Case Name: Sidney J. WHITEHEAD, et al. v. SAFWAY STEEL PRODUCTS, INC.
Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
Jurisdiction: Maryland
Decision Date: 1985-09-17
Citations: 304 Md. 67
Docket Number: No. 82
Parties: Sidney J. WHITEHEAD, et al. v. SAFWAY STEEL PRODUCTS, INC.
Judges: 
Reporter: Maryland Reports
Volume: 304
Pages: 67–94

Head Matter:
497 A.2d 803
Sidney J. WHITEHEAD, et al. v. SAFWAY STEEL PRODUCTS, INC.
No. 82,
Sept. Term, 1984.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
Sept. 17, 1985.
Joseph L. Johnson and Dennis F. O’Brien, Towson (White, Mindel, Clarke & Hill, Towson, on brief), for appellant.
Alva P. Weaver, III, Baltimore (Lord, Whip, Coughlan & Green, P.A., Baltimore, on brief), for appellee.
Argued before MURPHY, C.J., and SMITH, ELDRIDGE, COLE, RODOWSKY and COUCH, JJ., and W. ALBERT MENCHINE, Associate Judge of the Court of Special Appeals (retired), Specially Assigned.

Opinion:
COUCH, Judge.
In this appeal we consider whether a person who is employed by a temporary services agency is also an employee of the company to which the worker is provisionally assigned. Preliminarily, however, we must decide whether the existence of an employment relationship was properly treated by the trial court as a legal, rather than factual, issue. We conclude that the question of relation was a matter of law for the trial court to decide, and affirm that court's determination that the worker was an employee of the utilizing company.
I
The facts of this case are undisputed and may be summarized as follows:
Bay Services, Inc. (Bay), is a temporary help agency in the business of supplying unskilled labor to various industrial customers. When a client requests a Bay worker, Bay selects an employee from among its available labor pool and assigns the worker to the job. The client is then free to utilize and direct the employee as the particular situation demands.
The client records the number of hours worked by the employee and is billed accordingly. Bay pays the worker a designated wage and maintains workmen's compensation insurance to cover any unforeseen mishaps. Bay also pays unemployment insurance assessments for its employees.
All temporary workers are interviewed and hired by Bay. Bay reserves the right to fire the employee if performance on the assigned job is unsatisfactory.
On February 18, 1981, Safway Steel Products, Inc. (Safway), contacted Bay and requested two temporary help workers. Bay selected Whitehead and another worker and assigned them to the job. The men reported to Safway and were directed by it to perform several menial tasks. The first day passed without incident.
The men returned to Safway the next day and resumed their duties. Whitehead was given the task of loading steel scaffolding onto a trailer. While Whitehead was thus engaged, a bundle of scaffolding fell on him and caused serious injury.
Whitehead filed for, and received, workmen's compensation benefits through Bay for his injury. He also instituted a negligence suit against Safway for the same occurrence. A jury trial was elected and trial commenced.
At the close of plaintiff's case, Safway moved for a directed verdict, claiming that Whitehead was its employee and that his exclusive remedy was under the workmen's compensation laws. The court (Bothe, J.) denied the motion and the case was submitted to the jury without the defense presenting evidence. After deliberation, the jury determined that Whitehead was not an employee of Safway and that the latter was negligent in the operation of its plant. The panel awarded damages to Whitehead.
Safway's subsequent motion for judgment n.o.v. was granted by the trial court. According to Judge Bothe, the uncontradicted evidence demonstrated that Safway controlled Whitehead's work. This meant that Whitehead was an employee of Safway and that his only remedy for the occupational injury was through the workmen's compensation laws. Whitehead's negligence action was thereby dismissed.
Whitehead appealed to the Court of Special Appeals. Prior to consideration by that court, we granted certiorari on our own motion to resolve these issues of public importance.
II
We must first consider whether the existence of an employer/employee relationship between Safway and Whitehead was properly treated as a legal matter, capable of resolution by judgment n.o.v. Armed with authority, the parties present two competing views on this question.
