Case Name: Alexandra MARCHUK, Plaintiff, v. FARUQI & FARUQI, LLP et al., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2015-01-28
Citations: 100 F. Supp. 3d 302
Docket Number: No. 13 Civ. 1669(AKH)
Parties: Alexandra MARCHUK, Plaintiff, v. FARUQI & FARUQI, LLP et al., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 3d
Volume: 100
Pages: 302–314

Head Matter:
Alexandra MARCHUK, Plaintiff, v. FARUQI & FARUQI, LLP et al., Defendants.
No. 13 Civ. 1669(AKH).
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
Signed Jan. 28, 2015.
Harry W. Lipman, Jonathan Samuel Hershberg, Thomas Everett Chase, Rot-tenberg Lipman Rich, P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiff.
Scott A. Bursor, Joseph Ignatius Márch-ese, Neal Jamison Deckant, Yitzchak Ko-pel, Bursor & Fisher, P.A., Victoria Marie Sloan, Ronald M. Green, Epstein Becker & Green, P.C., New York, NY, for Defendants.

Opinion:
OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW
ALVIN K. HELLERSTEIN, District Judge:
After Plaintiff rested her case, Defendants moved for judgment as a matter of law ("JMOL") as to all Defendants on all claims. For the following reasons, and the reasons stated on the record during the oral argument on January 23, 2015, Defendants' motion is granted in part and denied in part,
LEGAL STANDARD
Fed.R.Civ.P. 50 permits a court to "enter judgment as a matter of law when a party has been fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and the court finds that a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the party on that issue." Newton v. City of New York, 784 F.Supp.2d 470, 474 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (internal citations omitted). The standard mirrors that for summary judgment. Id.
DISCUSSION
1. Title VII Hostile Work Environment Claim
Plaintiff alleges Title VII violations against Plaintiffs employer, Faruqi and Faruqi. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs hostile work environment claim should be dismissed on two grounds.
First, Defendants argue that she has failed to introduce evidence establishing a prima facie case of hostile work environment. But Plaintiff has offered sufficient proof for a reasonable juror to conclude that she was (1) subjected to sufficiently severe or pervasive conduct that a reasonable person would find her work environment hostile or abusive; (2) Plaintiff herself perceived her work environment hostile or abusive; and (3) she was subjected to that conduct at least in part due to her sex. See Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106, 113 (2d Cir.2007). There is no legal basis for dismissing a hostile work environment claim simply because the most severe conduct allegedly occurred outside regular office hours, as Defendants argue.
Defendants also argue that the federal claim must be dismissed because Title VII does not impose individual liability and Plaintiff has not offered sufficient evidence to impute Mr. Monteverde's conduct to Faruqi & Faruqi. Defendants are wrong. When harassment by a supervisor culminates in tangible employment action, an employer is strictly liable. Vance v. Ball State Univ., — U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 2434, 2437, 186 L.Ed.2d 565 (2013). And working conditions that "were so intolerable that a reasonable person in the employee's position would have felt compelled to resign" constitute tangible employment action. Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 130, 124 S.Ct. 2342, 159 L.Ed.2d 204 (2004). ' Plaintiff has offered sufficient proof for a jury to conclude that Mr. Monteverde was her supervisor and that his conduct, if true, was sufficiently severe to compel a reasonable person to resign. There is nothing else she needs to show to impute Mr. Monteverde's conduct to Faruqi & Faruqi.
Defendants' invocation of the Faragher/Ellerth doctrine is misguided. Together, Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 807, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998) and Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998) hold that "if no tangible employment action is taken, the employer may escape liability by establishing, as an affirmative defense, that (1) the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct any harassing behavior and (2) that the plaintiff unreasonably failed to take advantage of the preventive or corrective opportunities that the employer provided." Vance, 133 S.Ct. at 2437 (emphasis added). As explained above, that does not apply to this case because, if the jury believes Ms. Marchuk, they may conclude that tangible employment action was taken. And even if they do not, a Faragher/Ellerth defense is Defendants' burden. I cannot say as a matter of law that they have carried it.
The motion for JMOL on Plaintiffs Title VII discrimination claim (Count Three of the Complaint), is denied.
