Case Name: SAFFIAN v. SIMMONS
Court: Michigan Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 2005-07-07
Citations: 267 Mich. App. 297
Docket Number: Docket No. 250645
Parties: SAFFIAN v SIMMONS
Judges: Before: ZAHRA, P.J., and NEFF and COOPER, JJ.
Reporter: Michigan appeals reports; cases decided in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Volume: 267
Pages: 297–318

Head Matter:
SAFFIAN v SIMMONS
Docket No. 250645.
Submitted January 4, 2005, at Lansing.
Decided July 7, 2005, at 9:05 a.m.
Leave to appeal sought.
Kim Saffian brought an action in the Cheboygan Circuit Court against Robert R. Simmons, D.D.S., alleging malpractice related to a root canal. Although the defendant was a general practitioner, the plaintiff filed a complaint accompanied by an affidavit of merit signed by a root-canal specialist. The defendant failed to timely answer the complaint, and plaintiff filed a default. The court, Scott L. Pavlich, J., granted the defendant’s motion to set aside the default on the basis of a clerical error in the defendant’s fax transmittal of the plaintiffs complaint to the defendant’s malpractice insurer. The defendant filed a motion for summary disposition, claiming that the period of limitations had ended and the action had not been commenced because the affidavit of merit did not meet statutory requirements. Plaintiff moved for reinstatement of the default on the ground that the defendant’s allegation of clerical error was apparently false as shown by telephone records. The court denied the defendant summary disposition, granted reinstatement of the default, and denied the defendant’s motion for reconsideration. The defendant appealed.
The Court of Appeals held-.
1. Any deficiency in the plaintiffs affidavit of merit attached to the malpractice complaint did not reheve the defendant of the duty to file a timely answer. The requirement that a defendant answer a complaint tests the adequacy of the complaint and the affidavit. If procedural devices permit the complaint to go unanswered to no disadvantage, the test fails its purpose. An affidavit was filed with the complaint and was presumptively proper when the default entered. After the default entered, it was too late for the defendant to argue that the case had not commenced because of a deficient affidavit.
2. The circuit court correctly reinstated the default because it was not persuaded by the defendant’s assertion that he had a reasonable excuse for failing to timely answer the summons and complaint. His employee allegedly faxed the summons and com plaint to the insurance carrier, but the phone records showed no charge for a long distance call on the alleged date of the sending of the fax. The insurance carrier had previous notice of the lawsuit being filed with the notice of intent to file a claim. An unprejudiced person cannot say that there is no justification or excuse for the court’s ruling, in its discretion, to reinstate the default.
Affirmed.
Zahra, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part, stated that he agreed that the defendant was required to answer or otherwise timely respond to the complaint, notwithstanding the defective affidavit of merit. The defendant did not have the authority to unilaterally determine that the proffered affidavit of merit failed to comply with the requirements of MCL 600.2912d and that he was relieved of the duty to respond to the complaint.
The circuit court improperly reinstated the default against the defendant. The court found that the time frame in which the defendant failed to answer was relatively short and that the failed fax transmittal was responsible in part for the delay, a reasonable excuse. However, the requirements of setting aside a default are a showing of good cause and the provision of an affidavit of facts showing a meritorious defense. Because it is not clear from the circuit court’s findings whether that court concluded that the defendant had fabricated his claim regarding the fax transmittal failure, Judge Zahra would vacate the default and remand the case for further factual findings regarding whether the defendant had fabricated that claim.
To the extent that the circuit court concludes that the defendant did not commit a fraud on the court, the circuit court should rule on the defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
Negligence — Medical Malpractice — Affidavit of Merit — Default.
Where an affidavit of merit was filed with the complaint in a medical malpractice action, the affidavit is presumptively proper until the defendant timely answers the complaint, testing the adequacy of the complaint and the affidavit; the defendant is not relieved of duty to timely answer the complaint by a postdefault claim that the affidavit was deficient because the health care professional signing it did not meet the statutory requirements for an expert witness in a medical malpractice action (MCL 600.2912d[l], 600.2912e[l], 600.2169[l][c]).
