Case Name: Daniel A. BOUDREAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1995-05-12
Citations: 53 F.3d 81
Docket Number: No. 94-10636
Parties: Daniel A. BOUDREAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
Judges: Before SMITH and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER, District Judge.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 53
Pages: 81–87

Head Matter:
Daniel A. BOUDREAU, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 94-10636.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
May 12, 1995.
Rehearing Denied June 13, 1995.
Richard L. Bufkin, Mark A. Nacol, Michael P. Wortham, Dallas, TX, for appellant.
Gary W. Allen, Keith B. Letourneau, U.S. Dept, of Justice, Torts Branch Civ. Div., Washington, DC, for appellee.
Before SMITH and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER, District Judge.
. District Judge of the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:
At issue is whether the Flood Control Act of 1928, 33 U.S.C. § 702c ("No liability . [to] United States for any damages from . flood waters.... "), provides immunity for the United States from the alleged negligence of the Coast Guard Auxiliary in attempting to tow a stranded recreational vessel on a flood control lake. Finding that this activity was "associated with flood control", United States v. James, 478 U.S. 597, 608, 106 S.Ct. 3116, 3122, 92 L.Ed.2d 483 (1986), we AFFIRM.
I.
On July 5, 1992, Daniel Boudreau and a friend took Boudreau's boat, the SHAMAN, out on Lake Lewisville, Texas. After experiencing engine trouble, Boudreau called for assistance from the Coast Guard Auxiliary, and was told to anchor his vessel. A Coast Guard Auxiliary vessel, the SIMPLE PLEASURE, arrived to assist, and its operator, Thomas Spalding, and his crewmember gave verbal towing instructions to Boudreau. After securing a tow line, Boudreau was instructed to either lift anchor or cut its line. While attempting to lift anchor, the anchor line broke free of its mount and swung into Boudreau's leg, causing severe injury.
Upon Boudreau filing an action against the United States, the Government, inter alia, moved, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1), to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, claiming immunity under § 702c of the Flood Control Act of 1928. The motion was granted.
II.
Boudreau asserts that, under the facts of this case, § 702c immunity does not lie. We review de novo a Rule 12(b)(1) dismissal, e.g., EP Operating Ltd. Partnership v. Placid Oil Co., 26 F.3d 563, 566 (5th Cir.1994), but with Boudreau having the burden of demonstrating jurisdiction. Lowe v. Ingalls Shipbuilding, A Div. of Litton Sys., Inc., 723 F.2d 1173, 1177 (5th Cir.1984).
Section 702c provides in relevant part: "No liability of any kind shall attach to or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place". Boudreau concedes that the Lake is a flood control lake. See McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir.1988) (finding that Lake Lewisville is a flood control, lake), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1052, 109 S.Ct. 1312, 103 L.Ed.2d 581 (1989). At issue, then, is whether his injuries were "from or by . flood waters".
Guiding our decision is the general principle that "no action lies against the United States unless the legislature has authorized it". Dalehite v. United States, 346 U.S. 16, 30, 73 S.Ct. 956, 965, 97 L.Ed. 1427 (1953). Concomitantly, there must be a "clear relinquishment of sovereign immunity to give jurisdiction for tort actions". Id. at 31, 73 S.Ct. at 965. This principle is all the more in focus when, as here, a clear reaffirmation of immunity is in play.
As our court has recognized, "[t]he Supreme Court has given [§ 702c] broad meaning based on the language and legislative history of the section". Mocklin n Orleans Levee Dist., 877 F.2d 427, 428-29 (5th Cir. 1989) (citing United States v. James, 478 U.S. 597, 604, 106 S.Ct. 3116, 3120, 92 L.Ed.2d 483 (1986)). Indeed, the Court observed in James that "[i]t is difficult to imagine broader language", 478 U.S. at 604, 106 S.Ct. at 3121, and concluded that "Congress clearly sought to ensure beyond doubt that sovereign immunity would protect the Government from 'any liability associated with flood control." Id. at 608, 106 S.Ct. at 3122. The breadth of the Court's interpretation of § 702c is undeniable.
Notwithstanding the broad language of James, there is disagreement among the circuits on the application of § 702c. Hiersche v. United States, 503 U.S. 923, 112 S.Ct. 1304, 117 L.Ed.2d 525 (1992) (Stevens, J.) (recognizing, but refusing to resolve circuit split), denying cert. to 933 F.2d 1014 (9th Cir.1991). Three examples suffice.
