Case Name: COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gary S. ROUP, Defendant-Appellant
Court: Colorado Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Colorado
Decision Date: 2013-12-05
Citations: 353 P.3d 859
Docket Number: Court of Appeals No. 12CA0453
Parties: COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gary S. ROUP, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: JUDGE GRAHAM concurs.
Reporter: Pacific Reporter 3d
Volume: 353
Pages: 859–866

Head Matter:
2013 COA 163
COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gary S. ROUP, Defendant-Appellant.
Court of Appeals No. 12CA0453
Colorado Court of Appeals, Division IV.
Announced December 5, 2013
Pitkin County District Court No. 10CV38, Honorable Denise K. Lynch, Judge
Stokes & Wolf, P.C., James R. Wolf, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Gary S. Roup, Pro Se.

Opinion:
Opinion by
JUDGE J. JONES
1 1 This case presents the question whether a health savings account (HSA) meeting the requirements of 26 U.S.C. § 228 (2006) is a "retirement plan" as contemplated by the Colorado statute exempting certain property from garnishment, section 18-54-102, C.R.S. 2018. We hold that it is not and therefore affirm the district court's order denying judgment debtor Gary S. Roup's claim of exemption.
I. Background
12 Commercial Research LLC (Creditor) obtained an assignment of a default judgment that had been entered against Mr. Roup in a Texas court. Creditor then filed the judgment in Colorado and began collection proceedings against Mr. Roup's assets, including $8,729 held in an HSA. In the course of the proceedings, Mr. Roup asserted that the funds in his HSA were exempt from attachment or garnishment because the HSA qualified as a "retirement plan" under section 13-54-102(1)(s). The district court ruled that Mr. Roup's HSA was not a pension, retirement, or deferred compensation plan because the HSA merely allowed Mr. Roup to defer income on a tax-exempt basis to pay medical bills. The court concluded that no authority supported exempting the HSA from garnishment, and consequently the court ordered the funds in Mr. Roup's HSA to be released to Creditor.
3 In the course of the district court proceedings, Mr. Roup filed for bankruptey protection and was granted a discharge. Because we were unable to determine from the record the effect that Mr. Roup's discharge had on the continuing validity of Creditor's garnishment against Mr. Roup's HSA, and were concerned that the case might have become moot, we remanded this case for further argument of the parties and for findings by the trial court. On remand, the district court ruled that the underlying judgment had been discharged in bankruptey, but that the discharge did not extinguish Creditor's garnishment because Mr. Roup had not taken any affirmative step toward extinguishing the lien. See In re Haberman, 516 F.3d 1207, 1209 (10th Cir.2008) ("[Lliens generally pass through bankruptey unaffected."); In re Deutchman, 192 F.3d 457, 460 (4th Cir.1999) ("In order to extinguish or modify a lien, the debtor must take some affirmative step toward that end."). Mr. Roup does not challenge that ruling on appeal.
4 Because Creditor's garnishment of Mr. Roup's HSA survived bankruptey, this case still presents an actual controversy, and we therefore proceed to consider the merits of the appeal. See In re Marriage of Wiggins, 2012 CO 44, ¶ 16, 279 P.3d 1.
IL Discussion
15 Mr. Roup contends that his HSA is a "retirement plan" and therefore exempt from garnishment under section 13-54-102(1)(s). We reject this contention.
A. Standard of Review and Principles of Statutory Interpretation
T6 Mr. Roup's contention requires us to interpret the meaning of a statutory term. We review such an issue de novo. Weinstein v. Colborne Foodbotics, LLC, 2013 CO 33, ¶ 8, 302 P.3d 263.
T7 The principles governing our interpretation of a statutory term are well-established. Our primary goals are to discern and give effect to the General Assembly's intent. Hassler v. Account Brokers of Larimer Cnty., Inc., 2012 CO 24, ¶ 15, 274 P.3d 547; Krol v. CF & I Steel, 2013 COA 32, ¶ 15, 307 P.3d 1116. To do this, we look first to the statutory language; we give the words and phrases used in the statute their plain and ordinary meanings. Hassler, ¶ 15; Krol, 115. And we must also read the relevant statutory language in the dual contexts of the particular statute at issue and the entire related statutory scheme so as to give consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to the statute's language. Jefferson Cnty. Bd. of Equalization v. Gerganoff, 241 P.3d 932, 935 (Colo.2010); BP Am. Prod. Co. v. Patterson, 185 P.3d 811, 813 (Colo.2008). If, after doing this, we determine that the statute's meaning is clear, we will enforce it as written and will not resort to other rules of statutory construction. Denver Post Corp. v. Ritter, 255 P.3d 1083, 1089 (Colo.2011); Krol, ¶ 15. But if we determine that the statutory language is ambiguous-that is, susceptible of more than one reasonable meaning-we may consider other indicators of legislative intent. See § 24-208, C.R.S.2013; Bd. of Cnty. Commis v. Costilla Cnty. Conservancy Dist., 88 P.3d 1188, 1193 (Colo.2004); see also A.M. v. A.C., 2013 CO 16, ¶ 8, 296 P.3d 1026 ("Statutory language is ambiguous when it is susceptible to multiple valid interpretations.").
