Case Name: DALEY v. CITY OF MELVINDALE
Court: Michigan Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1935-05-17
Citations: 271 Mich. 431
Docket Number: Docket No. 110, Calendar No. 38,106
Parties: DALEY v. CITY OF MELVINDALE.
Judges: Nelson Sharpe, North, Fead, and Btjshnell, JJ., concurred with Butzel, J.
Reporter: Michigan Reports
Volume: 271
Pages: 431–446

Head Matter:
DALEY v. CITY OF MELVINDALE.
1. Banks and Banking — Trust Funds — Designation of Deposits— Withdrawals.
Mere designation of a bank deposit by a certain-name is insufficient, of itself, to characterize it as a trust fund, or to put the bank on notice that the deposit so designated, but without any agreement or conditions attached as to withdrawal, may be withdrawn only for á specific purpose.
2. Municipal Corporations — Banks and Banking — Set-Off.
The general bank account of a municipality is a trust fund into which current revenues are placed for disposition in accordance with appropriations previously made and bank cannot set off against such account a municipal obligation held by it.
3. Same — Taxation—Set-Off.
Creditors of a municipality must wait until their debts are raised by taxation and cannot set off municipal obligations they may hold against their taxes.
4. Banks and Banking — Municipal Corporations — Set-Off—Execution.
In suit by receiver of bank, a depositary of a municipal corporation, to enforce set-off of bonds, some of which were past due, against demand deposits, denial of right of set-off held, proper, since to hold otherwise would be, in effect, seizure of municipal property, as if by attachment, garnishment or execution, which seizure is prohibited by statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14690).
5. Equity — Maxims.
Equity as a rule will follow the law, and will not permit that to be done, by indirection which, because of public policy, cannot be done directly.
6. Same — Set-Off—Municipal Bonds — Demand Deposits.
Bight of set-off against municipal deposits is denied in suit in equity by depositary bank which holds past due municipal bonds, where there is no showing municipality is insolvent and there is method provided by statute for enforcing payment of bonds (3 Comp. Laws 1929, §14690).
Potter, C. J., and Weist and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., dissenting.
Appeal from Wayne; Moll (Lester S.), J.
Submitted January 24, 1935.
(Docket No. 110, Calendar No. 38,106.)
Decided May 17, 1935.
Rehearing denied June 19, 1935.
Bill by John N. Daley, receiver of Melvindale State Bank, against City of Melvindale and Dear-born State Bank, to restrain a mandamus action and to allow a set-off and other relief. Prom decree denying right of set-off, plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Marion Louis Leacock (M. Hubert O’Brien, of counsel), for plaintiff.
R. S. Woodliff (M. M. Larmonth, of counsel), for defendants.

Opinion:
Butzel, J.
The decree of the trial court should be affirmed. It is true that the mere designation of a bank deposit by a certain name is insufficient, of itself, to characterize it as a trust fund, or to put the bank on notice that the deposit so designated, but without any agreement or conditions attached as to withdrawal, may be withdrawn only for a specific purpose. Nevertheless the Melvindale State Bank must have known that the funds deposited with it by the village (now the city of Melvindale) were public funds, raised in manner provided by law, and dedicated and allocated by the village to particular governmental functions. The sole question presented in the instant case is limited to whether a bank as plaintiff in a court of equity is entitled to set off bonds of the municipality against public funds deposited with it by the municipality. There are cases cited in which set-off has been allowed under different facts than those presented in the case at bar. In many of these decisions the right to set-off is apparently based upon some statutory provision. United States v. Bank of Metropolis, 15 Pet. (40 U. S.) 377; Board of Drainage Com'rs of McCracken County v. City National Bank of Paducah, 231 Ky. 670 (33 S. W. [2d] 94); Hemphill v. Florida National Bank of Jacksonville, 30 Fed. (2d) 892. However, in other eases set-off has been allowed even without statutory authority. Such is the rule in Pennsylvania and a few other jurisdictions. See Georges Township v. Union Trust Co., 293 Pa. 364 (143 Atl. 10); Gray v. School District of Brownsville (C. C. A.), 67 Fed. (2d) 141, a case following the decisions of Pennsylvania, in which it arose. Also, see, State, ex rel. Village of Warrensville Heights, v. Fulton, 128 Ohio St. 192 (190 N. E. 383). In two early Michigan cases a set-off was allowed under different conditions than here presented. McBrian v. City of Grand Rapids, 56 Mich. 95, and City of Eaton Rapids v. Houpt, 63 Mich. 371, which followed the McBrian Case, and in which a mere $7 claim of a pound-master was involved. In neither of these cases, nor in others cited by plaintiff, does it appear that the questions hereinafter discussed were raised.