2. NYSHRL Hostile Work Environment Claims (Complaint, Count Two)
"Hostile work environment claims under both Title VII and the [New York State Human Rights Law ("NYSHRL") ] are governed by the same standard." Summa v. Hofstra Univ., 708 F.3d 115, 123-24 (2d Cir.2013). There are two important distinctions, however. First, unlike federal law, New York state law permits individual liability. See, e.g., Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 158 (2d Cir.2004). Second, an employer is never strictly liable for the conduct of employees, even if the harassing employee is a Plaintiffs supervisor. Human Rights ex rel. Greene v. St. Elizabeth's Hosp., 66 N.Y.2d 684, 687, 496 N.Y.S.2d 411, 487 N.E.2d 268 (1985). An employer is only liable for conduct that it encouraged, condoned, or expressly or impliedly approved. Id.
In this case, Plaintiff has introduced sufficient evidence for a jury to find that Mr. Monteverde created a hostile work environment. However, she has failed to present any evidence to allow a reasonable jury to conclude that Faruqi & Faruqi or its principals, Nadeem and Lubna Faruqi, encouraged, condoned, or approved of the alleged discriminatory conduct. Plaintiff admits that she never complained about Mr. Monteverde to either of the Faruqis. Indeed, she told only one other person at the law firm, Emily Komlossy, about Mr. Monteverde's behavior, and insisted that Ms. Komlossy not say anything to Mr., or Ms. Faruqi. Trial Tr. at 120:18. Plaintiff informed Ms. Komlossy that Mr. Monteverde had kissed her and grabbed her breast, but her reaction to Mr. Monteverde's advance was not clear. Id. at 761. Ms. Komlossy relayed this information to Mr. Faruqi. Id. at 766. Mr. Faruqi immediately admonished Mr. Monteverde upon learning of the kissing incident, despite his belief that the encounter may have been consensual. See id. at 825:22-826:2 ("I said, you're never to do this again. I said, you work for me. She works for me. This is never to happen again. I said, you're never to be socially alone with her. I said you're not to put yourself in any position where you can compromise yourself with her. I said, you're never to do that again.").
It is undisputed that this was the extent of either Faruqi's alleged' knowledge of the subject until Plaintiff filed her lawsuit. Based on this evidence, no reasonable juror could find that Mr. or Ms. Faruqi, or the Faruqi & Faruqi law firm, encouraged, condoned or approved of Mr. Monteverde's alleged conduct. Accordingly JMOL is granted with respect to the Faruqi & Fa-ruqi law firm, and with respect to Nadeem and Lubna Faruqi in their individual capacities. JMOL is denied with respect to Mr. Monteverde.
3. NYCHRL Hostile Work Environment Claims (Complaint, Count One)
The New York City Human Rights Law ("NYCHRL") is somewhat more complicated, as its legislative history indicates that it was intended to be construed liberally, and in some cases more broadly, than Title VII or state law. See Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir.2013). For example, a hostile work environment claim under city law only requires a plaintiff to show that she was treated less well because of her gender; she does not need to show that the unwelcome conduct was "severe" or "pervasive." Id. And unlike state law, New York City law permits an employer to be held vicariously liable for an employee's conduct if the employee is the plaintiffs supervisor. See NYCHRL § 8-107(13)(b)(l-3). Under this standard, Plaintiff has offered sufficient evidence for a juror to find Mr. Monteverde and the Faruqi & Faruqi law firm liable.
But the law is not so broad that it imposes strict liability on an individual for simply holding an ownership stake in a liable employer. None of the cases cited by Plaintiff, nor any cases that this Court is aware of, go that far. Generally, when courts permit cases to proceed against- individuals under the NYCHRL, it is because "they participate in the conduct giving rise to a discrimination claim." See Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 158 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Sowemimo v. D.A.O.R. Sec., Inc., 43 F.Supp.2d 477, 490 (S.D.N.Y.1999)). In a 2013 opinion, Judge Castel dismissed NYCHRL discrimination claims against Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and the Attorney General's Director of Human Resources Robert Pablo because the plaintiff had failed to show that they "participated in the discriminatory conduct," even though each one clearly had the power to make personnel decisions. Morgan v. NYS Atty. Gen.'s Of fice, No. 11-cv-9389 (PKC), 2013 WL 491525 (Feb. 8, 2013).
The case law addressing individual liability under the NYCHRL is undeveloped. However, it cannot be the case, as Plaintiff argues based on the naked text of the statute, that liability attaches to a company's shareholder in his individual capacity without any inquiry into his personal culpability, as such a reading would be inconsistent with state corporate law. "The law permits the incorporation of a business for the very purpose of enabling its proprietors to escape personal liability." Walkovszky v. Carlton, 18 N.Y.2d 414, 417, 276 N.Y.S.2d 585, 223 N.E.2d 6 (1966). Plaintiff in this case must therefore prove at least some minimal culpability on the part of Nadeem and Lubna Faruqi. See Lewis v. Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Auth., 77 F.Supp.2d 376, 384 (S.D.N.Y.1999) ("[A] supervisor's failure to take adequate remedial measures can rise to the level of 'actual participation' under [the human rights laws.]"). As explained in the previous section, she has not carried that burden.
