Case Name: ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY v. Jim PROTHRO
Court: Arkansas Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Arkansas
Decision Date: 1979-10-24
Citations: 266 Ark. 1020
Docket Number: CA 79-133
Parties: ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY v. Jim PROTHRO
Judges: Penix, J., dissents.
Reporter: Arkansas Reports
Volume: 266
Pages: 1020–1033

Head Matter:
ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY v. Jim PROTHRO
CA 79-133
590 S.W. 2d 35
Opinion delivered October 24, 1979
[Petition for review denied December 3,1979.]
and released for publication December 5, 1979
Shackleford, Shackleford & Phillips, P.A., for appellant.
Brown, Compton & Prewitt, for appellee.

Opinion:
James H. Pilkinton, Judge.
Appellee Jim Prothro, a 76-year-old man, was a patient in Warner-Brown Hospital at El Dorado, Arkansas, with a fractured hip. Following surgery on October 21, 1974, to implant a prosthesis or metal ball into the right hip, Mr. Prothro developed an infection of staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as a staph infection. He alleges this infection was acquired as the result of an incident during physical therapy when the patient's surgical wound was reopened.
This appeal is from a judgment of the circuit court entered on a jury verdict for appellee in the sum of $75,000,0o.
Appellant contends there is no substantial evidence to support the verdict.
The tests to be used in reviewing the findings of a jury on appeal are well established in Arkansas. As to the substan-tiality of the evidence, we will not disturb the jury's conclusion on appeal unless we can say there is no reasonable probability in favor of appellee's version, and then only after giving legitimate effect to the presumption in favor of the jury findings. Beard v. Coggins, 249 Ark. 518, 459 S.W. 2d 791 (1970); Fanning v. Hembree Oil Co., 245 Ark. 825, 434 S.W. 2d 822 (1968), and Lumbermens Mutual Ins. Co. v. Cooper, 245 Ark. 81, 431 S.W. 2d 256 (1968). Further, in testing the sufficiency of the evidence as being substantial on appellate review, we need only consider the testimony of the appellee and that part of the evidence which is most favorable to the appellee. Love v. H. F. Construction Company, 261 Ark. 831, 552 S.W. 2d 15, 17 (1977).
The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to appellee, shows that following the surgery Mr. Prothro was in the hospital and was making a normal recovery. Part of the post-operative treatment involved physical therapy in a whirlpool bath, known as a Hubbard bath. A hospital attendant was lowering Mr. Prothro in a basket swing over the Hubbard bath when a chain attached to the basket came apart allowing Mr. Prothro to fall. The attendant caught the patient, and broke his fall somewhat, but a part of the metal basket struck Mr. Prothro on the right hip reopening his surgical wound. As a result, the wound began to bleed and was exposed to the unsterilized bath water. Subsequently, an unsterilized bath towel was placed over the wound by the orderly to stop the blood; and the patient was returned to his hospital room. The incident was reported to the duty nurse, but the nurses treating Mr. Protho did not examine or cleanse the wound but only reclosed it with surgical tape. The hospital should have made a record of the incident but did not. Dr. Joseph B. Wharton, who was Mr. Prothro's doctor, inspected the wound the next day and discontinued any further whirlpool baths. Prior to the accident in the bath, none of the doctors or nurses treating Mr. Prothro had informed him that he was suffering from an infection. He testified no symptoms of infection were evident to him.
Mr. Prothro first noticed that he was having problems several days after the incident in the Hubbard bath. He experienced rigor and began to ache all over his body. He had a fever and was told for the first time he had an infection. These problems continued after appellee was released from the hospital, and the area around the surgical wound was red and inflamed. Additional surgery on Mr. Prothro's hip was necessary and the infection required the removal of the artificial prosthesis that had been placed in the hip. The second operation was performed on February 18, 1975, by Dr. William S. Bundrick, an orthopedic surgeon, of Shreveport, Louisiana. Appellee attributes the staph infection of his hip to the incident in the Hubbard bath.
It is admitted by all that Mr. Prothro suffered a severe infection.
Appellee now has no ball or joint in his hip. He has what is known as a "flail" hip, and there is several inches difference in the length of his right leg as compared with the left. He walks with a limp, and it is undisputed that there is considerable and serious permanent damage to Mr. Prothro's body.
Appellant also admits, for the purpose of appeal, that the occurrence in the Hubbard bath constituted negligence. The main issue, therefore, is whether there is sufficient evidence that such negligence — the incident during physical therapy — caused the staph infection.
Appellant contends there is no substantial evidence that appellee's staph infection was proximately caused by hospital negligence. Mr. Prothro's testimony, as a layman, standing alone leads to a reasonable conclusion that the staph infection did not exist prior to the reopening of the surgical wound and was the result of the occurrence in the bath. Appellant contends, however, that if the origin of the injury is subjective or obscure and not readily apparent to a layman, or there are several probable causes of the condition, medical testimony is essential to establish causation. Appellant says this is such a case, and claims appellee is lacking substantial expert testimony necessary for this issue to have been properly submitted to the jury.
