Case Name: Angelo Legniti, Appellant, v. The Mechanics and Metals National Bank of New York and Others, Respondents
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1919-01-10
Citations: 186 A.D. 105
Docket Number: 
Parties: Angelo Legniti, Appellant, v. The Mechanics and Metals National Bank of New York and Others, Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 186
Pages: 105–115

Head Matter:
Angelo Legniti, Appellant, v. The Mechanics and Metals National Bank of New York and Others, Respondents.
First Department,
January 10, 1919.
Trust — constructive trust — foreign exchange or credit — delivery of check to private bankers in consideration of their establishing credit in foreign bank which they failed to do — right to proceeds of check in possession of bank where it was deposited.
Where one desiring to have a certain amount of money placed to his credit with a bank in Italy, delivered a check and cash to a firm of private bankers upon their agreement to arrange by cable the payment for said person’s account to the Italian bank, but said bankers failed to perform the agreement and the next day executed a general assignment, a constructive trust arose in favor of the drawer of the cheek in the possession of the bank in which it was deposited.
The relation of the parties was not that of debtor and creditor.
Shearn, J., dissented, with opinion.
Appeal by the plaintiff, Angelo Legniti, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendants, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 28th day of May, 1917, upon the decision of the court after a trial at the New York Special Term.
J. Charles Weschler, for the appellant.
Frank M. Patterson of counsel [John B. Loughborough with him on the brief], for the respondent The Mechanics and Metals National Bank of New York.

Opinion:
Laughlin, J.:
This is an action to impress a trust upon and for judgment for the proceeds on deposit with the defendant bank to the credit of A. Bolognesi & Co., the name under which Alessandro Bolognesi and Aldo Bolognesi, his son, were doing business as private bankers and brokers and carrying on an extensive foreign exchange business,— its depositor, of a certified check for $3,450, dated and certified February 10, 1914, drawn by plaintiff on the State Bank of New York to his own order and indorsed to the order of said depositor and deposited to its credit with defendant bank and collected by it the next day.
The plaintiff was a private banker and owing to the failure of a banker in Naples, Italy, it became necessary for him to transfer funds immediately by cable to the Banca Commerciale Italiana, Naples, in order to protect his account against overdrafts the next day, and he accordingly applied to one Mavagolini, a representative of A. Bolognesi & Co. in the absence of A. Bolognesi, Sr., who exclusively represented the firm in this transaction, from the office, stating these facts and saying that he would give an order for cabling 18,000 lire to his credit at said bank on condition that it be cabled that night. Mavagolini promised to do so and said he would prepare the application and that on Bolognesi's return would draw his attention to the fact that the money must be cabled this night, and he did so and Bolognesi thereupon promised to cable the money that night. Shortly before six o'clock that evening, a messenger sent by Mavagolini called on plaintiff with a memorandum as follows:
" Mr. Angelo Legnití
" Bought of A. Bolognesi & Co.,
" 52 Wall Street.
" Cable Transfer to Italy
to pay by Cable to Banca Commerciale Italiana, Napoli " Advice to be forwarded by Cable from New York.
Lire 18,000....................... at 5
" Cabling..........................
Paid (ck 3450.
"' (cash 13.61 : Bolognesi & Co.
" Maselli : Feb. 10, 1914.
19%
$3462.37 $ 1.24
(ck)
$3463.61
Payments required in Cash or Certified Cheques, otherwise order if accepted, will be executed after collection of cheque.
"It is fully understood and agreed that no liability shall attach to us nor to our correspondent for any loss or damage in consequence of any delay or mistake in transmitting this message or for any other cause beyond our control."
