Case Name: Jacqueline Galindo, Individually and as Administratrix of the Estate of Javier Galindo, Deceased, Appellant, v. Town of Clarkstown, Defendant, and C. Richard Clark, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 2004-05-13
Citations: 2 N.Y. 633
Docket Number: 
Parties: Jacqueline Galindo, Individually and as Administratrix of the Estate of Javier Galindo, Deceased, Appellant, v Town of Clarkstown, Defendant, and C. Richard Clark, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 2
Pages: 633–640

Head Matter:
[814 NE2d 419, 781 NYS2d 249]
Jacqueline Galindo, Individually and as Administratrix of the Estate of Javier Galindo, Deceased, Appellant, v Town of Clarkstown, Defendant, and C. Richard Clark, Respondent.
Argued March 25, 2004;
decided May 13, 2004
POINTS OF COUNSEL
Gregory W. Bagen, Brewster, for appellant.
The dissent at the Appellate Division got it right, and the majority got it wrong.
Wilson, Bave, Conboy, Cozza & Couzens, P.C., White Plains {John C. Couzens, Jr. and Robert J. Gironda of counsel), for respondent.
I. There can be no liability imposed on C. Richard Clark in the absence of a legal duty. (Badou v New Jersey Tr. Rail Operations, 221 AD2d 303; Kimbar v Estis, 1 NY2d 399; Spallholtz v Hampton C.F. Corp., 294 AD2d 424; Minott v City of New York, 230 AD2d 719; Pulka v Edelman, 40 NY2d 781.) II. C. Richard Clark as owner or occupier of the abutting property owed no duty of care to plaintiffs to warn them of or protect them from a defective or dangerous condition on the neighboring town property. (Gehler v City of New York, 261 AD2d 506; Pensabene v Incorporated Vil. of Val. Stream, 202 AD2d 486.) III. The dissenting opinion of the Appellate Division is incorrect as their analysis belies the controlling principles of law when it intends to impose a legal duty upon C. Richard Clark to warn of a danger on abutting property that is likely to cause injury to persons on his property. (Pulka v Edelman, 40 NY2d 781; Badou v New Jersey Tr. Rail Operations, 221 AD2d 303; D’Amico v Christie, 71 NY2d 76.)

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
G.B. Smith, J.
The issue presented here is whether defendant Richard Clark may be held liable for failing to warn the decedent, who was sitting in a parked car on Clark's driveway, of a danger posed by a leaning tree located on neighboring property. We conclude that under the circumstances presented, Clark had no duty to warn.
On June 2, 2000, a severe thunderstorm, accompanied by strong wind gusts, hit the Town of Clarkstown, leaving in its wake several downed trees and power lines. On the evening of June 4th, Clark and his wife surveyed the damage created by the storm and saw that an 80-foot tree, which was located on adjacent property owned by the Town of Clarkstown, was tilted toward their property. Clark went to the base of the tree and observed perforations in the soil. The surface root had begun to separate the dirt, causing porous openings in the soil at the base of the tree. Clark estimated that the tree was tilted about 3.5 degrees. At his deposition, he testified that he was concerned about the possibility that the tree could fall, although he could not discern the path that the tree would take in the event of a fall. Clark thought it possible that the tree could fall onto an adjacent tree located on his property. Under such circumstances, Clark stated, the fallen tree could have rolled onto the road into oncoming traffic or could have fallen onto his house. However, he did not believe the tree posed an immediate threat of falling. In fact, although his wife's car was parked near what he described as "a potential danger radius," he did not move it because he did not think the tree was in danger of falling. He and his wife continued to reside in their house.
The next morning, members of the Town Highway Department were across the street from Clark's house picking up branches and debris from a tree that had fallen as a result of the storm. Clark approached Randall Scott, one of the crew members, and pointed out the tree to Scott, who did not approach the tree to observe the condition of the root or the soil. Instead, he gave Clark the telephone number of Tom Westervelt, a road maintenance supervisor for the Town of Clarkstown. Minutes later, Clark called Westervelt and left a voice mail message conveying that the tree threatened damage either to his property, the road or the power lines. Clark received no response.
On the following morning, June 6th, Clark noticed that the degree of the tilt of the tree had increased. He again called Westervelt, leaving a second, more urgent message. At some point during the morning, plaintiff Jacqueline Galindo, Clark's housekeeper, arrived at the house. After greeting Galindo, Clark left the house to run errands. As he was driving away, he noticed a car that he did not recognize parked behind his wife's car. Inside the car was Galindo's husband, Javier, who apparently had been waiting to pick up his wife after she finished working. However, at that time Clark did not approach the car or see anyone inside. Tragically, while Clark was running his errands, the tree fell onto the parked car, causing Javier's death.
