Case Name: The State of Iowa v. L. K. Linhoff, Appellant
Court: Iowa Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Iowa
Decision Date: 1903-10-30
Citations: 121 Iowa 632
Docket Number: 
Parties: The State of Iowa v. L. K. Linhoff, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Iowa Reports
Volume: 121
Pages: 632–639

Head Matter:
The State of Iowa v. L. K. Linhoff, Appellant.
Murder in the First Decree: insufficiency oe indictment. To • 1 charge murder in the first degree by the use of a revolver, the indictment must allege not only that the shooting was with a specific intent, but that it was done willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with malice aforethought, ’ The indictment in this case is held defective under the above rule.
Presumption of Innocence: instruction. It is sufficient to in- ■ 2 struct the jury that defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable, doubt, and that, it is for the state to so prove every essential fact necessary to conviction, and that these rules should be regarded throughout their entire consideration of the case, without elaborating on the presumption of innocence. This presumption should not be treated as evidence.
Self-Defense. The right of self-defense continues until the one 3 attacked finds himself out of danger, not merely until he finds himself out of apparent danger.
Same. Where deceased attacked defendant and was killed by one 4 of five successive shots, defendant was not guilty of manslaughter if the fatal shot was fired while acting in self defense, although defendant continued firing as the result of heat of blood, and passion caused by the assault.
Appeal from Oerro Gordo District Court — -Hon. Clifford Smith, -Judge.
Friday, October 30, 1903.
Defendant was indicted for the crime of killing Ed Bromley. On being tried to a jury, she was convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to a term of two years in the state penitentiary. She appeals.
Reversed.
Glass, McGonlogue & Witwer and Blythe, Marhley <& Rule for appellant.
Chas. W. Mullan, Attorney General, and Chas. A. Van Vleck, Assistant Attorney General, for the.State.

Opinion:
Deemeb, J.
The charging part' of the 'indictment reads: "The said L. K.-Linhoff, on the 20th day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and one (19Ó1), in the county- aforesaid, did willfully, feloniously, deliberately, premeditatedly and- of her malice aforethought, make an assault in, upon, against the body of one Ed Bromley, with a deadly weapon, being a revolver, that the said L. K. Linhoff, then and there held in her hand, said revolver then and there being loaded and charged with powder and bullet, with the specific intent on her part to shoot and kill and murder the said Ed Bromley willfully, feloniously, deliberately, premeditat-edly and of her malice aforethought, and that the said L. K. Linhoff did then and there with said, deadly weapon, being a revolver loaded and charged and held in her hand as aforesaid, shoot off, and discharge the contents of the said deadly weapon at, against and into the body of the said Ed Bromley willfully, feloniously, deliberately, unlawfully, premeditatedly and of her, the said L. K. Lin-hoff, malice aforethought, inflicting upon and in the body of the said Ed Bromley a mortal wound from which said mortal wound inflicted as aforesaid the said Ed Bromley did then and there die." The trial court submitted the case on the theory that this indictment charged murder in the first degree. " Defendant complains of this, ' and says that no higher- crime than murder in -the second degree is charged. It will be observed that the language is not carefully chosen. 'To constitute murder in the'first' degree, it must -appear not only that the revolvér, if that be-the' means used, was shot off with the specific intent to kill, but also that it was do'ne willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought. It is quite common to charge an assault as well as the killing, and when this is done it must appear that both were willful, deliberate, and premed itated, and that the shooting, or whatever the means used, was with intent, to kill. State v. McCormick, 27 Iowa, 402; State v. Watkins, 27 Iowa, 415; State v. Baldwin, 79 Iowa, 718; State v. Andrew, 84 Iowa, 88.
