Case Name: Appeal of Milton School District (New Hampshire Public Employee Labor Relations Board)
Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: New Hampshire
Decision Date: 1993-05-20
Citations: 137 N.H. 240
Docket Number: No. 92-212
Parties: Appeal of Milton School District (New Hampshire Public Employee Labor Relations Board)
Judges: Brock, C.J., and Batchelder, J., dissented; the others concurred.
Reporter: New Hampshire Reports
Volume: 137
Pages: 240–253

Head Matter:
Public Employee Labor Relations Board
No. 92-212
Appeal of Milton School District (New Hampshire Public Employee Labor Relations Board)
May 20, 1993
Kidder & Lawson, of Laconia (Bradley F. Kidder on the brief and orally), for the petitioner, Milton School District.
James F. Allmendinger, of Concord, staff attorney, NEA-New Hampshire, by brief and orally, for the respondent, Milton Education Association.

Opinion:
JOHNSON, J.
The petitioner, Milton School District (district), appeals a decision of the New Hampshire Public Employee Labor Relations Board (PELRB) ordering the district to pay members of the respondent, Milton Education Association (association), certain salary benefits. The main issue on appeal is whether, for purposes of maintaining the status quo after a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) has expired but before a new one has been reached, a school district must increase the salaries of its educators at the start of the new school year in accordance with salary schedules contained in the expired CBA. We hold that a school district is not required to pay such "step increases" under these circumstances. Questions subsidiary to this issue are whether an "automatic renewal" clause is a cost item and whether approval of the Town of Milton's legislative body (town) is necessary to make such a clause enforceable. We answer these questions in the affirmative and, therefore, reverse the PELRB's decision regarding the step increases. The district also asks whether, to maintain the status quo, it must comply with a provision of the expired CBA regarding lunch supervision duties even though the provision was never approved by the town. We hold that it must and therefore affirm the PELRB's decision regarding these supervision duties.
We first address the issues of the step increases and the automatic renewal clause and relate the facts necessary to resolve them. In early 1989, the district and the association signed a CBA, effective from September 1, 1989, until August 31, 1991. Salaries under the CBA were specified in a schedule according to levels of training and experience. Each year of an educator's experience was equivalent to one "step" in the salary schedule; consequently, a salary increase paid because of an educator's additional year of experience was known as a step increase. In October 1990, the district and the association signed an amendment to the CBA, which stated, "This agreement shall automatically renew itself for successive terms of one year or until a successor agreement has been ratified." This duration amendment was never submitted to or approved by the town.
By the time the CBA expired in August 1991, no new CBA had been signed, and the district eventually began paying the members of the association at their 1990-91 salary levels. The association complained to the PELRB, asserting that while collective bargaining for a new contract was still in progress, the district should pay the educators according to the 1990-91 salary schedule, and not simply the 1990-91 salaries. In other words, the association argued that the district must include step increases in the educators' 1991-92 salaries.
The PELRB agreed. In arriving at its conclusion, the PELRB focused on the CBA duration amendment, ruling preliminarily that, as the amendment was supported by adequate consideration, it was enforceable. The PELRB then stated:
"Turning to the language of the [amendment], we find that it provides for automatic renewal 'for successive terms of one year or until a successor agreement has been ratified.' This means to us that the parties intended all the provisions of the CBA to remain in full force and effect for successive terms of one year or until replaced by a later agreement. The language of the [amendment] is clearly an 'automatic renewal' or 'evergreen' clause such as has been considered by this Board in the past. For example, in Interlakes Teachers (Decision No. 86-52, August 7,1986), we said, 'The existing contract did not contain an automatic renewal clause which would have given everyone an automatic "step increase."['] This case is the converse of that, suggesting that the existence of the automatic renewal clause would be grounds for the step increases. This reasoning is also con sistent with our decision in Newfound Area Teachers Association (Decision No. 91-109, December 16, 1991) after the Sanborn decision (133 N.H. 513, [579 A.2d 282] August 14, 1990) where we again noted that 'the existing agreement did not contain an automatic renewal clause which would have given all of the teachers an automatic "step raise.'T] Thus, our analysis, both before and after Sanborn, leads us to conclude that there is entitlement to step increases under the facts of the instant case."
The PELRB did not specifically address the question whether the "automatic renewal" clause was a cost item requiring the approval of the town.
On appeal, the district argues that (1) the automatic renewal clause was a cost item; (2) as a cost item, the automatic renewal clause was unenforceable because it was never approved by the town; and (3) in the absence of an enforceable automatic renewal clause, the district was not required to pay step increases during collective bargaining once the previous year's CBA had expired. We agree.
First, we hold that the automatic renewal clause was a cost item. RSA 273-A:l, IV (1987) defines cost item as "any benefit acquired through collective bargaining whose implementation requires an appropriation by the legislative body of the public employer with which negotiations are being conducted." An automatic renewal clause fits squarely within this definition. Such a clause continues the previous year's CBA until a new agreement is reached and therefore is, in essence, a multi-year contract with no termination date. As each year's contract obviously contains cost items, the automatic renewal clause must be classified as a cost item.