Safway contends, as it successfully did below, that when the evidence in a labor case is undisputed, the question of relation between the parties becomes one of law for the court to decide. In Safway's opinion, it is only where (1) the evidence is disputed, and (2) different inferences can be drawn from the evidence, that the existence of an employer/employee relationship should be determined by the fact-finder. Safway argues that, in the instant case, all of the facts were presented by Whitehead, and the defense rested without calling a witness; thus all remaining issues concerning the employment relationship were legal matters properly resolved by judgment n.o.v. As authority for this proposition, Safway cites Tavel v. Bechtel Corporation, 242 Md. 299, 303, 219 A.2d 43, 45 (1966), where it was stated:
"[wjhere the terms and manner of employment are disputed and different inferences may be drawn therefrom, the issue is a mixed question of law and fact, to be determined by the trier of the facts, under proper instructions, but where the essential terms and manner of employment are undisputed, the question is one of law for the court" (emphasis supplied)
Whitehead admits that the evidence is uncontested. Contrary to the approach espoused by Safway, however, Whitehead asserts that a jury must determine the question of relation whenever (1) the evidence is disputed, or (2) differing inferences can be drawn from the facts adduced at trial. Taking this argument to its logical conclusion, a factfinder would decide the employment relation any time the parties disagreed as to the inferences which could be made from the presented evidence. Whitehead reasons further that the fact that the jury decided against Safway proves that differing inferences from the submitted evidence were possible. Precedent for Whitehead's position is derived from L. & S. Construction Co. v. State Accident Fund, 221 Md. 51, 59, 155 A.2d 653, 657-58 (1959), where we said
"on appeal from the Workmen's Compensation Commission . where the facts or inferences therefrom, or both, are in dispute, such questions [e.g., relation of parties] are to be determined by the jury."
A.
In order to resolve this apparent conflict between the two cases cited by the parties, and ascertain the precise role of the judge and jury in deciding employment issues, we examine initially our past decisions in this area.
In our first consideration of the proper role of judge and jury in employment cases, we admitted that the greatest difficulty in these cases is in determining, upon the facts, who is to be regarded as the master of a particular worker. Deford v. State, Use of Keyser, 30 Md. 179, 203 (1869). To leave trial courts with some guidance, we stated as a general rule that a jury should determine, as matters of fact, terms and manner of employment; "it being for the court to declare the legal relation that existed between the parties, upon any given state of facts." (emphasis supplied) Id. at 204.
Several decades later, in Sacker v. Waddell, 98 Md. 43, 56 A. 399 (1903), we again acknowledged that whether a worker was acting as a servant "frequently depends upon such a variety of facts that it falls outside of any definite rule and for that reason becomes, under proper instructions, a question of fact for the jury." Id. at 52, 56 A. at 401. Where the facts make it doubtful that the relation of master/servant existed on a particular occasion, a jury should determine the question. Id. However, upon any given state of facts, or upon clear facts, the legal relation that existed between the parties must be decided by the court. Id.
Later cases of the Court further clarified the occasions when a jury, or a court, should decide employment issues. A court, we said, should not determine whether an incident arose out of and in the course of employment if there is a need to decide between opposing witnesses. Jewel Tea Co. v. Weber, 132 Md. 178, 182, 103 A. 476, 477 (1918). We also stated "no action of the Court should control the exercise of their [the jury's] admitted right to weigh the credibility of evidence." Id., quoting Western Md. R. Co. v. Kehoe, 86 Md. 43, 54, 37 A. 799, 801 (1897). Furthermore, situations could exist where uncontradicted evidence in a labor case arguably yields differing inferences so as to require jury determination of substantive issues, see Todd v. Easton Furniture Co., 147 Md. 352, 356, 128 A. 42, 43-44 (1925) (uncontradicted evidence may have permitted jury to determine injury occurred during course of employment, contrary to trial court's legal conclusion).
