Case Name: GULF SOUTH PIPELINE COMPANY, LP v. Blanche Marie Downey PITRE
Court: Mississippi Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Mississippi
Decision Date: 2010-04-15
Citations: 35 So. 3d 494
Docket Number: No. 2007-CT-01308-SCT
Parties: GULF SOUTH PIPELINE COMPANY, LP v. Blanche Marie Downey PITRE.
Judges: WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, LAMAR, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY GRAVES, P. J.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Third Series
Volume: 35
Pages: 494–501

Head Matter:
GULF SOUTH PIPELINE COMPANY, LP v. Blanche Marie Downey PITRE.
No. 2007-CT-01308-SCT.
Supreme Court of Mississippi.
April 15, 2010.
Rehearing Denied June 10, 2010.
Leann W. Nealey, Jackson, Fred Exzell Bourn, III, Robert C. Galloway, Gulfport, attorneys for appellant.
David M. Sessums, Vicksburg, attorney for appellee.

Opinion:
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
RANDOLPH, Justice,
for the Court:
¶ 1. Gulf South Pipeline Company ("Gulf South") sought a 5.59-acre easement and right-of-way for a forty-two-inch pipeline through 115 acres of property owned by Blanche Pitre in Warren County, Mississippi. During trial in the Warren County Special Court of Eminent Domain, Gulf South's appraiser, Brent Johnston, valued the property to be taken at $38,250 and opined that the remainder of the property would be unaffected. Johnston testified (1) that no severance damages were due because of the pre-existing presence of a power line; (2) that, "because of the 700-foot distance between the pipeline and the other buildings," no other damages arose; and (3) that "in the market I found no difference between property with a pipeline and not."
¶ 2. Pitre's appraiser, James Hamilton, opined that total damage to Pitre's property, including damage to property not taken, was approximately $175,000. Hamilton used sales comparables for the property actually taken and valued it at $5,000 per acre. However, regarding damage to property not taken, Hamilton opined that such property would suffer an additional fifteen percent diminution in value, the shop would suffer an additional thirty percent diminution in value, and the house would suffer an additional twenty percent diminution in value. Hamilton testified that, in formulating his opinion for the additional diminution in value to the remainder property, shop, and house, he could not find sales comparables. Thus, he failed to offer evidence that he: (1) had applied established and reliable principles or methods; (2) had relied on accepted publications or other authoritative appraisal texts; or (3) otherwise had utilized underlying facts or data to support his opinion as to the remainder. Hamilton maintained that:
[j]ust about everything that we do is the opinion of the appraiser. And we either back it up with education and all of the information that we can get to arrive . at our opinion. But when it . gets down to it, it's our opinion as to . value....
In Hamilton's estimation, "[fit's tainted property. It's got that gas line on it, and people are going to be scared of it."
¶ 3. Over objection, the trial court admitted Hamilton's testimony regarding diminution to the remainder, despite his earlier testimony that the reliability of an appraisal is dependent upon (a) the availability of comparable sales data; (b) the verification of the sales data; (c) the degree of comparability or extent of adjustment necessary for time differences; and (d) the absence of nontypical conditions affecting the sales price. Following a jury verdict in favor of Pitre for $175,000, Gulf South moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, which was denied. On appeal, the Mississippi Court of Appeals affirmed. See Gulf South Pipeline Co. v. Pitre, 35 So.3d 519, 520 (Miss.Ct.App.2009). According to the Court of Appeals:
[w]e cannot hold Hamilton's testimony to a strict Daubert [ ] analysis because he was unable to find comparable sales to compute an after fair market value. No argument was made that Hamilton was not a qualified expert. Gulf South only challenges his method of calculating the after fair market value of the property. We find that the trial judge, as the gatekeeper, did not err in allowing the jury to hear Hamilton's testimony.
Pitre, 35 So.3d at 523.
ISSUE
¶ 4. This Court will consider:
Whether an appraiser can offer opinion testimony on diminution, or lack thereof, without utilizing any of the three recognized methods for determining the fair market value of real property.
