Case Name: STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. LEONARD JEFFERSON, Defendant and Appellant
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 2003-04-21
Citations: 315 Mont. 146
Docket Number: No. 00-640
Parties: STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. LEONARD JEFFERSON, Defendant and Appellant.
Judges: JUSTICES REGNIER, COTTER, NELSON and LEAPHART concur.
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 315
Pages: 146–164

Head Matter:
STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. LEONARD JEFFERSON, Defendant and Appellant.
No. 00-640.
Submitted on Briefs November 14, 2002.
Decided April 21, 2003.
2003 MT 90.
69 P.3d 641.
315 Mont. 146.
For Appellant: James L. Vogel, Attorney at Law, Hardin.
For Respondent: Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Hka Becker, Assistant Attorney General, Helena; Christine A. Cooke, Big Horn County Attorney, Hardin.

Opinion:
JUSTICE TRIEWEILER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 The Defendant, Leonard Jefferson, was charged with attempted deliberate homicide in the District Court for the Thirteenth Judicial District in Big Horn County. Following a jury trial, Jefferson was convicted of that charge. He appeals the District Court order that denied his motion to dismiss and appeals his conviction. We vacate Jefferson's conviction and remand this case to the District Court for a new trial.
¶2 Jefferson raises the following issues on appeal:
¶3 1. Did the District Court err when it denied Jefferson's motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial?
¶4 2. Did Jefferson's attorney provide ineffective assistance of counsel?
¶5 3. Did the District Court err when it permitted the State to amend the Information on the day of his trial?
¶6 4. Did the District Court err when it denied Jefferson's motion for a new trial?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶7 On May 18, 1998, the Defendant, Leonard Jefferson, was living with his ex-wife, Felicia Jefferson, and their nine-year-old son. At approximately 2:30 a.m., Jefferson returned to their home intoxicated, and began to argue with Felicia in their bedroom. The argument escalated and Jefferson retrieved his SKS assault rifle from outside of the bedroom. The State contends that Jefferson loaded one round into the chamber of the rifle and placed it beside the bed as the argument continued. Jefferson maintains that he did not load the rifle at that time. He pushed Felicia down on the bed and physically assaulted her with his fist, causing facial cuts.
¶8 J efferson then placed the barrel of the rifle against Felicia's head and threatened to kill her. He left the bedroom and returned with their nine-year-old son. The State alleges that he also made threats against Felicia and their son at that time. Jefferson's mood changed and he became apologetic. He ceased the attack and placed the barrel of the rifle against his own head and asked Felicia to kill him. Jefferson claims that he loaded one bullet in the chamber just before placing the rifle against his head. At this point Felicia fled from the room with the rifle and her son and went next door to her mother's home.
¶9 Later that morning, Felicia went to the hospital where she received stitches for her lacerations. However, she did not report the incident to the police until May 21, 1998, because she was afraid Jefferson would kill her if she did so. Jefferson had approximately seven months of probation to serve for a prior federal conviction.
¶10 On May 26, 1998, Jefferson was charged by Information with attempted deliberate homicide and entered a not guilty plea at his arraignment. The District Court set his bond at $150,000. The United States filed a petition to revoke Jefferson's probation for violating the terms of his probation. Release on bond was not provided for in that proceeding.
¶11 Trial was scheduled for September 28, 1998. Although neither party filed for a continuance, and Jefferson did not waive his right to a speedy trial, a trial was not held on that date. The delay occurred because the State's evidence against Jefferson had not been returned from the Montana Crime Lab. On December 15, 1998, 203 days after charges were filed, Jefferson filed a motion to dismiss the charges against him for lack of a speedy trial. Jefferson alleged that he had been prejudiced, his relations with his new wife had been impaired, and he lost his job as a result of the delay.
¶12 The District Court rescheduled his trial for February 8,1999. On that day, Jefferson entered a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of felony assault in exchange for the State's promise to request a 20 year sentence, to request that the United States withdraw its petition to revoke Jefferson's probation, and not to request persistent felony status in the District Court. The State amended the Information from attempted deliberate homicide to felony assault pursuant to the agreement. However, at Jefferson's request, the District Court granted a continuance pending resolution of his motion to dismiss.
¶13 On February 23,1999, Jefferson informed Judge Russell Fagg, by letter, that he had entered the plea agreement based upon inadequate advice from his counsel. Consequently, he wished to withdraw his guilty plea and exercise his constitutional right to a trial by jury.