Tested by these rules, let us see if the indictment in this case charges that the killing was done willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought. A willful* deliberate, and .premeditated assault is charged, which is said to have been made with a revolver, "then and there being loaded with powder and bullet, with the specific intent to kill and murder." Whether or not the assault was made with specific intent to kill, or the revolver was loaded and charged with specific intent to kill and murder, is left to inference. Explanatory clauses generally relate to those expressions to which they stand closest. According to this rule of grammatical construction, the indictment does not even charge that the assault was with intent to kill. But it also charges that defendant did then and there, with said we-ajion, loaded and charged as aforesaid, sl^oot off and discharge the contents thereof into the body of Ed Bromley willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, etc., inflicting a mortal wound, etc. In this respect the indictment is much like the one disapproved in State v. Andrews, supra, where we said: "The indictment accuses the-defendant of having inflicted the wound which caused the death feloniously, deliberately, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought, but except in the concluding part it does not charge that the murder was so committed. The case is within the rule announced in State v. McCormick, 27 Iowa, 403, and, following that case, w,e must hold that the indictment does not charge the defendant with the crime of murder in the first degree, as to authorize his trial for that offense." Moreover, in the instant case the indictment does not directly charge that the revolver was shot off with the intent to kill. That is left to inference and intendment. All that is charged is that defendant made an assault with a revolver, loaded with intent to kill, and did then and there shoot off the revolver into the body of Bromley willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, etc.,. indicting a mortal wound, which caused death. It is not charged, except by the merest inference, that the assault was made with the intent to kill, nor is it alleged that the revolver was fired off with that intent. As said in State v. McCormick, supra: "The indictment does, indeed, charge that the assault was willful, deliberate, and premeditated, that the blow was dealt purposely, deliberately, and with premeditation, but it does not charge that it was thus-dealt for the purpose or with the intent to kill, or that the killing — the taking of the life of the deceased— was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. It needs no arguments to show that an assault may be willful, deliberate, and premeditated without there being any intent whatever on the part of the assailant to kill, or take the life of, the person assaulted." ' There'is no doubt, in view of the rule laid down in these cases, that the indictment does not charge murder in the first-degree.
The Attorney General relies on State v. Stanley, 33 Iowa, 528; State v. Shelton, 64 Iowa, 336; State v. Dooley, 89 Iowa, 589. But they do -not sustain his position. In Stanley's Case the indictment, after charging an assault with a revolver loaded with powder and bullet, proceeds, "And then and there the said Stanley did, by lying in wait, and with the specific intent to kill, willfully, deliberately," etc., "shoot and discharge the contents of said revolver into the body of," etc., "thereby inflicting a mortal wound," etc. In Shelton's Case the language is almost identical with that used in the indictment in the Stanley Case, and the same may be said of the indictment in Dooley's Case. The indictment under consideration nowhere charges that the act which caused the death was done with the specific, intent to kill. The most that can be said of it is that it charges ah assault with a revolver, loaded with specific intent to kill, and a willful, deliberate, and premeditated and felonious discharge of the revolver in and upon the body of Bromley, which resulted in a mortal' wound. The trial cburt was in error in submitting the question of murder in the first' degree to the jury.
Even had'the indictment been sufficient, we still think the evidence did not warrant the submission of this degree of crime. ' As there must be a retrial of the case, we shall not dwell upon the evidence any further than is necessary to an understanding of the points decided.