Bensinger, Cotant & Menkes, P.C. (by Scott R. Eckhold), for the plaintiff.
Patrick & Kwiatkowski, PLLC (by Aaron J. Gauthier), for the defendant.
Before: ZAHRA, P.J., and NEFF and COOPER, JJ.

Opinion:
Neff, J.
Defendant appeals as of right a default judgment and a previous order denying his motion for summary disposition and reinstating a default. We affirm.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this dental malpractice case, we must decide whether defendant had a duty to respond to a summons and complaint given a later judicial determination after an evidentiary hearing that the affidavit of merit filed with the complaint did not comply with MCL 600.2912d(1), but was not "grossly nonconforming." We hold that defendant was not relieved of his duty to timely respond to the summons and complaint. Defendant was properly defaulted when he failed to timely respond, and the trial court properly considered whether defendant had shown good cause and a meritorious defense to warrant setting aside the default. We affirm the trial court's order denying defendant's motion for summary disposition and reinstating the default and we affirm the default judgment.
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURE
On August 28, 2001, plaintiff filed suit alleging that defendant committed malpractice in performing a root canal. The complaint was accompanied by an affidavit of merit signed by Mark Nearing, D.D.S., whose dental practice is limited to root canals. Defendant failed to timely answer the complaint, and on October 4, 2001, plaintiff filed a default.
On December 10, 2001, defendant moved to set aside the default on the ground that defendant's employee faxed the summons and complaint to defendant's insurance carrier, but that the fax was not received, and therefore the carrier did not forward the complaint to its counsel for response. Further, plaintiff was not prejudiced, and defendant's affidavit established a meritorious defense based on the facts. At a hearing on the motion, defense counsel argued that the default should be set aside because policy favored setting aside defaults in favor of a fair, reasonable hearing on the merits and this case involved completely innocent circumstances of a failed communication. The trial court granted defendant's motion to set aside the default.
On January 4, 2002, defendant filed an answer to the lawsuit. On March 20, 2002, defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that the statute of limitations was not tolled by the filing of the complaint because the affidavit of merit did not meet the statutory requirements. While that motion was pending, plaintiff moved for discovery sanctions or reinstatement of the default. The trial court denied defendant's motion for summary disposition, but granted plaintiffs motion to reinstate the default. The trial court concluded that the motion to set aside the default had been improvidently granted and that plaintiffs affidavit of merit, while technically deficient, was sufficient to commence the complaint.
In its opinion and order, the court noted that it earlier set aside the default on the basis of defendant's representations that the fax of the summons and complaint was not received by defendant's insurance carrier and the failure to try this case on the merits would result in manifest injustice to defendant. However, the court observed that, following discovery, defendant's phone records called into question defendant's representation that the summons and the complaint were faxed to the insurance carrier as indicated. Further, the court was misled concerning setting aside the default because defendant now sought dismissal of the case on the ground that the affidavit of merit was signed by an expert in the field of endodontics rather than general dentistry. The court concluded that, unlike White v Busuito, 230 Mich App 71; 583 NW2d 499 (1998), in which the plaintiff filed no affidavit of merit with the complaint and, therefore, failed to commence a suit, here the affidavit was filed. Consequently, defendant was not relieved of his obligation to answer or otherwise defend the action and the default was not void ab initio. The court denied defendant's motion for reconsideration.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Auto Club Group Ins Co v Burchell, 249 Mich App 468, 479; 642 NW2d 406 (2001).