¶14 OnApril30,1999, the District Court concluded that Jefferson had not been prejudiced by the delay of his trial and denied his motion to dismiss. On July 1, 1999, the State requested leave to amend the Information to the original charge of attempted deliberate homicide and requested a trial date. A trial by jury was scheduled for July 12, 1999. On the morning of trial, the State amended the Information to the original charge of attempted deliberate homicide. Following a two-day trial, a jury found Jefferson guilty of that charge. Jefferson's defense counsel was permitted to withdraw as counsel of record two weeks later. Following a psychological evaluation conducted by Dr. William Bredehoft, Jefferson's post-trial attorney moved for a new trial on March 6,2000. He alleged that Jefferson was entitled to a new trial because the psychological evaluation indicated that he suffered from a mental disease or defect.
¶15 Due to a conflict of interest, Judge Blair Jones substituted for Judge Fagg in the proceeding. Judge Jones denied Jefferson's motion for a new trial and later sentenced him to be committed to the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services for a period of sixty years. Jefferson contends that the District Court erred when it denied his motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial, permitted the State to amend the Information on the day of trial, and refused his motion for a new trial. Jefferson further maintains that he was denied his right to a fair trial because his trial attorney provided ineffective assistance of counsel.
DISCUSSION
ISSUE 1
¶16 Did the District Court err when it denied Jefferson's motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial?
¶17 Jefferson contends that he was entitled to have the charges against him dismissed because of the State's delay in bringing him to trial. The State responds that, while it is responsible for the delay, his incarceration was inevitable and Jefferson was not prejudiced.
¶18 Whether a defendant has been denied the right to a speedy trial is a question of constitutional law. City of Billings v. Bruce, 1998 MT 186, ¶ 18, 290 Mont. 148, ¶ 18, 965 P.2d 866, ¶ 18. We review a district court's conclusions of law to determine whether its interpretation of the law is correct. Bruce, ¶ 18.
¶19 A criminal defendant's right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and by Article II, Section 24 of the Montana Constitution. We review speedy trial claims on a case-by-case basis pursuant to the four factors set forth in Barker v. Wingo (1972), 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101. Bruce, ¶ 19. The four factors are: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant's assertion of the right to a speedy trial; and (4) the prejudice the delay caused to the defense. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192; Bruce, ¶ 19.
¶20 Our analysis of whether the defendant has been prejudiced considers the harm the right to a speedy trial was intended to prevent. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193; Bruce, ¶ 68. The right to a speedy trial was intended to: (1) prevent pretrial incarceration; (2) minimize anxiety and concern of the defendant; and (3) prevent impairment of the defense. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193; Bruce, ¶ 68.
1. Length of Delay
¶21 First, we must consider the length of the delay. A delay of 200 days or more triggers speedy trial analysis. Bruce, ¶ 55. The total delay between Jefferson's arraignment and trial was 413 days. Jefferson's motion to dismiss was filed 203 days after he was charged. The delay in this case is sufficient to trigger further analysis of whether Jefferson was denied his right to a speedy trial.
2. Reason for Delay
¶22 Second, we consider the reason for the delay. When the delay attributable to the prosecution exceeds 275 days, the burden of proving that the defendant was not prejudiced shifts to the prosecution. Bruce, ¶ 56. The State concedes that it is responsible for more than 275 days of the delay. Therefore, we conclude that the State bears the burden of proving that Jefferson was not prejudiced.
3. Assertion of Right
¶23 Third, we consider whether Jefferson asserted the right to a speedy trial in a timely fashion. A defendant asserts the right to a speedy trial in a timely manner when a motion to dismiss is filed prior to the commencement of the trial. Bruce, ¶ 57. Jefferson filed his motion to dismiss for denial of a speedy trial 203 days after charges were filed and well before a trial was conducted. Consequently, we conclude that Jefferson asserted his right to a speedy trial in a timely manner.
4. Prejudice to the Defense
¶24 Our forth consideration is whether Jefferson was prejudiced by the delay in this case. The importance of this factor, and the degree of prejudice required to establish that a defendant was denied his right to a speedy trial, is determined on a case-by-case basis in which we consider the length of the delay and the reason for the delay. Bruce, ¶ 58. This inquiry requires that we consider: (1) pretrial incarceration; (2) anxiety and concern of the defendant; and (3) impairment of the defense. Bruce, ¶ 58, 68. The State should offer proof on the three factors to the extent possible, but at a minimum, it must address whether the defense has been impaired. Bruce, ¶ 56. The fact that pretrial incarceration can hinder a defendant's ability to prepare his defense makes impairment of the defense the most serious consideration in our inquiry.
