Case Name: In the Matter of the Estate of CORNELIA M. STEWART. (Appeal of CHARLES J. CLINCH.)
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1891-11
Citations: 68 N.Y. Sup. Ct. 544
Docket Number: 
Parties: In the Matter of the Estate of CORNELIA M. STEWART. (Appeal of CHARLES J. CLINCH.)
Judges: Daniels and Ingraham, JJ., concurred.
Reporter: Supreme Court Reports (Hun)
Volume: 68
Pages: 544–551

Head Matter:
In the Matter of the Estate of CORNELIA M. STEWART. (Appeal of CHARLES J. CLINCH.)
Collateral inheritance tax — chap. 713, LawsofV&Sl— an appraisal must be as of the death of the testator — mere possibilities a/re not subject to tax — interest upon the tax after eighteen months— a contest as to the probate of a will reduces the rate of interest to six per cent.
In 1886 Cornelia M. Stewart died, leaving a will, which was duly proved and admitted to probate. By a codicil thereto she gave certain property to one of her executors with power to him, as trustee, in his discretion, to endow a seminary, and also certain other buildings and institutions connected with a cathedral. It was further provided that said trustee might distribute so much of the fund in question as in his judgment was not necessary for such purposes, among certain legatees, nineteen in number, named in the will, and in such proportions as he saw fit.
In April, 1887, an appraiser was appointed to fix, for the purposes of the collateral inheritance tax, the clear market-value of the property which passed by said residuary clause. In October, 1887, one of the next of kin began a proceeding to contest the will, which proceeding was not dismissed until January 16, 1890, upon which day the said trustee executed his power of appointment in favor of ton only of said legatees.
In February, 1890, the appraiser reported that the shares of the said ten legatees were subject to said tax as prescribed by chapter 713, Laws of 1887.
Held, that such report was erroneous.
That the language of said statute, as shown by the second, fourth and thirteenth sections thereof, clearly indicated that such appraisal should take place immediately after the death of the decedent, and be based upon the market-value of the property at that time.
That the tax thereon should be levied and become payable immediately, and that there was no authority under the statute to postpone such appraisal until a contingency happened by which the value of the property or estate might be ascertained.
That, as by the will of the testatrix the property passed first to the trustee, and as it depended on his action whether anything should ever come to the persons now sought to be taxed, and as, until his exercise of the power of appointment, it could not be ascertained rvliether any portion of said property would ever come within the scope of said act, there was, at the time of the death of the testatrix, no sufficient basis for the tax.
That subsequent events by which uncertainties became certain could not be appealed to in order to determine the question.
That the executors were not, by reason of the pendency of proceedings for a revocation of the probate of a will, relieved from paying interest upon the amount of the collateral inheritance tax.
That interest upon said tax began to run at the end of eighteen months after the death of the testatrix, the only effect of the contest as to the revocation of probate being, under section 5 of said act, to reduce the rate of interest from ten per cent to six per cent.
Appeal by Henry Hilton and Charles J. Clinch, as executors, etc.,, of Cornelia M. Stewart, deceased, and by Charles J. Clinch, individually, from an order, entered in the office of the surrogate of the-county of New York on the 23d day of July, 1890, adjudging that a tax of $74,914.42, imposed upon said Charles J. Clinch, for property received directly under the will of Cornelia M. Stewart, should bear interest from April 25, 1888; and further adjudging that the interest which the said Clinch received by transfer from the trustee, under a power of appointment contained in the will of said Cornelia M. Stewart, deceased, was liable to a tax of $12,427; and also affirming so much of an order, entered in said office on the 7th day of May, 1890, which assessed and fixed said tax, as was appealed from by the said executors and the said Clinch.
Also an appeal by James C. Smith, the executor of the last will and testament of Sarah N. Smith, deceased, from an order, entered in the office of the surrogate of the county of New York July 23, 1890, adjudging that the interest of Sarah N. Smith was liable to a tax of $12,427, and affirming so much of the order of May 7, 1890, as is appealed from by said James C. Smith, executor,, as aforesaid.
P. H. Bussell and Jabish Holmes, Jr., for Henry Hilton and Charles J. Clinch, appellants.
I. H. Maynard, for the Comptroller of the City of New York, respondent.

Opinion:
Yan Brunt, P. J.:
Cornelia M. Stewart died on the 25th of October, 1886, leaving a will and four codicils, which were duly admitted to probate by the surrogate of the county of New York on the 13th of November,. 1886, upon which day Henry Hilton and Charles J. Clinch qualified as executors.
The questions arising upon this appeal are presented by the last codicil to the will. By this codicil, which revoked certain of the trust powers which had been conferred upon the executor Hilton by the previous codicils, the said trustee was given the power to endow a seminary of learning for women in connection with the Cathedral of the Incarnation of the Diocese of Long Island, theretofore mentioned in said will and codicils, and also to endow such •other buildings and institutions connected with said cathedral as he should deem necessary or proper.
