Case Name: STANDARD COMPUTING SCALE CO. v. THE UNITED STATES
Court: United States Court of Claims
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1931-10-20
Citations: 72 Ct. Cl. 619
Docket Number: No. J-661
Parties: STANDARD COMPUTING SCALE CO. v. THE UNITED STATES
Judges: Whaley, Judge; Williams, Judge; Giíeen, Judge; and .Booth, Ghief Justice, concur.
Reporter: United States Court of Claims Reports
Volume: 72
Pages: 619–629

Head Matter:
STANDARD COMPUTING SCALE CO. v. THE UNITED STATES
[No. J-661.
Decided October 20, 1931]
Mr. John F. Hughes for the plaintiff. Mr. Harry S. Hall was on the brief.
Messrs. Ohasrles R. Pollard and Frank J. Ready, jr., with whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney General Charles B. Rugg, for the defendant.

Opinion:
Littleton, Judge,
delivered the opinion:
There is no dispute as to the facts in this case. They show that the net income of the plaintiff for 1920, computed on thé installment-sales method of accounting by including in taxable income the profits realized in that year on installment sales made in prior years and in invested capital all-unrealized gross profits at the beginning of the taxable year-on installment sales made in prior years, results in a total tax liability of $33,167.28 and an overpayment of $60,530.60.. They further show that the net income of the plaintiff, computed on the installment-sales method of accounting by including in taxable income the profits realized on installment, sales made in prior years and excluding from invested capital all unrealized gross profits at the beginning of the taxable-year on installment sales made in prior years, results in a total tax liability of $52,231.23 and an overpayment of' $41,466,65.
The plaintiff contends that under sections 212 (d) of the revenue act of 1926, 44 Stat. 9, 23, and 1208 of that act, 44 Stat. 9, 130, and art. 42 of Regulations 69 it is entitled to have its tax liability for 1920 computed by the use of the installment-sales method of accounting, and contends for the overpayment of $60,530.60 above mentioned.
The defendant concedes that on the straight accrual basis of accounting plaintiff is entitled to include in invested capital as determined by the commissioner an additional amount of $3,548.23, representing the depreciated cost of patents used in the business and that, on that basis, it is entitled to a refund of $178.08 plus interest from December 16, 1921. The defendant further concedes that if plaintiff is entitled to have its net income and tax liability for 1920 determined on the installment-sales basis it is entitled to a refund of $41,466.65. Counsel for the defendant contend, however, that inasmuch as plaintiff filed a return for 1920 on the accrual basis the provisions of section 705 of the revenue act of' 1928, 45 Stat. 791, 881, deny it the right to have its income- and tax for 1920 computed on the installment-sales basis.
The plain provisions of section 705 of the revenue act of 1928 and a consideration of its history and purpose, as dis closed by previous regulations, decisions, and committee reports, show that it did not affect any of the rights given to taxpayers by sections 212 (d) and 1208 of the revenue act of 1926, and that the purpose and intent, as clearly expressed in the language used, was that section 705 should operate as a statute of repose with respect to all cases where a taxpayer had by an original return changed from the accrual basis of reporting income to the installment-sales basis prior to 1925., which was the date of the decision of the United States: Board of Tax Appeals in B. B. Todd, Inc., 7 B. T. A. 762. Prior to 1925 the regulation 45, 1920 edition, and rulings of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue had applied what-is commonly known as the single tax rule, namely, that where a taxpayer changed to the installment-sales basis he need not in the year of the change or any subsequent year report as income amounts collected in such years on account of installment sales made in prior years and included in the returns for such prior years as income on the accrual basis! After the enactment of the revenue act of 1926 and before the enactment of the revenue act of 1928 the United States Board of Tax Appeals had decided the case of Blwrrds I no., supra, in which it was held, as contended by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that where a taxpayer changed from the accrual basis to the installment-sales basis he must report as income in the year of the change and subsequent years collections made in such years on account of installment sales made in prior years. This decision applied what is commonly known as the double tax rule. Section 705, supra, as hereinafter pointed out, went no further than to prevent the reopening of cases prior to 1925 in which the taxpayer changed by an original return.
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue rejected plaintiff's claim for refund in this case not because it was not entitled to report its income on the installment basis under sections 212 (d) and 1208 of the revenue act of 1926, supra, and art. 42 of Eegulations 69, nor because section 705 of the revenue act of 1928 prohibited the change, but because a report of an internal-revenue agent showed that the information submitted with the claim for refund failed to comply with the requirements of the revenue act of 1926 as to installment sales. The position which counsel for the defendant take in the brief filed in this case is that if a taxpayer in any year prior to 1925 filed an original return on the accrual basis he may not thereafter for any such prior year change to the installment-sales basis. In the argument of the case counsel for defendant conceded that notwithstanding the plaintiff had filed its original return for 1920 on the accrual basis it would be entitled to change to the installment-sales basis and have its income and tax liability for that year determined, adjusted, and computed on the installment-sales basis if it had submitted with its claim for refund " an amended return "; and argued that since the plaintiff did not file an amended return it was not entitled to have its income and tax liability determined and computed on the installment-sales basis on a claim for refund and the information, facts, and computation submitted in connection therewith.
We are of opinion that plaintiff is entitled to have its income and tax for 1920 determined and computed on the installment-sales method of accounting and that the contentions made by the defendant in this case are without merit.