A motion to set aside a default or a default judgment is to be granted only if the movant shows good cause and files an affidavit demonstrating a meritorious defense. MCR 2.603(D)(1). Good cause consists of: (1) a substantial procedural defect or irregularity or (2) a reasonable excuse for the failure to comply with the requirements that created the default. Manifest injustice is not an independent factor in establishing good cause. It is the result that would occur if a default were allowed to stand after a party had demonstrated good cause and a meritorious defense. Alken-Ziegler, Inc v Waterbury Headers Corp, 461 Mich 219, 233; 600 NW2d 638 (1999). The decision to grant or deny a motion to set aside a default or a default judgment is within the. discretion of the trial court. Park v American Cas Ins Co, 219 Mich App 62, 66; 555 NW2d 720 (1996).
IV ANALYSIS
The statute of limitations for a medical malpractice action is two years. MCL 600.5805(6). To commence a medical malpractice action, a plaintiff must file both a complaint and an affidavit of merit. MCL 600.2912d(1). The affidavit of merit must be "signed by a health professional who the plaintiffs attorney reasonably believes meets the requirements for an expert witness under [MCL 600.2169]." MCL 600.2912d(1). If the defendant against whom testimony is offered is a general practitioner, the expert witness during the year immediately preceding the occurrence at issue must have devoted a majority of his or her professional time to either or both active clinical practice as a general practitioner or instruction of students in an accredited health professional school or residency or clinical research program in the same health profession in which the party against whom the testimony is offered is licensed. MCL 600.2169(1)(c).
An affidavit of merit that is grossly nonconforming to the statutory requirements is not an affidavit of merit that satisfies the statutory filing requirements and does not support the filing of a complaint that tolls the running of the period of limitations. Geralds v Munson Healthcare, 259 Mich App 225, 239-240; 673 NW2d 792 (2003); Mouradian v Goldberg, 256 Mich App 566, 573-574; 664 NW2d 805 (2003).
A
It is undisputed that plaintiffs complaint was filed on August 28, 2001, before the expiration of the period of limitations, and the complaint was accompanied by an affidavit of merit signed on July 10, 2001, by Mark V Nearing, D.D.S. Defendant argues that the affidavit of merit was insufficient to commence the lawsuit and thereby toll the period of limitations because Nearing was not a properly qualified affiant under MCL 600.2169 and the trial court found that plaintiffs counsel did not have the reasonable belief that Nearing was qualified, as required for filing under MCL 600.2912d(1). However, whether defendant may have been entitled to dismissal on the basis that the affidavit was deficient and did not toll the period of limitations is not the threshold question in this case. Defendant failed to timely answer the complaint or otherwise defend the action, and a default was entered. "Once the default of a party has entered, that party may not proceed with the action until the default has been set aside by the court in accordance with [MCR 2.603(D)] or MCR 2.612." MCR 2.603(A)(3).
Cases cited by defendant that address dismissal in the context of the expiration of the period of limitations, an affirmative defense, are inapposite. Scarsella v Pollak, 461 Mich 547, 550 n 1, 551-552 n 2; 607 NW2d 711 (2000). "[T]he purpose of a tolling provision is to protect a plaintiff from a statute of limitations defense." Burton v Reed City Hosp Corp, 471 Mich 745, 754-755; 691 NW2d 424 2005. A statute of limitations defense must be raised in a defendant's first responsive pleading or in a motion filed before that pleading. MCR 2.116(D)(2); Burton, supra at 755. "[T]he remedy against a party who 'fail[s] to plead or otherwise defend' in an action is default." Id. at 756, quoting MCR 2.603(A)(1).