A. Pretrial Incarceration
¶25 Jefferson's pretrial incarceration lasted for 413 days; from the day of his arraignment on May 26, 1998, to the day of his conviction on July 14, 1999. The District Court concluded that the pretrial incarceration attributable to the State was mitigated by the fact that the United States filed a petition to revoke Jefferson's probation and, consequently, Jefferson would have been incarcerated for that time period regardless of the State's delay. It concluded any harm caused by the lengthy pretrial incarceration was inevitable.
¶26 On appeal, Jefferson asserts that only seven months remained on his federal probation. Therefore, only seven months of his pretrial incarceration can be mitigated by the United States' petition to revoke his probation. The State counters that Jefferson would have been re-sentenced to prison for violating his probation pursuant to statute. Additionally, it maintains that the delay was primarily institutional and not oppressive in nature and, therefore, not the type of incarceration the speedy trial guarantee is concerned with.
¶27 We recognize that the right to a speedy trial is not intended to prevent all pretrial incarceration. It is designed to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration. State v. Longhorn, 2002 MT 135, ¶ 36, 310 Mont. 172, ¶ 36, 49 P.3d 48, ¶ 36. Our inquiry focuses on whether Jefferson was "unduly prejudiced by his pretrial incarceration." Longhorn, ¶ 36 (quoting State v. Johnson, 2000 MT 180, ¶ 26, 300 Mont. 367, ¶ 26, 4 P.3d 654, ¶ 26).
¶28 There is no dispute that the United States filed a petition to revoke Jefferson's probation and that no bond was provided for. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3565(b), Jefferson's possession of a firearm mandated the revocation of his probation and further required that Jefferson be re-sentenced to a term of imprisonment. Jefferson testified at trial that his probation officer warned him that he would be sentenced to five or ten years in prison if he possessed a firearm.
¶29 The original trial date was scheduled for September 28, 1998. That date passed because the Crime Lab failed to return the State's evidence in a timely fashion. Jefferson entered a plea agreement on February 8, 1999, the rescheduled trial date. However, rather than enter the Alford plea, Jefferson requested a continuance until the District Court ruled on his speedy trial motion. Therefore, the District Court continued the matter until March 15,1999. Soon after the plea was agreed to, on February 23,1999, Jefferson withdrew from the plea agreement and requested a jury trial. The court could not reschedule Jefferson's trial until after it ruled on his motion to dismiss on April 30, 1999.
¶30 While only seven months remained in Jefferson's probation, federal law and the testimony at trial indicate Jefferson would have inevitably been incarcerated for a longer period of time. Furthermore, the record indicates that the initial delay was not intentional and aspects of the subsequent delay were attributable to Jefferson's own actions. We conclude that Jefferson's incarceration was inevitable due to the petition to revoke probation and that the pretrial incarceration in this case was not oppressive and not unduly prejudicial.
B. Anxiety and Concern
¶31 Jefferson maintains that his pretrial delay caused significant depression and anxiety. The District Court concluded that the presence of anxiety and concern caused by the pretrial delay weighed slightly in favor of Jefferson. Regardless, it concluded that when the other considerations were balanced, the anxiety and concern caused by the delay was insufficient to outweigh the other factors. The State contends that the pending probation revocation was equally responsible for any anxiety and concern that troubled Jefferson during his pretrial incarceration.
¶32 Anxiety and concern are an inherent part of being charged with a crime. Our inquiry considers the extent to which a defendant's anxiety and concern is aggravated by the delay. Longhorn, ¶ 38.
¶33 The record indicates that Jefferson was unable to attend to his ill mother, lost his job, and suffered strains on his personal relationships as a result of his pretrial incarceration. However, we noted above that Jefferson's incarceration was inevitable and he was aware he would be re-sentenced by the United States for violating his probation. Consequently, the hardships experienced by Jefferson were also inevitable and only aggravated in part by the State's delay.
¶34 Therefore, we affirm the District Court's conclusion that the anxiety and concern attributable to the delay in Jefferson's trial was slight and is not significant to our analysis.
