Case Name: Melissa DROMGOOLE, Appellant v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee
Court: Texas Courts of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 2015-07-23
Citations: 470 S.W.3d 204
Docket Number: NO. 01-13-00931-CR
Parties: Melissa DROMGOOLE, Appellant v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee
Judges: Panel consists of Justices Jennings, . Higley, and Huddle. -
Reporter: South Western Reporter Third Series
Volume: 470
Pages: 204–227

Head Matter:
Melissa DROMGOOLE, Appellant v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee
NO. 01-13-00931-CR
Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).
Opinion issued July 23, 2015
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Overruled August 20, 2015
Norman J. Silverman, Houston, TX, for Appellant.
Devon Anderson, District Attorney, Carly Dessauer,- Assistant District Attorney, Houston, TX, for State.
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, . Higley, and Huddle. -

Opinion:
OPINION ON REHEARING
Laura Carter Higley, Justice
Appellant, Melissa. Dromgoole, was charged by information with driving while intoxicated. Appellant pleaded not guilty. The jury found her guilty. The trial court found an- enhancement paragraph to be true and assessed' punishment at one year's confinement — probated for one year — and a fine of $500. In four issues on appeal, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by (1) denying her motion to suppress and (2) admitting the blood-test evidence over her challenge to the reliability of the evidence.
On June 4, 2015, we issued our original opinion in this case. Dromgoole filed an amended motion for rehearing. We deny, the amended motion for rehearing, withdraw our prior opinion and judgment, and issue this opinion and a new judgment in their place. Our disposition remains the same.
We modify the judgment and affirm as modified.
Background
Officer D. Nunn, an officer with the Houston Police Department, had pulled someone over some time after 2:00 A.M. on July 21, 2012. After he was done with that person, he walked back to his car. On his way back, Appellant drove past him and nearly hit him. Officer Nunn got in his patrol car and pursued Appellant. During the pursuit, he saw Appellant drive through two red lights. After Appellant pulled over, Officer Nunn approached her car. Appellant had glassy eyes ahd slurred speech and smelled moderately of alcohol. Appellant acknowledged that she had consumed two alcoholic drinks in the evening.
Officer Nunn decided to perform a field sobriety test on Appellant. Before conducting the test, he asked Appellant if she had any medical conditions. Appellant responded that she had syncope, which she described as low blood pressure. Specifically, she explained that, with syncope, her "blood pressure drops and then [she] faints."
As part of the field sobriety test, Officer Nunn performed three specific tests: a hórizontál-gaze-nystagmus test, a one-leg-stand test, and a walk-and-tum test.' Appellant exhibited indications of intoxication on each test. Officer Nunn arrested Appellant and drove her to the police station.
At the police station, Appellant said she could not get out of the car because she was having difficulty with her syncope. In a later affidavit, Appellant asserted that, when she was in the police car, her condition worsened "and I was unable to get out of the police car for about ten minutes. At the jail, I again told the officer of my condition." Officer Nunn testified that, when they arrived at the -police station, Appellant said she could not get out because of her low blood pressure. Ten minutes later, she was able to get out of the car.
Once inside the police station, Appellant was placed in a holding cell with other people. While there, Appellant got into a fist fight with another woman in the cell. Officer Nunn broke up the. fight. At the end of the fight, Appellant did not exhibit any dizziness or lightheadedness.
At some point, Officer Nunn decided to obtain a blood draw from Appellant. Appellant refused to submit to a blood draw. As a result, Officer Nunn sought and obtained a search warrant for a blood draw on Appellant. The video of the blood .draw shows that Officer Nunn led Appellant into the room. Appellant sat in an inclined chair. Officer Nunn explained to Appellant that he had obtained a warrant for the withdrawal of a sample of her blood. Appellant presented her arm to the nurse, who then drew Appellant's blood.
L. Mayor, a criminalist at the Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory, performed the analysis on Appellant's blood. The report from the test indicated that appellant's blood contained a concentration of alcohol of 0.17 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood.
Before trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the blood test results, arguing, among other things, that the blood draw was a violation of her rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution against unreasonable searches and seizures. Specifically, Appellant argued that the affidavit in support of the warrant failed to identify that she had syncope; that the effects of pre-syncope could account for why she failed the field sobriety test; and that her medical condition of syncope rendered the blood draw unreasonable as it applied to her.
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Appellant presented her physician, Dr. J. Varón. Dr. Varón testified that he diagnosed Appellant with syncope about five years before the trial. Syncope is the condition of being subject to fainting spells. A person who has syncope will also have pre-syncope, or symptoms that can signal the possible onset of fainting. The pre-syncope symptoms can vary widely among people, but can include .dizziness, weakness in the legs, chest pains, or a sense of "pulling of the blood." Contrary to Appellant's description of syncope to Officer Nunn, Dr. Varón testified that Appellant does not, in fact, have low blood pressure. Her blood pressure is normal, and her syncope does not affect her blood pressure.
Dr. Varón also testified that, after viewing the video of Appellant's field sobriety test, it was possible that Appellant was experiencing pre-syncope during the field sobriety test. He asserted that, as a result, it was possible that her troubles with the three field sobriety tests were influenced by the pre-syncope. For the walk- and-tum test, Dr. Varón testified it was "more likely than not" that Appellant's troubles with the test were "related to a pre-syncope equilibration." For the other two, he only testified it was- possible that the difficulties were related- to pre-syn-cope.
Finally, Dr. Varón testified that syncope could create some risk with a blood draw. While he acknowledged that he had performed numerous blood draws on Appellant, he testified that Appellant had complete syncope (that is, she fainted).during one blood draw. During a second blood draw, Appellant had a "pre-syncopal episode," meaning that she complained of "feeling fainty" and turned white. During this second incident, Dr. Varón resolved this by having Appellant lie down. Dr. Varón testified that it is not reasonable to perform a blood draw from a person with syncope without having the person lie down.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress.
