Case Name: Rudd v. Robinson
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1889-11-07
Citations: 7 N.Y.S. 535
Docket Number: 
Parties: Rudd v. Robinson.
Judges: 
Reporter: West's New York Supplement
Volume: 7
Pages: 535–540

Head Matter:
Rudd v. Robinson.
(Supreme Court, General Term, First Department.
November 7, 1889.)
1. Corporations—Officers—Evidence—Book-Entries.
Testimony of a witness that he reported to a book-keeper of a corporation only such matters as he knew to be correct, and of the book-keeper that he entered such matters correctly as reported to him, render the entries admissible in evidence in an action by a receiver against a trustee of the corporation of whom the bookkeeper is shown to have been a representative.
2. Same—Trustees—Accounting.
Where the corporation was formed to succeed a firm which had previously carried on the same business, and the firm turned over no property to the corporation, and its book-keeper is employed to represent and keep defendant posted, payment by it to defendant of the firm’s debts to him is a misappropriation of its funds, and defendant is properly required to account therefor.
3. Same—Usury.
He is also properly required to account for illegal interest received by him as a bonus on advances made by him to the corporation.
4. Same—Profits of Business.
He is also properly required to account for a share in profits received by him on purchases and sales, made by the corporation with moneys advanced by him, in excess of the amounts so advanced, with legal interest.
6. Same—Chattel Mortgages.
Laws N. Y. 1858, c. 314, enacts that a receiver may “treat as void, and resist, all acts done, transfers and agreements made, in fraud of the rights of any creditor. ” 3 Rev. St. N. Y. (6th Ed.) 143, provides that chattel mortgages shall be void, as against subsequent bona fide purchasers and mortgagees, unless legally filed, where possession is not taken at or near the time when the mortgage is given. Meld, that where a chattel mortgage was given by the corporation to defendant, and was not filed until the property had been almost all disposed of, and possession was not taken at or near its date, defendant was liable to account for the property.
6. Same—Bona Fide Loans.
But he may retain moneys refunded to him in lieu of loans made by him to the corporation, in good faith.
7. Same—Debts Paid Third Persons.
He is not liable to account for moneys paid by the corporation to other creditors on obligations on which he was liable as indorser.
8. Same—Costs.
Under Code Civil Proc. N. Y. §§ 3228, 3230, 3253, limiting the recovery of costs in such a case to final judgment, it is improper to direct the recovery of costs by plaintiff, and award an additional allowance, on an interlocutory judgment requiring the trustee to account.
Action by Frank Rudd, receiver of the Goodwillie-Wvman Company, a corporation, against George H. Robinson, a trustee and stockholder in such corporation. Judgment was rendered requiring defendant to account, and he moves for a new trial on exceptions at the general term, under Code Civil Proc. N. Y. § 1001.
Argued before Van Brunt, P. J., and Brady and Daniels, JJ.
Tuttle, Qoodell & Brooks, (Edwin B. Goodell, of counsel,) for plaintiff. Thomas Darlington, (S. Jones, of counsel,) for defendant.

Opinion:
Daniels, J.
The action was brought to charge the defendant, as a trustee of a corporation formed under the laws of this state for the creation of manufacturing corporations, for the unlawful receipt and appropriation of property received by him in that capacity. The corporation was formed on or about tlie 5th of October, 1882, with a capital of $50,000. It was called the "Good-willie-Wyman Company;" and by its formation it was intended as, and was the successor of, a copartnership firm previously engaged in business under the same name. It succeeded to the assets, interests, and property of that firm, and the two persons who were copartners in the firm became stockholders and trustees in the corporation. It continued to carry on the business for which it was incorporated until about the close of the year 1883. A judgment was then recovered against it in favor of a creditor, upon which execution against its property was returned unsatisfied; and upon his application, in an action prosecuted for that purpose, S. A. Briggs, another trustee of the corporation, was appointed receiver of its property. This receiver was after-wards superseded, and the plaintiff was appointed, with all the powers and authority incidental under the law, to that position. The defendant was the owner of a small amount of stock in the corporation, and was one of its trustees during the time it was actually engaged in business. The corporation, from its organization, encountered difficulties in meeting and discharging its liabilities; and the defendant, being a man of financial responsibility, was applied to for his aid and assistance. And that was rendered in the advancement of money to and for the corporation, and in the negotiation of its paper, from time to time, while it was engaged in business. It was alleged, in support of the action, that he had taken advantage of this position to advance his own pecuniary prosperity at the expense of that of the corporation; and this was found to have been sustained by the court in the interlocutory judgment which has been entered, and under which he has been required to account for moneys and property received and disposed of by him as a trustee of the company. The trustees were five in number. Two of them were practically identified with the defendant in the direction and management of the business. These three trustees constituted the majority, and were at all times in a position to dictate as to what should be done in the way of controlling the finances and property of the company. At the time it was formed, the preceding firm was largely indebted. Among other debts, it was alleged to owe the defendant upon two promissory notes of $505 and $507.50, and the payment of these debts was obtained by him from the corporation.
