Case Name: Appeal of CLEVELAND & WESTERN COAL CO.
Court: United States Board of Tax Appeals
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1926-04-23
Citations: 4 B.T.A. 93
Docket Number: Docket No. 2341
Parties: Appeal of CLEVELAND & WESTERN COAL CO.
Judges: Before Geeen, Lansdon, and Love.
Reporter: Reports of the United States Board of Tax Appeals
Volume: 4
Pages: 93–103

Head Matter:
Appeal of CLEVELAND & WESTERN COAL CO.
Docket No. 2341.
Submitted August 20, 1925.
Decided April 23, 1926.
O. F. Taplin, Esq., J. L. Steinbugler, Esq., and E. A. Mihills, G. P. A., for the taxpayer.
Edward Q. Lake, Esq., for the Commissioner.
Before Geeen, Lansdon, and Love.

Opinion:
OPINION.
Geeen:
The issues involved in this case are: (1) Were the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. and the Wisconsin Coal & Dock Co. during the years 1918 and 1919 personal service corporations, within the meaning of section 200 of the Revenue Act of 1918? (2) Is the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. entitled, under the provisions of section 326 of the Revenue Act of 1918, to include in its invested capital for the years 1918 and 1919 the sum of $87,300, representing capital stock issued for alleged good will? (3) Is the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. entitled, under the provisions of section 326 of the Revenue Act of 1918, to include in its invested capital for the years in question the sum of $15,300, representing the amount paid during 1917 to A. S. McQueen and James S. Boggs? (4) Are the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. and the Wisconsin Coal & Dock Co, entitled to a determination of their profits taxes under the provisions of section 328 of the Revenue Act of 1918? The issues will be disposed of in the order above given, and, in considering whether either or both the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. and the Wisconsin Coal & Dock Co. were personal service corporations, each will be considered separately.
The balance sheets of the Cleveland & Western show that the total of the items making up invested and borrowed capital amounted to $1,800,962.87 at January 1, 1918; $2,307,778.77 at January 1, 1919, and $2,929,747.75 at January 1, 1920. Capital is shown to have been used in financing a number of mining companies and the business of the Wisconsin Coal & Dock Co. This contributed to the successful operation of its business. Part of the business of the Cleveland & Western consisted of the sale of coal under contracts in which the Cleveland & Western agreed, among other things, to sell all the coal produced by certain mining companies, to guarantee the payment for all coal sold and, under some of the contracts, to make advances of funds. The balance of the business consisted largely of the purchase and sale of coal as a principal. It paid interest amounting to $35,235.51 during the year 1918 and $31,447.90 during the year 1919. From these facts it is evident that capital, invested and borrowed, was a material income-producing factor. Appeal of C. N. Merritt & Brother, Inc., 1 B. T. A. 927.
The evidence shows that a large part of the sales of this corporation was made by it as a principal. There is serious doubt whether taxpayer has proved that less than 50 per cent of the gross income consisted of income earned through trading as a principal, but, since our opinion will turn on another point, further discussion of this one is unnecessary.
One of the requirements of section 200 of the Revenue Act of 1918 is that the principal stockholders must be regularly engaged in the active conduct of the business of the taxpayer. Three of the stockholders collectively holding a substantial amount of stock devoted- no time to the conduct of the business, while the other stockholders had other important business connections and interests to which they devoted some of their time. This corporation fails to meet this test. Appeal of J. J. Harrington, 1 B. T. A. 11; Appeal of C. W. Simpson Co., 1 B. T. A. 995.
The capital stock of the Wisconsin Coal & Dock Co. was all owned by the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. during the years in question. The fully paid capital stock of $100,000 and the large credit extended to this corporation by the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. permitted the taxpayer to own large dock properties, carry customers, and maintain large inventories of coai as shown by the balance sheet. For this reason it can not be said of this corporation that its income was " ascribed primarily to the activities of its principal stockholders who were regularly engaged in the active conduct of its business." It is also very apparent that capital, invested and borrowed, was a material income-producing factor. Appeal of Hanley-Ried & Co., 2 B. T. A. 315:
The second issue involved in this appeal is whether the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. is entitled, under the provisions of section 326 of the Revenue Act of 1918, to include in its invested capital the sum of $81,300, representing capital stock alleged to have been issued for good will.
During the years 1913, 1914, and 1915, the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. issued common stock of the par value of $87,800 to F. E. Taplin, J. M. Todd, F. E. Danielson, and C. F. Taplin, who, it is claimed, brought good will to the business. The minutes of the first meeting of the stockholders indicate that there were two conditions under which this stock would be issued. Each share of preferred stock was to carry with it one-half share of common stock as a bonus. The par value of the stock issued as a bonus was $37,300 and the only consideration required by the corporation was the purchase of preferred stock. Fifty thousand dollars of the common stock is indicated in the minutes to have been issued to F. E. Taplin in consideration of the good will and the patronage which he brought to this company and of services rendered and to be rendered in the promotion and financing of the company. These facts indicate that the corporation did not consider that the stock was being issued solely for good will, although F. E. Taplin was paid a substantial salary for the services rendered by him to the corporation. The corporation endeavored to prove a value for the good will of $87,300 by furnishing a list of customers to F. E. Taplin to whom coal was sold subsequent to incorporation. In the opinion of the Board, the evidence is insufficient to establish that the good will had any actual cash value. Appeals of Saenger Amusement Co., 1 B. T. A. 96; W. E. Marshall & Co., 1 B. T. A. 175; Wright's Automatic Tobacco Packing Machine Co., 1 B. T. A. 1260; and Providence Mill Supply Co., 2 B. T. A. 791.