At trial, the State called Mayor to discuss the results of the test on Appellant's blood. After a question about whether the machine that tested Appellant's blood was working properly on the day of the test, Appellant raised another objection to the admissibility of the blood test. During the hearing on this objection, Appellant argued that the blood draw technique was not properly applied because the machine that performed the blood test had not been properly validated. Based on documents produced at the time of the validation test, Appellant argued that, during three of the four days of. the validation test, the machine's vial oven had been set at 60 degrees Celsius when it was intended to be set at 70 degrees Celsius.
The State presented the testimony of Mayor and W. Arnold, a police administrator for the Houston. Police Department Crime Laboratory, at the hearing on the second motion to suppress. Both Mayor and Arnold testified that the discrepancy in the oven temperature did not affect the ultimate validation of the machine. Arnold explained that the test results ai*e not obtained from a measurement of only the alcohol released by the heating, but instead from a determination of the ratio between measurements of the alcohol and a control compound added to the sample. Because the change in temperature would have resulted in a proportional change to both chemicals being released by the heating, the measurements remained accurate, and, accordingly, the validation test was reliable.
Additionally, both Mayor and Arnold testified that samples with known concentrations of alcohol were tested every time a suspect's blood was tested. Any deficiencies in the machine's ability to accurately measure the concentration of alcohol in Appellant's blood would have been detected in measuring the known quantity samples.
Appellant subpoenaed Irma Rios, the lab director for the Houston Police Department, to testify. Like Mayor and Arnold, Rios testified that the difference in temperature would not affect the reliability of the validation test. She testified that the known concentration samples would have detected any problems with the measurement of the machine.
Appellant also presented her own expert witness, A. Culbertson. Culbertson had many years of experience with performing blood tests and consulting on reviewing blood test results. She testified that, in order for a machine to produce reliable results, it must be validated first. She asserted that the measurement of controls (known concentration samples) during regular testing could not establish that the machine had been properly validated "[because you have to have a valid method before you can even speak to the results of a control or a sample."
The trial court denied Appellant's second motion to suppress. At the time of the ruling, the court expressly found that Mayor and Arnold were credible and that the blood test results were reliable.
Reasonable Search and Seizure
In her first two issues, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying her motion to suppress the blood-draw evidence because Appellant's medical condition was omitted from the affidavit in support of the warrant for the blood draw and the blood draw was unreasonable based on Appellant's medical condition.
A. Standard of Review
Where, as here, a trial judge does not make explicit findings of fact, we review the evidence at a motion to suppress hearing in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. Walter v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 540 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). We afford almost total deference to a trial court's determination of questions of fact and its rulings on mixed questions of law and fact when the resolution of those questions depends on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State v. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d 649, 657 (Tex.Crim.App.2011). For mixed questions of law and fact that do not depend on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor and for pure questions of law, we review the trial court's rulings de novo. Id.
At a suppression hearing, the trial court is the sole and exclusive trier of fact and judge of the witnesses' credibility and may choose to believe or disbelieve all or any part of the witnesses' testimony. Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim.App.2002); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). We will defer to the trial court's fact findings and not disturb the findings on appeal unless the finding is not supported by the record. Cantu v. State, 817 S.W.2d 74, 77 (Tex. Crim.App.1991).
B. Applicable Law & Burden of Proof
At a hearing on a motion to suppress based on a violation of the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights, the court presumes that police conduct was proper. Delafuente v. State, 414 S.W.3d 173, 176 (Tex.Crim.App.2013). The defendant bears the burden, then, of rebutting the presumption of proper police conduct. Id. The defendant can meet this burden, thus shifting the burden to the State, by showing the search was conducted without a warrant. Id. Here, however, all parties agreed that Appellant's blood was drawn after the police had obtained a warrant. Accordingly, the parties recognize that Appellant bore the burden of proof of rebutting the presumption of proper police conduct at the motion to suppress. See id. Nevertheless, the parties do not entirely agree on what Appellant had to prove in order to meet her burden of rebutting proper police conduct.
In her motion to suppress, Appellant argued that the blood draw violated her rights against unreasonable search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and, accordingly, should be suppressed. "Schmerber v. California is the landmark case addressing the constitutionality of compulsory blood draws conducted for law-enforcement purposes under the Fourth Amendment." Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 657 (citing Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 (1966)). Schmerber identifies a two-part analysis for determining the legality of a blood draw: "(1) 'whether the police were justified in requiring [the defendant] to submit to a blood test; and, (2) 'whether the means and procedures employed in taking [the defendant's] blood respected the relevant Fourth Amendment standards of reasonableness.' " Id. at 658 (quoting Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 768, 86 S.Ct. at 1834). The Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized that "means and procedures" under the second element contains two separate inquiries: (1) whether the test .chosen (the means) was reasonable and (2) whether the test was performed in a reasonable manner (the procedures). Id.
These are the primary, disjunctive elements for a defendant -to challenge the reasonableness of a blood draw under the Fourth Amendment. See id. For a defendant challenging the means or procedures of the blood test on the basis that the blood draw created an unreasonable medical risk due to a medical condition of the defendant, additional elements must also be proved.
"Extraction of blood samples for testing is a highly effective means of determining the degree to which a person is under the influence of alcohol.... [F]or most people the procedure involves virtually no risk, trauma, or pain." Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771, 86 S.Ct. at 1836. Accordingly, venipuncture blood-draws to test for intoxication are presumptively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment for the general population. See id.; Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659. To defeat this presumption, the defendant must show that she is "one of the few who on grounds of fear, concern for health, or religious scruple might prefer some other means of testing." Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771, 86 S.Ct. at 1836. Appellant claims to fall within the concern-for-health exception.
