Case Name: Lisette MONTALVO, Plaintiff, v. BANK OF AMERICA CORPORATION, Bank of America, N.A., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2012-03-30
Citations: 864 F. Supp. 2d 567
Docket Number: Civil Action No. SA-10-CV-360-XR
Parties: Lisette MONTALVO, Plaintiff, v. BANK OF AMERICA CORPORATION, Bank of America, N.A., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 864
Pages: 567–597

Head Matter:
Lisette MONTALVO, Plaintiff, v. BANK OF AMERICA CORPORATION, Bank of America, N.A., Defendants.
Civil Action No. SA-10-CV-360-XR.
United States District Court, W.D. Texas, San Antonio Division.
March 30, 2012.
Joseph Darryl Macom, Attorney at Law, Peter James Stanton, Law Offices of Peter J. Stanton, San Antonio, TX, for Plaintiff.
C. Charles Townsend, Elizabeth Austin Mazzarella, Michael J. McKleroy, Jr., Akerman Senterfitt, LLP, Dallas, TX, for Defendants.

Opinion:
ORDER
XAVIER RODRIGUEZ, District Judge.
On this date, the Court considered the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation issued January 6, 2012 (docket no. 88), and the objections thereto. Therein, the Magistrate Judge recommends granting Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (docket no. 47).
Factual Background
In connection with the purchase of her home, Plaintiff Lisette Montalvo executed a Promissory Note, which was secured by a Deed of Trust, for $184,568 made payable to Countrywide KB Home Loans. MERS was named as a beneficiary and nominee of the Lender (Countrywide). In 2009, both the Note and Deed of Trust were assigned by MERS as nominee to Defendant BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP f/k/a Countrywide Home Loans Servicing, LP ("BAC").
In the Summer of 2009, Montalvo began having trouble making payments. Bank of America ("BoA"), on behalf of BAC, sent a letter to Montalvo on July 6, 2009, stating that Plaintiff's loan was "in serious default" because the May and June payments had not been made. The letter informed Plaintiff of her right to cure the default by August 10, 2009, as well as other "options that may be available to you through BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP to prevent a foreclosure sale of your property," including repayment assistance, loan modification, sale of the property without foreclosure, or a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure.
Plaintiff alleges that she sought information from BAC, the loan servicer, regarding the loan, including what services BAC offered to persons having trouble making their mortgage payments. Plaintiff alleges that she had an absolute right under the Deed of Trust to cure any defaults, and had family resources available to do so. BAC allegedly informed Plaintiff that it could give her the information she needed to cure any default on her existing loan, and could also provide other services relating to Plaintiffs eligibility to participate in the government's Making Home Affordable Program. Plaintiff alleges that when BoA accepted $25 billion from the United States Government related to its purchase of Countrywide, it entered into a Commitment to Purchase Financial Instruments and Servicer Participation Agreement for the Home Affordable Modification Program ("HAMP") sponsored by the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae").
Plaintiff alleges that on October 5, 2009, BAC represented to the Plaintiffs agents that Plaintiff would be eligible to participate in a trial loan modification offered by BoA under HAMP. BAC allegedly told Plaintiff that, instead of making her delinquent payments as she had the right to do under the Deed of Trust, she should use their services and participate in one of the many programs available to borrowers under government programs such as HAMP. Plaintiff alleges that when she "offered to cure any delinquency in her mortgage during the pendency of the Defendant's preparation of the documents, . her offer was refused" and she was "informed that the best avenue for her to follow in order to qualify for the benefits of the various programs offered by the government, she should stay in default under the Note."
Plaintiff alleges that BAC represented to Plaintiff that she should make three consecutive monthly payments of $1,091.00, and in turn, the payments would and could postpone any pending foreclosure. BAC allegedly told Plaintiff it would forward a written agreement placing the Plaintiff on a permanent loan modification upon verification of financial statements, which BAC would compile and send to the appropriate agency for processing. Plaintiff alleges and provides summary-judgment evidence that on October 6, 2009, the day after the agreement was made, she submitted a payment to BAC in the amount she was told. Plaintiff alleges that the events in October 2009 are just the first in a series of events where BAC knowingly induced Plaintiff to breach and/or forego her rights under the Note and Deed of Trust, which continued through the filing of the Complaint.
The Defendants' summary-judgment evidence indicates that Defendants, through counsel, served notice (by certified mail) to Montalvo on October 7, 2009 that the maturity of the Loan had been accelerated and that the property would be sold at a foreclosure sale on November 3, 2009. Docket no. 47, Ex. B-l. The notice provided that "[a]ll of the obligors and guarantors (if any) of the Debt have the right to reinstate the loan as provided in the Deed of Trust and as provided by applicable Texas law." Id.
Plaintiffs affidavit states that she contacted BoA on October 27, 2009, and that BoA personnel confirmed that a verbal trial payment plan was offered by a BoA representative on October 5, and that Plaintiffs payment of $1,091.00 was received in accordance with the agreement. The BoA representative stated that noth ing further needed to be done to prevent the foreclosure. Plaintiff states that she could have paid the arrearage at that time, but did not do so. However, on November 3, 2009, BAC foreclosed and purchased the home at a sheriffs sale. On November 20, 2009, BAC instituted eviction proceedings, but the proceeding were dismissed when Plaintiffs "lawyer got involved."
Plaintiff states that, after the foreclosure, she "once again sought the services of BOA to attempt to obtain relief under HAMP from the note holder." On February 2, 2010, Plaintiff entered into a "Negotiation Agreement" with BAC. Plaintiff alleges that BAC told her that it would help her obtain assistance and review under HAMP and sent her instructions on how to fill out the government forms that were necessary to qualify for one of the available government programs. Defendants allegedly agreed to prepare and present to a "designated agent" the appropriate information that would allow Plaintiff to obtain benefits under the appropriate government program, and that the services it provided would include advice regarding the manner in which Plaintiff should make her monthly payments to qualify for assistance under HAMP or other government programs. Plaintiff alleges that BAC advised Plaintiff of the necessary steps to take to qualify for HAMP assistance, which included more than loan modification. Plaintiff alleges that she understood that BAC would receive compensation for the services rendered to her by charging fees to her lender.
For reasons that are not apparent from the record, BAC agreed to set aside the foreclosure, and did so on February 25, 2010. The Rescission Deed states that BAC agreed to "rescind the acceleration of the indebtedness, reinstate the Note and Deed of Trust existing immediately prior to such foreclosure and conveyance, and
return the parties to the status quo existing thereunder."
The summary-judgment evidence indicates that Defendants again served notice (by certified mail) to Montalvo on March 3, 2010 that the maturity of the Loan was accelerated and that the property would be sold at a foreclosure sale on April 6, 2010. Docket no. 47, Ex. B-2. The notice provided that "[a]ll of the obligors and guarantors (if any) of the Debt have the right to reinstate the loan as provided in the Deed of Trust and as provided by applicable Texas law." Id.
Plaintiff alleges that, since February 2010, she has attempted to determine her eligibility for HAMP or other programs for which BAC has represented that it would determine Plaintiffs eligibility. BAC has informed Plaintiff that the workout assistance she sought was not an option (November 2009), that no information could be given without proper authorization (December 23, 2009), that BAC could not provide a response within the time frame originally quoted (March 4, 2010), that BAC was still in need of additional documentation to complete Plaintiffs loan modification review (October 4, 2010), and that the hardship letter could not be found (October 8, 2010). Plaintiff asserts she still has not been told that she does not qualify for HAMP, and that the most recent request by BAC regarding necessary documentation was at the end of November 2010. Plaintiff alleges that, despite representing that no foreclosure would be held during the loss mitigation eligibility review, and despite continuing such review from February through November 2010, BAC again accelerated the Note and posted the home for foreclosure in April 2010. She further states that she has learned that she was denied a loan modification because she is more than twelve months delinquent, even though Defendants told her not to make the note payments so that she could qualify for a government loan modification.
Procedural Background
Plaintiff commenced this lawsuit in state court on April 5, 2010 to prevent the scheduled foreclosure. Defendants timely removed the case on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. Plaintiff asserts claims for breach of contract, unreasonable collection efforts, and DTPA violations. On June 24, Defendants moved for summary judgment. Defendants contend that: (1) Plaintiffs claims relying upon an alleged oral agreement to modify the terms of her loan are barred by the Statute of Frauds, and no exception applies; (2) the HUD regulations that Plaintiff claims were breached do not apply to her loan ; (3) Plaintiff cannot maintain a DTPA claim because she is not a consumer; and (4) the record refutes the allegation that Defendants engaged in unreasonable collection efforts.
On July 29, Plaintiff filed a Second Motion to Amend Complaint (docket no. 58) and a response to the motion for summary judgment. Acknowledging that the HUD regulations cited in the complaint do not apply, Plaintiff sought to change the reference to the applicable HUD regulations from 24 C.F.R. § 201.50 to 24 C.F.R. § 203.604. The language of Paragraph 5.3 of the current Complaint generally tracks the language of 24 C.F.R. § 201.50. Thus, it is not the case that Plaintiff included language from § 203.604 but erroneously included the wrong citation. Defendants opposed the proposed amendment on the ground that it would be futile and because Plaintiff failed to satisfy the good cause standard of Rule 16. As discussed below, the Magistrate Judge denied the motion for leave to amend.
Plaintiffs response to the motion for summary judgment states that she "cannot dispute that one or the other of the Defendants are the owners of her Note and Deed of Trust." However, Plaintiff contends that (1) Defendants are estopped from asserting Plaintiffs default as a defense to her claim for breach of contract because Defendants induced her default; (2) the statute of frauds defense fails because HUD regulations, which are incorporated into the note, allow oral forbearance agreements, and thus oral modification of the time for payment is allowed by the terms of the contract; (3) Plaintiff may assert BOA's breach of the HUD regulations requiring a face-to-face meeting; (4) the following exceptions to the statute of frauds also apply: (i) oral extensions of time to make payments are outside the statute of frauds, (ii) partial performance; (5) material fact issues exist concerning Plaintiffs consumer status for DTPA purposes; and (6) fact issues exist as to her unreasonable collection efforts claim.
On August 19, Defendants filed a motion to strike Plaintiffs Summary Judgment Evidence (docket no. 62). Defendants complained that Montalvo's Affidavit contradicts her prior deposition testimony, and moved to strike specific statements from her Affidavit. Defendants also objected to the third page of the "Negotiation Agreement" attached as Exhibit B to Montalvo's Affidavit, asserting that the third page is fraudulent and not part of the Agreement. Defendants moved to strike the third page and statements in the Affidavit that rely on it. Last, Defendants objected to the affidavit of Gregory Rubiola as improper expert testimony. On August 31, Defendants also filed a motion to exclude Plaintiffs Experts.
