Case Name: Bernard F. Mundy et al., Individually and on Behalf of All Other Employees of the Nassau County Department of Probation Similarly Situated, Respondents, v. Nassau County Civil Service Commission et al., Appellants, and Probation Officers Benevolent Association, Intervenor-Appellant
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1978-05-11
Citations: 44 N.Y. 352
Docket Number: 
Parties: Bernard F. Mundy et al., Individually and on Behalf of All Other Employees of the Nassau County Department of Probation Similarly Situated, Respondents, v Nassau County Civil Service Commission et al., Appellants, and Probation Officers Benevolent Association, Intervenor-Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 44
Pages: 352–363

Head Matter:
Bernard F. Mundy et al., Individually and on Behalf of All Other Employees of the Nassau County Department of Probation Similarly Situated, Respondents, v Nassau County Civil Service Commission et al., Appellants, and Probation Officers Benevolent Association, Intervenor-Appellant.
Argued March 29, 1978;
decided May 11, 1978
POINTS OF COUNSEL
William Gitelman, County Attorney (William S. Norden and Natale C. Tedone of counsel), for Nassau County Civil Service Commission and others, appellants.
I. Respondents’ appeal dated September 23, 1976 from the order of the Supreme Court, Nassau County dated September 17, 1976 was properly dismissed. (Lincoln First Bank of Rochester v Grabowski, 50 AD2d 1074, 40 NY2d 801; Ecco High Frequency Corp. v Amtorg Trading Corp., 274 App Div 982; Liberty Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v Bero Constr. Corp., 29 AD2d 627.) II. The four-month Statute of Limitations (CPLR 217) in this article 78 proceeding constitutes a complete bar to the instant action. (Matter of Nelson v Kelly, 4 AD2d 596; Matter of Mark v Lang, 49 Misc 2d 736, 26 AD2d 621; Matter of Loon Lake Estates v Adirondack Park Agency, 83 Misc 2d 686, 85 Misc 2d 929; Matter of Queensborough Community Coll, of City Univ. of N. Y. v State Human Rights Appeal Bd., 41 NY2d 926; Matter of Castaways Motel v Schuyler, 24 NY2d 120; Matter of Munice v Board of Examiners of Bd. of Educ., 31 NY2d 683; Matter of Pollak v Conway, 276 App Div 435, 301 NY 816; Matter of Geyer v Nassau County Civ. Serv. Comm., 51 AD2d 571; Schuylkill Fuel Corp. v Nieberg Realty Corp., 250 NY 304.) III. Respondents’ alleged reliance upon the judicial stay of termination granted January 14, 1975 as authority for respondents’ assertion that their aggrievement did not arise until June or August, 1975 is without merit. (Rinzler v Citizens Sav. Bank, 271 NY 176; Lowenstein v Reikes, 258 NY 444.) IV. Respondents’ declaratory judgment action is not the proper form of proceeding to review the administrative determinations involved in the preparation of examinations and to review the eligible list. (Elkort v 490 West End Ave. Co., 38 AD2d 1; Board of Educ. v Allen, 25 AD2d 659; Industrial Group Serv. v Cantor, 24 AD2d 1032; Matter of McCanless v Brieant, 19 AD2d 736; Lutheran Church in Amer. v City of New York, 35 NY2d 121; Matter of Andresen v Rice, 277 NY 271; Dun & Bradstreet v City of New York, 276 NY 198.) V. The collateral challenges of the county appellants are further and additional legal grounds for dismissal of the complaint. (Koso v Greene, 260 NY 491; Suppus v Bradley, 278 App Div 337; Matter of Bianchi v McCoy, 32 AD2d 871, 26 NY2d 770; Elkort v 490 West End Ave. Co., 38 AD2d 1.)
Louis J. Lefkowitz, Attorney-General (Lillian Z. Cohen and Samuel A. Hirshowitz of counsel), for the State of New York and another, appellants.
