Case Name: Executive Communication and Advisory Opinion
Court: Florida Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Florida
Decision Date: 1889-01
Citations: 25 Fla. 426
Docket Number: 
Parties: Executive Communication and Advisory Opinion.
Judges: 
Reporter: Florida Reports
Volume: 25
Pages: 426–434

Head Matter:
Executive Communication and Advisory Opinion.
In the matter of the Executive communication of January 12,1889, relative to the filling of vacancies in elective county offices:
Executive Oeeice, 1 Tallahassee, Ela., Jan. 12,1889. j
To the Honorable, the Justices of the Supreme Court of Florida :
Gentlemen : I have the honor to ask your opinion as to the interpretation of the Constitution of this State in regard to my executive duties and powers thereunder, in the following cases, to-wit:
Certain persons who were elected to county offices in certain of the counties of this State, at the general election held on the 6th day of November, 1888, have failed to give bond and qualify within sixty days after such election, whereby such offices have become vacant, as provided by section 7, Article VIII, of the Constitution.
Has the Governor the power to fill such vacancy or other vacancies which may occur in the case of au elective county office by appointment, and if so, for what time should such appointment be made ? I remain with high respect, etc.,
Francis P. Fleming, Governor.
1. Wlion tlie term of an elective comity office, to which a person lias been elected for the entire term, has commenced, and there is a vacancy in the office on account of the f.ilure of the person elected to give bond and qualify as required by §7, of Article VIII of the Constitution, the Governor may fill the vacancy by appointment.
2. Such appointee will hold, not for the remainder of the term, but only until the qualification of a successor chosen at the next ensuing general election to be held in accordance with §9 of Art. XVIII.

Opinion:
Supreme Court of the State of Florida, ) Tallahassee, Fla., Jan. 16, 1889. )
To ITon. Francis P. Fleming, Governor of the State of Florida :
Sir : We have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 12th inst. You state that certain persons who were elected to county offices at the general election, held on the 6th day of November last, have failed to give bond and qualify within sixty days after such election, and thereby such offices have become vacant, and you ask our interpretation of the Constitution as to the power ot the Governor to fill by appointment such or other vacancies that may occur in elective county offices, and if so, for what time the appointment should be made.
Considering Section 6 of Article VIII, and Sections 9 and 10 of Article XVIII, together, it is plain that the first election of the following county offices, viz : Clerk of the Circuit Court, Sheriff, Constables, County Assessor of Taxes, Tax Collector, County Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and County Surveyor and Justices of the Peace, and all elective county offices, was to take place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1888. By Section 14 of Article XVIII it is provided that "the terms of office of all county officers, unless otherwise provided, shall commence on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January next after their election."
The elective county officers, chosen at the election in November last, have not been excepted from the provisions of the last section as to the commencement of the terms for which they were elected.
Section 7 of Article VIII of the Constitution requires that all county officers, except Assistant Assessors of Taxes, shall, before entering upon the duties of their respective offices, be commissioned by the Governor, but provides that no such commission shall issue to any such officer until he shall have filed with the Secretary of State a good and sufficient bond, in such sum and upon such conditions as the Legislature shall by law prescribe, approved by the County Commissioners of the county in which such officer resides, and by the Comptroller. The last Legislature passed an act, chapter 3724, Laws of 1887, approved June 2, 1887, prescribing the sums and conditions of the bonds to be given by such officers. The above section of the Constitution also provides as follows : " If any person elected or appointed to any county office shall fail to give bond and qualify within sixty days after his election, the said office shall become vacant."
The question of your power to fill vacancies occasioned by the failure of persons elected to county offices to give bond and qualify within the sixty days just mentioned, involves a consideration of several sections of the Constitution. Sections 6, 7 and 9 of the schedule, or eighteenth article, are as follows :
Section 6. The term of office for all appointees to fill vacancies in any of the elective offices under this Constitution shall extend only to the election and qualification of a successor at the ensuing general election.
Section 7. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office such election shall be for the unexpired term.