On October 10, the Court referred the pending motions to Magistrate Judge Nowak pursuant to Rule 72. On December 13, she issued orders denying Plaintiffs Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint (docket no. 79), denying Defendants' Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs Expert Witnesses (docket no. 81), and denying Defendants' Motion to Strike Summary-Judgment Evidence (docket no. 82). Defendants filed an objection to the denial of their motion to strike the summary-judgment evidence (docket no. 84). On January 6, 2012, the Magistrate Judge issued her Report and Recommendation on Defendants' motion for summary judgment, in which she recommends that the motion be granted. Plaintiff timely filed her objections on January 20. And Defendants also timely filed their objection to the denial of their motion to exclude Plaintiffs experts (docket no. 91). Defendants responded to Plaintiffs objections on January 31. Plaintiff did not object to the denial of her motion for leave to amend. Thus, all issues are ripe for disposition.
Analysis
The Magistrate Judge recommends granting Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, which addresses the claims in Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint, including breach of contract, DTPA violations, and unreasonable collection efforts. The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiff effectively abandoned her unreasonable collection efforts claim and thus recommends summary judgment be granted on that claim. On the breach of contract claim, the Magistrate Judge concluded that: (1) the claim based on an alleged agreement to modify the payment terms of the loan is barred by the statute of frauds for loan agreements; (2) the equitable estoppel exception to the statute of frauds does not apply; (3) an oral extension of time to make payments on the loan is also barred by the statute of frauds; (4) the partial performance exception to the statute of frauds does not apply; (5) the claim based on insufficient notice of default and foreclosure fails as a matter of law; and (6) the claim based on violation of the HUD regulations fails as a matter of law because the regulation does not apply to Plaintiffs loan, and even considering the proper regulation, the summary-judgment evidence indicates that the regulation was not breached. The Magistrate Judge also found that Plaintiffs request to equitably enforce the agreement to modify the loan should be denied. Last, with regard to the DTPA claim, the Magistrate Judge concluded that Plaintiff was not a consumer for purposes of the DTPA.
Plaintiff filed objections, arguing that (1) Montalvo is a consumer for purposes of the DTPA claim, and fact issues preclude summary judgment on this claim; (2) the statute of frauds does not bar the breach-of-contract claim because (i) the doctrine of equitable estoppel precludes Defendants from asserting a breach based on Plaintiffs making payments in the amount they directed, (ii) the HUD regulations, which are incorporated into the Note, allow oral forbearance agreements, and (iii) the doctrine of partial performance is an applicable exception to the statute of frauds; and (3) a jury should decide whether Defendants' twice posting Plaintiffs home for foreclosure after telling her they would not is "willful and wanton" and thus amounts to unreasonable collection efforts.
A. Whether Plaintiff is a DTPA consumer?
The Magistrate Judge recommends granting summary judgment on the DTPA claim because the Plaintiff is not a consumer. The DTPA permits only a "consumer" to sue, and a consumer is one who seeks or acquires, by purchase or lease, goods or services. Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code § 17.45. Under Texas law, money (including loans) and intangibles are not "goods," and thus this case turns on whether Plaintiff sought "services" by purchase or lease. The Texas Supreme Court has defined the term "services" as "action or use that furthers some end or purpose: conduct or performance that assists or benefits someone or something: deeds useful or instrumental toward some object." Riverside Nat'l Bank v. Lewis, 603 S.W.2d 169, 174 (Tex. 1980). In other words, "services" is "similar in nature to work or labor" and includes an activity on behalf of one party by another. Id.
In Riverside Bank v. Lewis, the Texas Supreme Court held that seeking an extension of credit or borrowing money is not seeking a service under the DTPA. And it also held that incidental services provided by a bank in the course of extending credit, such as "help in filling out [a] loan application, financial counseling, and the processing of [a] loan," were not DTPA services because (1) the plaintiffs goal was to obtain money (by refinancing his car loan), (2) the argument that services existed in the lending of money was not supported by the evidence but was merely hypothetical, and (3) the plaintiff made no complaint about the quality of the collateral activities that he claimed to be a service. Id. at 175.
The Magistrate Judge cited to a number of federal court cases in which the courts have concluded that a person seeking a loan modification under HAMP using a loan servicer is not a DTPA consumer. Plaintiff contends that the federal court cases cited by the Magistrate Judge do not address the type of evidence offered by Plaintiff, and that the Magistrate Judge failed to liberally construe the DTPA. Plaintiff contends that it is the Plaintiffs intent in seeking to acquire services that determines consumer status, and that a loan transaction may include a DTPA "service" if the activity at issue is, from the plaintiffs point of view, an objective of the transaction, not merely incidental to it. Plaintiff cites to La Sara Grain Co. v. First Nat'l Bank, 673 S.W.2d 558, 567 (Tex.1984), in which the Texas Supreme Court held that a lender may be subject to a DTPA claim if the borrower's objective is the purchase or lease of a good or service, thereby qualifying the borrower as a consumer.
Plaintiff recognizes that courts have not necessarily agreed on when ancillary services are an "independent objective" as opposed to incidental to a loan. Plaintiff cites Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. v. Munn, 804 F.2d 860 (5th Cir.1986), in which the Fifth Circuit noted that consumer status is ordinarily a question of law, but may be a fact question that must be submitted to the jury "if the existence of an agreement for services collateral to a credit extension is a 'basic ingredient' of DTPA consumer status" in the case. Id. at 863. The Munn court further discussed Riverside Bank v. Lewis and noted that "Texas courts have generally confined Riverside's denial of consumer status to cases in which the loan is the sole basis of the complaint and was the plaintiffs central objective." Id. at 864.
The Munn court further discussed "three categories of cases involving intangibles, from which emerges the key principle to determining consumer status under the DTPA: the purchased goods or services must be an objective of the transaction, not merely incidental to it." Id. at 865. Thus, Flenniken, which involved mortgagor activities connected with the purchase of a home, represents the category of cases in which a loan is connected to the purchase of a good, which is the objective of the transaction, and thus the court finds as a matter of law that the plaintiff is a consumer. In contrast, Riverside Bank and Ritenour "reflect the tension in the statute when the objective of the transaction is the exchange of intangibles." Riverside Bank "represents the category of cases in which the court denies consumer status because the transaction's sole objective is the exchange of intangibles (present money for future money or money for stocks) and because the complaint's basis is the purchase of the intangible instead of any collateral services." Ritenour "represents the category of cases in which the court grants consumer status even though an important objective is the purchase of an intangible, for the service that forms the basis of the complaint is also an important objective of the transaction and hence is a purchased 'service.' " Id. The distinction is a difficult one, as recognized in Munn: "Unfortunately, Ritenour does not clearly identify when an activity is an objective of a transaction that also involves an intangible and when the activity is merely incidental to the central objective of acquiring the intangible." Id.
The Magistrate Judge noted that Texas federal courts addressing DTPA claims like Montalvo's have concluded that a person seeking a loan modification under the HAMP using a loan servicer is not a consumer under the DTPA. MNR at 19 n. 69 (listing cases). These cases generally view the facts as a straightforward application of Riverside Bank v. Lewis (although the Court notes that Riverside Bank did not foreclose a DTPA claim upon proper proof). Montalvo criticizes the Magistrate Judge for not considering cases from Texas state courts as opposed to federal courts, and emphasizes that "the services in this case are alleged to be performed by [BAC], who is not the lender, and who negotiates loan renewals between the customers whose loans it services, the Government, and borrowers like the Plaintiff." PI. Obj. at 11.
By way of background, HAMP is a government program in which participating mortgage servicers determine whether mortgagors are eligible for permanent loan modification. Certain mortgage servicers (such as servicers of loans owned or guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac) are required to participate, and those who voluntarily participate enter into contracts with Fannie Mae as the Department of Treasury's agent, through which they agree to review potentially eligible homeowners who ask to be considered for HAMP and receive incentives in exchange. In this case, the evidence shows that BAC was the mortgage servicer and thus was the entity responsible for determining whether Montalvo was eligible for HAMP.
This Court considered the issue of DTPA consumer status in Pagan-Negron v. Wells Fargo, Civ. A. No. 11-CV-398, Docket no. 17 (W.D.Tex. Sept. 6, 2011). In Pagan-Negron, the plaintiff made allegations similar to those asserted by Montalvo in this case. Pagan-Negron argued that she was seeking a complete review of her loan modification applications with the objective of saving her home, and was thus seeking services and not merely an extension of credit. This Court reviewed certain Texas cases cited by the plaintiff, including Herndon v. First National Bank of Tulia, 802 S.W.2d 396 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1991, writ denied), Commercial Escrow Co. v. Rockport Rebel, Inc., 778 S.W.2d 532, 536 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied), Juarez v. Bank of Austin, 659 S.W.2d 139, 142 (Tex.App.-Austin 1983, writ ref d n.r.e.), Fortner v. Fannin Bank, 634 S.W.2d 74, 75-76 (Tex.App.-Austin 1982, no writ), and Knight v. Int'l Harvester Credit Corp., 627 S.W.2d 382, 389 (Tex. 1982), in which Texas courts had found the plaintiff to be a DTPA consumer.
Though these cases involved loans, the courts found that the plaintiffs sought services independent from the loan. In Herndon, it was purchased financial services ("financial advice on where and when to obtain financing, or abstain from borrowing and how to structure the various financial arrangements"). In Rockport Rebel, it was escrow services used in connection with a financed sale of real property. In Juarez, the plaintiff "specifically requested and was provided other 'services' including the credit insurance" that was the subject of the complaint. In Fortner, the bank allegedly agreed to process the title papers to Fortner's car, and that was the subject of the complaint. And in Knight, the plaintiff sought to purchase a truck via an extension of credit, and the Texas Supreme Court held that he was a consumer because he was purchasing a good (the truck) and the extension of credit was part of that transaction. In Knight, the Texas Supreme Court noted that Riverside Bank was nothing more than the plaintiffs attempt to obtain a loan to avoid repossession of his car: "Other than Lewis' payment for the use of money, there was nothing else for which he paid, or which he sought to acquire." Riverside, supra at 173. The Texas Supreme Court further stated that, in Riverside, the plaintiff "approached Riverside Bank with one objective; he sought to acquire money. He attempted to obtain this money by promising to repay the indebtedness in the future with interest. Put simply, he sought to exchange future amounts of money for that amount which he desired to have in the present. There is no evidence that he sought to acquire anything other than this use of money."
In Pagartr-Negron, this Court concluded that the facts were most analogous to Riverside Bank because the plaintiff had already obtained a home through a separate transaction, and the ultimate goal of the loan modification was a loan of money, though on different terms than the current mortgage. The Court reasoned that any review of her application would be incidental to obtaining the new loan and therefore not an independent service conferring consumer status.
