Case Name: CASCADEN v. WIMBISH
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1908-04-07
Citations: 3 Alaska Fed. 73
Docket Number: No. 1,502
Parties: CASCADEN v. WIMBISH.
Judges: Before GILBERT, ROSS, and MORROW, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Alaska Federal Reports
Volume: 3
Pages: 73–82

Head Matter:
161 F. 241
CASCADEN v. WIMBISH.
No. 1,502.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
April 7, 1908.
T. C. West, Fernand de Journel, and H. J. Miller, for appellant.
John L. McGinn, Martin L. Sullivan, Campbell, Met-son, Drew, Oatman & McKenzie, and E. H. Ryan, for appellee.
Before GILBERT, ROSS, and MORROW, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above).
The principal question here presented is whether a laborer's lien created by the Alaskan Code extends to and binds the interest of the owner of a mining claim for improvements made thereon under the direction of a lessee with the owner's knowledge, and in the absence of a disclaimer of responsibility by the latter. By section 262, it is provided that one who performs labor or furnishes material for construction or development of a building, mine, etc., shall have a lien thereon for-work done or material furnished at the instance of the owner of the building or other improvement, and that every contractor, subcontractor, architect, builder, or other person having charge of such construction shall be held to be the agent of the owner. The object of section 263 is to declare to what land the lien shall extend, and it provides for a lien on a leasehold interest in cases where the lessee causes the work to be done, and the lessor has no knowledge that it is being done. Section 265 relates to cases where the owner, having such knowledge, fails to give notice that .he will not be responsible therefor, and it applies as well to property under lease to another as to property not leased. It refers by its terms to section 262, and declares that there shall be a lien on the mine or improvement therein referred to if the owner, being aware of the work, fails to notify the laborer that he will not be responsible. In other words, these three sections, construed together, mean that the person in charge of the work shall prima facie be deemed to be the agent of the owner, and the property of the latter shall be charged with the lien under the express provisions of section 262; that, if the person in charge is not in fact such agent, the interest of the owner shall, nevertheless, be liable for the improvement if it is constructed with his knowledge, and he fails to post the required notice disclaiming responsibility; and that, if the work is done for a lessee of the property, liability is confined to the leasehold estate, if the owner had not knowledge of the construction of the improvement, or if, having such knowledge, he gave notice that he would not be responsible. Such a construction gives effect to all the provisions of the law, and is the construction given to similar statutes in California, Nevada, and Oregon. West Coast Lumber Co. v. Newkirk, 80 Cal. 275, 22 P. 231; Title Guarantee & Trust Co. v. Wrenn, 35 Or. 62, 56 P. 271, 76 Am.St.Rep. 454; Cross v. Tscharnig, 27 Or. 49, 39 P. 540; Gould v. Wise, 18 Nev. 253, 3 P. 30.
It is assigned as error that the court refused to' permit the appellant to amend his answer by adding thereto the allegation that Clyne, Runner, Lungvich, and Saitz were necessary parties to the final determination of the suit. This application was made when the cause came on for trial on November 8, 1906. The appellee objected to'the amendment for the reason that it had not been suggested when the pleadings were made up, and for the further reason that the additional parties so named in the application were then out of the jurisdiction of the court and could not be served. The complaint had been filed on February 21, 1906, and the answer had been interposed on August 16th. While the persons so named in the application would have been proper parties to the suit, they were not necessary parties to the determination of the primary question involved therein, which was whether the interest of the appellant in the mining claim should be charged with the liens. There was no abuse of the discretion lodged in the trial court, therefore, in denying the application made so late and after the additional parties so suggested had left the jurisdiction of the court and could not be served.
Error is assigned to the allowance of attorney's fees to the appellee in the judgment in the court below. Section 270 of the Civil Code of Alaska (Act Cong. June 6, 1900, c. 786, 31 Stat. 536) provides that, in all suits to enforce such liens, the court, on entering judgment for the plaintiff, shall allow as part of the costs all moneys paid for the filing and recording of the lien, and also a reasonable amount as attorney's fees. It is contended that this provision for attorney's fees is unconstitutional. Counsel for the appellant cite the recent decision of the Supreme Court of California in Builders' Supply Depot v. O'Connor, 150 Cal. 265, 88 P. 982, in which that court held a similar provision of the statutes of California violative of the state Constitution, as well as of the fourteenth amendment to the federal Constitution, which guaranties to every person the equal protection of the laws. But in the present case the fourteenth amendment has no application for its prohibitions are addressed to the states only. No state shall deny to "any person within its jurisdiction" the equal protection of the laws. The only obligation resting on the United States is to see that the states do not deny that right. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 3 S.Ct. 18, 27 L.Ed. 835; United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 23 L.Ed. 588.
