Case Name: In re: Disciplinary Charges Against Police Chief Michael Younglove: Michael Younglove, Petitioner-Appellant, v. City of Oak Creek Fire and Police Commission, Respondent-Respondent
Court: Wisconsin Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Wisconsin
Decision Date: 1998-03-31
Citations: 218 Wis. 2d 133
Docket Number: No. 97-1522-FT
Parties: In re: Disciplinary Charges Against Police Chief Michael Younglove: Michael Younglove, Petitioner-Appellant, v. City of Oak Creek Fire and Police Commission, Respondent-Respondent.
Judges: Before Wedemeyer, P.J., Fine and Curley, JJ.
Reporter: Wisconsin Reports Second
Volume: 218
Pages: 133–144

Head Matter:
In re: Disciplinary Charges Against Police Chief Michael Younglove: Michael Younglove, Petitioner-Appellant, v. City of Oak Creek Fire and Police Commission, Respondent-Respondent.
Court of Appeals
No. 97-1522-FT.
Submitted on briefs January 8, 1998. —
Decided March 31, 1998.
(Also reported in 579 N.W.2d 294.)
On behalf of the petitioner-appellant, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Frankly n M. Gimbel and Kathryn A. Keppel of Gimbel, Reilly, Guerin & Brown, of Milwaukee.
On behalf of the respondent-respondent, the cause was submitted on the brief oí Lawrence J. Haskin, city attorney, of Oak Creek.
Before Wedemeyer, P.J., Fine and Curley, JJ.
Petition to review denied.

Opinion:
FINE, J.
The Oak Creek Police and Fire Commission discharged Michael Younglove from his job as Oak Creek chief of police. Younglove appealed his discharge to the circuit court pursuant § 62.13(5)(i), Stats. The circuit court affirmed. Younglove appeals. We dismiss the appeal.
Section 62.13(5)(i), Stats., provides that any person disciplined or discharged from his or her position by a board of police and fire commissioners "may appeal from the order of the board to the circuit court." As material to Younglove's appeal to this court, § 62.13(5)(i) further provides:
The trial [on the appeal to the circuit court] shall be by the [circuit] court and upon the return of the board, except that the [circuit] court may require further return or the taking and return of further evidence by the board. The question to be determined by the [circuit] court shall be: Upon the evidence is there just cause, as. described under par. (em) [of § 62.13(5), STATS.], to sustain the charges against the accused? No costs shall be allowed either party and the clerk's fees shall be paid by the city. If the order of the board is reversed, the accused shall be forthwith reinstated and entitled to pay as though in continuous service. If the order of the board is sustained it shall be final and conclusive.
(Emphasis added.) The circuit court sustained the order of the Oak Creek Board of Police and Fire Commissioners discharging Younglove. Accordingly, the Board's order is, by statute, "final and conclusive," and we have no jurisdiction over Younglove's appeal to this court. See Jendrzejewski v. Board of Fire & Police Comm'rs, 257 Wis. 536, 44 N.W.2d 270 (1950); Owens v. Board of Police & Fire Comm'rs, 122 Wis. 2d 449, 451-452, 362 N.W.2d 171, 173 (Ct. App. 1984). Youn-glove asks that we nevertheless exercise our supervisory powers to decide a question that he characterizes as publici juris — the standard of review to be applied by the circuit court in an appeal from a board of police and fire commissioners under § 62.13(5)(i). He argues that the circuit court erred in deferring to the Board on credibility issues. According to Younglove, the trial before the circuit court under § 62.13(5)(i) should have been de novo. The dissent assumes that this is true. For the reasons stated in Part II of this opinion, we disagree.
I.