Nevertheless, we continued to authorize courts to decide ordinarily factual matters as legal issues where the evidence on the point was undisputed. This principle was first utilized in Harrison v. Central Con. Co., 135 Md. 170, 108 A. 874 (1919), where we determined that a certain injury to a laborer occurred, as a matter of law, in the course of his employment. The determination of this particular issue had been accomplished previously by factfinders. See Jewel Tea, supra, 132 Md. at 182, 103 A. at 477. We justified this conclusion as follows: 135 Md. at 180, 108 A. at 878. Subsequent decisions of the Court adhered to this rule. See, e.g., Bogatsky v. Swerdlin, 152 Md. 18, 22, 135 A. 416, 418 (1926), citing Todd, supra ("if the facts are conceded or undisputed, there is no issue of fact to be submitted to the jury"); Barnes v. Myers, 163 Md. 206, 208-09, 161 A. 279, 280 (1932) (as a matter of law, on admitted evidence, worker was an independent contractor and not an employee); Beyer v. Decker, 159 Md. 289, 291, 150 A. 804, 805 (1930) (as matter of law, on undisputed facts, employee not within coverage of Workmen's Compensation Act). Accord, Baltimore Trans. Co. v. State, 184 Md. 250, 265, 40 A.2d 678, 685 (1945) (whether or not the circumstances of a given case are legally sufficient to overcome the presumption that an employee lent to another with a vehicle continues to be the servant of his master is ordinarily a question for the jury, "but where the rebutting testimony is uncontradicted it becomes one for the court to determine as a matter of law").
"[t]he question as to whether the injury occurred out of or in the course of employment is ordinarily, like negligence or want of probable cause, a mixed question of law and fact; but when the facts have been ascertained and agreed upon by the parties, or are undisputed and there is no dispute as to the inferences to be drawn from the facts, the question becomes one of law and may be decided by the Court." (emphasis supplied)
Against this lengthy historical background emerged the language in Tavel (question of law where facts undisputed) and L. & S. Construction (question of law where facts or inferences undisputed). The two standards have appeared interchangeably in opinions other than those already cited, including, for the Tavel standard, Thompson v. Paul C. Thompson & Sons, 258 Md. 391, 394-95, 265 A.2d 915, 917 (1970); Lupton v. McDonald, 241 Md. 446, 450, 217 A.2d 262, 264 (1966); Clayburn v. Soueid, 239 Md. 331, 337, 211 A.2d 728, 731 (1965); Sun Cab Co. v. Powell, 196 Md. 572, 582, 77 A.2d 783, 787 (1951); Williams Construction Co. v. Bohlen, 189 Md. 576, 579-80, 56 A.2d 694, 695 (1948). The test espoused in L. & S. Construction appears in Marine v. Service Trucking Co., 225 Md. 315, 319, 170 A.2d 188, 190 (1961); Greer Lines Co. v. Roberts, 216 Md. 69, 80, 139 A.2d 235, 240 (1958); Globe Indemnity Co. v. Victill Corp., 208 Md. 573, 585, 119 A.2d 423, 429 (1956).
The most recent pronouncement which defines legal and factual issues is found in Mackall v. Zayre Corp., 293 Md. 221, 443 A.2d 98 (1982). In the case, we state:
"[i]f there is evidence to support an inference that more than one individual or company controls or directs a person in the performance of a given function, the question whether an employer-employee relationship exists is a question of fact to be determined by a jury."
Id. at 230, 443 A.2d at 103.
B.
With the historical review behind us, we now turn to the proper rule for distinguishing questions of law from matters of fact in the employment field. First, the decisions of this Court make clear that whenever evidence in a labor case is disputed, and differing inferences from the evidence are possible, a jury must determine the underlying employment issues. Both of the cases which the parties cite for our perusal support this point. See Tavel, supra, 242 Md. at 303, 219 A.2d at 45; L. & S. Construction, 221 Md. at 59, 155 A.2d at 657-58.
