Case Name: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William II, Appellant; The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Luis Rodriguez, Also Known as Manuel Perez, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 2002-06-06
Citations: 98 N.Y.2d 93
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v William II, Appellant. The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v Luis Rodriguez, Also Known as Manuel Perez, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 98
Pages: 93–100

Head Matter:
[772 NE2d 1150, 745 NYS2d 792]
The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v William II, Appellant. The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v Luis Rodriguez, Also Known as Manuel Perez, Respondent.
Argued April 24, 2002;
decided June 6, 2002
Decided June 6, 2002
POINTS OF COUNSEL
Charles Guttman, Ithaca, for appellant in the first above-entitled action.
I. The police stop of appellant was unconstitutional because no evidence existed reflecting individualized suspicion based on observed conduct. (People v De Bour, 40 NY2d 210; People v Hollman, 79 NY2d 181; People v Boulware, 130 AD2d 370; People v Cantor, 36 NY2d 106; Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; People v Ballard, 279 AD2d 529; People v Olsen, 93 AD2d 824; People v Bora, 83 NY2d 531; People v Taveras, 155 AD2d 131; People v Johnson, 64 NY2d 617.) II. Police pursuit of appellant was unlawful. (People v Madera, 189 AD2d 462; People v Martinez, 80 NY2d 444; People v Holmes, 81 NY2d 1056; People v Leung, 68 NY2d 734; Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; People v Tyner, 198 AD2d 627; Matter of Jerry C., 197 AD2d 685; People v Oeller, 191 AD2d 355; People v Torres, 115 AD2d 93; People v Felton, 78 NY2d 1063.) III. Appellant was arrested without probable cause. (People v Yukl, 25 NY2d 585; People v Finlayson, 76 AD2d 670; People v Chestnut, 69 AD2d 41, 51 NY2d 14; People v Earl, 40 NY2d 941; People v Farrell, 90 AD2d 396, 59 NY2d 686; People v Foster, 85 NY2d 1012; People v Gordon, 87 AD2d 636; People v Acevedo, 179 AD2d 465; Dunaway v New York, 442 US 200; People v Hicks, 68 NY2d 234.) IV. The Court of Appeals has authority to review this case because there is no evidence in the record to support the determinations of the lower courts. (People v Lewis, 82 NY2d 839; People v Harrison, 57 NY2d 470; People v Clements, 37 NY2d 675; People v Johnson, 64 NY2d 617; Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; People v Martinez, 80 NY2d 444; People v Howard, 50 NY2d 583.)
George M. Dentes, District Attorney, Ithaca (Dale A. Worrall of counsel), for respondent in the first above-entitled action.
I. The caller’s information gave the police at least the right to inquire, and by the time defendant fled, the police had adequate cause to pursue and stop him (People v Bianchi, 85 NY2d 1022; People v Campbell, 87 NY2d 855; People v Sierra, 83 NY2d 928; People v De Bour, 40 NY2d 210; People v Benjamin, 51 NY2d 267; People v Chestnut, 51 NY2d 14; Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; Sibron v New York, 392 US 40; People v Sierra, 83 NY2d 928; People v Tyner, 198 AD2d 627, 82 NY2d 931.) II. Defendant’s arguments mischaracterize the encounter between defendant and the police. (People v Bora, 83 NY2d 531; People v Diaz, 80 NY2d 950; People v Ocasio, 85 NY2d 982; People v Reyes, 83 NY2d 945; People v Chestnut, 51 NY2d 14; People v Allen, 73 NY2d 378; People v Foster, 85 NY2d 1012.)
Richard A. Brown, District Attorney, Kew Gardens (Jill Gross-Marks of counsel), for appellant in the second above-entitled action.
I. The court below’s order of reversal is appeal-able because it was on the law alone, as the order itself recites, and any question of fact even arguably decided by the court below was nondispositive. (People v Albro, 52 NY2d 619; People v Hinton, 81 NY2d 867; People v Giles, 73 NY2d 666; People v Warren, 61 NY2d 886; People v Dercole, 52 NY2d 956; People v Johnson, 47 NY2d 124; People v Rodriguez, 281 AD2d 565; People v Prochilo, 41 NY2d 759; People v McRay, 51 NY2d 594; People v Boodle, 47 NY2d 398.) II. A stop is reasonable where, as here, a corroborated anonymous tip of a gunman is coupled with a potential danger to an identifiable victim that unfolds at the scene. (Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; People v Stewart, 41 NY2d 65; People v Krom, 61 NY2d 187; People v Mitchell, 39 NY2d 173; United States v Thompson, 234 F3d 725; Terry v Ohio, 392 US 1; People v Martinez, 80 NY2d 444; People v De Bour, 40 NY2d 210; People v Sanchez, 38 NY2d 72; People v Finlayson, 76 AD2d 670.) III. The court below improperly held that the discarded property could not be deemed abandoned because the stop was illegal. (People v Ramirez-Portoreal, 88 NY2d 99; People v Boodle, 47 NY2d 398; People v Rodriguez, 281 AD2d 565; People v Cantor, 36 NY2d 106; Wong Sun v United States, 371 US 471; People v Diaz, 180 AD2d 415; People v Weeks, 153 AD2d 971; People v Leung, 68 NY2d 734.)
