Case Name: James A. Fickett, as Executor etc. of Hannah Tobias, Deceased, Appellant, against Ann Eliza Cohu, Executrix etc. of Silas Tobias, Deceased, et al., Respondents
Court: New York Court of Common Pleas
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1888-06-04
Citations: 14 Daly (N.Y.) 550
Docket Number: 
Parties: James A. Fickett, as Executor etc. of Hannah Tobias, Deceased, Appellant, against Ann Eliza Cohu, Executrix etc. of Silas Tobias, Deceased, et al., Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: Daly's Common Pleas Reports
Volume: 14
Pages: 550–558

Head Matter:
James A. Fickett, as Executor etc. of Hannah Tobias, Deceased, Appellant, against Ann Eliza Cohu, Executrix etc. of Silas Tobias, Deceased, et al., Respondents.
(Decided June 4th, 1888.)
A will gave to testator’s widow the use, for a residence, of certain premises. Held, that it was the duty of the trustee under the will to keep such premises in a tenantable condition and to make necessary repairs, but, for a failure so to do, the widow’s remedy would be an application for the removal of the trustee; she had no right to make the repairs herself and look to the trustee for indemnity.
The will gave to the widow “ one-third of the net income of all the real estate . . . after all taxes, assessments, and interest thereon is paid.” Held, that she was entitled to one-third of the difference between the
gross receipts of the property and the amount of taxes, assessments, and interest on mortgages, and that the expenses for repairs, commissions, insurances, etc., should he paid out of the other two-thirds. It appeared that the attorney in fact for the widow, for many years, called on the trustee semi-annually, examined in detail the accounts, and gave receipts in full, after receiving only one-third of the difference between the net income and the amount of all the charges and expenses connected with the management of the estate, but that he subsequently objected to signing a receipt “in full” and made it “on account.” Held, that the mistake, if any, was one of law, and the rule of accounts stated should apply up to the time of the objection by the attorney; but from such time the widow was entitled to an accounting of the income due her under a correct construction of the terms of the will.
Appeal from a judgment of this court entered upon the report of a referee dismissing plaintiff’s complaint.
The action was commenced by the service of a summons in July, 1869. The original plaintiff was Hannah Tobias, the widow of Silas Tobias, deceased. The complaint set up quite a large number of alleged grounds or causes of action; it was not demurred to, and all the issues raised by the pleadings, except such of the same as were abandoned by the plaintiff, were litigated on the trial.
The said Silas Tobias left his last will and testament, in which he provided, among other things, as follows: •“ First: I give, devise, and bequeath unto my beloved wife Hannah, all the household furniture now in use in my house, in use by myself and her, and all the jewelry, of whatever nature or kind soever it may be, in use by her or myself, and one-third of the net income of all the real estate that to me now belongs or to me may at the time of my decease belong, after all taxes, assessments, and interest due thereon is paid, to have and to hold said net third of the income of said real estate during her natural life. The proportion thereof to commence to be paid to her six months after my decease, and to continue to be paid her every six months thereafter until her decease, when the same shall cease, and shall then go and be paid to my heirs as hereinafter stated.” The will appointed James G. McAdam, Francis
Lippett, and Ann Eliza Cohu, one of these defendants, liis executors.
By a codicil subsequently made and published, said testator provided, among other things, as follows: “ I hereby grant, give, and bequeath to my beloved wife Hannah, in addition to the provision made for her in my last will and testament hereto annexed, and hereby order and direct the executors in my said will named, the survivors or survivor of them, to give to my said wife the free use and enjoyment of the following apartments in the house known as number 615 Fourth Street in the City of New York as a residence: 1st, the back dwelling room in the third story of the said house; 2d, the whole of the first floor of said house; 3d, the kitchen of said house, with the right to the front basement and yard, now in the use and enjoyment of herself and me, for the same purposes now occupied and enjoyed by herself and me at the date hereof; to have and to hold the same during the full period of her natural life until after her death and burial. . . . And I further order and direct that my said wife may, at her election, have, in lieu of the residence hereby provided, such other or different suitable residence in any other house belonging to me at the time of my decease.” All the said executors named in said will qualified as such; but the said McAdam and the said Lippett died many years ago.
Justus Palmer, for appellant.
Thomas Darlington, for respondent.

Opinion:
Larremore, Ch. J.—
[After stating the facts as above.] — The most important question litigated in this action is one of accounting between the defendant Cohu as trustee under the will of Silas Tobias, deceased, with Hannah Tobias, his widow; but there are joined with it in the complaint several counts for damages suffered by said Hannah Tobias from the said Ann Eliza Cohu by reason of alleged malfeasance and misfeasance of the latter in her capacity of trustee. These claims for damages can be more readily disposed of and will be considered first. Two of them were abandoned on the trial, and the three remaining ones are: —
(a) For the recovery of money spent by Hannah Tobias in repairing and putting into tenantable order the premises number 615 Fourth Street, in a portion of which the said Hannah Tobias was given a right of residence during her life.
