Case Name: REGENCY PHEASANT RUN LTD., et al., Petitioners, v. The Honorable Edmund P. "Pete" KAREM, et al., Respondents
Court: Supreme Court of Kentucky
Jurisdiction: Kentucky
Decision Date: 1993-07-01
Citations: 860 S.W.2d 755
Docket Number: No. 93-SC-130-TG
Parties: REGENCY PHEASANT RUN LTD., et al., Petitioners, v. The Honorable Edmund P. “Pete” KAREM, et al., Respondents.
Judges: COMBS, LAMBERT, LEIBSON, REYNOLDS and SPAIN, JJ„ concur.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Second Series
Volume: 860
Pages: 755–760

Head Matter:
REGENCY PHEASANT RUN LTD., et al., Petitioners, v. The Honorable Edmund P. “Pete” KAREM, et al., Respondents.
No. 93-SC-130-TG.
Supreme Court of Kentucky.
July 1, 1993.
Dennis J. Stilger, Louisville, for petitioners.
Edmund P. Karem, Sitlinger, McGlincy, Steiner & Theiler, Richard J. Emmett, William MeAnulty, Holland N. MeTyeire, Green-ebaum, Doll & McDonald, Kenneth E. Dunn, Louisville, for respondents.

Opinion:
OPINION DENYING THE ISSUANCE OF A WRIT OF PROHIBITION
STEPHENS, Chief Justice.
The issue presented in this case is whether a practicing attorney who is a retired judge can be temporarily appointed to serve as a special judge, i.e., serve as a judge pro tem-pore; or, stated another way, can a judge pro tempore practice law?
The action at the trial court level involved a sale of three apartment communities in Lexington from Jack R. Medford, Barbara Medford and Degaris Townhouses, a limited partnership in which Jack R. Medford and Barbara Medford were the sole partners, (hereinafter Medford), to Regency Pheasant Run Limited, Regency Timberwood Limited, Regency Nicholasville Limited, Regency Associates, David C. Eades, Sarah Fitzgibbons, James McKinney and Paul Kinney (hereinafter Regency). The lawsuits below began when Medford sued Regency for payment of the notes on the three properties. Regency counterclaimed against Medford alleging fraud in the inducement and breach of contract. John J. Bleidt intervened in the action to recover a commission for the sale of the properties.
Between September 30, 1992, and November 18, 1992, a twelve day bench trial was held before Honorable Edmund P. Karem, Judge, Thirtieth Judicial Circuit. Judge Karem retired from the Jefferson Circuit Court on December 31, 1992, before an opinion was rendered in the Medford case. After his retirement the judge entered the private practice of law.
Pursuant to KRS 26A.020 and SCR 1.040, on February 2, 1993, an order was entered temporarily assigning Judge Karem as a Special Circuit Judge in order to preside over nine cases on February 3, 1993.
On February 3,1993, Special Judge Karem rendered an opinion which dismissed the intervening complaint of Bleidt, granted a judgment for Medford, and awarded attorney's fees to Medford. Medford's attorneys below, William E. MeAnulty, Richard J. Emmett and the partners of the law firm of Greenebaum, Doll and McDonald became real parties in interest upon the awarding of attorney's fees.
Regency filed an action seeking a writ of prohibition on February 12, 1993, in the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals recommended that this case be transferred to our Court for consideration with a case which, at the time, was on appeal to this Court. On April 14, 1993, transfer was granted.
Initially, it must be stated that it is questionable as to whether this is an appropriate case in which to seek the issuance of a writ of prohibition. "Such writs are generally issued only when lower courts are proceeding or are about to proceed outside their jurisdiction and there is no adequate remedy by appeal, ." Shumaker v. Paxton, Ky., 613 S.W.2d 130, 131 (1981). In this case, if an error occurs at the trial level, petitioners have an adequate remedy on appeal. However, even though we have serious doubts that this case falls within the parameters of a writ of prohibition, due to the nature of the issues presented, we will make a determination on the merits.
The first issue to be addressed is whether the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Kentucky or his designee has the authority to appoint a retired judge, who is practicing law, as a Special Judge. In petitioners' original action for a writ of prohibition, it is argued that the procedures used by the Chief Justice to appoint a Special Judge violate Section 117 of the Kentucky Constitution. Section 117 requires that "Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Appeals, Circuit and District Court shall be elected from their respective districts or circuits on a nonpartisan basis as provided by law."
Petitioners also assert that the appointment of the Special Judge violates Section 123 of the Kentucky Constitution, which states in pertinent part that "[djuring his term of office, no justice of the Supreme Court or judge of the Court of Appeals, Circuit Court or District Court shall engage in the practice of law, ." Petitioners further contend that such an appointment violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 2 of the Kentucky Constitution.
Even though petitioners cite sections of the Kentucky Constitution, they fail to cite the section which is dispositive of the questions presented, Kentucky Constitution, Section 110. Section 110(5)(b) states unequivocally that the Chief Justice "shall assign temporarily any justice or judge of the commonwealth; active or retired, to sit in any court other than the Supreme Court when he deems such assignment necessary for the prompt disposition of causes." (Emphasis added.) The language of this section clearly authorizes the Chief Justice to appoint a retired judge to serve as a special judge, pro tempore.
The Chief Justice's appointment of a special judge is also authorized by statute. KRS 26A.020(1) states in pertinent part:
When, from any cause, a judge of any Circuit or District Court fails to attend, or being in attendance cannot properly preside in an action pending in the court, or if a vacancy occurs or exists in the office of circuit or district judge, the circuit clerk shall at once certify the facts to the Chief Justice who shall immediately designate a regular or retired justice or judge of the Court of Justice as special judge.... (Emphasis added.)
