Case Name: HAYNE v. GOULD; GOULD v. HAYNE
Court: United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of California
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1893-02-13
Citations: 54 F. 951
Docket Number: No. 176
Parties: HAYNE v. GOULD. GOULD v. HAYNE.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 54
Pages: 951–963

Head Matter:
HAYNE v. GOULD. GOULD v. HAYNE.
(Circuit Court, S. D. California.
February 13, 1893.)
No. 176.
1. Tenancy in Common — Partition—Oltve Ranch.
Whore two persons contract to maintain and cultivate an olive ranch, contemplating, not a division of the property, but its building up, operation, and sale as a whole, but making no distinct or specific agreement 'to that effect, one party may enforce a division, under Code Civil Proc. Cal. § 7C3, providing that the court must order a partition “unless the property is so situated that partition cannot be made without great prejudice to the owners;” and the fact that defendant is a lawyer practicing in a distant state, having no knowledge of farming or olive culture, and that plaintiff would be unable to buy in the property if it should be sold as a whole, are unimportant in the determination of the question, for the situation of the property, not the circumstances of the parties, must control.
2. Same--Olive Ranch — Divisibility.
Where an olive ranch is so large that it can be divided into two large orchards, such as to justify the building of works for either the manufacture of oil or the pickling of the olives, one of two tenants in common can enforce partition, under Code Civil Proc. Cal. § 703, which secures this right unless great prejudice to the owners would result because of the situation of the property.
3. Same — Expenses—Mistaken Estimate.
One of two tenants in common agreed to share the expense of a house, to be built by his eotenant at an estimated expense of $400. Owing to a mistake in the estimates of the material man and damage by a storm while building, the house actually cost $700. Held, that upon partition, the expense should be equally shared, and the house be regarded as the property of both parties.
4. Same — Accounting—Interest.
An agreement between two tenants in common of an olive ráneh provided that one of them should pay the other a certain sum for a failure to plant certain trees. The debtor under this agreement began a suit for partition, thereby putting it out of his power to fulfill the contract. Held, that upon partition he should be charged with that sum, with interest from the date of the commencement of the suit.
5. Same.
One of two tenants in common of an olive ranch, who agrees with his eotenant to givo his whole time and attention to the cultivation of he ranch, and who thereafter enforces a partition, should be charged with one half of his profits in ieal-estato dealings carried on by him while the agreement was in force, and causing his absence from the ranch for considerable periods of time.
6. Same — Necessary Expense.
A suit for the partition of an olive ranch was brought by one of its two tenants in common, who, pending the suit, incurred necessary expenses in caring for the ranch. Held, that the cotenant should be charged with one half such expenses, with interest from the time of the respective payments, although he had given notice that he would not hold himself responsible for running expenses.
7. Same — Agreement to Share — Expense op Fencing.
An agreement by two tenants in common to share the expense of fencing includes the expense of a survey necessary to determine the boundary of tlm land.
In Equity. Bill in a superior court of California by W. Alston Hayne, Jr., against Charles W. Gould, for partition of property owned by the parties as tenants in common. Defendant removed the cause to this court. Heard on bill, answer, and replication, and cross bill, answer, and replication.
Decree for partition.
B. F. Thomas, (S. M. White, Edward J. Pringle, and Robert Y. Hayne, of counsel,) for Hayne.
Jarrett T. Richards, for Gould.

Opinion:
ROSS, District Judge.
