Case Name: MINNEGASCO, A DIVISION OF NORAM ENERGY CORP., f/k/a/ Minnegasco, a Division of Arkla, Inc., Petitioner, Appellant, Northern States Power Co., et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. MINNESOTA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION, Respondent, Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition, Respondent
Court: Minnesota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Minnesota
Decision Date: 1996-06-13
Citations: 549 N.W.2d 904
Docket Number: Nos. C5-94-1820, C7-94-1821
Parties: MINNEGASCO, A DIVISION OF NORAM ENERGY CORP., f/k/a/ Minnegasco, a Division of Arkla, Inc., Petitioner, Appellant, Northern States Power Co., et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. MINNESOTA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION, Respondent, Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition, Respondent.
Judges: GARDEBRING, J., concurs and dissents in part.
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 549
Pages: 904–913

Head Matter:
MINNEGASCO, A DIVISION OF NORAM ENERGY CORP., f/k/a/ Minnegasco, a Division of Arkla, Inc., Petitioner, Appellant, Northern States Power Co., et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. MINNESOTA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION, Respondent, Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition, Respondent.
Nos. C5-94-1820, C7-94-1821.
Supreme Court of Minnesota.
June 13, 1996.
Rehearing Denied July 18, 1996.
Margie E. Hendricksen, Asst. Atty. Gen., St. Paul, for Respondent M.P.U.C.
James D. Larson, Wurst, Pearson, Larson, Underwood & Mertz, Minneapolis, for Respondent Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition.
Scott W. Johnson, Faegre & Benson, Minneapolis, for Amicus Curiae.
Miggie E. Cramblit, Minnegasco, Samuel L. Hanson, Briggs & Morgan, Minneapolis (Paul T. Ruxin, Jones, Day, Reavis & Pouge, Cleveland, OH, of counsel), for Appellant Minnegasco.
Michael J. Bradley, lil. Cecilia Ray, Moss & Barnett, Minneapolis, for Appellant N.S.P.

Opinion:
OPINION
PAGE, Justice.
Minnegasco appeals a decision of the court of appeals affirming the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission's (MPUC) order in In the Matter of the Complaint of the Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition Against Minnegasco, a Division of Arkla, Inc., No. G-008/C-91-942. At issue in this appeal are those parts of the MPUC's order: (1) authorizing the MPUC to impute revenue to Min-negasco for the value of Minnegasco's good will used by an affiliated business without compensation to Minnegasco; and (2) allocating the costs associated with responding to gas leaks to Minnegasco or its affiliated business, depending on whether the leak occurs in Minnegasco's gas distribution lines or in the customer's gas lines, equipment, or appliances.
The court of appeals held that: (1) the MPUC has the statutory authority to impute revenue to Minnegasco for the value of Min-negasco's good will used by Minnegaseo's affiliated business without compensation to Minnegasco, based on its conclusion that the MPUC has the authority to protect ratepayers from subsidizing a utility's affiliated business; and (2) the MPUC has the statutory authority to allocate the costs of responding to gas leaks between Minnegasco and Minne-gasco's affiliated business based on its conclusion that Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 11 (1994), only requires necessary costs to be recognized in the determination of rates. Minnegasco v. Minn. Pub. Utils. Comm'n, 529 N.W.2d 413, 418, 420 (Minn.App.1995). We reverse.
Minnegasco is a public utility that distributes natural gas to approximately 615,000 customers in Minnesota. Minnegasco's natural gas operations are regulated by the MPUC pursuant to Minn.Stat. ch. 216B. Minnegasco also operates an affiliated appli- anee sales and service business under the "Minnegaseo" name. The affiliated appliance business is not regulated by the MPUC. Minnegaseo and its affiliated appliance business share employees, facilities, equipment, and operations. Currently, the costs incurred by Minnegaseo in responding to gas leaks are allocated to Minnegaseo without regard to where the leak occurred or whether technicians from Minnegaseo or the affiliated appliance business respond to the leak.
This case arose out of a complaint filed by the Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition with the MPUC alleging, among other things, that Minnegaseo subsidized its affiliated appliance business: (1) by allowing the affiliated appliance business to benefit from the use of good will associated with the "Min-negasco" name without having to pay for it; and (2) by allocating to Minnegaseo all costs incurred in responding to gas leaks without regard to where the gas leak occurred. After a number of proceedings, including a contested case hearing before an Administrative Law Judge, the MPUC found value in Minnegaseo's name, image, and reputation, and that, by statute, the MPUC has the authority to impute revenue to Minnegaseo for the value of good will used, but not paid for, by an affiliated appliance business. The MPUC found that its authority to determine that a gas utility's name and reputation have value and to impute revenue to the gas utility arises from its duty to set just and reasonable rates under Minn.Stat. § 216B.03 and 216B.08, its supervisory authority over affiliated interests under Minn.Stat. § 216B.48, and in its inherent ratemaking authority as recognized in In re Application of N.W. Bell Tel. Co., 367 N.W.2d 655 (Minn.App.1985). The MPUC also found that the costs associated with responding to gas leaks should be allocated to Minnegaseo's affiliated appliance business when the leak occurs in the customer's internal gas lines, equipment, or appliances, and to the gas utility when the leak occurs in the gas utility's distribution lines.