Second, where the evidence on an issue is uncontradicted, ordinarily a court may decide the issue as one of law. Tavel, supra, and cases cited therein; Bogatsky, supra, 152 Md. at 22, 135 A.2d at 418; Deford, supra, 30 Md. at 204. While the trial court should take some pains to ensure that conflicting inferences are not possible on the presented evidence, see Todd, supra, 147 Md. at 356, 128 A.2d at 43-44, something more than conjecture of a party is necessary to establish that "conflicting inferences" are possible in a given case. At the very least, a party must point to evidence in the case that control of a given function is vested in more than one person. Mackall, supra, 293 Md. at 230, 443 A.2d at 103.
In the present case, Whitehead concedes that all control of specific tasks while he was at Safway belonged entirely to Safway. This significant fact rendered the employment issue proper for judgment n.o.v., and renders his unsupported claim of "conflicting inferences" a nullity.
The apparent conflict between the language employed in the Tavel and L. & S. Construction line of cases similarly fails to provide any support for Whitehead's position recited earlier in this opinion. The frequency with which the two tests have been interchangeably used, and the long-standing policy of this Court to reserve for the trial court the determination of employment issues in undisputed cases, convinces us that the two lines of cases were merely slightly divergent roads to the same Mecca.
The decisions reached in the L. & S. Construction line of cases proves this last point. Under Whitehead's reading of the case, a factfinder would always decide employment issues since, as between the parties, the inferences possible in a case are invariably contested (otherwise, trial would not be necessary to resolve the dispute.) Nevertheless, when this Court has employed the L. & S. Construction test, we have not hesitated to rule, as a matter of law, upon the employment issue. See, e.g., Globe Indemnity, supra (employer-employee relationship); Greer Lines Co., supra (employer-employee relationship).
It follows that Judge Bothe properly treated the question of relation as a matter of law.
Ill
A.
It remains to be determined whether Judge Bothe correctly decided that as a legal matter, Whitehead was an employee of Safway. This Court has traditionally considered five criteria in determining whether or not an employer/employee relationship exists between two parties. These criteria, developed from the common law standard for determining the master/servant relationship, see Sun Cab, supra, 196 Md. at 577, 77 A.2d at 784-85, include (1) the power to select and hire the employee, (2) the payment of wages, (3) the power to discharge, (4) the power to control the employee's conduct, and (5) whether the work is part of the regular business of the employer, Mackall v. Zayre Corp., supra, 293 Md. at 230, 443 A.2d at 103.
Of the five factors, the factor of control stands out as the most important. We have said, for example, that whether the employer "has the right to control and direct the employee in the performance of the work and in the manner in which the work is to be done" is the "decisive," Mackall, supra, 293 Md. at 230, 443 A.2d at 103, or "controlling" test, L. & S. Construction, supra, 221 Md. at 57, 155 A.2d at 656; Keitz v. National Paving Co., 214 Md. 479, 491, 134 A.2d 296, 301 (1957). We have also recognized, in speaking to the interrelationship of the factors, that "standing alone, none of these indicia, excepting ()) [the factor of control], seems controlling in the determination as to whether such a relationship exists." (emphasis supplied). Keitz, supra, 214 Md. at 491, 134 A.2d at 301; L. & S. Construction, supra, 221 Md. at 57, 155 A.2d at 656. Thus, for our purposes, "decisive," besides "controlling," means "conclusive," "determinative," and "definitive." Webster's New Collegiage Dictionary (Copyright 1974). This view is consistent with that expressed in other jurisdictions, where control has been variously described as "the most vital factor," Brinkley Heavy Hauling Co. v. Youngman, 223 Ark. 74, 264 S.W.2d 409, 411 (1954), "the most important factor," Crepps v. Industrial Commission, 402 Ill. 606, 614, 85 N.E.2d 5, 9 (1949), "the most significant factor in all cases," Carlson v. Industrial Commission, 213 Cal. 287, 2 P.2d 151, 153 (1931), cert. denied, 284 U.S. 681, 52 S.Ct. 199, 76 L.Ed. 575 (1932), "the most stressed element," Piantanida v. Bennett, 17 N.J. 291, 111 A.2d 412, 414 (1955), "the final test," Hinds v. Dept. of Labor & Industries of State of Washington, 150 Wash. 230, 272 P. 734, 735 (1928), and "the crucial test," Jay Lines, Inc. v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, 66 Pa.Comwlth 299, 443 A.2d 1370, 1372 (1982), when determining whether the employer/employee relationship exists.
