Case Name: JOHNSON ELECTRIC SERVICE CO. v. POWERS REGULATOR CO.
Court: United States Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1897-03-08
Citations: 81 F. 626
Docket Number: 
Parties: JOHNSON ELECTRIC SERVICE CO. v. POWERS REGULATOR CO.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 81
Pages: 626–632

Head Matter:
JOHNSON ELECTRIC SERVICE CO. v. POWERS REGULATOR CO.
(Circuit Court, N. D. Illinois, N. D.
March 8, 1897.)
1. Patents — Interpretation—Infringement.
In a patent for a heat regulator, the diagrams showed, and the specifications described, a bar designed to expand and contract with changes of temperature, and the patentee stated that the valves were actuated “by the. direct utilization of the mechanical effects of the expansion or contraction of the substances of which the thermostat is composed.” The claims included, as elements of the combination, “a thermostat and a double valve operated directly thereby,” and “a thermostat whose free portion is moved by a change of temperature in the surrounding medium.” Held, that the patent was not infringed by a device in which the thermostatic power was furnished by confined rhigolene, which changes from a liquid to a gaseous form, and back again, with variations of temperature.
2. Same — 'Temperature Regulators.
The Johnson patent, No. 314,027, for an improvement in “thermo-pneumatic temperature regulators,” construed, and held not infringed.
This was a suit in equity by the Johnson Electric Service Company against the Powers Regulator Company for alleged infringement of a patent.
Winkler, Flanders, Smith, Bottum & Vilas, for complainant.
Offield, Towle & Linthicum, for defendant.

Opinion:
SHOWALTER, Circuit Judge.
Complainant sues for the infringement of claims 1 and 2 of letters patent of the United States numbered 314,027, for an improvement in thermo-pneumatic temperature regulators. The patentee says in his specification:
"My invention relates to a class of inventions used to control the temperature of apartments by automatically cutting off or admitting the supply of heat, and it consists in certain peculiarities of construction, as will be fully set forth hereinafter."
Again he says:
"In my present invention I utilize the expansion or contraction of substances resulting from a change of temperature to open or close air valves, which, by admitting cimtinwsed air to expansible chambers, serve to actuate the main valves which control the supply of heat. Heretofore, so far as Itnown to me, thermostats have been used for the purpose of controlling passages only in two ways: First, by moving' the main valves directly, as in damper regulators for furnaces; and, secondly, by closing an decirte circuit, which in turn serves to operate the main valve. In a previous invention oí mine for an 'electric valve for regulating temperature,' etc., for which I hied an application for letters patent on March 10, 1884, I used the thermostat to control an electric current, which in turn controlled the admission to, or release from, an expansible chamber, of steam, gas, or other fluid; said expansible chamber by its movements serving to control the main valve. . In my present invention, however, I discard the intermediate use of electricity for accomplishing the ultimate design, and actuate the valves for compressed air or other gas by the direct utilization of die mechanical effects of the expansion or contraction of the substances of which the thermostat is formed."
Tlie thermostat shown and described in the diagrams and specification of the patent is a flat bar made by joining longitudinally the flat sides of two thinner bars, one of steel, and tbe other of a substance move sensitive to changes of temperature, — say, vulcanite. This bar is firmly fixed at one end, the other or free end extending downward, and hearing a yoke, on each extremity of which is extended, further downward, an arm or tine, so that a plane through the yoke and arms is at a right angle to the plane of junction between the steel and the vulcanite. The suit is grounded on the device shown in Fig. 2 of the patent. The arm to the left is marked Y. I shall, in this opinion, call the one to the right Y'. These are spring arms; that is, they admit; of slight flexion to right or left. The double-valve casing is between them, and they ara so set with relation to each oilier that when the thermostatic bar is straight their lower ends, serving as valves, close both the discharge and the supply ports for the compressed air. When by rise of temperature the bar is warped or bowed so that its lower end inclines to the left, the valve on arm, Y, parts from its seat, and the compressed air passes to an expansible chamber, and pushes down a main valve, and shuts off the heat. By the decline in temperature which now ensues, the lower end of the bar commences its movement to the right, the supply port is first closed by the arm, V, and then the discharge port is uncovered by the parting therefrom of the arm, V', thus permitting the escape of the compressed air from the expansion chamber, whereby the heat is once more let on. In brief, a change of temperature moves the lower end of the bar, like the end of a lever, to right or left, and this direct mechanical movement opens and closes — that is to say, operates — the valves.
