Case Name: UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Tamba KABA, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2012-09-11
Citations: 495 F. App'x 197
Docket Number: No. 11-283-cr
Parties: UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Tamba KABA, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS, Chief Judge, SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judge, JOHN GLEESON, District Judge.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 495
Pages: 197–199

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Tamba KABA, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 11-283-cr.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Sept. 11, 2012.
Lenny Franco, The Franco Law Firm PC, Atlanta, GA, for Defendant-Appellant.
Peter A. Norling and Amy Busa, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Loretta E. Lynch, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, N.Y., for United States.
PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS, Chief Judge, SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judge, JOHN GLEESON, District Judge.
The Honorable John Gleeson, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
SUMMARY ORDER
Defendant Tamba Kaba was convicted of two counts of smuggling elephant ivory and one count of selling elephant ivory, 18 U.S.C. § 545; 16 U.S.C. § 3372(a)(1), and was sentenced to three concurrent terms of 33 months' incarceration, three years of supervised release, forfeiture of $73,000, a $25,000 fine, and a $300 special assessment. We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
Kaba argues that insufficient evidence established that he knew he was importing elephant ivory and that he knew that importing elephant ivory is illegal. Because these challenges bear only on his smuggling conviction, we affirm Kaba's conviction for selling elephant ivory.
A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence takes up a "heavy burden," United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438, 459 (2d Cir.2004) (internal quotation marks omitted), because the standard of review is "exceedingly deferential," United States v. Hassan, 578 F.3d 108, 126 (2d Cir.2008). A conviction must be affirmed against a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence if "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). In evaluating evidence sufficiency, "we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, crediting every inference that could have been drawn in the government's favor and deferring to the jury's assessment of witness credibility and its assessment of the weight of the evidence." United States v. Chavez, 549 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir.2008) (internal citations, brackets, and quotation marks omitted).
Sufficient trial evidence supported Kaba's smuggling conviction. He was in Africa when the ivory was shipped from Africa to the United States. Kaba paid the shipping costs associated with both shipments, hired a freight-forwarder to pick up the shipments at the airport, and Kaba then transported those shipments to a storage facility in trucks he rented. The packing material in which one shipment of ivory was encased was found in the dumpster outside the facility. Later, Kaba sold a piece of ivory from one of the shipments to Dr. Jarra, who wrote on the check used to pay for the piece that the check was for the "ivory balance." That check was deposited into Kaba's account.
Kaba's primary argument is that the evidence is insufficient because there is no direct evidence that Kaba knew that the shipments contained ivory. But, "knowledge and intent can . be proved through circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom," United States v. MacPherson, 424 F.3d 183, 189 (2d Cir.2005) (collecting cases), and, here, reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence establish that Kaba knew the shipments contained ivory.
There was also sufficient evidence that Kaba knew that importing ivory was illegal. Kaba conceded during his testimony that he had " 'heard from people' " that " 'you cannot import ivory into the United States.'" Gov't Br. at 7 (quoting T:384). In addition, the packaging of the ivory pieces-hidden in hollowed-out compartments of statues — is strong evidence that Kaba (as importer) knew the ivory was being imported illegally.
Kaba challenges his sentence on the ground that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to review the pre-sentence report ("PSR") with Kaba, who claims he does not read English and thus could not read the PSR. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate, first, "that counsel's performance was deficient," that is, the attorney made errors so serious that the representation "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness," and, second, that there was prejudice — i.e., a reasonable probability that, absent counsel's errors, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 695, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); accord Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986).
Kaba cannot show prejudice. He asserts that if he had received adequate counsel he would have objected to the two-level enhancement for commission of the offense for pecuniary gain because he did not profit from the single sale of ivory for which he was convicted. But the enhancement does not require Kaba to realize a profit in the transactions. It applies "[i]f the offense . was committed for pecuniary gain or otherwise involved a commercial purpose." U.S.S.G. § 2Q2.1(b)(l) (emphasis added). " 'For pecuniary gain' means for the receipt of, or in anticipation of receipt of, anything of value, whether monetary or in goods or services." U.S.S.G. § 2Q2.1, cmt. n. 1. Actual profit and profitability are beside the point. The reference to "anticipat[ed]" receipt of "anything of value" confirms that the enhancement applies whenever the defendant anticipates a profit or anything of value. Accordingly, Kaba's sale of the ivory— even if he did not turn a profit — supports the two-level enhancement of his sentence.
We have considered all of the additional arguments and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
. In any event, since Kaba sold at least one ivory piece, the offense involved a commercial purpose, which would support the two-level enhancement. See U.S.S.G. § 2Q2.1 (b)(1).