On the 26th of September, 1885, the plaintiff, who owned 160 acres of land in the Santa Ynez valley, about 45 miles from the city of Santa Barbara, and had contracted for the purchase from D. O. Mills of an adjoining tract of 80 acres, and also owned a large olive nursery, and certain personal property consisting of farm stock and implements, entered into a written contract with the defendant, who was a lawyer, engaged in the practice of his profession in the city of New York, but who was at the time on a visit to his brother and other relatives residing at Santa Barbara, by which the defendant was to acquire an undivided one-half interest in the above-mentioned real estate and personal property, and in the olive trees, to be planted as afterwards to be stated, by paying therefor $7,795 in this wise: Upon the approval of the title to the lands by competent counsel, defendant was to pay to Mills or his agent the unpaid purchase money due from plaintiff to Mills, with interest, estimated to be about $1,300, and upon the recording of the deed from Mills to plaintiff the latter was to execute to defendant a deed for one undivided one half of all of the real estate, whereupon defendant was to, pay to plaintiff $4,000, less the amount previously paid by him to Mills. During the planting season of 1886, plaintiff was to set out upon the land at his own expense 5,000 olive trees of the age of three years, and, when those trees should be so planted, defendant was to pay plaintiff the further sum of $2,545, making payment in full for the undh vided one-half interest in the real estate, 5,000 olive trees and the personal property, a schedule of which was annexed to the agreement. The agreement further provided that, during the planting season of 1887, plaintiff should furnish an additional 5,000 olive trees to be set out on the lands, and for an undivided one-half interest in those trees defendant was to pay plaintiff $1,250, and also one half of the expenses incurred by plaintiff after sucb trees should be loaded on proper vehicles for transportation to the lands. Plaintiff was to give Ms undivided time and attention to the business of cultivating and managing'the lands as a farm and olive orchard, and, in consideration thereof, defendant agreed to pay the wages of a hired man and Ms board, such board being estimated at the rate of $3.50 a week. Plaintiff was to be at liberty to engage a coolc for the farm, one half of whose wages (such, however, not to exceed $10 a month) was to be paid by the defendant. Plaintiff was to keep accurate and particular hooks of account of the whole business of the farm, and to render defendant quarterly statements thereof. Defendant was to be chargeable with no expense of the management of the farm, except for the cost of erecting a suitable fence, until after the first orchard of 5,000 olive trees should be set out as specified in the agreement. Defendant, upon receipt of the quarterly statements from plaintiff, was to promptly "discharge any and all indebtedness, incurred as hereinbefore expressed, which may be due from him to said Hayne; and, per contra, should the quarterly statements show a credit balance, or should any profit accrue, said Hayne agrees to pay said Gould one half thereof."
The foregoing is the substance of the written agreement entered into between the parties September 26, 1885. The evidence shows that the plaintiff was indebted at the time, but that he assured the defendant that the money to be paid by him for an undivided half interest in the property would enable plaintiff to discharge his indebtedness, and that he would not again go into debt. In discussing the venture, at or about the time of making the agreement, plaintiff spoke to defendant about a piece of adjoining land owned by Mills which it would be well for them to acquire, to be used as a farm and pasture in connection with the olive ranch. Defendant replied that he knew Mills, and could, he thought, deal to better advantage with Mm in New York than plaintiff could here, and would during the winter arrange for its purchase. Plaintiff also, about the same time, expressed the wish to build a cheap house on the property for Ms own use, and defendant agreed to bear half the cost of such a house, the estimated cost of which, according to the testimony of defendant, was $200, according to the testimony of defendant's brother, who acted as agent for defendant in respect to the property, $300, and according to the testimony of plain ¡iff, $450. The payments stipulated to be made by the defendant in and by the agreement of September 26, 1885, and slightly modified by a subsequent agreement afterwards to be noticed, were by defendant made, and he received a conveyance from the plaintiff of an undivided one-half interest in the property. On the 29th of December, 1885, plaintiff and defendant entered into a "nursery contract," by which Hayne agreed to provide and plant in proper condition, in the spring of 1886, olive cuttings to the number of at least 30,000, and not to exceed 50,000, on the land belonging to Mm or provided by him in Montecito, or on the ranch of Gould and Hayne in Santa Ynez, or partly on the one ground and partly on the other, and to care for and cultivate the cuttings for two years after the planting, and until they should be ready for transportation and sale, Gould agreeing to pay for the cuttings at the rate of 2⅞ cents for each cutting, the payments to be distributed as follows: First, after the cuttings should be fully set out, Gould to pay one half of the whole sum due from him; and one year after the first payment to pay half of the balance due from him; and two years after the first payment to pay the entire balance due from him; the cuttings to belong to Gould and Hayne, share and share alike. The agreement further provided that at the expiration of two years after the year of the planting, should there be remaining in the nursery any small scattered trees, Hayne should have the privilege of removing them and setting them out in a new nursery.