ANALYSIS
¶ 5. The Mississippi Constitution states that "[pjrivate property shall not be taken or damaged for public use, except on due compensation being first made to the owner or owners thereof...." Miss. Const, art. 3, § 17 (1890). "[T]he words 'or damaged' were added to the Constitution to secure [for] a private property owner . damages not covered by the actual taking." Potters II, 608 So.2d at 1230 (citing Parker, 162 So. at 163). This Court has stated that "just compensation in cases involving a partial taking is generally the value of the part taken plus all the damages which the residue of the property suffers, including a diminution in the value of the remainder." Miss. State Highway Comm'n v. Franklin County Timber Co., 488 So.2d 782, 785 (Miss.1986). In eminent-domain cases, "[t]he condemnor has the burden of proving the value of the condemned property." Ellis v. Miss. State Highway Comm'n, 487 So.2d 1339, 1342 (Miss.1986). "After a prima facie case has been made out by the condemnor, then, if the landowner expects to receive more compensation than that shown, he must go forward with the evidence showing such damage." Id. (quoting Miss. State Highway Comm'n v. Crooks, 282 So.2d 232, 235 (Miss.1973)).
¶ 6. Three standards are accepted in determining fair market value for real property: (1) the cost approach, (2) the income-capitalization approach, and (3) the market-data or comparative-sales approach. See Rebelwood, 544 So.2d at 1360; Franklin County, 488 So.2d at 785. "These approaches do not, considered singly, establish value. Each rather is one approach to value, with the appraiser's estimate of value being, in the end, an opinion which is the product of a reconciliation of the indications yielded by the three approaches." Rebelwood, 544 So.2d at 1360. See also Adcock v. Miss. Transp. Comm'n, 981 So.2d 942, 947 (Miss.2008) ("all three methods of valuation need not be considered in every appraisal, particularly those of non-commercial property"). The market-data or comparable-sales approach was used by the experts for both parties for the property actually taken, but not for the remainder. Using that approach, "the value estimate is predicated upon prices actually paid in open market transactions for various properties similar to the one at issue in the appraisal." Rebelwood, 544 So.2d at 1360-61 (emphasis added). Neither expert offered admissible market-data or comparable-sales evidence for the diminution, or lack thereof, in the value of the remainder.
¶ 7. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 702 provides that:
[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert . may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
Miss. R. Evid. 702 (emphasis added). This Court has stated that "[u]nder the modified Daubert standard, the trial court must first determine whether expert testimony is relevant and, second, whether the proffered testimony is reliable." Adcock, 981 So.2d at 946-47 (emphasis added). No serious question arises as to relevancy. Certainly, the value of property is relevant in an eminent-domain taking. See Tunica County v. Matthews, 926 So.2d 209, 214 (Miss.2006). In determining reliability, the:
[f]actors to consider may include "whether the theory or technique can be and has been tested; whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication; whether . there is a high known or potential rate of error; whether there are standards controlling the technique's operation; and whether the theory or technique enjoys general acceptance" within the expert's particular field.
Adcock, 981 So.2d at 947 (quoting Miss. Transp. Comm'n v. McLemore, 863 So.2d 31, 37 (Miss.2003)).
¶ 8. Under Rule 702, "trial courts are charged with being gatekeepers in evaluating the admissibility of expert testimony." Watts v. Radiator Specialty Co., 990 So.2d 143, 146 (Miss.2008) (citation omitted). In short, "[t]he trial judge has the sound discretion to admit or refuse expert testimony; an abuse of discretion standard means the judge's discretion will stand unless the discretion he used is found to be arbitrary and clearly erroneous." Troupe v. McAuley, 955 So.2d 848, 856 (Miss.2007) (quoting Poole v. Avara, 908 So.2d 716, 721 (Miss.2005)) (emphasis added). However, merely speculative expert opinions should not be admitted. See Edmonds v. State, 955 So.2d 787, 792 (Miss.2007) ("a court should not give . an expert carte blanche to proffer any opinion he chooses"); Matthews, 926 So.2d at 214 ("the trial court is vested with a gatekeeping responsibility to prevent the admission of expert testimony based on guess or conjecture"); McLemore, 863 So.2d at 41.