JMOL is granted on Count One with respect to Mr. and Ms. Faruqi in their individual capacities. JMOL is denied with respect to Mr. Monteverde and the Faruqi & Faruqi law firm.
4. Front Pay
Front pay damages "cannot be unduly speculative." Dunlap-McCuller v. Riese Org., 980 F.2d 153, 159 (2d Cir.1992). Its purpose is to make the victim whole, and "should not place the plaintiff in a better position than [s]he would have occupied had [s]he not been fired." Chisholm v. Mem. Sloan-Kettering Cancer Ctr., 824 F.Supp.2d 573, 577 (S.D.N.Y.2011).
In this case, Plaintiffs primary evidence to support front pay damages is the testimony of a legal recruiter who attempted to estimate how much a fourth-year associate from a top 20 law school would earn in the lateral market. The evidence has some glaring holes in it. For example, the expert made no inquiry into Faruqi & Faruqi's pay structure, so he had no foundation for estimating how much she might expect to earn had she stayed at Faruqi & Faruqi. Nor, without a salary history, could he form a reliable upon what she might expect from another firm upon exiting Faruqi & Faruqi. The recruiter also did not inquire into the turnover rate of Faruqi associates, nor any reasonable expectation of tenure, which renders Plaintiffs claim for four years of front pay speculative. The expert had no knowledge about the careers that outgoing Faruqi & Faruqi attorneys were able to secure. He made no inquiry into the types of jobs Plaintiff was seeking, which is particularly problematic because he based his calculation on Plaintiff transitioning to another firm that does similar work, despite Plaintiffs own admission that she had no desire to work in that practice area. Trial Tr. at 271:8-21. And the variance in his projected salary range is nearly 100 percent ($85,-000 to $160,000). Id at 1140:17.
Plaintiff has offered little evidence apart from the legal recruiter that would allow a jury to calculate front pay, either. For example, she has offered no evidence that she would have earned a raise at Faruqi & Faruqi where, as a plaintiffs class action firm, compensation is largely based on the firm's performance, which had become unprofitable. She has offered no evidence that she would have even continued working at Faruqi & Faruqi had the alleged sexual harassment not occurred, nor has she offered any evidence about the average length of associate tenure. The only tangible evidence she has offered is the salary of an associate four years her senior in the firm's Delaware office, who performed specialized work as a Delaware local counsel. That is not a good comparison.
I fear that, without tangible evidence in the record, there is significant risk that any front pay award will be largely speculative. However, rather than dismiss Plaintiffs claim for front pay damages at this stage, a better course is to defer determination of the issue until after verdict, and to require the jury to identify in their verdict the portion of any damages award attributed to Plaintiffs front pay claim. Accordingly, the determination of this aspect of Defendants' motion is reserved.
5. Back Pay
A plaintiff may recover for lost salary between the date of the alleged discrimination and the date of judgment if her working conditions were so intolerable that a reasonable person would have felt compelled to resign. Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 147, 124 S.Ct. 2342, 159 L.Ed.2d 204 (2004) (quoting Perry v. Harris Chernin, Inc., 126 F.3d 1010, 1015 (7th Cir.1997)). Plaintiff has offered sufficient proof for a jury to find that in this case. JMOL is therefore denied with respect to back pay damages.
6. Retaliation under Title VII and NYSHRL (Complaint, Count Four)
Plaintiff has alleged that, as a result of her lawsuit, Defendants unlawfully retaliated against her by filing defamation and tortious interference counterclaims and issuing a press release about those counterclaims. In order to prove unlawful retaliation under Title VII and the NYSHRL, a plaintiff must prove three elements, each by a preponderance 'of the evidence:
1)Plaintiff engaged in a protected activity to oppose an unlawful discriminatory practice;
2) Plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action; and
3) Plaintiffs protected activity was the but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.
See Lore v. City of Syracuse, 670 F.3d 127, 157 (2d Cir.2012); Univ of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr: v. Nassar, - U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2534, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013). Plaintiff has failed to satisfy any of the three elements.