In the device of the defendant the thermostat is an air-tight metallic chamber, divided internally, by a corrugated, expansible partition, into two compartments. One is partly filled with a substance called "rhigolene," which is normally liquid, but which expands by volatilization under a rise in temperature. The other is connected by a downward pipe with a third chamber, the lower wall of which is an elastic diaphragm. These two latter, and the pipe connection between them, are filled with air and water. When the rhigolene volatilizes, and so expands by heat, the corrugated partition presses against the fluid piston in the inclosed space described. The central portion of the elastic diaphragm in the lower chamber is pushed down- • ward against the upper end of an upright piece so arranged in a valve casing that by its downward motion it first closes the discharge port, and then opens the supply port. The heat being thus shut off by the action of an expansible chamber on a main valve, the volatile substance in the chamber first mentioned contracts into the liquid form, and the corrugated partition resumes its normal position. The space within the two chambers connected by the pipe is thus again enlarged, and the pressure, whereby the diaphragm and the upright piece were so moved downward, ceases. By the elasticity of the diaphragm, and the reflex action of the two springs, P and W, which directly antagonize the downward movement of the liquid piston, the supply valve is shut, and thereafter, by the further action of the spring, W, and the contraction of the diaphragm above it, the discharge valve is opened and the heat let on.
The claims in suit are in words following: .
"(1) The combination, with a main valve controlling steam or analogous passages, and an expansible chamber for operating said valve, of a thermostat and a double valve operated directly thereby, a reservoir of compi-essed air, and suitable pipe connections or ^passages, substantially as described, whereby the main valve will be operated by the compressed air, and the passage of the latter to and from Hie expansible chamber be controlled by the action of the thermostat, substantially as set forth.
"(2) In a temperature regulator, the combination of a. thermostat, whose free portion is moved by a change of temperature in the surrounding medium, a valve mechanism operated by the mechanical action of said thermostat, a reservoir of air or other gas under pressure, the escape of the air or gas from said reservoir being controlled by the mechanical action of said thermostat through said valve mechanism, an expansible chamber whose inlet and outlet, are controlled by said valve mechanism, and a valve operated by the expansion o-f said chamber, said valve by its movements controlling a steam or other passage, whereby a rise of temperature in the medium surrounding the thermostat operates the outlet to said reservoir and inlet to said expansible chamber, so that the chamber is expanded, and the valve governing the steam or other passage is operated in one direction, and a fall of temperature in the surrounding medium through the mechanical action of the thermostat serves to close the inlet to said expansible chamber, and opens the outlet to said chamber, whereby the said valve which controls the steam or other passage is operated in the other direction, substantially as sot forth.
In Fig. 1 of the patent the thermostat has rigid forks, which act through the instrumentality of an eccentric notched disk, link attachment to valva; stem, spring, and clockwork, to operate the valve* This construction would seem,' prima facie, to contain the "valvt mechanism operated by the mechanical action of the said thermostat" of the second claim, whereas the "thermostat and the double valve operated directly thereby" of the first claim are illustrated in Fig. 2 It is insisted, however, that the structure in Fig. 2 is also covered by claim 2. But, so far as concerns that claim, the device of defendant does not show "a thermostat whose free portion is moved by a change of temperature in the surrounding medium." "The free portion" of the thermostat of the patent is that portion which is free to move by a "change of temperature in the surrounding medium," being the entire bar, except the upper end, which is held in a fixed position at r. The surrounding medium is the atmosphere. By a rise in temperature the lower end moves to the left; by a fall, to the right. Self-expansion and self-contraction in the "free portion" thus generate mechanical movement in either direction. In the defendant's device the thermostatic force made use of is the expansion by volatilization of the rhigolene. Movement is thereby imparted to the corrugated partition, and by the latter to the liquid piston. Thence, by the associated mechanism, the discharge valve is pushed to its seat, and thereafter the supply valve is pushed from its seat. When the rhigolene liquifies, ihe change of temperature generates no force to mow1 the valve mechanism. The corrugated partition, being relieved of the pressure which forced it into strained expansion, tends by its me chanieal construction to contract into its former position, aided by the disposition of the lower diaphragm to contract and force upward the liquid piston under stress of springs, W and P. The free portion of defendant's thermostat, namely, the corrugated partition, being that portion which moves, and by its motion produces mechanical effects on structures which are no part of the thermostat, is not incited i.o such action by self-expansion or self-contraction through change of temperature. It is not "moved by change of temperature in the sur rounding medium," but by the volatilization or forced disintegration of the rhigolene. The words of the claim, "a thermostat whose free portion is moved by a change of temperature in the surrounding-medium," identify the bar thermostat as described in the specification and shown in the diagram of the patent. These words have no fitness, especially when read in connection with the specification and diagrams, to indicate the thermostatic structure used by defendant. In a sense, every thermostat must have a portion "which is moved by change of temperature in the surrounding medium"; and, in so far as this portion is free to so move, it is the "free portion" of the thermostat. The words, "whose free portion is moved by a change of temperature in the surrounding medium," are meaningless and superfluous, unless they describe the kind of thermostat shown in the diagrams of the patent. In my judgment, the thermostat of claim 2 is not in the defendant's device.