Before requiring a defendant to submit to a blood draw, a police officer does not have a duty to inquire into the defendant's medical history. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659. Rather, the suspect, naturally familiar with his or her own medical history, is in the best position to identify and disclose any particular medical condition that could result in risk, trauma or more than de minimus pain if a blood draw were to be performed. Id. at 660. From this we can conclude that the defendant bears the burden to establish that she notified the officer or the person performing the blood draw that hpr relevant medical history would render a blood draw unreasonably medically risky. See id. Appellant argues that she should not have a burden to inform the police officer or person performing the blood draw about how the blood draw could impact her due to a medical condition. Instead, she argues, she should be able to present this fact for the first time at the motion to suppress to defeat the presumption of a reasonable blood draw. We must reject this argument.
The United States Supreme Court has held that the relevant inquiry into the reasonableness of a search and seizure depend on the facts known to the officer at the moment of the search and seizure. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Specifically, it held the relevant question is "would the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search "warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate?" Id. (emphasis added). Because the relevant inquiry is what information was available to the officer at the time of the seizure, a defendant cannot seek suppression of evidence based on facts that are disclosed for the first time in a motion to suppress hearing. See id.
The defendant also has a burden at the hearing on the motion to suppress to show "that a venipuncture blood draw [was] not a reasonable means to obtain a blood alcohol level assessment as to him or her, individually." Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 660. Stated differently, a defendant who disclosed to the officer that she has a medical condition creating an unreasonable medical risk for a blood draw must establish at the motion to suppress hearing that she does, in fact, suffer from that medical condition and that the medical condition does, in fact, create an unreasonable medical risk for a blood draw. See id.
Accordingly, based on Schmer-ber and Johnston, a defendant seeking to suppress a blood draw as an unreasonable search and seizure must prove (1) the police were not justified in requiring the defendant to submit to a blood test, (2) drawing the defendant's blood was an unreasonable method to determine intoxication, or (3) the procedure for the blood draw was unreasonable. See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 768, 86 S.Ct. at 1834; Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 658. Johnston further establishes that, if the defendant is seeking to prove the second or third elements by proving the existence of a medical condition, the defendant must additionally prove (1) the defendant had a medical condition (2) that created an unreasonable risk of medical harm for a blood test and (3) that the defendant sufficiently notified the police or the person performing the blood draw of the risk posed by the blood draw. See Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659-60.
Appellant challenges all three primary elements in her first two issqes in her brief. Because we find it dispositive, we address the requirement' that Appellant notify the police or the person drawing her blood that the blood draw posed an unreasonable medical risk.
C. Justification to Conduct Seizure
Schmerber involved a warrant-less blood draw. 384 U.S. at 768, 86 S.Ct. at 1834. Typically, the existence of a valid warrant will establish the justification to conduct the seizure. Adkins v. State, 418 S.W.3d 856, 860 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. refd). Here, however, Appellant has attacked the validity of the warrant in her second issue. Appellant presents two grounds for why the warrant is invalid: (1) the affidavit in support of the warrant failed to identify that she had syncope and (2) the effects of pre-syncope could account for why she failed the field sobriety test.
If there is an affirmative misrepresentation in a probable cause affidavit in support of a search warrant and if the misrepresentation is material and nec essary to establishing probable cause, the warrant is invalid under the Fourth Amendment. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 2676, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978); Blake v. State; 125 S.W.3d 717, 723-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no, pet.). This ruling has been extended to material omissions. Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 724. At a Franks hearing, .the defendant bears the burden by a preponderance of the- evidence to establish that a false statement was made — or a true statement was omitted— intentionally, knowingly, or with reckless disregard for the truth. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56, 98 S.Ct. at 2676. If the. defendant carries that burden, the false statement is removed from the affidavit, or the true statement is added, and the court must determine whether probable cause for the warrant still exists. See id. at 156, 98 S.Ct. at 2676. If it does not, the warrant must be voided and the fruits of the search must be suppressed. Id.
Appellant's first ground for why the warrant is invahd is that the affidavit in support of the warrant failed to identify that she had syncope. Appellant argues that, if it had known that' she suffered from syncope and knew the implications of performing a blood draw on someone with syncope, the magistrate "could have ascertained that a blood draw presented an unreasonable risk of trauma or more than de minimus pain." This argument is redundant to our analysis of the other Schmerber elements, however. Under Schmerber we -must review whether the method for or the performance of a blood draw was unreasonable. See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 768, 86 S.Ct. at 1834; Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 658. If we determine that the blood draw method or procedure was unreasonable, then we must suppress the evidence obtained regardless of whether a magistrate judge would have denied the motion for the same reason. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (Vernon 2005) (prohibiting evidence obtained in violation of United States-Constitution from being admitted at trial).
Appellant's second ground for why the warrant is invalid is that the effects of pre-syncope could account for why she failed the field sobriety test. As part of his field sobriety test, Officer Nunn conducted a horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test, a one-leg-stand test, and a walk-and-turn test. Appellant exhibited indications of intoxication on each test.
In his testimony at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Dr. Varón claimed that it was possible that Appellant was experiencing pre-syncope during the field sobriety test and that, as a result, it was possible that her troubles with the three field sobriety tests were influenced by the pre-syncope. For the walk-and-turn test, Dr. Varón testified it was "more likely than not" that Appellant's troubles with the test were "related to a pre-syncope equilibration." For the other two, he only testified it was possible that the difficulties were related to pre-syncope.
Even assuming Officer Nunn excluded Appellant's diagnosis of syncope from his probable cause affidavit intentionally, knowingly, or with reckless disregard for the truth, we cannot conclude that inclusion of Appellant's diagnosis of syncope in the affidavit would have defeated a determination of probable cause for the warrant. Probable cause to support a warrant is reviewed under a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis. State v. Duarte, 389 S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tex.Crim. App.2012). "Probable cause exists when, under the totality of the circumstances, there is a 'fair probability' that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found at the specified location." Id. Under this analysis, we are not concerned with whether particular conduct is "innocent" or "guilty," but the degree of suspicion that attaches to the overall circumstances. An-gulo v. State, 727 S.W.2d 276, 279 (Tex. Crim.App.1987) (citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n. 13, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 2335 n. 13, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)). Even seemingly innocent behavior can establish probable cause in light of the suspicious circumstances under which the behavior occurred. Id. at 279-80.
