Case Name: Abraham Gold, an Infant, by Kathleen A. Gold, His Mother and Natural Guardian, et al., Appellants, v. United Health Services Hospitals, Inc., Doing Business as Charles S. Wilson Memorial Hospital, et al., Defendants. New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities et al., Respondents; Kimberly Santiago, an Infant, by Benita Santiago, Her Mother and Natural Guardian, et al., Appellants, v. Craigbrand Realty Corp. et al., Defendants. New York City Department of Social Services, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 2001-02-15
Citations: 95 N.Y.2d 683
Docket Number: 
Parties: Abraham Gold, an Infant, by Kathleen A. Gold, His Mother and Natural Guardian, et al., Appellants, v United Health Services Hospitals, Inc., Doing Business as Charles S. Wilson Memorial Hospital, et al., Defendants. New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities et al., Respondents. Kimberly Santiago, an Infant, by Benita Santiago, Her Mother and Natural Guardian, et al., Appellants, v Craigbrand Realty Corp. et al., Defendants. New York City Department of Social Services, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 95
Pages: 683–692

Head Matter:
[746 NE2d 172, 723 NYS2d 117]
Abraham Gold, an Infant, by Kathleen A. Gold, His Mother and Natural Guardian, et al., Appellants, v United Health Services Hospitals, Inc., Doing Business as Charles S. Wilson Memorial Hospital, et al., Defendants. New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities et al., Respondents. Kimberly Santiago, an Infant, by Benita Santiago, Her Mother and Natural Guardian, et al., Appellants, v Craigbrand Realty Corp. et al., Defendants. New York City Department of Social Services, Respondent.
Argued January 4, 2001;
decided February 15, 2001
POINTS OF COUNSEL
Hinman, Howard & Kattell, L. L. P., Binghamton (James M. Hayes of counsel), and Gair, Gair, Conason, Steigman &
Mackauf, New York City, for appellants in the first above-entitled action.
I. Section 104 (2) of the Social Services Law controls the determination of the amount, if any, to be paid on the Medicaid liens. (Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Matter of Thurston v Durose, 76 NY2d 683; Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296; Iazzetti v City of New York, 94 NY2d 183; Teichman v Community Hosp., 87 NY2d 514; Winkelmann v Excelsior Ins. Co., 85 NY2d 577.) II. The Trial Judge abused his discretion and failed to comply with CPLR 1206 by refusing to permit the entire net proceeds to be placed in a supplemental needs trust. (Franklin v Newberry, 77 Misc 2d 1042; Matter of Mills v Durst, 156 Misc 2d 676; DeMarco v Seaman, 157 Misc 390; Leon v Walker, 1 Misc 2d 219; Conigliaro v Rosa, 24 Misc 2d 15; Matter of Woods v Mason, 32 Misc 2d 745.)
Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General, Albany (Kathleen M. Treasure, Preeta D. Bansal, Daniel Smirlock and Nancy A. Spiegel of counsel), for New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, respondent in the first above-entitled action.
I. The settlement proceeds are available without limitation to satisfy respondents’ Medicaid liens. (Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397; Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Matter of Thurston v Durose, 76 NY2d 683; Matter of Link v Town of Smithtown, 175 Misc 2d 238.) II. The lower court’s order directing use of 86.6% of the net settlement proceeds for the cost of plaintiffs future medical care constitutes a proper exercise of discretion which should not be disturbed. (Leon v Walker, 1 Misc 2d 219; DeMarco v Seaman, 157 Misc 390; Matter of Stackpole v Scott, 9 Misc 2d 922; Zambrana v Railway Express Agency, 11 Misc 2d 553; Franklin v Newberry, 77 Misc 2d 1042; Matter of Woods v Mason, 32 Misc 2d 745; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296.)
Howard Schultz, Deputy County Attorney of Broome County, Binghamton, for Broome County Department of Social Services, respondent in the first above-entitled action.