Legal Aid Society, Bronx (Kerry Elgarten, Daniel L. Green-berg, Michele Maxian and Irwin Shaw of counsel), for respondent in the second above-entitled action.
I. The court below’s order of reversal is not appealable because it involves two mixed questions of law and fact, and further the main argument advanced in this Court by appellant is unpreserved for this Court’s review. (People v Hinton, 81 NY2d 867; People v Mayorga, 64 NY2d 864; People v Howard, 74 NY2d 943; People v Reyes, 90 NY2d 916; People v Madera, 82 NY2d 775; People v Albro, 52 NY2d 619; Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; People v Turriago, 90 NY2d 77; People v Parris, 83 NY2d 342; People v Dodt, 61 NY2d 408.) II. The court below correctly determined that the stop was illegal because the police did not have reasonable suspicion. (People v Cantor, 36 NY2d 106; People v Martinez, 80 NY2d 444; Florida v J.L., 529 US 266; People v May, 81 NY2d 725; People v Sobotker, 43 NY2d 559; People v Stewart, 41 NY2d 65; People v Bora, 191 AD2d 384, 83 NY2d 531; People v Benjamin, 51 NY2d 267; United States v Thompson, 234 F3d 725; People v Salaman, 71 NY2d 869.) III. The court below correctly concluded that, under the circumstances, the gun was the fruit of the illegal stop and could not be deemed to have been abandoned; the court below did not hold that abandonment analysis was obviated by the antecedent illegality. (People v Ramirez-Portoreal, 88 NY2d 99; People v Williams, 154 AD2d 564; People v Holmes, 81 NY2d 1056; People v Wilkerson, 64 NY2d 749; People v Grant, 164 AD2d 170; People v Archie, 136 AD2d 553.)

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
Levine, J.
In the cases before us, the People concede that reasonable suspicion was required to support both the stop and attempted frisk in People v William II, and the traffic stop in People v Rodriguez. The common issue is whether the facts and infor mation the police possessed, when coupled with an anonymous tip that a described individual was carrying a gun, established reasonable suspicion for the intrusions. We hold they did not.
In People v William II, defendant pleaded guilty to criminal possession of marihuana in the third degree and was adjudicated a youthful offender after County Court denied his motion to suppress evidence seized from his person. The Appellate Division affirmed.
There was evidence at the suppression hearing that the City of Ithaca Police Department received a call from an anonymous tipster indicating that a man named 'Will" was involved in a recent drive-by shooting. The tipster provided a physical description of Will and indicated that he was in the vicinity of Seneca Street and accompanied by two Caucasian males. The caller cautioned that Will was armed with a weapon.
The call was dispatched to three police officers. One officer spotted a person he knew as Will Cruz with two Caucasian companions, one of whom was defendant William II. Cruz matched the physical description given by the anonymous caller. The officer approached the group in a parking lot and, although Cruz was dressed in a manner that would not permit concealment of a weapon, the officer told Cruz to place his hands on a police car to be frisked. A plainclothes officer approached the others and ordered them to face his unmarked car.
The suppression court made two critical findings about the events following the police command. First, the court found that William II "fled instead of submitting to an inquiry by police and a frisk of his person" (emphasis supplied). Second, the court determined that the officer who ordered defendant William II to face the police car "had no reason to believe that [William II] had been handed the weapon by [Cruz] but felt that there had been enough time for that to happen" (emphasis supplied). William II was ultimately apprehended by the police during flight, and a search of his backpack disclosed a quantity of marihuana and drug paraphernalia.
In People v Rodriguez, defendant was convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. Following a hearing, Supreme Court denied his motion to suppress a gun recovered in connection with a traffic stop of the vehicle in which he was a passenger. The Appellate Division reversed.
There was evidence adduced at the suppression hearing that three New York City police officers on patrol in an unmarked police car in Queens received a radio transmission of a report that a person in a particular area of their precinct — described as a light-skinned male Hispanic, in his twenties, with black hair, wearing a black-and-white checkered shirt and jeans— was carrying a gun. The officers were unable to respond immediately because they were not in the vicinity.
