Case Name: Western Union Telegraph Company v. Van Cleave
Court: Kentucky Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Kentucky
Decision Date: 1900-01-03
Citations: 107 Ky. 464
Docket Number: 
Parties: Western Union Telegraph Company v. Van Cleave.
Judges: JUDGE DuRELLE dissents prom so much op the opinion as holds THAT MENTAL ANGUISH MAY BE MADE AN INDEPENDENT ELEMENT OP DAMAGES, AND RECOVERY HAD THERBPOR.
Reporter: Kentucky Reports
Volume: 107
Pages: 464–469

Head Matter:
Case 71 — ACTION FOB DAMAGES FOB DEDAY IN DEDIVEBING TEDEGBAM
Jan. 3, 1900.
Western Union Telegraph Company v. Van Cleave.
APPEAL FROM MARION CIRCUIT COURT.
1. Damages — Mental Anguish. — Mental anguish resulting from failure o:f plaintiff to he present -at his brother’s funeral, asserted to have been caused by delay in the delivery of a telegram, is ■an element of damage in an action against a telegraph company for the delay.
2. Telegraph Companies — Night Messages. — Telegraph 'companies have a right to prescribe a regulation that night messages are not to be delivered until the following morning, and they are not liable for damages in tort to the receiver of such a message where if was delivered within a reasonable time after the beginning of office hours on the morning following the receipt of the telegram.
3. Same. — It is competent for a telegraph company to establish reasonable hours within which their business may be transacted and they may fix those hours with reference to the quantity of business done. They may not be required to employ both a day and a night messenger if it he apparent that the business of its line will not justify such employment.
WILLIAM LINDSAY por appellant, argued orally.
(No brief in the record.)
A. E. RICHARDS eor the appellant, argued orally.
RICHARDS, WEISSINGER & BASKIN por appellant.
1. The. motion for a peremptory instruction should have been sustained. The message was a night message, sent as such because it was cheaper and the message was delivered strictly in accordance with the terms and conditions assented to by the sender.
2. Any instruction authorizing vindictive damages was improper.
3. The court erred in refusing instruction number one, offered by the defendant, which was in effect a peremptory instruction to find for the defendant because it was hot shown that it had violated the contract it had made.
W. J. LISLE ALSO por appellant. (RICHARDS, WEISSINGER & BASKIN op counsel).
Upon the same points counsel cited: Chapman v. W. U^ T. Co., 90-Ky., 266; Primrose v. W. U. T. Co., 154 U. S., 23; W. U. T. Co. v. Harding, 103 Ind., 505; Given v. W U. T. Co., 24 Fed. Rep., 119; 2 Shear. & Red. on Neg., sec. 540; Wolf v. W. U. T. Go., 62 Pa.- St., 83; s. c. 1 Am. Dec., 387.
RUSSELL & SONS and FINLEY SHUCK por appellee.
Upon the points of law relied on by appellant, counsel cited Leake on Contracts, 443; Ky. Con., 196.

Opinion:
CHIEF JUSTICE HAZELRIGG
delivered the opinion op the court.
The appellee recovered judgment of appellant for the sum of $1,000 for mental anguish caused by his inability to attend his brother's funeral, and which non-attendance he avers, was owing to the negligent failure of the appellant to deliver to him in a reasonable time a telegram announcing the death of that relative. The message was sent from the appellant's office at Lake City, Missouri, at about nine o'clock on the evening of January 1, 1894, and reached Lebanon, Kentucky, the place of its destination, at eleven-forty-four o'clock on the same even ing. It was not delivered to the appellee until next morning at .about eight o'clock, and too late for the first train out that morning. It may be assumed, for the purposes of the case, that the failure of appellee to get the train was the sole cause of his not attending the funeral. The appellant resists recovery on the grounds:
First, that mental anguish, accompanied by no physical injury, gives no cause of action; second, that the message was a "night" message, and, according to the terms indorsed on the blank on which it was written, was to be delivered "not earlier than the morning of the next ensuing business day;" and, third, that its office at l^ebanon during the night was in charge of an operator, who was also the agent and night operator for the railroad company, and the rules of his employment forbid his leaving the office at night for any purpose; that a delivery boy was kept only from six o'clock a. m. until six o'clock p. m., because the business did not justify night delivery.