Similarly, in Maginn v. Norwest Mortgage, Inc., 919 S.W.2d 164, 166-67 (Tex. App.-Austin 1996, no writ), the Austin court of appeals held that plaintiffs who applied for a mortgage loan were not consumers with regard to the "ancillary banking services" of evaluating their credit history and assisting in the closing because the "end aim" of the dealings with Nor-west was to obtain a mortgage loan and Norwest's ancillary services "served no purpose apart from facilitating a mortgage loan."
Pagan-Negron was decided on a motion to dismiss, however, and the plaintiff did not make the same allegations that Mon talvo makes in this case. In fact, Montalvo's complaint survived dismissal under Rule 12(c) on this basis because she expressly contended that she sought to and did acquire services from BAC/BoA, not a loan of money, and that she did not expect BAC to renegotiate the terms of the loan. Rather, she alleged that she sought to acquire BAC's services to determine her eligibility to participate in HAMP or other government programs because of BAC's professed special expertise and knowledge about how Plaintiff could qualify, that BAC agreed, in exchange for fees paid to it by BoA, to help Plaintiff prepare and present to a "designated agent" the appropriate information to allow Plaintiff to receive the most assistance, to compile documents that BAC represented to be necessary for Plaintiff to qualify, and to advise Plaintiff on what payments on the Note she should or should not make in order to qualify.
In conjunction with her summary-judgment evidence, Montalvo relies on Herndon and Fortner (discussed above) and additional Texas court cases to establish that she is a DTPA consumer. In Western National Bank v. Conover, Civ. A. No. 07-97-197, 1998 WL 270003 (TexApp.-Amarillo 1998, no pet.), the court of appeals held that the plaintiffs were consumers because they purchased real estate, which was financed, and also because they purchased services in the form of the Bank's monitoring the construction progress and disbursement of funds to ensure that the plaintiffs were protected from potential losses because of excessive advances under the note. Thus, when the plaintiffs financed the real estate with the bank, they intended both to build a house and to rely on the bank's monitoring service, and these monitoring services are not those normally incidental to an ordinary real estate mortgage loan.
In Lubbock Mortgage & Investment Co. v. Thomas, 626 S.W.2d 611, 613 (Tex.App.E1 Paso 1981, no writ), the plaintiff sought to obtain a loan to purchase a laundromat, and worked with Lubbock Mortgage and Investment Company. The district court found that Lubbock had publicly advertised the availability of loans and financing through its offices, that it represented to the plaintiff that loan services would be provided that were never provided, and that plaintiff, induced by statements and assurances by Lubbock's agents and employees, paid it for services for which he received no benefit. Plaintiff never obtained the loan, and Lubbock turned out to be a loan broker and not a lender. The court of appeals held that, because Lubbock was a loan broker, "in consideration for the value it received [Lubbock] could and did offer only a 'service' as that term is used in Riverside." Id. at 613. Further, the plaintiff complained not only that he received no loan, but also that Lubbock had represented its services to have characteristics, uses, benefits and standards that it did not have, such that plaintiffs complaints were "directed to the quality of services he had paid for in connection with the extension of credit he sought." Id. The court emphasized that Lubbock itself "insisted throughout the trial that it was not a lender but had only its services as a loan broker to sell." Id.
In Allen v. American General Finance, Inc., 251 S.W.3d 676, 694 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007, pet. granted and vacated pursuant to settlement) and White v. Mellon Mortgage Co., 995 S.W.2d 795, 801 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1999, no pet.), the courts of appeals stated the proposition that when the borrower seeks services from the lender as an independent objective and not merely ancillary to a loan, the borrower is a consumer with respect to the provision of such services. Allen, 251 S.W.3d at 694; White, 995. S.W.2d at 801. Further, the courts stated that "[a]n activity related to a loan transaction is a 'service' for DTPA purposes only if the activity at issue is, from the plaintiffs point of view, an objective of the transaction, not merely incidental to it." White, 995 S.W.2d at 801. In Allen, the court held that the determining factor is whether the borrower's "objective" is solely to obtain a loan or to obtain a good or service. Although Allen sought an extension of credit, the summary judgment evidence established that his objective in going to the defendant was to get a tax lawsuit taken care of, and defendant agreed "to take care of it" and undertook to loan Allen money and provide escrow services to accomplish this objective, thus providing more than a scintilla of evidence that his primary objective was to obtain the services that formed the basis of his complaint.
In White, the court actually found that the plaintiff was not a consumer with regard to her complaint that she had been unnecessarily paying PMI premiums in connection with the purchase of real estate. The court noted that "Mellon's collection of premium payments for MetLife, as required by the deed of trust, is not a service that White sought to purchase," that purchase of PMI was not her objective, and that she would have bypassed it if her mortgage lender had not required it as a condition of the loan.
Last, Montalvo cites West v. State, 212 S.W.3d 513, 518 (Tex.App.-Austin 2006, no pet.), in which the State sought a temporary injunction and asset freeze under the DTPA against a defendant advertising a debt elimination service for sale to consumers. To establish that the defendant was violating the DTPA, the State argued that West was offering a loan forgiveness service, and the "banking opportunity" was not a loan because it specified that repayment was unnecessary. The court of appeals noted that the service being offered was similar to the function of a credit services organization, which performs services such as improving a consumer's credit rating, obtaining an extension of consumer credit for a consumer, or providing advice or assistance with regard to either.
Montalvo contends that "the services in this ease are similar to the services offered in the Lubbock case, where a third party holds itself out as being able to obtain credit from a lender." She emphasizes "that BOA represented that it could provide the services necessary to obtain a loan modification from the government." Montalvo contends that her specific evidence is key because consumer status depends on whether the services that the Plaintiff sought to acquire from BAC in obtaining a loan modification was an objective of (and not merely incidental to) the transaction, from Plaintiffs point of view. Montalvo thus points to her affidavit, which states: (1) that BAC told her it could help her out with her current difficulties and help her do what was necessary to apply for government programs to get some relief under programs such as HAMP and HARP (Home Affordable Refinance Program), (2) that she did not seek to borrow money from BAC/BOA but sought to acquire the services of BAC to obtain help with the government programs, (3) that she told BAC she would like to use their services to help her qualify for a government program and they said they would help, (4) that she entered into a Negotiation Agreement and that BAC told her they would help her obtain assistance and review under HAMP and sent her instructions on how to fill out the government forms that BAC represented were necessary to qualify for the available government programs, (5) that BAC agreed to prepare and present to a Designated Agent the appropriate information that would allow her to obtain benefits under the appropriate government program, (6) that BAC represented that it would provide advice about what manner she should make monthly payments in order to qualify for assistance, that BAC did advise her of the necessary steps to qualify for assistance under HAMP, which included much more than just loan modification, and (7) that she understood that BAC would receive compensation for the services rendered to her by charging fees to the government.
Plaintiff also offers the affidavit of Gregory Rubiola, a licensed mortgage broker, who testified that he is familiar with the types of. services that are usually offered to borrowers when they seek to refinance their loans, and that the service provided by BAC is not a service usually incidental to a completed loan transaction. Rubiola states that services such as filling out and preparing government forms, putting them and required information together in a form required by a "designated agent" in such a manner as would allow a borrower to qualify for participating in a government program, and advising a customer in what manner to make monthly payments to qualify for assistance under HAMP or other available government programs are not usually provided in the furnishing of a Texas residential mortgage loan. Rather, he states, these are new services that have only arisen in the past few years since the government began its modification programs, and there is now quite a marketplaee in firms that offer "for profit loan modification, mortgage refinance/origination and/or foreclosure rescue services." Rubiola states that there are companies that provide these services for a fee.
Plaintiff argues that this evidence is sufficient to raise a fact issue regarding whether Plaintiff had an objective independent of the loan and is thus a DTPA consumer. In contrast, Defendants contend that the Magistrate Judge correctly dismissed this claim as a matter of law. Defendants note that Plaintiff cites no case in which a plaintiff such as Montalvo was found to be a consumer, and that Plaintiff ignores the numerous cases holding to the contrary.
After carefully considering the case law and the summary-judgment evidence, the Court accepts the Magistrate Judge's recommendation to resolve this issue as a matter of law and to grant summary judgment in favor of Defendants on Plaintiffs DTPA claim. The claim need not be submitted to a jury because, even assuming all facts as alleged by Plaintiff to be true, Plaintiff fails to establish that she is a DTPA consumer.
Plaintiff seeks to divorce the services provided by BAC as the loan servicer participating in the government programs for homeowners from the ultimate loan modification. To the extent she does so, Plaintiffs claim ultimately fails because, while there may be services involved and those services may have value, Plaintiff fails to-provide any summary-judgment evidence that she sought to obtain such services by purchase or lease. There is no summary-judgment evidence that Plaintiff paid or sought to pay for the services offered by BAC. Rather, the only evidence is that Plaintiff understood that BAC would be compensated by the lender. And though Plaintiff alleges that she "could have hired someone else to do this, as there are numerous web sites that offer to help borrowers get qualified to participate in a government program to help borrowers," the fact that other entities offer these services for a fee or that the services have commercial value does not render Plaintiff a consumer. See Rayford v. Maselli, 73 S.W.3d 410 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (party receiving gratuitous legal services is not a DTPA consumer).
The reality is that, under the facts of this case, the services provided by BAC cannot be divorced from the ultimate loan modification. Under HAMP, BAC's obligation as the mortgage servicer is to evaluate the Plaintiff to determine whether she is eligible for permanent loan modification and to take steps in furtherance of such evaluation and ultimate modification. The mortgage servicer is not a loan broker. Defendants' summary-judgment evidence establishes that "BAC does not offer advice, assistance, or counsel on loss mitigation options to borrowers whose loans are not being serviced by BAC and who are not seeking a loss mitigation alternative offered by BAC." Docket no. 46, Decl. of Casheena Chaney. In addition, as noted, after the assignment from MERS, BAC was both the loan servicer and the loan owner. Thus, to the extent BAC offered services regarding modification of the note/loan, the services were offered only to determine whether Plaintiff would be eligible to modify the loan it owned, meaning that the services were incidental to a loan modification. As such, BAC did not function like a broker or credit repair organization as alleged, since its services and agreements "served no purpose apart from facilitating a loan modification of an existing loan" that it held. See Maginn, 919 S.W.2d at 167; Pennington v. HSBC Bank USA, Civ. A. No. A-10-CA-785-LY, 2011 WL 6739609 (W.D.Tex. Dec. 22, 2011).
Accordingly, the Court accepts the recommendation to grant summary judgment on Plaintiffs DTPA claim because Plaintiff is not a consumer as a matter of law.
