Case Name: Hoffman House, New York, as Trustee, Appellant, v. Elizur V. Foote, as Executor of Edward S. Stokes, Deceased, Respondent
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1902-11-11
Citations: 172 N.Y. 348
Docket Number: 
Parties: Hoffman House, New York, as Trustee, Appellant, v. Elizur V. Foote, as Executor of Edward S. Stokes, Deceased, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 172
Pages: 348–360

Head Matter:
Hoffman House, New York, as Trustee, Appellant, v. Elizur V. Foote, as Executor of Edward S. Stokes, Deceased, Respondent.
1. Appeal — Nonsuit — Presumption. On appeal from a judgment dismissing the complaint at the close of the plaintiff’s opening address; every material fact in issue will be resolved or found in his favor.
3. Trusts — Corporation — Pledge. A corporation to which property has been assigned as a pledge for its own protection and indemnity, and the protection and indemnity of others who became the assignor’s sureties on the faith of the pledge, may, as a trustee of an express trust, maintain a suit to reclaim the property pledged from the assignor, who had appropriated it to his own use, provided any of the obligations for the security and benefit of which the pledge was made remain undischarged.
3. Principal and Surety — Indemnity — Construction. Under a written assignment of a j udgment pledging the sums collected thereon for the protection and security of a specified principal and sureties upon a bond executed for the assignor, clauses providing for the application of the moneys collected “ for the purposes above mentioned ” and for the benefit of the sureties “as their interest may appear at the time,” contemplate the protection and indemnity of all the sureties on the bond, and not merely of that one of them described as principal.
Hoffman House v. Stokes, 50 App. Div. 163, reversed.
(Argued October 9, 1902;
decided November 11, 1902.)
Appeal from a judgment of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the first judicial department, entered May 4, 1900, affirming a judgment in favor of defendant entered upon a dismissal of the complaint by the court at a Trial Term.
■ The nature of the action and the facts, so far as material, are stated in the opinion,
David McOlu.re, for appellant.
The instrument of March 18, 1895, and the payment of the money in accordance therewith to the plaintiff constituted the plaintiff trustee. (Morse v. Morse, 85 N. Y. 53 ; Gilman v. McArdle, 99 N. Y. 451; Day v. Roth, 18 N. Y. 448 ; Matter of Carpenter, 131 N. Y. 86 ; Woodward v. James, 115 N. Y. 346 ; Gillet v. Bank of America, 160 N. Y. 549; Simpson v. J. C. C. Co., 47 App. Div. 17; Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns. Ch. 90 ; Claflin v. Maglaughlin, 65 Penn. St. 492; Leitch v. Hollister, 4 N. Y. 211.) There is an outstanding trust which entitles the Hoffman House, as trustee, to maintain the present action. ( Wetmore v. Porter, 92 N. Y. 76; Zimmerman v. Kinkle, 108 N. Y. 282 ; Gillet v. Bank of America, 160 N. Y. 549 ; White v. Hoyt, 73 N. Y. 505 ; Hoffman v. Æ. F. Ins. Co., 32 N. Y. 405.)
Charles F. Hughes for respondent.
The plaintiff has not a good cause of action in its alleged representative capacity as trustee. (F. Nat. Bank v. Shuler, 153 N. Y. 172; Austin v. Munro, 47 N. Y. 360; O'Brien v. Jackson, 167 N. Y. 31; Collins v. Hydorn, 135 N. Y. 320; Beers v. Shannon, 73 N. Y. 292, 297; McColl v. Fraser, 40 Hun, 114; Mowry v. Hawkins, 57 Conn. 453; Stokes v. Reilly, 121 Ill. 166 ; Payne v. Rogers, Douglas, 407; Legh v. Legh, 1 B. & P. 447.) The assignment of the Mackay judgment did not create a trust in the plaintiff, but was a direct conveyance to the three assignees by way of security, as stated. (Leitch v. Hollister, 4 N. Y. 211; Dunham v. Whitehead, 21 N. Y, 131 ; Brown v. Guthrie, 110 N. Y. 440 ; Maass v. Falk, 24 N. Y. Supp. 448 ; 146 N. Y. 34; Boessneck v. Cowen, 7 N. Y. Supp. 620; Claflin v. Maglaughlin, 65 Penn. St. 492.) If the plaintiff ever became trustee, the trust it assumed has been discharged, and it is not now entitled to prosecute any claim in its alleged representative capacity. (Turk v. Ridge, 41 N. Y. 201; N. Y. S. Bank v. Fletcher, 5 Wend. 85.)

