Case Name: John DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kamala D. HARRIS, Attorney General, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2013-08-01
Citations: 535 F. App'x 630
Docket Number: No. 09-17362
Parties: John DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kamala D. HARRIS, Attorney General, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before: NOONAN, O’SCANNLAIN, and TROTT, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 535
Pages: 630–632

Head Matter:
John DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kamala D. HARRIS, Attorney General, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 09-17362.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Feb. 17, 2011.
Submission Withdrawn April 4, 2011.
Resubmitted July 30, 2013.
Filed Aug. 1, 2013.
Donald M. Horgan, Dennis P. Riordan, Riordan & Horgan, Michael Romano, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Peggy S. Ruffra, Esquire, AGCA — Office of the California Attorney General, San Francisco, CA, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before: NOONAN, O’SCANNLAIN, and TROTT, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM
The Attorney General appeals from the district court's grant of a permanent injunction directing that John Doe be removed from the public sex offender registry established by California's "Megan's Law."
I
A
At the time of Doe's plea agreement, information about sex offenders was only accessible to "regularly employed peace or other law enforcement officer[s]." Cal.Penal Code § 290(i) (West 1991). In granting the injunction, the district court concluded that a reference to section 290 in Doe's plea agreement constituted an implied promise that Doe would not be subject to future modifications to the sex offender registry, such as Megan's Law, which called for his identity to be made public. It reached this conclusion notwithstanding findings that (i) "[cjonfidentiality was not an express term of the agreement" and (ii) the issue "was neither negotiated nor discussed between Doe or his counsel and the prosecutor."
B
State contract law governs how a state plea agreement should be interpreted. See Davis v. Woodford, 446 F.3d 957, 962 (9th Cir.2006). Unsure about the proper interpretation of Doe's plea agreement under California law, we certified the matter to the California Supreme Court. See Doe v. Harris, 640 F.3d 972, 973 (9th Cir.2011). Answering our certified question, the court explained "that the general rule in California is that the plea agreement will be 'deemed to incorporate and contemplate not only the existing law but the reserve power of the state to amend the law or enact additional laws for the public good and in pursuance of public policy.' " Doe v. Harris, 57 Cal.4th 64, 158 Cal.Rptr.3d 290, 292, 302 P.3d 598 (2013) (quoting People v. Gipson, 117 Cal.App.4th 1065, 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 478, 481 (2004)). It further held that although particular parties "might affirmatively agree or implicitly understand the consequences of a plea will remain fixed despite amendments to the relevant law," id. at 296, 302 P.3d 598, such an intention should not be inferred from "a plea agreement's reference to a statutory consequence attending a conviction," id. at 298, 302 P.3d 598.
II
Doe's right under the Due Process Clause is to enforce the promises made by the state as consideration for his guilty plea. See Davis, 446 F.3d at 960 (discussing Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971)). In light of the district court's findings, and the legal principles articulated by the California Supreme Court, we conclude that Doe's plea agreement did not insulate him from the effect of Megan's Law, which the state legislature expressly made retroactive. See Doe, 158 Cal.Rptr.3d at 292, 302 P.3d 598. He therefore has no cognizable due process claim.
REVERSED and VACATED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9 th Cir. R. 36-3.
. The plaintiff is proceeding under this pseudonym.
. Doe does not challenge the validity of the district court's factual findings.