The codicil then provided, as to the property not necessary in the judgment of the trustees for any of these purposes, that he should have the power to distribute the same among such of the legatees mentioned m the will, and in such proportions as he saw fit. The legatees amongst whom this discretionary power of appointment might be exercised were nineteen in number, consisting of half-sisters, nephews and nieces, and grand-nephews and nieces. On the 25th of April, 1887, the surrogate, upon motion of the executors, assessed and fixed the collateral inheritance tax upon the legacies given by the will; and on like motion appointed an appraiser to appraise, for the purposes of said tax, the clear market-value at the death of the decedent of the property which passed by the residuary clause of the will; and further provided that he report the amount of said residuary estáte of said deceased subject to the said tax; the names of the different parties whose shares were subject thereto; the amount of their respective shares and the amount of the tax for which they were respectively liable. On the 28th of October, 1887, one of the next of kin and heirs-at-law filed her petition to revoke the probate of said will and codicils, and it was not until January 16,1890, that a decree was entered dismissing said proceeding On the 16th of January, 1890, Hilton executed'the trust and power of appointment imposed on him by the will. After endowing the cathedral with the sum of $500,000 and certain lands at Garden City, he exercised the discretionary power of appointment by transferring to ten of the nineteen legatees the remainder of the estate in the following proportions: One-tenth to Charles J. Clinch, the nephew of the deceased; one-tenth to Sarah N. Smith, a niece of the deceased; three-fifths to Anna and Emma Clinch, half-sisters, and one-thirtieth to each of six nephews and nieces.
On the 19tli of February, 1890, the appraiser filed his report, by which he found that the value of the one-tenth received by Charles J. Clinch under the power of appointment was $248,540.16, and that it was subject to a. tax of $12,427. The appraiser also reported that the one-fourth received by Clinch directly under the will was subject to a tax of $74,942.14, and interest was charged upon this latter amount after the expiration of the eighteen months allowed by the statute of 1887 for the payment of the tax without interest. The questions presented on this appeal are:
First. Whether the amount received by Charles J. Clinch under the power of appointment is subject to the collateral inheritance tax; and,
Second. The executors being prevented by the contest in respect of the will from paying the tax upon the legacies given by the will, whether interest should be charged, such contest having been initiated prior to the expiration of the eighteen months allowed by statute.
Upon an examination of the statute we are of opinion that the amount received by Charles J. Clinch under the power of appointment is not subject to the collateral tax, and this conclusion, it seems to us, necessarily arises from a consideration of the language of the statute.
It should be borne in mind that it is the established law of this State .that this tax being a special, and not a general, tax, a citizen cannot be subjected to it without the clear warrant of law. (Matter of Enston, 113 N. Y., 174.)
The substance of the first section of the statute, as applicable to this case, is, that all property which shall pass by will from any person who may die seized or possessed of the same while a resident of this State to any person in trust or otherwise, or by reason whereof any person shall become beneficially entitled in possession or expectancy to any property or to the income thereof, other than to and for the use of mothers, fathers, brothers or sisters, etc., shall be and is subject to a tax upon the clear mai'lcet-value of such property. The statute, however, exempts estates which may be valued at less than $500 from the payment of such tax. The second section sets forth the method by which the amount of the tax is to be ascertained, and provides as follows: " When any grant, gift, legacy, or succession upon which a tax is imposed by section first of this act, shall be an estate, income or interest for a term of years or for life, or determinable upon any future or contingent event, or shall be a remainder, reversion or other expectancy, real or personal, the entire property or fund by which such estate, income or interest is supported, or of which it is a part, shall be appraised immediately after the death of the decedent, at what was the fair and clear market-value thereof at the time of the death of the decedent in the manner thereinafter provided, and the surrogate shall thereupon assess and determine the value of the estate, income or interest subject to said tax in the manner recorded in section thirteen of this act, and the tax prescribed by this act shall be immediately due and payable to the treasurer of the proper county, and in the city and county of New York to the comptroller thereof, and together with the interest thereon shall be and remain a lien upon said property until the same is paid.
Section 13 provides that in order to fix the value of the property of persons whose estate shall be subject to the payment of said tax, the surrogate on the application of any interested party, or upon his own motion, shall appoint some competent person as appraiser, whose duty it shall be forthwith to give certain notices and appraise the property, and make a report to the surrogate, who is thereupon required forthwith to assess and fix the then cash value of all the assets, etc. It further provides that the value of every future or limited estate, income or interest shall for the purposes of this act be determined by the rule, methods and standards of value which are applied by the superintendent of the insurance department in ascertaining the value of policies of life insurance and annuities, save that the rate of interest to be assessed in computing the present value of all future interests and contingencies shall be five per cent per annum.
It will thus be seen that, by the provisions of the statute referred to, it is evidently intended that the appraisement for the purposes of taxation shall take place immediately after the death of the decedent, and that the tax shall be levied and become immediately due and payable.
