Case Name: Eldred vs. Leahy
Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Wisconsin
Decision Date: 1872-06
Citations: 31 Wis. 546
Docket Number: 
Parties: Eldred vs. Leahy.
Judges: 
Reporter: Wisconsin Reports
Volume: 31
Pages: 546–554

Head Matter:
Eldred vs. Leahy.
Landlord and Tenant. (1, 3) Covenant for quiet enjoyment implied, in leave. (3,4) Counterclaim and defense in action for rent, for violation of such covenant. (5) Answer to such defense or counterclaim. (6, 7) Evidence : Validity of ordinance of city council to be proven, and not presumed, as between, third prnties.
1. At common law, a covenant for quiet enjoyment is implied in every mutual contract for the leasing and demise of land, by whatever form of words made.
3.Under our statutes, such implied covenant for quiet enjoyment still exists in case of a demise of land for a term not exceeding three years. R. S., ch. 86, secs. 5, 35. ,
3. For any unnecessary and wrongful molestation of the tenant hy the landlord, impairing his use and enjoyment of the demised premises, the tenant may counterclaim damages in an action against him for rent.
4. If the tenant is prevented by such act of the landlord from occupying some part of the premises, he may defend in part an action for the stipulated rent, on the ground of a partial failure of the consideration.
5. Where the landlord shows that he was required by a valid order and ordinance of the municipal authorities to perform the acts complained of by the tenant (in this case filling up the street and sidewalk adjoining the demised premises), it seems that this would be a sufficient answer to such a defense or counterclaim.
6. But where the legal power of the municipal authorities to make such order or ordinance depended on certain preliminary proceedings being had (such as the presentation of a certain petition), the landlord, setting up such order and ordinance, must prove the existence of such preliminary proceedings; and their existence will not be presumed upon proof of the making of the order and ordinance.
7. As to the validity of their official acts, the common councils of cities, and similar municipal bodies, stand upon the same footing as courts of a limited and special jurisdiction. Jurisdictional facts must be proven, and will not be presumed.
APPEAL from the Circuit Court for Milwaukee County.
The plaintiff leased to the defendant certain premises situate at the corner of Main (or Broadway) and Huron streets in the city of Milwaukee, which were used by defendant in his bus iness as a gas fitter and manufacturer of steam beating apparatus. This action was brought upon tbe lease, to recover two quarters’ rent, falling due, respectively, on tbe first days of August aud November, 1871. Tbe defense was, that at the time of the execution of the lease there was in the demised premises a basement story, which was a material part of the premises for defendant’s business, and which was sufficiently lighted by windows and accessible by a door on Broadway; that about the 1st of July, 1871, plaintiff, against defendant’s objection, and without necessity, so constructed a sidewalk on Broadway, along and in front of the demised premises, as to prevent said basement from being sufficiently lighted by said windows, and prevent the convenient use of said door, and render the premises inconvenient and insufficient for defendant in his said business ; so that, as soon thereafter as possible, to wit, October 1, 1871, defendant vacated the premises and surrendered them to the plaintiff. It is further alleged that plaintiff might have so constructed said sidewalk as to leave an area therein, extending along the front of the building on said street, sufficient for the windows to have lighted the basement sufficiently, and sufficient to permit the convenient use of said door; but that, though often requested to so construct the sidewalk, he wholly neglected to do so, to defendant’s damage in a sum greater than the rent claimed.
The same facts are also set up as ground of a counterclaim for a much larger sum than the rent claimed.
There was a reply in denial, which alleges, among other things, that on or about August 1, 1871, tbe plaintiff, in obedience to an order of the common council of the city of Milwaukee, raising the grade of Broadway and the sidewalks thereof, and in obedience to an order of the board of public works of said city, requiring the grade of said street and sidewalks to be raised in conformity to said ordinance, caused said street and sidewalk in front of said premises to be raised and graded to the grade established by said ordinance, as by law he was re- quirecl to do; and that he caused said work to be carefully done, in a good and workmanlike manner, and did not obstruct the light of said basement, or otherwise in any manner interfere with the use and enjoyment of said premises by defendant; and except as thus admitted, the allegations of the answer are denied.