As pointed out in Davis v. Kemp, 252 Ark. 925, 481 S.W. 2d 712, (1972) the applicable rule in malpractice cases is well settled in Arkansas. Quoting Graham v. Sisco, 248 Ark. 6, 449 S.W. 2d 949 (1970), our Supreme Court said:
The necessity for the introduction of expert medical testimony in malpractice cases was exhaustively considered in Lanier v. Trammell, 207 Ark. 372, 180 S.W. 2d 818 (1944). There we held that expert testimony is not required when the asserted negligence lies within the comprehension of the jury or laymen, such as a surgeon's failure to sterilize his instruments or to remove a sponge from the incision before closing it. On the other hand, when the applicable standard of care is not a matter of common knowledge the jury must have the assistance of expert witnesses in coming to a conclusion upon the issue of negligence.
This is an action for damages based upon negligence, not malpractice. However, appellant says the same rule should be applied to an issue of causation such as we have before us. In other words, appellant contends the cause of the hospital staph infection in the case before us would not be a matter of common knowledge to the jury, and therefore some expert testimony is required. It is not necessary for us to decide that specific question, and we do not do so, because there is some expert testimony favorable to appellee in this case. There is also proof that an unsterilized towel was placed over the reopened wound.
Dr. Bundrick said the presence of staph bacteria is noted in hospitals, the reason being you have sick people there. He said you can't explain staph infection, and it is a serious danger to open wounds. Both doctors testified that the medical profession, under present conditions, does not fully understand all the causes of staph infections, and does not know how to control it entirely.
As to whether or not the fall and reopening of the wound in the bath is relevant as a factor in determining transmission of the "staph" to Mr. Prothro, the following testimony by Dr. Bundrick, the orthopedic surgeon who performed the second operation and removed the metal ball from the hip, is applicable:
Q, And then doctor, if we didn't know anything about medicine, if we were a lay jury, and we were just using our own reasoning capacities and if he didn't have the staph infection and he had hip surgery that went all the way to the joint and then he broke the wound open and got a staph infection at that site, we would almost of reason necessarily relate the two, would we not?
A. Yes, you would if you know he had a staph infection at the site.
Q. As a matter of fact, he did have a staph infection at the site, did he not?
A. I can't say that because I don't know of any culture of that wound.
Q. But, doctor, the only place this staph infection manifested itself was at the site of the hip surgery, was it not?
A. Yes, deep in the hip.
Q. He didn't have any manifestation of staph infection anywhere else in his body, did he?
A. Not at the time I saw him.
Q. And your entire treatment was for staph infection of that right hip at the site of that surgery?
A. That's correct.
Q. And that's where his trouble was?
A. That's correct.
At another point in his testimony, Dr. Bundrick was asked the following questions:
Q. Assuming what Mr. Prothro said to be true that in the physical therapy situation and the device used to lift him in the tub collapsed and fell on him and broke open this wound, would that breaking open of that wound make that wound in the hospital a source of bacterial infection? That is, an opening for bacterial infection?
A. Yes, I think anything that opened the wound back up would make it susceptible to infection.
Q. Would it be more susceptible to infection that it was after it was sutured?
A. Yes.
Q. Considerably more, would it not?
A. Yes.
Q. Isn't it not true that the opening of a wound in the hospital away from the operating room where bacteria is fought out, is it true that the opening in the hospital away from the operating room is very dangerous?
A. Yes, unless you are talking about like letting it drain out.
Q. I am talking about accidental opening of a wound after a surgical procedure.
A. Yes, it would be a danger of infection.
There is other medical testimony favorable to appellee, and we cannot agree with the appellant that there is no medical testimony in the record supporting plaintiff-appellee's theory that the staph infection was caused by the incident in the Hubbard bath. And upon this point, the testimony of Mr. Prothro is entitled to some probative weight. He states that the pain which attended the staph infection did not develop or exist until after the fall in the bath which reopened his surgical wound. While his testimony was that of a layman, he would probably testify to those things or facts in connection with his bodily injuries or conditions which a layman as distinguished from a man of science is capable of observing.
In Lanier v. Trammell, supra, the Supreme Court quoted with approval the following principle of law:
Dr. Herzog, in his "Medical Jurisprudence," discusses the quantum of proof necessary to sustain a recovery for malpractice, lays down this rule (pp. 161, 162, § 186): "It is not necessary to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that an injury was caused by the negligence preceding it, but a showing of strong probability of the causal relation is sufficient . . . Where negligence and injury are proved, a causal connection between them may be established by circumstantial evidence, by inferences from physical facts."
Though the evidence is circumstantial, this does not mean it must be conclusive beyond a reasonable doubt. Kapuschinsky v. United States, 248 F. Supp. 732 (1966). The legal burden upon appellee does not become onerous because the evidence is circumstantial, though as pointed out in Kapuschinsky the "burden of persuasion" is necessarily more difficult. In cases of this nature, direct evidence is difficult to obtain. The court in Lanier v. Trammell, supra., also quoted with approval from Helland v. Bridenstine, 55 Wash. 470, 104 P. 626, where the Supreme Court of Washington said: "Respondent was not required to prove her case beyond a reasonable doubt nor by direct or positive evidence. It was only necessary that she show a chain of circumstances from which the ultimate fact required to be established is reasonable and naturally inferable."