That such a statute is violative of state Constitutions has also been held in Randolph v. Supply Co., 106 Ala. 501, 17 So. 721, Davidson v. Jennings, 27 Colo. 187, 60 P. 354, 48 L.R.A. 340, 83 Am.St.Rep. 49, and Chair Co. v. Runnels, 77 Mich. 104, 43 N.W. 1006. But, the reverse has been held in Dell v. Marvin, 41 Fla. 221, 26 So. 188, 45 L.R.A. 201, 79 Am.St.Rep. 171, Duckwall v. Jones, 156 Ind. 682, 58 N.E. 1055, 60 N.E. 797, Robert son v. Moore, 10 Idaho, 115, 77 P. 218, Littell v. Saulsberry, 40 Wash. 550, 82 P. 909, Ivall v. Willis, 17 Wash. 645, 50 P. 467, Title Guarantee & Trust Co. v. Wrenn, 35 Or. 62, 56 P. 271, 76 Am.St.Rep. 454, Wortman v. Kleinschmidt, 12 Mont. 316, 30 P. 280, and Vogel v. Pekoe, 157 Ill. 339, 42 N.E. 386, 30 L.R.A. 491. In Gulf, Colorado & Sante Fé Ry. v. Ellis, 165 U.S. 150, 17 S.Ct. 255, 41 L.Ed. 666, the Supreme Court held unconstitutional a state statute allowing attorney's fees in certain cases of suits for personal services rendered to railroad companies, or for damages for overcharges on freight or claims for stock killed or injured by any railroad company, on the ground that such a statute operates to deny the railroad company the equal protection of the law, in that it requires them to pay in certain cases attorney's fees to the parties successfully suing them, while it gives to them no like or corresponding benefit. But in the opinion in that case the court had in mind the policy of state legislation for the protection of laborers' liens, and to distinguish the case under consideration from such a case said: "Statutes have been sustained giving special protection to the claims of laborers and mechanics, but no such idea underlies this legislation. It does not aim to protect the laborer or the mechanic alone, for its benefits are conferred upon every individual in the state, rich or poor, high or low, who has a claim of the character described. It is not a statute for the protection of particular classes of individuals supposed to need protection, but for the punishment of certain corporations on account of their delinquency."
It is the purpose of the lien law to secure "priority of payment of the price and value of work performed and materials furnished in erecting and repairing a building or other structure." Van Stone v. Stillwell & Bierce Mfg. Co., 142 U.S. 136, 12 S.Ct. 181, 35 L.Ed. 961. In harmony with this purpose and with the above-quoted utterance of the Supreme Court in Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé Ry. v. Ellis, Congress has provided for the protection of the lien claimant by authorizing the court to allow him a reasonable attorney's fee in case the payment of his lien is unsuccessfully resisted. We find no ground for saying that such a law is unconstitutional.
It is contended that a portion of the work for which the liens were claimed was work for which no lien attaches under the law. It appeared that all of the men were hired at the usual rate of employment, which was $5 a day and board. One of them devoted a portion of his time to cooking for himself and the others, and the remainder of his time to work on the shafts and tunnels. It is urged, under the authority of McCormick v. Los Angeles City Water Co. et al., 40 Cal. 185, that for the time so devoted to cooking there could be no lien on the mining claim. We think the facts in the' present case distinguish it from the case so cited. In that case, the cook was employed by one who had a contract to do a specific work for an agreed sum, and there was ground for holding that the expense of the cooking was not chargeable against the property. In the present case, men were hired to work on the premises for a fixed price and their board. If they had been obliged to employ another to do their cooking, it is evident that it would have been necessary to increase their wages by the amount of the expense so incurred. The mining property received the benefit therefore of all the work done by all the men, and, in the theory of the lien law, the value of the mining property was enhanced by the whole thereof. In Young v. French, 35 Wis. 111, and Winslow et al. v. Urquhart, 39 Wis. 261, it was held that one who cooks for the men at work on logs, under a logging contract, is entitled to a lien for his wages under a statute which gives to every person who shall furnish any supplies or do or perform any labor or services, in cutting, felling, or hauling logs or timber, a lien on them for the amount due therefor. In Lybrandt v. Eberly, 36 Pa. 347, it was held that, if a mechanic engages hands at a certain sum per diem and their board, he may include in his lien the boarding of the workmen, and the same was held in Bangs v. Berg, 82 Iowa, 350, 48 N.W. 90, where it was a part of the contract that the owner of the property to be improved should board the hands and team engaged in the work.
Without merit, also, is the contention that the lien claimants should have no lien for the time and labor devoted to cleaning üp and washing the gold taken out of the mine. This was labor done upon the mine within the meaning of section 262.
The decree is affirmed.