Plaintiff proceeded with the setting out of the 5,000 trees and the cultivation and management of the ranch. Owing to the mistaken estimates of the material man, and to the fact that a storm of rain washed away a part of the adobe walls of which the house spoken of was in part built, it transpired that its cost amounted to $700, and this excess of cost over the plaintiff's estimate gave rise to the first dispute between the parties, and resulted in much acrimonious correspondence between them, and in a refusal of the defendant to pay more than $150 towards the construction of the house, which sum he paid. The next trouble that arose between the parties came from the fact that plaintiff, in violation of his own suggestion to defendant to acquire for their joint benefit the' adjoining tract of Mills, contracted to purchase that tract for himself, giving his promissory notes therefor, in further violation of his promise to defendant not to go into debt, and proceeded to work this newly-acquired land with the teams of plaintiff and defendant. Against this conduct on the part of plaintiff the defendant protested. Plaintiff replied that he had not understood the matter as had the defendant, and' that he entered into that contract of purchase in order to provide for his brother, Benjamin Hayne. The controversy between plaintiff and defendant growing out of this matter was settled by a tripartite agreement, in writing, entered into March 11, 1886, between plaintiff and defendant and Benjamin Hayne, which agreement recites that—
"Whereas, said Gtould and said W. A. Hayne, Jr., own in common a certaiu tract of land sometimes known as the 'Puerta del Sol Ranch,' in Santa Ynez, Santa Barbara county, state oí California, together with the houses and improvements thereon, and certain personal property, such as teams, plows, implements of husbandry, etc., etc., and it is the present intention of said Gould and said W. A. Hayne, Jr., to cultivate and plant the said tract of land, with a view to making it an olive ranch; and whereas, said W. A. Hayne, Jr., has agreed to buy a certain other tract of land contiguous to the tract first above mentioned, said second-named tract being sometimes known as the 'Mills Piece,' and containing two hundred and seven acres of land, or thereabouts; and whereas, said W. A Playne, Jr., in pursuance of his intention of buying said Mills piece, has received from the present owner of said piece an agreement for a deed thereto, and has given therefor four notes of the face value of $600 each, or thereabouts: Now, therefore, for the purpose of settling certain controversies between tire parties hereto, and for other good and valuable considerations, the parties hereto agree as follows: Said W. A. Hayne, Jr., agrees to convey to said Charles W. Gould all his right, title, and interest under the contract for the deed of said land known as the 'Mills Piece,' and Mail-1 Gould agrees 1o take the transfer and conveyance of said right, title, and interest to the deed for said Mills piece from W. A. Hayne, Jr., provided that a sound title can be secured to said Gould of and to said Mills piece; and said Gould further agrees, provided that a sound title can be given him as aforesaid under the agreement made by said W. A. Hayne, Jr., to buy said Mills piece, to acquire said tiile. Said Benjamin Hayne agrees to and with the said Gould to forthwith cultivate and improve the said Mills piece, for the purpose of converting it into an olive ranch. And to this end the said Benjamin Hayne agrees to devote his whole time, attention, and energy; and when said Hayne shall have set out on said Mills piece five thousand three year old olive trees, in good condition, living and thriving, said Gould agrees to convey to said Benjamin Hayne one half of his interest in and to the contract for the deed to said Mills piece, to be assigned and conveyed to said Gould by said W. A. Hayne, Jr., as hereinbefore specified. Said W. A. Hayne, Jr., and said Gould also agree to permit said Benjamin Hayne to use the house and personal property now situated on said Puerta del Sol Ranch, for the purpose of cultivating and improving the Mills piece and the olive trees thereon to be set out."
By the tripartite contract defendant also agreed to advance money to the amount of $200, to pay for a fence around the land described in it to facilitate Benjamin Hayne in its proper care and cultivation. It was further provided that defendant should not become liable for any other expense connected with the improvement of that tract of land (excepting the taxes thereon) until after Benjamin Hayne should set out 5,000 three year old trees, as provided for, and shall have received a conveyance from defendant of -an undivided one-half interest in the property. The tripartite agreement contained other provisions not necessary to be mentioned here.