(b) A claim for the recovery of damages by reason of the said Cohu having rented, for business purposes, a portion of the yard of the said Fourth Street house.
(c) A claim for the recovery of damages for the failure of the executrix to keep in repair and tenantable order said house and lot number 615 Fourth Street.
Undoubtedly it was the duty of the trustee' to keep the premises in a tenantable condition, and to make such repairs as from time to time became necessary. But the fact that she neglected this duty would not give the cestui que trust the right to make such repairs herself and look to the trustee for indemnity. This would be subverting the will by substituting the action and discretion of "the cestui que trust for that of the trustee. The proper remedy of a cestui que trust under such circumstances would be an application for the. removal of the trustee on the ground of inefficiency or willful neglect of duty. It appears that, in regard to this claim for repairs, the work was ordered and paid for by Mr. Palmer,'the present plaintiff's attorney of record, as so directed by Mrs. Tobias, the cestui que trust, and under written' authority from James G. McAdam, one of the executors. The alleged written authority from said McAdam is lost. But, under either view, Mr. Palmer's power to bind the estate would have been insufficient. The cestui que trusty as above shown, could not authorize or contract for repairs to the trust estate, and the written authority from McAdam was invalid because he was acting as a trustee; and it is a familiar rule that the concurrent action of all the trustees is necessary to make a transaction valid and binding, and that one trustee cannot bind his associates by his individual act.
As to the alleged causes of action above designated as " (b) " and " (c)," it is sufficient for a decision of this appeal to say that no evidence was offered to show wherein and to what extent the cestui que trust suffered damage. And I am of opinion that the result reached by the referee in dismissing the complaint as to all said alleged causes of action for damages was correct.
There remains the question of the accounting, which is a much more difficult one. The controversy arises almost entirely from the meaning to be given to the words "net income " under the will of Silas Tobias. The testator gives to his wife " one-third of the net income of all the real estate that to me now belongs, or that to me may at the time of my decease belong, after all taxes, assessments, and interest due thereon is paid." It seems that during the whole lifetime of Hannah Tobias the trustee deducted from the gross income of the estate all the charges and expenses connected with its use and management, including those for repairs, commissions, and insurance, and paid one-third of the balance, so ascertained, to Hannah Tobias as her share of the income. The contention on the part of the plaintiff is that the trustee should have deducted only the taxes, assessments, and interest on mortgages from the gross income, paid one-third of that balance to Hannah Tobias, and then defrayed all other expenses out of the two-thirds of the income remaining. The difference between the parties is, practically, that Mrs. Tobias' share of the income during her life was charged with and made to pay a proportion of the amounts expended for repairs, commissions, insurance, etc., when the terms of the will are that she is to receive " one-third of the net income of all the real estate . . . after all taxes, assessments, and interest due thereon is paid." I think the appellant's theory of construction is the correct one in the present case. Usually, the phrase, " net income " of real estate would mean the balance of the rents left after deducting therefrom all necessary charges and expenses of every kind and nature connected with the preservation and management of the land. Under ordinary circumstances charges for repairs to buildings would certainly be included among items to be deducted from the gross rents of realty in order to determine the "net income " thereof. But in a will the actual intention of the testator as deduced from the whole instrument is of course to govern. And, furthermore, it is always competent to give a special definition or signification to an ordinary phrase in any instrument. The testator, in the will under consideration, seems to define " net income " as the gross rents of the real estate less, only, taxes, assessments, and interest. This is the express language, and there is nothing in any other-part Of the document to show that he had any different meaning.
The Court of Appeals, in Tobias v. Ketchum (32 N. Y. 319), took this view of the testator's intention in this will. In the opinion (p. 328) it is said, " The rents and profits of all the real estate are given to them (i.e. the trustees), for several purposes: 1, to keep down taxes, assessments, and interest by paying them; 2, to ascertain the ' net income ' by deducting from the gross receipts the amount paid for those purposes; 3, to pay one-third of the ' net income ' thus ascertained to the widow every six months; 4, to repair and insure the premises out of the residue; and, 5, to retain the balance for division and finally divide it among the daughters or their children after the decease of the widow." This action of Tobias v. Ketchum (reported in 32 N. Y.) was not for construction of. the will, but for admeasurement of dower. The court used the language above quoted by way of argument, and perhaps it was not strictly necessary for a decision of that case to discuss the meaning of "net income " as used in tins will. Still, the language is valuable in the present discussion, as showing what the opinion of the judges of that court was on such subject.
