Case Name: Corning & Winslow vs. The Troy Iron and Nail Factory
Court: New York Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1860-09-03
Citations: 34 Barb. 485
Docket Number: 
Parties: Corning & Winslow vs. The Troy Iron and Nail Factory.
Judges: 
Reporter: Barbour's Supreme Court Reports
Volume: 34
Pages: 485–494

Head Matter:
Corning & Winslow vs. The Troy Iron and Nail Factory.
Where riparian proprietors own to the center of the stream, that entitles them' to have the waters flow in their natural channel, in the bed of the stream.
Where one owns the land only on one side, and to the center of the stream, the right to use the waters, if there be a fall, is a property right which the law will regard as of some value, and which it will not suffer to be invaded or infringed without authority.
A tenant cannot, while occupying and. enjoying the premises under his lease, origínate a possession hostile or adverse to his landlord. Nor can he, during the same period, continue an adverse possession previously commenced.
By taking a lease from the landlord, and holding under it, he acknowledges the landlord’s title, and right to convey, and will be deemed to have waived any previous and imperfect rights which he has already acquired, under a prior, incipient adverse possession.
The defendants, having a long lease of premises, embracing a water power, diverted the stream from its natural channel, for the use of their machinery. Held that there was no ground for the imputation of bad faith against the lessors, or of an implied consent to the perpetual diversion of the waters, from their not protesting against such diversion, at the time; inasmuch as the lessors might well have supposed that such diversion was only intended to be temporary, and the diverted waters were to be restored, at the end of the term. And that it was only upon the ground of bad faith, or implied consent, that the doctrine of equitable estoppel could arise, in such a case.
And the plaintiffs having purchased the premises from the lessors long after the diversion had been made, and the expenditures of the defendants consequent thereon had been incurred, and having commenced a suit for damages, within a short time thereafter, it was further held that the doctrine of estoppel did not arise against them. Gould, J. dissented.
And the plaintiffs having taken an absolute conveyance of the premises, without any reservation, it was held that the deed must be regarded as passing not only the title to the land, and the water, but the water power, and all the rights and privileges which belonged to the grantors as riparian proprietors.
Held further, that neither the neglect of the plaintiffs to use or appropriate the water power, hitherto; the comparatively inconsiderable actual damagé which they lfad as yet sustained; nor the heavy expenditures to which the defendants would be subjected if enjoined from the further use of the diverted waters and compelled to restore them to their natural and accustomed channel, presented any insuperable objections to equitable relief to the plaintiffs, by injunction to restrain the defendants from diverting the water, and drawing and using the same by means of such diversion, and by decree compelling them to restore the waters to their natural bed or channel, and to pay damages to the plaintiffs.
A party may resort to a court of equity, for relief, in such a case, instead of proceeding by action at law, for damages.
APPEAL from a judgment rendered at a special term, dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint without costs, and without prejudice to an action at law, to recover damages for the alleged 'diversion of the waters of the Wynantskill.
D. L. Seymour and A. J. Parker, for the appellants.
W. A. Beach and A. B. Olin, for the respondents.

Opinion:
Hogeboom, J.
This is a suit in equity brought by the plaintiffs to obtain an injunction against the defendants to restrain them from diverting the waters of the Wynantskill from their natural bed or channel through or along the lands of the plaintiffs, by means of a ditch or trunk or otherwise, and from drawing and using the same by means of such di version, and to compel the defendants to restore said waters to their natural bed or channel, and to pay the plaintiffs such damages as they have sustained by reason of such diversion ; and for general relief.
The title of the plaintiffs to lands along the Wynantskill, on the north side thereof, and at least to the center of the stream, and the diversion of the waters by the defendants from their natural bed or channel, are sufficiently established by the evidence.
The defendants insist that the plaintiffs have not title, opposite to their premises, to the lohole of the stream, but only to the center; that the defendants have acquired title or the right to divert the stream by adverse possession; by the acquiescence of the plaintiffs; and by having made, with the knowledge and approbation of the plaintiffs, and their grantor, expensive improvements dependent for their use and value upon the diverted water power; that the water in its natural bed has not been appropriated by the plaintiffs to any valuable use, and is incapable of being so appropriated; that the damages sustained by the plaintiffs, if any, are merely nominal or trifling; that the restoration of the water to its natural bed will require considerable time and involve ruinous expenditures to the defendants, and that therefore the facts present no case for the intervention of a court of equity. These are the questions presented for the decision of the court.
I. I am of opinion that it is unnecessary to decide whether the plaintiffs have established a legal title to the entire bed of the stream opposite the seven acre lot in question, and whether the defendants' premises on the south side extend only to the shore or bank of the Wynantskill. (1.) The description of the premises conveyed to the plaintiffs by the deed of 23d July, 1852, carries the line to the south line of the farm of David Defreest, which evidently was on the south side of the creek. (2.) The exception and reservation is of " one acre of land on the south side of the creek and adjoining to the creek where the line crosses the said creek." This description, although, not wholly free from ambiguity, must be regarded, I think, under the decisions, as furnishing plausible reasons for limiting the territory to the south side of the creek, and making the side, shore, or bank of the creek the boundary. But I do not deem it indispensable to determine that question in the present case.