About two hours later, however, they observed defendant Luis Rodriguez, who appeared to match the description, standing in front of a grocery store. As the officers watched, a Lincoln Town Car pulled up. Rodriguez got into the back seat of the car and the officers followed as the vehicle drove away. After the car turned, the officers activated their flashing light and police siren, and the vehicle pulled over. As the officers approached, defendant was observed dropping a gun from the car window. The officers removed Rodriguez from the car, searched him and placed him under arrest.
Analysis
In determining whether a search and seizure is reasonable, courts must undertake a dual inquiry: "whether the officer's action was justified at its inception, and whether it was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place" (Terry v Ohio, 392 US 1, 20 [1968]; see People v De Bour, 40 NY2d 210, 215 [1976]). Where a police encounter is not justified in its inception, it cannot be validated by a subsequently acquired suspicion (see People v McIntosh, 96 NY2d 521, 527 [2001]; People v De Bour, 40 NY2d at 215-216).
As already noted, the People in each of these cases concede that the police intrusions were justifiable in their inception only if the facts known by the police at the time supported a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Reasonable suspicion is "that 'quantum of knowledge sufficient to induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious [person] under the circumstances to believe criminal activity is at hand' " (People v Martinez, 80 NY2d 444, 448 [1992] [quoting People v Cantor, 36 NY2d 106, 112-113 (1975)]).
The facts in both these cases resemble Florida v J.L. (529 US 266 [2000]), an anonymous tipster case that is particularly instructive here. In J.L., Miami-Dade police officers stopped and frisked the defendant after receiving an anonymous tip that a young black male was standing at a particular bus stop, wearing a plaid shirt and carrying a gun. While the defendant matched the general description provided in the tip, the offi cers had no additional reason to suspect him or his companions of illegal activity. The state contended that the tip was reliable and provided reasonable suspicion because the defendant matched the detailed description of the subject's visible attributes.
The United States Supreme Court held, however, that the tipster's reliability would be demonstrated only if the suspect subsequently engaged in actions, preferably suggestive of concealed criminal activity, which the anonymous tip predicted in detail (see id. at 271-272). The Court explained that reasonable suspicion "requires that a tip be reliable in its assertion of illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate person" (id. at 272). Inasmuch as the police frisked the defendant based only on the anonymous tip, the Court held that evidence to support reasonable suspicion was lacking (see id. at 271).
Under the requirements of Florida v J.L., the police did not have reasonable suspicion to subject William II to a Terry stop and frisk. The police approached and frisked his companion, Cruz, based only on the anonymous tip describing Cruz's readily observable characteristics and indicating that he was involved in a recent crime. The tip not only lacked predictive information that would permit the police to test the caller's knowledge, but was also rendered suspect when directly contradicted by the police officer's observation that Cruz was not dressed in a manner that would permit him to conceal a weapon on his person. Further, the anonymous tip did not identify defendant, nor did it provide any relevant information to suggest that he possessed a weapon or that he had engaged in any criminal activity. Critically, County Court found that the police had no reason to believe that Cruz, the subject of the tip, had handed defendant the weapon. Accordingly, evidence to support reasonable suspicion for attempting to frisk defendant was lacking.
Similarly, in Rodriguez, the only basis for reasonable suspicion advanced before the suppression court for stopping the vehicle in which defendant was a passenger was that he matched the physical description provided by an anonymous tipster. Without more, the tip could not provide reasonable suspicion to stop the car. Moreover, there is evidence in the record to support the Appellate Division's determination that the gun cannot be deemed to have been abandoned (see People v Ramirez-Portoreal, 88 NY2d 99, 110 [1996]; People v Boodle, 47 NY2d 398, 403-405, cert denied 444 US 969 [1979]).
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed in People v William II, defendant's guilty plea vacated, the motion to suppress granted and the indictment dismissed; in People v Rodriguez, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Smith, Ciparick, Wesley, Rosenblatt and Graffeo concur.
In People v William II: Order reversed, defendant's motion to suppress granted and indictment dismissed.
In People v Rodriguez: On review of submissions pursuant to section 500.4 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals (22 NYCRR 500.4), order affirmed.
The People's assertion that the officers stopped the vehicle out of concern for the livery cab driver's safety is contradicted by the testimony of the People's only witness at the suppression hearing. In response to questioning, the witness, one of the arresting officers, stated:
"Q When you first started following the car, did you have any reason to believe this was a gypsy cab?
"A At that time, no.
"Q And when you first stopped the vehicle, you did not know at that time it was a gypsy cab, did you?
"A No."