This ease presents three issues for our review: (1) whether the MPUC has the statutory authority to impute revenue to a gas utility for the value of good will used, but not paid for, by the gas utility's affiliated business; (2) whether imputing revenue to a gas utility for the value of good will used, but not paid for, by the gas utility's affiliated business, amounts to an unconstitutional taking; and finally (3) whether the MPUC has the statutory authority to require Minnegaseo to allocate the costs associated with responding to gas leaks to both Minnegaseo and its affiliated appliance business, depending on where the gas leak occurs.
The determination of whether the MPUC has the statutory authority to act and whether, in so acting, it engages in an unconstitutional taking, raises questions of law which are subject to de novo review. See State ex rel. McClure v. Sports & Health Club, 370 N.W.2d 844, 854 n. 17 (Minn.1985) appeal dismissed, Sports & Health Club Inc. v. Minnesota, 478 U.S. 1015, 106 S.Ct. 3315, 92 L.Ed.2d 730 (1986); No Power Line, Inc. v. Minnesota Envt'l Quality Council, 262 N.W.2d 312, 320 (Minn 1977); see also Minn. Stat. § 14.69 (1994) (setting forth grounds for judicial reversal or modification of agency decision). The MPUC, as a creature of statute, only has the authority given it by the legislature.
The legislature states what the agency is to do and how it is to do it. While express statutory authority need not be given a cramped reading, any enlargement of express powers by implication must be fairly drawn and fairly evident from the agency objectives and powers expressly given by the legislature.
Peoples Natural Gas Co. v. Minnesota Pub. Util. Comm'n, 369 N.W.2d 530, 534 (Minn.1985).
We first address the question of whether the MPUC has the statutory authority to impute revenue to Minnegaseo for the value of Minnegaseo's good will passed, without compensation, from Minnegaseo to its affiliated appliance business. The MPUC ar gues that its authority to impute revenue for the affiliate's use of Minnegasco's good mil comes from its authority to set just and reasonable rates under Minn.Stat. § 216B.03 and 216B.08, its supervisory authority over affiliated interests under Minn, Stat. § 216B.48, and its inherent ratemaking authority. In support of this argument, the MPUC relies on decisions from Florida, New York, and Oklahoma, each of which held that the respective utility commission had the authority to impute revenue to the utility for an affiliate's use of the utility's good will. In response, Minnegasco raises a number of arguments. While conceding that the MPUC has the statutory authority to impute revenue where it is necessary to avoid a subsidy to the affiliated business, Minnegas-co contends that, in this case, the MPUC lacks the statutory authority to impute revenue because, under Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 6, it is the cost of furnishing the utility service that is to be considered in establishing just and reasonable rates, and that the value of good will is not a cost of furnishing the utility service; good will is an asset of the gas utility that belongs to the gas utility's shareholders and not the ratepayers; and finally there is no subsidization of Minnegas-co's affiliated appliance business by a transfer of Minnegasco's good will to the affiliate because ratepayers have not borne the cost of creating the good will.
The MPUC's authority to set rates is found in Minn.Stat. ch. 216B. Chapter 216B does not provide the MPUC with express statutory authority to impute revenue to a gas utility for the value of good will passed, without compensation, from a utility to an affiliated business. Therefore, the MPUC lacks authority to impute revenue under these circumstances unless the implied authority can be "fairly drawn" and is "fairly evident" from the "objectives and powers expressly given by the legislature." Peoples Natural Gas Company, 369 N.W.2d at 534.
As it relates to the issues presented here, the MPUC's objective is to set just and reasonable rates and to protect the ratepayers from subsidizing Minnegasco's affiliated appliance business. Minn.Stat. § 216B.03 and 216B.48, subd. 5 (1994). In setting just and reasonable rates, the MPUC must give "due consideration to the public need for adequate, efficient, and reasonable service and to the need of the public utility for revenue sufficient to enable it to meet the cost of furnishing the service Id. § 216B.16, subd. 6 (emphasis added). In Northern States Power v. Minnesota Pub. Util. Comm'n, 344 N.W.2d 374 (Minn.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256, 104 S.Ct. 3546, 82 L.Ed.2d 850 (1984), we said:
Minn.Stat. § 216B.03 (1982) provides that the MPUC shall establish "just and reasonable" retail rates. In order to establish "just and reasonable" retail rates, the MPUC must consider the right of the utility and its investors to a reasonable return, while at the same time establishing a rate for consumers which reflects the cost of service rendered plus a "reasonable" profit for the utility. Narragansett Electric Co. v. Burke, 119 R.I. 559, 381 A.2d 1358 (1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 972, 98 S.Ct. 1614, 56 L.Ed.2d 63 (1978). To accomplish this purpose, the MPUC must ascertain the operating expenses, or cost of service, of the utility.