The combination of claim 1 contains, among others, the factor, "a thermostat and a double valve operated directly thereby, substantially as described." In the device of defendant the discharge port or outlet is pushed over the apex' of the conical stopper, O, and so closed by the direct action of the thermostat. By further direct thermostatic action the cone is pushed down out of contact with the circumferential edge of the supply port or aperture. But the reverse process, whereby the conical stopper is pushed upward to close the supply port, is due to the spring, P, and the lifting the discharge opening away from the stopper or apex of the cone is by spring, W. The volatilization of the rhigolene generates sufficient power not only to close the discharge port and open the supply, but to do this against the opposing pressure of the corrugated partition, the elastic diaphragm, the spring, W, and the spring, P. By a rise in temperature the rhigolene changes from a liquid to a vapor or gas. This change of form, like the change of water into steam, is the source of thermostatic power in defendant's device. Volatilization, and not mere expansion of a substance without structural change, is the principle of defendant's thermostat. Moreover, as already explained, the thermostatic force as developed by change of temperature in defendant's device is in one direction only, but this force is sufficiently intense to overcome the resistance of mechanism which, as soon as such force ceases, will exert power in the opposite direction. It is the play of the intermittent thermostatic, force, in antagonism to the constant forces of the springs, P and W, the elastic diaphragm, and the corrugated partition, which operates the valves in the structure of defendant. In the device of the patent the arms, V and V', by direct thermostatic movement, open and close the valves. Mechanism which would cause the supply port to be constantly closed, and the discharge to be constantly open, is not intermittently opposed and overcome by the force of the thermostat. By thermostatic action the arm, V, in Pig. 6 of the series, whereby the evolution of defendant's construction out of the patent in suit is attempted, directly pulls the discharge port away from its conical stopper. This is done in defendant's de vice by the spring, W, which exerts force in direct opposition to the thermostat. When the arm, V, of said Mg. 6, moves to the right in pushing the cone from the supply port, it must oppose and overcome the resistance of spring, Y, put into the figure to represent defendant's spring, P, and to serve apparently as an equivalent for the arm, Y', of the patent. But in the device of the patent the arm, V', instead of opposing the arm, Y, in this movement, aids it. So far as concerns the direct action of the thermostat to operate the valves (that 4s, to move them in either direction as may be required), the evolved construction of Pig. 6 is a departure in one direction from that of defendant, and in the opposite direction from that of the patent. "A double valve operated directly" by a thermostat, "substantially as described" in the specification of the patent, is not found in the device of defendafit.
It is said that the thermostat by its direct action bends the spring, W, and compresses the spring, P, and that the force is thus lodged in these springs whereby they react, when relieved of the pressure, to. first close the supply port and then open the discharge. But the resilience of these springs is not the direct action of the thermostat; nor is the capacity of the springs to rebound a force added to the springs by the thermostat. That force is due to the mechanical structure of- the Springs, and the nature or quality of the material out of which they are made. The patentee states in his specification that his invention consists in "certain peculiarities of structure, as will be fully set forth hereinafter." The essential peculiarity of construction is that whereby thermostatic forces in appropriate sequences and in opposite directions are utilized immediately and directly to open and close — that is, to operate — valves. The bill is dismissed for want of equity.