Case Name: Robinson, Plaintiff in error, vs. The State, Defendant in error
Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Wisconsin
Decision Date: 1910-05-24
Citations: 143 Wis. 205
Docket Number: 
Parties: Robinson, Plaintiff in error, vs. The State, Defendant in error.
Judges: 
Reporter: Wisconsin Reports
Volume: 143
Pages: 205–210

Head Matter:
Robinson, Plaintiff in error, vs. The State, Defendant in error.
April 29 —
May 24, 1910.
Criminal law: Competency of witnesses: Children: Discretion: Rape: Sufficiency of evidence: Unsworn testimony: 'Waiver of objection: Mental capacity: Opinions of nonexperts: Time of offense: Instructions to jury: Evidence as to character: Refutartion: Proof of other immoral acts: Rebuttal.
1. Unless it appears to have been an abuse of discretion, tbe ruling-of tbe trial court that a child of limited mentality and intelligence was competent to testify will not be held error.
2. A conviction of rape is held to be sustained by tbe direct and. positive testimony of tbe prosecutrix, a child between thirteen and fourteen years old of limited intelligence, together with some corroboration, tbe question of her credibility being one-for tbe jury.
3. Where a defendant expressly consents, even under pressure from tbe court, to tbe admission of unsworn testimony of young children, be waives any right to complain thereof.
4. A nonexpert witness cannot give a general opinion as to the-mental capacity of a person, but may testify as to specific interviews and the impression left upon bis mind as to tbe person’s mental peculiarities exhibited in such interviews.
5. Where, on a trial for rape, tbe prosecutrix testified to only one-offense and tbe testimony of tbe accused evinced no uncer tainty as to the occasion referred to, so that the jury in finding him guilty must have agreed upon the commission of one specific offense, there was no error in an instruction permitting conviction for an offense committed at any time within the period of limitation prior to the time charged in the information.
-6. The privilege of general vilification of a witness by proof of disreputable conduct not connected with the facts on trial should be allowed only in the exercise of judicial discretion, and then only to affect the credibility of the witness, and not to be considered upon the question 0f guilt or innocence if the witness is also the accused person on trial.
7. Refutation of evidence of the general good character of an accused must be by proof of general reputation or character and not of specific acts.
■8. Where, on a trial for rape, the accused himself testified and also offered other evidence to show the innocent and meritorious character of his relations and usual acts with girls other than the prosecutrix who frequented his place of business, it was' permissible for the state to show that the conditions which he sought to prove as suggestive of his innocence did not exist, and to show that the presence of such girls on his premises, invited by him, was often immoral and libidinous instead of uniformly innocent and conventional as he had sought to prove.
EeROR to review a judgment of the municipal court of "Dane county: ÁNTHONY DoktovaN, Judge.
Affirmed.
Writ of error to review conviction for carnal intercourse with a female under fourteen. The prosecutrix was between thirteen and fourteen, of quite limited mentality and intelligence, and in whom the absence of chastity appeared by physical examination and by her own testimony. She asserted that the defendant, a man sixty-two years of age, keeping a petty shop for sale of candies, notions, and pictures, and an •employment agency, enticed her therein, and, by promise of a trifling sum of money, induced her to consent to the carnal ■act. Hers was the only direct testimony thereto; but physical examination very shortly thereafter, testimony of a witness to her presence at the shop and retirement with defendant into a back room, and perhaps some other, facts, are claimed as corroborative. Defendant introduced evidence of •good character of himself and his place of business and appeared as a witness and testified to the respectable character •of the business. On cross-examination he denied various specific indecent and improper acts with other girls of various ages and at different times coming to his store. The state upon rebuttal was allowed to introduce affirmative proof of these several acts.
Eor the plaintiff in error there was a brief by Ollis & Nelson, and oral argument by B. N. Nelson.
Eor the defendant in error there was a brief by the At■torney General and Vroman Mason, district attorney, and •oral argument by Mr. Mason.

Opinion:
Dodge, J..
We have concluded, after doubt on some, that none of the assignments of error necessitate reversal, for reasons to be stated:
1. The competency of the accusing witness was fairly within the trial court's discretion, guided by his experience with her upon the preliminary examination, as also by her •appearance. There is not enough in the record to convince ns that such discretion was abused.
2. Her testimony being admissible, the verdict was not without support from evidence. That testimony is direct and positive to commission of the act charged, and apparently with understanding of that to which she testified. The question of her credibility, which doubtless is a serious one, was nevertheless for the jury, and she. was not wholly without corroboration.