Opinion:
O'Brien, J.
The plaintiff's complaint was dismissed at the trial, and this appeal is from the affirmance of that judgment. It seems to us that the judgment rests upon grounds so narrow and technical that the appeal should be sustained and the parties remitted to a trial of the case in the regular and ordinary way.
The issues in the case, if any, were triable by jury; but, after the plaintiff's counsel had opened the case to the jury, the learned trial judge granted a motion made by the defense for the dismissal of the complaint, and so the complaint was dismissed from what appears upon the face of the pleadings or was stated by counsel in opening the case to the jury. The record contains the pleadings, the opening address of plaintiff's counsel, the motion to dismiss, with much argument thereon by counsel on both sides, and concludes with the statement that the complaint was dismissed at the close of the opening, to which decision the plaintiff's counsel excepted. In substance this exception raises the • question whether the court could properly nonsuit the plaintiff upon the' pleadings and opening without further investigation of the facts bearing upon the merits of the controversy. When a defendant demands and procures such a ruling at the trial he must be prepared to defend it in this court upon the assumption that every material fact in issue is to be resolved or found in favor of the plaintiff.
The judgment in this case cannot be sustained without adopting some one of three possible theories incumbent upon the defendant to clearly establish. If it can be demonstrated either (1) that the complaint does not state a cause of action or (2) that a cause of action well stated is conclusively defeated by something interposed by way of defense and clearly admitted as a fact, or (3) that the learned counsel for the plaintiff, in his opening address, by some admission or statement of facts, so completely ruined his case that the court was justified in granting a nonsuit, then this judgment ought to be sustained; but not otherwise. The practice of disjmsing of cases upon the mere opening of counsel is generally a very unsafe method of deciding controversies, where there is or ever was anything to decide. It cannot be resorted to in many cases with justice to the parties, unless the counsel stating the case to the jury deliberately and intentionally states or admits some fact that, in any view of the case, is fatal to the action.
I am unable to find anything of that kind in the opening address contained in this record. It might very well be held that the learned counsel in the opening enlarged or amplified the complaint, but it cannot be said that his claim was not at least as broad as his complaint, or that his case verbally stated to the jury was not as strong as presented by pleading. If the plaintiff's counsel had a case upon the pleadings, it cannot be said that he stated himself out of court in his opening to the jury.