First, although it is true that a Title VII lawsuit ordinarily qualifies as a protected activity if the plaintiff has a good faith, reasonable belief that the defendants' actions violated the law, Kelly v. Howard I. Shapiro & Assocs. Consulting Eng'rs, P.C., 716 F.3d 10, 14 (2d Cir.2013), Ms. Marchuk's complaint was anything but ordinary. Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2) requires "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Under Rule 8(a)'s notice pleading standard, "[s]pecific facts are not necessary." Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007). On March 12, 2013, Plaintiff filed a 22-page complaint containing every salacious detail elicited during the trial and many more that weren't. It was as replete with incendiary language and vituperative attacks as any complaint I have seen. Had Defendants moved to strike the com-' plaint earlier, I would certainly have done so. Plaintiff is represented by experienced counsel who know well what a pleading should contain, and the decision to file this unprofessional document thus reflects an intent to extend the litigation from the courts to the press. If the character of pleadings can remove a Title VII lawsuit's "protected activity" status, then this pleading did so.
In addition, Plaintiff cannot show that the counterclaims and corresponding press release constituted adverse employment action. To qualify, an action must create "a materially adverse change in working conditions more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities." Galabya v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 202 F.3d 636, 640 (2d Cir.2000). Although the forms of actionable conduct have expanded in recent years beyond merely hiring, firing, failing to. promote, and reassignment, see Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 60, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006), at least some circuits have definitively held that an employer's post-termination counterclaim is not actionable retaliation under Title VII. See Hernandez v. Crawford Bldg. Material Co., 321 F.3d 528 (5th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 817, 124 S.Ct. 82, 157 L.Ed.2d 34 (2003); cf. Steffes v. Stepan Co., 144 F.3d 1070, 1075 (7th Cir.1998) (explaining that, except in rare cases, conduct within the scope of litigation is not a basis for a retaliation claim.). But see Torres v. Gristede's Operating Corp., 628 F.Supp.2d 447, 472-73 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (allowing retaliation counterclaims to proceed in an FLSA action where the court found the counterclaims to be "completely baseless" and made in bad faith.).
The text of Title VII's antiretaliation provision says that ,"[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment . because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this chapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). In this case, Ms. Marchuk had not been Defendants' employee for more than a year by the time the counterclaims were filed. By then, she was working at a different job in a different field in a different state. Defendants lacked control over any aspect of Ms. Marchuk's working conditions, and indeed Ms. Marchuk does not identify any aspect of her working conditions that changed after the counterclaim was filed. The counterclaims thus did not constitute adverse employment action under Title VII.
But even if post-resignation counterclaims could form the basis for a Title VII retaliation claim, they would not in this case because no reasonable juror could find that Defendants' counterclaims were completely baseless given the facts in the record. The evidence indicates that a copy of the complaint was scanned approximately 45 minutes after being filed with the court on a scanner that did not belong to Defendants, by someone who knew the email addresses of Faruqi & Faruqi clients, opposing counsel, and Mr.- Monteverde's wife. Trial Tr. at 960:18-961:12. The universe of individuals with such knowledge, who would also have been aware of the complaint's existence so soon after its filing, is small. Regardless of whether Plaintiff or her agent in fact sent the emails that precipitated the counterclaims, Defendants clearly had a good faith basis for believing that they did. Plaintiffs Title VII and NYSHRL retaliation claims therefore fail as a matter of law. See Beltran v. Brentwood N. Healthcare Ctr., LLC, 426 F.Supp.2d 827, 833-835 (N.D.Ill.2006) (holding that an employer's counterclaim, if not baseless, cannot support a claim for retaliation).
JMOL is granted with respect to the Title VII and NYSHRL retaliation claims.
7. Retaliation under NYCHRL (Complaint, Count Four)
As with discrimination, the NYCHRL's protections against retaliation are intended to be broader than its federal and state counterparts. See Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 112 (2d Cir.2013). City law requires a plaintiff to show that she took an action opposing her employer's discrimination and that, as a result, the employer engaged in conduct that was reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in such action. Id. If a defendant offers a legitimate reason for its conduct, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the proffered reason was pretextual or motivated at least in part by an impermissible motive. Russo v. New York Presbyterian Hosp., 972 F.Supp.2d 429, 456 (E.D.N.Y.2013).