A part of the evidence offered by plaintiff at the trial, and received against defendant’s objection, consisted of (1) an ordi-dinance of the common council of Milwaukee, passed September 20, 1869, determining the grade of Main and Huron streets; (2) a resolution of the council, passed June 19, 1871, instructing the board of public works to cause work to be done on Broadway (otherwise called Main street) within certain specified limits (including the part thereof on which the plaintiff’s premises abut), “ as petitioned for and recommended by said board to the council,” etc.; and (3) an order or notice of the board of public works, dated June 21, 1871, notifying the owners of certain described lots (including that here in question), in accordance with the above mentioned resolution of the common council, that they were required to do or cause to be done the work stated in such resolution, within the time mentioned, or the work would be let by contract in accordance with law, etc. Plaintiff also testified that he did the work under said ordinance and order, and in accordance with the requirements thereof; and gave evidence tending to show that he did it with due care, etc.
The rest of the evidence need not be stated.
The following instructions, among others, were asked by defendant, and were refused : 1. The act of the plaintiff in building the sidewalk so as to obstruct the light of the basement of the demised premises, if the jury find the fact to be so, was not justified as regarded the defendant, by any proceedings the city could take. 2. The proceedings on the part of the city as proved by the plaintiff, are all invalid for want of a petition to do the work under sec. 23, ch. 401, Local Laws of 1869.
Tbe court instructed tbe jury that if tbe landlord permits or causes acts to be done wbicb render tbe premises untenantable, it is tbe duty of tbe tenant to surrender tbe possession of tbe premises; that it appears by tbe evidence in this case that there was an ordinance establishing a grade in tbe street wbicb bounded this property, and an ordinance requiring tbe street and sidewalk to be graded in accordance with that established grade; that plaintiff’s act, therefore, was not a voluntary act, but done under tbe direction of a superior power; and that, if plaintiff caused tbe work to be done in a reasonable and proper manner, so as not to interfere with tbe rights and privileges of tbe tenant in possession, farther than was necessary, then be was entitled to recover tbe rent under tbe lease.
Verdict and judgment for plaintiff; and defendant appealed.
K G. Ryan, for appellant,
contended, among other things, that tbe question whether tbe acts of tbe plaintiff in tbe construction of a sidewalk were voluntary or otherwise, was a question of fact,'and should not have been taken from tbe jury; that there was no sufficient proof in this case that tbe 'acts were not voluntary; that tbe board of public works bad no legal authority to order tbe work to be done without a resolution of tbe common council, and tbe council bad no authority to order it done without a petition of resident owners (P. & L. Laws of 1869, cb. 401, sec. 9; P. & L. Laws of 1870, cb. 401, sec. 3); that tbe petition is jurisdictional; and that there is no presumption that a public officer, having a limited and special authority, dependent on a jurisdictional fact, bad jurisdiction to act, until tbe existence of such jurisdictional fact is shown. Counsel also contended that where a tenant’s enjoyment of tbe premises is interrupted by acts of tbe landlord, and be is partially evicted, be may either (1) terminate tbe demise, and surrender tbe possession; or (2) have tbe rent apportioned between what . be is evicted from, or disturbed in, and what be continues to enjoy; or (3) insist upon a suspension of tbe rent, remaining in possession. Peck v. Siler, 24 Barb., 178, and the cases there digested in tbe briefs and opinions; Manville v. Gay, 1 Wis., 250.