Although this Court has held that a complaint filed with an affidavit that is defective for purposes of MCL 600.2912d(1) is insufficient to "commence" a medical malpractice action, Geralds, supra at 240, our Supreme Court has repeatedly instructed that cases decided in the context of the tolling of the statutes of limitations are factually and legally distinguishable from cases that do not involve a statute of limitations issue. Scarsella, supra. In Scarsella, the Supreme Court adopted this Court's opinion, which stated, "for statute of limitations purposes in a medical malpractice case, the mere tendering of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit is insufficient to commence the lawsuit." Id. at 549, quoting Scarsella v Pollak, 232 Mich App 61, 64; 591 NW2d 257 (1998) (emphasis added). Cases not involving a statute of limitations issue are of a different view and must be analyzed accordingly. "While § 2912d states the affidavit of merit 'shall' be filed with the complaint, it does not indicate the action may not be commenced without the affidavit." VandenBerg v VandenBerg, 231 Mich App 497, 502; 586 NW2d 570 (1998).
b
Defendant argues that, because the affidavit was signed by a person unqualified as an expert witness under MCL 600.2169, the affidavit was invalid; accordingly, he had no duty to answer the complaint, and the default is void ab initio under White. We disagree.
In White, supra, the plaintiff failed to file an affidavit of merit or security for costs with her medical malpractice complaint. The Court observed that the plain language of MCL 600.2912d required a medical malpractice plaintiff to file either security for costs or an affidavit of merit with the complaint. Further, a defendant's duty to answer is conditioned on the filing of the affidavit or security for costs. The Court noted that MCL 600.2912e(1) provided that a defendant in a medical malpractice action shall file an answer "within 21 days after the plaintiff has furnished security or filed an affidavit in compliance with section 2912d.. ." White, supra at 76. Likewise, MCR 2.108(A)(6) stated in relevant part that "the defendant must serve and file an answer within 21 days after being served with the notice of filing the security for costs or the affidavit in lieu of such security required by MCL 600.2919d." White, supra at 76. Giving this language its plain and ordinary meaning, the Court concluded that "a plaintiffs filing of security for costs or an affidavit of meritorious claim is an absolute prerequisite to the defendant's obligation to answer or otherwise defend the action." Id. The Court held that, because the plaintiff never filed an affidavit of merit or security for costs, the defendant's "answer was not yet due" be cause the tweiity-one-day period for filing the answer never began to run. Id. at 76-77.
We conclude that White does not control in this case. In White, an affidavit was never filed, and it was clear that the statutory requirements were not met. In this case, plaintiff filed a presumably valid affidavit of merit with the complaint. According to plaintiffs counsel's affidavit, at the time he filed the complaint, he believed that the affidavit of merit satisfied the statutory requirements. It was only in subsequent judicial proceedings that the affidavit was found to be deficient on the basis of this Court's holding in Decker v Flood, 248 Mich App 75; 638 NW2d 163 (2001). In Decker, this Court observed that an endodontist is one who specializes in the practice of endodontics, and, thus, is not a general practitioner within the meaning of the statutory limitations on expert witnesses in medical malpractice cases. Id. at 83-84. However, Decker was not decided until October 26, 2001, after the default in this case was entered, and long after defendant's answer was due.
Moreover, in White, the Court expressly noted that, although the plaintiffs medical malpractice complaint appeared to be deficient with regard to stating a claim for medical malpractice, the deficiencies did not relieve the defendant of his obligation to file an answer. White, supra at 78 n 7. Likewise, the deficiency in the affidavit in this case did not relieve defendant of his duty to file an answer.
To hold that a duty to answer the complaint never arose in this case would open the floodgates to all manner of retrospective claims that a defendant had no obligation to respond to a summons and complaint. Such reasoning would undermine the fundamental purpose of default and the finality of judgments. It rewards dilatory response to lawsuits in circumstances in which a lawsuit is, by all initial accounts, valid. .
Worse, to rule as defendant urges would create the opportunity for defendant to knowingly foster the running of the limitations period by ignoring a lawsuit and then simply bypass the default by attacking the affidavit of merit, depriving plaintiff of the legitimate opportunity to cure a defect if attacked in an answer or affirmative defense. A defendant would suffer no adverse consequences if a postdefault attack on the affidavit were successful. In the meantime, a plaintiffs claim is laid to rest as the limitation period expires.