Another written agreement, made between plaintiff and defendant on the 24th of September, 1880, recites that—
Whereas, the plaintiff, by the agreement of September 26, 1885, agreed to furnish, for the purpose of planting- upon the ranch in that agreement described, five thousand olive trees of the age of three years, during the planting season of 1887, "and whereas, said Hayne cannot furnish said trees, it is now agreed between the parties hereto that in lieu thereof the said Hayne shall furnish olive trees for the purpose of planting on the said ranch, of t;he age of two years, and shall set out on said ranch daring the planting season of 1887 three thousand of said trees; it being understood and agreed, nevertheless, That in case said Hayne shall be able so to do, he shall be a,t liberty to plant trees of the age of three years, the intent of this agreement being that said Hayne shall select the best of his trees, whether of the age of two years or three years. And in consideration of the premises said Hayne agrees to pay said Gould the sum of $687.50, and to liquidate this amount by devoting twenty per cent, of said Hayne's profits from the said ranch to the payment thereof until said sum shall be wholly paid, no interest thereon to bo charged or collected by said Gould; and in case said ranch be sold on or before January 1st, 1889, said Gould agrees to accept, on or before January 1st, 1889, $500, in full payment of said sum of $687.50," etc.
Shortly after this the defendant, on learning that plaintiff had incurred a'small blacksmith bill in. the name of Gould and -Hayne, protested against it, and demanded that the quarterly statements provided for by the contract should be accompanied by vouchers showing payment by the plaintiff, as a condition to the payment by defendant of Ids share of toe expenses. This demand, and refusal on defendant's part, brought about a protracted and heated correspondence between the parties, in which, among other things, defendant complained of plaintiff's repeated absences from tbe olive ranch, his engaging-in other business, and his subsequent failure to give his undivided time and attention to cultivating and managing the ranch. This controversy terminated by the acceding of plaintiff to defendant's demand for the production of vouchers, and defendant's payment of his share of the expenses of the ranch up to the time of the commencement of this suit, which was commended before the trees had reached a stage of profitable bearing. Upon its institution the defendant notified plaintiff that he would not bear any further expense in connection with its cultivation and maintenance, and forbade the contracting of any debts on his account.
The suit was commenced in one of the superior courts of this state by the filing of a complaint alleging, in substance, that the plaintiff and the defendant are the owners in fee simple, and seised and possessed as tenants in common, of the property in controversy, containing 240 acres of land, with a house thereon, for which house the plaintiff paid f550 and the defendant only $150. It prays for a partition, ahd that the division be so made that the portion upon which the house is situated be allotted to plaintiff, and for general relief. The case was on motion of the defendant transferred to this court. And here the defendant filed an answer to the complaint admitting that plaintiff and defendant are owners in fee, and seised and possessed as tenants in common, of the premises described in the complaint, and that each is the owner of an equal undivided one half thereof. The answer avers that the house was erected for the common benefit of the parties to the suit, and that plaintiff is not entitled to any preference of allotment by reason -thereof, and that the property is so situated that partition cannot be had without great prejudice to the owners. The answer also contains certain affirmative allegations, the substance of which is as follows: It avers that prior to the defendant's connection with the property, the plaintiff was the owner in fee of a portion thereof, and had a contract of purchase for the remainder, and was also the owner of certain personal property; that in this condition of affairs the plaintiff and the defendant entered into an agreement, whereby the plaintiff was to plant a specified number of olive trees upon the property, and the defendant was to pay a certain sum of money, and was to become the owner of one half of the real and personal property; and that the plaintiff and defendant should, as and for a joint and common enterprise, employ and improve and develop the real property in and for the culture and commerce of olives; that the plaintiff should give his undivided time and attention to the business of cultivating and managing the lands as a farm and olive orchard, the proper current expenses of conducting the farm and orchard to be borne by plaintiff and defendant. It further avers that it was understood and agreed, and was an inducement to and one of the considerations of the defendant's embarking in the enterprise, that the property should be developed, improved, and conducted in the culture of olives as a joint enterprise, and that plaintiff should be and remain, until the property was sold, the associate of the defendant in that enterprise; that the property was laid out and improved and tbe orchard planted as a single enterprise, and not with a view to a partition or division of it, and that it would be inequitable and in violation of the agreement to allow a partition to be liad. The answer farther avers that the defendant has faithfully performed his part of the agreement, and has advanced the necessary funds'by means of which the title to the portion of the property held under the contract of purchase was perfected, and has done everything which he was required to do; but that plaintiff failed to perform his part of the agreement, and, in particular, that he has failed to furnish «cud set out the number-of trees called for in the agreement; that he has not given his undivided time and attention to the cultivation of the lands as a farm, and olive orchard, but, as defendant is informed and believes, has engaged in other business at different times for long periods at a place remote from the property, at great personal profit to himself, and to the loss and injury of the defendant and to their joint enterprise. The prayer of the answer is that the plaintiff's application for partition be denied, and that defendant be dismissed, with costs. To ⅛⅛ answer a replication was filed by the plaintiff.