Jenkins & Elliott, for respondent:
1. Tbe raising of tbe sidewalk was not a voluntary act, being done under compulsion of law. Pearce v. Milwaukee, 18 Wis., 428. 2. It is presumed that public, officers act according to law, until tbe contrary is shown. Tbe plaintiff, having been ordered to do tbe work by tbe proper authorities, was justified in conforming to tbe order, and was not obliged to go behind it, to ascertain whether all prerequisites bad been complied with. The resolution of tbe common council recites that a petition bad been presented, and it will be intended that tbe proceedings were regular. Broom’s Leg. Mas., 729. 8. Tbe act of tbe plaintiff in executing tbe grade did not amount to an eviction, so as to work a suspension of rent. Taylor’s L. & T., §§ 888, 399; Palmer v. Wetmore, 2 Sandf., 316; Manville v. Gay, 1 Wis., 250; Myers v. Gemmel, 10 Barb., 537; Ogüvie v. Hull, 5 Hill, 52

Opinion:
DixON, 0. J.
It is a point respecting which counsel seem not to differ, that for any unnecessary and wrongful disturbance and molestation of ibe tenant by his landlord, operating to interrupt, impair or.prevent tbe fall and free use and enjoyment of tbe leasehold premises by tbe tenant, tbe tenant may recoup tbe damages so caused to and sustained by him, or have tbe same deducted or allowed by way of counterclaim, in an action brought against him by tbe landlord to recover tbe rents. This seems to be a point not seriously controverted between counsel, that if tbe landlord voluntarily creates a nuisance at or near the demised premises, or voluntarily renders them untenantable or less fit and useful for tbe purposes of the tenant, after tbe commencement of tbe lease, tbe tenant, still retaining tbe possession, may have bis remedy against tbe landlord by way of reducing tbe rents, or even oE defeating them altogether, when tbe landlord sues to enforce payment of them.
We are not informed by the printed case before us, how long thé lease in question was to run, or whether it contained any express covenant for the quiet enjoyment of the lessee or not, but if not, then a covenant of that kind was implied in case the term did not exceed three years. R. S., ch. 86, secs. 5, 85. It is well settled at common law, that a covenant for quiet enjoyment is implied in every mutual contract for the leasing and demise of land, by whatever form of words the agreement is made; and for the breach of such covenant occasioned through any fault of the lessor, the lessee has his remedy against the lessor for whatever damages he may have sustained. Mack v. Patchin, 42 N. Y., 167, 171, 174, and authorities cited. And the same rule has been applied with respect to damages sustained by-the covenantee in a deed, when such damages were caused by the wrongful acts or misconduct of the covenantor, in breach of the covenant for quiet enjoyment contained in the deed. Akerly v. Vilas, 23 Wis., 207.
And in the early case in this court, Manville v. Gay, 1 Wis., 250, 257, the chief justice said: " When the defendant has been prevented from occupying the demised premises, he is not obliged to pay any rent, because the consideration for the agreement to pay the rent has wholly failed. So, for the same reason, when the tenant has been evicted from the entire premises, he is not obliged to pay rent after the eviction. And after an eviction from a portion of the premises demised, he would be liable only to pay rent for that portion which he continued to occupy ; and it would seem, for the same reason, that the consideration for his agreement to pay the rent has in part failed.
It would seem immaterial, therefore, under the system of pleading and practice now prevailing, upon which ground the defense, as in this case, shall be said to rest, whether of failure of the consideration, in whole or in part, for which the covenant to pay rent was made; or, of counterclaim under the code to recover damages caused by the same wrongful acts or omissions of the landlord. The acts complained of being' a breach of tbe covenant for quiet enjoyment, express or implied, by the lessor, there can be no doubt, we think, the damages resulting to the lessee constitute the proper subject of counterclaim in an action brought against him for the rent. Such damages are, within the definition of the statute, a cause of action arising out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of the plaintiff's claim, and connected with the subject of the action.