II. The trial court gave the usual instruction with reference to the presumption of innocence, and added: "These rules with reference to the presumption of innocence and the burden of proof are among the . _ . . . iimaamen tal principles of our law, ana must be regarded'throughout your consideration of the evidence." Defendant ashed instructions to the effect that this presumption stood as so much evidence. Indeed, his Counsel seems to have copied a part of the opinion of the Supreme, Court of the United States in Coffin v. U. S., 156 U. S. 432 (15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 394, 39 L. Ed. 481),' in o'ne of their requests. There has been much speculation regarding the logical correctness óf the argument used by the court in that case, and we have 'recently had occasion to say somethirig regarding the use of the word "presumption."' See State v. Thiele, 119 Iowa, 659. An essay on the proper construction of the word would be profitless at this time, for, as we viéw it, the trial court did not err in denying the defendant's requests. 'Whatever the true rule regarding the use and value of a presumption, there is always danger of obscuring it by over-refinement. When a jury is instructed, as in this case, that a defendant is presumed to be innocent unless and until he i« proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and that it is for the state to prove every fact essential to defendant's conviction beyond a reasonable doubt:, and that these rules are to be regarded throughout their consideration of the case, it has a more certain guide than ^yhere a trial court .attempts by definition and elucidation to explain the .genesis, growth, and legal aspect of the doctrine. There was no error in the instruction given. This is conceded, and we do not think there vas ' any error in refusing to give the ones asked. It is enough to say that we do not approve of the doctrine that legal presumptions such as .the one in question are to be treated.as evidence. Indeed, the Supreme Court of the United States has repudiated that rule. Agnew v. U. S., 165 U. S. 36 (17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 235, 41 L. Ed. 624); See, also, People v. Ostrander, 110 Mich. 60 (67 N. W. Rep. 1079.)
III. Defendant claims that what she did was .in der fense of her husband and of her habitation, and she asked an instruction to the effect that, as she was upon her own .premises when she claims she was attacked, she was not required to retreat. The'instruction was correct, but, as the trial court fully covered the ground in its thirteenth instruction, there was no error.
IY. Mention has already been made of the fact that .defendant claims to have acted in defense of her husband .and of her habitation. It is undisputed that she fired five :shots from a revolver in'rapid succession, one of which .took effect .and resulted in the death of - Bromley. In instruction No. 19 the jury was instructed as follows: "The right of defense is founded on necessity and is limited by .necessity, either real or apparent. The right to kill an , assailant in defense of another begins and ends where the necessity to save the person defended from death or great bodily harm apparently begins and ends. Therefore, even . if the Bromleys attacked Linhoff with felonious intent, if they abandoned the attack and retreated, so that danger of death or great bodily harm from this was over, and this was apparent to the defendant, her right to kill (if existing until then) would thereupon end. If, however, she merely continued to shoot under the influence of heat of blood and passion caused by such assault and conflict,' she would only be guilty of manslaughter. Regard should be had to the partial obscurity of the night, the nature of the conflict,' the distance the defendant was from it, her position with reference to the other parties, the rapidity of "the shots, the smoke, if any, therefrom,-and all the circum.-stances. Here, as elsewhere, the burden of proof is on'thé state." This instruction is erroneous in at least two particulars. In "the first place, if one is unlawfully'attacked, .'he may defend himself against the attack until he finds himself out of danger: The use of the word "apparent," as applied to the dodtrine of .-retreat from one's adversary, is misleading. Where one unlawfiily attacks another,'that other has the right to protect himself against'the attadk, and to save himself from .harm, and is not bound to draw nice calculations from appearances. These, are sometimes deceiving. The rule, as we understand it, is'that the one attacked'may pursue his .adversary until he finds himself out of danger. State v. Collins, 32 Iowa, 36.
But the more serious error in the instruction is in the paragraph relating to the continuance of the shooting. It will be observed that no reference is mude;in this instruction to the fatal shot The.language is that, if she "continued'to shoot under, the influence of heat of blood and passion, caused by such an assault "and conflict, she would only be guilty of manslaughter," and this without reference to whether the fatal shot' was' fired before' or'after Bromley abatidóned the- attack. If the shot which inflicted the wound was .'fired before Bromley retreated, then' it was 'entirely'Immaterial how many shots were fired afterwards.' Defendant should not be convicted because she firedin effectively after her assailant had retreated. Careful analysis of the instruction in the light of the evidence adduced, which tended to show that it was the third shot which took effect, leads us to the conclusion that it cannot be sustained.
V. Some other questions are argued, which are not likely to arise on a retrial; hence they need not be considered.
For the errors pointed out, the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded fcr a retrial. — Eeversed.