Plaintiff thereupon delivered the check to the messenger and $13.61,- the balance, in cash. Bolognesi at that time had either money or credit with the bank in Italy to which the money was to be payable, and in such circumstances the custom was to cable directions to the bank to pay the money to the person purchasing the credit, but that was not done, and the firm failed, and executed a general assignment to defendant Gilbert the next day. The check bears the erroneous indorsement of the defendant bank that it was paid through the clearing house that day, although it was not deposited until the next day. At the close of business on February 10, 1914, there was a balance on deposit with , the defendant bank to the credit of Bolognesi & Co. of $18,985.05, and that balance was increased by the deposit of the check in question and $6,241.65 in addition thereto and was reduced by three checks aggregating $732.94. It, therefore, appears that no part of the proceeds of the check in question was paid out by the defendant bank. At about four o'clock in the afternoon of the eleventh day of February a check was drawn by Bolognesi & Co. on the defendant bank for $24,033.93 in favor of the American Express Company for the purpose of purchasing 125,000 lire, but with no direction with respect to the disposition thereof. That check was not paid and the express company offered to return it to the assignee, but he refused to accept it. However, he brought an action against the defendant bank for the recovery of the entire balance of the assignor on deposit with the bank, including the amount of that check, and on the subsequent bankruptcy of Bolognesi & Co. that action was continued by leave of the Bankruptcy Court. A judgment in favor of the bank on the pleadings was affirmed by this court and by the Court of Appeals on the ground that the title to the assets had passed to the trustees in bankruptcy, and that if the assignee were permitted to maintain the action the bank's right of offset existing as against the trustees in bankruptcy for money advanced on discounts, acceptances and notes, which had not matured at the time of the failure of Bolognesi & Co., amounting to more than the balance to the credit of the bankrupt, would be defeated. (Gilbert v. Mechanics & Metals Nat. Bank, 176 App. Div. 915; 221 N. Y. 648.) In view of the erroneous date with respect to the deposit and collection of the check, the correctness of the finding that the bank had no notice or knowledge of plaintiff's claim when it accepted the check for deposit is, at least, doubtful; but since the position of the bank has not been changed to its prejudice no ground of estoppel exists and, in the view I take of the case, that is not material.
I am of opinion that Bolognesi & Co. received the check in trust to procure a credit for plaintiff at the bank in Italy of 18,000 lire and that they could not acquire title to the proceeds of the check until that was done. The contract was not made on the theory that Bolognesi & Co. then had credit at said bank which was to be transferred to plaintiff. That did not enter into the negotiations and so far as appears the plaintiff did not know it. What the plaintiff desired and what Bolognesi & Co. undertook to do was to have 18,000 lire placed to his credit with said bank and that they did not do and made no attempt to do. The case is not analogous to the purchase of property for which payment is made in advance of delivery. If the transaction had been the purchase of property the plaintiff could have protected himself by requiring delivery or the delivery of evidence of title at the same time. The case would be one of agency if it involved the purchase of a credit by Bolognesi & Co. from another, and if not and it only involved a transfer of his own credit by cable, it would be analogous thereto, and in either case the proceeds of the check could be used only for the purpose for which it was delivered, and until or when the condition on which delivery was made was complied with the title thereto would not pass from plaintiff. Of course, it was not intended that the plaintiff's money .should be transmitted or forwarded and deposited to his credit in Naples, for his was money curren b here and he delivered the check for our money to Bolognesi & Co. for the purchase of an equivalent amount of money current in Italy precisely as in People ex rel. Zotti v. Flynn (135 App. Div. 276), wherein we sustained a charge of grand larceny against a banker and broker for appropriating American money delivered to him for the purpose of forwarding the equivalent in Austrian money. The failure of the defendant is that case to purchase and forward the foreign money does not differ on principle from Bolognesi & Co.'s failure to