The third issue involved in this appeal is whether the Cleveland & Western Coal Co. is entitled, under the provisions of section 326 of the Revenue Act of 1918, to include in its invested capital the sum of $15,300, representing the amount paid during 1917 to A. S. McQueen and James S. Boggs.
The Meadow Lands Coa.l Co. was in the hands of receivers until March 20, 1917, and had been for some time prior thereto. During the year 1915 the Cleveland & Western, through one of its officers, informed McQueen that it desired a contract for the coal produced by that company and asked McQueen if he would use his influence with the receivers in aiding the Cleveland & Western in obtaining such contract. The Cleveland & Western did secure said contract for one year, beginning April 1, 1916. During the life of this contract the stockholders of the Cleveland & Western purchased sufficient capital stock of the Meadow Lands Coal Co. to control it, provided the receivership was dissolved. In order to obtain a new contract when the old contract expired April 1, 1917, the Cleveland & Western desired termination of the receivership, and through the influence of McQueen the receivership was terminated. Alter the receivers had agreed to the termination of the receivership, the taxpayer, during the year 1917, paid $10,000 to McQueen and $5,300 to James S. Boggs, the latter being one of the receivers of the Meadow Lands Coal Co. The question is whether the two payments totaling $15,300 are properly allowable as invested capital, during 1918 and 1919, to the Cleveland & Western Coal Co.
The evidence as to the purpose of the payment to McQueen and the circumstances surrounding that payment is wholly insufficient to enable the Board to determine whether it was an ordinary and necessary expense or a capital expenditure. The amount paid to Boggs, one of the receivers of the coal company, is neither a capital expenditure nor an ordinary and necessary business expense. A receiver is an officer of the court and is paid for his services by court decree. For an outside party to pay or agree to pay him for his services as a receiver is contrary to public policy. The amounts paid to McQueen and Boggs, amounting to $15,300, are not allowable as invested capital during 1918 and 1919, because the amounts so paid were not expended for any asset used in the business during the years under consideration, nor were the amounts so expended proper capital expenditures.
The fourth issue involved in this appeal is whether the Cleveland & Western and the Wisconsin Coal & Dock Co. are entitled, under the provisions of section 327 of the Revenue Act of 1918, to a determination by the Commissioner of their profits taxes under the provisions of section 328. A taxpayer must come within the provisions of section 327 in order to be entitled to computation of its profits taxes under the provisions of section 328. Section 327 contains four conditions, one of which must be met before the taxpayer is entitled to consideration under the provisions of section 328. From the evidence submitted it is clear that the taxpayer does not meet any one of the first three conditions, and unless it meets the fourth condition it is not entitled to a computation of its taxes under section 328. The fourth condition, above referred to, provides as follows:
Where upon application by the corporation the Commissioner finds and so declares of record that the tax if determined without benefit of this section would, owing to abnormal conditions affecting the capital or income of the corporation, work upon the corporation an exceptional hardship evidenced by gross disproportion between the tax computed without benefit of this section and the tax computed by reference to the representative corporations specified in section 328. This subdivision shall not apply to any case (1) in which the tax (computed without benefit of this section) is high merely because the corporation earned within the taxable year a high rate of profit upon a normal invested capital, nor (2) in which 50 per centum or more of the gross income of the corporation for the taxable year (computed under section 233 of Title II) consists of gains, profits, commissions, or other income, derived on a cost-plus basis from a Government contract or contracts made between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates inclusive.
Section 327 (d) provides that an " exceptional hardship " must be evident and that a " gross disproportion " exists owing to abnormal conditions," and, until this is shown, taxpayer is not entitled to the benefits of this act. The act also provides that this subdivision shall not apply to any case in which the tax (computed without benefit of this section) is high merely because the corporation earned within the taxable year a high rate of profit upon a normal invested capital. The record in this case indicates that the taxpayer did earn a larger net income during the period of the war than during prior years. It was from such excess war profits that Congress apparently intended to derive revenue when it enacted the Revenue Act of 1918.
The fact that the taxpayer considers its tax too high and that the taxes of a few other corporations are lower than the tax proposed against the taxpayer, is not sufficient to prove that an " exceptional hardship " had been worked or that a " gross disproportion " exists " owing to abnormal conditions." The efficient operation of the corporation resulting in a rate of turnover of its capital in excess of the average rate of turnover does not produce an abnormal condition affecting capital or income which warrants the computation of the tax under section 328 of the Revenue Act of 1918. Appeal of United Shoe Stores Co., 2 B. T. A. 73.
The deficiency is $30//.,667.38 for 1918, and $f.6,669.76 for 1919. Order will he entered accordingly.