As explained in Part 6, supra, Defendants had a rational basis for bringing their defamation and tortious interference counterclaims against Ms. Marchuk because they believed in good faith that that Ms. Marchuk had disseminated her complaint outside the judicial process. Plaintiff argues in response that the claims were nevertheless motivated in part by an impermissible motive because they made Plaintiff less likely to pursue her counterclaims and were likely to discourage others from bringing similar lawsuits in the future. See Williams v. New York City Housing Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 70-71, 872 N.Y.S.2d 27 (1st Dep't 2009) ("Retaliation is to be weighed in a context-specific assessment of whether conduct had a 'chilling effect' on protected activity."). But Plaintiff has not presented credible evidence that the counterclaims in fact deterred Plaintiff from maintaining her lawsuit or deterred anybody else from filing a lawsuit.
"At some level of generality, any action taken by an employer for the purpose of defending against the employee's charge can be characterized as adverse to the employee." United States v. New York City Transit Auth., 97 F.3d 672, 677 (2d Cir.1996). Every counterclaim necessarily reduces the expected value of a plaintiffs recovery by increasing the cost and duration of litigation and raising the specter of recovery against the plaintiff. That fact alone cannot make legitimate, good-faith counterclaims impermissible. To hold that would be to hold that whenever a defendant is sued for sexual harassment, city law can nullify a defendant's right to recover under state law. New York City does not have that power. See N.Y. Const. art. IX, § 2(c) (McKinney's 2002) ("every local government shall have power to adopt and amend local laws not inconsistent with the provisions of this constitution or any general law . ") (emphasis added); Wallach v. Town of Dryden, 23 N.Y.3d 728, 743, 992 N.Y.S.2d 710 (2014) ("Under the preemption doctrine, a local law promulgated under a municipality's home rule authority must yield to an inconsistent state law as a consequence of the untrammeled primacy of the Legislature to act with respect to matters of state concern."), (internal quotations omitted).
Apart from those legal shortcomings, important practical complications preclude Plaintiff from proving damages here. The crux of Plaintiffs retaliation theory is that Defendants' counterclaims and corresponding press release exposed her and her lawsuit to unwelcome attention that has hurt her employment prospects in order to dissuade Plaintiff from continuing her lawsuit. Defendants argue that she was not harmed because she intended to, and did, attract the media's attention from the outset by writing her complaint the way she did. This issue cannot possibly be litigated fairly without introducing Plaintiffs complaint of March 13, 2013, and introduction of the complaint would be highly prejudicial to Defendants under Fed.R.Civ.P. 403 for the reasons explained in Part 4, supra. Thus, even if Plaintiff could ordinarily make out a retaliation claim under NYCHRL, she will not be allowed to use her own breach of the federal rules to her advantage in this case.
JMOL is granted as to Plaintiffs retaliation claim under NYCHRL.
8. Defamation (Complaint, Count Five)
In order to recover for defamation in New York, Ms. Marchuk must prove five elements by a preponderance of the evidence:
1) Defendants made a statement that tends to expose Ms. Marchuk to public hatred, contempt, ridicule, or disgrace. A statement that is merely unpleasant, offensive, embarrassing, or hurts Ms. Marchuk's feelings is not necessarily defamatory.
2) Defendants published the statements to somebody other than Ms. Mar-chuk.
3) The statements were false.
4) Defendants were at least negligent in determining whether the statements were, in fact, true.
5)Ms. Marchuk suffered "special damages," meaning specific, quantifiable harm, or else the statements constituted defamation per se, meaning, in this case, that they tended to injure Ms. Marchuk in her profession.
See Thai v. Cayre Grp. Ltd., 726 F.Supp.2d 323, 329 (S.D.N.Y.2010); Celle v. Filipino Reporter Enters., Inc., 209 F.3d 163, 179 (2d Cir.2000). Defendants do not contest that they published a press release contemporaneously with their counterclaims against Ms. Marchuk. And Ms. Marchuk has offered sufficient proof for a jury to find for her on the first and third elements of defamation as well. However, her defamation claim must fail because at the conclusion of her case she has not proven the particular requirements for damages.
Per se damages with respect to professional reputation are limited to statements that describe the plaintiff as unfit for "the proper conduct of the business, trade profession or office itself. The statement must be made with reference to a matter of significance and importance for that purpose, rather than a more general reflection upon the plaintiffs character or qualities." Liberman v. Gelstein, 80 N.Y.2d 429, 435, 590 N.Y.S.2d 857, 605 N.E.2d 344 (1992). In their press release, the Defendants stated that Ms. Marchuk was "obsessed" with Mr. Monteverde and fabricated her allegations and distributed copies of her complaint in order to "extort" Defendants. These statements are not defamatory per se because they speak to Ms. Marchuk's personal character, rather than her professional competence directly. Further, New York courts addressing this very issue have found that characterizing a plaintiffs lawsuit as "extortion" is not actionable. See Melius v. Glacken, 94 A.D.3d 959, 959-60, 943 N.Y.S.2d 134. (2d Dep't 2012) ("[A] reasonable listener would have believed that calling the plaintiff an 'extortionist' who is seeking 'to extort money' was conveying the defendant's opinion as to the merits of the plaintiffs lawsuit and was not a factual accusation of criminal conduct.").
