Case Name: CLOVER LEAF DAIRY, a Montana corporation, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. THE STATE OF MONTANA and THE MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, Defendants and Respondents
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 1997-11-13
Citations: 285 Mont. 380
Docket Number: No. 96-682
Parties: CLOVER LEAF DAIRY, a Montana corporation, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. THE STATE OF MONTANA and THE MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, Defendants and Respondents.
Judges: JUSTICES HUNT, REGNIER and TRIEWEILER and DISTRICT JUDGE NEILL, sitting in place of JUSTICE GRAY, DISTRICT JUDGE FAGG, sitting in place of JUSTICE LEAPHART and DISTRICT JUDGE WHELAN, sitting in place of JUSTICE NELSON concur.
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 285
Pages: 380–394

Head Matter:
CLOVER LEAF DAIRY, a Montana corporation, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. THE STATE OF MONTANA and THE MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, Defendants and Respondents.
No. 96-682.
Heard and Submitted September 11, 1997.
Decided November 13, 1997.
54 St.Rep. 1203. 948 P.2d 1164.
285 Mont. 380.
For Appellant: Brian M. Morris (argued), Goetz, Madden & Dunn, P.C., Bozeman.
For Respondents: Ann Brodsky (argued), Department of Administration, Helena.

Opinion:
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Clover Leaf Dairy appeals from the orders of the First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County, granting the State's motions to dismiss and for summary judgment. We affirm. We restate the issues raised on appeal as follows:
1. Did the District Court err in granting the State's motions for summary judgment?
2. Did the District Court err when it dismissed Clover Leaf's claim for damages based on the State's alleged denial of Clover Leaf's due process rights?
BACKGROUND
In response to consumer complaints, the Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences (DHES), now the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services, examined samples of Clover Leaf milk taken from grocery stores in Helena, Montana. The samples contained an unidentified black substance described as "sludge" or "sediment." On June 3, 1994, DHES embargoed all of Clover Leaf's fluid milk products with a "sell by" date of June 7 or later. The notice of embargo stated:
This is to certify that articles consisting of approximately all Grade A milk and milk products, including whole milk, 2% lowfat milk, 1% lowfat milk, skim milk, 2% lowfat chocolate milk, 2% lowfat acidophilus milk, 1% buttermilk, whipping cream, half & half, and eggnog, packaged in any net weight container including plastic bottles, cartons, and bulk containers identified with "Sell by" date of June 7 and every "Sell by" day after June 7 . in your possession, returned to your possession, or processed/produced/manufactured/or bottled on or after the date of this embargo [are] suspected of being adulterated or contaminated pursuant to § 50-31-202 or 203, MCA, as follows: the products either have an unknown substance in them which appears as a dark sediment in the product, are suspected to contain this unknown substance, or are contaminated or adulterated or are suspected to be contaminated or adulterated with coliform or other contaminants.
Notice is hereby given of the embargo of the above described foods, and no removal, disposal, sale or movement of said foods, shall be made without permission given under § 50-31-509, MCA.
To the date of briefing this appeal, the State does not know the identity of the black substance. However, Edward McHugh, owner of Clover Leaf, claimed the substance was the result of protein burn caused during pasteurization and flakes and digestible materials worn from a gasket used during homogenization.
Clover Leaf executed a disposal agreement with the State pursuant to § 50-31-509(1), MCA. As a result, Clover Leaf destroyed approximately 15,000 gallons of milk. Clover Leaf filed a timely claim for damages with the Montana Department of Administration based on § 2-9-301, MCA. The claim was denied.
In February 1995, Clover Leaf and Edward McHugh filed a complaint challenging the June 3 embargo. Count I alleged the State deprived Clover Leaf of its property without due process of law as required by Article II, Section 17 of the Montana Constitution because the State embargoed Clover Leaf's property without probable cause to believe that it was adulterated. Count II alleged that the State violated § 50-31-202(1) and -509(1), MCA, because the State did not have probable cause to believe Clover Leaf's property was adulterated. Count III alleged that the actions of DHES were ultra vires because DHES did not have authority to embargo Clover Leaf's property.
The State moved to dismiss the complaint, and if any counts survived the motion, to dismiss McHugh as a party. The District Court denied the State's motion to dismiss Count II, dismissed Counts I and III, and dismissed McHugh as a party.
The State then moved for summary judgment on Count II, arguing it had probable cause to believe Clover Leaf's fluid milk products were adulterated when it issued the June 3 embargo. On July 19,1996, the District Court granted the State's first motion for summary judgment on Count II as it related to Clover Leaf's skim, 2%, and whole milk. The court reasoned that a factual question existed as to whether it was reasonable for the embargo to cover other types of Clover Leaf milk products.