We believe that the control exercised by Safway over Whitehead clearly establishes an employer/employee relationship. Safway instructed Whitehead on the task to be performed, supervised his work, and was free to reassign him to any other duties that warranted attention. If Whitehead's work was unsatisfactory, Safway was free to dismiss him and request an additional worker.
Moreover, the amount Safway was billed by Bay for its use of the temporary worker was greater than what Bay paid Whitehead. This extra cost doubtlessly helped cover, besides Bay's profit margin, such expenses as Bay's payment of Whitehead's unemployment and workmen's compensation insurance. In other words, Safway actually contributed to the insurance protection of one of its employees.
Of course, the fact that Whitehead was admittedly the employee of Bay at the precise time he worked for Safway does not alter this conclusion. A worker may simultaneously be the employee of two employers. Mackall, supra, 293 Md. at 229, 443 A.2d at 102.
While this Court has not previously determined that temporary services workers are employees of the company to which they are sent, other jurisdictions have considered the issue. They are generally in accord with our holding that temporaries such as Whitehead, who work in employment circumstances similar to the one here present, are as a matter of law, employees of the customer. See, e.g., Simmons v. Atlas Vac Machine Co., 493 F.Supp. 1082 (E.D. Wisc. 1980) (temporary worker may not sue employer to which he is assigned for negligence because of employer-employee relationship); Rumsey v. Eastern Distribution, Inc., 445 So.2d 1085 (Fla.App.1984) (temporary services worker injured while on assignment to Eastern not entitled to sue appellee in tort; Rumsey was an employee of Eastern and his exclusive remedy was under the workmen's compensation laws); Hoffman v. National Machine Co., 113 Mich.App. 66, 317 N.W.2d 289 (1982) (employee of labor broker also an employee of company to which he is tempo rarily sent; tort suit prohibited due to employment relationship and existence of workmen's compensation legislation); Fox v. Contract Beverage Packers, Inc., 398 N.E.2d 709 (Ind.App.1980) (employer of Manpower temporary worker immune from negligence suit because of employer-employee relationship and workmen's compensation laws); Danek v. Meldrum Mfg. & Engineering Co., 312 Minn. 404, 252 N.W.2d 255 (1977) (Labor Pool employee also an employee of Labor Pool customer; workmen's compensation provides sole remedy for injured worker); English v. Lehigh County Authority, 286 Pa.Super. 312, 428 A.2d 1343 (1981) (employer-employee relationship existed between Kelly Labor Services employee and company to which worker is assigned). See generally, 1C Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law (1982 Ed.), § 48.23.
Whitehead suggests that the control exercised by Safway is no greater than the control displayed by the alleged employer in L. & S. Construction, supra. In that case, a tractor and an operator for the tractor were sent by the L. & S. Construction Company to the Weygant Engineering and Construction Company (Weygant) to temporarily assist the latter in an earth moving assignment. Weygant informed the operator as to which tasks needed his attention and had the right to remove him from the job at any time. 221 Md. at 55-56, 155 A.2d at 655.
We ruled that on this evidence, we could not agree with L. & S. that, as a matter of law, the worker was an employee of Weygant. Id. at 60, 155 A.2d at 658. We explained in our holding that "control over details as to what work is to be done and the way in which it is to be done ., will not of itself cause the employee to become the servant of the person to whom he is sent." Id. at 59, 155 A.2d at 657.
Whitehead utilizes this language to argue that Safway's simple control over the details of his work does not establish that, as a matter of law, he was "controlled" by Safway so as to make him the employee of Safway. This reasoning is flawed for several reasons.