Here, the record establishes that Appellant had been drinking that night, nearly hit Officer Nunn while driving, drove through two stop lights, smelled of alcohol, had slurred speech, and failed all three of the field sobriety tests conducted on her that night. The fact that there might be an innocent explanation for failing the field sobriety test does not disprove probable cause. Under the totality of the circumstances, Appellant's failure of the field sobriety test was consistent with the other facts to create a "fair probability" that blood tests would establish Appellant was legally intoxicated. See id.
We overrule Appellant's second issue.
D. Notice of Unreasonable Medical Risk
In her first issue, Appellant argues that the blood draw constituted an unreasonable seizure due to her medical condition of syncope. In her affidavit presented at the motion to suppress, Appellant claimed, "I told everyone else involved in taking my blood that I did not want to undergo a blood test because blood tests have caused me to black out in the past." The trial court could have disregarded that assertion, however, and we must show almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts. See Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855 (holding trial court "may believe or disbelieve all or any part of witness's testimony"); Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 657 (holding appellate courts afford almost total deference to trial court's determination of historical fact and mixed questions of law and fact when resolution depends on evaluation of credibility and demeanor).
The video of the field sobriety test shows Officer Nunn asking Appellant if she has any medical conditions. Appellant responded that she has syncope, describing it as low blood pressure. She explained that, with syncope, her "blood pressure drops and then [she] faints."
Contrary to Appellant's statement to Officer Nunn, Dr. Varón testified that Appellant does not, in fact, have low blood pressure. Her blood pressure is normal, and her syncope does not affect her blood pressure. Even assuming Officer Nunn was under a duty to report all health problems that had been conveyed to him to the person drawing Appellant's blood, a warning of low blood pressure would not have conveyed appropriate information to prevent an unreasonable blood draw.
We are left with, then, Appellant's statement to Officer Nunn, in the context of a field sobriety test, that she had syncope and that this condition has some relationship to fainting. Appellant argues that this was enough to satisfy her burden to alert the officer of any potential complications that could arise from a blood draw. We cannot agree.
A blood draw is presumptively reasonable unless a defendant establishes she is "one of the few who on grounds of fear, concern for health, or religious scruple might prefer some other means of testing." Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771, 86 S.Ct. at 1836. An officer is not under a duty to inquire about a defendant's medical history to make this determination. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659. Accordingly, the burden is on the defendant to give sufficient notice to the officer that a blood draw would create an unreasonable medical risk. See id. at 659-60. A defendant cannot simply state the name for an uncommon medical condition and indicate that it is associated with fainting — outside the context of a blood draw and without mentioning how it might create a risk of harm in connection with the blood draw — and claim to have carried her burden. ,
Appellant also relies on her difficulty getting out of the car when she reached the police station as proof that Officer Nunn was put on notice that performing a blood draw would create an unreasonable medical risk. In her affidavit, Appellant asserted that, when she was in the police car, her condition worsened "and I was unable to get . out of, the police car for about ten minutes. At the jail, I again told the officer of my condition." Even assuming the trial court credited this evidence, claiming that she "told the officer of [her] condition" does not provide any detail of how she described it. Accordingly, this cannot establish that she provided sufficient notice to Officer Nunn.
Officer Nunn testified that, when they arrived at the police station, Appellant said she could not get out because of her low blood pressure. Ten minutes later, she was able to get out of the car. Officer Nunn acknowledged that Appellant told her that her condition could cause dizziness or faintness.
Appellant fails to establish, however, how this establishes that she carried her burden of providing notice that that performing a blood draw would create an unreasonable medical risk. Dr.- Varón testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress and explained that Appellant's dizziness and faintness was caused by her having syncope- and that syncope could create some risk with a blood draw. But Appellant fails to show that Officer Nunn had any reason to draw a connection between her occasional dizziness and faintness and an unreasonable medical risk for drawing blood.
This is especially true considering that, after Appellant was placed in a holding cell, she got in a fist fight with another detainee. Appellant did not exhibit any dizziness or faintness during this encounter. Even assuming exhibiting dizziness or faintness should put an officer on notice that performing a blood draw could result in an unreasonable medical risk, Officer Nunn could have reasonably determined that any dizziness or faintness Appellant had been feeling in his car had dispelled.
Finally, there is some question about whether Officer Nunn was under an obligation to report all disclosed medical conditions of the defendant to the person performing the blood draw and, if so, whether such imputed knowledge should have alerted the person performing the blood draw of any unreasonable .increased risk in performing the blood draw. We do not need to resolve this question, however. This is because, even assuming Officer Nunn was under an obligation to convey Appellant's disclosed medical conditions to thé person performing the blood draw, there is no evidence in the record that the term syncope or the claim that Appellant sometimes faints should have alerted a reasonable person authorized to perform a blood draw about any increased medical risk in performing a blood draw. Accordingly, Appellant has failed to establish that simply stating that she had syncope in the context of a field sobriety test and exhibiting faintness or dizziness in the police car were sufficient to carry her burden of ade quately disclosing to the officer or the person performing the blood draw that the blood draw would create an unreasonable risk of medical harm due to an existing medical condition.
We overrule Appellant's first issue.
Statutory Limitations on Blood Draw
In her third issue, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying her motion to suppress the blood-draw evidence because the blood draw was prohibited by statute.