The real question is whether he had any case upon the pleadings. The nonsuit rests upon the proposition that the plaintiff sued as trustee and had not stated any facts to justify a recovery in that capacity. The basis of the complaint is a written instrument which is set out in full, whereby the defendant assigned to the plaintiff and three other parties a judgment which he then held against Mackey of nearly one hundred thousand dollars. The purpose of the assignment was declared by the instrument to be for the purpose of Securing the payment of .a loan made to the defezzdant by one of the assignees, and of indemnifying the assignees from all loss or liability by reason of cez-tain bonds or obligations which they had executed for the defendant and at his request, in litigations to which the defendant was a party, to enable lzizn to appeal in one case and to get the bezrefit of a judgment and sale upon foreclosure in another case. The judgment was assigned as a pledge to secure the loan and to izzdemnify the defendant's suz-eties upon these bonds, and the money when collected was to be retained azzd applied by the plaintiff upon any of these obligatiozzs in case of default in payment, or in case the sureties or any of them were znade liable thereon, or in case any of the contingencies happened against which the sureties were to be indemnified by the tezuns of the instrument deelaz'ing the purposes of the pledge. Although the assignment ran to the plaintiff and the two other parties severally as security or indemnity against the several and separate obligations which they had severally assumed for the defendant and for the loan by one of them, yet the judgment was to be collected and received by the plaintiff alone and held or used by it for the purposes described, and the surplus, if any, was then to be paid over to the defendant. The judgment was collected by the plaintiff, and, having received the money, it was entered as a special account upon its books. Subsequently the defendant, having control of the plaintiff's corporate action, withdrew the fund from the special account and applied the same to his individual and private uses. It is obvious that the money collected on this judgment was not received or -held by the plaintiff in its own right, or in its simple private corporate capacity, but for a special and particular purpose, namely, the protection of the sureties on the bonds and the payment of the loan. That was the sole purpose for which the fund was created, and if a natural person should receive money under like circumstances and for a similar purpose it would not, I think, be an error of law to hold that he was a trustee and was liable to respond for the fund in a fiduciary or representative capacity. In the character of a trustee he could protect the fund from spoliation by any wrongdoer.
The plaintiff brought this action to reclaim and restore the fund, not only for its own benefit as one of the sureties, but for the benefit of others who were co-sureties with it and interested in the ¡protection of the fund. A party, though a corporation, may prosecute an action for the benefit of others, and when it does it is a trustee of an express trust, within the provisions of the Code. (Code Civ. Proc., § 449.) The plaintiff received and held the fund as trustee for its own protection as surety-for the defendant and also for the protection of the other sureties on the bonds and to pay a certain loan, and as to the surplus it was a trustee for the defendant.
But it is said that this situation has been changed by events that transpired after the assignment' of the judgment and after the collection and receipt of the money thereon by the plaintiff. It is conceded that two of the obligations, to secure which the fund was created by the assignment from the defendant, have ceased to exist, since one of the bonds has been discharged by a direction of the court for a new trial of the action and the loan has been paid in full. The third obligation, however, still remains in full force, and the question is whether the plaintiff may not assert its right to the possession of the fund in the same character or capacity in which it was originally received, so long as any of the obligations for the security and benefit of which it was created remain undischarged. The outstanding obligation is somewhat peculiar. It is executed by the plaintiff corporation as principal and two individual sureties. It may be conceded that the latter are not liable on it until after default of the former, though that is by no means clear, since all were sureties as to the plaintiff in the bond, but the fact still remains that the pledge of the judgment, according to the fair scope and meaning of the instrument creating the pledge, was intended to indemnify the parties to that bond from all loss and it is still an existing valid obligation upon which the sureties may be made liable. It may very well be that the individual sureties executed the bond with the plaintiff upon the faith and credit of this fund and they have the right to object to its waste and depletion by the trustee or any one else and may call upon the trustee to protect it from diversion to the private use of the defendant. So that whatever relation the plaintiff held to this fund, when it received it, that relation has not been changed but still exists.