Plaintiffs’ article 78 proceeding is barred by CPLR 217 since it was commenced more than four months after the promulgation of eligible lists based upon the examinations being challenged. (Matter of Queensborough Community Coll. of City Univ. of N. Y. v State Human Rights Appeal Bd., 41 NY2d 926; Matter of Munice v Board of Examiners of Bd. of Educ., 31 NY2d 683; Matter of Nelson v Kelly, 4 AD2d 596; Matter of Geyer v Nassau County Civ. Serv. Comm., 51 AD2d 571; Matter of Martin v Ronan, 57 AD2d 514; Matter of Bowne v County of Nassau, 45 AD2d 304; Rinzler v Citizens Sav. Bank, 271 NY 176.)
Hartman & Alpert for intervenor-appellant.
The instant proceeding was time-barred and the court below properly dismissed the complaint.
Robert M. Calica and Bernard S. Meyer for respondents.
I. The complaint for a declaratory judgment and related injunctive relief, predicated upon a claim of continuing illegal and unconstitutional action by defendants, is not governed by the four-month Statute of Limitations applicable to article 78 proceedings generally. (Matter of Fink v Finegan, 270 NY 356; Matter of Pollak v Conway, 276 App Div 435, 301 NY 816; Matter of Acosta v Lang, 13 NY2d 1079; Matter of Davis v Wiener, 260 App Div 127, 285 NY 537.) II. By virtue of: (1) the declaration of the court below of the unconstitutionality of section 256 of the Executive Law in another action; (2) the judicial stay of termination; and (3) the consequent withdrawal by defendant, Nassau County Civil Service Commission, of certification of names from the eligible lists, plaintiffs did not become aggrieved until June or August 1975. Even if CPLR 217 be assumed applicable, the action was timely commenced. (Matter of Bowne v County of Nassau, 45 AD2d 304; Verbanic v Nyquist, 41 AD2d 466; Matter of Gates v Walkley, 41 AD2d 319; Matter of Castaways Motel v Schuyler, 24 NY2d 120; City of New York v State of New York, 40 NY2d 659; Rinzler v Citizens Sav. Bank, 271 NY 176; Lowenstein v Reikes, 258 NY 444.) III. The collateral challenges raised by the county defendants upon the motion to dismiss lack merit. (Spadanuta v Incorporated Vil. of Rockville Centre, 38 Misc 2d 999, 20 AD2d 799, 15 NY2d 755; Prouty v Drake, 208 Misc 540; Halpern v Lomenzo, 35 AD2d 41; Matter of O’Connor v Emerson, 196 App Div 807, 232 NY 561; Matter of Cohn v Board of Educ., 58 AD2d 977; Mark v Department of Civ. Serv. of State of N. Y., 91 Misc 2d 523; Bascome v Gold, 33 AD2d 922; Psaroudis v Psaroudis, 30 AD2d 841, 27 NY2d 527; Petito v Diesel, 12 AD2d 792.)

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
Wachtler, J.
In this proceeding, originally commenced as an action for a declaratory judgment, 24 provisional employees of the Nassau County Probation Department, who failed or received low grades on civil service tests for permanent appointment, claim that the exams are illegal and invalid because they are not sufficiently job-related. Special Term treated the complaint as a petition in an article 78 proceeding and then dismissed for untimeliness. The Appellate Division modified by reinstating the complaint. On this appeal, by leave of our court, the county and the State claim that the proceeding was not commenced within four months after the determination to be reviewed became final and binding upon the petitioners (CPLR 217).
In 1971 the Legislature transferred supervision and control of the Probation Department from the judiciary to the County Executive (Executive Law, § 256, 1971, ch 387). In 1974 the petitioners, who were provisional employees of the Nassau County Probation Department, took civil service tests for permanent employment with the department. As a result of the exams an eligible list was promulgated on January 2, 1975. On that same date each of the petitioners was notified that he had failed or received a low grade on the exams. On January 7, 1975 the Nassau County Civil Service Commission certified the list and sent it to the Nassau County Probation Department.