A. Standard of Review
Matters of statutory construction are questions of law, which this Court reviews de novo. Williams v. State, 253 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex.Crim.App.2008). When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 312.005 (Vernon 2013); see also Bryant v. State, 391 S.W.3d 86, 92 (Tex. Crim.App.2012). We begin with the plain language of the statute in order to discern its meaning because we "presume that the legislature meant what it said." State v. Vasilas, 187 S.W.3d 486, 489 (Tex.Crim. App.2006). We further consider statutes as a whole rather than their isolated provisions. Nguyen v. State, 1 S.W.3d 694, 696 (Tex.Crim.App.1999).
B. Waiver
The State argues Appellant has waived this issue because her complaint on appeal is not the complaint she made at trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Curiel v. State, 243 S.W.3d 10, 19 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref d) (holding that argument raised on appeal must comport with specific objection made at trial, or error is waived).
Appellant argued at trial that, pursuant to Chapter 724 of the Texas Transportation Code,"[t]he legislature never intended those accused of first offense DWI, with no aggravating circumstances, to be subject to a search by needle." Appellant argues on appeal that Chapter 724 of the Texas Transportation Code "prohibits a nonconsensual blood draw for a person arrested for misdemeanor DWI in the absence of certain aggravating circumstances set forth in section 724.012(b)."
Both arguments rely heavily on section 724.012 of the Transportation Code. See Tex. TRAnsp. Code Ann. § 724.012 (Vernon 2011). Both arguments claim that the State was not permitted to draw Appellant's blood because it was not permitted by Section 724.012. The State' argues, however, that Appellant's argument on appeal is different because Appellant also relies heavily on Section 724.013 (which refers exclusively to Section 724.012) on appeal but did not cite' it in her motion to suppress at trial. See Tex. Teansp. Code Ann. § 724.013 (Vernon 2011). We find no merit in this argument.
A party is not required to say magic words or recite a specific statute to preserve an issue. Bryant, 391 S.W.3d at 92. Instead, for preservation purposes, the party must simply present the basis of its complaint-to -the trial court and that same complaint must he presented on appeal. Id. Adding more detailed citation to statutory law on appeal does not create an entirely different argument than what was raised at trial. We hold this argument has been preserved.
C.Analysis
Section 724.012 provides when an officer may and when an officer must obtain a blood or breath in specific cases of suspected intoxication. See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 724.012. Section 724.013 provides that,-except for when an officer must obtain a blood or breath sample, if the suspect refuses to give a blood or breath sample, then "a specimen may not be taken." See id. § 724.013; Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.016(5) (Vernon 2013) ("'May not' imposes a prohibition and is synonymous with 'shall not' "). Appellant argues that, because she does not fit within any of the circumstances requiring the officer to obtain a blood sample, Chapter 724 rendered her refusal to submit to a blood test into a prohibition on drawing her blood regardless of the presence of a warrant.
As the State points out, the Court of Criminal Appeals held in Beeman that Chapter 724 concerns implied consent for breath and blood tests. Beeman v. State, 86 S.W.3d 613, 615 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). The court held in Beeman that "if the State has a valid search warrant, it has no need to obtain thé suspect's consent." Id. That is, "once a valid search warrant is obtained by presenting facts establishing probable cause to a neutral and detached magistrate, consent, implied or explicit, becomes moot." Id. at 616. As a result, Chapter 724 is independent of Fourth Amendment search warrant law, not a restriction of it. See id. (agreeing with State's argument that construing Chapter 724 to restrict Fourth Amendment search warrant law would be absurd result contrary to statute's intent).
In response, Appellant argues that "the entire analysis in Beeman interpreting the implied consent scheme has been called into doubt" by subsequent cases from the United States Supreme Court. See Missouri v. McNeely, — U.S.—, 133 S.Ct. 1552, 185 L.Ed.2d 696 (2013); Aviles v. Texas, — U.S. —, 134 S.Ct. 902, 187 L.Ed.2d 767 (2014). Regardless of what doubt may have existed about the continuing validity of Beeman following McNeely, the Court of Criminal Appeals has subsequently affirmed the relevant portion of Beeman. In Villarreal, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that, following McNeely, "[t]he holding in Beeman, that an officer may obtain a search warrant even where implied consent statutes would authorize an involuntary blood draw, remains good law." State v. Villarreal, No. PD-0306-14, — S.W.3d—,—, 2014 WL 6734178, at *20 n. 15 (Tex.Crim.App. Nov. 26, 2014). The court held that an officer may obtain a search warrant "even where" Chapter 724 authorizes a mandatory blood draw, not "only where." See id. Accordingly, the holding in Beeman that an officer is not constrained by consent after obtaining a search warrant remains good law.
We overrule Appellant's third issue.
Reliability of Blood Test
In her fourth issue, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the results of the blood test to be admitted because the blood test was unreliable under Rule 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. See Tex. R. Evid. 702.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court's admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex.Crim.App.2002). In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, we consider whether the court acted without reference to guiding rules and principles — that is, whether the court acted arbitrarily or unreasonably. Lyles v. State, 850 S.W.2d 497, 502 (Tex. Crim.App.1993). We must uphold the trial court's ruling so long as it is "within the zone of reasonable disagreement." Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex.Crim. App.2002).
B. Applicable Law
Rule 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides, "If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise." Tex. R. Evid. 702, 61 Tex. B.J. 374, 392 (Tex. & Tex. Crim. App. 1998, amended 2015). Typically, in order for scientific evidence "to be considered sufficiently reliable as to be of help to a jury," the evidence must satisfy three criteria: "(1) the underlying scientific theory must be valid; (2) the technique applying the theory must be valid; and (3) the technique must have been properly applied on the occasion in question." Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386, 390 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006) (citing Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573 (Tex.Crim.App.1992)).
In Kelly, the Court of Criminal Appeals identified certain non-exclusive factors that are relevant in determining whether the three criteria for scientific evidence have been satisfied. 824 S.W.2d at 573. Appellant argues that, in our review of her challenge to the reliability of the blood draw, we must also consider these factors. This is incorrect in this situation.
