Case Name: KLINKE v. MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION
Court: Michigan Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 1998-07-31
Citations: 458 Mich. 582
Docket Number: Docket Nos. 107730-107732
Parties: KLINKE v MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION
Judges: Taylor, J., concurred with Weaver, J.
Reporter: Michigan Reports
Volume: 458
Pages: 582–616

Head Matter:
KLINKE v MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION
Docket Nos. 107730-107732.
Argued April 7, 1998
(Calendar No. 2).
Decided July 31, 1998.
James E. Klinke, as personal representative of the estate of Kimberly Marie Klinke, deceased, brought a products liability action in the Livingston Circuit Court against Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and others, alleging defects in seat belt design and defective manufacture of the left front steering knuckle of the Dodge Colt that the decedent was driving when she was killed. At the time of the one-car rollover accident, the decedent was wearing a lap belt, but not the car’s shoulder harness. The court, Daniel A. Burress, J., granted the defendant’s motion for summary disposition with regard to the seat belt claim, but denied summary disposition with regard to the defective manufacture claim. Thereafter, the court entered judgment on a jury verdict of $5,104,000 against the defendant, found that the decedent was ninety-percent negligent in not properly using a seat belt, and applied the statutory five-percent cap on comparative negligence for failure to use a seat belt, MCL 257.710e(5); MSA 9.2410(5)(5), to reduce the award. The Court of Appeals, McDonald, P.J., and Markman and C. W. Johnson, JJ., reversed, holding that the seat belt cap did not apply in products liability actions (Docket No. 168384). The plaintiff appeals.
In opinions by Justice Weaver, joined by Justice Taylor, and by Justice Boyle, joined by Chief Justice Mallett, and Justice Brickley, the Supreme Court held,:
The seat belt statute does not apply in products liability actions. Justice Weaver, joined by Justice Taylor, further stated that the Michigan Vehicle Code is designed to provide for civil liability of owners and operators of vehicles. Nowhere in the title of the code is it provided that the act is concerned with the manufacture of motor vehicles or the civil liability of manufacturers. As a matter of statutory interpretation and constitutional principles, the statutes in the motor vehicle code cannot be applied to cases involving the civil liability of manufacturers. Accordingly, § 710e’s cap on a reduction for comparative negligence for failure to wear a seat belt, does not apply in the present action, which involves the liability of a manufacturer. Rather, under Lowe v Estate Motors, Ltd, 428 Mich 439 (1987), the plaintiffs decedent’s failure to use her seat belt was properly submitted to the jury.
Although the vehicle code does not directly apply to products liability actions, some portions of the code may be relevant in products liability actions under other theories of law. In determining whether the violation is relevant to the facts presented at trial, the court must consider whether the statute is intended to protect against the result of the violation, the plaintiff is within the class intended to be protected by the statute, and the evidence will support a finding that the violation was a proximate contributing cause of the occurrence. Where these factors are met, the violation of a safety statute would be admissible as evidence creating a rebuttable presumption of negligence, even where the statute does not directly apply to the type of action at issue because of its title.
Justice Boyle, joined by Chief Justice Mallett, and Justice Brickley, concurring, stated that the damages reduction cap in the safety belt law, by its express terms, limits its application to cases arising under the no-fault act, i.e., those that relate to civil liability arising out of the ownership and operation of a motor vehicle. The fact that the safety belt statute tracks the language of the no-fault act demonstrates the Legislature’s clear intent to apply the five-percent limitation on reduction of damages for a plaintiff’s negligence within the context of the no-fault act. No such intent is demonstrated with respect to actions for defects in design and manufacture of an automobile. On the basis of the statutory language of the safety belt statute, a products liability case generally falls outside the scope of the damages reduction cap. By definition, a defendant’s liability in a products liability action is not the consequence of negligence arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or operation of a motor vehicle. Thus, application of the safety belt statute to the defendant’s liability on these facts would be error.
Affirmed.
Justice Kelly, joined by Justice Cavanagh, dissenting, stated that the seat belt statute was intended by the Legislature to apply in products liability actions and that the application of the statute in such actions creates no Title-Object Clause violation.
The Title-Object Clause insures that adequate notice will be given of the possible effects of a law enacted by the Legislature. The Legislature has the right to limit an act in its title or to provide for broader application. The mere fact that the seat belt statute mentions the liability of owners and drivers but does not mention manufacturers is inconclusive. It does not evidence a legislative intent to limit the act to owners and drivers. The title of the statute mentions owners and drivers because its purpose is to create liability for owners and drivers. There is a vast difference between creating liability and affecting liability, which is what the seat belt statute does. It does not follow that its application to manufacturers is unconstitutional.