II. At all events, the jriaintifls own to the center of the creek, and that entitles them to have the waters flow in their natural channel in the bed of the stream.
It is not very essential to consider to how valuable a use a riparian proprietor may devote the waters of a stream, when he owns only on one side and to the center of the stream. Manifestly, waters thus situated may, if there be a fall, be of some value, and the evidence is abundant, I think, that they may be made available to the owner for manufacturing purposes. And it is one of the elements of value that such an ownership places the riparian proprietor in a situation where he can advantageously negotiate with the opposite owner, or make some amicable arrangement for the erection of a dam, or for employing some other mode of using the water power. Moreover, it is a property right which the law will regard as of some value, and which it will not suffice to be invaded or infringed without authority.
The plaintiffs' title being thus established, it becomes necessary to inquire whether it has been in any way lost or' impaired.
III. The defendants claim to have acquired the right to divert the water by an uninterrupted and hostile use of the same in the manner now enjoyed by them, for more than twenty years before the commencement of the action. But I think they have failed to establish the fact of such use; and such was the opinion of the learned judge who decided this cause at the special term. (1.) It is not altogether clear that the use of it by the defendants, prior to 1817, was exclusive or hostile to the true owners. (2.) On the 1st of May, 1817, the defendants, or their agent, took a lease from the Defreests (under whom the plaintiffs claim) of the seven acre lot in question, and of the water power, for thirty-four years and nine months. Under this lease they occupied and enjoyed the premises, and of course could not originate, during that time, a hostile or adverse possession.
Nor could they, during the same period, continue an adverse possession previously commenced. By taking a lease from the Defreests, they acknowledged their title and right to convey. They held under their title, and recognized it as the true title. They must he deemed to have waived any previous and imperfect rights which they had already acquired under a prior incipient adverse possession. The doctrine of cumulative disabilities does not apply. The defendants are prevented from setting up during this period an adverse possession, not for the reason that they could not purchase an outstanding title for the purpose of perfecting their rights or quieting their possession, but because by taking a lease from the Defreests they had placed the latter under a disability, in a position where they could not take proceedings to oust the defendants, and where of course the statute of limitations should not be permitted to run against them.
It would seem, therefore, entirely clear, that as this lease did not expire until 1852, the defendants cannot avail themselves of the defense of adverse jpossession.
IV. Nor do I think the plaintiffs are estopped from maintaining this suit by any knowledge or approval of, or consent to, the expensive improvements made by the defendants.
It is undoubtedly true that both the Defreests and the plaintiffs were cognizant of the diversion of the water, at an. early date, and of the building of the reservoir dam which, with the construction subsequently of the artificial channel, had the effect to divert the water from the premises of the plaintiffs, and seriously to impair the supply of water power at that point. And it is undoubtedly true that these expenditures, made by the defendants with the knowledge and, to some extent, the concurrence and approbation of the Defreests and-the plaintiffs, Avere heavy, and must result in large pecuniary sacrifices to the defendants, if an injunction should issue and a restoration of the Avaters to their natural channel be enforced.
And if the plaintiffs Avere in a situation where they were bound to protest against these expenditures, or be forever barred; or if they occupy no other or different relation to the defendants than they did at the time these expenditures were incurred, then undoubtedly the rule contended for applies, but not otherwise. But the fact is, that the plaintiffs occupy an entirely different position from what they did at that time; and it is their rights in this new position which are the subject of investigation and controversy in this action.
It Avas not till 1852 that they purchased the seven acre lot, and as to those premises I think the doctrine of equitable estoppel cannot be applied to them before that period. It may be true—it probably is true—that if at that date the defendants had matured a title or right of diversion as against the Defreests, Avho Avere the grantors of the plaintiffs, so that an equitable estoppel then existed as to the Defreests, it ought also to be applied as against the plaintiffs, upon the ground that the Defreests ought not to be allowed to convey, nor the plaintiffs, under the circumstances, to acquire, a better title in this particular, than the Defreests themselves possessed. But I do not see that the Defreests were estopped. And for the reason that they had no right to object, and then had no present interest in the premises in dispute. The defendants had a lease of the premises, and the Defreests could not know, and were not called upon, I think, to ascertain, that the diversion of the water Avas intended to be perpetual or permanent. The defendants did no more than they had a right to do, at that time. And the Defreests might well conclude that the expensive improvements AAhich the defendants made were made understandingly by the latter, in the expectation of reaping remunerative results during the long lease Avhich they hacl taken, and with the intention of fulfilling their legal obligation to restore the diverted waters at the end of the term, or consummating before that period some satisfactory arrangement with the proper parties for a continuance of the diversion after that period. This appears to me not an unreasonable presumption, considering the situation and relations of the parties ; and hence there is no ground for the imputation of bad faith against the Defreests, or implied consent to the perpetual diversion of the waters, from their not protesting against such diversion at the time ; and it is only upon this ground that the doctrine of equitable estoppel in this case could arise,
Nor can it arise against the plaintiffs. As before stated, they only took title in 1852. Before that period all the heavy expenditures had been incurred, and since that period none which were not in execution of the plan already adopted, or against which the plaintiffs were bound to protest, or be forever barred, after the lapse of so short a period as intervened between that time and the commencement of this action, on the 4th of March, 1857.