I. Broome County’s Department of Social Services was legally entitled to satisfaction of its $62,410.11 perfected Medicaid lien, against $5,000,000 payable by the responsible third party. II. This Court’s legal precedents, established in Cricchio v Pennisi and Calvanese v Calvanesé, are controlling. The scope of Medicaid’s recovery is governed by the statutes authorizing such recoveries. Medicaid’s discrete assignment, subrogation, and recovery provisions, prescribed by Social Services Law § 366 (4) (b) (1) and § 367-a (2) (b), authorize and provide the exclusive basis for Medicaid’s recoveries against responsible third parties. Appellants’ reliance upon Social Services Law § 104 (2) is a misreading of the applicable Medicaid recovery statutes and has no merit. (Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296; Matter of Costello [Stark] v Geiser, 85 NY2d 103; Link v Town of Smith-town, 90 NY2d 296; Matter of Callahan, 93 NY2d 111; Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111.) III. Appellants’ allocation theories are contrary to controlling Federal and State law. Under Federal and State law no allocation is authorized to reduce a perfected Medicaid lien. (Matter of Costello [Stark] v Geiser, 85 NY2d 103.) IV. The Court below’s unanimous affirmance of the trial court’s proper exercise of discretion, after the trial court presided over a lengthy jury trial, heard all of the evidence, and instructed the jury on specified damages, all of which were never appealed, was correct. The portion of damages the jury determined necessary to pay expenses for future custodial and rehabilitative care should be used for such purposes.
Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald, P. C., Yonkers (Brian J. Farrell, John E. Fitzgerald, John M. Daly and Eugene S. R. Pagano of counsel), for appellants in the second above-entitled action.
I. Section 104 (2) of the Social Services Law precludes the City Department of Social Services from recouping its lien from infant plaintiffs settlement. (Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397.) II. The Court below’s decision conflicts with this Court’s precedents. (Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397; Matter of Thurston v Durose, 76 NY2d 683; Henry v City of New York, 94 NY2d 275.) III. Congress and the Legislature have not commanded the Court below’s harsh result. (Majewski v Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist., 91 NY2d 577; Matter of Costello [Stark] v Geiser, 85 NY2d 103; McGrath v Carnegie Trust Co., 221 NY 92; Pep’e v McCarthy, 249 AD2d 286; Natwest USA Credit Corp. v Aleo Std. Corp., 858 F Supp 401; New York City Coalition to End Lead Poisoning v Giuliani, 245 AD2d 49; New York City Coalition to End Lead Poisoning v Koch, 216 AD2d 219; B & F Bldg. Corp. v Liebig, 76 NY2d 689; Alweis v Evans, 69 NY2d 199.) IV. The Court below’s decision disregards the strong public policy of protecting infants. (Henry v City of New York, 94 NY2d 275; Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397; Valdimer v Mount Vernon Hebrew Camps, 9 NY2d 21.)
Michael D. Hess, Corporation Counsel of New York City (Mordecai Newman and Larry A. Sonnenshein of counsel), for respondent in the second above-entitled action.
I. As established by this Court, the right to enforce a Medicaid lien against responsible third parties derives from the Federal and State assignment and subrogation provisions, and not from Social Services Law § 104. Hence, the right is not subject to the limitation on enforcement against infants contained in Social Services Law § 104 (2). (Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397.) II. This Court has held that the allocation of tort proceeds between compensation for past medical expenses and compensation for personal injury is inconsistent with assignment and subrogation provisions of Federal and State law. Absent such allocation, a tort settlement cannot be shielded from a Medicaid lien under Baker. (Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397.) III. In the absence of any prior challenge to Baker’s continuing viability, the language of this Court in Cricchio and Calvanese, distinguishing those cases from Baker, does not constrain the Court in the instant appeal. (Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296; Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111; Baker v Sterling, 39 NY2d 397; Matter of Thurston v Durose, 76 NY2d 683.)

Opinion:
OPINION OF THE COURT
Rosenblatt, J.
Social Services Law § 104 (2) limits the amount a public welfare official may recoup from an infant who receives public assistance benefits. In these two cases, we must decide whether Medicaid's recoupment provisions are subject to this limitation. We conclude that they are not.
Kimberly Santiago
Kimberly Santiago, an infant, was allegedly poisoned by lead paint in her apartment. Benita Santiago, the child's mother, sued their landlord on behalf of herself and Kimberly, and the parties settled the case for $140,000. After subtracting attorneys' fees and expenses, the Santiagos netted $89,759, which they proposed to deposit in a supplemental needs trust.
Kimberly had received $12,877 in health care benefits under the Medicaid program. The New York City Department of Social Services asserted a lien on the settlement proceeds to recoup those benefits and demanded that it be satisfied before the Santiagos funded the trust. The Santiagos moved in Supreme Court to vacate the lien, arguing that Social Services Law § 104 (2) prevents the City from recovering from an infant. Agreeing with the Santiagos, Supreme Court vacated the lien. The City appealed, and the Appellate Division reversed, holding that the City may recoup fully notwithstanding Social Services Law § 104 (2). The Appellate Division also granted the Santiagos leave to appeal to this Court.