On January 10, 1975, in an unrelated suit challenging the constitutionality of section 256 of the Executive Law, a Supreme Court Justice temporarily enjoined the county from making any appointments from the list. On January 14, 1975 the Executive Director of the Nassau County Civil Service Commission formally withdrew certification of the list and notified all eligibles that "certification of names from the list will be withdrawn and held in abeyance until a final determination is made by the court." Subsequently on June 9, 1975 this court held that section 256 of the Executive Law was constitutional (Matter of Bowne v County of Nassau, 37 NY2d 75).
On July 24, 1975 the Nassau County Civil Service Commission recertified the list. In August the order enjoining the commission from discharging any employees on the affected lists was vacated, and in September each of the petitioners was either demoted or discharged based on their examination grades and position on the certified list.
This suit was commenced on September 3, 1975 by service of a summons. The complaint seeks a declaration that the examinations are, "invalid, illegal, and violative of Civil Service Law Section 50(6) in that they were neither practical in their character, nor did they relate to those matters which would fairly test the relative capacity and fitness of the persons examined to discharge the duties [of the positions] to which they sought appointment."
We agree with Special Term and the Appellate Division that the complaint should be considered a petition commencing an article 78 proceeding (see, e.g., Matter of Acosta v Lang, 13 NY2d 1079). The question is whether the four-month Statute of Limitations applicable to such proceedings (CPLR 217) began to run when the list was originally certified in January, 1975 or when it was recertified in July, 1975, after the initial certification had been withdrawn. In our view the determination which the petitioners seek to review did not become "final and binding upon the petitioner[s]" (CPLR 217) until the list was recertified on July 24, 1975.
Ordinarily, these employees should have become aggrieved when eligibility lists based on grades from the contested examinations were established and first certified early in January, 1975. This is usually the type of "final and binding determination" from which the four-month limitations period is measured, for this is the point when the challenged action has its impact (Matter of Queensborough Community Coll. v State Human Rights Appeal Bd., 41 NY2d 926; Matter of Munice v Board of Examiners of Bd. of Educ., 31 NY2d 683; see CPLR 217).
In this case, however, within a few days of the initial certification, certification was withdrawn and specifically "held in abeyance" pending a "final determination" of the constitutional challenge to section 256 of the Executive Law. Thus the withdrawn list could have no impact on the petitioners' rights until it was recertified after we finally resolved the dispute regarding the constitutionality of the statute (see Matter of Bowne v County of Nassau, 37 NY2d 75, supra). And, as noted, the present suit was commenced within a month and one half of the recertification.
To be sure, public employees aggrieved by the questionable propriety of a civil service examination should not be allowed to press stale claims or disrupt the appointments of those otherwise secure in their tenure merely by framing a lawsuit as a declaratory judgment action or casting their grievance as a continuing wrong (compare Matter of McDermott v Johnson, 2 NY2d 608, with Lutheran Church in Amer. v City of New York, 35 NY2d 121). Only a short Statute of Limitations can effectively contain this type of challenge within fair as well as feasible bounds.
On the other hand, when an administrative body itself creates ambiguity and uncertainty by declaring that "certification will be withdrawn and held in abeyance", affected employees and their counsel should not have to risk dismissal for prematurity or untimeliness by necessarily guessing when a final and binding determination has or has not been made. Under these circumstances, "the courts should resolve any ambiguity created by the public body against it in order to reach a determination on the merits and not deny a party his day in court" (Matter of Castaways Motel v Schuyler, 24 NY2d 120, 126-127; cf. City of New York v State of New York, 40 NY2d 659, 670).
Having created the ambiguity and impression of nonfinality, it was up to the defendant commission to either "make it clear what was or what was not its [final] determination" (Matter of Castaways Motel v Schuyler, supra, p 126) or, failing that showing, to abide by reasonable delays which it alone had engendered (see Matter of O'Neill v Schechter, 5 NY2d 548).
On this basis, the Appellate Division below properly concluded that the plaintiffs did not become aggrieved and the Statute of Limitations did not begin to run against them until the challenged lists were recertified in July, 1975. Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.
Although the county also urges that the period began to run when the test was administered, we have rejected this contention in the case of Matter of Martin v Ronan (44 NY2d 374, decided herewith).