B. Breach of Contract
Plaintiffs breach-of-contract claim contains a number of facets. First, Paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2 allege that Defendants have breached the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust by declaring a default in payment when no default occurred, that BAC excused Plaintiffs non-compliance with the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust by instructing Plaintiff to make payments in the amount that it did, and that BAC is estopped from insisting that Plaintiff comply with the terms of the Note after it represented to Plaintiff that she make the payments as instructed, and Plaintiff relied on those instructions to her detriment.
Second, Paragraph 5.3 alleges that BAC breached the terms of the Note by accelerating the Note without servicing the Loan with diligence, without using any prudent measures to induce the Plaintiff to bring the loan account current, and failing to discuss with Plaintiff the reason for default, in violation of HUD regulations incorporated into the Note.
Third, Paragraph 5.4 alleges that Plaintiff and Defendant entered into an oral contract to modify the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust on October 5, 2009, in which they agreed that if Plaintiff "made three payments of $1,091.00 and submitted the appropriate paperwork, BAC would induce BofA to modify the Loan in accordance with the terms and conditions of such modifications under HAMP." Plaintiff alleges that she fully performed the agreement, and Defendant partially performed the agreement, but breached the agreement by accelerating the Note and foreclosing on the Plaintiffs home. Plaintiff "seeks damages from BoA for breach of the oral agreement to modify the Loan in accordance with HAMP."
Last, Paragraph 5.5 "seeks specific performance of the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust, and requests the equitable intervention of this Court to order that both the Note and Deed of Trust be reinstated, and that BAC and BoA be ordered to continue to perform the terms of both the Note and Deed of Trust as agreed." Plaintiff further seeks to offset the principal amount due on the reinstated Note by the damages proximately caused by Defendant's breaches and other wrongful contract.
Paragraph 5.3
Paragraph 5.3 alleges that BAC breached the terms of the Note by accelerating the Note without servicing the Loan with diligence, without using any prudent measures to induce the Plaintiff to bring the loan account current, and failing to discuss with Plaintiff the reason for default, in violation of HUD regulations incorporated into the Note. As noted, in support of this claim, the Amended Complaint cites to inapplicable HUD regulations that Defendants allegedly violated, and the Magistrate Judge denied the motion for leave to amend to cite the correct regulations. That order has not been objected to.
The Magistrate Judge concluded that, even considering the correct regulations, the claim that BAC was required to have a face-to-face meeting cannot survive summary judgment because the regulations contain an exception to the requirement if the mortgaged property is not within 200 miles of the mortgagee, its servicer, or a branch office of either. The Magistrate Judge noted that Defendants presented summary-judgment evidence that the lender did not operate a servicing center within a 200-mile radius of the mortgaged property that was staffed with employees familiar with servicing issues, and thus the exception applies.
Plaintiff has filed no objections to the portion of the Magistrate Judge's order concerning this aspect of Plaintiffs claims. The Court finds the recommendation to be neither clearly erroneous nor contrary to law, and accepts the recommendation to grant summary judgment on this claim.
Paragraph 5.4
Paragraph 5.4 alleges that Plaintiff and Defendants entered into an oral contract to modify the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust on October 5, 2009, in which they agreed that if Plaintiff "made three payments of $1,091.00 and submitted the appropriate paperwork, BAC would induce BoA to modify the Loan in accordance with the terms and conditions of such modifications under HAMP." Plaintiff alleges that she fully performed the agreement, and Defendants partially performed the agreement, but then breached the agreement by accelerating the Note and foreclosing on the Plaintiffs home. Plaintiff "seeks damages from BoA for breach of the oral agreement to modify the Loan in accordance with HAMP."
The Magistrate Judge concluded that, because this allegation relied on an alleged oral agreement to modify the loan, the claim must satisfy the statute of frauds. Texas has a special statute of frauds for loan agreements that exceed $50,000. Section 26.02 of the Texas Business & Commerce Code provides that "[a] loan agreement in which the amount involved in the loan agreement exceeds $50,000 in value is not enforceable unless the agreement is in writing and signed by the party to be bound or by that party's authorized representative." Further, lenders are required to give notice to debtors that the "written loan agreement represents the final agreement between the parties and may not be contradicted by evidence of prior, contemporaneous, or subsequent oral agreements of the parties." Id. § 26.02(e). The summary-judgment evidence demonstrates that this notice was provided to Plaintiff. Docket no. 47, Ex. C-19. Thus, the terms of Plaintiffs loan agreement may not be contradicted by subsequent oral agreements.
In addition, both Texas state and federal courts have concluded that, generally, both the original loan and any alleged agreement to modify the original loan are governed by section 26.02 and must be in writing. See, e.g., Deuley v. Chase Home Finance, LLC, Civ. A. No. H-05-04253, 2006 WL 1155230, at *2 (S.D.Tex. April 26, 2006). Not every oral modification of the terms of a written contract falls within the statute of frauds. See Garcia v. Karam, 154 Tex. 240, 276 S.W.2d 255 (1955). Rather, the general rule is that an oral modification may be enforceable if it does not materially alter the obligations imposed by the original contract. Horner v. Bourland, 724 F.2d 1142, 1148 (5th Cir. 1984). An oral agreement to modify the percentage of interest to be paid, the amounts of installments, security rights, the terms of the remaining balance of the loan, the amount of monthly payments, the date of the first payment, and the amount to be paid monthly for taxes and insurance is an impermissible oral modification. Id. (citing Foster v. Mutual Savings Ass'n, 602 S.W.2d 98 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1980, no writ)).
The Deuley court concluded that, although oral extensions of the time for performance are often found to be outside the statute of frauds, where the plaintiffs allege that they applied for a specific program altering their obligations under the original loan and came to an oral agreement with the bank regarding this program, this is a material alteration of the underlying contract and thus subject to the statute of frauds. Deuley, 2006 WL 1155230 at *2. Further, to the extent plaintiffs contend that a new oral contract was created (as opposed to a modification of the original loan), such an oral contract would also be governed by the statute of frauds for loan agreements. Id. at *3.
The Magistrate Judge applied this reasoning and held that the alleged modification agreement (to make three monthly payments of $1,091 to avoid acceleration and foreclosure and to ultimately obtain a modification) was governed by the statute of frauds. She noted that there was no writing evidencing such an agreement, and thus enforcement of the agreement was barred by the statute of frauds.
With respect to alleged exceptions to the statute of frauds, she concluded that promissory or equitable estoppel does not overcome the statute of frauds defense. The Magistrate Judge followed Texas law, which holds that when a plaintiff attempts to enforce an oral agreement subject to the statute of frauds, for promissory estoppel to create an exception to the statute of frauds, there must have been a promise to sign a written agreement that had been prepared and would satisfy the statute of frauds. See, e.g., 1001 McKinney Ltd. v. Credit Suisse First Boston Mortg. Capital, 192 S.W.3d 20, 29 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiff produced no such evidence, and thus promissory estoppel did not permit enforcement of the oral modification agreement that was governed by the statute of frauds.
With regard to partial performance as an exception to the statute of frauds, the Magistrate Judge noted that Texas courts have not clearly accepted partial performance as an exception to the statute of frauds in section 26.02. But to the extent it could apply, the Magistrate Judge concluded that the evidence was insufficient to raise a fact issue because there is no evidence of virtual fraud, that Montalvo suffered substantial detriment for which she has no adequate remedy, and making payments in the amount of $1,091 is equally consistent with Montalvo's claims as with merely making partial payments due on her existing loan.
In her objections, Montalvo agrees that seeking to enforce an oral agreement to modify the original loan "may fall to the Statutory Statute of Frauds." She thus accedes that she may not attempt to enforce such an oral agreement and she apparently no longer seeks to assert new contract rights under a modified loan agreement. PI. Obj. at 18. But, she contends, "[n]ot allowing BOA to enforce the contractual terms [of the original loan agreement] based on its inequitable conduct does not create a new agreement which would be barred by the Statutory Statute of Frauds." Id.
In other words, Montalvo contends that she may estop BOA from insisting on its strict legal rights to accelerate and foreclose under the original Note and Deed of Trust when it would be unjust to do so. This claim is asserted in paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2, and will be addressed in that section.
The Magistrate Judge's recommendation to grant summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim related to breach and enforcement of an alleged oral agreement to modify the loan is accepted.
Paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2
Paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2 allege that Defendants have breached the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust by declaring a default in payment when no default occurred, that BAC excused Plaintiffs noncompliance with the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust by instructing Plaintiff to make payments in the amount that it did, and that BAC is estopped from insisting that Plaintiff comply with the terms of the Note after it represented to Plaintiff that she make the payments as instructed, and Plaintiff relied bn those instructions to her detriment. Paragraph 5.2 also alleges that Defendants breached the Note and Deed of Trust by failing to give adequate notice to allow Plaintiff to exercise her right to cure any defaults prior to accelerating the balance due on the Note.
With regard to the notice claims, the Magistrate Judge observed that the summary-judgment evidence disproves these claims. Defendants provided Plaintiff with notice of default and the right to cure (on October 7, 2009 and March 3, 2010), and Plaintiff knew she had defaulted when she contacted BAC about modifying the loan.
The crux of this claim is that Defendants breached the Note and Deed of Trust by accelerating the note and foreclosing when they were estopped from doing so. The Magistrate Judge recognized that Plaintiff asserted that Defendants were estopped from seeking to take advantage of Plaintiffs default, "when it was their false promise that led to Plaintiff being in default." See docket no. 59 at 5. However, the Magistrate Judge viewed this claim as part of Plaintiffs claim to enforce the alleged oral modification, which is barred by the statute of frauds.
Plaintiff contends, however, that this aspect of her claim does not seek to enforce the oral agreement to modify the loan. Rather, Plaintiff asserts a more limited claim — that Defendants cannot assert that Plaintiff is in default under the original loan because Defendants themselves induced the default. This estoppel argument is in the nature of waiver or excuse. It is addressed by the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 150 comment b, which provides that
Where a contract is modified by subsequent agreement and the contract as modified is within a provision of the Statute of Frauds, the modified contract is unenforceable unless the Statute is satisfied. In such a case, if the original contract was enforceable it is not rescinded or modified but remains enforceable. But the unenforceable modification may operate as a waiver. To the extent that the waiver is acted on before it is revoked, it excuses the other party from performance of his own duty and of conditions of the duty of the waiving party.
(Emphasis added). Thus, if a mortgagor changes her position and defaults in reliance on an oral modification agreement, which is unenforceable under the statute of frauds, such that reinstatement of the original terms of the loan would be unjust, the mortgagor's default may be excused and the mortgagee estopped from asserting its rights (such as acceleration and foreclosure) triggered by the default. Such a claim does not attempt to enforce the unenforceable oral agreement, but rather excuses the mortgagor's default under the existing, enforceable loan agreement.