One of the defenses set up in the answer was that the defendant has been released and discharged from all liability to account for the fund abstracted from the plaintiff's custody. That, of course, must mean that the defendant has a release and discharge from the plaintiff in the same character and capacity in which it sues, and it is said that this defense is admitted upon the record, since it is not put in issue by the reply. " If the plaintiff's counsel, after stating a good cause of action in his complaint, has admitted upon the record that the defendant has been released and discharged, of course he was properly nonsuited; but that does not seem to me to be the situation. If the defendant by his control of the corporate action of the plaintiff was enabled to procure a resolution to be passed, or a release to be executed,. surrendering the pledge, or discharging him from liability for the conversion of the money, that would not affect the parties for whose benefit the trust was created, unless they consented to it. The special defense states nothing with respect to the release except a simple corporate act to which the beneficiaries of the trust were not parties. It alleges that on a certain day mutual releases passed between the parties, but the pleading does not, in terms, state that either party released any claim held as trustee or for the benefit of others. The plaintiff, by way of reply to this defense, denied that any such release or discharge was ever made, adding to the broad terms of the denial the following qualifying words, " if the defendant by said allegation intends to charge that, thereby claims, demands and causes of action of the plaintiff as trustee, against the defendant, were cancelled or discha/rgedP These were unnecessary or redundant words, but they did not vitiate the pleading at the trial. They would probably have been stricken out on a motion to correct it, but a demurrer to such a pleading cannot prevail, and the motion for a nonsuit, so far as it related to the pleadings, must be treated as a demurrer interposed at the trial. So there was a clear issue of fact on the face of the pleadings with respect to the release, and there is nothing in the opening of counsel that helps the defendant upon that issue.
The case, when viewed broadly in the light of-the pleadings and the proceedings at the trial, comes to this: The plaintiff received certain property from the defendant, under a written instrument which required it to hold the same for certain specified purposes, that is to say, for its own protection and indemnity and the protection .and indemnity of others who became defendant's sureties on the faith of the pledge. While one of these surety bonds was outstanding and undis charged the defendant, as the plaintiff's agent or president, appropriated .the fund to his own use. In a suit by the plaintiff to reclaim the fund it has been nonsuited on the sole ground that it sued as trustee, and1 in that character had stated no cause of action. Whatever may appear to be the real merits of this case when regularly tried and submitted, we think this ruling was erroneous. It is not necessary to use any particular formula of words in order to create a trust of personal property, and it is not even necessary that such a trust should be evidenced by any writing. Trust relations will be implied when it appears that such was the intention of the parties and when the nature of the transaction is such as to justify or require it. (Morse v. Morse, 85 N. Y. 53 ; Gilman v. McArdle, 99 N. Y. 451; Day v. Roth, 18 N. Y. 448; Matter of Carpenter, 131 N. Y. 86; Woodward v. James, 115 N. Y. 346; Gillet v. Bank of America, 160 N. Y. 549.) It is quite clear that the contract, which is the basis of the action, was made, not for the benefit of the plaintiff alone, but for the benefit of others as well, including the defendant, who was entitled to the surplus. The plaintiff did not cease to be a trustee when one of the bonds was discharged and the loan for which the pledge was made in part had been paid. So long as the other bond remained unsatisfied the plaintiff's dutiés and obligations and its legal relations to 'the fund and the parties remained unchanged, and what they were originally. While the plaintiff is described as the principal in that bond, the terms of the writing are broad enough to give the individual sureties an interest in the collateral and the right to protect it. It is not true, we think, that at the time of the commencement of the action the plaintiff could hold the fund only in its own right and for its own protection. That contention ignores the manifest purpose of the pledge expressed or implied in the writing to secure and indemnify all the sureties on the bond and not merely one of them who was described as principal.
If there could be any doubt about this proposition, founded upon the general words of the written assignment, it is removed by the very last clause, which in terms provides that the plaintiff is to apply the moneys collected on the judgment "for the purposes above mentioned," and for the benefit of the sureties (naming them) " as their interest may appear at the time." These words plainly mean that the pledge was not merely for the benefit of one of the sureties on the outstanding bond designated therein as " principal," but for the benefit of all, as their interest might appear.
The defendant had no right to the fund so long as any of the sureties on that bond remained liable. The sureties all executed the bond with knowledge of the pledge of the fund in question and presumptively on the faith of it and had the right to object to any release of it by the plaintiff. (Wetmore v. Porter, 92 N. Y. 76.) It may be that there is a defense to this action when all the numerous allegations contained in the voluminous pleadings, on both sides, have been tried and decided; but it is quite clear, we think, that the defendant was not entitled to a nonsuit by reason of anything stated in the pleadings, or admitted in the opening of counsel.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.