The defendant also filed a cross bill against the plaintiff. The cross bill alleges in substance the same matters which are averred in the answer, and in addition annexed thereto a copy of the agreement of September 2G, 1885. It alleges that that agreement was, at plaintiffs request, and because he was not able to perforin it, modified as to the number of trees to be planted, and in certain other particulars, by the subsequent agreement of September 24, 1886, which ⅛ also annexed to the cross bill. It avers that upon the institution of the partition suit the defendant served a written notice upon the plaintiff that the relation between them was terminated, and that any express or implied agency in or about incurring expense or costs concerning the property was revoked, and that defendant would not bear any further expense, nor pay further expenditures in relation to the property, nor make any further payment under the contract, and would hold the plaintiff responsible as bailee for a,11 personal property on the place. The cross bill further avers that it is necessary that an accounting be had between the parlies, and all their various differences adjusted in one suit in this court; and, among other things, prays that their affairs be wound up and adjusted, and that the sum to be found due to the defendant on the accounting be made a lien on the property, and that the property should be sold under the order of the court. The answer of the plaintiff to the cross bill admits that he entered into the agreements mentioned in tbe cross bill, but denies that the modification of the original agreement was because he was not able to perform that agreement, and avers that, it was because certain parts of the ground were not suitable for the culture of olives, and because certain of Ms two year old trees were larger and better than some of his three year old ones. The answer to the cross bill then avers that plaintiff fully performed the original agreement as modified by that of September 24, 1886. It avers that, according to the true intent and mean* mg of tbe original contract, occasional absences from tbe property were not forbidden; that tbe true intent and meaning of tbe agreement was that plaintiff should give'as mucE time and attention to tbe property as was necessary or proper for tbe proper cultivation thereof; that the defendant is an attorney at law, and that be drew up tbe agreement, and that be assured plaintiff, who was ignorant of such, matters, that such was tbe proper construction of such agreement, and that plaintiff relied upon such assurance, and relying thereon, and upon tbe faith thereof, was occasionally absent from tbe property ; and that defendant is estopped from complaining of the absences of plaintiff. In regard to such absences tbe answer to tbe cross bill further avers that after tbe execution of tbe original contract tbe defendant agreed by parol that tbe plaintiff might be absent from tbe property for any period that be wished, not exceeding six months at any one time, provided that during such absence be would leave bis brother Benjamin Hayne, who was residing on tbe property, and cultivating an adjoining place in connection with that, in charge of tbe place; that plaintiff relied upon tbe parol agreement, and acted upon tbe same, and, whenever be was absent, left bis brother Benjamin in charge of tbe place; and that by reason thereof tbe defendant is estopped from complaining of such absences. In further, regard to plaintiff's absences, tbe answer to tbe cross bill avers that subsequent to tbe execution of tbe original contract tbe parties entered into tbe nursery agreement hereinbefore mentioned for raising olive cuttings in Montecito, (about 50 miles from tbe property in controversy,) which contract required tbe plaintiff's presence in Montecito from time to time, and which was therefore a waiver pro tanto of tbe provision in the original contract. In further regard to tbe plaintiff's absences, tbe answer to tbe cross bill avers that tbe defendant knew of them, and made no objection thereto, (except on one occasion,) but acquiesced therein, and that be ought not now to be beard to complain thereof; that plaintiff's absences were only occasional, and that be gave as much time and attention to tbe cui-tivation of tbe place as was necessary or proper for tbe cultivation thereof in tbe manner required by tbe contract; and that during bis absences the property received as much and as good attention as if be bad been continuously present; and that tbe same has always been and is in excellent condition.