Plaintiff commenced this action against Clark and the Town of Clarkstown seeking damages for the wrongful death of her husband. Both defendants moved for summary judgment. Supreme Court dismissed the complaint as to Clark, concluding that he had no duty to warn of defects or conditions on property that he did not own. After summary judgment was denied to the Town of Clarkstown, it settled the action and plaintiff discontinued her claim against the Town.
Plaintiff appealed the grant of summary judgment in favor of Clark. A divided Appellate Division affirmed the order. Plaintiff appeals to this Court as a matter of right, and we now affirm.
It is well settled that a landowner has a duty to exercise reasonable care in maintaining his own property in a reasonably safe condition under the circumstances. The nature and scope of that duty and the persons to whom it is owed require consideration of the likelihood of injury to another from a dangerous condition on the property, the seriousness of the potential injury, the burden of avoiding the risk and the foreseeability of a potential plaintiff's presence on the property (see Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 29-30 [1983]; Basso v Miller, 40 NY2d 233, 241 [1976]). Ordinarily, a landowner's duty to warn of a latent, dangerous condition on his property is a natural counterpart to his duty to maintain his property in a reasonably safe condition (see Tagle v Jakob, 97 NY2d 165, 169 [2001]; Basso v Miller, 40 NY2d at 239; Soich v Farone, 307 AD2d 658, 659 [3d Dept 2003]).
However, as a general matter, an owner owes no duty to warn or to protect others from a defective or dangerous condition on neighboring premises, unless the owner had created or contributed to it (see Gehler v City of New York, 261 AD2d 506 [2d Dept 1999]; Pensabene v Incorporated Vil. of Val. Stream, 202 AD2d 486 [2d Dept 1994]; Gipson v Veley, 192 AD2d 826 [3d Dept 1993]). The reason for such a rule is obvious—a person who lacks ownership or control of property cannot fairly be held accountable for injuries resulting from a hazard on the property. We hold that this rule requires dismissal of plaintiff's claim against Clark.
To be sure, this case presents the unusual situation in which a dangerous condition on neighboring property caused the decedent's death while he was on the defendant's property. Yet the fact remains that because Clark had no ownership or control of the property on which the tree stood, he did not have it within his power to correct the hazard that the tree posed. Indeed, had Clark attempted to remove the tree to eliminate the danger, he could have been subject to criminal charges.
We reject plaintiffs contention that though Clark had no duty to remedy the danger, he did have a duty to warn the decedent of it. We agree with the Appellate Division that as a general matter, it would create an "unreasonably onerous" burden to require a landowner to evaluate and warn others about a danger caused by a condition existing on neighboring land. (305 AD2d 538, 539 [2003].) We do not exclude the possibility that some dangers from neighboring property might be so clearly known to the landowner, though not open or obvious to others, that a duty to warn would arise. Here, there was no such danger.
Though Clark was clearly aware of the leaning tree and concerned that it might one day damage his property, he had no reason to, and did not, anticipate that the tree would fall either where or when it did. Clark testified that the leaning of the tree was fractional, approximately 3.5 degrees the day before the accident and a little more the day that it fell. Of course, Clark was not an arborist and from such a tilt could not be expected to predict that the tree was about to fall, and if so, how it would fall. Even when he brought the tree to the attention of Scott, who had been removing foliage from the street on behalf of the Town, Scott showed little concern for the well-being of the tree or for the potential damage it could cause, but simply gave Clark a phone number to call. During his deposition, Clark testified that it was difficult to know the path the tree would take. He opined that it could have fallen onto an adjacent tree located on his property; it could have rolled into the street, taking out power lines and blocking traffic; or it could have fallen onto his house.
Clark did not consider the situation so precarious as to warrant taking precautions for himself or for his wife—though Clark testified that his wife's car was parked "on the edge of a potential danger radius." He did not move the car, and he continued to stay in his home with his wife after he had noted the possibility that the tree would fall on his property. Under these circumstances, it is apparent that there was no obvious hazard that could give rise to a duty to warn.
In sum, we conclude that Clark had no duty under the facts of this case to warn decedent of the hazard the tree posed.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.
Section 5-11 of the Code of the Town of Clarkstown states, "No person . . . shall do or cause to he done any damage nor shall. . . destroy any grass, shrub or tree upon town highways, town parks or other town properly." Section 5-17 of the Code states, "Any person committing an offense against the provisions of § 5-7 through 5-16, inclusive, of this chapter shall be guilty of a violation punishable by a fine not exceeding two hundred fifty dollars ($250) or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding fifteen (15) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment."