Case Name: MORAN v. JONES et al.
Court: Arizona Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Arizona
Decision Date: 1953-02-19
Citations: 75 Ariz. 175
Docket Number: No. 5612
Parties: MORAN v. JONES et al.
Judges: STANFORD, C. J., and PHELPS, J., concur.
Reporter: Arizona Reports
Volume: 75
Pages: 175–183

Head Matter:
253 P.2d 891
MORAN v. JONES et al.
No. 5612.
Supreme Court of Arizona.
Feb. 19, 1953.
Rehearing Denied March 24, 1953.
Richey & Herring, of Douglas, for appellant.
Holmes & Morrison, of Tucson, for appellee Powers.
Clifford R. McFall, Wilbert E. Dolph, Jr., of Tucson, for appellee Jones.

Opinion:
UDALL, Justice.
Jose Juan Moran, plaintiff-appellant, brought a tort action against defendantsappellees, Donald R. Jones and William R. Powers, for damages suffered as a result of the alleged negligence of the defendants in connection with an automobile collision occurring on the highway between Sonoita and Patagonia, in Santa Cruz County, on October 29, 1950. The jury returned a nine to three verdict in favor of the defendants, and judgment was entered thereon. A motion for a new trial, based upon the matters urged on this appeal, was denied and the matter is now before us for review. We shall' hereafter refer to the parties as plaintiff and defendants.
No reporter's transcript of the proceedings had at the trial has been furnished, and to determine the two assignments of error, which deal only with the manner of impaneling and selecting a jury to try the case, it is not necessary for us to make a further recitation of the facts with reference to the accident.
Specifically the plaintiff (appellant) assigns that the trial court erred in (1) ordering (over his objection) 24 jurors to be called and qualified into the panel from which the jury of 12 was to be selected, and (2) in allowing each of the defendants four peremptory challenges. As a matter of law it is contended that this action was contrary to the plain provisions of the statute and violated his constitutional guaranty of "trial by jury" in that a jury formed in such a manner was not a lawfully constituted jury.
On the other hand the defendants maintain: (a) that the plaintiff made no objection during the trial proceedings to any claimed error or irregularity in the manner of selecting the jury, and hence is now foreclosed from basing an assignment of error thereon; (b) that under the statute each defendant was entitled to four peremptory challenges, where, as here, the interests of the co-defendants were adverse or antagonistic; (c) a party is not entitled to a trial by any particular jury, but merely by one which is fair and impartial; (d) in the absence of a showing of prejudice, the exercising of peremptory challenges in excess of the legal number is not reversible error; and (e) that plaintiff waived any objection he may have had to the manner of selecting the jury and the allowance of peremptory challenges, by later resisting the defendants' motion to declare a mistrial when the matter of insurance crept into the evidence during the course of the trial.
We shall treat these contentions in such order as seems best.
The Statutory Right
Section 37-121, A.C.A.1939, gives parties to a civil action certain peremptory challenges and provides for the manner of challenging as follows:
"In a civil action either party may challenge the jurors, but when there are several parties on either side, they shall join in a challenge before it can be made. The challenges shall be to individual jurors, and shall either be peremptory or for cause. Each party shall be entitled to four (4) peremptory challenges." (Emphasis supplied.)
The general rule, recognized by defendants to be the weight of authority, which we hold is the correct one, is that
" where there are several plaintiffs or several defendants, all on one side constitute but one party and are entitled only to the number of peremptory challenges allowed a single plaintiff or defendant; statutes giving to 'each party' a certain number of peremptory challenges are generally, so construed. " 50 C.J.S, Juries, § 281.
This is true under our statute even though the several defendants or several plaintiffs are antagonistic and adverse in their positions, since the exercise of a peremptory challenge in civil cases is purely a right or privilege granted by statute and our statute makes no exception where their interests are adverse. Cf. Colfax National Bank v. Davis Implement Co, 50 Wash. 92, 96 P. 823; Crandall v. Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co, 77 Wash. 37, 137 P. 319; Switzler v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry, 104 Cal.App. 138, 285 P. 918. We hold that the action of the court in allowing each defendant four peremptory challenges was error.
Failure to Object
While the right to a trial by jury is a most substantial right, it may be waived by a failure to demand it, Rule 38(d), Rules Civ.Proc, Sec. 21-910, A.C.A.1939. . A fortiori, a failure to timely object to the manner in which a jury is being impaneled would constitute a waiver of the irregularity. 50 C.J.S, Juries, § 250.
It is admitted that the plaintiff did not in open court register an objection to granting each defendant four peremptory challenges. However, the record before us does show that the court ordered 24 jurors into the box and allowed a total of eight peremptory challenges to the defendants, upon the theory that their interests were antagonistic and that under the statute they were entitled to this number of challenges.
By his failure to protect his record the plaintiff has experienced great difficulty in bringing before us what he claims transpired in chambers in the presence of the court and counsel but in the absence of either the Clerk or a court reporter. In the trial court the plaintiff filed a petition to amend the record to show what he claims occurred in chambers, and at the same time he requested of opposing counsel an admission of such facts. After a hearing on the matter the trial court granted a motion to strike the request for admission of facts, and also denied the plaintiff's petition to amend the record. The rulings of the trial court on the motion and petition were not assigned as error. After the appeal reached this court the plaintiff similarly filed a petition to amend the record and for permission to file a supplemental abstract. We reserved a ruling on the last petition. It appears to us that it would be unwise and unfair, and would establish a dangerous precedent for us to undertake to settle a controversy between counsel as to whose' affidavit is to be believed in matters that allegedly occurred in the lower court, of which no record was made. We hold that no such burden will be assumed by this court, hence the affidavits will not be considered.
We do have properly before us a transcript of the proceedings had in court when the motion to correct the record was denied. Ignoring the statements of counsel appearing therein, there is a basis for the determination of this appeal in the following statement of the learned trial court as to what actually occurred. We quote:
" I do know we had a discussion. I do know that counsel for the plaintiff contended that the defense was entitled to only four, and I do know that after we discussed the matter I got the impression that 24 should be called, and I will state further that no formal objections were made in chambers, and that I anticipated the plaintiff making an objection in the court-room. That, in effect, states that you have not acquiesced.
"Mr. McFall: And you made no ruling on it.
"The Court: No, I made no ruling.
I think he objected in his discussions, but no formal objection." Trans.Proceedings (9-29-51) 13, 5-18.
The crucial question presents itself: do the acts indicated constitute a sufficient objection under the rules and the authorities upon which to base an assignment of error ?
A rather similar situation arose in the case of Williams v. Powers, 6 Cir., 135 F.2d 153, 155. There counsel claimed to have objected to one of opponent's offered instructions but, admittedly, statement setting forth distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds therefor was made in court as required by Rule 51, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. Counsel began to make the required objection when the court interrupted and told counsel the objection could be made "in the absence of the jury."
The appellate court took cognizance of what transpired in chambers by referring, as follows, to a statement by the court appearing in the record, holding, on the basis of the statement that they could properly consider the objection:
"There appears in the record a statement by the trial judge that before the jury retired the attorneys for the respective parties discussed with him in chambers the requests of each of them, and at the conclusion of this discussion the trial judge denied all of appellant's requests and all of appellee's requests except
The court treated this as an objection on the authority of Rule 46 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, which we have adopted, stating:
"Rule 46 of the Rules of Civil Procedure modifies the previous practice of formal exceptions to rulings or orders of the court and makes it sufficient for review that a party at the time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court, the action which he desires the court to take or his objection to the action taken and his grounds therefor."
It cannot be gainsaid that the question as to the number of peremptory challenges to which the parties were entitled was discussed in chambers. The defendants sought four peremptory challenges each and the plaintiff opposed them. The pertinent part of Rule 46, Rules of Civil Procedure, Sec. 21-936, A.C.A.1939, states:
"Exceptions unnecessary. — Formal exceptions to rulings or orders of the court are unnecessary. It is sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the court to take or his objection to the action of the court and his grounds therefor; (Emphasis supplied.)
From the statement of the trial court, quoted supra, it manifestly appears that the court let counsel know in chambers the course it had charted, for immediately the Judge upon taking the bench directed the clerk to call a panel of 24 jurors (rather than 20) to the box for their voir dire examination. While we do not approve the loose practice of not having a proper record made, it does appear that counsel for the plaintiff had made clear his position, had lost, and did not consider it essential to reiterate his insistence upon a position which the judge had just considered and decided adversely to him. Cf. Keen v. Overseas Tankship Corp., 2 Cir., 194 F.2d 515. Under the peculiar facts of this case we hold that a sufficient objection to the proposed manner of impaneling the jury was made.
Prejudice
There being a sufficient objection the question is whether the plaintiff was prejudiced, as a matter of law, by the court's error, and entitled thereby to a new trial, or, as the defendants urge, must the plaintiff go further and show actual prejudice?
This court decided the effect of an improperly impaneled jury in the case of State v. Thompson, 68 Ariz. 386, 206 P.2d 1037, 1039. Three jurors served who had been peremptorily challenged by defendant. As we said in that case:
"The Constitution of Arizona, article 2, sections 23 and 24, guarantees to every person charged with a criminal offense the right to trial by jury, and this means not only a fair and impartial jury but one lawfully constituted. This is a most substantial right, . While it is true that there is no constitutional right to peremptory challenges in this state, it being purely legislative in origin still this is a substantial rather than a mere procedural or technical right and should be fully enforced as an aid in securing an impartial jury. Olympic Realty Co. v. Kamer, 283 Ky. 432, 141 S.W.2d 293.