Section 9. A general election shall be held in each county in this State on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, A. I). 1888, and every two years thereafter, for all elective State and county officers, whose terms of office are about to expire, or for any office that shall have become vacant.
These three sections cover vacancies in elective county offices, and a vacancy of the character specified by you must, in view of Section 7 of Article VIII, supra, be held to be within their meaning. Considering sections 6 and 7 of the schedule together, we see that the former contemplates the filling of a vacancy7 by appointment and the latter by an election. Though the word appointees may sometimes include in its signification any person elected or designated by popular vote for an office, such construction of it in the connection in which it is presented here is, we think, untenable. If such had been the sense in or purpose for which it was used, there would have been no necessity for the next or seventh section. Again, the latter section shows an express intention that any person elected to fill a vacancy shall hold for the balance of the unexpired term, whereas the former section is equally explicit in providing that one appointed to the vacancy shall hold only to the qualification of the person chosen at the ensuing general election to fill the remainder of such vacancy. If we should give to the word appointees, as used in the sixth section, a signification inclnding persons chosen at a popular election, we would be met with the anomaly that by this section of the Constitution it is provided that a person elected to a vacancy in an elective office shall hold for one period of time, whereas by the seventh section he is to hold for an entirely different period.
Our understanding of these two sections, as applicable to elective county offices, is that when a vacancy occurs in any of them, an appointment to fill such vacancy may be made by the Governor, and that such appointee holds until the qualification of the person who may be chosen at the ensuing general election to fill the residue of the term, after such election.
That this is the correct interpretation is made more apparent by the ninth section, in providing that a general election shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and every two years thereafter, for, among other purposes, "any office that shall have become vacant." This is the "general election " which is referred to in the sixth section, and at which the person is to be elected whose " qualification " terminates the tenure of the appointee holding under the sixth section. The seventh section prescribes the term of the person chosen at an election held under the ninth section to fill a vacancy in an elective county office.
It is clear, we think, that these sections contemplate that upon a vacancy occurring in an elective county office the vacanc}'- may be filled by appointment, and that such an appointment, when made, shall continue not merely until the election of a successor at a special election, and his qualification, but until the qualification of a successor, chosen at the ensuing general election, to be held as provided by section nine.
In reaching the conclusion announced above we have not overlooked section 7, of the executive article, which is as follows:
When any office from any cause shall become vacant and no mode is provided by this Constitution, or by the laws of the State for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy by granting a commission for the unexpired term.
Under this section no appointment is to be made to fill a vacanc}? except when neither the Constitution nor the laws providea modefor filling it,and of course where the appointment is not made under it, its provisions as to the duration of fhe appointment do not apply. Section 7 of the executive article of the Constitution of 1868 was in substantially the same language, except that the commission was " to expire at the next election," and it was held that the power vested in the Governor by it was not a power to fill the office for the unexpired term, but only for the time intervening between the occurrence of the vacancy and the filling of the office by an election by the people, and that a special election could be held to fill the office for the unexpired term. Weeks vs. Gamble, 13 Florida, 9; State vs. Weeks, 14 Florida, 9. The difference in the effect of the two sections as to the duration of the appointment is manifest.
As to the vacancies in elective county offices, covered by our inquiry, the Constitution has, however, as indicated by the above sections of the schedule, provided a mode for filling them until the general election to ensue after the occurrence of the vacancy, and the qualification of the person chosen at it. When the term of the office which a person has been elected to fill as an entire term has begun to run, and there is a vacancy in it, the Constitution gives you the power to supply not the entire vacancy, but limits the term of your appointee to the period stated in the sixth section of the article just mentioned, instead of extending it to the entire balance of the term. Advisory opinion, 14 Fla., pp. 277, 282.
If it be assumed that the legislation of 1887, sections 4, 5, 6, Chapter 3704, is to be construed as inconsistent with this power, our opinion is that the power cannot be taken away by the Legislature.
Very respectfully,
Geo. P. Raney, Chief Justice.
A. E. Maxwell, Justice.
H. L. Mitchell, Justice.