C. Impairment of the Defense
¶35 Jefferson contends that his decision to withdraw from the plea agreement for felony assault and go to trial on the attempted homicide charges was irrational and was attributable to the length of his pretrial incarceration. He maintains that this irrational behavior is evidence that he was not thinking clearly and, therefore, his defense was impaired. The District Court concluded that the availability of witnesses and existence of written testimony indicated that it was improbable that Jefferson's defense was impaired as a result of the delay.
¶36 The inquiry into whether the defense has been impaired concerns itself with issues of evidence, witness reliability, and the defendant's ability to prepare a defense. We recognize that pretrial incarceration impedes the defendant's ability to gather evidence and prepare a defense. Barker, 407 U.S. at 534, 92 S.Ct. at 2193. Moreover, time may erode the accuracy of witness testimony and exculpatory evidence. Consequently, this factor often carries more weight than the other basés for concluding a defendant has been prejudiced by a pretrial delay. Longhorn, ¶ 39.
¶37 The facts indicate that the District Court appointed counsel and an investigator on Jefferson's behalf soon after he was charged. The record further indicates that both of the witnesses to the crime were able to testify at trial and that written testimony had been taken to preserve witness accounts of the incident.
¶38 We conclude that the District Court was correct when it held that the State satisfied its burden of proving that Jefferson's defense was not impaired by the pretrial delay and his pretrial incarceration. In light of the foregoing considerations, we conclude that Jefferson was not prejudiced by the pretrial delay and incarceration.
5. Balancing the Factors
¶39 No single factor in the speedy trial analysis is determinative and each factor must be weighed in light of the facts presented. Longhorn, ¶ 44. We conclude that: (1) the length of delay triggered speedy trial analysis; (2) the State bore the burden of proving a lack of prejudice; (3) Jefferson asserted the right to a speedy trial in a timely manner; and (4) the State proved that Jefferson was not prejudiced by the delay. When the speedy trial factors are balanced in this case, we further conclude that Jefferson was not denied his right to a speedy trial. Consequently, we affirm the District Court's denial of Jefferson's motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial.
ISSUE II
¶40 Did Jefferson's attorney provide ineffective assistance of counsel?
¶41 Jefferson alleges that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney stated that Jefferson was guilty of felony assault in his opening and closing statements. Jefferson further argues that his attorney's failure to conduct a psychological evaluation prior to his trial, in light of his history of mental disease, constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶42 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are mixed questions of law and fact. Therefore, this Court uses de novo review. State v. Turner, 2000 MT 270, ¶ 47, 302 Mont. 69, ¶ 47, 12 P.3d 934, ¶ 47.
¶43 The right to effective counsel is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24 of the Montana Constitution. A criminal defendant who brings an ineffective assistance of counsel claim bears the burden of proving that: 1) his counsel's representation fell below of the objective standard of reasonableness; and 2) his counsel's failure was prejudicial. Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674; State v. Rose, 1998 MT 342, ¶ 12, 292 Mont. 350, ¶ 12, 972 P.2d 321, ¶ 12.
A. Reasonable Range of Conduct
¶44 The first factor we consider is whether Price's counsel's conduct falls below the objectively reasonable representation demanded by the Sixth Amendment.
¶45 In his opening statement, Jefferson's counsel stated:
[A]t the end of this case the evidence will show - because Mr. Jefferson will tell you - that he is guilty, no doubt, of a partner/family member assault and perhaps felony assault, but I submit to you . that beyond a reasonable doubt you will not find Leonard Jefferson Guilty of attempted deliberate homicide.
¶46 Jefferson's counsel made the following statement in his closing argument: "There is no doubt that [Jefferson] assaulted Felicia. He admitted it. There is no doubt that he pointed a gun. That in and of itself is felony assault." Jefferson maintains that these admissions are indefensible in light of the fact that he could have entered a plea agreement for felony assault and not faced the risk of being convicted for the more serious attempted deliberate homicide charges.
¶47 The State counters that the record is silent as to why Jefferson's counsel admitted guilt and cannot rebut the presumption of adequate assistance. Therefore, Jefferson's reliance upon the result as evidence of incompetence is insufficient to prove that he received inadequate assistance of counsel.
