Case Name: MOTEL PROPERTIES, INC. v. MILLER
Court: Supreme Court of Georgia
Jurisdiction: Georgia
Decision Date: 1993-11-01
Citations: 263 Ga. 484
Docket Number: S93G0406
Parties: MOTEL PROPERTIES, INC. v. MILLER.
Judges: Clarke, C. J., Benham and Fletcher, JJ., concur; Hunt, P. J., Sears-Collins, J., and Judge Cloud Morgan dissent. Carley, J., disqualified.
Reporter: Georgia Reports
Volume: 263
Pages: 484–489

Head Matter:
S93G0406.
MOTEL PROPERTIES, INC. v. MILLER.
(436 SE2d 196)

Opinion:
Hunstein, Justice.
J. E. Miller brought suit against Motel Properties, Inc. d/b/a The Comfort Inn of Jekyll Island seeking damages incurred when he, while an invitee at the motel, fell on what he alleged to be an approach to the motel's premises. Miller amended his complaint to add as a defendant the Jekyll Island State Park Authority; the Authority is not a party to the current appeal. The trial court's denial of the motel's motion for summary judgment was affirmed on interlocutory appeal to the Court of Appeals. Motel Properties v. Miller, 206 Ga. App. 370 (425 SE2d 334) (1992). We granted certiorari to address whether Miller's injury occurred on an approach to the motel's premises so as to call into application our holding in Todd v. F. W. Woolworth Co., 258 Ga. 194 (366 SE2d 674) (1988). We conclude the injury did not occur on an approach and accordingly reverse.
Miller fell on a border of rock and concrete boulders, known as "rip-rap," that had been placed along the Atlantic Coast shoreline of Jekyll Island in the 1960's to retard the natural displacement of beach sand. The rip-rap is on State property governed by the Jekyll Island State Park Authority. The motel's property, which abuts the beach, is leased from the Authority. A sidewalk extends 200 feet from the motel's lobby to the unmarked edge of the motel's leasehold and ends 169 feet past the motel's property, at a point some 27 feet before the rip-rap on which Miller fell begins. It is uncontroverted that the motel was not responsible for the placement of the rip-rap and that there was nothing negligent about the placement and presence of the rip-rap.
Construing the evidence in favor of Miller, as the respondent on motion for summary judgment, it appears that he was unaware the beach was bordered by the rip-rap when, after a day spent driving around the island, golfing, shopping, and lounging at the motel's swimming pool, he and his companion decided to take a midnight stroll on the beach. It is uncontroverted that Miller was not given any oral or written notice warning him about the presence of the rip-rap. Miller knew before he left that there were no lights artificially illuminating the beach. The couple did not carry a flashlight on the walk, could not recall the presence of moonlight, and knew by the time they reached the end of the sidewalk that it was too dark to see anything in front of them, although Miller deposed he was able to tell by the feel of the sand under his feet the point at which he stepped off the end of the sidewalk. Miller continued walking forward in the darkness and fell on the rip-rap, injuring his head.
1. An owner or occupier of land is liable in damages to invitees for injuries caused by his failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping the premises and approaches safe. OCGA § 51-3-1; Todd v. F. W. Woolworth Co., supra. In Todd, this court addressed the duties a landowner has with regard to approaches to his premises and construed OCGA § 51-3-1 to impose a duty on a landowner regarding approaches to his premises that are public ways to exercise due care within the limited confines of his right in the public way, notwithstanding the landowner's lack of control over that public way approach. Id. at (1). We were not called upon in Todd to address the issue present in this case, i.e., what physically constitutes an approach, since the defendant in Todd had admitted the plaintiff had been injured on an approach to its premises. See id. at 197 (1). As to the factual question regarding what physically constitutes an approach, this Court referred with approval to Elmore of Embry Hills v. Porcher, 124 Ga. App. 418 (183 SE2d 923) (1971), in which it was held that except in certain circumstances, the term "approaches" as used in OCGA § 51-3-1 "refers to the sidewalk or other approach that is directly contiguous, adjacent to, and touching the premises under control of the owner or occupier." Elmore of Embry Hills, supra at 420.
2. We construe "approaches" to mean that property directly contiguous, adjacent to, and touching those entryways to premises under the control of an owner or occupier of land, through which the owner or occupier, by express or implied invitation, has induced or led others to come upon his premises for any lawful purpose, and through' which such owner or occupier could foresee a reasonable invitee would find it necessary or convenient to traverse while entering or exiting in the course of the business for which the invitation was extended. By "contiguous, adjacent to, and touching," we mean that property within the last few steps taken by invitees, as opposed to "mere pedestrians," Todd, supra at 197 (2), as they enter or exit the premises. It is only within the confines of this limited approach that Todd imposes a duty on a landowner to exercise ordinary care over property not within the landowner's control.