B. The Exemption Statute
18 Article XVIII, section 1 of the Colorado Constitution provides: "The general assembly shall pass liberal homestead and exemption laws." To that end, the General Assembly has from time to time enacted laws placing specified property out of the reach of eredi-tors. Many of these exemptions are currently collected in section 18-54-1022. Of the many provisions therein, only one, subsection (1)(s), is relevant in this case. It provides:
(1) The following property is exempt from levy and sale under writ of attachment or writ of execution:
(s) Property, including funds, held in or payable from any pension or retirement plan or deferred compensation plan, including those in which the debtor has received benefits or payments, has the present right to receive benefits or payments, or has the right to receive benefits or payments in the future and including pensions or plans which qualify under the federal "Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 [ERISA]", as amended, as an employee pension benefit plan, as defined in 29 U.S.C. see. 1002, any individual retirement account, as defined in 26 U.S.C. see. 408, any Roth individual retirement account, as defined in 26 U.S.C. see. 408A, and any plan, as defined in 26 U.S.C. see. 401, and as these plans may be amended from time to time....
T9 In general, and as relevant here, this provision exempts from garnishment "any pension or retirement plan or deferred compensation plan." Mr. Roup concedes that an HSA is not a pension plan or a deferred compensation plan; he contends only that it is a "retirement plan."
C. HSAs
10 An HSA is a "trust created or organized in the United States as a health savings account exclusively for the purpose of paying the qualified medical expenses of the account beneficiary, but only if the written governing instrument creating the trust meets [specified requirements]." 26 U.S.C. § 228(d)(1) (2006). "Under federal tax law, eligible individuals may establish and make pretax contributions to [an HSA] and then use those monies to pay or reimburse medical expenses." Retail Indus. Leaders Ass'n v. Fielder, 475 F.3d 180, 196 (4th Cir.2007). If money is withdrawn from an HSA, but is not used to pay the beneficiary's qualified medical expenses, the money becomes taxable income and the beneficiary must pay an additional twenty percent penalty. 26 U.S.C. § (4)(A) (2006). However, the twenty percent penalty does not apply if the beneficiary makes the withdrawal after becoming Medicare-eligible at age sixty-five. 26 U.S.C. § 223(M(UM4)(C) (2006); 42 U.S.C. § 1895¢ (2006).
{11 HSAs are not considered "employee welfare benefit plans" for purposes of the provisions of Title I of ERISA. See United States Dep't of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Field Assistance Bulletin 2004-1 (Apr. 7, 2004), available at http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/regs/fab_2004-1. html; see also Fielder, 475 F.3d at 196 (characterizing employer contributions to employees' HSAs as "non-ERISA healthcare spending"). -
D. Analysis
{12 Section 18-54-102(1)(s) does not define the term "retirement plan," nor does any other provision of article 54 of title 18. In Dillabaugh v. Ellerton, 259 P.3d 550 (Colo.App.2011), a division of this court looked to, the following three definitions of the term to discern its usual and ordinary meaning:
eA "retirement plan" is "'a systematic arrangement established by an employer for guaranteeing an income to employees upon retirement according to definitely established rules with or without employee contributions."" In re Staniforth, 116 B.R. 127, 131 (Bankr.W.D.Wis.1990) (quoting Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1989 (1986)).
eA retirement plan is "[aln employee benefit plan-such as a pension plan or Keogh plan-provided by an employer (or a self-employed person) for an employee's retirement." Black's Law Dictionary 603 (Oth ed. 2009). As the Dil-labaugh division noted, Black's Law Dictionary further defines "employee benefit plan" as a "[a] written stock-purchase, savings, option, bonus, stock-appreciation, profit-sharing, thrift, incentive, pension, or similar plan solely 'for employees, officers, and advisers of a company." Id. at 602.