The answer to tbe cross bill denies that plaintiff engaged in any other business, without the consent of defendant, for long or any periods of time, or that any loss thereby resulted to tbe property. It admits that ftu a few weeks be entered into an arrangement with one D'Urban to sell real estate on commission, but that all he was to do was to impart certain information to D'Urban, which took no appreciable amount of time, and that even this arrangement lasted only a few weeks, and that hardly any business was done under it. It denies that defendant performed bis part of tbe contract in any particular, but avers that be refused for a whole year to pay any part of tbe current expenses of tbe place, that be refused to pay bis part of tbe cost of a survey, which was a necessary preliminary to fencing, and that be only paid a small portion of tbe expíense of the house built on the place for the benefit of the parties, and which was necessary for the property. It denies that there was any agreement that the property should be developed as a joint enterprise further than as appears from the original and modified contracts of September 26, 1885, and September 24, 1886, respectively, or that plaintiff should remain the associate of defendant until the property should be sold, or that the property should be disposed of as a whole, or that any such agreements or understandings were inducements and considerations for the defendant's embarking in the enterprise; and denies that there was any other agreement than the ones admitted, and pleads the statute of frauds as to any other agreement. It denies that the property was laid out or improved as a single enterprise, and not with a view to a partition or division, or that it is more valuable as a whole, or that a partition cannot be had without prejudice to the parties. It avers that plaintiff is without means to purchase the property should a sale be ordered, and that the defendant knows this, and seeks to have a sale for the purpose of depriving plaintiff of his interests in the property without adequate compensation. It avers that (except for the period of a year) the defendant paid the quarterly statements of the expenses of the property up to the commencement of the partition suit, and pleads that the account of such expenses is a settled account and ought not to bo opened. It admits that since the commencement of the suit the defendant served upon the plaintiff a notice that the agency war, terminated, and thát he would pay nothing further on account of the expenses of the place, and avers that he has not paid anything further, and that to save the place from ruin and decay the plaintiff has ever since the commencement of the suit been compelled to pay, and has paid, the entire expenses of the property. It admits that there is some personal properly, and offers to divide the same. The prayer of the answer to the cross bill is for a partition of the real and personal property, and that cross complainant be decreed to pay his share of the expenses of the house and of the survey, and his share of the expenses of the property pending the litigation, and for the adjustment of all of the matters of difference between the parties, and for costs, and for general relief. To this the usual replication was filed.
