Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Edward SPENCER, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1992-12-16
Citations: 981 F.2d 1083
Docket Number: No. 91-10051
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Edward SPENCER, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before: POOLE, REINHARDT and FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 2d Series
Volume: 981
Pages: 1083–1093

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Edward SPENCER, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 91-10051.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Nov. 4, 1991.
Decided Dec. 16, 1992.
Bram L. Jacobson, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Phoenix, AZ, for defendant-appellant.
Ann E. Birmingham, Asst. U.S. Atty., Phoenix, AZ, for plaintiff-appellee.
Before: POOLE, REINHARDT and FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
POOLE, Circuit Judge:
John Edward Spencer appeals his conviction for being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm. Spencer argues that the district court (1) erroneously denied him the opportunity to present evidence that another individual who owned the vehicle at issue in this ease was found with a gun under the driver seat of another vehicle several days after Spencer's arrest; (2) should have suppressed evidence obtained when the police stopped the car in which Spencer was a passenger and frisked him; and (3) improperly commented on the evidence presented at trial. We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
FACTS
On April 6, 1990, at approximately 1:00 A.M., Phoenix police officer Willie Collins stopped a motor vehicle operating without functioning headlights. Defendant Spencer was a passenger in the front seat of the car. When Officer Collins asked the driver for her license, the driver informed Officer Collins that she did not have one and that the car did not belong to her. She informed Officer Collins that the car belonged to an acquaintance named Jim Miller.
At about the same time, Officer Fred Lozier, pulling alongside the stopped vehicle, observed the defendant bend forward in his seat. Upon Officer Collins's request for identification, Spencer presented a Mar-icopa County jail identification card. After Officer Lozier informed Officer Collins of what he had seen, Officer Collins took Spencer's identification card and retreated to her patrol car to run a computer check on the defendant and on the car's license plate. The computer inquiry revealed that the defendant had previously been convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and that the license plate was not registered to the stopped vehicle. The computer did not reveal any outstanding warrants against Spencer.
Officer Sprouse then arrived on the scene and informed Officer Collins that he had seen the same vehicle the night before being driven by a different person and adorned with a different license plate. After a short discussion, the three officers approached the vehicle and asked the driver and Spencer to step outside. After Spencer exited the vehicle, Officer Lozier noticed that he was wearing a leather jacket and then patted Spencer down. The officer slid his hands underneath Spencer's jacket and discovered an empty shoulder holster. Officer Lozier asked Spencer where the gun was and Spencer replied that he did not have one and was not permitted to carry one.
Officer Collins then searched the front passenger area of the car. She found underneath the passenger side seat a fully loaded .44 caliber Sturm Ruger revolver. After checking to see if the gun fit inside the holster worn by the defendant, the officers arrested Spencer on charges of carrying a concealed weapon. The police later determined that the car in fact belonged to Miller, who was arrested five days after Spencer on charges of automobile theft. At the time of his arrest the police found a handgun under the driver side seat of the car in which Miller had been traveling.
At trial, the district court refused to allow Spencer to introduce evidence of Miller's arrest and of the gun found in the car Miller had been driving. The court did, however, allow the woman driver of the car in which Spencer had been a passenger to testify that Miller's gun had been found by the police when they arrested him, and admitted evidence tending to show that the holster was not large enough to fit the Ruger found underneath Spencer's car seat.
During closing arguments, Spencer's attorney asserted that Miller owned a gun similar to the one found in the car the night Spencer was arrested. The district court sustained the prosecutor's objection on the ground that defense counsel was arguing facts not in evidence, but did not ask the jury to disregard the comment. The district judge stated: "I think that is correct. I don't recall that testimony. But again the jury has heard the evidence. Let's proceed." Spencer's attorney did not object to the judge's response to the prosecutor's objection. Spencer was convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), which prohibit convicted felons from being in possession of a firearm, and was sentenced to twenty-one months in federal prison. Spencer filed a timely notice of appeal on January 15, 1991.