First, control over the details of work which was insufficient to prove an employer-employee relationship in L. & S. Construction is far different than the amount of control exercised by Safway. Weygant was only concerned with moving dirt and packing it to form a road. Weygant could only point to what was to be done; it had no right to order the employee to change his manner of operation or remove the tractor from the job. Id. at 60-61, 155 A.2d at 658.
In the instant case, Safway had the right to instruct Whitehead on the tasks to be performed, had the power to reassign him to a different job within the plant, and supervised and directed his actions and rate of work. Safway could have discharged the employee from its premises if Whitehead's work was unsatisfactory. The control over Whitehead by Safway was thus far greater than what was present in L. & S. Construction.
Second, as we recognized in Keitz v. National Paving Co., supra, in cases where a servant is lent to another with the personal property of the original master, there is a presumption that the employee remains the servant of his general employer. 214 Md. at 490-91, 134 A.2d at 301. No such presumption exists in the temporary services cases, where the worker is assigned and directed to perform any number of unspecified tasks for his special employer.
Additionally, as we acknowledged in L. & S. Construction, the power to hire or discharge a worker can be vested in one person and the power of control in another, and that in such a case the person having the power of control is the master. Id. at 56, 155 A.2d at 656. Such is the case at hand: Bay had the actual authority to hire and fire Whitehead, but Safway retained the power to control Whitehead while he was in its employ.
Finally, as we recognized in Mackall, supra, the correct test for determining questions of law is whether there is conflicting inferences, from the evidence, on the issue of control "in the performance of a given function." 293 Md. at 230, 443 A.2d at 103. There is no dispute, in the given case, as to this decisive element. Insofar as the language quoted in L. & S. Construction conflicts with this precept, the earlier case is overruled.
B.
An analysis that is perhaps more helpful than the traditional common law test in identifying the relationship that existed between Safway and Whitehead is provided by the "lent employee" or "dual employment" doctrine. See Thompson, supra, 258 Md. at 395, 265 A.2d at 918. The doctrine, which specifically envisions situations identical to the one at bar, is set forth in 1C Larson, supra, § 48.00, and consists of a three-prong test:
"When a general employer lends an employee to a special employer, the special employer becomes liable for workmen's compensation only if
(a) the employee has made a contract of hire, express or implied, with the special employer;
(b) the work being done is essentially that of the special employer; and
(c) the special employer has the right to control the details of the work.
When all three of the above conditions are satisfied in relation to both employers, both employers are liable for workmen's compensation."
William J. Burns Int'l v. Ferris, 16 Md.App. 568, 578-79, 299 A.2d 487, 492-93 (1973). Cf. Thompson, supra, 258 Md. at 395, 265 A.2d at 918. This analysis has proven particularly helpful in jurisdictions other than our own which have considered whether an employee of a labor broker is also an employee of the customer. See, e.g., Eaddy v. A.J. Metler Hauling & Rigging Co., 325 S.E.2d 581, 582-83 (S.C.App.1985); Rumsey v. Eastern Distribution, supra, 445 So.2d at 1086; Danek v. Meldrum Manufacturing & Engineering, supra, 312 Minn, at 408-09, 252 N.W.2d at 258-59.
Applying the lent employee test to the facts of this case, we again conclude that Whitehead was an employee of Safway. Part (a) of the test, whether an express or implied contract of hire existed between the parties, is satisfied if the employee consents to the special employment relation ship. Thompson, supra, 258 Md. at 395, 265 A.2d at 918; Rumsey, supra, 445 So.2d at 1086; Danek, supra, 312 Minn, at 408-09, 252 N.W.2d at 259. See generally, Larson, supra, § 48.10. The element of consent is especially critical in workmen's compensation cases because of the relinquishment, by the employee, of his right to sue his special employer in tort. Larson, supra, at § 48.10. Of course, in exchange for the right to sue, the employee gains all of the traditional benefits associated with coverage under the workmen's compensation laws. See generally, Stanley v. Western Maryland Ry. Co., 301 Md. 204, 207-08, 482 A.2d 881, 882-83 (1984).