In Reynolds, the Court of Criminal Appeals held the determination of reliability for a breath test is modified from the standard Kelly analysis. 204 S.W.3d at 390. "[T]he Legislature has already determined that the underlying science is valid, and that the technique applying it is valid as long as it is administered by individuals certified by, and using methods approved by the rules of, DPS [the Texas Department of Public Safety]." Id. Accordingly, the only determination for a trial court to make in the Kelly hearing on a breath test, then, is "whether the technique was properly applied in accordance with the rules of DPS on the particular occasion in question." Id. at 391.
For authority that the Texas Legislature had already determined that the underlying science for breath tests was valid, the Court of Criminal Appeals cited Section 724.064 of the Texas Transportation Code. Id. at 390 n. 26. (citing Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 724.064 (Vernon 2011)). Section 724.064 provides, in pertinent part, "On the trial of a criminal proceeding arising out of an offense under Chapter 49, Penal Code, involving the operation of a motor vehicle . evidence of the alcohol concentration . as shown by analysis of a specimen of the person's blood, breath, or urine . is admissible." Transp. § 724.064.
The statute makes alcohol concentrations established by the person's blood just as admissible as alcohol concentrations established by the person's breath. Accordingly, the same conclusions must be drawn about the validity of blood tests. That is, "the Legislature has already determined that the underlying science is valid.... " Reynolds, 204 S.W.3d at 390.
As Appellant correctly points out in her motion for rehearing, the Court of Crimi nal Appeals bases its holding that "the Legislature has already determined . that the technique for performing breath tests is valid" on a separate statute. See id. at 390 & n. 26 (citing Stevenson v. State, 895 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex.Grim.App. 1995) for proposition "that scientific reliability of intoxilyzer test is established so long as the proponent of evidence of the test results shows that the provisions of what is now Section 724.016 of the Transportation Code were satisfied"). Section 724.016 requires breath test specimens to be taken and analyzed under the rules established by DPS for both analytical methods and qualifications Tor persons performing the analysis. Tex TRánsp. Code Ann. § 724.016 (Vernon 2011). Accordingly, the Reynolds court held that the second Kelly' criterion was satisfied as long as the DPS rules had been followed. 204 S.W.3d at 390-91.
Appellant is also correct that there is no corresponding statute in the Transportation Code establishing the reliability of the technique applying the legislatively-approved scientific theory for blood tests. Accordingly, the State retains the burden of showing that the technique applying the scientific theory for blood tests is reliable. As a result, when a defendant challenges the reliability of a blood-alcohol test, the determinations for a trial court to make in the modified Kelly hearing is whether the technique applying the theory is valid and whether the technique was properly applied on the occasion in question. See id.
We disagree with Appellant, however, that we are required to perform the entire Kelly analysis to determine whether the blood test performed in this case— known as headspace gas chromatography — is reliable. "Of course, once a particular type of scientific evidence is well established as reliable, a court may take judicial notice of that fact, thereby relieving the proponent of the burden of producing evidence on that question." Weath-erred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 n. 4 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). "[0]nce some courts have, through a Daubert/Kelly gatekeep-ing hearing, determined the scientific reliability and validity of a specific methodology to implement or test the particular scientific theory, other courts may. take-judicial notice of the reliability (or unreliability) of that particular methodology." Hernandez v. State, 116 S.W.3d 26, 29 (Tex.Crim.App.2003). This applies to the requirement of establishing the validity of the technique applying the scientific theory as well. Id.
Headspace gas chromatography is considered a reliable method for testing blood alcohol concentration levels and is generally accepted in the scientific community. See Bekendam v. State, 441 S.W.3d 295, 304 (Tex.Crim.App.2014) (upholding admission of evidence of blood draw based on conclusion that results of gas chromatography tests are widely accepted in the scientific community); Combs v. State, 6 S.W.3d 319, 322. (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.), abrogation on diff. grounds recognized by McGowen v. State, 25 S.W.3d 741, 745-46 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. refd) ("Texas and Federal courts have found the gas chromatography test to be a reliable method for identifying compounds, and it has been generally acceptance in the scientific community."). Because the validity of- the technique of headspace gas chromatography for blood tests has been well-established by numerous, previous Kelly hearings and appellate reviews, we are not required to repeat this review in this appeal.
Moreover, despite her claims to the contrary, Appellant does not challenge the first two elements of the Kelly test in her brief. Her issue concerns whether a variation of the technique for performing the blood test rendered the test unreliable. Appellant casts this as the State establishing a new technique that must be subject to a full Kelly analysis. We disagree. The State never claimed that the variation in the technique, discussed further below, was a new or different method. To the contrary, the State conceded the variation was inadvertent. The State's position was that the court could still determine that the technique was properly applied — the third element of the Kelly test — because the variation did not affect the reliability of the test.
We agree with the State that a challenge to an inadvertent variance in the technique of performing a blood test requires determining whether the existing technique was properly applied, not whether a new technique has been invented and satisfies the Kelly factors. "[T]he third Kelly prong— whether the technique was properly applied on the occasion in question — must necessarily be decided on a case-by-case basis." Somers v. State, 368 S.W.3d 528, 537 n. 27 (Tex.Crim.App.2012) (citing Hartman v. State, 946 S.W.2d 60, 64 (Tex. Crim.App.1997)). It is this prong that we review in this appeal.
When a defendant challenges the reliability of scientific evidence, the State bears the burden at the hearing to establish reliability by clear and convincing evidence. See Kelly, 824 S.W.2d at 573; Schultz v. State, 457 S.W.3d 94, 103 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). This includes challenges to. the performance of a test to ensure scientific equipment- is functioning properly before the use of the equipment. See Schultz, 457 S.W.3d at 103-05 (considering whether moving location of breath alcohol testing van required re-inspection of equipment in van before use). If the State carries this burden, the burden then shifts to the defendant "to establish that the evidence was otherwise unreliable." Id. at 105 (citing Pham v. State, 175 S.W.3d 767, 773 (Tex. Crim.App.2005)).