¶48 There is a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional conduct. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89, 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65. "[T]he defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.' " Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065 (quoting Michel v. Louisiana (1955), 350 U.S. 91, 101). The acts or omissions that a defendant alleges were not the product of professional judgment are reviewed by this Court to determine whether "the identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Counsels conduct must be reviewed in consideration of all of the circumstances of the case. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2065
¶49 When an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is based on facts of record, it is properly raised on direct appeal. State v. Fields, 2002 MT 84, ¶ 31, 309 Mont. 300, ¶ 31, 46 P.3d 612, ¶ 31. Normally, the record on appeal must adequately document why counsel acted in a particular manner in order for this Court to determine whether counsel's action falls below the reasonable standard for professional conduct. State v. Harris, 2001 MT 231, ¶ 21, 306 Mont. 525, ¶ 21, 36 P.3d 372, ¶ 21.
¶50 The record on appeal does not contain any direct evidence of why Jefferson's counsel made the challenged statements. However, there is no plausible justification for counsel's conduct under these circumstances. Jefferson's letter to Judge Fagg on February 23,1999, by which he withdrew from his agreement to plead guilty to felony assault, indicates that Jefferson wanted the opportunity to be acquitted, or to be convicted of a less serious offense than felony assault. However, at trial, counsel admitted guilt to felony assault during the opening and closing statements, and undermined the very purpose for which Jefferson withdrew from the plea agreement. His remarks had the effect of entering a plea for Jefferson without his consent and by which the jury was not bound. Counsel's statements directly contravene the reason Jefferson accepted the risk involved in facing the more serious charge of attempted deliberate homicide in a jury trial. Counsel's admission cannot be considered a trial strategy or tactical decision under the circumstances of this case.
¶51 We conclude that counsel's conduct falls below the reasonable range of professional conduct required and that the first element of the Strickland test has been satisfied.
B. Prejudice to Jefferson
¶52 Next, we must determine whether Jefferson was prejudiced by counsel's conduct. Jefferson contends that he was prejudiced because he was ultimately convicted of attempted deliberate homicide when he could have pled guilty to a lesser offense and received a shorter sentence.
¶53 The second prong of the Strickland test requires that Jefferson demonstrate the existence of a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional conduct, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. The prejudice inquiry focuses on whether counsel's deficient performance renders the trial result unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696, 104 S.Ct. at 2069. The ultimate inquiry is concerned with the fundamental fairness of the proceeding. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696, 104 S.Ct. at 2069.
¶54 We note that Sixth Amendment criminal proceedings begin with a formal charge, a prehminary hearing, the filing of an information, an indictment, or an arraignment. State v. Schoffner (1991), 248 Mont. 260, 265, 811 P.2d 548, 552; see also Rosebud County v. Finn (1940), 109 Mont. 537, 98 P.2d 330. To determine whether Jefferson was prejudiced, we must consider the circumstances of the entire proceeding: Jefferson's withdrawal from the plea agreement for felony assault; counsel's admission of guilt in spite of that withdrawal; the evidence at trial; and his final conviction for attempted deliberate homicide. The circumstances in this case present a unique issue. Rather than contemplating the final result absent counsel's conduct, the facts of this case require that we consider how the result of this case affected Jefferson's right to deny guilt to any offense and to have the benefit of the bargain in the event he admitted guilt to a lesser offense.
¶55 In this case, Jefferson withdrew a plea to felony assault for the opportunity to prove he was not guilty, or was guilty of a less serious offense. He had the right to do so. However, his counsel precluded him from making a case for a lesser offense when he initiated the trial with an admission of guilt to felony assault. Consequently, he was denied both his right to deny guilt and the benefit of his previous agreement to admit guilt. He was left with the worst of both options.
¶56 There would have been no reason for Jefferson to withdraw from the plea agreement for felony assault if he had been aware that his counsel would concede his guilt to that charge at trial. Instead, he was convicted of the more serious charge of attempted deliberate homicide. The fact that the evidence at trial may have supported a conviction regardless of the statement is irrelevant. Jefferson would not have gone to trial at all if he had been aware that his counsel would admit he was guilty of felony assault and highlight evidence of that offense at trial.
¶57 We conclude that Jefferson was prejudiced by his counsel's conduct and that his counsel's conduct rendered the criminal proceeding in Jefferson's case fundamentally unfair. We conclude that Jefferson has satisfied the second prong of the Strickland test. Consequently, we conclude that Jefferson is entitled to a new trial.
¶58 Our resolution of the second issue in this case is dispositive. Therefore, it is unnecessary to reach the third and fourth issues on appeal. Jefferson's conviction in the District Court is vacated and we remand this case to the District Court for a new trial.
JUSTICES REGNIER, COTTER, NELSON and LEAPHART concur.