® A retirement plan is "a plan or account created by an employer, the principal, or another individual to provide retirement benefits or deferred compensation of which the principal is a participant, beneficiary, or owner, including [various enumerated qualified and nonqualified plans or accounts under the Internal Revenue Code]." § 15-14-788(1), C.R.8.2018.
See Dillabaugh, 259 P.3d at 552-53.
13 Considering these similar definitions, the Dillabaugh division concluded that the term "retirement plan" is not ambiguous and held that a "future retirement obligation" owed to the judgment debtor was a retirement plan within the meaning of section 13-54-102(1)(s). In so holding, the division rejected the argument that only plans that possess attributes of the specific ERISA-qualified or tax-qualified examples listed in section 13-54-102(1)(s) are "retirement plans." Id. at 558-54; but see In re Ludwig, 345 B.R. 310 (Bankr.D.Colo.2006) (applying the limiting construction rejected in Dillabaugh ).
[ 14 We agree with the result and analysis in Dillabaugh. But that analysis does not definitively answer the question before us. Because of the nature of HSAs, we must more closely consider the "retirement" aspect of "retirement plan." "Retirement" is commonly understood to mean "[tlermination of one's own employment or career, esp{ecially] upon reaching a certain age or for health reasons...." Black's Law Dictionary 1481 (9th ed. 2009); see also Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1989 (2002).
€15 Considering this meaning, and the definitions identified by the division in Dilla-baugh, we conclude that the plain meaning of "retirement plan" is, essentially, a plan intended to provide an income to a person after that person retires from a career. Put another way, it is a plan intended to replace, at least in part, an employee's loss of income attributable to retirement. See Yaesu Elecs. Corp. v. Tamura, 28 Cal.App.Ath 8, 33 Cal.Rptr.2d 283, 286 (Cal.Ct.App.1994) (the purpose of the California statutory exemption from enforcement of a money judgment for a "private retirement plan" is "to safeguard a source of income for retirees at the expense of creditors"); see also In re Lieberman, 245 F.3d 1090, 1093 (9th Cir.2001) (the California exemption does not apply to "arrangements by individuals to use specified assets for retirement purposes," but only retirement plans "established or maintained by private employers or employee organizations"); In re Bloom, 839 F.2d 1376, 1378 (9th Cir.1988) (the California exemption applies to plans which are "designed and used for retirement purposes").
[ 16 This construction of "retirement plan" is consistent with its specific statutory context, as well as the larger context of the garnishment statutes generally. See Gerganoff. 241 P.3d at 935 (statutory language "must be read in the context of the statute as a whole and the context of the entire statutory scheme"). The exempted retirement plans specifically identified in section 18-54-102(1)(s)-federal ERISA-qualified plans, individual retirement accounts, and Roth individual retirement accounts-exist to provide an income to a person after retirement. Further, both section 18-54-104(1)(b)(I1)(B), C.R.S.2018, and section 18-54.5-101(2)(b)(I1), C.R.S.2018, include "retirement benefits" within the definition of "earnings" subject to garnishment for child support and other specified debts, and list nonexclusive examples of such benefits, all of which are payable as retirement income under public retirement plans.
With the commonly understood meaning of "retirement plan" in mind, we further conclude that an HSA is not a "retirement plan" as contemplated by section 13-54-102(1)(s). See In re Gardner, 2013 WL 3804594, *4 (Bankr.D. Colo. No. 12-12485 HRT, July 19, 2018) (also so holding). Though such a plan may be used during retirement, the same could be said of any number of plans or assets available to individuals during their lifetimes. An HSA is not intended to replace income lost as a result of retirement; it is intended to cover medical costs incurred at any point during an individual's lifetime. See 26 U.S.C. § 223(d)(1) (2006) (an HSA holds funds "exclusively for the purpose of paying the qualified medical expenses of the account benefi-clary"). Indeed, funds held in an HSA may be used for any reason at all, though subject to a tax penalty if withdrawn for nonmedical reasons before age sixty-five.
118 We are aware that the exemptions provided in section 13-54-102 are to be construed liberally in favor of debtors. See Sandberg v. Borstadt, 48 Colo. 96, 99, 109 P. 419, 421 (1910) ("Primarily, the exemption laws of the state are for the benefit of residents, and they are to be liberally construed."); see also In re Larson, 260 B.R. 174, 193 (Bankr.D.Colo.2001) (noting "the long-standing tradition in the courts of Colorado to construe all exemption| ] laws liberally in favor of debtors"). But the principle of liberal construction cannot be used in a way that effectively alters the plain meaning of the statute. See In re M.D.E., 2013 COA 13, 116, 297 P.3d 1058; Henderson v. City of Fort Morgan, 277 P.3d 853, 855 (Colo.App.2011); In re Adoption of T.K.J., 931 P.2d 488, 492-93 (Colo.App.1996); Denver U.S. Nat'l Bank v. People ex rel. Dunbar, 29 Colo.App. 93, 97, 480 P.2d 849, 851 (1970).