The Ninth Circuit applies the "wholly unrelated" test; immunity is denied only when an injury is "wholly unrelated to any Act of Congress authorizing expenditures of federal funds for flood control, or any act undertaken pursuant to any such authorization". Morici Corp. v. United States, 681 F.2d 645, 647 (9th Cir.1982) (quoting Peterson v. United States, 367 F.2d 271, 275 (9th Cir.1966)); see also McCarthy, 850 F.2d at 562. On the other hand, the Tenth Circuit "cannot agree that Congress intended to stretch the shield of flood control immunity to the limits contemplated by the "wholly unrelated' standard". Boyd v. United States, 881 F.2d 895, 900 (10th Cir.1989). The Seventh Circuit would at least grant immunity where an injury is "more likely" because of the "activities or characteristics" of a flood control project. Bailey v. United States, 35 F.3d 1118, 1124 (7th Cir.1994).
In our circuit, the analysis is fact-specific. See Mocklin, 877 F.2d at 429-30 (applying fact-specific analysis; deciding only the case before it). As hereinafter discussed, and based on the facts of this case, we conclude that, as per James, there is a sufficient association between the Coast Guard Auxiliary's activities and flood control.
James included " 'management' of a flood control project" within the ambit of activity associated with flood control. 478 U.S. at 609-10, 106 S.Ct. at 3123-24. In turn, the district court based its decision to apply § 702c immunity in this ease on the fact that the alleged negligence was by the Coast Guard Auxiliary, which "is part of the Government's management of Lake Lewisville and serves to control the waters in a variety of capacities". Relying on James, the district court concluded that the Auxiliary's management of the flood control lake established the requisite nexus between Bou-dreau's injury and flood control.
Boudreau challenges this conclusion, contending that the Auxiliary's responsibilities on the Lake consisted only of water safety management, and were therefore unrelated to flood control. His primary support comes from note 7 to the James opinion. That note contains a string-cite including Hayes v. United States, 585 F.2d 701, 702-03 (4th Cir.1978). James, 478 U.S. at 605 n. 7, 106 S.Ct. at 3121 n. 7. The parenthetical following the citation quotes a portion of Hayes, reading: "If the plaintiff could prove damage . as a result of the dam's operation as a recreational facility without relation to the operation of the dam as a flood control project, he would avoid the absolute bar of § 702c." Id. (Emphasis added in James.)
Viewed in isolation, the Court's citation to Hayes appears to support Boudreau; but, on close examination, it does not. First, the note is only in reference to the Court's statement in the text that "the waters [in issue] clearly fall within the ambit of the statute"; that statement did not concern when immunity would not bar liability for injury from flood waters. Id. at 605, 106 S.Ct. at 3121. Second, note 7 is internally inconsistent. In the same note, and before the citation to Hayes, the Court also cites Morici, 681 F.2d 645 at 647-48, for the proposition that immunity is available unless the Government's activity is "wholly um-elated" to flood control. James, 478 U.S. at 605 n. 7, 106 S.Ct. at 3121 n. 7. And, Morici specifically rejected the Hayes approach. Morici, 681 F.2d at 647-48.
Furthermore, as quoted in note 10, supra, the Court concluded in James that even the Government's failure to warn recreational visitors of dangerous conditions fell within "the 'management' of a flood control project". 478 U.S. at 610, 106 S.Ct. at 3123-24. Such management is involved here. The creation of the flood control project resulted in the Army Corps of Engineers being responsible for providing water safety patrols at the Lake. The Corps of Engineers, in turn, reached an agreement with the Coast Guard Auxiliary to perform this function. Therefore, just as, under the facts in James, the Government had the responsibility to warn of dangerous water conditions, the Government had the responsibility under the facts in this case to provide water safety patrols. In each instance, the responsibility arose because of the establishment of a flood control project. Likewise, in each instance, the Government's activity is properly considered part of the "management of a flood control project".