Texas courts do not appear to have considered, much less adopted, § 150 of the Restatement. However, the Court concludes that the Texas Supreme Court might adopt such a rule. Cf. Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795 (Tex.2001) (noting that the statute of frauds does not apply to a claim for out-of-pocket damages caused by reliance, but rather only to a claim trying to enforce the benefit of the bargain of an agreement subject to the statute of frauds).
Although Plaintiffs briefing implies that Plaintiffs default was caused by Defendants telling her to make the payments of $1,091, the undisputed evidence shows that Plaintiff was already in default before contacting BAC about modifying the loan. Thus, this is not a case in which the mortgagor would not have defaulted but for being told by the mortgage servicer to make a lower payment than required by the Note under an unenforceable oral agreement. In such a case, a mortgagor would have a strong argument that the mortgage servicer induced the default and thereby excused it or is otherwise es-topped from relying on the default to accelerate the note and foreclose.
Comment d of § 150 recognizes that "[i]f the duty or condition would not have been performed in any event, or if there is a waiver of performance after a failure of performance, the failure is not in reliance on the modifying agreement." Thus, where the mortgagor's default is not caused by reliance on the unenforceable modifying agreement, estoppel does not apply.
Plaintiff does allege, however, that she "offered to cure any delinquency in her mortgage, during the pendency of the Defendant's preparation of the documents, but her offer was refused." Am. Compl. ¶ 4.11. She further alleges that she was told "she should stay in default under the Note" in order to qualify for the "various programs offered by the government." Id. These allegations are supported by her Affidavit. Thus, although Plaintiff was not induced to default, her argument is that she was induced into remaining in default and not exercising her right to cure the default by Defendant's representations and agreements.
The Magistrate Judge did not consider this aspect of Plaintiffs claim, likely because Defendants characterized it as a claim that "an oral agreement existed between [Plaintiff] and BAC to modify her payment obligations under the Loan," which it asserts was an oral agreement barred by the Statute of Frauds. Docket no. 47 at 6. Defendants further contended that they did not breach the Deed of Trust by declaring Montalvo in default because she was, undisputably, in default and had not cured the default. Id. Defendants' motion does not address Plaintiffs argument that it waived the default or is es-topped from asserting the default as a basis for acceleration. Even in their response to Plaintiffs objections, Defendants continue to ignore any distinction between seeking to enforce an agreement barred by the statute of frauds and seeking to estop a party to an enforceable contract from asserting a breach.
Plaintiff was aware of her right to cure the default (she alleges that she offered to do so), and Defendants twice informed her of the right to cure the default. Although she states that she had the resources to do so, there is no evidence that she in fact ever tendered the past due amounts to cure the default. Thus, Plaintiffs claim turns on whether she was wrongfully induced by Defendants not to cure and, if so, whether that amounts to a waiver or estoppel of Defendants' right to foreclose.
Plaintiffs affidavit provides that she was able to cure the default, that she informed Defendants that she was able to make up the past unpaid payments if she should, but that Defendants told her not do to do so. As a result of Plaintiffs not curing the default, BAC foreclosed in November 2009. Though this foreclosure was set aside, Plaintiff did incur costs associated with the foreclosure, and argues that she lost the right to qualify for HAMP or possibly other loan modifications as a result of Defendant's wrongful conduct.
Because Defendants did not expressly move for summary judgment on this claim, it remains pending. Defendant may file an additional motion for summary judgment on this claim within twenty-one days of this Order. The motion should address both the factual and legal basis for Plaintiffs claim, and should address both whether Defendants were in breach by accelerating and foreclosing in November 2009 (and any damages flowing therefrom) and whether Defendants were in breach by accelerating and giving notice of intended foreclosure in March 2010. If Defendant does not file such a motion, the Court may order briefing sua sponte.
Insofar as Defendants argue that they provided adequate notice and that actual enforcement of an oral modification agreement is barred by the statute of frauds, summary judgment is granted.
Paragraph 5.5
Paragraph 5.5 "seeks specific performance of the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust, and requests the equitable intervention of this Court to order that both the Note and Deed of Trust be reinstated, and that BAC and BoA be ordered to continue to perform the terms of both the Note and Deed of Trust as agreed." Plaintiff further seeks to offset the principal amount due on the reinstated Note by the damages proximately caused by Defendant's breaches and other wrongful conduct. Insofar as this claim depends on Plaintiffs estoppel claim, it also remains pending.
C. Unreasonable Collection Efforts
The Magistrate Judge concluded that Montalvo presented no evidence raising a fact question about whether the Defendants' conduct was willful and wanton and "effectively abandoned her unreasonable-collection-efforts claim."
Unreasonable collection efforts is an intentional tort that lacks clearly defined elements. B.F. Jackson, Inc. v. CoStar Realty, 2009 WL 1812922, at *5 (S.D.Tex.2009). "Unreasonable debt collection efforts are defined as efforts that amount to a course of harassment that was willful, wanton, malicious, and intended to inflict mental anguish or bodily harm." Baker v. Countrywide Home Loans, Civ. A. No. 3:08-CV-916, 2009 WL 1810336, at *7 (N.D.Tex. June 24, 2009). The case law varies on the degree of conduct necessary to give rise to an actionable claim. Id. at *8. Though Plaintiff alleges facts showing that Defendants may have violated HAMP and may have been negligent, the Court agrees that summary judgment on this claim is proper and accepts the recommendation on the basis that Plaintiff fails to show a course of harassment that was willful, wanton, malicious, and intended to inflict mental anguish. The elements of harassment and malicious intent are necessary to differentiate this claim from negligence or breach of contract. See Watson v. Citimortgage, Inc., 4:10-CV-707, 2012 WL 381205, at *1 (E.D.Tex. Feb. 3, 2012); Narvaez v. Wilshire Credit Corp., 757 F.Supp.2d 621, 635-36 (N.D.Tex.2010) ("evidence of negligence is insufficient to support a cause of action for unreasonable collection efforts"). Plaintiff has not shown that Defendants attempted to collect a debt that had been fully paid, intentionally violated HAMP, intentionally lied or deceived her into remaining in default, intentionally foreclosed while knowing they had no legal right to do so, or the like, and thus summary judgment is proper.
Conclusion
The Court ACCEPTS the Magistrate Judge's recommendation to grant Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (docket no. 47) so far as it goes. Thus, summary judgment is granted on Plaintiffs DTPA and unreasonable collection efforts, and certain aspects of Plaintiffs breach of contract claims. With regard to the remaining breach of contract claims, Defendant may file an additional motion for summary judgment for the Court's consideration within twenty-one days of this Order.
It is so ORDERED.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
NANCY STEIN NOWAK, United States Magistrate Judge.
TO: Honorable Xavier Rodriguez United States District Judge
This report and recommendation addresses the defendants' motion for summary judgment. I have jurisdiction to enter this report and recommendation under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) pursuant to the district court's order of referral. After considering the pleadings and the applicable law, I recommend granting the motion.
Nature of the case. This case arose from a scheduled foreclosure sale of plaintiff Lissette Montalvo's home. On July 25, 2006, Montalvo borrowed $184,568.00 to purchase a home. Montalvo executed a note promising to repay that amount, plus interest, and a deed of trust granting a first lien against the mortgaged property as security for her repayment obligation. The note and deed of trust were later assigned to defendant BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP (BAC).
About three years later, Montalvo experienced difficulty making her loan payments and defaulted on the loan. On July 6, 2009, BAC notified Montalvo that: she was in default, she had 30 days to cure the default, and BAC would accelerate repayment of the loan if Montalvo did not cure the default within 30 days. Montalvo did not cure the default within 30 days, so on October 7, 2009, BAC notified Montalvo that the maturity of her loan had been accelerated and that her home would be sold at a foreclosure sale on November 3, 2009.
Montalvo's home was sold at the scheduled foreclosure sale to BAC. Montalvo then hired an attorney who asked BAC to set aside the foreclosure sale. BAC rescinded the sale. Montalvo made no further payments on the loan. On March 3, 2010, BAC notified Montalvo that loan had been accelerated and the home would be sold at a foreclosure sale on April 6, 2010.
The day before the second scheduled foreclosure sale — on April 5, 2010 — Montalvo filed this lawsuit in state court and asked for a temporary restraining order to stop the foreclosure sale. As defendants, Montalvo named BAC and Bank of America Corporation (BOA) (together, the defendants). The state trial court issued an order restraining the foreclosure sale. The defendants removed the case to this court on May 7, 2010. Jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship.
Procedural posture. Earlier this year, the district court abated this case to permit the parties to focus on settling this case. Settlement efforts failed. The case was set for trial for January 23, 2012. The trial date was subsequently vacated.
On June 24, 2011, the defendants moved for summary judgment. The defendants also moved to exclude testimony from Montalvo's expert witnesses and to strike her summary-judgment evidence. I denied those motions. In response to the summary-judgment motion, Montalvo sought to filed a second amended complaint. I denied the request because Montalvo failed to satisfy Rule 16(b)'s good-cause factors.
With all other matters resolved, the motion for summary judgment is ripe for resolution. Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
Montalvo's claims. Montalvo's claims are set out in her first amended complaint. In that complaint, Motalvo brought three state causes of action: (1) breach of contract, (2) violation of Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA), and (3) unreasonable collection efforts. The defendants sought summary judgment on all claims. In responding to the defendants' motion, Montalvo "recognize[d] the diffi cult burden under [her unreasonable-collection-efforts] cause of action" and presented no evidence raising a fact question about whether the defendants' conduct was willful and wanton. In doing so, Montalvo effectively abandoned her unreasonable-collection-efforts claim. The following discussion focuses on the breach-of-contract and DTPA claims.
Breach of contract. Montalvo's breach-of-contract claim is based on the following four allegations:
1. The defendant breached an oral agreement to modify the payment terms of Montalvo's loan.
2. The defendants breached the deed of trust by declaring Montalvo in default and failing to give her notice of her right to cure.
3. The defendants breached the terms of Montalvo's loan by violating HUD regulations.
4. The defendants breached an oral agreement to modify the terms of the note and deed of trust.
Claim about the alleged agreement to modify the payment terms of the loan. Montalvo alleged that, prior to the first foreclosure sale, "BAC told [her] that what she needed to do [to] be in compliance with the Note and avoid acceleration and foreclosure was to make three payment of $1,091.00." She complained that she made those payments, but was foreclosed upon anyway. She maintained that "BAC excused [her] non-compliance with the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust by instructing [her] to make payments in the amount that [she] did."
For this allegation to serve as the basis for a breach of contract, Montalvo must prove an agreement existed to modify her repayment obligations. To be enforceable, the alleged agreement must comply with the statute of frauds. Otherwise, her claim is barred as a matter of law.