Northern States Power, 344 N.W.2d at 378.
The cost of furnishing utility service typically includes: "labor, materials and supplies, taxes, insurance, and depreciation." Samuel L. Hanson & R. Scott Davies, Judicial Review of Rate of Return Calculations, 8 Wm.Mitchell L.Rev. 499, 501 (1982). Under Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 6, depreciation of the gas utility's property used and useful in rendering utility service to the public is also considered a cost of furnishing service. In addition, the cost of furnishing service may include the financing cost of money invested in the gas utility's plant and equipment. See Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 6; Hanson & Davies, supra, at 501.
Though good will may be a byproduct of the service rendered, it is clear from the record that Minnegasco's good will is not an asset used and useful in rendering service to the public. It is also clear that the value of a gas utility's name and reputation, as represented by good will, is generally not considered to be a "cost" of rendering utility service and that the costs associated with creating the good will have not been borne by the ratepayers. Certainly, ratepayers are involved in building a gas utility's good will when they purchase utility service. However, ratepayers are no different in that regard than any consumer who purchases a product from a business. The simple act of purchasing a product or service from a business does not mean that the consumer becomes an owner of any of the business' assets. Nor does it mean that the consumer bears the cost of creating good will. The relationship between the ratepayer, as a consumer, and the gas utility, as a business, does not change just because the gas utility provides regulated utility services. The ratepayer remains a consumer and the assets remain the property of the utility.
Thus, we conclude that the value of Minnegasco's good will is not a "cost" of furnishing utility service. Because good will is not a "cost" of furnishing utility service, it cannot be said that the authority for the MPUC to impute revenue for the value of Minnegasco's good will that is used, but not paid for, by an affiliated appliance business is "fairly drawn" or "fairly evident" from the powers expressly given by the legislature. Further, because the ratepayers have not borne the cost of creating the good will, we conclude that there is no ratepayer subsidization of Minnegasco's affiliated appliance business resulting from the affiliate's unpaid for use of Minnegasco's good will. Therefore, we reverse the court of appeals and hold that in this case the MPUC lacks the statutory authority to impute revenue to Minnegasco for the value of Minnegasco's good will used, but not paid for, by Minnegasco's affiliated appliance business.
We believe it is necessary to comment, at least briefly, on the dissent. The dissent asserts that the issue of whether the MPUC has the statutory authority to impute revenue for the value of good will used, but not paid for, by an affiliated business "is one of fairness." That assertion is wrong. The only issue before us is one of statutory construction: whether chapter 216B, as enacted by the legislature, permits the MPUC to impute such revenue. To the extent that this case presents a fairness question, it is a policy question to be answered by the legislature and not the seven members of this court. State Dept. of Highways v. McWhite, 286 Minn. 468, 472, 176 N.W.2d 285, 288 (1970) (the court can only interpret statute as written). As it is, the legislature has spoken.
Next, we address the question of the MPUC's statutory authority to allocate the costs associated with responding to gas leaks between Minnegasco and its affiliated appliance business. Minnegasco's primary argument is that both federal and Minnesota law require a gas utility to respond to all notices of possible gas leaks and that under Minn. Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 11, it is entitled to recover all costs of responding to those leaks in the rates it charges to customers. We agree.
By statute, Minnegasco is required to respond to each notice of a gas leak it receives as part of the state's pipeline safety program. Minn.Stat. § 299F.57 and 299F.59 (1994). Federal standards require that Minnegasco provide a prompt and effective response to every notice it receives of gas "detected inside or near a budding," 49 C.F.R. § 192.615(a)(3)(f) (1995), and to make "safe any actual or potential hazard to life or property." Id. § 192.615(a)(7). A gas leak, whether it is detected in Minnegasco's gas distribution line or in a customer's line, equipment, or appliance, is "a potential hazard to life or property." Thus, Minnegasco, as a gas utility required to participate in the state's pipeline safety program, is required under the program to respond to every notice of a gas leak it receives.
Minnesota Statute Section 216B.16, subdivision 11, provides:
All costs of a public utility that are necessary to comply with state pipeline safety programs must be recognized and included by the commission in the determination of just and reasonable rates as if the costs were directly incurred by the utility in furnishing utility service.
