Case Name: ARTHUR G. GAGE v. THE UNITED STATES
Court: United States Court of Claims
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1952-04-08
Citations: 122 Ct. Cl. 160
Docket Number: No. 49461
Parties: ARTHUR G. GAGE v. THE UNITED STATES
Judges: Howell, Judge; MaddeN, Judge-, LittletoN, Judge; and JoNes, Chief Judge, coneur.
Reporter: United States Court of Claims Reports
Volume: 122
Pages: 160–163

Head Matter:
ARTHUR G. GAGE v. THE UNITED STATES
[No. 49461.
Decided April 8, 1952]
Mr. Edward S. Irons for the plaintiff. Mr. Hamer H. Jcmiieson was on the briefs.
Mr. H. L. Godfrey, with ¡whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney General Holmes Baldridge, for the defendant.

Opinion:
Whitaker, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court:
This case was formerly before the Court on defendant's motion for summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff's action was barred by the statute of limitations. - Plaintiff' in his petition had alleged that the defendant had purchased and used some of the instruments embodying his invention prior to the six-year period of limitation, but he alleged that it had continued to use them within the six-year period.
We held that the defendant was liable for all uses within the six-year period and, since uses within that period were alleged, we denied the motion for summary judgment.
Defendant has now filed a motion for rehearing, in which it points out that the Commissioner's pretrial memorandum, to which no objection is taken, shows that all the pumps purchased by defendant were purchased prior to the six-year limitation period. Hence, it says that, since they were purchased and held for use prior thereto, plaintiff is barred by the statute of limitations- from claiming compensation for whatever infringement there may have been.
We think defendant's position is correct.
Defendant purchased certain pump-type fire extinguishers, said to embody plaintiff's invention. It hung these up or otherwise had them available for use in case of a fire. This was before the statutory period of six years. No purchase of such fire extinguishers thereafter is shown.
It thus appears that whatever infringement there was, it was done more than six years before the petition in this case was filed. Any further use of these fire extinguishers within the six-year period would not subject the defendant to liability. Its infringement, if any, took place when it purchased the extinguishers and had them available for use when needed.
This is what we held in Olsson v. United States, 87 C. Cls. 642 (cert. denied, 307 U. S. 621, 650), and we reaffirm that holding. We did not intend to hold to the contrary in our former opinion in the instant case.
Defendant's motion for rehearing is denied, but its motion for summary judgment is now allowed and plaintiff's petition is dismissed.
Howell, Judge; MaddeN, Judge-, LittletoN, Judge; and JoNes, Chief Judge, coneur.
Whitaker, Judge,
January 8, 1952, delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff alleges that he was the true, original, and first inventor of certain new and useful improvements in differential pumps, a patent on which was granted him on May 26, 1942. He sues because be says that the defendant on June 1, 1942, issued specifications for a pump-type fire extinguisher which embodied his invention, and that the defendant had caused large numbers of manufacturers to manufacture and sell to it pumps made in accordance with these specifications.
Defendant moves for a summary judgment on the ground that the petition shows on its face that plaintiff's cause of action accrued more than six years prior to the filing of his petition on January 26, 1950. Defendant says that plaintiff's right of action under section 1498 of Title 28, IT. S. C., is an eminent domain action and that under it a patentee's right of action against the United States accrues at the time the defendant first used or manufactured, or had manufactured for it, a device embodying the invention.
Plaintiff, of course, admits that any manufacture or use by the defendant more than six years before the filing of the petition is barred, but says that he is entitled to recover for any manufacture or use within the six-year period.
On the authority of Irving Air Chute Co., Inc. v. United States, 117 C. Cls. 799, the defendant's motion for summary judgment is denied.
We reaffirm what we had to say in the opinion in that case. We merely add that we think the wording of section 1498 of Title 28 U. S. C. compels the conclusion we reached, to wit, that a patentee may maintain a suit against the defendant for a use of his invention within six years before his petition is filed, even though the defendant had previously used it more than six years before the petition was filed.
Section 1498 says "whenever" an invention is used by the United States the owner may bring an action therefor in this court. "Whenever" means, "at whatever time" or "no matter when." The first use would give rise immediately to a cause of action. Then, later, another use, perhaps after a long interval, would give rise to another cause of action. Such seems to have been the plain intent of the statute. "Whenever", the statute says, a patented "invention is used or manufactured by or for the United States the owner's remedy shall be by action against the United States in the Court of Claims It does not say when it is first used the patentee shall have a right of action, but "whenever" it is used.
Indeed, it seems unnecessary to determine whether the use by the United States was under its power of eminent domain or was a tortious act; whichever it was, the Act says the use gives the owner a right of action. His right of action is "founded upon [an] Act of Congress," whether the use was tortious or under the power of eminent domain.
To say that the use was under the power of eminent domain, under which power the defendant took a license to use the patent, and that the cause of action then accrued, and that no further cause of action for its later use could accrue, is to set at naught the plain words of the Act, which says that "whenever" there is a use, there is a cause of action.
If, at the time the defendant first used the invention, it "took" a license to do so under its power of eminent domain, the questions then are, for what period of time did it take a license, for the manufacture of how many articles, etc. In order to give full effect to the intent of the statute, is it not proper to say that it took the license only for the manufacture or use of the articles then on order, and that, later, when it manufactured or used others, it took another license?
At any rate, it seems evident, as we said in Irving Air Chute Co., Inc., v. United States, supra, that there cannot be applied to the use of a patented article the ordinary rule relative to the accrual of a cause of action for a taking by the defendant.
Defendant's motion for summary judgment is denied.
Howell, Judge; Madden, Judge; Littleton, Judge; and Jones, Chief Judge, concur.