Case Name: Warden v. Lyons Transportation Lines, Inc. (et al., Appellants)
Court: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1968-11-27
Citations: 432 Pa. 495
Docket Number: Appeals, Nos. 147 and 183
Parties: Warden v. Lyons Transportation Lines, Inc. (et al., Appellants).
Judges: Before Bell, O. J., Musmanno, Jones, Cohen, Eagen, O’Brien and Roberts, JJ.
Reporter: Pennsylvania State Reports
Volume: 432
Pages: 495–499

Head Matter:
Warden v. Lyons Transportation Lines, Inc. (et al., Appellants).
Argued October 8, 1968.
Before Bell, O. J., Musmanno, Jones, Cohen, Eagen, O’Brien and Roberts, JJ.
reargument refused January 3, 1969.
John F. Potter, with him MacDonald, Illig, Jones & Britton, for defendant, appellant.
Robert N. Spaeder, with him Marsh, Spaeder, Baur, Spaeder & Schaaf, for defendant, appellant.
John G. Gent, with him Quinn, Plate, Gent, Busech & Leemhuis, for pláintiff, appellee.
William W. Knox, with him Knox, Graham, Pearson & McLaughlin, for defendant, appellee.
November 27, 1968:

Opinion:
Opinion by
Mr. Justice Cohen,
American St. Gobain Corporation and Green Manufacturing Corporation, appellants, take this appeal from the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County in which the jury awarded the plaintiffappellee a verdict. Plaintiff, an employee of Green, was injured when a large crate containing heavy glass fell upon him while unloading a truck. The crates of glass had been loaded and braced by American and transported on a truck of Lyons Transportation Lines, Inc. (found not liable by the jury below) to the consignee, Green.
Plaintiff's apparent theory was that due to improper loading and bracing the load shifted into an unstable position during transit and then fell during unloading. We have, however, searched the record and have not found any evidence describing the manner in which the accident occurred, or how the improper loading caused the injury. In order to carry his burden of proving defendant negligent, plaintiff must prove what did happen. Since plaintiff had no knowledge of what happened and there were no other eyewitnesses present, the case rested on the existence of expert testimony given by plaintiff's expert witness.
However, plaintiff's expert witness did not testify as to how the accident happened, nor that in his opinion the accident happened in a described manner. He would not unqualifiedly say how the accident occurred. Instead, he used such words as "feasible", "could", "possible", and "within the realm of reason." We have often said that such opinion evidence falls below the required standard of proof and is not sufficient to satisfy plaintiff's burden of convincing the factfinder. Florig v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 388 Pa. 419, 130 A. 2d 445 (1957); Menarde v. Philadelphia Transportation Co., 376 Pa. 497, 103 A. 2d 681 (1954); Vorbnoff v. Mesta Machine Co., 286 Pa. 199, 133 Atl. 256 (1926); Stephen Feldman ". . . Sufficiency of Circumstantial Evidence of Negligence. . . ." 72 Dick. L. Rev. 409, 421-22 (1968). Mr. Chief Justice Moschzisker in the Vorbnoff case stated the rule which governs here: ". . . [N]ot that the condition of claimant might have, or even probably did, come from the accident, but that 'in his professional opinion the result in question came from the cause alleged' . . . ."
With no testimony as to what actually caused the injury, the jury was forced to guess. "A verdict will not be sustained which is based on conjecture or surmise or guess." Flaherty v. Pennsylvania R.R. Co., 426 Pa. 83, 231 A. 2d 179 (1967), and cases cited therein.
Since plaintiff failed to prove that defendant's negligence caused plaintiff's injury, it was error in the court to deny defendant's motion for judgment n.o.v.
Judgment reversed.
Mr. Justice Musmanno did not participate in the decision of this case.