KRS 26A.020(2) then explains how a retired justice or judge serving as a special judge should be compensated.
Similarly, petitioners' argument under Kentucky Constitution Section 123 fails. Section 123 of the Kentucky Constitution prohibits a judge or justice from practicing law "[djuring his term of office." (Emphasis added.) Our Courts have long held that "the word term is uniformly used to designate a fixed and definite period of time." Speed & Worthington v. Crawford, Ky., 60 Ky. (3 Met.) 207, 213 (1860). (Emphasis in original.) Continually we have stated that "term of office"
means the fixed period of time during which an officer or appointee is entitled to hold the office, perform its functions, enjoy its privileges and emoluments, and does not apply to appointive offices held at the pleasure of the appointing power.
Kratzer v. Commonwealth, 228 Ky. 684, 15 S.W.2d 473, 475 (1929) (Citations omitted). Section 123 was not intended to be applicable to special judges because each special judge pro tempore appointed by the Chief Justice holds this appointive office at the pleasure of the Chief Justice and does not serve a "term of office". Thus, petitioners' argument that the judgment is void because it was issued under an unconstitutional expansion of the Court's constitutionally granted authority is totally without merit.
The purpose of the use of special judges, acting pro tempore, is to expedite the handling of litigation, whenever and wherever needed. The use of such experienced, retired judges not only retains the quality of the men and women who preside at trial, but obviates the necessity for regular full-time judges to delay their own work by "filling in" the many vacancies that demand special judges. This use of retired judges, whether practicing law or not, is clearly authorized by the Kentucky Constitution, the Kentucky Revised Statutes and is in the best interest of the operation of the Kentucky Court of Justice.
"The authority to exercise administrative control of the judicial branch of government is vested in the Supreme Court of Kentucky." Kentucky Utilities v. South East Coal Com pany, Ky., 886 S.W.2d 407, 408 (1992). See also Ex Parte Auditor of Public Accounts, Ky., 609 S.W.2d 682 (1980). From a reading of the Kentucky Constitution, statutory law and case law it is beyond cavil that such appointments are proper.
The next issue we address is whether it is violative of the Code of Judicial Conduct to appoint as a special judge a retired judge or justice who is currently practicing law. Before we discuss this issue we first must define the role of a special judge. We have used the terms special judge and judge pro tempore interchangeably in the past. Hargadon v. Silk, 279 Ky. 69, 129 S.W.2d 1039 (1939). In Hargadon, the definition of a judge pro tempore was quoted from Corpus Juris as being a judge
'elected or appointed to act for, and in the absence, sickness, or disqualification of, the regular judge. A judge pro tem is only a substitute judge and not a duplicate judge.'
Id. at 1043.
A part-time judge is defined by SCR 4.300, Canon 7, Compliance with the Code of Judicial Conduct, Subsection A as "a judge who serves on a continuing or periodic basis, but is permitted by law to devote time to some other profession or occupation and whose compensation for that reason is less than that of a full-time judge." Canon 7, Compliance with the Code of Judicial Conduct, Subsection B defines a judge pro tem-pore as "a person who is appointed to act temporarily as a judge." It is obvious that a judge "temporarily assigned . to preside over [nine] cases on February 3,1993," is not serving on a continuing or periodic basis, but is appointed to act temporarily as a judge; i.e., as a judge pro tempore.
In support of their petition, petitioners contend that such an appointment violates Canons 2, 2(A) and 5(F) of the Code of Judicial Conduct. SCR 4.300, Canon 2 states that a "judge should avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all his activities"; Canon 2A states that a "judge should respect and comply with the law and should conduct himself at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary"; and Canon 5E states that a "judge should not practice law."
Once again, petitioners failed to cite the dispositive provision from our Code of Judicial Conduct. Canon 7, Compliance with the Code of Judicial Conduct states that:
[a]ll judges should comply with this Code except as provided below....
B. Judge pro tempore. A judge pro tem-pore is a person who is appointed to act temporarily as a judge. (1) While acting as such, a judge pro tempore is not required to comply with Canon 5C(2), (3), D, E, F, and G. (2) A person who has been a judge pro tempore should not act as a lawyer in a proceeding in which he has served as a judge or in any other proceeding related thereto.
Because the Special Judge was acting under a constitutionally valid appointment by the Chief Justice, Canons 2 and 2(A) were not violated by the actions of the Special Judge. Canon 7, Compliance with the Code of Judicial Conduct, Subsection B specifically excludes judges pro tempore from compliance with Canon 5(F); thus, Canon 5(F) was certainly not violated.
A.simple reading of the applicable statutes and Canons makes it apparent that the Chief Justice was not prohibited from appointing Special Judge Karem in the ease below.
Petitioners cite Brown v. Goff, No. 92-CA-2417-OA, for the proposition that such an appointment is improper. While Brown v. Goff is now final, it has been designated as an unpublished opinion and order. CR 76.-28(4)(c) states that "[ojpinions that are not to be published shall not be cited or used as authority in any other case in any court in this state." Thus, reliance on Brown v. Goff is inappropriate.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for a writ of prohibition is denied.
COMBS, LAMBERT, LEIBSON, REYNOLDS and SPAIN, JJ" concur.
WINTERSHEIMER, J., files a separate opinion concurring in result.