The proof upon which these facts were found and incorporated in the judgment was derived mainly from entries made in the books of the company. The defendant objected to the book containing these entries being received as evidence, on the ground that it had not been authenticated in such a manner as to be proof against him. The accounts, so far as they included these items, were kept in the book by the witness Briggs. And evidence was given, upon the trial, by the witness Frederick B. Fiske, from which the court was warranted in finding that Mr. Briggs was acting, in this capacity, as the representative of the defendant. He was asked: "What did Mr. Bobinson say, if anything, about who should be the incorporators and trustees? Answer. He wanted Mr. Briggs to be a trustee, and to take charge of the books. Question. Did he say anything about Mr. Briggs representing him? A. In a general way; yes, sir,—that Mr. Briggs was in the company, in effect, as his representative. Q. Did he say that? A. Substantially that; yes, sir." And he added, further, that the defendant said that "whatever was said to Mr. Briggs would be communicated to him, or something like that. " He was asked to give the substance of what was said, and answered that what was said to Mr. Briggs would be told to him. Added to this was the evidence of Briggs that he made the entries in the books from memoranda furnished to him by Mr. Fiske. He himself had no knowledge on the subject of the correctness of the entries, but they were made by him in the books from memoranda furnished to him by Mr. Fiske. Mr. Fiske was asked: "So far as you personally furnished Mr. Briggs data to be entered in the books of the corporation, were the entries truthful and correct entries of transactions made by you on behalf of the corporation?" and he answered: "Most certainly." He was further asked: "Hone of them, to your knowledge, were otherwise? Answer: Assuredly not." He was further asked: "Was there ever, to your knowledge, any question made by Mr. Robinson, or any other officer of the company, in regard to the correctness of those entries, or the correctness of the books of the corporation? Answer. Do you mean these data that I furnished? Question. Ho; these books here. A. I have no recollection of anybody calling them in question except myself." And the extent to which he called them in question was the account of the given transactions in which he had been interested. Other evidence of these witnesses was still more extended upon this subject, proving the facts to have been that Fiske reported to Briggs, for entry in the books, only such matters as were known to him to be correct; and the evidence of Briggs was that the entries were correctly made, as the information was given to him by the witness Fiske. And entries made, in the course of business, in this manner have been held to be admissible evidence to prove the transactions recorded, when they afterwards become the subject of legal controversy. Mayor v. Railroad Co., 102 N. Y. 572, 7 N. E. Rep. 905; Cheever v. Lamar, 19 Hun, 130. And the admissibility of the books, in this manner proved, has not been affected by anything contained in Peck v. Valentine, 94 N. Y. 569; for there the decision was confined wholly to objectionable evidence of a lost memorandum.
These entries, established in this manner, sustain the conclusion adopted by the court, that these sums of money had been paid to the defendant by the corporation upon the indebtedness of the preceding firm to him; and no property or funds of that firm are shown to have been placed in the possession of the company out of which it should have made those payments. This was therefore, within the knowledge of the "defendant as a trustee of the company, an appropriation and use of so much of its funds as were applied in payment of these debts to the satisfaction of demands held by him against the firm; and that, neither the corporation itself had the right to make, nor the defendant, as its trustee, the right to receive. His position was one of trust and confidence, which he was legally disabled from using for the promotion of his own advantage. Hoyle v. Railroad Co., 54 N. Y. 314. It was there said, and the correctness of the statement has not since been denied, that "whether a director of a corporation is to be called a ' trustee ' or not, in a strict sense, there can be no doubt that his character is fiduciary, being intrusted by others with powers which are to be exercised for the common and general interests of the corporation, and not for his own private interests. He falls, therefore, within the great rule by which equity requires that confidence shall not be abused by the party in whom it is reposed, and which it enforces by imposing a disability, either partial or complete, upon the party intrusted, to deal on his own behalf, in respect to any matter involved in such confidence." Id. 328. And this rule is further supported by Blake v. Railroad Co., 56 N. Y. 485. And that a director or trustee of a corporation is within the principle, was also declared in Butts v Wood, 37 N. Y. 317, and in Wardell v. Railroad Co., 103 U. S. 651. The position of the defendant as a trustee was such as to preclude him from using, or permitting the use, of his power or authority for his own personal benefit; and, to prevent that from being done in this and other analogous cases, the law has subjected guardians, trustees, agents, directors, and other officers of corporations to account for all profits made by them by taking advantage