3. There are, of course, exceptions to this definition. As noted in Elmore of Embry Hills, supra, under certain circumstances non-contiguous property can be deemed an approach because the landowner extended the approach to his premises "by some positive action on his part, such as constructing a sidewalk, ramp, or other direct approach." (Emphasis supplied.) Id. Accord Scoggins v. Campbellton Plaza Corp., 114 Ga. App. 23 (1) (150 SE2d 179) (1966). Such an exception is based on the fact that the owner or occupier of land, for his own particular benefit, has affirmatively exerted control over a public way or another's property. The requirement of an act reflecting a landowner's positive exercise of dominion over a public way or another's property is necessary in order to avoid "imposing] upon invitors an unknowable and impossible burden for maintaining an undefined circumference of properties." Todd, supra at 198 (Weltner, J., dissenting).
4. Given this definition of "approach," no question of fact remains that Miller did not injure himself on an approach to the motel's premises so as to impose on the motel pursuant to OCGA § 51-3-1 any duty to exercise ordinary care on Miller's behalf. At the time of his fall, Miller was approximately 196 feet away from premises controlled by the motel. No exception to the contiguous approach definition applies in this case because even assuming, arguendo, that the sidewalk past the motel's property constituted an extension of the approach to the motel, it is uncontroverted Miller's fall did not occur on the sidewalk but instead occurred on rocks some 27 feet past the end of the sidewalk at a location over which the motel exercised no positive control. We reject the argument that the duty imposed on owners and occupiers of land by OCGA § 51-3-1 extends to what at best is an approach to an approach.
Accordingly, because the evidence is uncontroverted that Miller was not injured on the premises or approaches of the motel, the Court of Appeals erred by affirming the trial court's denial of the motel's motion for summary judgment.
Judgment reversed.
Clarke, C. J., Benham and Fletcher, JJ., concur; Hunt, P. J., Sears-Collins, J., and Judge Cloud Morgan dissent. Carley, J., disqualified.
Access to the beach is provided by wood bridges spanning the rip-rap. The record does not reflect how far from the sidewalk the bridges are located.
Miller's companion deposed that she could see the rip-rap but not the shoreline from the swimming pool.
It is uncontroverted that this was not a situation where lights were present but were either not yet activated or were broken. Compare Kreiss v. Allatoona Landing, 108 Ga. App. 427 (133 SE2d 602) (1963) (lights were situated every 16 feet along dock but on night of fall, although lights further along plaintiff's path were lit, lights around repair area had been disconnected or had burned out).
The non-exclusive list of circumstances noted in Elmore of Embry Hills, supra, includes situations where the landowner either created or maintained an obstruction, affirmatively acted to create a dangerous condition, or extended the approach to his premises "beyond the limits thereof by some positive action on his part, such as constructing a sidewalk, ramp, or other direct approach, and for his negligence in not keeping same in safe condition he would be liable." Id. at 420.
Todd distinguished its holding from Mason v. Crowe, 88 Ga. App. 191 (76 SE2d 432) (1953) and Rhodes v. Perlis, 83 Ga. App. 312 (63 SE2d 457) (1951) on the basis that those opinions involved "mere pedestrians using the sidewalk as opposed to invitees to premises such as Todd in this case." Todd, supra at 197 (2).
The need for a positive act demonstrating the exercise of control over property a party neither owns nor occupies is necessary given the well-established principle that where control over premises has been relinquished to another, the owner or occupier of those premises cannot be held liable under OCGA § 51-3-1. E.g., Beavers v. Moore, 200 Ga. App. 323 (408 SE2d 124) (1991); Green v. Moreland, 200 Ga. App. 167 (4) (407 SE2d 119) (1991). Accord OCGA § 44-7-14 (landlord who has fully parted with possession and the right of possession not liable to third parties for tenant's negligent or illegal use of premises where damages did not arise from defective construction or a failure to keep premises in repair).
We find utterly without merit Miller's argument that the lease agreement between the Authority and the motel's predecessor-assignor, by containing provisions for the Authority's exercise of its statutory obligations for the governing of Jekyll Island State Park, see OCGA § 12-3-230 et seq., made the motel a "joint venturer" with the Authority so as to grant the motel any control whatsoever over the property governed by the Authority.
Our holding above renders it unnecessary to determine whether as a matter of law, Miller cannot recover because he failed to exercise ordinary care for his own safety by deliberately and knowingly undertaking an obviously dangerous thing, i.e., by leaving the sidewalk and walking into complete darkness into an area commonly known not to be "generally level, smooth and firm." Malone v. Lombard Ponds, 105 Ga. App. 828, 829 (125 SE2d 697) (1962), modified by Kreiss, supra (walking in darkness alone does not preclude recovery for plaintiff's failure to exercise ordinary care for own safety in those situations where darkness conceals defendant's negligence).