The association cautions us to accord deference to the ruling of the PELRB below, see Appeal of State Employees' Ass'n, 120 N.H. 690, 694, 422 A.2d 1301, 1304 (1980) ("the legislature has vested the PELRB with authority initially to define the terms of the collective bargaining statute . . . [and] in the absence of an error of law, [this court] will not overturn a ruling of the PELRB unless we find that the board abused its discretion" (citations omitted)), but as the PELRB made no ruling on this particular question, there is no ruling to which we can defer. Moreover, in another recent case, the superior court found that the duration of a contract was in fact a cost item, and this court upheld the finding as reasonable under the circumstances of that case. City of Portsmouth v. Assoc. of Portsmouth Teachers, 134 N.H. 642, 650, 597 A.2d 1063, 1068 (1991). Based on the plain wording of RSA 273-A:l, IY and our holding in City of Portsmouth, we conclude that the PELRB here erred as a matter of law in not ruling that the automatic renewal clause is a cost item.
Next, we hold that the automatic renewal clause was unenforceable because the town never approved it. RSA 273-A:3, 11(b) (1987), concerning the submission of cost items, states:
"Only cost items shall be submitted to the legislative body of the public employer for approval. If the legislative body rejects any part of the submission, or while accepting the submission takes any action which would result in a modification of the terms of the cost item submitted to it, either party may reopen negotiations on all or part of the entire agreement."
We recently interpreted this statute, declaring that it "in essence divests the school [district] of its authority to bind the town to future appropriations without action by the school district voters." Appeal of Sanborn Regional School Bd., 133 N.H. 513, 520, 579 A.2d 282, 285 (1990). Because the town never approved the automatic renewal clause, the district could not bind the town to the future appropriations contained within the clause. Id.
Although our decision in Sanborn makes it plain that the town is not bound by the automatic renewal clause, neither Sanborn nor RSA 273-A:3, 11(b) explicitly answers the question whether the district and the association, the parties to the contract, are bound. Under RSA 273-A:3, 11(b), neither party may enforce a CBA if the legislative body rejects the cost items in it, see Appeal of Franklin Education Assoc., 136 N.H. 332, 334, 616 A.2d 919, 920-21 (1992) (legislative body rejected cost items contained in contracts; the contracts, "contingent upon the items' approval, are not binding"), but the statute does not specifically address the situation before us, where the cost items were never submitted to the town in the first place. We conclude, however, that the two situations are functionally equivalent. It would elevate form over substance to make a distinction here between the town specifically rejecting a cost item and the town simply never approving the item. Either way, the town has not approved the cost item, and either way, a binding, but unfunded CBA could prove injurious to the school system as a whole. Accordingly, we determine that the district was not bound by the automatic renewal clause. Given our interpretation of RSA 273-A:3,11(b), the as sociation's arguments regarding consideration and general contract law are irrelevant.
Next, we address whether, in the absence of an enforceable automatic renewal clause, the district was required to pay step increases during collective bargaining after the previous CBA had expired. We hold that it was not. To resolve this issue, we need look no further than the PELRB's order which we repeat for purposes of clarity:
"The language of the [amendment] is clearly an 'automatic renewal' or 'evergreen' clause such as has been considered by this Board in the past. For example, in Interlakes Teachers (Decision No. 86-52, August 7,1986), we said, 'The existing contract did not contain an automatic renewal clause which would have given everyone an automatic "step inerease.'T] This case is the converse of that, suggesting that the existence of the automatic renewal clause would be grounds for the step increases. This reasoning is also consistent with our decision in Newfound Area Teachers Association (Decision No. 91-109, December 16, 1991) after the Sanborn decision (133 N.H. 513, [579 A.2d 282] August 14, 1990) where we again noted that 'the existing agreement did not contain an automatic renewal clause which would have given all of the teachers an automatic "step raise." [']"
Had the PELRB found the automatic renewal clause unenforceable as an unapproved cost item, it likely would not have ordered the district to pay the step increases.
As both the district and the association agree, maintaining the status quo during collective bargaining after a previous CBA has expired is essential to preserving "the balance of power guaranteed by RSA chapter 273-A." Franklin Education Assoc., 136 N.H. at 337, 616 A.2d at 922. Contrary to the association's arguments, however, the PELRB has consistently defined "status quo" to include the past year's salary levels, not the past year's CBA and any salary schedules contained within it. See Fall Mountain Teachers Association/NEA-NH v. Fall Mountain Regional School Board, Decision No. 92-56 (PELRB Apr. 22, 1992); Newfound Area Teachers Association, NEA-NH/NEA v. Newfound School Board, Decision No. 91-109 (PELRB Dec. 16, 1991); AFSCME, Local 3657, Hudson Police v. Town of Hudson, New Hampshire, Decision No. 91-81 (PELRB Oct. 4, 1991); Interlakes Education Association/NEA-NH v. Interlakes School Board, Decision No. 86-52 (PELRB Aug. 7, 1986). This is enough for us to conclude that the PELRB should not have ordered the district to pay step increases here. "We have held that where a statute is of doubtful meaning, the long-standing practical and plausible interpretation applied by the agency responsible for its implementation, without any interference by the legislature, is evidence that the administrative construction conforms to the legislative intent." Hamby v. Adams, 117 N.H. 606, 609, 376 A.2d 519, 521 (1977). It appears that the PELRB's deviation here from past rulings was entirely based on its mistaken assumption that the automatic renewal or "evergreen" clause was enforceable.