{19 Debtor's reliance on section 24-51-101(42)(a), C.R.S.2018, which defines the term "salary" as used in statutes governing the Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA), is misplaced. That statute states: " 'Salary' means . amounts deducted from pay for a health savings account . or any other type of retirement health savings account program...." The dissent points out that, in enacting this statute, the General Assembly appears to have relied in part on the Colorado Department of Personnel and Administration's Report to the Gen-eral Assembly entitled "Health Savings Accounts: Feasibility of Offering an HSA-Qualified High Deductible Health Plan to State Employees," October 1, 2004 (Report). As relevant here, the Report states: "When the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2008 . was signed into law . it created . a new type of tax-favored account-a Health Savings Account-to help eligible individuals with qualifying high deductible health plans save for medical and retiree health expenses." Id. at 2 (emphasis added).
120 Nonetheless, we do not find section 24-51-101(42) helpful. That provision was enacted in 2004, many years after the enactment of section 18-54-102(1)(s). And its subject matter-defining salary for purposes of public employment retirement benefit calculation-is completely unrelated to the subject matter covered by section 18-54-102-ex-emptions from garnishment. We are relue-tant to attempt to divine the General Assembly's intent in enacting section 13-54-102(1)(s) from the ambiguous action of a subsequent legislature many years later on an entirely unrelated subject. See Bertrand v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs, 872 P.2d 223, 228 (Colo.1994) ("[The interpretation of one statute by reference to an unrelated statute is an unreliable means of ascertaining legislative intent."); Colucci v. Town of Vail, 232 P.3d 218, 220 (Colo.App.2009) (same); see also § 2-4-215(1), C.R.S.2018 (each General Assembly is a distinct entity); Simpson v. Bijou Irrigation Co., 69 P.3d 50, 59 (Colo.2003) ("Our primary responsibility in any statutory analysis is to give effect to the legislative intent motivating the enactment of the statute.
{21 And we observe that the very same Report pursuant to which the General Assembly apparently acted in adopting section 24-51-101(42) recognizes that HSAs take the place of other health plans, see Report at 2, and differ from retirement plans in that while funds deposited into a retirement account "are generally not withdrawn until retirement, funds contributed to an HSA may be withdrawn during the accumulation period to pay medical expenses not covered by insurance," id. at 4.
[ 22 In sum, the fact that an HSA may be used in retirement does not render it a "retirement plan" for purposes of section 18-54-102(1)(s). Because an HSA is not intended to replace a retiree's income lost as a result of retirement, it is not a "retirement plan." Therefore, Mr. Roup's HSA is not exempt from garnishment by Creditor.
{23 The order is affirmed.
JUDGE GRAHAM concurs.
JUDGE TERRY dissents.
. As the division held in Dillabaugh, this does not mean "retirement plan" includes only those plans that are ERISA-qualified or tax-qualified. But we believe the general nature of the plans identified is some indication of the General Assembly's intent.
. The dissent cites People v. Sexton, 2012 COA 26, 117, 296 P.3d 157, for the proposition that we may construe section § 13-54-102(1)(s) by looking to section 24-51-101(42). But Sexton says that if a statute is ambiguous "we may consider the legislative history and declarations of purpose, the problem addressed, the statutory remedy, and the consequences of a particular construction." Id. Section 24-51-101(42) does not fall within any of those categories. See also § 2-4-203(1)(d), C.R.S.2013 (identifying aids in construing an ambiguous statute, including '"'laws upon the same or similar subjects").
. We also observe that the General Assembly has twice amended section 13-54-102(1)(s) since its enactment in 1991, once in 2002 and once in 2007. On each occasion the General Assembly did so to reflect changes in federal law. Ch. 154, sec. 1, 2002 Colo. Sess. Laws 487 (adding "any Roth individual retirement account, as defined in 26 U.S.C. sec. 408A"); Ch. 428, sec. 27, 2007 Colo. Sess. Laws 2026 (adding "as amended" after the citation to ERISA). It did not amend the statute after Congress addressed the requirements and federal tax treatment of HSAs in 26 U.S.C. § 223, in 2003.