The language of section 216B.16, subd. 11, is clear and unambiguous and, therefore, not subject to judicial interpretation. State v. Carpenter, 459 N.W.2d 121, 126 (Minn.1990). The language places limits on the MPUC's ability to allocate the costs associated with responding to gas leaks. The statute mandates that all costs necessary to comply with state pipeline safety programs are to be treated as if they were "directly incurred by the utility in furnishing utility service." Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 11. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the costs incurred by Minnegasco in responding to gas leaks in customers' lines, equipment, or appliances are any different or any less necessary than the costs associated with responding to leaks in Minnegasco's gas distribution lines. The costs associated with responding to both situations are costs necessary to comply with state pipeline safety programs.
As we said above, we will not enlarge the powers of the MPUC beyond those expressly granted by the legislature. Peoples Natural Gas Co., 369 N.W.2d at 534. The MPUC argues that it is permitted to allocate the costs associated with responding to gas leaks because this ease involves a gas utility that has established an affiliated appliance business which responds to gas leaks. The MPUC's argument fails because, under the state's pipeline safety program, the responsibility for responding to gas leaks remains Minnegasco's and not the affiliated appliance business'. Therefore, under the plain meaning of the statute, all costs necessarily incurred when responding to gas leaks, whether the response is by Minnegasco or the affiliated appliance business, are to be included in the rate as if incurred directly by the gas utility in furnishing utility service. Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subd. 11.
Therefore, we reverse the court of appeals and hold that the MPUC acted in excess of its statutory authority when it allocated the costs of responding to gas leaks occurring in the customer's lines, equipment, and appliances to the gas utility's affiliated appliance business and excluded those costs from Min-negasco's rates.
Reversed.
GARDEBRING, J., concurs and dissents in part.
TOMLJANOVICH and STRINGER, JJ., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
. Northern States Power Company, Otter Tail Power Company, Northern Minnesota Utilities, and Peoples Natural Gas Company, Divisions of UtiliCorp, were granted participant status in the underlying proceeding by the MPUC and appeal this issue on essentially the same grounds as Minnegasco.
. The Minnesota Alliance for Fair Competition is a trade association of plumbing, electrical, and appliance businesses which compete with Minne-gasco's affiliated appliance business.
. The actual valuation of Minnegasco's good will was deferred to a separate rate proceeding.
. In our view, these decisions do not provide any assistance in resolving the issues before us in this case because of the differences in the statutes being interpreted and/or the context in which the cases arose. The Florida case, United Telephone Long Distance v. Nichols, 546 So.2d 717 (Fla.1989), involved the Florida Public Service Commission's authority to issue certificates of convenience and necessity and did not involve the Commission's authority, when setting rates, to impute revenue for the value of good will used by the utilities' affiliates. In fact, Fla.Stat. ch. 366.06(1) (1993) specifically excludes the value of good will from utility rates. In Rochester Telephone Corp. v. Public Service Commission, 87 N.Y.2d 17, 637 N.Y.S.2d 333, 660 N.E.2d 1112 (1995), the New York Court of Appeals addressed the New York Commission's longstanding broad authority to regulate utilities' imprudent acts. Our legislature, however, has not granted the MPUC authority over utilities' imprudent acts except in limited circumstances. See Minn.Stat. § 216B.16, subds. 6 (MPUC required to give due consideration to prudent acquisition costs), 9 (MPUC shall allow only prudent charitable contributions). Finally, the Oklahoma decision, Re Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 137 Pub.Util.Rep. 4th (PUR) 63 (Okla.Corp.Comm'n 1992), is an Oklahoma Corporation Commission decision and not a decision by an Oklahoma Court. We are not inclined to follow a decision of another jurisdiction's utilities commission to determine our own Commission's authority.
.This is consistent with Justice Marshall's observation in his concurring opinion in Pacific Gas & Electric Company v. Public Utilities Commission of California, 475 U.S. 1, 22 n. 1, 106 S.Ct. 903, 915 n. 1, 89 L.Ed.2d 1 (1986). Justice Marshall said:
[A] consumer who purchases food in a grocery store is paying for the store's rent, heat, electricity, wages, etc., but no one would seriously argue that the consumer thereby acquires a property interest in the store. That the utility passes its overhead to ratepayers at a rate fixed by law rather than the market cannot affect the utility's ownership of its property .
Id. (Marshall, J., concurring).
. Because of our resolution of this issue, we need not, and therefore do not, address Minnegasco's constitutional arguments.
. The dissent suggests that Minn.Stat. § 216B.48, subd. 6, supports the conclusion that the MPUC has the authority to impute revenue from Minne-gasco's affiliated appliance business to Minne-gasco for the use of good will. Because the issues before us relate to the MPUC's ratemaking authority, today's decision should not be read as expressing a view as to the MPUC's authority to regulate contractual agreements between affiliates and regulated utilities under Minn.Stat. § 216B.48.