The requirement that a defendant answer a complaint tests the adequacy of the complaint and affidavit. If procedural devices permit a complaint to go unanswered to no disadvantage, the test fails in its purpose. We decline to extend the holding in White, in which the affidavit was nonexistent, to the circumstances of this case.
c
The remaining question is whether the trial court abused its discretion in failing to set aside the default.
The ruling on a motion to set aside a default or a default judgment is entrusted to the discretion of the trial court. Where there has been a valid exercise of discretion, appellate review is sharply limited. Unless there has been a clear abuse of discretion, a trial court's ruling will not be set aside. [Alken-Ziegler, supra at 227 (citations omitted).]
We conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion. Following discovery, the court found that the telephone records called into question defendant's representation that the summons and complaint were faxed to the insurance carrier as indicated and that the fax was not received. After defendant had misled the court concerning setting aside the default, he sought dismissal of the case on the ground that the affidavit of merit was signed by an expert in the field of endodontics rather than general dentistry.
It is clear that the court was not persuaded by defendant's assertion that he had a reasonable excuse for failing to timely answer the summons and complaint. Viewing the record, we find no basis for ruling otherwise.
It is undisputed that defendant was served with the summons and complaint on September 7, 2001. Twelve days later, on September 19, 2001, defendant's employee allegedly faxed the summons and complaint to the insurance carrier. However, defendant's phone records showed no charge for a long distance call on the alleged date of the fax. There was no contact with the insurance carrier to advise it of the summons and complaint, other than the alleged fax, and there was no follow-up to determine whether the fax was received. The insurance carrier had previous notice of the lawsuit because it was provided with the statutory notice of intent to file a claim in March 2001. Considering the facts on which the court acted, an unprejudiced person cannot say that there is no justification or excuse for the court's ruling. Id. at 228.
Although not directly relevant to the grounds for setting aside the default, the court's finding that defendant misled the court was germane to the court's considerations. At the hearing in December 2001, de fendant argued that the default should be set aside and the case should be heard on the merits. Defendant did not argue the statute of limitations defense or the alleged defect in the affidavit at the time of the hearing even though Decker had already been decided by this Court. It was only later, in March 2002, that defendant cited Decker as the basis for his motion for summary disposition.
An appellate court may not substitute its judgment in matters falling within the discretion of the trial court. Alken-Ziegler, supra at 228. The trial court's decision to reinstate the default is entitled to great deference. Id. We find no circumstances warranting reversal.
Affirmed.
COOPER, J., concurred.
In an order entered April 12, 2002 (Docket No. 239005), another panel of this Court denied plaintiffs application for leave to file an interlocutory appeal of that decision.
The lower court case register of actions indicates that an answer was filed, although no answer is found in the lower court record submitted on appeal.
The parties agreed to settle plaintiffs claim while preserving defendant's right to appeal.
Defendant's phone records showed that no long distance phone call was made on the date of the alleged fax that would have allowed the machine to process the fax, e.g., to a misdialed number.
Compare Mouradian, supra at 571, quoting the same sentence from Scarsella, but omitting the introductory clause ("[Plaintiffs' complaint, filed without the affidavit of merit required by MCL 600.2912d, did not toll the limitations period because 'in a medical malpractice case, the mere tendering of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit is insufficient to commence the lawsuit.' " [Punctuation and citation deleted.]).
The statutory provision in effect at the time the plaintiffs complaint was filed required that a medical malpractice plaintiff file either security for costs or an affidavit of meritorious claim with the complaint. White, supra at 75-76.
Defendant's sole challenge to the affidavit is based on the fact that Dr. Nearing limits his practice to endodontics; defendant does not claim that the affidavit is otherwise deficient.
We recognize that, following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court concluded that plaintiffs counsel's belief was not reasonable in light of stipulated facts concerning the extent of plaintiffs counsel's investigation of defendant's credentials and Dr. Nearing's credentials before filing the lawsuit.