Case Name: BAILEY v. THE STATE
Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
Jurisdiction: Georgia
Decision Date: 1995-12-01
Citations: 219 Ga. App. 258
Docket Number: A95A1549
Parties: BAILEY v. THE STATE.
Judges: Beasley, C. J., McMurray, P. J., Birdsong, P. J., Pope, P. J., and Johnson, J., concur. Blackburn, Smith and Ruffin, JJ., dissent.
Reporter: Georgia Appeals Reports
Volume: 219
Pages: 258–264

Head Matter:
A95A1549.
BAILEY v. THE STATE.
(465 SE2d 284)

Opinion:
Andrews, Judge.
This case is before us on appeal from the trial court's denial of David Bailey's motion to dismiss and plea of former jeopardy. The sole question presented is whether there was a "manifest necessity" for the trial court's sua sponte declaration of a mistrial. We hold there was.
On August 10, 1992, shortly after midnight, a state patrolman stopped Bailey after he noticed Bailey's truck weaving back and forth and crossing over the centerline of the highway. The officer testified he could smell alcohol when Bailey stepped out of the truck and Bailey appeared flushed and unsteady on his feet. The officer informed Bailey he was going to take him in for a blood alcohol test and read Bailey the Implied Consent Warning. Bailey agreed to submit to the test. The results of the Intoximeter 3000 test showed Bailey's blood alcohol level to be .18 grams percent.
Initially, Bailey was charged with driving with an alcohol concentration of .10 grams or more under OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (4). Prior to trial, the court allowed an amendment to the accusation to add a charge under OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1), driving under the influence to the extent that it was less safe for him to do so.
On August 11,1994, the case came on for a bench trial and Bailey objected to the admission of the evidence of the blood alcohol test results. Bailey contended that the results of the Intoximeter test were inadmissible since the implied consent warning was so vague that he was not aware that he could request an independent test administered by someone of his own choosing. The court reserved ruling on the admissibility of the test results until the close of the evidence and requested both sides to submit briefs on the issue.
On November 15, 1994, the trial judge entered an order ruling the results of the blood alcohol test inadmissible since Bailey had not been informed specifically that he could have an independent blood alcohol test performed by a person of his own choosing. In that same order, the trial court went on to state: "However, the Court, sitting as the trier of fact, has both heard and seen the results which the Court has excluded. The Court is unable to remove such results from its consideration of this case. For such reasons the court hereby grants Defendant's Motion In Limine seeking to exclude results of the State administered chemical test. The Court further grants Defendant a Mistrial and assigns this case for trial by jury, where the State is hereby barred from introducing any evidence concerning the State administered blood alcohol test."
Bailey filed a motion to dismiss and plea of former jeopardy, pointing out that he had neither moved for, nor consented to, a mistrial and the court's order assigning the case to a jury was placing him in double jeopardy. The State responded to this motion by agreeing that Bailey was being placed in double jeopardy and moved for an order setting aside the order granting a mistrial. The State requested that the trial court enter a judgment based on the admissible evidence adduced at trial.
On February 14, 1995, the trial court denied Bailey's motion to dismiss as follows: "as explained in this Court's order dated November 15, 1994, the Court granted a mistrial because it would have been impossible to proceed with the trial without causing manifest injustice to the Defendant. For such reason, and pursuant to OCGA § 16-1-8 (e) (2) (B), Defendant's Motion is hereby Denied." Bailey now appeals this denial of his motion and plea in bar, contending there was no manifest necessity for declaring a mistrial and, therefore, the judge erred in ordering a mistrial without his consent.
The Georgia Constitution guarantees that no one shall be put in jeopardy more than once for the same offense except when a new trial is granted after a conviction or when a mistrial is declared. Constitution of the State of Georgia of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XVIII. In a bench trial, a person is placed in jeopardy after the first witness is sworn and before findings are made by the trier of fact. OCGA § 16-1-8 (a) (2). Therefore, there is no question that jeopardy attached in this case and the inquiry becomes whether or not the declaration of a mistrial was improper.