of their official position and opportunities. It will not allow these officers to place themselves in the position where there may be a conflict between the duties and obligations which they owe to the corporations and their own personal interests. And for that reason it has been generally declared and maintained that "all persons who stand in a fiduciary relation to others must account for all the profits made upon moneys in their hands by reason of such relation;" and "agents, guardians, directors of corporations, officers of municipal corporations, and all other persons clothed with a fiduciary character are subject to this rule." 1 Perry, Trusts, (2d Ed.) § 430. And this liability is further illustrated by sections 194 and 427, and cases referred to in the notes. The principle, also, in Coal Co. v. Parish, 42 Md. 598, was maintained, upon a consideration of the authorities, as broadly as it has already been stated. It was there said, with approval, that "it is now well settled that directors and managers of corporations and other companies are equally within the rule which guards and restrains the dealings and transactions between trustee and cestui que trust, and agent and his principal; such directors or managers being in fact trustees and agents of the bodies represented by them." Id. 605. And to the latter effect is Coal Co. v. Sherman, 30 Barb. 553; Stewart v. Railroad Co., 38 N. J. Law, 505; Gardner v. Butler, 30 N. J. Eq. 702; Kitchen v. Railway Co., 69 Mo. 224; Chouteau v. Allen, 70 Mo. 290; and Hubbard v. Investment Co., 14 Fed. Rep. 679. The payment of these debts to the defendant with the funds of this company was a misappropriation of its money; and from his relation and position, and general acquaintance with the business, as well as through the employment of Mr. Briggs to keep him posted, it is justly to-be inferred that he was well aware of the origin and source from which this money received by him was obtained. And for this misappropriation of so much of the funds of the company he was rightly required to account, under the judgment which has been entered.
It was further made to appear that for moneys advanced by the defendant, in the course of the business of the company, he received more than the legal rate of interest. As the evidence was given, these occasions were not frequent, however; neither were the amounts large. One occasion was stated particularly in the testimony of Mr. Fiske, which was the only one mentioned by him as being within his recollection. The witness William Corson mentioned another, where an excess above the legal rate of interest received was $90.60. This excessive interest was not received by the defendant under any agreement for the payment of usury, but it seems to have been taken by him as a bonus for the advances which he had made; and, while it is true that a director or trustee of a corporation has not been disabled by the law from loaning money to the company, it is still necessary for his protection in the transactions that it shall appear that no undue advantage has been taken by him of his position, or of the authority permitted to be exercised by him over the affairs of the company. Loans made in good faith for the convenience or necessity of the company are sanctioned by what was held in Oil Co v. Marbury, 91 U. S. 587; but there it did not appear that any funds in the way of excessive interest or usury had been received. This part of this case appears to have been quite limited in its amount; but, for whatever the defendant did so receive fr.om the company upon advances or loans made by him to the defendant, he has been regularly held accountable by the judgment. ISTo specific amount has been adjudged against him; but that is left to be ascertained, as it very properly may be, upon the accounting ordered to take place.
It was further proved that the defendant had become interested in various transactions with the company which have been described and designated as "ventures." These were purchases made by the company, for which the defendant advanced the money. The property purchased went into the possession of the company, and was sold by it, and the profits arising out of the transactions divided equally between the company and the defendant. What he .did was to advance his money to enable the company to enter upon and promote these enterprises. The services by which the property was taken in charge, or put into a condition to be sold, were those of the subordinates of the company, and not of the defendant. Various amounts of money are shown to have been paid to the defendant as his share of these profits. They were clearly secured by him by reason of his position in, and authority over the af fairs of, this corporation, and in substance and effect were in the nature of bonuses or premiums paid for the use of his money. Within the rule maintained by the authorities which have already been mentioned, these profits he had no right to exact or receive. While he was entitled to a return of his money out of these various transactions, together with lawful interest upon the amounts advanced, he had no legal right to share in the profits of the business. That was the business exclusively of the company itself, and the profits were wholly payable to it for the benefit of its stockholders and creditors; and so far as they have been received by the defendant, beyond the amounts to which he was entitled by way of interest and principal for the moneys advanced by him, he is liable to account in this action.
