Case Name: Arthur Hopson Sawyer, by Guardian, etc., Resp't, v. William Cubby et al., App'lts
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1895-05-21
Citations: 66 N.Y. St. Rep. 582
Docket Number: 
Parties: Arthur Hopson Sawyer, by Guardian, etc., Resp’t, v. William Cubby et al., App’lts.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York State Reporter
Volume: 66
Pages: 582–586

Head Matter:
Arthur Hopson Sawyer, by Guardian, etc., Resp’t, v. William Cubby et al., App’lts.
(Court of Appeals,
Filed May 21, 1895.)
1. Will—Suspension of alienation.
The statutory test of what constitutes a suspension of the power of alienation as to real estate, and of absolute ownership as to personal property, is that it occurs only when there are no persons in being by whom an absolute estate in possession can be conveyed.
2. Same.
A contingency, dependent upon a future event which may or may not occur, does not necessarily make a legacy inalienable.
Appeal from an order of the general term of the supreme court in the fourth judicial department, which reversed a judgment in favor of defendant entered upon the report of a referee and ordered a new trial.
This action was brought to have the fifth paragraph of the will of Jennie Sawyer, deceased, declared void, and probate of said will, .so far as it relates to said paragraph, canceled and revoked, and that William Cubby, the legatee named therein, be adjudged to have failed to perform the conditions of said bequest, and that the executors be enjoined from paying any portion of said estate to said Cubby.
Walter Welch, for app’lt; Frank Hopkins, for resp’t.
Reversing 58 St. Rep. 68.

Opinion:
Finch, J.
The general term have reversed the judgment of the trial court which upheld the legacy in dispute, upon the ground that the bequest, as made in the will, worked a suspension of the absolute ownership of personal property for a longer period than two lives in being. The question is wholly one of construction. With the peculiar and unusual contracts which led to the bequest by the testatrix we have nothing whatever to do except so far as it may possible throw light upon testamentary intention. The two clauses in the will out of which the controversy springs are as follows:
"'Fifth. In the event that William Cubby, of Syracuse, N. Y., shall promptly pay all assessments, dues aud premiums which during my life, shall become due and payable on my insurance on my life, in any insurance company, association or organization, which insurance is or shall be for the benefit of and payable to my adopted son, Arthur Hopson Sawyer, and in the event further that such insurance, or some part thereof shall be actually paid to said Arthur Hopson Sawyer one year from my decease, then, in those events, I give, devise and bequeath to said William Cubby a sum of money which shall be equal in amount to the insurance moneys so paid to said Arthur Hopson Sawyer, not exceeding, however, the sum of $6,000. Sixth. All the rest, residue and remainder of my property and estate, of every name and nature and wheresoever situated, I give, devise and bequeath unto my ex-ecutor hereinafter named, in trust, however, to manage, control, hold and keep the same invested in such securities and property ras to my executor shall seem proper, and to pay the income therefrom annually or oftener, if it shall seen proper to my said executor, to my adopted son, Arthur Hopson Sawyer, until he shall arrive at the age of 35 years; and upon his arriving at the age of 35 years to pay, and I direct my said executor to pay, the principal of such rest, residue and remainder over to said Arthur Hop-son Sawyer."
Upon these two clauses the general term held that the legacy to 'Cubby did not vest in him at the death of the testatrix in possession or in the interest, but was a gift both future and contingent. That is probably a correct conclusion, and I shall assume it as the most favorable view for the respondents, and give them the benefit of their contention in that respect. The inference which the -general term drew from the consequent character of the bequest as being both contingent and future is that the ownership is left abey anee and for a period not measuréd by lives. I think that is not a correct conclusion. The statutory test of what constitutes a suspension of the power of alienation as th real estate, and of absolute ownership as to personal property, is that it occurs onty when-there are no persons in being by whom an absolute estate in possession can be conveyed. Murphy v. Whitney, 140 N. Y. 545; 56 St. Rep. 510. Tried by that test I think we shall find that there never was a moment after the death of the testatrix when a good title in present possession might not have been given to the legacy, and the property covered by it, save only during the continuance of the trust created by the sixth clause. Certainly the interest of Cubby, although future and contingent, vested as a right and so was not inalienable by him, for even in the case of lands expectant estates,which include those which are future and contingent,, are declared by the statute to be descendible, devisable and alienable in the same manner as estates in possession. (R. S. part 2', chap. 1, title 2, art. 1, § 35. Cubby could sell his right at any moment. If he sold to those holding the fee of the land, or the absolute ownership of the personalty, subject to its being in part divested by the happening of the contingency, he with such persons could give a perfect and absolute title, and if he joined with them in the sale the purchaser would have an absolute right of present possession, save only for the suspension accomplished by the trust. Whether that violated the statute becomes the principal question. The trust covered the entire residue and remainder of the property; the whole of it except the contingent estate bequeathed to Cubby. The legal estate in that residue vested in the trustee for the purpose of the trust, and since the trustee could not alienate the fund, nor the beneficiary sell his interest, there was of necessity a suspension during the running of the trust; but that suspension was legal and permissible. The duration of the trust by its very terms was limited to the single life of the adopted son Arthur. The limitation of thirty five years was of a period less than his life