3. The admission of unsworn testimony, even from very .young children, could hardly be justified but that defendant, albeit under considerable pressure from the court, yielded his express consent to omission of the oath, and has thereby waived all complaint thereof. Oborn v. State, post, p. 249, 126 N. W. 737.
4. There was no error in excluding the opinion of Mr. Smith, not an expert witness, as to prosecutrix's mental capacity to testify. The question called for a general opinion at a time when he had merely stated generally the extent of his acquaintance with her and opportunities for observation. The court later allowed him to testify as to specific-interviews and the impression left upon his mind as to her mental peculiarities exhibited in such interviews. Such is the true field of opinion from the nonexpert. Duthey v. State, 131 Wis. 178, 186, 111 N. W. 222.
5. The permission to convict for an offense at any time within the limitation period prior to June 30, 1909, given by an instruction, while technically correct in some cases,, might be prejudicially erroneous in others, unless very carefully guarded and qualified. In the instant case we can discover no prejudice. While prosecutrix was very contradictory as to the date, still she testified to only one offense at any time committed upon her by defendant, and his testimony evinces no uncertainty as to the occasion referred to. There was therefore no opportunity for part of the jury only to believe in the commission of one offense and part of them to rest their verdict upon another. If they agreed on the commission of one specific offense, it was immaterial whether it was committed in March or June. Defendant could not have been embarrassed in his defense by uncertainty as to the occasion involved.
6. The remaining and most serious question presented by several assignments of error arises upon allowing the state in rebuttal, over objection, to offer evidence of various specific immoral and libidinous acts by defendant 'in his store, addressed to girls and young women resorting thereto apparently in the course of business, such as the exhibition, from amongst his stock, of indecent pictures, the taking of personal liberties, and even solicitation to carnal intercourse. The evidence, if inadmissible, was beyond doubt highly preju dicial. Was it properly admissible ? Counsel suggests that it might have been admitted as having bearing on defendant's credibility, he having made himself a witness. The privilege of general vilification of a witness by proof of disreputable conduct not connected with the facts on trial is one so liable to abuse that it should be closely guarded and allowed only upon the exercise of judicial discretion of the trial court, and then only to affect the credibility of the witness, and not to be considered upon guilt or innocence if the witness is also the accused person on trial. Dungan v. State, 135 Wis. 151, 115 N. W. 350. But that discretion was not exercised upon this trial. The court not only did not limit the effect of the evidence to the credibility of defendant, but expressly admitted it as relevant to the merits of the case. Another suggested justification is that such specific immoral acts went in refutation of the evidence which defendant had offered of his general good character. The rule is, however, universally established that such refutation must consist of proof of general reputation or character and that specific acts are not admissible. Comm. v. O'Brien, 119 Mass. 342; Torrance in 12 Yale Law Jour. 359. However, another ground of relevancy and admissibility was urged on the trial, namely, to refute defendant's testimony. He had very industriously sought, apparently in anticipation of an argument that frequent presence of girls on his premises was suspicious, to prove that he conducted a legitimate business in the sale of candies, picture cards, ornaments, and the like, which attracted their presence; also that he conducted an employment agency. He testified and offered other proof to show that such acts of familiarity with little girls, treating to candy and showing of pictures, as were afterwards proved, were mere acts of kindness or a method of selling his wares, and that access to his back room by prosecutrix and others was frequent for use of his telephone and was innocent. Now, whether or not such acts might have been shown by the state originally or even eom- mented on in argument, a defendant might perhaps show the innocent and meritorious character of his relations and usual acts with a class of persons of whom prosecutrix was one. When he did so, however, he raised a new issue, and we think it was at least permissible for the state to show that the conditions which defendant had sought to prove as suggestive of innocence did not exist, and to show that the presence of such girls on his premises, invited by him, was often immoral and libidinous, instead of uniformly innocent and conventional, as he had sought to prove. We base this conclusion upon the peculiar attitude of the defendant as exhibited by the record in this case, as inviting and indeed necessitating this type of evidence in ascertaining the truth of facts asserted by defendant as a most persuasive defense. A situation very similar in principle was held to justify otherwise incompetent facts in Schissler v. State, 122 Wis. 365, 373, 99 N. W. 593; Grabowski v. State, 126 Wis. 447, 454, 105 N. W. 805.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.