While the seat belt statute might increase the liability of a manufacturer today, at the time it became law, the statute lessened the liability of manufacturers. To determine properly whether a title-object violation has occurred, the state of the law at the time an act was adopted must be examined. On the date that the seat belt statute became law, it did not create liability for manufacturers. Instead, it limited the recovery of plaintiffs who failed to comply with its provisions. It provided a penalty for violation of the standard in the form of a civil infraction. To further encourage seat belt usage, the act provided the added penalty of allowing the admission at trial of evidence of a plaintiff’s failure to properly use a seat belt.
Evidence of failure to use a seat belt was not admissible in any action, whether it was for products liability or for negligence, because contributory negligence acted as an absolute bar to plaintiffs who were only slightly at fault. When the Legislature enacted the seat belt statute, it replaced a zero-percent reduction under the common law with a five-percent reduction for violation of the statute as a penalty specifically authorized by the code’s title and as a punishment for drivers and front seat passengers. It was not a windfall for plaintiffs, but was exactly the type of provision specifically authorized in the title of the act. The Legislature intended the broad-based penalty of the statute to be applicable in any action involving a motor vehicle accident.
Application of the motor vehicle code in products liability actions through negligence per se, alone, is inconsistent with legislative intent. Negligence per se allows the use of a violation of a statutory standard of care as evidence of negligence. The seat belt statute provides for the admission of otherwise excluded evidence and limits its use. It is a standard of care that carries with it a limited penalty for its violation. Applying the seat belt statute through negligence per se would allow use of the evidence without the limit placed on it by the Legislature.
219 Mich App 500; 556 NW2d 528 (1996) affirmed.
R. Stephen Olsen and V. Carl Shaner for the plaintiff-appellant.
Dykema, Gossett, RL.L.C. (by Craig L. John and Mary E. Royce), for the defendants.
Amici Curiae:
Lee R. Franklin for Michigan Trial Lawyers Association.
John R Raleigh and Susan L. Bamowski (Hugh F. Young, Jr., of counsel), for Product Liability Advisory Council, Inc.
Clark, Hill, P.L.C. (by J. Walker Henry and Duane L. Tamacki), for Michigan Manufacturers Association.

Opinion:
Weaver, J.
We granted leave to decide whether the Michigan Vehicle Code's seat belt statute, which makes evidence of a plaintiff's failure to use a seat belt admissible and imposes a five-percent cap on reduction in comparative negligence, is applicable in a products liability action against an automobile manufacturer. We conclude that the Michigan Vehicle Code statute, with its five-percent cap on damages reduction, is not applicable in a products liability action and affirm the Court of Appeals.
i
On June 25, 1988, plaintiff's twenty-three-year-old daughter, Kimberly Marie Klinke, was killed in a one-car rollover accident. Testimony at trial indicated that the left front tire of the decedent's Dodge Colt collapsed while she was traveling at highway speeds. Emergency workers found the decedent with her lap belt on, but with the Colt's shoulder harness behind her, unused.
Plaintiff brought a products liability suit against Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, the manufacturer of the vehicle. Plaintiff's complaint alleged defects in seat belt design and defective manufacture of the left front steering knuckle. The trial judge granted Mitsubishi's motion for summary disposition regarding the claim that the seat belt had been defectively designed, but denied summary disposition regarding the defective manufacture claim.
The defective manufacture claim was tried by a jury. The parties presented substantial testimony about the steering knuckle at trial. Plaintiff's expert testified that there were small fractures in the metal of the steering knuckle. Plaintiff's theoiy was that the knuckle collapsed, causing the car to roll over and killing plaintiff's daughter.
Defense experts testified that the crash was not caused by the collapse of the steering knuckle, but that the reverse was true: The steering knuckle collapsed as a result of the force of the rollover accident. The defense argued that the crash resulted from a sudden and violent correction in the direction of the vehicle by the driver. Defense experts also testified that, had the decedent worn her shoulder harness, she would not have sustained a head injury.
The jury returned a $5,104,000 verdict against Mitsubishi, but found that the decedent was ninety percent negligent for not properly using her seat belt. The trial judge applied the statutory five-percent cap on comparative negligence for nonuse of a seat belt and awarded plaintiff $4,848,800. MCL 257.710e(5); MSA 9.2410(5)(5).
The Court of Appeals reversed the trial judge's decision regarding the seat belt-cap issue, and held that the seat belt cap did not apply in products liability actions. 219 Mich App 500; 556 NW2d 528 (1996). We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case to the trial court for recalculation of damages, consistent with this opinion.
n
The parties call upon us to decide whether the seat belt statute, MCL 257.710e(5); MSA 9.2410(5)(5), applies in a products liability action brought under MCL 600.2949; MSA 27A.2949.