We may not exercise our supervisory authority over a circuit court unless we have jurisdiction over the specific matter in dispute. See State ex rel. Swan v. Elections Bd., 133 Wis. 2d 87, 90-97, 394 N.W.2d 732, 733-736 (1986) (court of appeals does not have original jurisdiction to issue writ of mandamus against Elections Board). Article VII, § 5(3) of the Wisconsin Constitution gives to this court "jurisdiction" "as the legislature may provide by law." Although we have general "supervisory authority over all actions and proceedings in the courts" in our district, WIS. CONST, art. VII, § 5(3); see also § 752.02, Stats. ("The court of appeals has supervisory authority over all actions and proceedings in all courts except the supreme court."), the legislature has explicitly deprived appellate courts of jurisdiction to review orders issued by the circuit court under § 62.13(5)(i) and its predecessors. A spe cific statute trumps a general statute. Jendrzejewski, 257 Wis. at 538, 44 N.W.2d at 272. Simply put, the legislature has made the circuit court's decision on a § 62.13(5)(i) appeal final — irrespective of whether an appellate court believes that decision is right or wrong. We may not circumvent § 62.13(5)(i)'s bar to our jurisdiction. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal.
II.
As noted, Younglove contends that the trial court's review of the Board's factual findings, including its credibility determinations, should have been de novo. The dissent assumes that this is true, and cites 1993 Wis. Act 53, § 7 in support. As pertinent here, all § 7 did was to amend § 62.13(5)(i), Stats., 1993-94, as follows: "The question to be determined by the [circuit] court shall be: Upon the evidence [before the board of police and fire commissioners] wag-the-order- of-the board reasonable is there .just cause, as described under par, (em), to sustain the charges against the accused?" (Deletions indicated by interlineation, additions by underlining, and bracketed material added for clarity.) This requires the circuit court to ensure that the Board's decision is supported by the evidence that the Board found credible. The circuit court is not empowered to take evidence. Rather, if additional evidence or other material is needed, the circuit court is directed by the statute to remand to the Board for that purpose: "The trial shall be by the [circuit] court and upon the return of the board, except that the [circuit] court may require further return or the taking and return of further evidence by the board." Section 62.13(5)(i), STATS. The changes to which the dissent points do not call for the circuit court to ignore credibility determinations made by the body that heard and saw the witnesses live, in favor of the de novo review of a cold transcript.
Reviewing tribunals defer to credibility determinations made by those who hear and see the witnesses because of the latter's "superior opportunity . to observe the demeanor of witnesses and to gauge the persuasiveness of their testimony." Kleinstick v. Daleiden, 71 Wis. 2d 432, 442, 238 N.W.2d 714, 720 (1976). See also Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 575 (1985) (Only tribunal that hears and sees the witnesses "can be aware of the variations in demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener's understanding of and belief in what is said."). Thus, where the legislature has provided for de novo review, its mandate is explicit and encompasses the taking of testimony by the reviewing tribunal. See § 767.13(6), Stats. ("Upon the motion of any party [review of a decision by a family court commissioner] shall include a new hearing on the subject of the decision, order or ruling."); § 799.207(5), STATS. ("A timely filing of a demand for trial [following decision by court commissioner hearing small-claims disputes] shall result in a new trial before the court on all issues between the parties."); § 800.14(4) & (5), Stats, (on appeal to circuit court from municipal court, the "appeal shall be based upon a review of the transcript of the [municipal court] proceedings," unless a party timely requests "that a new trial be held in circuit court."); see also § 16.11(3)(n)4, Stats, (certain decisions of the Midwest Interstate Low-level Radioactive Waste Commission are reviewable de novo in U.S. District Court). It would have been anomalous for the legislature here to limit the taking of testimony to proceedings before the Board, yet to provide for de novo review of the Board's findings and credibility determinations based on the reviewing court's reading of a transcript of those proceedings. We believe that the current version of § 62.13(5)(i), Stats., like its predecessor, requires that the circuit court give deference to the Board's findings and credibility determinations in deciding whether "[u]pon the evidence" before the Board there was "just cause" under the listed criteria "to sustain the charges against" the officer. As phrased by the United States Supreme Court in another context, the proceeding before the Board is the " 'main event,'" not "a 'tryout on the road.'" Anderson, 470 U.S. at 575 (quoted source omitted).