If there was any doubt upon this proposition section 4 is explicit upon this point, which provides that all taxes imposed by this act, unless otherwise provided for, shall be due and payable at the death of the decedent; and if the same are paid within eighteen months, no interest shall be charged and collected' thereon, but if not, interest at the rate of ten per cent per annum shall be charged and collected from the time said tax accrued. Then follows a curious provision giving a premium to an executor for violating the law.
It thus clearly appears that the whole theory of the act is that the question of taxation is to be determined by the condition of things which arises immediately after the death of' the decedent. It is true that the learned surrogate suggests that in certain cases the assessment of the tax may be postponed until contingencies happen by which the value of the estate may be ascertained. But there seems to be no warrant whatever in the law for such postponement.
We have, then, in the ease at bar, a power of appointment over a fund which may be appointed to persons who are not subject to the tax. Therefore, the appraisement for purposes of taxation cannot be had until the exercise of the power of appointment, because it is only then that it is ascertained whether or not any portion of the estate could by any possibility come within the terms of the act.
Now, there being no authority conferred in the act for a postponement of the appraisement until the determination of this question, it seems to us clear that the appraisement must speak as of the time of the death of the decedent, and subsequent events by the happening of which uncertainties have become certainties cannot be appealed to in determining whether a tax should be imposed or not.
The case of the Matter of Cager (111 N. Y., 343) seems to be in entire harmony with this view. The question in that case arose under the act of 1885, which, in the respects affecting the tax under consideration, is the same as the -act of 1887. The will of Gager gave his residuary estate to his wife, to be used and enjoyed and at her disposal during the term of her natural life. One-third of the estate that might remain at the decease of his wife the testator gave to an adopted daughter during her life, and the other two-thirds and the remainder of the one-tiiird he gave to four persons named, who are described as the heirs of said adopted daughter. Held, that upon the death of Gager his wife took a life estate with a limited power of disposition during her life for her use and enjoyment, and any interest in the other beneficiaries was dependent upon the exercise by her of this power of disposition, and that while said gifts were sustained as valid executory devises, and the beneficiaries might eventually take a valuable estate, yet as this contingency rendered! the present value of such interest incapable of any correct or reasonably approximate valuation, there was no basis for the imposition of the tax; and it is expressly held that where the question as to-whether any property will pass under the limitation Over depends, upon the will of the first taker, there is no rule by which its value can be determined. It is true that the court held that they were-not called upon to determine whether the apjiraisal of the value of the devises for the purposes of taxation might not be made when-they eventually came to the possession of the devisees; but the intimation is reasonably clear that such was not the then opinion of the court. The idea of postponement of appraisal and payment is entirely opposed to the precise language of the statute. As has already been intimated, the tax becomes due and payable immediately after the death of the decedent; and if paid within eighteen months after the death no interest is charged; and if not, interest at the rate of ten per cent shall be charged from the time such tax accrued,, namely, from the death of the decedent. And it is further expressly provided that in all cases where executors, administrators or trustees do not pay such tax within eighteen months, they shall be required to give a bond in the form prescribed in another section of the act, for the payment of the tax, together with interest. Thus the whole-scope of the statute looks to the payment of this tax under severe penalties within the time ordinarily allowed for payment of claims against the estate. The running of interest from the time of the death of the decedent, in case the payment is not made within eighteen months, is not predicated upon the fact of an appraisement having been made. The party is liable for the tax, and if it is not paid he is liable to the penalty.
We aré of opinion, therefore, that, as whatever expectancy the-appellant had it was of such a character that it had no market-value, and could not be appraised at the time of the death of the decedent, being dependent upon the exercise of a power of appointment by the trustee which he might execute in his favor and might not, there was no basis' upon which the tax could be assessed; as has already been stated, the happening of subsequent events not bringing that within the scope of the law, which,, at the death of the decedent, was not within its terms.
Upon the question of interest, we think the learned surrogate was clearly right. The statute is explicit that if the tax is paid within eighteen months no interest shall be charged; and if it is not paid within that time interest at the rate of ten per cent per annum shall be charged and collected from the time said tax accrued. The next section, however, provides a partial saving clause. The penalty of ten per cent, imposed by section 4 for the non-payment of such tax,, it is provided, shall not be charged where, in' cases by reason of claims made upon the estate, necessary litigation or other unavoidable causes of delay the estate of any decedent, or a part thereof, cannot be settled at the end of eighteen months from the death of the decedent, and in such cases only six per cent per annum shall be charged upon said tax from the expiration of said eighteen months until the cause of such delay is removed.
The proceedings for the revocation of the probate of the will came within this excepting clause, but it did not exempt entirely from the payment of interest; only reducing the penalty from ten per cent to six per cent, and postponing the running of interest until the expiration of eighteen months from the death of the decedent.
The order of the surrogate should, therefore, be reversed as to the tax upon the amount appointed to the appellant, and affirmed upon the question of interest, without costs.
Daniels and Ingraham, JJ., concurred.
Order of surrogate reversed as to the tax upon the amount appointed to the appellant, and affirmed upon the question of interest, without costs.