As always, we first examine the language of the statute itself when interpreting its meaning:
"The cardinal rule of all statutory construction is to identify and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. The first step in discerning intent is to examine the language of the statute in question." [Chandler v Dowell Schlumberger, Inc, 456 Mich 395, 398; 572 NW2d 210 (1998), quoting Shallal v Catholic Social Services of Wayne Co, 455 Mich 604, 611; 566 NW2d 571 (1997) (citations omitted).]
The Legislature enacted the products liability statute in 1978. It provided:
In all products liability actions brought to recover damages resulting from death or ii\jury to person or property, the fact that the plaintiff may have been guilty of contribu tory negligence shall not bar a recovery by the plaintiff or the plaintiff's legal representatives, but damages sustained by the plaintiff shall be diminished in proportion to the amount of negligence attributed to the plaintiff. [MCL 600.2949(1); MSA 27A.2949(1).]
In 1985, the Legislature adopted a mandatory seat belt law that punished failure to use seat belts, making it a civil infraction for front seat passengers in automobiles not to wear seat belts. MCL 257.710e; MSA 9.2410(5). The act also, and for the first time, allowed evidence of failure to use a seat belt to be admitted in a court proceeding to prove comparative negligence. It provides:
Failure to wear a safety belt in violation of this section may be considered evidence of negligence and may reduce the recovery for damages arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or operation of a motor vehicle. However, such negligence shall not reduce the recovery for damages by more than 5%. [MCL 257.710e(6); MSA 9.2410(5)(6).]
Shortly after the statute was enacted, this Court held that under the common law, for purposes of comparative negligence, "evidence of a plaintiffs failure to use an available seat belt may raise a factual issue to be submitted for jury consideration." Lowe v Estate Motors Ltd, 428 Mich 439; 410 NW2d 706 (1987).
m
Defendant Mitsubishi argues that the five-percent cap found in § 710e(4) of the Michigan Vehicle Code does not apply in products liability actions. We agree.
The Michigan Vehicle Code, as set forth in the title of the act, is designed, inter alia, "to provide for civil liability of owners and operators of vehicles . . . ," Nowhere in the title of the code does it say that the act provides for the manufacture of motor vehicles or is concerned with the civil liability of manufacturers. It is a well-established principle of statutory construction that "express mention in a statute of one thing implies the exclusion of other similar things." Jennings v Southwood, 446 Mich 125, 142; 521 NW2d 230 (1994).
The instant case concerns the liability of a manufacturer, rather than the liability of an owner or operator of a vehicle. The decedent's failure to use her seat belt could cause her damages to be reduced, but could not subject her to any liability in this suit. Section 710e both allows consideration of nonuse of a seat belt as evidence of negligence and limits the reduction for such comparative negligence to five percent. If § 710e were applied to the present products liability action, it would affect the liability of the manufacturer.
It is a well-recognized principle that an act shall not exceed the scope of its title. Maki v City of East Tawas, 385 Mich 151; 188 NW2d 593 (1971). As long ago as 1888 this Court quoted from Judge Cooley's treatise on Constitutional Limitations:
"As the legislature may make the title to an act as restrictive as they please, it is obvious that they may sometimes so frame it as to preclude many matters being included in the act which might, with entire propriety, have been embraced in one enactment with the matters indicated by the title, but which must now be excluded because the title has been made unnecessarily restrictive. The courts cannot enlarge the scope of the title. They are invested with no dispensing power. The constitution has made the title the conclusive index to the legislative intent as to what shall have operation. It is no answer to say that the title might have been made more comprehensive, if in fact the legislature have not seen fit to make it so." [In re Hauck, 70 Mich 396, 403; 38 NW 269 (1888).]
We are to construe statutes in a constitutional manner if possible. Gora v Femdale, 456 Mich 704, 710; 576 NW2d 141 (1998). As a matter of statutory interpretation, we must not, and under constitutional principles we cannot, apply statutes in the motor vehicle code to cases involving the civil liability of manufacturers. Accordingly, § 710e's cap on the reduction for comparative negligence for failure to wear a seat belt, which is part of the motor vehicle code, does not apply in the present action, which involves the liability of a manufacturer. Rather, under Lowe, supra, plaintiffs decedent's failure to properly use her seat belt was properly submitted to the jury, which found her ninety percent comparatively negligent. Under § 2949, the jury award should be reduced by the full amount of plaintiff's decedent's comparative negligence.