On the 20th of October, 1883, the company had become indebted to the defendant for moneys loaned and advanced, and for obligations which he had incurred, in the sum of $16,500; and, with the consent of a majority of the stockholders, a chattel mortgage was executed and delivered to him for the security of this sum, upon a large part, if not all, of the property of the company. This mortgage was assailed as unlawful, under the provisions of the statute declaring that it should not be lawful to make any transfer or assignment, in contemplation of the insolvency of the company, to any person or persons whatever; and declaring every such transfer and assignment to an officer or stockholder or other person, in trust for them or their benefit, to be utterly void. 2 Rev. St. (6th Ed.) p. 399, § 4. But this section of the statute was not in force at the time when this mortgage was executed, for it had been repealed by section 1, subd. 39, c. 402, Laws 1882. And it was not again restored, by the repealing of so much of this act as related to it, until the enactment of chapter 434 of the Laws of 1884. It can therefore be of no advantage whatever to the plaintiff in this action.
But while this mortgage was made in October, 1883, it was not filed until the 13th of the following month of December, and after the property mentioned in it had, to a considerable extent, been disposed of. This omission to file the mortgage entitled the plaintiff to avoid it, under the provisions of the statute relating to this transaction. Possession of the property was not taken by the mortgagee at or near the time when the mortgage was given, and that subjected it to the presumption that it in fact was fraudulent. And the statute further declared the mortgage to be absolutely void against the creditors of the mortgagor, and against subsequent purchasers and mortgagees in good faith, for the failure to file it as that has been provided for by law. 3 Rev. tit. (6th Ed.) p. 143, § 5,9. The effect of a failure to file the chattel mortgage was examined in Thompson v. Van Vechten, 27 N. Y. 568; and it was then considered by the court, in giving effect to another, and no more than an equivalent, provision of the statute, that "the creditors who may take advantage of the default in refiling embrace all the creditors of the mortgagor, without regard to the time when the debts were contracted," (Id. 583;) and that is strictly the language of the statute itself as to the effect of the omission to file the mortgage at all. Printing-Press Co. v. Damon, 1 N. Y. Supp. 185, follows and gives effect to this language of the statute. The plaintiff, as receiver, represents, not only the creditor in whose suit he has been appointed, but the other creditors of the corporation; and as such, by chapter 314 of the Laws of 1858, he has been empowered to maintain an action to set aside this mortgage. For that purpose it has been declared that he may "treat as void, and resist, all acts done, transfers and agreements made, in fraud of the rights of any creditor. " And every person, in fraud of the rights of creditors, receiving the property or effects of an insolvent corporation, has been declared to be liable, in a proper action by a receiver, for the recovery of such property. And this effect has been secured to the statute, as -it is plainly included within its language, in Southard v. Benner, 72 N. Y. 424, and Underwood v. Sutcliffe, 77 N. Y. 58. For the disposition of this mortgaged property, as far as that has taken place, and for what still remains under the control of the defendant, he appears to have become legally liable, and has rightly been directed to account in the action.
But where payments have been made to him by way of refunding moneys loaned by him in good faith, and without the employment of his coercive authority as a trustee of the company, he is entitled to retain the moneys in that manner received. As much as that is sanctioned by Oil Co. v. Marburg, supra. Neither is he liable to account for moneys paid to other persons holding obligations or paper of the company on which he was liable as indorser. For such payments no ground of liability appears to be disclosed by the evidence against the defendant, and in these respects the judgment which has been entered was unauthorized; and so it was in the last paragraph contained in it, directing the recovery of costs by the plaintiff, and awarding an additional allowance of 5 per cent, upon the amount to which he should become ultimately entitled. If the plaintiff shall become entitled to costs, that can only be ascertained upon the rendering of final judgment; and the recovery of costs in this class of cases has therefore been limited by the Code to that event. Code Civil Proc. § 3228, 3230, 3253.
Several of the findings of fact and conclusions of law, beyond those which have been considered, have been made the subject of special exception by the defendant; but it is not necessary, materially, to review these exceptions, for the reason that, even if some of the findings are broader-than the evidence, still, with the modification already suggested, no injury or injustice will result from them to the defendant. And the same observation is applicable to the rulings concerning the admission and rejection of evidence. They have not changed the case, in any degree, to the prejudice of the defendant. His liability, to the extent already considered, has been sustained by the testimony taken upon the trial. And, while the motion for a new trial should be denied, the judgment should be so far modified as to exclude the provision contained in it awarding costs and allowances, and modifying the fourth subdivision of the sixth conclusion of law to such an extent as to exclude from it the direction that the plaintiff shall account for and pay over the moneys received by him in payment of the debts of the corporation in good faith made to him, or in payment of the debts of the corporation to others for which he had become liable, or for property, not included in the mortgage, disposed of for the payment of such debts; and as so modified the motion should be denied, without costs to either party. The principles laid down in Hubbell v. Meigs, 50 N. Y. 480, permitted the receipt of the entries in books as evidence. All concur.