There can be little doubt in the instant case that Whitehead consented to work for Safway. The contract between Whitehead and Bay specifically informed the worker that he would be assigned to client locations. Before accepting assignment, Whitehead was apprised of the customer's name and address and the nature of the work. Whitehead could decline assignment, if he chose, without fear of reprisal. Whitehead voluntarily reported, on two separate occasions, to the Safway plant, and submitted to the special employer's direction and control. All of these factors satisfy element (a). See Danek, supra, 312 Minn, at 308-09, 252 N.W.2d at 259-60, and cases cited therein.
Elements (b) and (c) are satisfied and need not be discussed at any length. Element (b) is met because the tasks performed by Whitehead at Safway were exclusively that of the special employer. Element (c), control over the details of work, was conceded from the outset by Whitehead.
Since all of the conditions of the test are satisfied, the determination of the trial court has again proven correct.
IV
Whitehead lastly directs us to the interrogatories sent to Safway which ordered the company to furnish the names of all employees. In its answers, Safway did not include Whitehead. Whitehead maintains that this oversight dem onstrates Safway's subjective belief that he was not the company's employee, and must lead to an appropriate ruling by this Court.
The parties' subjective belief as to whether an employment relationship exists is not dispositive of the legal question of whether one is the employer of another, "except as such belief indicates an assumption of control by the one and submission to control by the other." Sun Cab, supra, 196 Md. at 580, 77 A.2d at 786. Here, the inescapable conclusion is that Whitehead voluntarily submitted to Safway's control.
For these reasons we conclude that the judgment of the lower court should be
AFFIRMED
COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.
. Larson identifies several cases where the customer of a labor broker was held not liable for workmen's compensation benefits. See Id. at notes 65.1, 66.1. These cases did not involve the issue sub curia (whether a worker is an employee of the customer), and are hence easily distinguishable. For example, in Smith v. Kelly Labor Services, 239 So.2d 685 (La.App.1970), the court held that the customer did not have to contribute to a workmen's compensation award given to an employee injured on the customer's premises. The court had no difficulty concluding that the customer was a special employer and Kelly a general employer. Id. at 688. Nevertheless, the customer did not have to contribute to the award since Kelly had contracted to hold the customer harmless in the event of injury to the worker. Id.
In Williams v. Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores, Inc., 236 So.2d 524 (La.App.1970), the sole issue before the court was whether the labor broker was an employer of a worker injured at the site owned by the customer. It was conceded that the worker was an employee of the customer. Id. at 526. The court ruled that Williams was an employee of Atlantic, the general employer. Id. at 528.
The court in Levinson v. Payson, 73 Mich.App. 655, 252 N.W.2d 567 (1977) was unable to conclude whether, as a matter of law, the temporary services customer was an "employer under the [state] Workers' Disability Compensation Act." 252 N.W.2d at 568. The court readily agreed that the customer, Payson, was an "employer." Id. The case was remanded, however, for the lower court to determine whether the additional express statutory requirements under the State Act were met. Id. at 568-69.
Similarly, in White v. Extra Labor Power of America, 54 Mich.App. 370, 221 N.W.2d 214 (1974), the court pronounced it "beyond dispute" that an injured worker was an employee of both the temporary services agency and the company to which the worker was provisionally sent. 221 N.W.2d at 216. The latter did not have to pay state workers' compensation, however, since only Extra Labor paid the worker's wages. Id. at 216-17.
. The Thompson Court, despite its reliance on 1A Larson, Workmen's Compensation, inadvertently described the test for lent employees as "the consent of the employee, which may be expressed or implied; the right to control and direct the worker; and the responsibility for the payment of wages, which must be considered but is not necessarily determinative." (emphasis supplied) Id. at 395, 265 A.2d at 918. By this opinion, we hereby correct the oversight.