Under Texas's statute of frauds for loan agreements, "[a] loan agreement in which the amount involved in the loan agreement exceeds $50,000 in value is not enforceable unless the agreement is in writing and signed by the party to be bound or by that party's authorized representative." "[A] loan agreement includes agreements to 'delay repayment of money' or 'to otherwise extend credit or make a financial accommodation.' " "When a modification encompasses or relates to a matter that must be in writing, the modification is unenforceable unless it is also in writing."
Because Montalvo's loan was for $184,-568 — an amount greater than $50,000 — the loan is governed by the statute of frauds. "The [alleged] oral modification in this case relates to the original loan agreement, which must be in writing because it exceeds $50,000. Thus, the modification is also required to be in writing to comply with the statute of frauds."
There is no written agreement permitting Montalvo to make three payments of $1,091 to avoid acceleration and foreclosure. Thus, the agreement about making three payments did not satisfy the statute of frauds. Montalvo though maintained the doctrine of equitable estoppel precludes summary judgment. Montalvo asserted that the doctrine prevents the defendants from taking advantage of her default "when it was their false promise which led to the Plaintiff being in default."
Equitable estoppel. Texas courts have not specified whether equitable exceptions apply to Texas's statute of frauds for loan agreements. Courts that have considered an estoppel defense as an exception to the statute of frauds for a loan agreement have relied on the following legal principles.
For promissory estoppel to create an exception to the statute of frauds, there must have been a promise to sign a written agreement that had been prepared and that would satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds. It is the promise to sign a written agreement or enter into a written agreement that is determinative. Promissory estoppel sufficient to remove a contract from the statute of frauds requires that the promisor agree to sign a document that had already been prepared or "whose wording had been agreed upon" that would satisfy the statute of frauds. A mere promise to prepare a written contract is not sufficient.
Montalvo presented no evidence rasing a fact question about the existence of a written agreement that had been prepared and that would satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds. In her affidavit, she described various telephone communications with BOA or BAC employees. She attested that, "[t]he only personal contact I had with BOA prior to the acceleration of the Note in the fall of 2009 was the telephone conversations set out [in her affidavit], where BOA told me that I should not make the Note payments in the amount set out in the Note, and that if I made those payments, there would be no foreclosure." Notably, Montalvo did not attest that the defendants promised to sign a written agreement that had been prepared and that would satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds. Instead, she alleged that, "BAC represented to the Plaintiff that it would forward a written agreement placing the Plaintiff on a permanent loan modification upon verification of financial statements, which BAC would compile and send to the appropriate agency for processing."
Even if Montalvo had included the foregoing statement in her affidavit, it would not raise a fact question because it does not refer to a written agreement that had been prepared. Without evidence of a promise to sign a written agreement that had been prepared and that would satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds, Montalvo cannot survive summary judgment based on the doctrine of equitable estoppel.
Oral extension of time to make payments. Montalvo also maintained the agreement to allow her to make three payments of $1,091 falls under a second exception to the statute of frauds — oral extension of time to make payments. "[Tjhis exception includes an oral extension of time to make a required payment under the contract, before the time for such payment has expired." Montalvo argued that BAC's promise to accept three payments of $1,091 in lieu of the payments in arrears falls under this exception. Texas courts', however, have rejected this argument when applied to Texas's statute of frauds for loan agreements.
Partial performance. Montalvo also maintained the agreement to allow her to make three payments of $1,091 falls under a third exception to the statute of frauds— partial performance.
Under the partial performance exception to the statute of frauds, contracts that have been partly performed, but do not meet the requirements of the statute of frauds, may be enforced in equity if denial of enforcement would amount to a virtual fraud. The fraud arises when there is strong evidence establishing the existence of an agreement and its terms, the party acting in reliance on the contract has suffered a substantial detriment for which he has no adequate remedy, and the other party, if permitted to plead the statute, would reap an unearned benefit. The partial performance must be "unequivocally referable to the agreement and corroborative of the fact that a contract actually was made." The acts of performance relied upon to take a parol contract out of the statute of frauds must be such as could have been done with no other design than to fulfill the particular agreement sought to be enforced; otherwise, they do not tend to prove the existence of the parol agreement relied upon by the plaintiff.
Like promissory estoppel, no Texas court has clearly stated that the partial-performance exception applies to the loan-agreement statute of frauds. The most recent Texas court considering the exception in a case involving a loan agreement noted, "the only case discussing partial performance in the context of [the loan-agreement statute of frauds] concluded the evidence did not raise a fact issue on that exception." Since that observation, no court has applied the partial performance exception to a loan agreement.
To the extent the exception applies, Montalvo's claim that "[t]here is no other logical reason to make payments in the specific amount she was instructed" is insufficient to raise a fact question precluding summary judgment for the following reasons. The summary-judgment record contains no evidence of virtual fraud. No evidence exists that Montalvo suffered substantial detriment for which she has no adequate remedy. Although Montalvo maintains she has always had the family resources to make her payments, this case flowed from the failure to make loan payments. Making payments in the amount of $1,091 is consistent with Montalvo's allegations, but it is also consistent with merely making partial payments. As such, making those payments could have been done with some design other than to fulfill the alleged oral agreement.
Claim based on the declaration of default and foreclosure. In support of her claim that the defendants breached the loan contract by declaring default, Montalvo contended the defendants "breached the terms of the Note and Deed of Trust by declaring a default in the payment when no default occurred, and by failing to give adequate notice to allow the Plaintiff to exercise her right to cure any defaults. The summary-judgment record disproves this allegation. The summary-judgment record includes notice of default and the right to cure. In addition, Montalvo knew she had defaulted when she contacted the defendants about modifying her loan.
Alleged breach of contract based on violating HUD regulations. Montalvo also alleged that BAC breached the deed of trust by failing to comply with HUD regulation 24 C.F.R. § 201.50.30 by failing to meet with her face-to-face before foreclosing on her home. The regulation does not apply to Montalvo's loan because it applies to manufactured homes. Presumably, Montalvo intended to rely on 24 C.F.R. § 203.604.
Similar to section 201.50.30, section 203.604 requires the "mortgagee [to] have a face-to-face interview with the mortgagor, or make a reasonable effort to arrange such a meeting...." Montalvo sought to amend her complaint to cite section 203.604, but I denied the request because Montalvo failed to satisfy the good-cause factors. But even if Montalvo had cited the proper regulatory provision in her complaint, the claim cannot survive summary judgment.
Section 203.604 anticipates a face-to-face meeting, but the provision has an exception. The exception provides that a face-to-face meeting is not required if "[t]he mortgaged property is not within 200 miles of the mortgagee, its servicer, or a branch office of either...." The defendants presented summary-judgment evidence that the lender "did not operate a servicing center within a 200-mile radius [of the mortgaged property] that was staffed with employees familiar with servicing issues ." This evidence shows the exception applies. Thus, the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Montalvo's claim based on the violation of HUD regulations.
Alleged breach of contract based on oral agreement to modify the terms of note and deed of trust. Montalvo's final allegation in support of her breach-of-contract claim is that the defendants breached their agreement "that if the Plaintiff made three payments of $1,091.00 and submitted appropriate paperwork, BAC would induce BoA to modify the Loan in accordance with the terms and conditions of such modifications under [the Home Affordable Modification Program or HAMP]." Montalvo complained that even though she performed her part of the agreement, and the defendants performed part of the agreement, the defendants breached the agreement by accelerating the note and foreclosing on her home. Because she lost the opportunity to modify her loan under the HAMP, Montalvo asked for equitable relief. She asked the court to: order the defendants to reinstate the note, enjoin the defendants from foreclosing, and offset the loan-principal amount due on the reinstated note by damages caused by the breach.
Because this allegation relied on the alleged oral agreement to modify the loan, the claim must satisfy the statute of frauds and fails for the reasons discussed above. Even if Montalvo raised a fact question about the claim, Montalvo identified no specific terms of the agreement. The court cannot equitably enforce the alleged oral agreement because the agreement lacks enforceable terms. In the absence of a fact question, and enforceability, the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the claim that they breached an oral agreement to modify the note and the deed of trust.
Montalvo's DTPA claim. In the last cause of action, Montalvo alleged that the defendants violated various provisions of the Texas DTPA. This claim flowed from Montalvo's efforts "to participate in HAMP or other programs offered by the government pursuant to TARP." The HAMP was "designed to reduce mortgage payments permanently to affordable levels for qualifying homeowners." The HAMP is a program available under the Troubled Asset Relief Program or TARP. The TARP was created by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. The defendants asked for summary judgment on this claim, arguing that Montalvo is not a consumer under the DTPA.
The DTPA permits a Texas "consumer" to sue under its provisions. " 'Consumer' means an individual . who seeks or acquires by purchase or lease, any goods or services...." " 'Goods' means tangible chattels or real property purchased or leased for use." " 'Services' means work, labor, or service purchased or leased for use, including services furnished in connection with the sale or repair of goods."
Only "when a borrower's objective is to obtain goods or services and the loan provides the means for obtaining the goods or services, the borrower qualifies as a consumer." A "person who seeks "only the extension of credit . and nothing more" is not a consumer under the DTPA because the lending of money is not a good or service." Montalvo argued that a fact issue exists about whether she is a consumer, but "[wjhether a plaintiff is a consumer under the DTPA is a question of law."
Texas federal courts have recently addressed DTPA claims like Montalvo's claim and concluded that a person seeking a loan modification under the HAMP using a loan servicer is not a consumer under the DPTA. Like the claims before those courts, Montalvo's claim arose out of a loan, and does not involve the purchase or lease of either goods or services. Montalvo did not seek to purchase or lease any goods or services from the defendants. Montalvo had already borrowed money to purchase a home. What she complained about was the defendants' failure to fulfill an agreement to help her obtain a loan modification under the HAMP.
To the extent the defendants made such an agreement, the defendants' offer of a trial payment plan "were ancillary services that served no purpose apart from facilitating a loan modification of an existing loan." "[A]ny services provided by Defendants were incidental to the contemplated loan modification; they were not an objective of the transaction." Accordingly, Montalvo is not a consumer under the DTPA. The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the DTPA claim.
Recommendation. The oral agreements underlying Montalvo's breaeh-of-contract claim are barred by Texas's statute of frauds for loan agreements. No fact question exists about an exception to the statute of frauds. Therefore, the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the breach-of-contract claim.
Montalvo is not a consumer under the Texas DTPA. Because she is not a consumer, Montalvo may not sue under the DTPA. Consequently, the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the DPTA claims.
Montalvo conceded that no basis exists for an unreasonable-collection-efforts claim. That claim is appropriately dismissed.