Upon a careful consideration of the record in the case, I do not think that the conduct of either party to the controversy commends itself to a court of equity. The attempt on the part of plaintiff to acquire the adjoining tract of Mills for himself, and not for himself and defendant, and the use of their joint teams thereon for his individual benefit, was a gross violation of fair dealing. Nor did the plaintiff give his undivided time and attention to olive ranch, as in and by the original contract he agreed to do, for the evidence shows that he was not infrequently absent for considerable periods at a, time, and for a brief tune was connected with a man named IFUrban in the real estate business, from which plaintiff realized the sum of $80. The nursery agreement between plaintiff and defendant, of December 29, 1885, however, contemplated absences by plaintiff from tbe olive ranch, and, as the evidence shows that the latter was kept well and properly cultivated and cared for, there is perhaps no just cause of complaint by defendant for such absences of plaintiff therefrom as the evidence shows, except the slight time spent by him in the pursuit of the real-estate business. The claim set up on the part of the defendant that he was induced to embark in the enterprise by plaintiff by glowing representations made by him of the profits of olive culture, thereby implying that advantage was thus taken of him by the plaintiff, has no just foundation. The defendant was a man of much larger business experience than the plaintiff, and, before entering into the agreement, sent his brother, who was a resident of Santa Barbara, to examine the property, and upon his favorable report defendant entered into the contract. He did so with his eyes open, and the pretense that advantage was thus taken of him in the inception of the enterprise is groundless. Nor is there any foundation for the claim put forth on behalf of the defendant that one of his motives for engaging in the venture was the freeing of the plaintiff from debt. There is nothing in the record to justify this pretension. Defendant paid his money for an undivided one-half interest in the property which he received; he paid it for his own benefit, and not for that of the plaintiff. His action, too, in regard to the house and fence is not commendable. It is true the cost of the house exceeded by a few hundred dollars the plaintiff's estimate of it, but this was based, as the evidence shows, upon a mistaken estimate of the material man, and a rain storm added to the cost materially by washing away a part of the adobe of which the house was partly built. Moreover, it appears that after it was built the defendant visited the ranch, and so far from making objection to the size of the house, of which complaint is now made by him, suggested an additional porch. Its cost, under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence, furnishes, in my opinion, no just ground of complaint on the part of the defendant, and his refusal to pay more than $150 towards its construction was and is inequitable. So, also, defendant's refusal to pay his share of the $15 paid by the plaintiff to the surveyor to accurately locate the line for the erection of the fence provided for in the written agreement of the parties. The erection of the fence was for the equal benefit of both parties, and the agreement to construct it included everything necessary to be done for its proper construction. It was not only proper, but highly important, that before building it the exact line that separated the land in question from the adjoining land should be ascertained, and the evidence shows that the services of the surveyor were necessary for that purpose. Then, too, the complaint on the part of defendant that none of the olive cuttings provided to be planted by the nursery contract of December 29, 1885, were set out on the ranch is unjust, for that contract was subsequently modified under date of March 11, 1886, by limiting the number of cuttings to 30,000, and providing that all of them should be set out "on land in Montecito belonging to Benjamin Hayne." There' is therefore no just cause of complaint on defendant's part that none of the cuttings were planted on the ranch, and the statement in Ms testimony that plaintiff "never set them out in Santa Ynez because he could not give his personal attention to them in Santa Ynez, with convenience," is not only without foundation in fact, but is an unworthy attempt to make it appear, contrary to the facts, that plaintiffs absences from the ranch were so frequent and of so long duration that he could attend the nursery with more convenience at Montecito than at the ranch. There are other evidences of a want of candor and fairness about the testimony of the defendant; notably that in answer to the inquiry on behalf of the plaintiff whether his brother George BT. Gould was not his agent in respect to the property in question, to which his answer was:
"My brother George H. Gould has always been most kind in looking after my interest in Santa Barbara; and while T should not venture to call a voluntary kindness an agency, I am glad to express my appreciation for his generous assistance, which has been freely given whenever necessity arose."
The fact is that George H. Gould was his agent in respect to the property, as distinctly appears from the testimony of George H. Gould, in which he says:
"Soon after — I think in the month of October, 1885 — my brother returned to New York, he left me in the position of agent of his, and I have maintained that position ever since."
It further appears from the record that, for nearly two years before the commencement of this suit, George H. Gould held a full written power of attorney from tbe defendant in respect to the property in question. I repeat, therefore, that by the record in the case neither party to the controversy is presented in a favorable light.
Looking at the whole record I entertain no doubt that at the inception of Hie venture, and at the time of the making of the several contracts spoken of, neither party contemplated a division of the property, but the building up and operation or sale of it as a whole. There was, however, no distinct or specific agreement to that effect; and the mere contemplation of the parties in respect to the venture into which they entered is not sufficient ground upon which to deny to one of the tenants in common a partition of the property if if is of such a nature as to admit of such division without great prejudice to the owners. It is by the Code of Civil Procedure of California provided as follows:
"If it be alleged in fee complaint, a.nd established by the evidence, or if it appear by the evidence, without such allegation in the complaint, to the satisfaction of the court, that the property, or any part of it, is so situated that partition cannot be made without great prejudice to the owners, the court may order a sale thereof; otherwise, upon the requisite proof being made, it must order a partition. ⅜ ⅛ ⅜" Section 703, Code Civil Proc.