Despite the authorities' above noted, we believe that the correct rule is stated in Piscataway Township v. First National Bank of Dunellen, 111 N. J. Law, 412 (168 Atl. 757; 90 A. L. R. 423), where, in its majority opinion, the court said:
"The general account of a municipality is unlike an individual's general balance, which the banker may apply on any overdue note. It is, in reality a trust fund into which the current revenues are placed for disposition in accordance with the appropriations previously made. The safety and health of the citizen are of prime importance, and neither can be endangered because a creditor wants his due. The municipality can no more carry on without its general funds than it could without any other particular piece of property dedicated to public use. The creditors of a municipality must wait till their debt is raised by taxation. Lyon v. City of Elisabeth, 43 N. J. Law, 158.
"The municipalities' general funds are raised by taxation and are allocated before receipt, for particular purposes, including the transmission of taxes to other governmental units. The citizen pays taxes, for the most, part, for police, fire protection, and the education of the young. To take moneys intended to be devoted to a continuance of gwernmental functions cannot be done unless we overlook the purposes for which the funds were dedicated. As soon as there is an unused balance in the general account of a municipality it is placed in a surplus revenue account and may be then used for the purposes contemplated by law. The general funds of a municipality are, in fact, a trust fund to carry on the obligations of government and are, as every banker knows, allocated for particular purposes. The bank can no more take these funds for a purpose for which they were not dedicated than it could take trust funds to pay the debt' of the individual who happened to be trustee."
The courts have almost uniformly held that one canriot set off against his tax obligation an indebtedness due to him from the State or municipality, for the reason that such set-off, if allowed, might result in the suspension of the proper functioning of government. A long list of authorities to this effect is assembled in 90 A. L. R. 433. An interesting statement, particularly pertinent to contemporary times, appears in City of Camden, v. Allen (1857), 26 N. J. Law, 398, where the court said:
"Can the multitude of creditors of our local municipal corporations set-off the debts due from the town or city against their taxes? The question relates not to the technical form of making the set-off; but, as a matter of principle and sound policy, could the claim be tolerated? How is government to be maintained upon such theory? It is not improbable that at this hour many of our municipal corporations are indebted to their own citizens, in amounts far exceeding the annual tax which, by their charters, they are authorized to levy."
"When the treasurer of a municipality collects taxes, he obviously does not hold the money in specie in a vault, but deposits it in a bank, to be expended on proper vouchers for the purpose for which it was collected. The same public policy which requires the denial of the right of set-off against taxes because of the danger of interruption of the functioning of government, applies with equal force to moneys collected from taxes for the very purpose of carrying on government.
Furthermore, to permit such a set-off as is soug'ht in the instant case would be in effect to countenance, in an indirect manner, the seizure of the property of the village or city in a similar manner as if by attachment, garnishment or execution. The cases are almost unanimous in holding that the funds of a municipality are exempt from levy by execution. See annotations in 89 A. L. R. 864. An execution may not be levied on a judgment against a municipality. Section 14690, 3 Comp. Laws 1929. Also, see, Griswold, v. Common Council of Ludington, 117 Mich. 317; Herter v. City of Detroit, 243 Mich. 66.
Equity as a rule will follow the law, and will not permit that to be done by indirection which, because of public policy, cannot be done directly. A municipal corporation is much restricted in raising the necessary funds with which to operate. Such funds are generally raised by taxes and/or bond issues, both of which are expressly limited in amount by law. In the preparation of the budget the amounts to be raised are generally pared down, within these limits, to a minimum just sufficient to provide for the bare necessities of governmental privileges and protection — police, fire and health protection, school maintenance, debt service, etc., — and the funds to be thus raised are allocated, before their receipt, to these necessary governmental functions. The municipality would be seriously embarrassed in the carrying on of its vital functions, if the bank in which the funds are deposited to await expenditure for the particular purposes for which they were collected were permitted to divert them to the satisfaction of its own claims. There is no claim that the city of Melvindale is insolvent, and there is a proper orderly method of enforcing payment of the amounts due on the bonds of the municipality, which avoids the seizure of funds raised and required for other purposes.
The decree of the trial court is affirmed, without costs, as a public question is involved.
Nelson Sharpe, North, Fead, and Btjshnell, JJ., concurred with Butzel, J.