Case Name: Cain vs. Leslie
Court: Arkansas Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Arkansas
Decision Date: 1854-07
Citations: 15 Ark. 312
Docket Number: 
Parties: Cain vs. Leslie.
Judges: 
Reporter: Arkansas Reports
Volume: 15
Pages: 312–316

Head Matter:
Cain vs. Leslie.
0., the purchaser of an improvement on public land subject to entry, and L., who is security for the purchase money, enter into a parol agreement that L. shall advance the money to enter the land, and shall enter it, and hold the legal title as security for his advance and for his seeurityship: L. makes the entry accordingly: Held# That he holds the land as trustee, and equity will enforce the performance of the agreemeht.
A sale of an improvement on public land, is recognized by statute, and the purchaser acquires a possessory right, which the law protects, and which is good against every body but the government or its grahtee.
'Appeal for Hempstead Owomt Court m Chancery.
Tbe Hon. SheltoN WátsoN, Circuit Judge.
■ CukRAN & Gallagher for tbe appellant.
Tbis case falls clearly within tbe principles recognized and settled in the case of Hector vs. Keatts, 1 Ark. Hep. 191.
PiKE and CuitRAN, contra.
The agreément between Cain and Leslie, was without any valuable or meritorious consideration; and equity will not enforce a voluntary -agreement. 3 Story Eg. Ju-ris. 430, seo. 43, n. 3/ 18 Ves. 84/ 4 J1 0. R. 497/ 1 Gowen Rep. 711. In this case, tbe very essence of a contract is wanting; there is no mutuality, no reciprocity in the contract. 2 Story’s Eg.. Jv/ris. 60, n. 2. There is no time specified in which the contract is to be performed, nor is the agreement in writing. It is a mere parol agreement, indefinite as to time, and within the statute of frauds. Eig. 540, seo. 1/2 Story’s Eg. Juris. 60, seo. 751, 752; 1J. G. It 273.

Opinion:
Me. Chief Justice WatKINS
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The substance of the bill of complaint in this cause, which was adjudged insufficient upon demurrer in the Court below, is, that, in the year 1851, the complainant Cain purchased of one Start an improvement on a certain tract of public land, belonging to the United States, for the consideration of one hundred dollars, of which he paid twenty-five dollars, and gave his note for the residue, being seventy-five dollars, with the defendant Leslie as security. The improvement consisted of between five and ten acres o'f cleared land, with a comfortable loghouse, and out buildings upon it, of which the .complainant was put in possession. That, in October, 1852, Leslie, professing to be uneasy about being security for complainant, and at the same .time his friend, and disposed to assist him in purchasing the land, proposed that he, Leslie, would advance the amount of money required to enter it, at the land office; and would mate the entry in his own name, as a means -of indemnity against loss, in respect of his securityship, and the purchase money to be advanced, and that when the complainant would pay him the amount of their joint note to Start, so that he might discharge it, and refund the entrance -money with interest, he would hold the title to the land and improvements in trust for the complainant, and convey the same to him by a valid deed. That the complainant being poor, not having the amount of money required to pay for the land, desirous to save his improvements, and fearful that some other person might enter the land, and deprive him and his family of their home, and confiding in the representations and promises of Leslie, consented to the arrangement proposed, and furnished him with the numb el's of the tract, and authorized him to enter it at the land office in the way proposed and agreed upon; -and which was accordingly done. That complainant continued in possession, and-ón the faith of the contract with Leslie and his promise to make a deed, on payment of those sums of money, went on to clear more land,, and make additional improvements thereon. That, in the month of January, 1853, Leslie conveyed an undivided half of the tract in question to the other defendants, Steele and Mc-Fall, with intent to cheat and defraud the complainant, and put it out of his power to obtain a title. That Steele and M'cFall, being unfriendly with complainant, had confederated with Leslie to propose to enter complainant's improvement for him, and them induced Leslie to convey an undivided half of it to them; their object being to force the complainant to abandon the place, on pay them a high rent, or purchase their half at an exorbitant price, and further, to compel him to pay them some money which he did not justly owe, and of all'which designs on their part, Leslie was apprised. That, in the early part of the same year, Steele and McPall notified the complainant, that they would require him to give security for the rent of their undivided half of the-place, or else surrender possession of it to them. That complainant, as soon as he could raise the money, tendered to -Leslie the full amount of their note to Start, and the hundred dollars advanced to enter the land, together with the interest accrued on both of those sums, and requested him to comply with the agreement by executing a deed then prepared and presented' to him conveying the land to complainant. That Leslie would not receive the money or execute the deed. Prayer, that the defendants be decreed to hold the laud as trustees- for complainant; that they be compelled to accept the money tendered, and execute proper conveyances to vest title in complainant.
The bill makes out a stronger case for relief, upon the facts confessed by the demurrer, than that of Keatts vs. Rector, 1 Ark. 391, where specific performance of a parol agreement respecting an interest in land was decreed, .and comes directly within the principles there adjudicated upon the construction of the statute of frauds. It is true, that the complainant, not .having a right of pre-emption, Leslie or any other person was at liberty to enter the land with the improvements upon it, and eject the occupant ; and that any subsequent promise to compensate him for his improvement, would have been without consideration. But the sale of improvements on public land is recognized by statute, and the complainant, by his purchase from Start, acquired a pos-sessory right, which the law .protects, and good against every body but the government or its grantee. Though a mere chattel interest, a possession held by the sufferance of the United States, it was a sufficient consideration for the note given to Start; as was not doubted in Nick's heirs vs. Rector, 4 Ark. 252; see also Brock vs. Smith, 14 Ib. 431, and cases there cited. The equity of the complainant consists in the fact, that relying upon the agreement, which was designed to be, as it was, immediately executed, he relinquished the undoubted privilege of entering, or causing it to be done by some other person for his own benefit, the land which included his improvement. Begarding him as being up to that time an intruder upon public land, though it was in market under a standing offer of sale, then, if there was no agreement, be became at once a trespasser liable to be evicted by Leslie. There was indeed no change of possession, for being in, he continued to occupy. But his possession became for the first time •lawful under the title acquired from the government, and with express reference to the agreement, and upon the faith of it, the complainant went on to clear more land and make additional improvements, without objection from Leslie.
Taking into consideration the other allegations in the bill, of confederacy between tbe defendants to defraud and injure the complainant, it seems to be clearly a case where, unless tbe agreement be performed, an unconscionable fraud and deceit will bave been practiced upon tbe complainant.
Decree reversed, and tbe- cause remanded,, with instructions to overrule tbe demurrer.