iv
We note that although the motor vehicle code does not directly apply to products liability actions, some portions of the code may be relevant in products liability actions under other theories of law. Specifically, this Court has held that violation of a safety or penal statute creates a rebuttable presumption of negligence. Klanseck v Anderson Sales & Service, Inc, 426 Mich 78; 393 NW2d 356 (1986). In determining whether the violation is relevant to the facts presented at trial, the court must consider the following factors: "1. the statute is intended to protect against the result of the violation; 2. the plaintiff is within the class intended to be protected by the statute; and 3. the evidence will support a finding that the violation was a proximate contributing cause of the occurrence." Id. at 87. Where these factors are met, the violation of a safety statute would be admissible as evidence creating a rebuttable presumption of negligence, even where the statute does not directly apply to the type of action at issue because of its title.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the Court of Appeals correctly concluded that the seat belt statute does not apply in products liability actions. Our resolution of this issue makes it unnecessary for us to address the remaining assignments of error raised by defendants. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court for recalculation of damages, consistent with this opinion.
Taylor, J., concurred with Weaver, J.
She also sued the distributor of the vehicle, Chrysler Corporation, and John Colone Chrysler-Plymouth-Dodge, Inc., the dealership that sold the car. Mitsubishi is the only remaining defendant.
The five-percent cap now appears at MCL 257.710e(6); MSA 9.2410(5)(6).
1978 PA 495, effective December 11, 1978. This act was repealed by 1995 PA 161, § 2. Today, the act appears at MCL 600.2957-600.2959; MSA 27A.2957-27A2959.
Although comparative negligence had already been adopted by case law and statute, evidence of failure to use a seat belt had not before been admissible in negligence actions. Lowe v Estate Motors Ltd, 428 Mich 439; 410 NW2d 706 (1987).
The title to the Vehicle Code provides:
An act to provide for the registration, titling, sale, transfer, and regulation of certain vehicles operated upon the public highways of this state or any other place open to the general public or generally accessible to motor vehicles and distressed vehicles; to provide for the licensing of dealers; to provide for the examination, licensing, and control of operators and chauffeurs; to provide for the giving of proof of financial responsibility and security by owners and operators of vehicles; to provide for the imposition, levy, and collection of specific taxes on vehicles; and the levy and collection of sales and use taxes, license fees, and permit fees; to provide for the regulation and use of streets and highways; to create certain funds; to provide penalties and sanctions for a violation of this act; to provide for civil liability of owners and operators of vehicles and service of process on residents and nonresidents; to provide for the levy of certain assessments; to provide for the enforcement of this act; to provide for the creation of and to prescribe the powers and duties of certain state and local agencies; to repeal all other acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act or contrary to this act; and to repeal certain parts of this act on a specific date.
The dissent correctly points out that, at the time § 710e was enacted, its application in a products liability action would have decreased the liability of a manufacturer by allowing nonuse of a seat belt to be considered as evidence of comparative negligence. Now that the common law allows consideration of nonuse of a seat belt as evidence of comparative negligence (without any cap on the reduction in damages), application of § 710e would increase the liability of a manufacturer. The bottom line is that application of § 710e to a products liability action would affect the liability of the manufacturer. The issue before us is whether the title of the motor vehicle code allows application of § 710e to products liability actions.
The dissent incorrectly suggests that our holding (that application of the motor vehicle code to products liability actions would violate the Title-Object Clause) compels a conclusion that applying the code to pedestrians, bicyclists, passengers, or the state would similarly be unconstitutional. This critique ignores the fact that the title of the code includes provisions that address these examples, e.g., the title states that it provides for "regulation and use of streets and highways" and for the "regulation of certain vehicles operated upon the public highways of this state." Further, as discussed below, violation of a safety statute is admissible as evidence creating a rebuttable presumption of negligence even where the statute does not directly apply because of its title.
Further, the dissent apparently reads our opinion to hold that the motor vehicle code does not apply to manufacturers. This is incorrect. Rather, we hold that statutes in the motor vehicle code do not apply in products liability cases involving the civil liability of manufacturers. The question whether any of the myriad statutes of the motor vehicle code would apply to manufacturers in certain circumstances is not before us, and it is not appropriate for us to predetermine the issue.
This issue was appropriately submitted to the jury as a matter of common law. The dissent incorrectly indicates that we are applying § 710e's provision allowing consideration of nonuse of a seat belt as evidence of comparative negligence, but ignoring its concomitant limitation of the reduction in damages therefor.
The comparative fault doctrine is applicable in all products liability actions. The principles of negligence are the same for establishing comparative negligence. Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638; 275 NW2d 511 (1979).
The dissent impliedly raises the question whether, under Klanseck, when a safety statute is applied outside the scope of the statute's title, any concomitant conditions on liability contained in the statute also apply. The present case does not require us to resolve this question because this case turns on common law, not a statutory provision.