C. Analysis
Appellant argues that the blood draw technique was not properly applied because the machine that performed the blood test had not been properly validated. Appellant's: blood test was performed on August 23, 2012. About four months earlier, certain components on the machine had to be replaced. Once the components were replaced, the machine had to be reva-lidated.
For validation, a' machine is set at certain parameters. Then samples with the known concentration of alcohol are tested to ensure that the machine is reporting the expected results for the known' samples. In the validation process, the machine is evaluated for "linearity, precision, limit of quantification, limit of detection, resolution, carryover, and sample to sample carryover," as indicated in the validation report. As long as the machine produces the expected results for each of these matters at the parameters that were defined, then the machine is validated. The machine then runs its tests for actual specimens using the defined parameters of the validation test.
The record shows that one of the defined parameters for the validation test was that the vial oven in the machine would be set at 70 degrees Celsius (158 degrees Fahrenheit). The record also shows that Appellant's blood test was analyzed with the vial oven in the machine set at 70 degrees Celsius. The record indicates, however, that, for three of the four days of the validation test, the vial oven in the machine was instead set at 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit). Appellant argues that, due to the discrepancy in the vial oven temperature during the validation, the machine had not, in fact, been properly validated. She further argues that, because the machine had not been properly validated and because Appellant's blood was tested at a temperature different from what was actually used during most of the validation test, the State failed to carry its burden of showing that the blood draw technique was properly applied.
Understanding the significance of the discrepancy in the vial oven temperature requires a more detailed explanation of how the machine tests for alcohol in a blood sample. The machine used to test Appellant's blood in this case does not perform tests on the blood itself Instead, the concentration of alcohol in the blood is tested by measuring the volume of alcohol released into the air under set conditions. Specifically, a portion of the blood sample (a known concentration sample or the sample of the suspect's blood) is placed in a vial along with a set amount of a chemical referred to as n-Propanol. The vial is sealed and placed in a heating chamber, the "vial oven." The liquid solution is heated to the specified temperature. The heating of the liquid solution causes the volatile compounds, such as alcohol, to turn into a gas and form in the remaining portion of the sealed vial, known as the "headspace." The gases in this headspace are tested for alcohol, n-Propanol, and any other relevant chemicals.
According to what is known as Henry's Law, in a closed environment (such as the sealed vial) with a constant temperature, the volume of volatile compounds (such as alcohol and n-Propanol) in a liquid will be proportional to the concentration of those compounds released into the headspace above the liquid. As it applies to blood tests, this law provides that a certain concentration of alcohol in blood will release a predictable, specific amount of alcohol into the headspace of a sealed vial when the blood is heated to a specified temperature, while blood with twice that concentration of alcohol will release twice the amount of alcohol into the headspace of the vial. For blood tests, the machine measures the presence and quantity of volatiles (such as alcohol and n-Propanol) in the headspace of the vial after the liquid has been heated.
As stated, Henry's Law is based on a fixed, constant temperature. The implication of this law is that, when the temperature of the liquid solution is raised, the concentration of volatiles in the air of the container also increase. If all that were measured were the amount of alcohol in the headspace, then, increasing the temperature on a blood sample would resemble the proportion of alcohol released from blood with a greater concentration of alcohol at a lower temperature.
Arnold provided the most scientifically detailed explanation for why the change in temperature during the validation test did not render the validation useless and, by extension, why the blood draw technique for Appellant's test was properly applied. Arnold acknowledged that, if the machines only tested for the volume of alcohol released into the headspace, an inaccurate reading could result from the change in the oven temperature. But that is not how results are obtained for machines like the one used to test Appellant's blood.
Instead, blood-alcohol concentration is determined by measuring the ratio of the proportion of alcohol contained in the headspace to the proportion of n-Propanol contained in the headspace. The results on the report identifying the suspect's blood-alcohol concentration is derived from a determination of the ratio of alcohol to n-Propanol, not from a determination of just the amount of alcohol in the headspace.
A set amount of n-Propanol is added to every sample tested, whether the sample is of a known concentration or of the suspect's blood. Based on this, while an increase in the oven temperature would have increased the amount of alcohol released into the headspace, it also would have— based on Henry's Law — released the same proportion of n-Propanol into the heads-pace. Accordingly, a change in the vial oven temperature would not affect the ratio of alcohol to n-Propanol found in the headspace. It would change the total quantity of both, but not the ratio between the two.
Arnold, Mayor, and Rios also testified that the validation should not be unreliable due to the change in the oven temperature for a similar reason: the tests of the known concentration samples continued to be measured at the expected amount during the subsequent tests, including Appellant's. The purpose of the validation is to ensure that the machine produces results within a permissible range for samples .with known concentrations. Arnold, May- or, and Rios testified that each time a test is performed on a suspect's blood sample, known concentration samples are also tested. If the machine continues to report the expected measurements for known quantity samples during normal use, then the change in oven temperature did not have an impact on its validation.
Appellant's expert, Culbertson, testified to the contrary. She testified that, in order for a machine to produce reliable results, it must be validated first. She asserted that the measurement of controls (known concentration samples) during regular testing could not establish that the machine had been properly validated "[b]e-cause you have to have a valid method before you can even speak to the results of a control or a sample." Culbertson did not testify, however, why Arnold's explanation that the ratio of alcohol to n-Propanol would remain constant after increasing the temperature of the vial oven was incorrect.