The association's citation to Rochester School Board v. Public Employee Labor Relations Board, 119 N.H. 45, 53, 398 A.2d 823, 829 (1979), is inapposite. There, unlike here, a two-year CBA remained in effect during the collective bargaining period, and the contract provided that salaries could be changed through collective bargaining for the second year of the contract. Id. The only issue was whether the contract's salary schedule applied to both years of the contract if the parties failed to reach a new agreement for the second year. This court's holding that the schedule was still operative under those circumstances, id., has no bearing on the issue here.
The association next argues that a majority of other States confronted with this issue has resolved it in favor of granting step increases and that, therefore, we should, too. It appears, however, that most of these decisions were either mandated by statute, see Galloway Tp. Bd. of Ed. v. Galloway Tp. Ed. Assn., 78 N.J. 25, 51, 393 A.2d 218, 231-32 (1978); Cobleskill Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Newman, 105 A.D.2d 564, 565, 481 N.Y.S.2d 795, 796 (1984), appeal denied, 64 N.Y.2d 1071, 479 N.E.2d 248, 489 N.Y.S.2d 903, appeal dismissed in part and denied in part, 64 N.Y.2d 610, 479 N.E.2d 253, 489 N.Y.S.2d 1027 (1985), or depended in part upon a definition of "status quo" quite different from the one adopted by the PELRB.
We recognize that "the denial of the right to strike has the effect of heavily weighing the collective bargaining process in favor of the government," Timberlane Regional School Dist. v. Timberlane Regional Educ. Ass'n, 114 N.H. 245, 249, 317 A.2d 555, 557 (1974), and that we must therefore take care to protect the rights of public employees. We do not, however, see any abuse of the district's power in this case, and instead note the possibility of the balance improperly shifting towards the association should the PELRB's ruling below be upheld. Based on the consistent and reasonable interpretation of the PELRB on this issue, see Hamby v. Adams, 117 N.H. at 609, 376 A.2d at 521, we conclude that the district should not be required to pay step increases after a CBA has expired and during the pendency of collective bargaining for a new CBA.
We now turn to the question of the lunch supervision duties. The expired CBA contained the following provision: "[Teachers'] duties do not include the supervision of students.... Teachers who wish to may fill lunch duties and be compensated at the rate of $10 per duty. . . . Teachers will not have supervisory duties beginning with the 1990-91 school year." The PELRB found that the district forced association teachers to perform these lunch duties without pay during the 1991-92 school year, contrary to the provisions of the expired CBA. The district does not contest this finding, but disagrees with the PELRB's conclusion that the district was required to abide by the expired CBA provision. The district argues that the provision was unenforceable because, like the step increases, it was a cost item never approved by the town. The association responds that (1) the provision was not a cost item; (2) if it were a cost item, town approval was unnecessary to make it enforceable; and (3) if town approval were required, the district may not assert this argument on appeal because it failed to complain about lack of town approval within the six months allowed by RSA 273-A:6, VII (Supp. 1992).
We agree with the association that the provision of the expired CBA guaranteeing teachers relief from mandatory lunch supervisory duties was not a cost item because, by itself, it was not a "benefit . . . requiring] an appropriation by the legislative body of the public employer." RSA 273-A:l, IV. RSA 273-A:3,11(b) provides that "[o]nly cost items shall be submitted to the legislative body of the public employer for approval." Accordingly, town approval was not required to make this contract provision binding on the district; the district representative's signature to the CBA sufficed.
As explained above, the principle of maintaining the status quo demands that all terms and conditions of employment remain the same during collective bargaining after a CBA has expired. This does not mean that the expired CBA continues in effect; rather, it means that the conditions under which the teachers worked endure throughout the collective bargaining process. The provision relieving the teachers from mandatory lunch supervisory duties was plainly a condition under which the teachers worked. We therefore uphold the PELRB's ruling forbidding the district from forcing the teachers to perform the lunch supervisory duties during this collective bargaining period. We do not need to address whether the district was obligated to abide by its promise to pay the teachers ten dollars per lunch duty voluntarily performed during the collective bargaining period. Teachers compelled to perform supervisory lunch duties during this period were illegally forced to work contrary to the requirement of maintaining the status quo. This violation must be remedied, regardless of the enforceability of the ten dollar per lunch duty provision. An obvious remedy is reimbursing these teachers by a reasonable amount on a quantum meruit basis. As the parties had recently agreed upon ten dollars per duty as a reasonable compensation, we find no error in the PELRB's decision requiring the district to reimburse teachers at this rate for those supervisory lunch duties.
Reversed in part; affirmed in part.
Brock, C.J., and Batchelder, J., dissented; the others concurred.