For these reasons, I recommend granting the defendants' summary-judgment motion (docket entry #47) and entering summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
Instructions for Service and Notice of Right to Object/Appeal. The United States District Clerk shall serve a copy of this report and recommendation on all parties by either (1) electronic transmittal to all parties represented by attorneys registered as a "filing user" with the clerk of court, or (2) by mailing a copy to those not registered by certified mail, return receipt requested. Written objections to this report and recommendation must be filed within 14 days after being served with a copy of same, unless this time period is modified by the district court. Such party shall file the objections with the clerk of the court, and serve the objections on all other parties. A party filing objections must specifically identify those findings, conclusions or recommendations to which objections are being made and the basis for such objections; the district court need not consider frivolous, conclusive or general objections. A party's failure to file written objections to the proposed findings, conclusions and recommendations contained in this report shall bar the party from a de novo determination by the district court. Additionally, failure to file timely written objections to the proposed findings, conclusions and recommendations contained in this report and recommendation shall bar the aggrieved party, except upon grounds of plain error, from attacking on appeal the unobjected-to proposed factual findings and legal conclusions accepted by the district court. January 6, 2012.
. The letter notes that "BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP is a subsidiary of Bank of America, N.A." Docket no. 47, Ex. C-8. It appears thát Bank of America purchased Countrywide at some time before Plaintiff defaulted.
. Plaintiff's monthly payment of principal and interest under the mortgage was $1,290.53. Docket no. 47, Ex. C-3.
. This Court has diversity jurisdiction, and claims against the Substitute Trustee have been dismissed.
. BAC pointed out that 24 C.F.R. § 201.50, the HUD regulation cited in the Amended Complaint, is located in the title governing "Title I Property Improvement and Manufactured Home Loans," and thus does not apply to Plaintiffs loan.
. The proposed Second Amended Complaint would state:
The Note states that BAC's ability to accelerate the terms of the Note are subject to the regulations issued by the Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The regulations are found at 24 C.F.R. § 203.500, et seq., Subpart C — Servicing Responsibilities. Section 203.604, Contact with the Mortgagor, requires that BAC may only institute foreclosure proceedings in certain circumstances. In particular, BAC is required to contact the Plaintiff, either in a face-to-face meeting prior to accelerating the Note. If the Plaintiff had been allowed a face to face meeting with BoA, she presumably would have been correctly informed of what she needed to do and the acceleration and foreclosure could have been avoided. As a direct and proximate result of BAC's breach of the Note, the Plaintiff has suffered damages as set forth below.
. http://www.makinghomeaffordable.gov/ about-mha/faqs/Pages/default.aspx
. Montalvo also cites Farmers & Merchants State Bank v. Ferguson, 605 S.W.2d 320, 324 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1980), although that case was modified on appeal, 617 S.W.2d 918 (Tex. 1981) because the plaintiff failed to prove that the banking services were for personal use as opposed to commercial use. The facts of that case are also not on point, because the court of appeals held that the bank agreed to perforin certain services — honoring checks drawn on plaintiffs account — and had the right to receive a service charge for the use of its services.
. Plaintiff's Complaint alleges that she "understood that BAC would receive compensation for the services rendered to her by charging fees to her lender," while her Affidavit .states that she "understood that BOA would receive compensation for the services rendered to [her] by charging fees to the government." However, there is no evidence that Plaintiff herself would pay for any of the services either directly or indirectly as part of the entire transaction.
. Though some government programs, such as Home Affordable Foreclosure Alternatives ("HAFA") may involve solutions other than loan modification (e.g., HAMP) or refinancing (e.g., HARP), Plaintiff does not complain about any services related to such other programs with any specificity. Rather, her pleadings and evidence relate only to HAMP and HARP and her desire to remain in her home under the terms of a modified loan. The Court makes no ruling as to whether complaints about such other types of programs like HAFA would render a plaintiff a consumer for DTPA purposes.
. See also Restatement (Second) Of Contracts § 139, Reporter's Note to comment b ("Other courts have permitted reliance to displace the requirement of a writing only in narrowly circumscribed situations, refusing to act unless there has been a misrepresentation that the Statute has been complied with or a failure to carry out a promise to make a memorandum of an oral agreement. The Texas Supreme Court enforced oral promises to avoid injustice in "Moore" Burger, Inc. v. Phillips Petrol. Co., 492 S.W.2d 934 (Tex. 1972) and Cooper Petrol. Co. v. LaGloria Oil & Gas Co., 436 S.W.2d 889 (Tex. 1969), but later cases have noted that those Texas Supreme Court opinions emphasized broken promises to make subsequent writings ." (citations omitted).
. To the extent she is still arguing that the HUD regulations and partial performance allow her to enforce the oral agreement to modify the loan, the Court rejects those arguments. The fact that HUD regulations allow specific oral forbearance agreements does not enable Plaintiff to enforce an oral agreement different from what the HUD regulations contemplate. The Court further accepts the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that the partial performance exception is not satisfied.
. See, e.g., Pl. Obj. at 3 "The conclusion in the Report that the Defendants can tell the Plaintiff what payments to make under the Note, and then find her in default when she does so, is incorrect as a matter of law for the following reasons.... The doctrine of equitable estoppel precludes the Defendants from asserting a breach in making payments in the amount the Defendants told her to...Pl. Obj. at 17 "The doctrine of Equitable Estoppel prohibits BOA from seeking to take advan tage of the Plaintiff's default, when it was their false promise which led to the Plaintiff being in default."
. Homeowners do not need to be in default to be eligible for HAMP. Rather, they are eligible if they reasonably believe they are very likely to default on their mortgage soon and can provide the necessary documentation.
. The foreclosure appears to be a violation of HAMP procedures, since lenders are not permitted to foreclosure during the loan modification process, and Plaintiff's evidence shows that she was in compliance with her obligations for the loan modification process at the time BAC foreclosed. Plaintiff cannot assert a private right of action under HAMP, but it appears relevant to whether Plaintiff reasonably relied on Defendants' representations that she need not cure the default and that no foreclosure would occur during the HAMP process.
. Docket entry # 47.
. Docket entry #78.
. Docket entry # 47, ex. C-3 (note dated July 25, 2006, for purchase of property at 11334 Oro Canyon, San Antonio, Texas 78254, signed by Lissette Montalvo).
. Docket entry # 47, ex. C-4 (deed of trust for $184,568.00, payable by Aug. 1, 2036, providing for acceleration of debt if borrower defaults by failing to pay in full any monthly payment).
. Docket entry # 47, ex. A (declaration by Casheena Chaney, BAC litigation specialist, stating that BAC services loan ending in 8640 and referring to Montalvo's loan history for property at 11334 Oro Canyon); id., ex. A-2 (assignment of Montalvo's note and deed of trust).
. Docket entry # 38, ¶ 4.3 (stating in first amended complaint that in Summer 2009, she had trouble making her loan payments because of her son's illness and asserting that she had family resources to cure any defaults); id., ex. A-l (loan history showing regular payments until April 2009, a payment in November 2009, but no subsequent payments).
. Docket entry # 47, ex. C-8 (letter addressed to Montalvo and referencing loan ending in 8640).
. Docket entry # 37, ex. B-l (letter dated Oct. 7, 2009, notifying Montalvo about loan acceleration and foreclosure sale to occur on Nov. 3, 2009).
. Docket entry #47, ex. C-13 (substitute trustee's deed reflecting sale on Nov. 3, 2009 to BAC).
. Docket entry # 38, ¶ 4.9 (first amended complaint stating that the attorney wrote BAC on Nov. 19, 2009, and asked BAC to set aside the foreclosure).
. Docket entry #47, ex. B-2 (letter dated Mar. 3, 2010, notifying Montalvo about loan acceleration and foreclosure sale to occur on Apr. 6, 2010).
. Docket entry # 1 (original petition attached to notice of removal, imaged as attach. 3 in CM/ECF).
. Docket entry # 1 (temporary restraining order attached to notice of removal, imaged as attach. 4 in CM/ECF).
. Docket entry # 1.
. Docket entry # 76.
. Docket entry # 78 (referring various motions to the magistrate judge and vacating trial date).
. Docket entry # 67.
. Docket entry # 62.
. Docket entry # s 81 & 82.
. Docket entry # 58.
. Docket entry # 79.
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a).
. Docket entry # 59, ¶ 6.0.
. Docket entry # 38, ¶ 5.1.
. Id., ¶ 5.2.
. Id., ¶ 5.3.
. Id., ¶ 5.4.
. Id., ¶ 5.1.
. Id.
. Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code § 26.02(b).
. Deuley v. Chase Home Fin., No. H-05-04253, 2006 WL 1155230, at *3 (S.D.Tex. Apr. 26, 2006) (quoting Texas statute of frauds).
. Deuley, No. H-05-04253, 2006 WL 1155230, at *2. See Bank of Tex., N.A. v. Gaubert, 286 S.W.3d 546, 555 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2009, pet. dism'd w.o.j.) (stating that "oral agreements to extend the loan . ordinarily are unenforceable).
. Deuley, No. H-05-04253, 2006 WL 1155230, at *2.
. Docket entry # 59, p. 5.
. See Gaubert, 286 S.W.3d at 554 ("No case has expressly held that the equitable exceptions to the traditional statute of frauds also apply to section 26.02 [ (the loan statute of frauds) ].").
. For courts citing these legal principles, see George-Baunchand v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., No. H-10-3828, 2011 WL 6250785, at *7 (S.D.Tex. Dec. 14, 2011); Cade v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, No. Fl-10-4224, 2011 WL 2470733, at *6 (S.D.Tex. June 20, 2011); Wachovia Bank, Nat'l Ass'n v. Schlegel, No. 3:09-CV-1322-D, 2010 WL 2671316, at *5 (N.D.Tex. June 30, 2010).
. 1001 McKinney Ltd. v. Credit Suisse First Boston Mortg. Capital, 192 S.W.3d 20, 29 (Tex.App.-Houston [14 Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (citations omitted).
. Docket entry # 59, ex. 1, ¶ 10.
. Docket entry # 38, ¶ 4.5.