Other minor defenses were presented, but, as we shall see, they need not be considered.
The ground first suggested has furnished the occasion for much controversy, and much conflict of authority. It is probably in accordance with the views of a majority of the State courts that mental anguish and injured feelings alone, .and unaccompanied with physical injury, do not' furnish ground for recovery. But in this State the rule has been announced otherwise. Chapman v. Western Union Telegraph Co. (1890), 90 Ky., 265, [13 S. W., 880].
And so likewise a recovery in this class of cases can be had under the decisions of the States of Texas, Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, North Carolina, and Tennessee. It may be admitted that there, are difficulties in the way of an exact measurement of such damages, but it does not seem to us that this is a sufficient reason why a negligent public carrier should escape with merely nominal damages. The same difficulty of accurately measuring such damages arises in cases of slander, breach of marriage contract, and in. cases where mental suffering is accompanied with physical pain.
If, as argued, the law does not deal generally with the feelings and emotions, it may be answered that here the parties themselves have contracted with respect to those very things, or, at least, have contracted with respect to those things which naturally affect the feelings and emotions.
For the purpose of having him attend, a message is sent to a son, informing him of his mother's death, and the date of her funeral and burial. It must be supposed that a failure to deliver such a message will cause mental suffering; and this suffering is, therefore, a consequence or result within the contemplation of the parties. This is true whether the carrier is sued on its contract or because of its failure to perform a public duty as a common carrier of intelligence.
It is an old doctrine that, "when the parties have made a contract, which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as may fully and reasonably be considered either as arising naturally — i. e. according to the usual course of things — from such breach of contract itself, or such as may be reasonably supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract as the probable result of the breach of it." Hadley v. Braxendale, 9 Exch., 341.
The rule is certainly not less comprehensive if applied as a test for the ascertainment of the liability of a com m on carrier who may violate its public duty. The subject-matter of the undertaking by the carrier is not of a pecuniary nature, and the breach of the undertaking can not be measured by 'an attempted ascertainment of what money is lost by reason of the breach. As -the question, however, must be regarded as a settled one in this State, we need not elaborate this branch of the case further. The doctrine is fully supported in .the recent well-considered cases of Mentzer v. Western Union Telegraph Co. (1895), 93 Iowa, 752, [57 Am. St. R., 294; 62 N. W., 1; 28 L. R. A., 72]; and Cashion v. Telegraph Co. (1898), 123 N. C., 270, [68 Am. St. R., 822; 31 S. E., 493], where all the cases are collated.
. We are of the opinion, however, that the second and third points suggested are conclusive against appellee's' right of recovery. While.the nature of his action is in tort, and not on a contract, — as he had none with the company, — he can not recover if the company has complied with the terms of its contract and undertaking with the sender of the message, provided, indeed, those terms are such' as may reasonably be imposed and agreed upon. That night messages are a business necessity, and contracts of the kind made here for delivery of such messages on the next morning-after sending them may be made, can not be doubted in the face of the authorities and. on principle. Hibbard v. Telegraph Co., 33 Wis., 558, [14 Am. St. R., 775]; Fowler v. Tel. Co. (Me.), [15 Atl., 29], and cases cited.
The contract enables the sender-to get cheaper rates, and yet have his message delivered in time to be acted upon the next morning; and it enables the company to send the message during the odd hours of the night, when business is not pressing, and when it may furnish the service at a cheaper rate. The court below therefore erred in striking this plea from the company's answer.
We think it likewise competent for such companies to establish reasonable hours within which their business may be transacted, and they may fix those hours with reference to the quantity of business done. They may not be required to employ .both a day and a night messenger,, if it be apparent that the business of the office will not justify such employment. This we understand to be the rule everywhere. Telegraph Co. v. Harding, 103 Ind., 505, [3 N. E., 172]; W. U. Co. v. Wingate, 6 Tex. Civ. App., 394, [25 S. W., 439]; W. U. Co. v. McCoy (Tex. Civ. App.), [31 S. W., 210], Under the proof on the points last named, the law is for the defendant, and a peremptory instruction should have been given.
Wherefore the judgment is reversed for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
JUDGE DuRELLE dissents prom so much op the opinion as holds THAT MENTAL ANGUISH MAY BE MADE AN INDEPENDENT ELEMENT OP DAMAGES, AND RECOVERY HAD THERBPOR.