DISCUSSION
A. Suppression of evidence of Miller's gun
Spencer contends that the trial judge should have admitted police reports detailing Miller's arrest and the seizure of a gun from the car that Miller was driving. Fed.R.Evid. 403 provides that "[although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." We review the district court's evidentiary decision under Rule 403 for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Hooten, 662 F.2d 628, 636 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1004, 102 S.Ct. 1640, 71 L.Ed.2d 873 (1981). We give the district courts "wide latitude" when they balance the prejudicial effect of proffered evidence against its probative value. United States v. Kinslow, 860 F.2d 963, 968 (9th Cir.1988). See also United States v. Layton, 855 F.2d 1388, 1402 (9th Cir.1988) ("considerable deference" given Rule 403 evidentia-ry decision), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1046, 109 S.Ct. 1178, 103 L.Ed.2d 244 (1989).
As an initial matter, however, Spencer disputes the district court's reliance upon Rule 403 as a basis for excluding the arrest report made in Miller's case, citing several decisions of this and other circuits involving the exclusion of testimony describing the identity of a suspect in a crime. Spencer's argument is not persuasive.
Spencer does not dispute that he was in the car where the Ruger pistol was found; he merely alleges that he did not know it was there. Spencer's defense is therefore properly characterized as one based on the prosecution's failure to prove the knowledge element of the offense. Thus, the cases cited by Spencer are inapplicable to the facts of this case, because they involved the defense of mistaken identity. See United States v. Armstrong, 621 F.2d 951, 953 (9th Cir.1980); United States v. Moore, 556 F.2d 479, 485 (10th Cir.1977); United States v. Robinson, 544 F.2d 110, 112-113 (2d Cir.1976); Holt v. United States, 342 F.2d 163, 164-65 (5th Cir.1965).
Even if these mistaken identity cases did apply here, they do not preclude application of the Rule 403 balancing test. In Armstrong, we held that the defendant was prejudiced by the trial judge's exclusion of testimony that a man other than the defendant had used "bait money" stolen during the robbery at issue to buy a car. Howev er, we also explained that this ruling cast no doubt on a district court's freedom to "exclude cumulative evidence and to insure orderly presentation of a case." 621 F.2d at 953.
Spencer futilely contends that Fed. R.Evid. 404(b) and 405(b) dictate that the evidence of Miller's arrest be admitted. Rule 405(b) allows introduction of specific prior instances of conduct when that conduct is probative of character or a trait of character and the defendant's character, or a character trait, is an essential element of his defense. Here Spencer has not raised character as an element of his defense; he claims that he did not know that the gun was under the seat.
Rule 404(b) authorizes a party to introduce evidence of prior "bad acts" when necessary to demonstrate opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake. In this case, Spencer sought to establish that Miller was the person who most likely knew that the Ruger was under the seat of the car. But Rule 404(b) deals with the prior "bad acts" of the party opposing introduction of the proffered acts, not the prior "bad acts" of a different person tending to show that that person, as opposed to the person offering the evidence in a completely separate case, had knowledge or intent to commit a crime.
We find no abuse of discretion in declining to admit the evidence of the arrest reports. We have previously held that Fed. R.Evid. 403 supports an evidentiary decision quite similar to this one. See Hooten, 662 F.2d at 636 (affirming exclusion of testimony about the level of gun trading typically engaged in by hobbyist collectors where defendant charged with dealing in firearms without a license).
B. The vehicle stop and the subsequent frisk and automobile search
Spencer next argues that the police had no cause to stop the vehicle in which he was a passenger, unlawfully seized him by forcing him to remain while the officer took his identification card back to the police car for a computer check, and improperly subjected him to a "stop and frisk." We review de novo the district court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence on these grounds. People of the Territory of Guam v. Ichiyasu, 838 F.2d 353, 355 (9th Cir.1988). None of Spenc.er's objections to the stop or to the subsequent warrant check and frisk are meritorious.