Having determined that the damages sustained by the defendant were properly pleaded in answer, and constituted a valid defense or counterclaim, in whole or in part, to the demand of the plaintiff in this action, provided the acts complained of and from which the damages arose were voluntarily done by the plaintiff, the next point of inquiry is as to the character of those acts, or whether' the same were voluntary or involuntary on the part of the plaintiff. The plaintiff set up in reply, and eirdeavored to establish upon the trial, that he acted involuntarily in doing them, and proceeded only in obedience to the mandate and superior power and force of the law, which compelled him, whether he would or not, to grade the street and raise up the sidewalk in front of the building and premises in manner as he did. He excused or attempted to excuse himself on the ground of duress or compulsion under authority of law, by which he was obliged to do the acts, and from which there was no escape,— no remedy or means at hand or within his control by which he could avoid the performance of them. He set up an ordinance of the common council of the city of Milwaukee, raising the grade of the street and of the sidewalk, and another ordinance instructing the board of public works of the city to cause the work to be done, and an order of the board of public works requiring the owner or agent of the owner of the premises demised, to do or cause to be done the work as therein stated. By these must be understood, of course, valid ordinances and a valid order. The sufficiency of the excuse thus stated and relied upon, if established in evidence, is not ques tioned. Tbe only point wliicb will be further considered on tbis appeal is as to tbe nature and sufficiency of tbe evidence wbicb was introduced by tbe plaintiff, and upon wbicb be depended to sbow that it was obligatory in law upon bim to raise tbe grade of tbe street and of tbe sidewalk as the same was done, or, in other words, to sbow that be acted involuntarily in doing tbe work.
The only evidence introduced by the plaintiff were the ordinances and tbe order themselves. The act amendatory of the act establishing the board of public works for the city of Milwaukee (ch. 401, P. & L. Laws of 1870, sec. 3), under which the work in question is alleged to have been done, provides that no work in the grading or improvement of any street, alley or sidewalk, which shall be chargeable to the lots or parcels of land fronting or abutting on the same, except repairs, shall be ordered without a petition therefor being first presented to the common council, signed by the residents of the ward or wards wherein such contemplated improvement is to be made, owning a majority of the feet in front of all the lots fronting upon such improvements, owned by residents of such ward or wards. Further particular provision is also made for cases where the majority of feet in front of all lots shall be owned by nonresidents of such ward or wards, and prescribing how and by whom the petition shall then be signed. In no case, however, can any work of the kind be ordered 'without a petition signed and presented to the common council by the owners of lots.
No evidence was introduced or proof made on the trial, of the signing or presentation of a petition for the ordering of tbe work or making of the improvement in question on the street in front of the demised premises.
In support of the proofs as they are or were made, counsel for tbe plaintiff argues that the signing and presentation of the requisite petition must be presumed. The ordinances and order being shown, counsel rely on the presumption in favor of the correctness of official action, and say that the signing and pre sentation of tbe proper petition must be presumed, else tbe ordinances would not baye been passed or tbe order made. Tbis is a mistaken view of tbe law, we think, as applicable to sucb a case as tbis. It may be stated as a proposition, generally, if not universally, true, that, whenever private rights are to be injuriously affected or taken away by tbe proceedings of these special and inferior jurisdictions or bodies politic, their power and authority to act and to proceed in the premises must be clearly and positively shown. Tbis principle is fundamental and almost axiomatic in tbe law, and seldom, if ever, departed from in sucb cases. Tbe tribunal being inferior and limited in its powers, no presumption of tbe existence of jurisdictional facts necessary to give validity to its acts, will be indulged. Their validity must be shown in order to divest private rights or defeat remedies which would otherwise have remained. The signing and presentation of tbe petition in tbis case was a jurisdictional fact, without which neither the common council nor the board of public works had authority to act; and that fact cannot be supplied by presumption. Notwithstanding the ordinance and order, there may have been no petition or no sufficient and proper one ; and if so, the ordinance and order were clearly void. It was holden by this court in Hayes v. The City of Appleton, 24 Wis., 544, that for all the purposes of jurisdiction, where individual rights are to be affected or their exercise suspended, the common council of a city is like a court of inferior and limited jurisdiction; and the facts showing that it had power to pass the ordinance must be made to appear. Such we believe to be clearly the rule of law here ; and for this defect in the proofs made and offered by the plaintiff, the judgment appealed from must be reversed, and a new trial awarded.
By the Court. — It is so ordered.