. Accord. George-Baunchand, No. H-10-3828, 2011 WL 6250785, at *7 ("[T]he plaintiffs argument that the promissory estoppel exception to the statute of frauds applies is unpersuasive because there is no evidence that [the defendant bank] promised to sign an existing written loan modification agreement. 'For promissory estoppel to create an exception to the statute of frauds, there must have been a promise to sign a written agreement that had been prepared and that would satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds.' 'A promise to prepare a written contract is not sufficient. The defendant must have promised to sign a particular agreement which was in writing at the time.' Viewed in the light most favorable to [the plaintiff], the summary judgment evidence does not reveal that [the bank] promised to sign an existing loan modification agreement. The affidavit [the plaintiff] submitted in opposition to the motion for summary judgment does not mention the existence of a written loan modification agreement.") (citations omitted); In re Harris, No. 10-39586, 2011 WL 2708691, at *4-5 (Bankr. S.D.Tex. July 11, 2011) ("Promissory estoppel does not apply here because [the debtor] does not allege that [the bank] promised to sign a written agreement. For promissory estoppel to create an exception to the statute of frauds, there must have been a promise to sign an existing written agreement that had already been prepared.... Here, . there was neither an existing written forbearance agreement nor an existing written agreement to cancel the foreclosure proceeding. [The debt- or's] states that on September 6, 2010, a [bank] agent told [the debtor] that she would contact their attorneys and inform them that they had agreed to cancel the foreclosure date of September 7, 2010. However, [the debtor] provides no evidence that there was a promise by [the bank] to sign an existing document. A mere promise to prepare a written contract is not sufficient."); Schiegel, No. 3:09-CV-1322-D, 2010 WL 2671316, at *5 ("The [borrowers] have not demonstrated any reason why the Texas statute of frauds does not preclude [them] from relying on the alleged oral promises to support their affirmative defenses.... For their promissory estoppel defense to survive the statute of frauds, the [borrowers] must adduce evidence that [the bank] made an oral promise to sign a writing extending the loans . or promised that the statute was satisfied in relation to the new terms. The [borrowers] only assert that [bank] employees promised that the loans would be extended, not that there was a promise to sign a writing to that effect. The defense therefore cannot survive the statute of frauds.") (citations omitted).
. Docket entry # 59, pp. 7-8.
. Triton Commercial Properties v. Norwest Bank Tex., N.A., 1 S.W.3d 814, 818 (Tex.App.Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied).
. See Gaubert, 286 S.W.3d at 556 (rejecting the argument and explaining that the loan-agreement statute of frauds is more exacting than the sale-of-land statute of frauds; the statute of frauds for loan agreements "requires any loan agreement by a financial institution, including an agreement to 'delay repayment of money,' is unenforceable unless it is in writing and signed by the party to be bound' ").
. Docket entry # 59, pp. 7-8.
. Exxon Corp. v. Breezevale Ltd., 82 S.W.3d 429, 439-40 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, pet. denied).
. Gaubert, 286 S.W.3d at 555,
. See Gellman v. Telular Corp., No. 2:07-CV-282-CE, 2010 WL 5173213, at *4 (E.D.Tex. Dec. 14, 2010) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving agreement between inventors about a patent); Preston Explor. Co. v. Chesapeake Energy Corp., No. H-08-3341, 2009 WL 6443108, 4 (S.D.Tex. Nov. 3, 2009) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving sale of oil and gas leases and citing general statute of frauds); Cottman Transmission Sys. v. FVLR Enterprises, 295 S.W.3d 372, 377 (Tex.App.Dallas 2009, no pet.) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving lease agreement and lease rider and citing the Texas property code's statute of frauds for leases of commercial real estate); Jasik v. Mauricio, No. 04-10-00520-CV, 2011 WL 3849473, *5 (Tex.App.-San Antonio. Aug. 31, 2011) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving contract for sale of land); Howell v. Aspect Res., No. 09-10-00349-CV, 2011 WL 4389560, at *3 (Tex.App.-Beaumont Sept. 22, 2011, pet. filed) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving agreement about mineral interests and oil and gas leases and citing general statute of frauds); Resendez v. Maloney, No. 01-08-00954-CV, 2010 WL 5395674, at *6 (Tex.App.-Hous. [1st Dist.] Dec. 30, 2010, pet. denied) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving alleged ten-year agreement to promote entertainment events and citing general statute of frauds); Unique Staff Leasing, LLC v. Onder, No. 13-09-00213-CV, 2010 WL 5621289, at *13 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi Dec. 9, 2010). (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving "Independent Contractor and Commission Agreement" and citing general statute of frauds); Davis v. Sysco Food Services of Austin, No. 03-08-00593-CV, 2009 WL 4458600, at *2 (Tex.App.-Austin Dec. 4, 2009) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving lease agreement for restaurant equipment and citing general statute of frauds); Campbell v. Northwestern Res. Co., No. 10-08-00283-CV, 2009 WL 3646085, at *2 (Tex.App.-Waco Nov. 4, 2009, no pet.) (considering partial-performance exception to the statute of frauds in case involving a coal lease subject to the general statute of frauds).
. Docket entry # 38, ¶ 5.2.
. Docket entry # 47, ex. C-8 & C-9.
. Docket entry # 59, ex. 1, ¶ 2 (attesting that she had family resources to cure her default when she first contacted the defendants about her loan during Summer 2009).
. 24 C.F.R. § 203.604(b).
. 24 C.F.R. § 203.604(c)(2).
. Docket entry # 64, ex. 2, ¶ 4.
. Docket entry # 38, ¶ 5.4.
. Id.
. Docket entry # 47, ex. C, pp. 103 (testifying that the defendant promised to review her documents); p. 104 (in response to question about specific terms of the agreement, answering "I never spoke to my representative"); p. 105 (in response to question about agreed interest rate, repeating that "nobody ever contacted me").
. Docket entry #38, ¶ 6.1.
. U.S. Dep't of Tres., Office of Fin. Stability, Troubled Asset Relief Program: 3-Yr Anniversary Rep. 6 (Oct. 2011).
. A recent report and recommendation considering a similar claim provided the following description of the HAMP:
Under HAMP, the federal government incentivizes participating servicers to make adjustments to existing mortgage obligations in order to make the monthly payments more affordable. Servicers receive $1,000 for each HAMP modification and up to $4,000 if the loan continues to perform. However, these incentives are countered by a number of financial factors that make it more profitable for a mortgage servicer . to avoid modification and to continue to keep a mortgage in a state of default or distress and to push loans toward foreclosure. This is especially true in cases where the mortgage is owned by a third-party investor and is merely serviced by a servicer. . By allowing the loan to sit in default and accrue additional late fees and servicing penalties, [a servicer stands] to gain substantially more than if it were to accept the Federal government's incentives.
Brandon v. Wells Fargo Bank, No. 4:11-CV-261 2011 WL 6338832, at *1 (E.D.Tex. Nov. 30, 2011).
. U.S. Dep't of Tres., Office of Fin. Stability, Troubled Asset Relief Program: 2-Yr Retrospective 1 (Oct. 2010).
. Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code § 17.50 (providing that a "consumer may maintain an action").
. Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code § 17.45(4).
. Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code § 17.45(1).
. Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code § 17.45(2).
. Allen v. Am. Gen. Fin., 251 S.W.3d 676, 694 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007, rev. granted) (judgment vacated pursuant to settlement).
. Allen, 251 S.W.3d at 694. See Riverside Nat'l Bank v. Lewis, 603 S.W.2d 169, 173 (Tex. 1980) ("[A] person whose objective is merely to borrow money is not a consumer because the lending of money does not involve either the purchase or lease of a good or service.").
. Docket entry # 59, ¶ 5.
. Adams v. Bank of Am., No. 4:10-CV-709, 2011 WL 5080217, at *5 (E.D.Tex. Oct. 26, 2011).
. See Pennington v. HSBC Bank USA, Nat'l Ass'n, No. A-10-CA-785 LY, 2011 WL 6739609, at *7 (W.D.Tex. Dec. 22, 2011) (determining that as a matter of law, plaintiff-homeowners who relied on the bank's offer to determine whether the plaintiffs' "loans could be re-configured or worked out as required by the federal government pursuant to the HAMP program" were not consumers because "any services provided by Defendants were incidental to the contemplated loan modification; they were not an objective of the transaction"); Brandon v. Wells Fargo Bank, No. 4:11-CV-261, 2011 WL 6338832, at *9 (E.D.Tex. Nov. 30, 2011) (discussing why a plaintiff homeowner who participated in a mandatory HAMP modification trial period was not a consumer under the DTPA; the plaintiff's claim arose out of a loan and did not involve the purchase or lease of either goods or services; the plaintiff did not seek to purchase or lease any goods or services from the defendants); Zoluaga v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, No. 4:11-CV-369, 2011 WL 5600377, at *5 (E.D.Tex. Nov. 11, 2011) (explaining in a case where homeowners sued about an attempted loan modification that "a person whose objective is merely to borrow money is not a consumer because the lending of money does not involve either the purchase or lease of a good or service"); Mustapha v. HSBC Bank USA, No. 4:11-CV-0428, 2011 WL 5509464, at *5 (S.D.Tex. Nov. 10, 2011) (determining that the plaintiff-homeowners who alleged defendant-bank violated the DTPA by misrepresenting the nature of their services under the HAMP for loan modification were not consumers; the DTPA claim alleged that the plaintiffs sought to renegotiate a loan for their current house and thus failed to satisfy the requirements for consumer status under DTPA); Manno v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, No. A-11-CA-347 LY, 2011 WL 3844900, at *5 (W.D.Tex. Aug. 26, 2011) (explaining that because the plaintiff actually complained about the bank's failure to extend credit to him, the plaintiff was not a consumer; the claim was based on the bank's failure to re-negotiate the plaintiffs loan as allegedly promised). See also Adams v. Bank of Am., No. 4:10-CV-709, 2011 WL 5080217, at *6 (E.D.Tex. Oct. 26, 2011) (explaining that the plaintiff-homeowner is not a consumer because "it is undisputed that Plaintiff's claims arise out of a loan and do not involve the purchase or lease of either goods or services"; "Plaintiff did not seek to purchase or lease any goods or services from Defendants."); Jonas v. Ocwen Fin. Corp., No. H-10-243, 2011 WL 2960108, at *5 (S.D.Tex. July 20, 2011) (dismissing without legal analysis a plaintiff's DTPA complaint about the defendant loanservicer's handling of loan application under the HAMP, but referring to the absence of standing to assert a DTPA claim); Cavil v. Trendmaker Homes, No. G-10-304, 2010 WL 5464238, at *4 (S.D.Tex. Dec. 29, 2010) (determining that homeowner who obtained a loan modification under the HAMP was not a consumer because "a mortgage or modification of a mortgage is not a good or a service under the DTPA"; the plaintiff alleged the defendant agreed to modify his loan a second time and protect his home from foreclosure, but foreclosed anyway).
. Pennington v. HSBC Bank USA, Nat'l Ass'n, No. A-10-CA-785 LY, 2011 WL 6739609, at *7 (W.D.Tex. Dec. 22, 2011).
. Pennington, No. A-10-CA-785 LY, 2011 WL 6739609, at *7.
. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b).
. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149-52, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985); Acuña v. Brown & Root, 200 F.3d 335, 340 (5th Cir. 2000).
. Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1428-29 (5th Cir. 1996).