There is no doubt that a broken headlight gives an officer cause to stop a motorist. See Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 661, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 1400, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979); United States v. Baker, 850 F.2d 1365, 1368 (9th Cir.1988). The detention while running a warrant check also was reasonable. To be justified, such a detention must be supported by a "particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity." United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-418, 101 S.Ct. 690, 695, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). "A valid stop can include the momentary restriction on a person's freedom of movement in order to maintain the status quo while making an initial inquiry." United States v. Patterson, 648 F.2d 625, 633 (9th Cir.1981).
These criteria were met in this case. The driver had no operator's license and Spencer presented a jail identification when the officer asked him to identify himself. These facts could reasonably lead a police officer to suspect that the car did not belong to the driver and that the occupants might have been involved in criminal activities. See United States v. Fouche, 776 F.2d 1398, 1403 (9th Cir.1985) (inferences or deductions apparent to trained law enforcement officers may be considered under the totality of the circumstances). The police were also justified in believing that a firearm might be in the vehicle after they discovered the shoulder holster underneath Spencer's jacket and Officer Lozier observed Spencer's concealing movements in the automobile's front seat after Officer Collins stopped the vehicle. Thus, the warrantless search of the stopped car was supported by probable cause. See, e.g., Baker, 850 F.2d at 1369 (police could search auto after finding ammunition on the defendant's person).
C. The district judge's comment to the jury
The prosecutor objected that Spencer's lawyer was outside the evidence during his closing argument. The district judge responded that he did not recall the evidence to which defense counsel had referred. Defense counsel did not object to the court's statement; hence, we review it only for plain error. United States v. Sanchez-Lopez, 879 F.2d 541, 551 (9th Cir.1989). "Plain error exists only in exceptional circumstances when a substantial right of a defendant is affected." Id. (citing United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 163 n. 14, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 1592 n. 14, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982)).
Judicial comments on the evidence are permissible. Sanchez-Lopez, 879 F.2d at 553 (citing Quercia v. United States, 289 U.S. 466, 469, 53 S.Ct. 698, 699, 77 L.Ed. 1321 (1933)). Here, the district judge's comments were entirely neutral. He simply stated that he did not recall the testimony about Miller's gun referred to by Spencer's counsel. Such a statement does not support a finding of plain error. In any event, the district judge also instructed the jury to decide the case based on the evidence as each of them remembered it. This instruction, which indicated to the jurors that they are the sole judges of the facts, negated any adverse impact the mild comment may have had. See Sanchez-Lopez, 879 F.2d at 553.
CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM Spencer's conviction.
. Nor would this evidence qualify under Fed. R.Evid. 406, involving "habit or routine practice," since proof of those attributes were not the basis of the offers.
. Our dissenting colleague accuses us of condoning the exclusion of relevant evidence and of tolerating a standard that allows prosecutors "inordinate leeway" to introduce evidence harmful to the defendant while preventing defendants from presenting evidence tending to establish innocence. Judge Reinhardt confuses arguments with facts, for we do no such thing. The key issue in this case is whether Spencer knew that the Ruger was under the seat. The outcome of the case does not necessarily turn on the question who owned the Ruger. A jury would draw inferences about the presence of the Ruger in light of the police officers' observation of Spencer's furtive motions in the car. The district court simply concluded that the risk of confusing the issues and wasting time outweighed the likely value of any inferences that could conceivably be drawn from the subsequent discovery of a different gun under a different seat in a different car (albeit a car owned by the same person who owned the car in which Spencer was a passenger).
As to the dissent's objection that we have deprived Spencer of his constitutional right to present exculpatory evidence, we think it clear that Fed.R.Evid. 403 presents no constitutional problems. The balancing procedure it requires is ordinarily thought to meet the demands of due process. Judge Reinhardt's assertion that Spencer's constitutional rights were violated by its application reminds us of the defense lawyer's aphorism that "due process is what my client was denied."