Abraham Gold
Kathleen Gold suffered a grand mal seizure during her pregnancy and her baby, Abraham, was delivered prematurely by emergency Caesarean section. Abraham now suffers from spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Kathleen Gold, on behalf of herself and her child, sued her doctor and the hospital, alleging that they negligently failed to treat the seizure. During jury deliberations the parties entered into a "high-low" agreement. They stipulated that if the verdict, reduced to present value, exceeded $5 million, the Golds would receive $5 million. If, on the other hand, there was a defense verdict, or one for less than $450,000, the Golds would receive $450,000. The jury's verdict significantly exceeded $5 million, so the high-low agreement capped the settlement payable at that amount.
Since his birth, Abraham has received Medicaid benefits for medical assistance and custodial care. To recoup their expenditures, the Broome County Department of Social Services and the New York Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities asserted liens on the settlement proceeds in the amounts of $62,410 and $1,707,884, respectively. In Supreme Court, the Golds moved for an order reducing the liens proportionally, according to the ratio that the settlement bore to the jury's verdict. Thus, under the Golds' proposed formula, Supreme Court would have allocated $103,000 of the settlement toward the full satisfaction of the liens, and the remainder toward, among other things, attorneys' fees and disbursements and a supplemental needs trust for Abraham. The Medicaid agencies objected to the reduction of their liens.
Supreme Court denied the Golds' motion, and allocated the settlement proceeds as follows: $705,359 for attorneys' fees and disbursements, $1,784,680 for the Medicaid liens, $2,173,626 for a reserve to pay for Abraham's post-verdict medical and custodial care, and $336,335 for a supplemental needs trust for Abraham. The Golds appealed and the Appellate Division affirmed, holding that, notwithstanding Social Services Law § 104 (2), the Medicaid liens must be fully satisfied, and that Supreme Court did not abuse its discretion by reserving $2,173,626 for Abraham's post-verdict medical and custodial care. We granted the Golds leave to appeal.
In each case, the appellant argues that the Appellate Division erred by allowing the Medicaid agencies to satisfy the full amount of their liens from the settlement proceeds. Appellants contend that because they are infants, the agencies were prohibited by Social Services Law § 104 (2) from recouping their expenditures. We disagree.
Social Services Law § 104 (1) has long authorized public welfare officials to bring proceedings against recipients of various forms of public assistance who obtain property within 10 years after receiving such benefits. Section 104 (2), however, restricts an agency's ability to recover under section 104 (1), when the public assistance recipient is under 21:
"No right of action shall accrue against a person under twenty-one years of age by reason of the assistance or care granted to him unless at the time it was granted the person was possessed of money and property in excess of his reasonable requirements, taking into account his maintenance, education, medical care and any other factors applicable to his condition" (Social Services Law § 104 [2]).
The Social Services Law also authorizes public welfare officials to place a lien on any personal injury suit by a public assistance recipient against a responsible party (see, Social Services Law § 104-b). Once perfected in accordance with the statutory notice and filing provisions, the lien attaches to "any verdict, decision, decree, judgment, award or final order in any suit, action or proceeding in any court or administrative tribunal of this state respecting such injuries, as well as the proceeds of any settlement thereof' (see, Social Services Law § 104-b [3]).
In Baker v Sterling (39 NY2d 397, 400), the New York City Department of Social Services attempted to recoup (from an infant's personal injury settlement) moneys it had expended for the infant's medical assistance. The Department relied on the recoupment provision in Social Services Law § 104 (1) and the lien provision in Social Services Law § 104-b. This Court concluded that section 104 (2)'s limitation on recoupment from infants under section 104 (1) was applicable, and that the Department could not recover any portion of the settlement representing compensation for the infant's personal injuries, because such compensation could not be considered " 'money or property in excess of his reasonable requirements' " (39 NY2d, at 405-406, supra [quoting Social Services Law § 104 (2)]). The Court held, however, that the portion of the settlement representing payment for past medical expenses was "subject to the lien and recovery by the Department" (id., at 406, supra).
Relying heavily on Baker v Sterling, appellants argue that Social Services Law § 104 (2) provides a blanket limitation on Medicaid's assignment, subrogation and recoupment provisions when the Medicaid recipient is an infant. They contend, in essence, that under Baker, Medicaid can recover only that portion of the judgment (or settlement) earmarked for past medical expenses.