It is manifest that the circumstance that the defendant is engaged in the practice of his profession in a distant state, and has no practical knowledge of farming or olive culture, is unimportant, as is the pecuniary inability of the plaintiff to buy the property in the event it should be directed to be sold as a whole. The sit- nation of tbe property, and not tbe personal circumstances of tbe parties, unconnected with tbeir interests therein, is tbe question tbat must control tbe court in determining wbetber there should be a division or sale of the property. Tbe evidence is far from showing tbat tbe land in question is so situated tbat it cannot be divided without great prejudice to tbe owners. On tbe contrary, I think it shows tbat there is no difficulty in tbe way of making a fair partition of it, quantity and quality relatively considered.' The tract is a large one, and the number of trees so great as to make two very large orchards, according to tbe testimony of Mr. Cooper, a gentleman of large and long experience in olive culture, and such as justify tbe establishing of works necessary for either tbe manufacturing of oil or tbe pickling of tbe olives. Tbe .circumstance that through one corner of tbe tract a small stream of water runs will, of course, be given due consideration in making tbe partition.
For tbe reasons stated, tbe court is of tbe opinion tbat tbe real property in question should be decreed to be partitioned equally between tbe plaintiff and defendant, quality and quantity relatively considered. I think it inequitable, however, to grant tbe prayer of tbe complaint tbat tbe portion of tbe land upon which tbe bouse is built be awarded to plaintiff because of tbe improvements. Tbe defendant should be decreed to pay one half of tbe cost of tbe bouse, less the $150 already paid by him therefor, with legal interest from the date when such payment should have been made, and the bouse regarded as equally tbe property of both of tbe parties. In the accounting between the parties which must be bad, tbe plaintiff must also be charged with .the $687.50 stipulated to be paid by him in and by tbe agreement of September 24, 1886, for his failure to plant the trees provided for by tbe original contract. Plaintiff having put it out of bis power to pay that sum as provided for in tbe contract by the commencement of this suit, tbe amount must be deemed due from him from tbe time of its commencement, with legal interest from that time. There must also be an accounting of tbe personal property owned in common by plaintiff and defendant in connection with tbe realty, a sale of such personalty, and a division of tbe proceeds equally between tbe parties. The defendant is also equitably entitled to one half of the amount realized by plaintiff out of tbe real-estate business, with legal interest from tbe time of its receipt, as bis undivided time and attention was by tbe terms of tbe contract to be devoted to tbe common venture, except as subsequently otherwise consented to by defendant. Reference has already been made to tbe absences of plaintiff from tbe ranch necessarily implied by tbe obligations imposed upon him by tbe nursery agreement entered into between tbe parties. Tbe tripartite agreement provided that tbe plaintiff's brother Benjamin Hayne should live on tbe property in question in tbe suit, while cultivating tbe adjoining tract for himself and defendant, and both plaintiff and bis brother testified that tbe defendant expressly consented tbat plaintiff might absent himself from tbe ranch when occasion required, provided his brother was left in charge. This testimony of plaintiff and Benjamin Hayne, while denied by that of the defendant, finds some corroboration in the testimony of defendant's brother, George H. Gould, who, when asked, "Well, do you remember of your brother saying to Mr. W. Alston that he was perfectly willing for him to be absent from the place, provided'Ben Hayne was left in charge?" answered, "I do not recollect anything as general as that. Xo, sir; in fact, I do not recollect'in detail what was said on the subject." I also think it equitable that account be taken of the expenses necessarily incurred by the plaintiff in caring for the orchard since the commencement of the suit, and that of the expenses so incurred the defendant be charged with one half, with legal interest thereon from the time of the respective payments. In respect to the accounts already settled between the parties, neither the pleadings nor proofs are sufficient to justify the reopening of them. There must be a reference to the master to state the account, and an interlocutory decree in accordance with the views above expressed. It is so ordered.