The ground of plaintiff's claim for refund and the basis of this suit is that it should be permitted to return its income for 1920 on the installment basis. The plaintiff has meticulously complied with the provisions of section 212 (d) of the revenue act of 1926, which were retroactive to December 31, 1915, with the provisions of Eegs. 69 with reference to keeping its books of account, and with the provisions of law with reference to filing of claims for refund. The filing of an amended return is not compulsory but merely permissive. The statute nowhere requires that an amended return be filed. Art. 42 of Eegulations 69 permits an amended return but does not require such return, as a condition precedent to the right to have the tax computed on the installment basis. The method in which the books are kept and the facts and information contained therein with reference to sales on the installment plan control the right of the taxpayer who is regularly engaged in making sales of.personal property on the installment plan to have its tax liability determined by the use of the installment-sales method of accounting. The established practice has always been to make adjustment on claims for refund of the net income and the tax returned and paid from the cash to the accrual basis, from a calendar year to a fiscal year basis, and vice versa, without requiring amended returns, and we find no necessity for applying a different rale in cases of this land where the taxpayer's books of account contain adequate information and were kept so that income could be accurately computed on the installment basis. When an original return has been filed on the accrual basis and a taxpayer desires to avail itself of the right granted by sections 212 (d) and 1208 of the revenue act of 1926 to have its income determined and its tax computed on the installment-sales basis, and claims that there has been an overpayment for such year, a claim for refund supported by sufficient facts is a valid exercise of the right granted by the statute. See John M. Brant Co. v. United States, 69 C. Cls. 516. This conclusion is consistent with the interpretation by the Treasury Department of art. 42 of Eegulations 69, in G. C. M. 1123, C. B. VI-1, page 37, being an opinion rendered by the general counsel of the Bureau of Internal Eevenue in 1927, and is also consistent with the decisions of the United States Board of Tax Appeals in L. S. Weeks Co., 6 B. T. A. 300, Blum's Inc. supra, Warren Reilly, 7 B. T. A. 1327, Grand Rapids Show Case Co., 12 B. T. A. 1024, and H. A. Dunham, 13 B. T. A. 582. In the last-mentioned case, which was decided September 27, 1928, the taxpayer for the years 1919 to 1921, inclusive, filed its returns on the accrual basis and the commissioner determined deficiencies. The taxpayer sought to amend its returns and adjust its income on the installment-sales basis. The commissioner refused to permit it to make the change. The board held that since its books of account contained adequate information for that purpose it was entitled to have its tax determined on the installment-sales basis. The board further held that inas much as the taxpayer was electing to change to the installment-sales basis after it had filed returns on the accrual basis it was required to include in income' in the year of the change and subsequent years amounts collected in such years on account of installment sales made in prior years and was not entitled to the benefits of section 705 of the revenue act of 1928.
The board held likewise in Marshall Brothers Lumber Co., 18 B. T. A. 111, decided October 17, 1928, where the taxpayer filed returns on the accrual basis for the years 1917 to 1921, inclusive, and elected in May, 1923, to change to the installment-sales basis for those years. See also J. B. Bradford Piano Co., 15 B. T. A. 1045; J. C. Nichols Land Co., 20 B. T. A. 398; Laurence H. Lucker, 21 B. T. A. 93.
In March, 1925, the United States Board of Tax Appeals held in B. B. Todd, Inc., supra, that there was no authority in law for the installment-sales method of reporting income and that the previous regulations of the commissioner were invalid. The revenue act of 1926 retroactively permitted taxpayers to change to the installment-sales basis, and that act was construed to require the application of the double tax rule. Blum's, Inc., supra. The only purpose of section 705 of the revenue act of 1928 was to prevent the reopening of cases for years prior to 1925 for the purpose of assessing additional tax or of making refunds when the taxpayer for any of such prior years had changed from the accrual basis to the installment-sales basis of reporting income by an original return. This purpose is evidenced by the' fact that for years subsequent to 1925 section 705 of the 1928 act has no application and any taxpayer who elects to change from the accrual to the installment-sales basis for 1926 or subsequent years must include in income collections made in the year of the change and subsequent years on account of installment sales made in prior years. C. Niss & Sons, Inc., 22 B. T. A. 732.
The claim of plaintiff that it is entitled in computing its tax on the installment-sales basis to include in invested capital $378,467.43, the amount appearing in installment accounts receivable at the beginning of the taxable year 1920, on sales made in prior years, is controlled by the decision <of this court in John M. Brant Co. v. United States, supra, certiorari denied, 282 U. S. 888, in. which it was held that under the installment-sales method of accounting .unrealized profits on installment sales made prior to the taxable year should be excluded from the computation of invested -capital for the taxable year.
The plaintiff overpaid its tax- for 1920 computed by the -use of the installment-sales method of accounting ip the -amount of $41,466.65, for which judgment in its favor with .interest as provided by law will be entered. It is so ordered.
Whaley, Judge; Williams, Judge; Giíeen, Judge; and .Booth, Ghief Justice, concur.
Reg. 45, art. 42, April 17 and December 29, 1919; Reg. 45, art. 42 (1920. ed.) ; B. B. Todd, Ino., 1 B. T. A. 762; sections 212 (d) and 1208, revenue act .of 1926; Blum's, Inc., 7 B. T. A. 737Senate Finance Committee Report No. 52, p. 19, 69th Cong., 1st session, and Conference Report, House Report '356, p. 32-33, 59, 69th Cong., 1st session; Report of Joint Committee on Internal Revenue' Taxation (House Document 139, p. 12, 70th Cong.,. 1st session) ; Ways and Means Committee Report No. 2, p. 14, 70th Cong.; House Conference Report, 1882; p. 24, 70th Cong., 1st' session.