purchase or arrange for credit in foreign money. In the case at bar by the memorandum prepared by Bolognesi & Co. evidencing the contract they undertook, for the check and cash delivered with it, to arrange by cable the payment for plaintiff's account to the Italian bank of 18,000 lire, and this they did not do. In the case of the purchase of a draft the purchaser receives the draft, which is what he desires, and he uses that himself; but here the plaintiff did not receive what Bolognesi & Co. undertook to procure for him, namely, the deposit of 18,000 lire to his credit in Naples. In the case at bar we are of opinion that the relation of the parties was not that of debtor and creditor. There is no evidence of an intention on the part of plaintiff to extend credit to Bolognesi & Co. The respondent relies on Strohmeyer & Arpe Co. v. Guaranty Trust Co. (172 App. Div. 16), but there the nature of the transaction and the facts were stipulated, and it was not submitted to the court to decide the nature of the transaction. The stipulated facts there show that the plaintiff purchased of the defendant a cable transfer of money and the money had been transferred but there had been delay in transferring it, and at the time the credit was actually established in favor of the plaintiff in Italy the cost of such a transfer was considerably less than at the time the transfer was purchased. The plaintiff accepted the credit and sued to recover the difference between the rate' of exchange at the time of the purchase of the transfer and at the time the credit was actually given abroad and also interest on the money. It was held that the plaintiff was entitled to the interest but not to the difference in the rate of exchange, for it accepted the transfer as made. In *the opinion, by way of illustration and argument, it was stated that the transfer was complete when the cable transfer was sold and that the money paid therefor thereupon became the defendant's money and that the plaintiff received the defendant's obligation that payment would be made abroad. There the delay in making the transfer had been by the cable company and the defendant was not at fault, and it was also stated by way of argument that if the rate of exchange had increased the defendant would have had no claim for the difference against the plaintiff. There are in our opinion, in that case, statements tending to sustain the respondent's contention, but the decision is to be limited to the facts upon which the adjudication was made, and is not controlling here where Bolognesi & Co. received the plaintiff's money for the particular purpose of establishing a credit in favor of the plaintiff in said bank at Naples oo the following day. We are of opinion that Bolognesi & Co. could only acquire title to the check or the proceeds thereof by using the same for the purpose intended, or on compliance with the condition upon which the check was delivered, which was to establish said credit in favor of the plaintiff. (See People ex rel. Zotti v. Flynn, supra; Cutler v. American Exchange Nat. Bank, 113 N. Y. 593; People v. City Bank of Rochester, 96 id. 32; Goldberg v. People's Surety Co., 162 App. Div. 385.) Our subsequent decision in Atlantic Communication Co. v. Zimmermann (182 App. Div. 862) has no particular bearing here for there we held that the plaintiff was entitled to the return of money delivered for transmission to Germany by wireless telegraphy where, owing to the state of war, performance of the contract was prevented; but the questions as to whether the money was received in a fiduciary capacity or whether title thereto passed to the defendant were not presented for decision and no opinion was expressed thereupon. On the facts of the case at bar a constructive trust arose in favor of the plaintiff with respect to the proceeds .of the check in the hands of the defendant. (American Sugar Refining Co. v. Fancher, 81 Hun, 56; 145 N. Y. 552; New York & Brooklyn Ferry Co. v. Moore, 102 id. 667; Bank of America v. Pollock, 4 Edw. Ch. 215; Bryant v. Allen, 54 App. Div. 500; Medical College Laboratory v. N. Y. University, 178 N. Y. 153; Slayback v. Raymond, 93 App. Div. 326; Marvin v. Brooks, 94 N. Y. 71; Haight v. Haight & Freese Co., 112 App. Div. 475; Lafort v. Carpenter, 91 Hun, 76; Lightfoot v. Davis, 198 N. Y. 261; Jaffe v. Weld, 155 App. Div. 110; affd., 208 N. Y. 593.)
It follows that the findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with these findings should be reversed and appropriate findings and conclusions made in accordance therewith and the judgment reversed, with costs to appellant and judgment entered in favor of plaintiff for the relief demanded, with costs.
Clarke, P. J., Smith and Merrell, JJ., concurred; Shearn, J., dissented.