I cannot concur in the suggestion that the plaintiffs may bo supposed to have purchased the premises in question subject to the diversion in question, and divested of the water power. I think they intended to purchase, and did purchase, all the right and title which the Defreests owned at the time and had it in their power to convey. Such is the legal effect of the conveyance. It must be regarded as passing not only the title to the land and the.water, but the water power, and all the rights and privileges which belonged to the grantors as riparian proprietors. There was no reservation whatever.
V. It remains only to consider whether the nonuse or appropriation of this water power by the plaintiffs, hitherto, the comparatively inconsiderable actual damage which they have as yet sustained, or even the heavy expenditures to which the defendants must be subjected in case they are en joined from the further use of the diverted waters, and are compelled to restore them to their natural and accustomed channel, present sound and insuperable objections to the relief which the plaintiffs demand. It seems to me they do not. (1.) The omission or delay in appropriating the water power to available use, may perhaps be accounted for in a satisfactory manner—may be owing to a variety of causes, and possibly, in part, to a disability arising from a misappropriation of it by the defendants. It cannot operate to deprive the plaintiffs of a valuable property right. (2.) Nor is the trivial character of the actual damage hitherto sustained a controlling reason for depriving the plaintiffs of their equitable remedy. It may, in part, he an argument in favor of it, if other sound reasons exist for resorting to an equity forum. The appeal to an equitable tribunal is not founded so much upon loss actually sustained, as upon apprehended injury. (3.) Nor, if the defendants are really in the wrong and have been so throughout, is the fact that just reparation to the plaintiffs will involve them in heavy pecuniary sacrifices, a sound reason for a denial of justice. If the defendants have done wrong, they must repair that wrong. If they have willfully or negligently incurred large expenditures in anticipation of or consequent upon the misappropriation or violation of the plaintiffs' property or property rights, they must be regarded as the authors of their own misfortune. They are not at liberty to say to the plaintiffs, "justice to you is ruin to us." The serious consequences which must ensue to the defendants from granting to the plaintiffs the relief which they seek, may he a reason for enforcing the proper remedy in a way which shall be least injurious to the defendants, but not for denying it altogether. (4.) In fine, the resort to an equitable forum seems consonant to the established practice in cases of this description, makes the relief final and comprehensive, avoids a multiplicity of suits, and is equally effective with an action at law, in preventing the ad verse possession of the defendants from ripening into a hostile and perfect title.
VI. The remaining question is, what judgment we ought to render. This is an action on the equity side of the court, and it is not unusual to make a final determination of the action, and to grant such relief as the court below ought to have granted. This is competent for this court to do, and perhaps it is an appropriate exercise of our power, to do so in the present case. All the facts are before the court, and perhaps justice can be as discreetly administered here as upon a retrial before a single judge. In view of the injurious consequences which must ensue from a sudden withdrawal of the water from the defendants' works, and the time requisite for adapting their machinery to the changed state of affairs, I think a reasonable period should be allowed to the defendants to make the necessary changes.
My opinion is, that the judgment of the special term should be reversed; that the plaintiffs should have their costs in the court below and in this court; that an injunction should issue, as prayed for in the complaint; that the defendants should be compelled to restore the waters of the Wynantskill to their natural channel along the plaintiffs' premises; and that the defendants should be allowed the period of one year from the final entry of the judgment, within which to complete the restoration of the water to the natural bed of the stream along the plaintiffs' premises.
My brethren, however, are of opinion that final judgment should not be given. One of them is of opinion that the plaintiffs are estopped by acquiescence, and both conclude that as the case is one of great "magnitude in its results to the defendants, and may work the most serious damage, an opportunity ought to be given to the parties to present the facts, if possible, in a different shape. In accordance with their views, the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial' granted, with costs to abide the event.
[Albany General Term,
September 3, 1860.
Peckham, J.. concurred, but was in favor of granting a new trial, instead of awarding final judgment.
Gould, J. dissented, but favored a new trial, in preference to final judgment for the plaintiff's,
New trial granted.
Gould, Hogeboom and Peckham, Justices.]