By the Court. — Appeal dismissed.
With an exception not relevant here, "each city shall have a board of police and fire commissioners." Section 62.13(1), Stats. The board appoints the city's chief of police, who holds office "during good behavior, subject to suspension or removal by the board for cause." Section 62.13(3), Stats.
Although Younglove could have also sought review of the Board's order via certiorari, see State ex rel. Kaczkowski v. Board of Fire & Police Comm'rs, 33 Wis. 2d 488, 500, 148 N.W.2d 44, 50 (1967); Owens v. Board of Police & Fire Comm'rs, 122 Wis. 2d 449, 451, 362 N.W.2d 171, 172 (Ct. App. 1984), he did not.
Article VII, § 5(3) of the Wisconsin Constitution provides in full:
The appeals court shall have such appellate jurisdiction in the district, including jurisdiction to review administrative proceedings, as the legislature may provide .by law, but shall have no original jurisdiction other than by prerogative writ. The appeals court may issue all writs necessary in aid of its jurisdiction and shall have supervisory authority over all actions and proceedings in the courts in the district.
The legislature is presumed to know how courts have interpreted a statute, and we should not alter our construction unless the legislature overrules that interpretation by amending the law. Reiter v. Dyken, 95 Wis. 2d 461, 471, 290 N.W.2d 510, 515 (1980). Section 62.13(5)(i), STATS., the current incarnation of the legislature's attempt to provide expeditious and fair judicial review of discipline imposed on police and fire officers, see State ex rel. Kaczkowski, 33 Wis. 2d at 497, 148 N.W.2d at 48, has not overruled Jendrzejewski v. Board of Fire and Police Commissioners, 257 Wis. 536, 44 N.W.2d 270 (1950). Indeed, as material here, § 62.13(5)(i) is almost identical to the provision considered in Jendrzejewski: "If the order of the board is reversed, the accused shall be forthwith reinstated and entitled to his pay as though in continuous service. If the order of the board is sustained it shall be final and conclusive." Id., 257 Wis. at 537, 44 N.W.2d at 271.
Younglove does not ask us to exercise original jurisdiction; nor could he. We do not have "jurisdiction to entertain an original action unrelated to [our] supervisory or appellate authority over the circuit court." State ex rel. Swan v. Elections Bd., 133 Wis. 2d 87, 97, 394 N.W.2d 732, 736 (1986). As noted in the main body of this opinion, the legislature has deprived us of appellate jurisdiction over circuit court orders issued under § 62.13(5)(i), STATS., that either affirm or reverse discipline imposed by boards of police and fire commissioners. See Jendrzejewski, 257 Wis. 536,44 N.W.2d 270. Thus, as we point out in the main body of this opinion, we do not have jurisdiction to supervise the circuit courts unless that supervision is related to a matter over which we have jurisdiction.
Section 62.13(5)(em), STATS., provides:
No subordinate may be suspended, reduced in rank, suspended and reduced in rank, or removed by the board under par. (e), based on charges filed by the board, members of the board, an aggrieved person or the chief under par. (b), unless the board determines whether there is just cause, as described in this paragraph, to sustain the charges. In making its determination, the board shall apply the following standards, to the extent applicable:
1. Whether the subordinate could reasonably be expected to have had knowledge of the probable consequences of the alleged conduct.
2. Whether the rule or order that the subordinate allegedly violated is reasonable.
3. Whether the chief, before filing the charge against the subordinate, made a reasonable effort to discover whether the subordinate did in fact violate a rule or order.
4. Whether the effort described under subd. 3. was fair and objective.
5. Whether the chief discovered substantial evidence that the subordinate violated the rule or order as described in the charges filed against the subordinate.
6. Whether the chief is applying the rule or order fairly and without discrimination against the subordinate.
7. Whether the proposed discipline reasonably relates to the seriousness of the alleged violation and to the subordinate's record of service with the chief s department.