The State filed a second motion for summary judgment on the remaining issues following the court's July 19 order. The District Court found, based on uncontradicted evidence, that all of Clover Leaf's milk products were produced from the same raw milk source and went through the same processing techniques. The court concluded the State had probable cause to issue its June 3 embargo against all Clover Leaf milk products and granted the State's second motion for summary judgment.
Clover Leaf appeals from the District Court's orders granting summary judgment on Count II and dismissing Count I.
DISCUSSION
1. Did the District Court err in granting the State's motions for summary judgment?
Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, and any affidavits on file show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P. We review a district court's grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo and apply the same criteria under Rule 56, M.R.Civ.P., as did the district court. Minnie v. City of Roundup (1993), 257 Mont. 429, 431, 849 P.2d 212, 214.
Aparty moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P. The nonmoving party has no obligation to establish that genuine issues of fact exist until the moving party has shown an absence of such issues of fact; unless that initial burden is met by the moving party, the nonmoving party may rest on its pleading. Minnie, 849 P.2d at 214.
The Montana Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Montana Act), located at Title 50, Chapter 31, MCA, regulates the manufacture, production, processing, packing, exposure, offer, possession, holding, dispensing, giving, supplying or applying, sale, and offer of sale of food, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. Section 50-31-102, MCA. When DHES issued the June 3 embargo, it relied on § 50-31-509, MCA, which provides, in relevant part:
Detainer of adulterated or misbranded articles. (1) If an agent of the department finds or has probable cause to believe that any food, drug, device, or cosmetic is adulterated or so misbranded as to be dangerous or fraudulent within the meaning of this chapter, he shall affix to the article a tag or other appropriate marking giving notice that the article is or is suspected of being adulterated or misbranded and has been detained or embargoed and warning all persons not to remove or dispose of the article by sale or otherwise until permission for removal or disposal is given by the agent or the court. It is unlawful for a person to remove or dispose of a detained or embargoed article by sale or otherwise without permission. The owner of an embargoed article or another authorized person and the department may enter into a disposal agreement providing for the disposal, reconditioning, or other disposition of the embargoed article. If such an agreement is executed or if the embargo is otherwise removed by the department or the court, neither the department nor the state may be held liable for damages caused by such embargo provided that probable cause existed for its imposition.
Food adulteration is defined at § 50-31-202, MCA. According to § 50-31-202(5), MCA, food is adulterated if it "consists in whole or in part of a diseased, contaminated, filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance or if it is otherwise unfit for food[.]" In defending its June 3 embargo, the State argued that the black sediment in Clover Leaf's milk rendered it contaminated, thus making the milk adulterated pursuant to § 50-31-509, MCA, and subject to embargo.
The District Court explained in its order granting the State's first motion for summary judgment that "contamination requires a condition of impurity that results from the mixture of the milk in question with a foreign substance." The court reasoned because it was reviewing a probable cause determination, the State did not have to prove the exact identity of the black sediment. The court concluded since it is not usual to have black sediment of any nature in milk, the State had probable cause to believe the milk was adulterated or contaminated.
On appeal, Clover Leaf argues the District Court erred by applying a deferential, rather than a de novo, standard of review to the State's probable cause determination. The State responds Clover Leaf raised this issue for the first time on appeal.
We will not consider on appeal a theory not raised at the trial court. Sherrodd, Inc. v. Morrison-Knudsen Co. (1991), 249 Mont. 282, 285, 815 P.2d 1135, 1137. The record reveals that in Clover Leaf's brief in support of its motion to reconsider the order granting the State's first motion for summary judgment, Clover Leaf did not challenge the court's standard of review. This would normally preclude the issue from being raised on appeal.
However, because we review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, such a review involves deciding whether the court applied a correct standard of review to its legal conclusions. Therefore, when reviewing the District Court's probable cause analysis, we will consider whether the court erred when it purportedly applied a deferential, rather than a de novo, standard of review to the State's probable cause determination.
Clover Leaf makes three arguments in support of its claim that the District Court erred in granting the State's motions for summary judgment: (1) the court erred when it concluded that DHES had sufficient probable cause to issue the June 3 embargo; (2) the court improperly adopted a criminal probable cause standard to conclude that DHES had sufficient probable cause to embargo Clover Leaf's milk products; and (3) the court ignored genuine issues of material fact regarding the scope of the embargo and the quantity and identity of the black substance in Clover Leaf's milk products.
