Case Name: SIMMTECH CO., LTD., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITIBANK, N.A., Citigroup Inc., Citibank Overseas Investment Corporation, Citicorp Holdings Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Defendants-Appellees
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2017-09-06
Citations: 697 F. App'x 35
Docket Number: 16-2994-cv
Parties: SIMMTECH CO., LTD., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITIBANK, N.A., Citigroup Inc., Citibank Overseas Investment Corporation, Citicorp Holdings Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Defendants-Appellees.
Judges: Present JON 0. NEWMAN, ROSEMARY S. POOLER, PETER W. HALL, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 697
Pages: 35–36

Head Matter:
SIMMTECH CO., LTD., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITIBANK, N.A., Citigroup Inc., Citibank Overseas Investment Corporation, Citicorp Holdings Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Defendants-Appellees.
16-2994-cv
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
September 6, 2017
Appearing for Appellant: Peter Me-lamed Kim & Bae, P.C. (Alan L. Poliner, on the brief), Fort Lee, NJ.
Appearing for Appellee: Daniel M. Perry, Milbank Tweed Hadley & McCloy LLP (Jed M. Schwartz, Taryn J. Gallup, Daniel B. Kaplan, on the brief), New York, NY.
Present JON 0. NEWMAN, ROSEMARY S. POOLER, PETER W. HALL, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
SUMMARY ORDER
Simmtech Co., Ltd., appeals from the August 3, 2016 opinion and order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Forrest, J.) dismissing its complaint against Citibank, N.A., Citigroup Inc., Citibank Overseas Investment Corporation, Citicorp Holdings, Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc, (together, "Citibank"). We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for review.
We affirm the district court's dismissal of Counts 1-3 of the Second Amended Complaint ("SAC") for failure to state a claim, Count 4 as time barred, and Counts 11-14 as barred by res judicata, primarily for the reasons set forth in the district court's thorough and well-reasoned opinion. The district court correctly concluded that the Second Amended Complaint's claims of currency manipulation were previously raised in In re Foreign Exch. Benchmark Rates Antitrust Litig., 74 F. Supp. 3d 581, 599 (S.D.N.Y. 2015). It is a "well-established rule that a plaintiff cannot avoid the effects of res judicata by 'splitting' his claim into various suits, based on different legal theories (with different evidence 'necessary' to each suit)." Waldman v. Vill. of Kiryas Joel, 207 F.3d 105, 110 (2d Cir. 2000). As master of its complaint, Simmtech did not have to split its claims to pursue a class action—it was free to bring both the currency manipulation claims and its other causes of action in a suit on its own behalf in the first instance.
With respect to Counts 1-3 of the SAC, the district court properly concluded that SAC failed to state a claim. While Simmt-ech attempts to portray itself as an unsophisticated consumer, the facts as pleaded in the SAC betray the reality that it had significant experience using financial instruments to hedge against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Korean won, which was a large factor in its business.
To the extent that Simmtech relied on Citibank Korea's ("CKI") representation that the KIKOs were "zero-cost," the district court correctly concluded that such reliance was "patently unreasonable" given Simmtech's experience utilizing financial instruments. To the extent that Simmtech relied on OKI's representation that the KIKOs were a "hedge," the district court correctly determined that this statement was not a misrepresentation, and that the KIKOs were in fact a hedge under certain exchange rates. To the extent that Simmt-ech understood OKI's representation to mean that the KIKOs were a hedge at all exchange rates, that would have been an absurd interpretation, and Simmtech's reliance upon it would not have been reasonable. To the extent that Simmtech relied on OKI's projections of the exchange rate, the district court correctly concluded that such reliance was not reasonable, because Simmtech understood the inherent volatility and unpredictability of exchange rates. Finally, the express terms of the KIKO agreements contained a non-reliance clause.
In sum, we are satisfied that the district court correctly determined that the KIKOs were inherently risky instruments and that Simmtech had not plausibly pled that it was not properly apprised of the risks. With respect to Count 4, which sounds in negligence, the district court correctly applied New York's three-year statute of limitations. After carefully reviewing the record, we agree with the district court's determination that Simmtech failed to raise any sufficient basis for the application of equitable estoppel to toll the statute of limitations. Further, we see no "rare and exceptional circumstances," that would justify the application of equitable tolling here. Ellul v. Congregation of Christian Bros., 774 F.3d 791, 801 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Phillips v. Generations Family Health Ctr., 723 F.3d 144, 150 (2d Cir. 2013)).
As we find that the district court properly dismissed on the grounds discussed above, we do not reach the remainder of Simmtech's arguments. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.
. Simmtech does not appeal from the district court's dismissal of Counts 5-10.