The court's order of February 14, 1995 denying Bailey's motion to dismiss and plea of former jeopardy gives two reasons for declaring the mistrial. First, the explanation given in the November 15, 1994 order, i.e., that it could not remove the test results from its consideration, and second, OCGA § 16-1-8 (e) (2) (B), which provides that termination of the trial is not improper if the trial court finds that termination is necessary due to prejudicial conduct in or out of the courtroom which makes it impossible to proceed with the trial without injustice to the defendant.
The trial court's citing of the Code section on "prejudicial conduct" is confusing because the order does not explain what it means by the term and both the State and the defendant contend that there has never been any prejudicial conduct in connection with this case. Therefore, the only clear reason given by the court for declaring a mistrial is the court's inability to remove the results of the blood alcohol test from its consideration of the case.
"If a mistrial is declared without a defendant's consent or over his objection, the defendant may be retried only if there was a 'manifest necessity' for the mistrial." Smith v. State, 263 Ga. 782, 783 (439 SE2d 483) (1994). The doctrine of manifest necessity requires the trial judge not to foreclose the defendant's option to have his trial completed in a particular tribunal "until a scrupulous exercise of judicial discretion leads to the conclusion that the ends of public justice would not be served by a continuation of the proceedings." Foody v. State, 205 Ga. App. 666, 667 (423 SE2d 423) (1992) (quoting United States v. Dinitz, 424 U. S. 600, 606-607 (II) (96 SC 1075, 47 LE2d 267) (1976). "Because of the severe consequences of ordering a mistrial without the [defendant's] consent, a trial court should give careful, deliberate, and studious consideration to whether the circumstances demand a mistrial, with a keen eye toward other, less drastic alternatives." Stevens v. State, 215 Ga. App. 718, 719 (452 SE2d 176) (1994).
In determining whether the trial judge's inability to disregard the inadmissible evidence rises to the level of "manifest necessity" for declaring a mistrial, the court notes at the outset that it is well estab lished that the trier of fact, whether it be judge or jury, is required to consider only admissible evidence and must be able to disregard evidence found to be inadmissible. Indeed, when the judge sits as the trier of fact, it is presumed that he will consider only legally admissible evidence. Daniels v. State, 211 Ga. App. 23, 25 (438 SE2d 99) (1993).
It is highly unusual for a judge to declare that he is unable to disregard inadmissible evidence. However, it may be that there are instances where evidence is so prejudicial that it will influence the judge's decision in spite of the fact that it is not legally admissible.
The Supreme Court has held that discovery of juror bias during trial warrants the declaration of a mistrial. Downum v. United States, 372 U. S. 734, 736 (83 SC 1033, 10 LE2d 100) (1963). Further, in a case similar to this one, a Pennsylvania court found that when the trial judge sitting as factfinder recognizes that he has a bias and rules a mistrial, this clearly constitutes a manifest necessity such that a retrial would not violate a defendant's double jeopardy rights. Commonwealth v. Smith, 467 A2d 888, 891 (Pa. 1983).
We agree that where the reason for declaring a mistrial is bias on the part of the factfinder, the trial court's decision to declare a mistrial is entitled to the highest deference. See Wilson v. State, 217 Ga. App. 544, 545 (458 SE2d 486) (1995). Although we have held that the trial court must consider less drastic alternatives prior to declaring a mistrial, there appear to be no alternatives for the trial judge to consider in this situation. Wilson, supra at 545-546. Therefore, we find that, in this instance, the trial judge's inability to disregard evidence he ruled inadmissible constitutes a manifest necessity for a mistrial. Accordingly, Bailey's double jeopardy rights will not be violated by a retrial to a jury.
Judgment affirmed.
Beasley, C. J., McMurray, P. J., Birdsong, P. J., Pope, P. J., and Johnson, J., concur. Blackburn, Smith and Ruffin, JJ., dissent.