Case Name: Naumes Forwarding Service v. United States
Court: United States Customs Court
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1965-10-11
Citations: 55 Cust. Ct. 228
Docket Number: C.D. 2580
Parties: Naumes Forwarding Service v. United States
Judges: Before Donlon and Richardson, Judges; Donlon, J., concurring
Reporter: United States Customs Court Reports
Volume: 55
Pages: 228–232

Head Matter:
(C.D. 2580)
Naumes Forwarding Service v. United States
United States Customs Court, Third Division
(Decided October 11, 1965)
Schwartz & IAdstrom, Wallace & Schwartz, and Barnes, Richardson & OoVbum (Marl R. Lidstrom and Joseph Schwartz of counsel) for the plaintiff.
John W. Douglas, Assistant Attorney General (Andrew P. Vance, trial attorney) , for the defendant.
Before Donlon and Richardson, Judges; Donlon, J., concurring

Opinion:
Richardson, Judge:
The merchandise before the court consists, among other things, of painted earthenware plaques which were imported at Chicago from Italy, classified as earthenware articles which are not tableware, kitchenware, or table or kitchen utensils under 19 U.S.C.A., section 1001, paragraph 211 (paragraph 211, Tariff Act of 1930, as modified by T.D. 54108), and assessed with duty at the rate of 4 cents per dozen pieces and 21 per centum ad valorem. The involved cases were consolidated for trial purposes, and claims as to merchandise other than items designated on the invoices as plaques were abandoned. With, respect to the plaques, plaintiff claims that the merchandise is properly dutiable at the rate of 10 per centum under the provisions of paragraph 1547, as modified by T.D. 51802, as works of art (water colors). Defendant claims that the plaques are paintings in mineral color which are not provided for in the claimed paragraph.
One Aldo Azzolin of the importing firm of Azzolin Bros, testified on behalf of the plaintiff-broker. He testified that his firm has been in the importing business for 10 years and has been importing plaques from Italy for about 4 years, that the involved plaques were made in a factory in Alcyone, Italy, and were designed by the artist, Luigi Carrón, who is one of the owners of the factory, and whom the witness has known for about 6 years. Mr. Azzolin further stated that he has visited the factory nine times and has observed the making of the plaques on each occasion that he has visited the factory, and has seen the plaques being decorated by skilled artists who work under the direction of Professor Carrón. With respect to the making of the plaques, he testified that, prior to decoration, clay is molded into the form of a plaque, dried by air, and then fired in a kiln to obtain a bisque finish. The molds are decorated with a powder that is mixed with water on a piece of slate and applied to the plaque; that the plaque is then dipped in a bath of glaze and fired in a kiln. The plaque is equipped with a hinge for use in hanging on a wall, or is mounted on a walnut panel after importation. The witness stated that he did not personally know if all of the plaques were made in the manner he described.
Mr. Azzolin further testified that he had no knowledge of the makeup of the powder used for painting the plaques, has never made such plaques himself, that his firm does hot sell paintings of water colors, that it is his understanding that a water color is a powder mixed with water, and that the invoice price of the plaques is about $3, and they retail for between $12 and $22. Plaintiff put in evidence two plaques representative of merchandise at bar (plaintiff's exhibits 1 and 2) and a number of photographs, illustrative of the plaques (plaintiff's collective exhibit 3). This is the substance of plaintiff's proof.
One William H. Bailey, a concededly competent chemist, employed in the customs laboratory at the port of entry, testified on behalf of defendant. Mr. Bailey testified that he analyzed a sample of the plaques to determine if they were mineral color paintings. He stated that he broke off a small portion of the painted sample, fired it at 1,200° Fahrenheit, observing a deterioration of color, that he performed a spectrographic analysis on the sample for the presence of metallic elements and ascertained the presence of lead, chromium, iron, boron, cobalt, nickel, and tin, and observed that the pigmentation itself was under a glaze. The witness stated that metallic oxide colors are normally used in making a ceramic, because such colors withstand elevated temperatures, and that, in his opinion, based upon tests he has conducted, oil and water paints discolor during firing.
Mr. Bailey further stated that it is possible to apply the metal elements in the paints used on the plaques at bar to a surface using water as an agent, that it would be impossible to determine from the tests whether the metals were present in various degrees or were mixed together, and that, in addition, the sample contained calcium, aluminum, silica, and magnesium, elements which would normally be found in some types of clay, Mr. Bailey testified that the tests were conducted on the entire article, including the base material, and that it would be very difficult to separate the colored matter from such material for analysis.
Also received in evidence was the customs laboratory report on the sample analysis, which was prepared by Mr. Bailey (defendant's exhibit A), and a letter from the maker of the plaques to the importer (defendant's exhibit B) in which the maker states, among other things, that its colors are "mineral dust colors melted into water, to be painted under glaze."
The function of the water which is associated with the paint and its application is disputed. The gravamen of plaintiff's argument is that the water, which is the vehicle by means of which the pigment is applied to the surface, denominates the paint a "water color." Defendant argues that the mineral base of the paint, and not the vehicle of its application, is controlling in determining the involved paintings to be paintings in "mineral color."
The term "water color" is defined in Webster's New International Dictionary (2d ed. 1958) as:
1. A paint whose liquid is a water dispersion of the binding material, which may be glue, casein, gums, etc.; — so called in distinction from oil color, etc.
And the term "mineral color" is defined in the same dictionary as, "Any inorganic pigment."
It has long been known by the courts that mineral colors may be mixed with oil or water and not lose their identity as mineral colors by such admixture. See Bour et al. v. United States, 91 Fed. 533. Hence, the mere presence of water in a paint would not appear to be determinative of the nature of the paint either way. Plaintiff has offered little else in the way of evidence besides the observations of a member of the importing firm as to the painting and decorating of the plaques. And this evidence is limited to observations of the mixing of the powders with water before application of the mixture to the plaque. Plaintiff has adduced no evidence of the presence of a binding material in the involved paints, or any other evidence of its composition. Consequently, the record is wholly insufficient to make out a prima facie case that the involved paints are "water colors." Under these circumstances, defendant has no burden to support the collector's classification, and we need not, therefore, consider the evidence which defendant offered in this behalf, except to say that such evidence does not aid the plaintiff's case.
For the reasons stated, the protests of schedule A are overruled. Judgment will be entered accordingly.