The State responds that the District Court correctly interpreted the Montana Act and properly held that probable cause existed to support the embargo. The State maintains that a deferential standard of review of an agency's probable cause determination is proper because the same standard is used in the criminal context, and this Court defers to the interpretation given to statutes by agencies charged with their administration.
The State further argues that if this Court agrees the standard of review for the DHES probable cause determination should be de novo, then there is no basis for a reversal because the District Court applied a de novo standard of review to the DHES probable cause determination, and this Court uses its own de novo standard of review for summary judgments. Finally, the State argues no genuine issues of material fact exist as to the quantity and identity of the black substance in Clover Leaf's milk because regardless of the identity of the black substance, the milk contained a foreign substance, rendering it contaminated.
A. Did DHES have probable cause to issue the June 3 embargo?
The legal prerequisite for the DHES embargo was a finding of adulteration or probable cause to believe adulteration was present in Clover Leaf's milk products. Section 50-31-509(1), MCA. In its order granting the State's first motion for summary judgment, the court noted that no Montana court has defined contamination in the context of ah embargo case.
This Court has defined contamination as requiring the presence of a foreign substance. See Duensing v. Traveler's Companies (1993), 257 Mont. 376, 381, 849 P.2d 203, 206-07. We relied on several federal cases to reach this decision. In Hi-G, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (1st Cir. 1968), 391 F.2d 924, 925, the First Circuit Court of Appeals defined contamination as the introduction of a foreign substance that injures the usefulness of the product. The Fifth Circuit defined contamination as a condition of impurity resulting from mixture or contact with a foreign substance. American Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa. v. Myrick (5th Cir. 1962), 304 F.2d 179, 183.
The District Court determined that contamination requires a condition of impurity that results from the mixture of the milk with a foreign substance and concluded that because it is not usual for milk to contain black sediment, the State had probable cause to believe the milk was adulterated or contaminated.
Clover Leaf argues the court mistakenly defined "contamination" rather than "contaminated substance." Furthermore, Clover Leaf contends that in order for milk to be contaminated, and thus adulterated, it must be dangerous to human health. The State responds that Clover Leaf has raised the dangerous argument for the first time on appeal. We disagree.
The embargo statute and its application have been the focus of Clover Leaf's case since its complaint was filed. We therefore address whether the District Court mistakenly defined "contamination," and whether a food must be dangerous to human health before it can be embargoed under § 50-31-509, MCA.
a. Did the District Court err when it defined contamination?
Clover Leaf argues the District Court mistakenly defined "contamination" instead of "contaminated substance." We reject this argument as illogical and contrary to the intent and a common-sense interpretation of the Montana Act. It is a well-established rule of statutory construction that a statute is to be read as a whole and construed so as to avoid absurd results. Dover Ranch v. County of Yellowstone (1980), 187 Mont. 276, 283, 609 P.2d 711, 715. We hold that the District Court did not err when it defined contamination as a condition of impurity that results from the mixture of the milk with a foreign substance.
b. Did the District Court improperly remove the dangerous requirement from its definition of adulteration?
We review a district court's conclusions of law regarding the application of a statute to determine whether the court's interpretation of the law is correct. State v. Henning (1993), 258 Mont. 488, 490-91, 853 P.2d 1223, 1225.
Clover Leaf argues the court erred in interpreting § 50-31-509(1), MCA, by concluding the statute contains no requirement that the adulterated food posed a danger to human health. Clover Leaf contends the term "as to be dangerous or fraudulent" qualifies both "adulterated" and "misbranded." The State responds that a plain reading of the embargo statute supports the District Court's conclusion.
Section 50-31-509(1), MCA, authorizes DHES to embargo food that is "adulterated or so misbranded as to be dangerous or fraudulent[.]" This Court's function in construing and applying statutes is to effect legislative intent. United States v. Brooks (1995), 270 Mont. 136, 139, 890 P.2d 759, 761. To determine legislative intent, we first look to the plain meaning of the words used in the statute. Stansbury v. Lin (1993), 257 Mont. 245, 249, 848 P.2d 509, 511. If the legislative intent can be determined by the plain language of the words used, this Court may go no further and apply other means of interpretation. Matter of Kalfell Ranch, Inc. (1994), 269 Mont. 117, 124, 887 P.2d 241, 245-46.
The plain meaning of § 50-31-509(1), MCA, is clear. The word "so" qualifies the word "misbranded." Thus, the statute explains that a food may be embargoed if it is "so misbranded as to be dangerous or ffaudulent[.]" If the statute referred to foods "so adulterated or so misbranded as to be dangerous or fraudulent" or "adulterated or misbranded so as to be dangerous or fraudulent," then Clover Leaf's argument could possibly have merit. We hold that § 50-31-509(1), MCA, contains no requirement that adulterated food be adulterated so as to be dangerous or fraudulent in order for it to be embargoed or detained; that the food is adulterated is sufficient under the statute.