" The right to peremptorily challenge jurors is an absolute right, and when this right is lost or impaired, the statutory conditions and terms setting up an authorized jury are not met. " (Emphasis supplied.)
A party is entitled to a fair and impartial jury, and as an incident of that right, is entitled to a jury lawfully constituted. To deny this is to deny a substantial right within the meaning of the statute authorizing new trials. Section 44 — 2005, A.C.A.1939. We recently held that a trial before a jury, after a four-month period of service had expired, was prejudicial error without showing actual prejudice, as the jury was not lawfully constituted. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Flagstaff v. Jones, 74 Ariz. 393, 250 P.2d 586. Therefore, we hold that (a) the jury in the instant case was not lawfully constituted, and (b) the .error of the trial court was prejudicial as a matter of law, the plaintiff having been denied a substantial right when the court granted the defendants twice the number of challenges allowed by law.
Waiver
Defendants urge that as plaintiff opposed a motion for a mistrial after the question of insurance was injected into the case he has waived any objection that the jury was unlawfully constituted.
We find no merit in this contention for while it is true that a right may be waived by "the doing of some things inconsistent with the existence of the right or his intention to rely upon it", Southwest Cotton Co. v. Valley Bank, 26 Ariz. 559, 227 P. 986, 988, the inconsistent conduct or statements must relate to the right that is waived. There is no relationship or connection whatsoever between the defendants' motion for a mistrial and the plaintiff's assertion that the jury was not lawfully constituted.
Judgment reversed with directions to grant a new trial.
STANFORD, C. J., and PHELPS, J., concur.