Notwithstanding that the Auxiliary was engaged in the management of a flood control project, Boudreau contends, as noted, that his injury is completely unrelated to flood control. Although we disagree, we note the suggestion by some courts that "management of a flood control project" may well be insufficient, standing alone, to allow for § 702c immunity. As the Seventh Circuit observed:
The "management of a flood control project" includes building roads to reach the beaches and hiring staff to run the project. If the Corps of Engineers should allow a walrus-sized pothole to swallow tourists' ears on the way to the beach, or if a tree trimmer's car should careen through some picnickers, these injuries would be "associated with" flood control.... Yet they would have nothing to do with management of flood waters, and it is hard to conceive that they are "damage from or by floods or flood waters" within the scope of § 702c.
Fryman v. United States, 901 F.2d 79, 81 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 920, 111 S.Ct. 295, 112 L.Ed.2d 249 (1990); Cox, 827 F.Supp. at 381-82. We leave for another day whether this should influence future decisions by this court. In any event, if the foregoing represents an over-application of § 702c, the present case is safely removed from that realm. Here, we cannot say that Boudreau's injury has "nothing to do with management of flood waters". His injury resulted from a boating accident on flood, control waters involving the Government's 'patrol of those waters. Assuming, without deciding, that something more is required in addition to "management of a flood control project", we are confident that, based on the facts at hand, this case meets the mark.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED.
. Observing that winds were at least 30 knots, with waves of three to four feet, Spalding directed Boudreau and his friend to put on life jackets.
.The Government maintains that the anchor line broke free when the wind and waves hit the SIMPLE PLEASURE, causing it to turn sharply and pull the tow line. Boudreau denies that the conditions on the Lake contributed to the accident.
. As discussed infra, the Supreme Court in United States v. James, 478 U.S. 597, 606-07, 106 S.Ct. 3116, 3121-22, 92 L.Ed.2d 483 (1986) (footnotes omitted; brackets by Court; emphasis added) took note of the reaffirmation of immunity by § 702c;
. [W]e do not find that the legislative history of the statute justifies departure from the plain words of the statute. Indeed, on balance we think the legislative history of the Flood Control Act of 1928 reinforces the plain language of the immunity provision in § 702c.
The Flood Control Act enacted "a comprehensive ten-year program for the entire [Mississippi River] valley, embodying a general bank protection scheme, channel stabilization and river regulation, all involving vast expenditures of public funds." United States v. Sponenbarger, 308 U.S. 256, 262 [60 S.Ct. 225, 227, 84 L.Ed. 230] (1939). The Act was the Nation's response to the disastrous flood in the Mississippi River Valley in 1927. That flood resulted in the loss of nearly 200 lives and more than $200 million in property damage; almost 700,000 people were left homeless. S.Rep. No. 619, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 12 (1928). The flood control system in the Mississippi River Valley in response to this catastrophe was the largest public works project undertaken up to that time in the United States.
It is not surprising, in the light of the devastation wrought by the 1927 flood and the magnitude of Congress' undertaking, that the legislative history of § 702c shows a consistent concern for limiting the Federal Government's financial liability to expenditures directly necessary for the construction and operation of the various projects. Numerous statements concerning the immunity provision confirm that it was intended to reaffirm sovereign immunity in such a dangerous and extensive project. The Chairman of the House Rules Committee, in opening the discussion on the rule governing debate on the 1928 Act, stated:
"I want this bill so drafted that it will contain all the safeguards necessary for the Federal Government. If we go down there and furnish protection to these people — and I assume it is a national responsibility — I do not want to have anything left out of the bill that would protect us now and for all time to come. I for one do not want to open up a situation that will cause thousands of lawsuits for damages against the Federal Government in the next 10, 20, or 50 years." 69 Cong.Rec. 6641 (1928) (remarks of Rep. Snell).
A number of other Congressmen unequivocally stated that the United States should not be liable for any expense other than the direct cost of constructing the project. See id.., at 7028 (remarks of Rep. Spearing); id., at 6999-7000 (remarks of Rep. Frear).
. In construing § 702c in James, the Court stated:
The Act concerns flood control projects designed to carry floodwaters. It is thus clear from § 702c's plain languagé that the terms "flood" and "flood waters" apply to all waters contained in or carried through a federal flood control project for purposes of or related to flood control, as weE as to waters that such projects cannot control.