B. Did the District Court err when it purportedly applied a deferential, rather than a de novo, standard of review to the State's probable cause determination?
When the District Court granted the State's first motion for summary judgment, the court did not expressly state which standard of review it was applying to the DHES probable cause determination. The court cited State v. Rinehart (1993), 262 Mont. 204, 210, 864 P.2d 1219, 1223, and stated, "The duty of the reviewing court is simply to ensure that DHES, in this case, had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause for the embargo existed."
In Rinehart, we explained that this Court reviews applications for a search warrant to insure that the magistrate or lower court "had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause to issue the search warrant existed." Rinehart, 864 P.2d at 1223. However, we do not review the magistrate's determination de novo. Rinehart, 864 P.2d at 1223.
Although the District Court believed it was applying a deferential standard of review to the DHES probable cause determination, there is no evidence the court deferred to the agency. The court independently reviewed the evidence to determine if there was a probability that Clover Leaf's milk products contained a black substance. In so doing, the court reached a correct result. We affirm decisions which are correct regardless of the court's reasoning in reaching the decision. Clark v. Eagle Systems, Inc. (1996), 279 Mont. 279, 286, 927 P.2d 995, 999. Despite the court's reliance an Rinehart, the standard of review used did not result in error.
C. Did the District Court err when it adopted a criminal standard of review for the DHES probable cause determination?
In its order granting the State's first motion for summary judgment, the District Court noted that no Montana court has interpreted the probable cause requirement contained in Montana's embargo statutes. The court, relying on Rinehart, 864 P.2d at 1222, adopted the following definition of probable cause which it applied to review the State's embargo:
Probable cause does not require a prima facie showing of any particular activity. In determining whether probable cause exists, the Court is to consider the totality of the circumstances to see if there is a probability of the existence of the activity in question.
The court concluded by stating "[t]he duty of the reviewing court is simply to ensure that DHES, in this case, had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause for the embargo existed."
Clover Leaf submits the court erred when it employed the same deferential standard of review used by courts in criminal cases when it reviewed the DHES probable cause determination. This argument fails, however, because even under a de novo standard of review there was probable cause for DHES to issue the embargo.
D. Do genuine issues of material fact preclude the District Court from granting the State summary judgment?
Clover Leaf claims DHES did not present evidence that the black substance was contained in any of its milk products such as sour cream, eggnog, and chocolate milk, or in any of its products with "sell by" dates after June 12, 1994. The record does not support Clover Leaf's argument. In its second motion for summary judgment, the State filed affidavits describing the process Clover Leaf used to make all of its milk products. Clover Leaf had one pasteurizer and one homogenizer. Thus, any of Clover Leafs milk used the same lines, valves, and pumps as it traveled through the pasteurizer and homogenizer.
The affidavits stated that Clover Leaf used the same basic equipment and skim milk base for all of its products, and explained how all Clover Leaf milk products were made by first removing the milk fat from the raw milk. Then, a common base of skim milk was added to various ingredients, such as milk fat, to make the milk products. Clover Leaf's practice was typically to produce more than one type of its milk product on any given day. Clover Leaf presented no evidence to contradict the State's affidavits.
The District Court was presented with uncontradicted facts that all of Clover Leaf's milk products were produced from the same raw milk source, and they all went through the same milk processing techniques. It was reasonable for the court to deduce that the unknown black substance existed in all of Clover Leaf's milk products with the relevant "sell by" dates, including its sour cream, eggnog, and chocolate milk. We conclude the District Court did not ignore genuine issues of material fact concerning the scope of the State's embargo.
Clover Leaf contends that material issues of fact exist regarding the identity of the black substance in its milk products. We disagree. The State presented evidence that Clover Leaf's milk contained a black substance which was visible on the bottom of milk containers. DHES employees visually observed the substance with their naked eyes and microscopically in the State's laboratory. Grocery store customers observed the sediment on the bottom of milk containers.
When the State issued the June 3 embargo, it did not know the identity of the black substance. Regardless of its identity, a black sludge is not something a person expects to find in milk and is therefore a foreign substance. We conclude that any dispute concerning the identity of the black substance does not create a genuine issue of material fact which would preclude the District Court from granting the State's motion for summary judgment.
Next, Clover Leaf argues the court erred and deprived it of a de minimis defense to the embargo because the court did not require DHES to quantify the amount of the black substance found in Clover Leaf's milk products. The State responds de minimis is inapplicable.
