rolling of the band as used greatly facilitates the work, where much copying is to be done. The spools are so constructed that, when the entire roll has passed from one spool to the other and sufficient time has elapsed so that the last of the surface is again usable, the spool upon which it is wound may be placed in the same position as was the first spool, without the need of first winding it onto another spool. This results from the interchangeability of the spools through each end's having a square chuck-engaging member and a cylindrical bearing member.
The alleged infringing acts are admitted, but it is contended that the supplying of the spools and the bands for the machine is not an infringement; appellee maintaining that the purchasers of the machine and licensees under the patent have the right to supply and restore these parts as necessary and proper in the intended use of the machine. Failing in this contention, he urges his right to use the gelatinous band, if not the spool. Appellant sells the machine outright, without undertaking to impose contractual obligations or limitations. It contends that these parts each constitute an element of the combination claim in question, and may not be replaced or supplied by the licensee, or by others for use on its machines, except with appellant's consent, and further that these are not repairs of such a kind as under the law the licensee may himself replace, but are parts of a combination for which it has a monopoly.
The question for determination may be presented thus: Does A. avoid infringement of a patent to B. when, knowing of its intended use, he supplies to C., a user, one or even two elements in the patented combination, because of the fact that such element or elements are of such short life as the recited facts show the spool and band covered by the patent in suit to be? In other words, was the replacement of the spool or band repair or reconstruction? Of the spools there can be no doubt. '
What constitutes reconstruction; -what repair? Does reconstruction depend upon the lasting and durable qualities*of an element? Or, presented different!}", is the passing or temporary character of an element decisive of the question of repair? Upon the authority of Leeds & Catlin Co. v. Victor Talking Machine Co., 213 U. S. 325, 29 Sup. Ct. 503, 53 L. Ed. 816, these questions must be answered in favor of appellant. The following quoted "language, the crux of the decision, is determinative:
"Wbat rights does he [the purchaser] derive from it? Has he a license to repair deterioration, and when does repair become reconstruction? It would seem that on principle, when deterioration of an element has reached the point of unfitness, there is a destruction of the combination, and a renewal of the,element is a reconstruction of thescombination. And it would also seem on principle that there could bé no license implied from difference in the durability of the elements or periodicity in their use."
Appellee relies upon Morgan Envelope Co. v. Albany Paper Co., 152 U. S. 425, 14 Sup. Ct. 627, 38 L. Ed. 500. The opinion is carefully considered and distinguished in the Victor Talking Machine Case. Speaking of the Morgan Envelope Case, the court said in the Victor Talking Machine opinion (213 U. S. 335, 29 Sup. Ct. 506, 53 L. Ed. 816):
"The court, however, stated that there were cases to the effect that the sale of one element of a combination with intention that it should be used with another was an infringement, but decided that they had no application to one where the element made by the alleged infringer was 'an article of manufacture, perishable in its nature, which it is the object of the mechanism to deliver, and must be renewed periodically whenever the device is put to use.' The ease, therefore, is not a precedent for the decision of that at bar. Not one of the determining factors there stated exists in the case at bar. If the operative relation of the paper roll to the mechanism was as illustrated (and the court left no doubt that it was), that is, of the log to the saw in the mill, wheat to the rollers which grind it, pins which are produced by a patent machine ; in other words, in no more operative relation than a machine and its product are, the invalidity of the combination was hardly questionable. And, besides, it was made a determining circumstance that the paper- perished by its use, and a periodical renewal was indicated to be a renewal 'whenever the device was put to use.' "
With the wisdom of the legislation which protects a monopoly in a combination, one element of which calls for frequent renewal, we are not concerned. We are dealing with the legislative enactment, the statute in force, which defines the extent of patentee's grant. So viewing the question in the light of these decisions, we conclude appellee was infringing the patent in suit under the circumstances here disclosed.
The decree is reversed, with costs, and with directions to the District' Court to enter a decree in favor of appellant and for an accounting.