478 U.S. at 605, 106 S.Ct. at 3121.
. As the Seventh Circuit observed: "The [Supreme] Court found it hard to conceive how § 702c could have been more broadly written; we find it hard to conceive how a decision interpreting this statute could have been more broadly written." Fryman v. United States, 901 F.2d 79, 81 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 920, 111 S.Ct. 295, 112 L.Ed.2d 249 (1990).
. In McCarthy, the Ninth Circuit upheld immunity after the plaintiff dove into shallow water at Lake Lewisville and fractured his neck. McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 563 (9th Cir.1988). The court reasoned that the creation of the flood control project at the Lake created a passive condition which led to the injuries; therefore, the injury was not "wholly unrelated" to flood control. Id. at 561-63. Likewise, the court concluded that the alleged negligence by the Government in failing to post warning signs for the benefit of recreational users of the lake was not "wholly unrelated" to flood control. Id. at 563.
. In Fryman, the Seventh Circuit had earlier explained that it would not rule out the possibility that immunity might apply even in cases where an injury was not made more likely by flood control activities, but only happened to occur at a flood control lake. Not required to reach that question, the court declined to do so. Fryman, 901 F.2d at 82; accord Bailey v. United States, 35 F.3d 1118, 1124 (7th Cir.1994).
. In Mocklin, plaintiffs' son drowned when he slipped from a sand bar into a flotation channel in Lake Pontchartrain. Mocklin v. Orleans Levee Dist., 877 F.2d 427, 428 (5th Cir.1989). The flotation channels had been dredged to provide access for barges carrying equipment for the reinforcement of the flood control levees along the lake. Id. Finding that the channels "were inescapably part of a flood control project", our court concluded that "the [flood control] water in the flotation channel causally did contribute to the drowning of the Mocklins' son: the channel created a significant drop-off in the lake". Id. at 430. Accordingly, § 702(c) immunity applied. Id.
. The James Court stated that "the manner in which to convey warnings, including the negligent failure to do so, is part of 'management' of a flood control project". 478 U.S. at 610, 106 S.Ct. at 3124 (emphasis added).
. In view of this inconsistency, the Seventh Circuit concluded: "We make nothing of the Court's citation to Hayes.... [C]iting inconsistent holdings does not endorse either." Fryman, 901 F.2d at 81. See Zavadil v. United States, 908 F.2d 334, 336 n. 4 (8th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1108, 111 S.Ct. 1017, 112 L.Ed.2d 1099 (1991); Dawson v. United States, 894 F.2d 70, 73 (3d Cir.1990); McCarthy, 850 F.2d at 562; Cox v. United States, 827 F.Supp. 378, 381 (N.D.W.Va. 1992).
. Many of the § 702c cases involve accidents occurring at or near hydroelectric dams at flood control projects. See, e.g., James, 478 U.S. at 599-601, 106 S.Ct. at 3118-20 (accidents at flood dams in Arkansas and Louisiana). We note with interest that, when the Auxiliary was dispatched to find Boudreau's boat, it was reported located "out by the dam".
. The Flood Control Act of 1962 authorized the Corps of Engineers to "construct, maintain, and operate public park and recreational facilities" at flood control projects. 16 U.S.C. § 460d. Thus, upon the creation of a flood control project: "It is the policy of the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers, to manage the natural, cultural and developed resources of each project in the public interest, providing the public with safe and healthful recreational opportunities...." 36 C.F.R. § 327.1(a).
.The Memorandum of Agreement between the Corps of Engineers and Coast Guard reads in part:
1. Responsibility!)]
A. Both the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Coast Guard are responsible for administering water safety programs on inland lakes under their concurrent jurisdictions....
2. Purpose of Agreement.
A. Recognizing the above responsibilities, it is hereby granted that the purpose of this agreement is to facilitate water safety patrols by local U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary....
. The Government notes that, but for the creation of the flood control project at the Lake, Boudreau could not have been injured there. It notes also that a boating accident such as this could occur only on water. But we need not stop there. Although causation is disputed, the conditions on the Lake and the location of Bou-dreau's vessel certainly made an accident of this nature more probable. For example, not only did the accident occur at a flood control lake, it occurred in an area that would not have been submerged without flood control. In this regard, the Government maintains that Boudreau's anchor was caught in trees beneath the surface of the lake — trees submerged only as the result of flood control. Furthermore, it is evident from the record that the waves, high winds, and other conditions on the lake could have contributed to the accident.