Since this Court decided Baker v Sterling, the relevant regulatory scheme has undergone considerable development. Under Federal law States must "take all reasonable measures to ascertain the legal liability of third parties to pay for care and services available under the plan" and seek reimbursement from them (see, 42 USC § 1396a [a] [25] [A]-[B]). To further this objective, Congress and the Legislature have added special Medicaid provisions pertaining to assignment, subrogation and recoupment (see, Pub L 103-66, tit XIII, § 13622, 107 US Stat 312, 632; L 1981, ch 319, § 1-2). As a condition of eligibility, applicants must assign to the appropriate Medicaid agency their rights to seek reimbursement from third parties up to the amount of medical assistance paid by Medicaid (see, 42 USC § 1396k [a] [1] [A]; 42 CFR 433.146 [c]; Social Services Law § 366 [4] [h] [1]; 18 NYCRR 360-7.4 [a] [4]). In addition, the Medicaid agency is subrogated, to the extent of its expenditures for medical care furnished, to any rights that a Medicaid recipient may have to third-party reimbursement (see, 42 USC § 1396a [a] [25] [H]; Social Services Law § 367-a [2] [b]; 18 NYCRR 360-7.4 [a] [6]).
As a result of this statutory scheme, the Medicaid agency "obtains all of the rights that the recipient has as against the third party to recover for medical expenses, including the ability to immediately pursue those claims against the third party" (see, Cricchio v Pennisi, 90 NY2d 296, 307; see also, Calvanese v Calvanese, 93 NY2d 111, 117). Thus, as lawmakers have repeatedly stressed — and as evidenced by these congressional and legislative enactments — Medicaid remains the "payor of last resort" (S Rep No. 146, 99th Cong, 2d Sess 1, 312, reprinted in 1986 US Code Cong & Admin News 42, 279).
In Cricchio v Pennisi (90 NY2d, at 307, n 4, supra), adult Medicaid recipients took a position similar to appellants'. They argued that Social Services Law § 104 (3) — another restriction on general recoupment under section 104 (1) — limited the Department's ability to place a Medicaid lien against a personal injury settlement. Rejecting that argument, we held:
"[T]he right to recover from responsible third parties at issue is not derived from section 104, but rather from [Medicaid's own] assignment, subrogation, and recoupment provisions . Accordingly, any limitations found in section 104 are not relevant here" (id. [emphasis added]).
We reiterated this point in Calvanese v Calvanese (93 NY2d, at 118, supra), stating that the Department of Social Services has "broad authority to pursue any amount of third-party reimbursement to which [the recipient's] are entitled" and that the Department's authority to enforce a lien is "correspondingly broad."
The Cricchio / Calvanese analysis is applicable here. As in those cases, the Medicaid agencies are not relying on Social Services Law § 104 (1) for their recoupment rights. Rather, they rely on Medicaid's own assignment, subrogation and recoupment provisions (see, Social Services Law § 366 [4] [h] [1]; § 367-a [2] [b]; 18 NYCRR 360-7.4 [a] [4],.[6]). The agencies have broad authority under those provisions to satisfy the lien from the entire amount of the personal injury judgment or settlement. Contrary to appellants' contention, our holding does not read the limitation in section 104 (2) out of existence. This case involves unique recoupment provisions specific to Medicaid, while section 104 (1) continues to be a recoupment mechanism when other forms of public assistance are involved. Thus, when public welfare officials rely solely on section 104 (1), the limitation in section 104 (2) continues to apply.
Finally, the Golds argue that the trial court improperly ordered that $2,173,626 be set aside from the settlement proceeds as a reserve for Abraham's future medical and custodial needs. Instead, they contend, the court should have had these funds placed in a supplemental needs trust so as to preserve Abraham's continued Medicaid eligibility. Under CPLR 1206, the trial court has discretion to invest or disburse the proceeds of an infant's recovery in order to serve the infant's best interests. Here, however, the trial court appears not to have exercised that discretion but instead to have made its allocations mathematically — without citing any statutory or other authority — based on the proportional share of the various damage items in the jury's verdict. Moreover, the parties have not cited any reason why the trial court was under an obligation to do so if it believed that an alternative arrangement would best serve the infant's interests. Thus, we remit the matter to Supreme Court for exercise of its discretion pursuant to CPLR 1206 as to the amount to be placed in a supplemental needs trust.
We have reviewed appellants' remaining contentions and find them without merit.
Accordingly, in Gold v United Health Servs. Hosps., the order of the Appellate Division should be modified, without costs, and the case remitted to Supreme Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion, and as so modified affirmed. In Santiago v Craighrand Realty Corp., the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, without costs, and the certified question answered in the affirmative.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Smith, Levine, Ciparick and Wesley concur; Judge Graffeo taking no part.
In Gold v United Health Servs. Hosps.: Order modified, etc.
In Santiago v Craighrand Realty Corp.: Order affirmed, etc.
To receive Federal funding, States must conform their Medicaid plans to evolving Federal standards (see, 42 USC § 1396a; Social Services Law § 363-a [1]).