Neither has Plaintiff proven special damages. "Special damages consist of the loss of something having economic or pecuniary value which must flow directly from the injury to reputation caused by the defamation." Celle, 209 F.3d at 179. "General testimony regarding humiliation and loss of reputation" is insufficient, Sharratt v. Hickey, 20 A.D.3d 734, 736, 799 N.Y.S.2d 299 (3d Dep't 2005), and special damages are unavailable unless the plaintiff describes her economic damages "with sufficient particularity to identify actual losses." Celle, 209 F.3d at 179. Plaintiffs only evidence on economic damages comes from Michael Lord, a legal recruiter. As explained in Part 4, supra, Mr. Lord's testimony engages in a great deal of speculation and falls well short of being sufficiently particular to identify Plaintiffs actual losses from the press release. When asked whether Mr. Lord would have taken Ms. Marchuk as a client before the press release issued, he replied, "[fit's very likely that I would have turned her down, because she had three months of experience and, also, because she was suing her firm." Trial Tr. at 1173:23-25. He did not explain, let alone quantify, how the press release itself changed Lord's already bleak forecast for Ms. Marchuk's career outlook.
For these reasons, JMOL is granted with respect to Plaintiffs defamation claim.
CONCLUSION
Defendants' motion for judgment as a matter of law is granted as to all Defendants on Plaintiffs claims for retaliation and defamation, as to Lubna Faruqi, Na-deem Faruqi, and Faruqi & Faruqi LLP on Plaintiffs NYSHRL hostile work environment claim, and as to Lubna Faruqi and Nadeem Faruqi on Plaintiffs NYCHRL hostile work environment claim. Defendants' motion is denied with respect to Plaintiffs Title VII hostile work environment claim, Plaintiffs request for back-pay, Plaintiffs NYSHRL hostile work environment claim as to Juan Monteverde only, and Plaintiffs NYCHRL hostile work environment claim as to Juan Monteverde and Faruqi & Faruqi LLP only. Decision is reserved with respect to Plaintiffs request for front-pay damages.
As a result, the case will proceed against Defendant Monteverde and Defendant Fa-ruqi & Faruqi, LLP only, limited to Plaintiffs claim of a hostile work environment.
The Clerk shall mark the motion (Doc. No. 141) terminated.
SO ORDERED.
. Especially because the alleged conduct occurred in the office itself, and as an outgrowth of the annual firm party.
. The text of the statute classifies individuals with power to make personnel decisions as employers in addition to those who have an ownership stake in the business.
. Retaliation under NYSHRL tracks the requirements of Title VII. See Giudice v. Red Robin Int'l, Inc., 555 Fed.Appx. 67, 68 (2d Cir.2014).
. The Second Circuit has not expressly decided the issue.
. In Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 117 S.Ct. 843, 136 L.Ed.2d 808 (1997), the Supreme Court found that Title VII's protections extend to former employees as well. However, the plaintiff in that case claimed to have suffered from very specific adverse action: he applied to another job but was not hired because the defendants gave him a negative reference. In contrast, Ms. Marchuk's alleged harm is purely hypothetical: if she were to leave her job at some point in the future and apply to a different, unspecified job, she would be some measure less likely to be hired for that job.
. News outlets were reporting on Plaintiffs lawsuit within hours of its filing, weeks before Defendants filed their counterclaims. See David Lat, Lawsuit of the Day: A Super-Salacious Suit against a 'Legend' of the Bar, Above the Law (Max. 13, 2013), http://abovethelaw. com/2013/03Aawsuit-of-the-day-a-super-salacious-suit-against-a-legend-of-the-bar/; Martha Neil, Ex-associate Files Sexual Harassment Suit against Faruqi & Faruqi Firm and Prominent Partner, ABA Journal (Mar. 14, 2013), http://www.abajournal.com/ news/article/ex-associate_files_sexual_ harassment_suit_against_faruqi_firm_and_ prominent/.