In Longfellow v. Vernon, 57 Ind. App. 611, 105 N.E. 178, at 185, it is stated:
When facts having some testimony to prove them are stated hypothetically to a witness having the requisite scientific knowledge to form and express an opinion thereupon, and he gives his expert opinion based thereon, such evidence is to be considered by the jury along with other testimony in the case, and should be given such weight as the jury, under proper instructions from the court, may deem it to merit. The fact that all or a part of the statements in such hypothetical question may depend entirely for proof upon the evidence of the nonexpert witnesses who have testified to them will not deprive such testimony of probative value, but the expert testimony based thereon will be weighed and considered by the rules governing the weight of such testimony generally; and, if a fact supported by such proof be found by the jury, it cannot be said to be the result of a mere guess, or to be wholly unsupported by evidence.
We think this is a sound rule, and is applicable to the case before us.
The Arkansas law on the use of hypothetical questions is well settled. New Empire Insurance Co. v. Taylor, 235 Ark. 758, 362 S.W. 2d 4 (1962), Shaver v. Parsons Feed & Supply Co., Inc., 230 Ark. 357, 322 S.W. 2d 690, see also Taylor v. McClintock, 87 Ark. 243 at 294. No objection was made to any of the hypothetical questions asked in the case before us and counsel for defense had the opportunity to put additional facts, not included in the original question(s), before the medical witnesses on cross-examination.
In the case of Robertson v. LaCroix, Okla. App. 534 P. 2d 17, (1975), after stating the principle that some expert testimony is required, the court said:
However, testimony of a medical expert witness that an injury could have been caused by a certain event, together with the corroborating evidence of a layman as to those facts concerning the injury which a layman is capable of observing may be sufficient to allow the issue of causation to be submitted to the jury.
The mere fact of infection in a hospital is not enough to open the door to awarding of damages. See Bartlett v. Argonaut Insurance Companies, 258 Ark. 221, 523 S.W. 2d 385 (1975), Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., v. Pilcher, 244 Ark. 11, 424 S.W. 2d 181 (1968). However, these cases can be distinguished on their facts from the present litigation.
The evidence here is in sharp dispute, and every issue or important fact involved was hotly contested in the trial below. For example, Mr. Prothro testified that his wound "burst" open, and his testimony is to the effect that the surgical site was broken open deeply and in a material way. Dr. Wharton on the other hand did not think so although the doctor had no personal recollection of the incident and had made no record concerning this phase of the matter. Dr. Wharton could not even remember when Mr. Prothro first reported the occurrence in the Hubbard bath to him. The doctor thought it was after Mr. Prothro was discharged from the hospital but could not be certain. He admitted that he stopped the baths in early November about the time Mr. Prothro says he told Dr. Wharton. Doctors are busy people, and are in most cases over worked. It is understandable that Dr. Wharton could not remember all of the details after a material lapse of time. Then too, Dr. Wharton was dependent to some degree on records made by the people in the hospital which records, the evidence indicates, were not very reliable or complete in many respects.
Although Dr. Bundrick and Dr. Wharton were of the opinion the fall and reopening of the wound in the bath did not cause Mr. Prothro's staph infection, a part of Dr. Bun-drick's testimony does support appellee's theory of the case. This together with the testimony of Jim Prothro and Richard James was sufficient to justify the trial court in overruling the defendant's motion for a directed verdict, submitting this issue to the jury, and in denying the prayer of defendant for a judgment not withstanding the verdict.
Even though we feel that the strongest evidence on the issue of causation was offered by appellant, this fact, of course, would not justify a reversal. We are only permitted under the law to determine whether there was any substantial evidence to support the view of the prevailing litigant. Mallett v. Brannon, 246 Ark. 541, 439 S.W. 2d 32, (1969). The evidence is in sharp dispute, and every issue involved was hotly contested in the trial below. Each issue was submitted to the jury under proper instructions which are not questioned on appeal. The jury has decided the fact issues in favor of the appellee, and we cannot conscientiously say there is no substantial evidence to support the verdict.
Appellant also argues that the verdict is excessive because the amount awarded by the jury included the consequences of staph infection. We need not consider this argument since we find the issue involving staph infection was properly submitted to the jury.
Affirmed.
Penix, J., dissents.
This case was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court, and by that court assigned to the Arkansas Court of Appeals under Rule 29(3).
See Whaley v. Fowler, 152 Cal. App. 2d 379, 313 P. 2d 97 (1957), where medical testimony was not required.
In Kapuschinsky v. United States, 248 F. Supp. 732 (1966) judicial notice was taken of what that court termed a well recognized reluctance of members of the local medical profession to testify in cases where a hospital is charged with negligence.