But, granting that the express language of the will must prevail, and that the widow was not chargeable with any share of the expenses for repairs, etc., the referee dismissed the complaint as to any and all claims .arising out of the misappropriation of income by the trustee, on the ground of accounts stated between the parties. It appears that, during the greater part of her life, Mr. Justus Palmer, the plaintiff's attorney in this action, was attorney in fact for the said widow, Hannah Tobias; that it was Ms custom to call sémi-annually upon the defendant, Ann Eliza Cohu, the sole acting trustee of the estate, and receive from her and receipt for the share of the income belonging to the widow. At such times said trustee would exhibit to Mr. Palmer a complete statement for the precedmg half year, showing on the debit side thereof the receipts of rent and income of the estate, and on the credit side thereof the payments made by her in the administration of her trust. Such payments so made included, besides taxes, assessments, and interest on mortgages, money spent for repairs, insurance, and commission; in fact, all the items of expense, the allowance of which the plaintiff is now seeMng to repudiate. It is not denied that Mr. Palmer was the duly constituted agent and attorney for said Hannah Tobias, deceased. The referee has found, and there is abundant evidence to support Ms finding, that neither said Hannah Tobias nor said Justus Palmer ever questioned the accuracy of any of these accounts or the theory upon which they were made up. The will provided for semi-annual payments, and such accounts purported to be, and were understood to be, complete statements of account between the parties up to the respective dates thereof, and they were not disputed until some time in 1867. Under all these circumstances, I see no reason why the principle of account stated should not be applied. There is no mutual mistake of fact which would operate as a ground for opening these accounts; if there were any mistake on either side it was one of law. The plaintiff's testator aeqMesced in the defendant's theory of construction of the will of Silas Tobias. She was represented by an astute and indefatigable attorney, who carefully scrutinized every account that the defendant rendered. As no objections were ever made to these semi-annual accounts of the trustee, I think the same must be held to have been settled and closed, and no further controversy can be allowed as to any items, either of debt or credit, contained in any of them. This, however, applies only to such of said accounts as were rendered and examined by Mr. Palmer prior to that time in 1867 when he first objected. The referee has held very properly that he could not consider, in the present case, any causes of action accruing subsequent to the service of the summons herein, on the 28th day of July, 1869. It seems that an order was subsequently entered giving the plaintiff permission to amend her complaint so as to bring in new parties, but that in the complaint, amended under such order, she included additional grounds of action for instalments of income accruing after that time. That, as a matter of course, was entirely unauthorized. The referee, or even the court on appeal, has the right to amend the pleading so as to conform them to the proof; hut neither the referee nor the court has the power to amend the pleadings so as to give the plaintiff the benefit of facts occurring after his action was commenced. This was, in effect, what plaintiff sought to obtain, and the referee did not err in refusing to consider any portions of income which accrued after July 28th, 1869, or any accounts rendered concerning the same.
But, after careful consideration, I am constrained to hold, that the referee erred in entirely dismissing this complaint. The plaintiff was entitled to an accounting as to those instalments of income, and the accounts referring to and covering the same respectively, accruing and rendered between the time, in the year 1867, when Hannah Tobias' attorney raised the first objection to the theory of accounting which she had acquiesced in theretofore, and the commencement of this action. The principle of account stated, of course, fails immediately when an objection to such account is raised. One of defendant's witnesses, a daughter of the trustee, testifies as follows : —
"Q. When was the objection made; state the time as nearly as you can ?
"A. As nearly as I can remember, it was 1867 or 1868.
11Q. Now you speak of the first objection that you heard as being in 1867 or 1868; was any ground of objection stated by Mr. Palmer at that time ?
"A. He objected to signing the receipts in full at that time; I think he objected to signing the receipts in full."
Uniformly before that time, Mr. Palmer had receipted in full for each semi-annual instalment of " net income," after carefully examining the account rendered of the preceding half year's management.
The referee endeavors to bring the accounts rendered subsequently to the making of such objection, also under the principle of account stated, on the ground that the objection made by Mr. Palmer was not to the account itself or to the theory upon which it was made up, but simply to the form of receipt. I cannot agree with him. If one is attempting to invoke the doctrine of account stated, the mere form of a receipt given may be vital. The very essence of the principle is that one party has rendered another an account which he considers full and final as to all transactions included in it to date; and the other party acquiesces as to the conclusiveness and binding force of such account, either expressly, or by silence for a reasonable time. The use of the words " on account " in itself, in receipting under such circumstances, shows that the party signing such receipt does not consider the account to which it refers a finality. Such words have moreover a special significance in the present case by reason of the deliberate change from the old form of receipt. As to those rents, therefore, accruing after the time in 1867 when Mr. Palmer first objected and began giving receipts, not in full, but on account and up to the date of the commencement of this action, the referee should have taken and stated the accounts of the parties. In this respect he erred, and for this reason the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.
J. F. Daly and Allen, JJ., concurred.
Judgment reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to abide event.