Appellant's argument on appeal follows the same reasoning. Appellant argues, "If the testimony in this case is sufficiently reliable, then the industry-standard requirements of validation and maintaining documentation are nothing but mere formalities which may be disregarded as long as a lab employee testifies that a method 'has proven itself by virtue of casework analysis." Appellant's concerns are understandable. Yet, to hold that the trial court abused its discretion by crediting and considering this evidence would be tantamount to holding that any discrepancy in performance of the validation test renders it and all subsequent tests unreliable as a matter of law regardless of any explanation proffered by the State's expert to show that the discrepancy did not result in any error in the blood test results in question. We cannot hold this.
The trial court's determination of whether the State discharged its burden of establishing that the technique was properly applied includes considering challenges to the performance of tests designed to ensure scientific equipment is functioning properly prior to the use of the equipment. See Schultz, 457 S.W.3d at 103-05 (considering whether rules of DPS required re-inspection after van containing breath testing machine had driven to different site). We afford almost total deference to a trial court's determination of questions of fact and its rulings on mixed questions of law and fact when the resolution of those questions depends on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 657. Nothing in Culbertson's testimony disproved as a matter of law Arnold's testimony that the ratio of alcohol to n-Propanol would remain constant after increasing the temperature of the vial oven. Accordingly, the determination of whether the machine that tested Appellant's blood had been properly validated came down to a resolution of conflicting evidence between experts. This necessarily involves determinations of credibility. As a result, it was within .the trial court's discretion to resolve the question in favor of the State. See id.
When it ruled on Appellant's challenge to the reliability of the blood test results, the trial court explicitly found that Mayor and Arnold were credible. It then ruled that the State met its burden on establishing reliability. Appellant has not established that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence. See id.; Osbourn, 92 S.W.3d at 537 (holding trial court's admission of evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion).
We overrule Appellant's fourth issue.
Modification of the Trial Court Judgment
. The judgment reflects that the trial court's finding on the State's enhancement paragraph was "n/a," meaning "not applicable." This is incorrect.
An appellate court has the authority to reform an error in the judgment when the matter has been called to its attention by any source. French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (holding that appellate court could reform judgment to reflect jury's affirmative deadly weapon finding and adopting reasoning in Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 529-30 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1991, pet. refd) ("The authority of an appellate court to reform incorrect judgments is not dependent upon the request of any party, nor does it turn on the question of whether a party has or has not objected in the trial court.")); see also Rhoten v. State, 299 S.W.3d 349, 356 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2009, no pet.) (reforming judgment to correctly reflect appellant's plea). "The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure also provide direct authority for this Court to modify the trial court's judgment." Rhoten, 299 SW.3d at 356 (citing Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b) (providing that court of appeals may modify trial court's judgment and affirm as modified)).
The record reflects that, the State's amended information contained an enhancement paragraph. During the punishment phase, the trial court found it to be true. Without such a finding, Appellant's sentence would be outside of the permissible punishment range. See Tex Penal Code Ann. § 12.21 (Vernon 2011) (setting maximum punishment range for class A misdemeanors at one year), § 12.22 (Vernon 2011) (setting maximum punishment range for class B misdemeanors at 180 days), § 49.04(d) (Vernon Supp. 2014) (setting level of punishment for driving while-intoxicated as class A misdemeanor when defendant's blood alcohol concentration is at 0.15 or above). Accordingly we will modify the judgment to correctly reflect the trial court's finding.
Conclusion
We modify the judgment to reflect that the trial court found the State's enhancement paragraph to be true. We affirm the judgment as modified.
. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a) (Vernon 2014).
. To the degree Appellant believes she also falls in the "fear" exception, her degree of fear and the relevance of the fear have not been developed in this record or in her legal ' arguments' at trial and on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P: 33.1(a) (requiring complaint to be made to trial court before being raised on appeal), 38.1(i) .(requiring briefs to contain concise arguments for contentions made); see also State v. Krause, 168 Wis.2d 578, 484 N.W.2d 347, 350 (Wis.Ct.App.1992) (holding statements by defendant that he "didn't believe in needles" and "d[id]n't want AIDS" were insufficient to establish fear exception).
. Terry concerned a warrantless search. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1879, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Nevertheless, the court held that, "the notions which underlie both the warrant procedure and the requirement of probable cause remain fully relevant in this context." Id. Additionally, we see no justification for restricting the relevant facts to what the officer knew at the time of the search for warrantless search cases but expanding the relevant facts for cases where the officer obtained a warrant before the search. The law is meant to incentivize police officers to obtain a warrant before performing searches and seizures: See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 914, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 3416, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984) (recognizing preference for courts to adopt rules incen-tivizing obtaining warrants before search and seizure).
. As a result, we do not need to determine whether the reasonableness of the method or performance of the search is even a matter to . be considered by the magistrate.
. The Court of Criminal Appeals has granted rehearing on Villarreal. The State has not challenged in its motion for rehearing the holding upon which we rely. At present, the current holding in Villarreal is the strongest indication we have on the Court of Criminal Appeal's perception of the continuing validity of Beeman.
. Effective April 1, 2015, the Texas Supreme Court has adopted amendments to the Texas Rules of Evidence. See 78 Tex. B.J. 42, 42 (Tex. 2015). The amendments to Rule 702 were stylistic in nature. Id.
. Appellant was charged with an offense under Chapter 49 of the Texas Penal Code and the offense involved the operation of a motor vehicle. See Tex Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a).
. Section 724.017 of the Texas Transportation Code places certain restrictions on performing the blood draw, but not on the analysis of the blood after the draw is performed. Tex Transp. Code Ann. § 724.017 (Vernon Supp. 2014).
. See also Jannah v. State, No. 01-14-00250-CR, 2015 WL 1544619, at *3 (Tex.App.-Hous ton [1st Dist.] Apr. 2, 2015, no pet.) (mém. op., not designated for publication).
. Some question was raised during the hearing about whether the evidence really did show that the vial oven had been incorrectly set at 60 degrees Celsius during the first three days of the validation test. Because we can affirm the trial court's ruling even when we assume that the evidence established the incorrect setting of the vial oven temperature, we do not need to resolve this dispute.