The de minimis exception to enforcement of the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (federal Act) allows a court to overlook small quantities of filth, "especially in circumstances where no applicable [industry guideline] is in effect and there is no evidence that that quantity found is avoidable through the use of good manufacturing practice, taking into account the state of the industry." United States v. General Foods Corp. (N.D.N.Y. 1978), 446 F.Supp. 740, 746. The exception avoids the harsh effect that would result from strict enforcement of the federal Act, whereby "an expert, armed with the proper equipment, could detect filth in virtually every food marketed." General Foods, 446 F.Supp. at 745.
Relying on Ewing v. Mytinger & Casselberry (1950), 339 U.S. 594, 600-01, 70 S.Ct. 870, 873-74, 94 L.Ed. 1088, 1094-95, the State argues that courts do not apply the de minimis exception under the federal Act to negate the government's probable cause determination because such a determination is not subject to judicial review. Furthermore, the State contends, ample evidence exists in the record that the black substance was present in sufficient quantities so as to prohibit a court from applying the de minimis exception.
In Ewing, the government seized misbranded food supplements under the federal Act based on an administrative probable cause determination. A district court held the seizure violated the Fifth Amendment because the food producer was not afforded a hearing on probable cause. Ewing, 339 U.S. at 598, 70 S.Ct. at 872. The United States Supreme Court reversed, holding the lower court had no jurisdiction to review the administrative determination of probable cause because Congress had not made such a determination under the Act reviewable by the courts. Ewing, 339 U.S. at 600-01, 70 S.Ct. at 873.
Unlike Congress, in relation to the federal Act, the Montana Legislature has provided for judicial review of the DHES probable cause determination. Section 50-31-509(1), MCA, gives the State immunity from damages caused by an embargo if the parties execute a disposal agreement and probable cause existed for the embargo. Section 50-31-509(2), MCA, provides if a disposal agreement is not executed, then an agent of DHES must petition a court for an order of condemnation. If the court finds the embargoed article is adulterated, then the article must be destroyed. Section 50-31-509(3), MCA.
When § 50-31-509, MCA, is read as a whole, we conclude the actions of DHES, including its probable cause determination, are reviewable by the courts. We therefore reject the State's argument that courts are prohibited from applying the de minimis exception to review the DHES probable cause determination.
We also disagree with Clover Leaf that the de minimis exception applies here. The black substance was visible to the naked eye of consumers and DHES officials. It was described as "black or gray residue," "like soot or like the milk had mud in the bottom." When a milk container was shaken, "it became muddy throughout." The substance was present in such quantities so as to attract public attention. We hold the District Court did not err in declining to apply the de minimis exception.
The record contains no evidence raising genuine issues of material fact concerning the scope of the State's embargo, or the quantity and identity of the substance in Clover Leaf's milk products. The District Court did not err when it granted summary judgment to the State on these issues.
The District Court did not err when it determined that the black substance in Clover Leaf's milk products rendered them contaminated. Based on this determination, the milk products were an adulterated food according to § 50-31-202(5), MCA, and DHES had probable cause to issue the June 3 embargo. We hold the court did not err when it granted the State's motions for summary judgment on Count II.
2. Did the District Court err when it dismissed Clover Leaf's claim for damages based on the State's alleged denial of Clover Leaf's due process rights?
Clover Leaf requests this Court to decide whether, in this instance, a party may bring a claim for monetary damages based on an alleged deprivation of a constitutional right. Clover Leaf claims it is entitled to monetary damages because the State deprived the corporation of its property interest and its right to operate a lawful business without having probable cause to believe that the black substance contained in Clover Leaf's milk products threatened human health.
This Court may not address moot questions. Smith v. Electronic Parts, Inc. (1995) 274 Mont. 252, 258, 907 P.2d 958, 962. "A moot question is one which existed once but because of an event or happening, it has ceased to exist and no longer presents an actual controversy." State ex rel. Miller v. Murray (1979), 183 Mont. 499, 503, 600 P.2d 1174, 1176.
Because we have ruled that the State had probable cause to believe that Clover Leaf's milk products were adulterated, the issue of whether Clover Leaf was wrongfully deprived of its property interest and is entitled to damages is moot.
Affirmed.
JUSTICES HUNT, REGNIER and TRIEWEILER and DISTRICT JUDGE NEILL, sitting in place of JUSTICE GRAY, DISTRICT JUDGE FAGG, sitting in place of JUSTICE LEAPHART and DISTRICT JUDGE WHELAN, sitting in place of JUSTICE NELSON concur.