and wholly within it, because the trust ended at Arthur's death whether he lived to the prescribed age or not. If he did, the trust terminated during his life; if he did not, it ended, nevertheless, upon his death. It was clearly a trust for the life of Arthur or the shorter period within that life of thirty-five years. The trust, therefore, did not create an illegal suspension, and the moment that it should- end the whole fund would be alienable by persons in being. Let us make every conceivable supposition. Take it Arthur dies ten days after testatrix and before any money has been paid him by the insurance company. The trust ends and the entire estate at once passes. If the construction be that Cubby could take nothing because there could be no payment of insurance to Arthur personally and a payment to his representatives would not fulfill the condition, then, the trust having ended and Cubby's expectancy having failed, the entire legal estate in remainder would be vested either in the next of kin of Arthur or the next of kin of the testatrix, and their transfer would pass a complete and perfect title and a present right of possession. If we say that Cubby's right could survive the death of Arthur before pajmient made, then a transfer by him joining that by the next of kin either of Arthur or of the testatrix would again pass a complete and present right. For at the end of the trust, the property, subject, to Cubby's right in it, would necessarily pass, either by the will to Arthur on his reaching the age of thirty-five, or if he should die earlier would go by his will or descend by the Statute of Distributions in case of his intestacy to-his next of kin on one theory, and to the next of kin of the testatrix on another. We should regard Arthur's estate as vested and its enjoyment only postponed, since the whole accruing interest is given him, in which event his death before the age of thirty-five would end the trust and vest the propertjr in his legatee or next of kin. Even if it be possible to say that he took no vested estate, but only one conditioned upon his reaching the prescribed age, then his earlier death would again end the trust and the property vest at once in the next of kin of the testatrix, who would take as. the result of partial intestacy following the lapsed bequest to Arthur. So that upon his death, whenever occurring, it inevitably results that a joint transfer by Cubby and by the next of kin either of Arthur or of testatrix, as the construction might be settled, would pass the entire and absolute ownership of the trust fund. Indeed, Cubby's legacy never went into the trust at all. The moment the contingency of payment happened the legacy vested in him absolutely and escaped any control of the trust. If such contingency did not happen, then there would be no legacy, and his rights would disappear. The test is the inquiry whether always and at any moment after the termination of the trust there were absolute owners of the property who could transfer a good title. The suggestion, seriously urged and deemed important, that the condition of the legacy requiring within a year payment, of insurance to Arthur should be construed as if it read to him and to his heirs and assigns, and that the condition might not be fulfilled within two lives in being, is totally immaterial, for it. does not at all follow that a suspension of ownership resulted. The contingent character of the -estate is one thing; its alienable or inalienable character is quite another. It is not every contingency which works the latter result. The interjected words would not make the legacy inalienable. Cubby conld sell it; his assigns could sell it if he transferred it to them; his next of kin or legatees could do so if he died. The mistake of the decision is in construing a contingency dependent upon a future event which may or may not occur as necessarily making the legacy inalienable. It does not do so. The contingency which works that result is one relating to the persons who shall take, and who either may come into being or gain capacity to take and hold within the prescribed two lives, whereby it happens that there is-no one who can alienate. Here, at the moment of the ending of the trust there always are or will be ascertained persons in being who, grouped together, have the absolute ownership and can sell, and so there is thereafter no suspension. The suspension worked by the trust is for one life or a shorter period. At its termination there is no further suspension, but the absolute ownership vests at once in Arthur or his representatives, and Cubby and these joining can at once transfer an absolute and present ownership.
The cases cited on behalf of the respondents do not hold any different doctrine. In one there was a legacy to a corporation not existent or in being, and to a church upon a special trust to pay off a mortgage where the legacy was necessarily made inalienable in the bands of the legatee. Booth v. Baptist Church, 126 N. Y. 215 ; 37 St. Rep. 79. In another the corporate legatee had mot come into being, and the executors held in trust. Rose v. Rose, 4 Ct. of Ap. Dec. 108. In a third there was, first, a trust and then a devise to those who at the death of the widow should prove to be testator's living heirs. Haynes v. Sherman, 117 N. Y. 433 ; 27 St. Eep. 254. By these cases it is established that a contingency which results in there being no person in existence -or capable of talcing or of alienating who is yet the intended legatee does work a suspension of ownership since there is no one to give a complete title. That is not the case hére. The contingency is an event and not dependent upon the existence or capacity of a person. The true construction of the will is, Arthur had a vested interest in the residue and remainder, subject to the trust and to the contingent right of Cubby, and at Arthur's death whenever securing, the suspension caused by the trust would end and the residue vest at once in his next of kin, subject only to Cubby's right. If he released to them they would have the absolute ownership. If he joined them in a sale, the purchaser would have the a complete and perfect title.
The judgment of the general term should be reversed and that of the trial court affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Judgment accordingly.