¶ 9. Neither expert's testimony as to diminution of the remainder satisfies the requirements of our rules and established caselaw. Both failed to use time-tested techniques, supported by peer review or publications, and/or industry standards generally accepted within his field of expertise. Neither offered comparable sales, whether from Warren County, or any other county in this state. Hamilton offered no pretense that he was following any recognized method or procedure acceptable in the appraisal industry, and he admitted he was not relying on peer-reviewed articles or industry publications. Furthermore, Hamilton's claim that no comparisons were available defies both judicial knowledge and the evidence excluded by the trial court. See footnote 3 supra. Pipelines run through numerous counties in Mississippi and have for more than half a century. Pipelines and power grids cross thousands of tracts of land in Mississippi. As such, finding comparable sales with utility or pipeline rights of way should present no impediment to applying the methods utilized in the appraisal industry and previously accepted by the courts of this State. See Rebelwood, 544 So.2d at 1360; Franklin County, 488 So.2d at 785.
¶ 10. Although there is no dispute that both experts were qualified appraisers, the lack of an acceptable methodology to formulate the subject opinions fails a Daubert analysis. See footnote 5 supra. Where an expert admits that no basis satisfying the accepted criteria for that profession exists for an opinion, the opinion should be excluded. See Edmonds, 955 So.2d at 792; Matthews, 926 So.2d at 214; McLemore, 863 So.2d at 41. Hamilton's testimony was purely subjective, little more than rank speculation. As Hamilton's opinion lacked reliability when examined through the lens of Rule 702, it should have been excluded. The Warren County Special Court of Eminent Domain abused its discretion by admitting the subject opinion testimony into evidence.
CONCLUSION
¶ 11. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court and the Court of Appeals and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
¶ 12. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, LAMAR, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY GRAVES, P. J.
. According to Gulf South's "Complaint to Exercise Right of Eminent Domain," the pipeline "shall be buried during construction to provide a minimum cover of not less than thirty-six inches.... " Furthermore, as noted by Gulf South, the pipeline is "parallel to an existing high-voltage power line easement" on the subject property.
. Using sales comparables, Johnston determined that the property actually taken was worth approximately $6,000 per acre.
. Sales comparables relating to properties through which a gas line passed, used by Johnston and referenced in his deposition, were excluded by the trial court and marked for identification only. Specifically, the trial court stated:
[t]he Rules of Civil Procedure . have a duty to timely and seasonblfy] supplement discovery. The comparables that Mr. Johnston was getting ready to testify to yesterday . were supplied to [counsel for Pitre] on June 8th, which was a Friday afternoon. This trial has been set for June . 13th for some time. It's been continued several times. I find that that is not . timely and seasonable.... So, therefore, any testimony regarding those comparables is hereby disallowed.
. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993).
. While not raised, but certainly applicable on remand, is Johnston's testimony on lack of diminution of the remainder. Johnston's testimony fails a Daubert analysis, as the evidence offered regarding comparable sales properly was excluded from jury consideration. Gulf South's evidence of diminution of value, or lack thereof, does not address "damages not covered by the actual taking." Potters II v. State Highway Comm'n of Miss., 608 So.2d 1227, 1230 (Miss.1992) (citing Parker v. State Highway Comm'n, 173 Miss. 213, 219, 162 So. 162, 163 (1935)). In so holding, this Court makes no comment regarding whether the excluded comparable sales sufficiently constituted "properties similar to the one at issue in th[is] appraisal." Rebelwood, Ltd. v. Hinds County, 544 So.2d 1356, 1360-61 (Miss.1989).
. Contrary to the dissent's assertion that this Court established by "judicial fiat" the accepted standards for real estate appraisers, this Court has merely adopted the industry standard, to be followed as a prerequisite to offering opinion testimony. Without coincidence, that industry standard is also the "statutorily-authorized" standard. Rebelwood, 544 So.2d at 1360. The dissent's suggestion that this Court has dictated the methodology is not supported by the precedent followed by the courts of this State for years.
. Johnston's attempt to satisfy our Rule 702 concerns was properly excluded. See footnote 3 supra.