Case Name: STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT, v. REGINALD JORDAN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
Court: New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New Jersey
Decision Date: 1995-12-14
Citations: 285 N.J. Super. 589
Docket Number: 
Parties: STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT, v. REGINALD JORDAN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Judges: 
Reporter: New Jersey Superior Court Reports
Volume: 285
Pages: 589–606

Head Matter:
667 A.2d 1094
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT, v. REGINALD JORDAN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division
Argued October 11, 1995
Decided December 14, 1995.
■Pressler, P.J.A.D., filed a dissenting opinion.
Before Judges PRESSLER, WEFING and A.A. RODRIGUEZ.
Frank J. Pugliese, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Susan L. Reisner, Public Defender, attorney; Mr. Pugliese, of counsel and on the brief).
Linda K. Danielson, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent (Deborah T. Poritz, Attorney General, attorney; Ms. Danielson, of counsel and on the brief).

Opinion:
The opinion of the court was delivered by
WEFING, J.A.D.
Defendant was indicted and convicted for knowing and purposeful murder (N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3a(1), (2)); attempted murder (N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1; 2C:11-3); robbery in the first degree (N.J.S.A. 2C:15 — 1); and possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose (N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4a).
The trial court sentenced him to life in prison, with a thirty-year parole bar, for the murder conviction. The trial court imposed concurrent terms for the remaining convictions: twenty years, with a ten-year parole bar, for attempted murder; twenty years, with a ten-year parole bar, for first degree robbery; and ten years, with a five-year parole bar for possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose.
The State presented evidence in support of the following scenario. Defendant, together with Joseph Thomas and Ken Dunlap, participated in an armed robbery of Calvin Lattany in the early morning hours of October 27, 1991 in New Brunswick. The incident occurred at 176 Memorial Parkway, a multi-unit apartment complex referred to throughout the trial as "the projects." Lattany was speaking to a friend, Johnnie Lambert, when Thomas and Dunlap approached him and asked if he wanted to purchase drugs. When Lattany responded affirmatively, Thomas and Dunlap went off in apparent search of drugs. Their plan, however, was not to sell drugs to Lattany but to use the drugs as a ploy so that Lattany would take out his money and they could then rob him.
Thomas and Dunlap approached defendant and outlined their scheme. He told the two he had several bags of heroin and agreed to participate. He also told them he knew the location of a gun. In his statement to the police, defendant merely said he knew there was a gun in a nearby garbage can and that he retrieved it. Dunlap testified that Jordan said the gun was his and that Jordan went over to a nearby car, reached underneath, and returned with the gun. The three went back to Lattany to complete their plot. It went awry, however, because Lattany resisted handing over his money. A struggle ensued, Jordan's gun discharged and Joseph Thomas, one of the plotters, was killed. Thomas was standing right behind Lattany who testified that he ducked just as the gun was fired and, as a result, the bullet struck Thomas.
The police investigation ultimately led to Jordan. He was arrested and interrogated. After waiving his Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)), defendant gave two statements to the police: one oral in which he allegedly said he had aimed at Lattany, who ducked just as he fired the gun, and another, taped, in which he asserted that in the struggle, Lattany had struck the pistol causing it to discharge. This second version is, of course, inconsistent with knowing and purposeful murder.
On appeal, defendant raises six arguments:
POINT I THE TRIAL JUDGE COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN HE FAILED TO CHARGE THE JURORS THAT THEY MUST DETERMINE THE CREDIBILITY OF DEFENDANT'S OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS, FAILED TO ADVISE THEM THAT THEY MUST FIND SUCH STATEMENTS TO BE CREDIBLE BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT AND FAILED TO ADVISE THEM THAT SUCH STATEMENTS MUST BE CORROBORATED BEFORE THEY COULD BE CONSIDERED AS EVIDENCE. (Not raised below)
POINT II THE COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY REGARDING THE UNRELIABLE NATURE OF TESTIMONY ATTESTING TO ORAL STATEMENTS MADE BY THE DEFENDANT. (Not raised below)
POINT III THE TRIAL COURT'S REFUSAL TO ALLOW DEFENDANT TO PRESENT EVIDENCE WHICH SUPPORTED THE THEORY OF THE DEFENSE VIOLATED DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE AND HIS DUE PROCESS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL BY A JURY. (U.S. CONST. AMENDS VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. ART. I, PAR. 1, 10.)
POINT IV AS TO COUNT ONE (KNOWING AND PURPOSEFUL MURDER), THE JUDGE'S CHARGE ON FLIGHT WAS ERRONEOUS AND DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF A FAIR TRIAL ON THAT COUNT.
POINT V THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THESE ERRORS DENIED DEFENDANT HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND A NEW TRIAL IS IN ORDER. (Not raised below)
POINT VI THE SENTENCE IMPOSED IN THIS CASE IS MANIFESTLY EXCESSIVE.
I.
The record is clear in this matter that defendant did not request, and the trial court did not give, an instruction to the jury in accordance with State v. Hampton, 61 N.J. 250, 294 A.2d 23 (1972) , that it was part of the jury's duty to determine the credibility of Jordan's out-of-court statements to the police. See, also, N.J.R.E. 104(e). Defendant must thus demonstrate that the omission of this provision from the trial court's instructions was "clearly capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2.
We are troubled by the apparent frequency with which trial courts are omitting this fundamental principle from their instructions. See, e.g., State v. Laboy, 270 N.J.Super., 296, 637 A.2d 184 (App.Div.1994); State v. Setzer, 268 N.J.Super. 553, 634 A.2d 127 (App.Div.1993), certif. denied 135 N.J. 468, 640 A.2d 850 (1994).
In Setzer, defendant was convicted of aggravated arson. A part of the prosecution's case was defendant's oral statement, which was neither taped or written, following waiver of his Miranda rights. This court, after carefully reviewing the trial court's charge as a whole, State v. Wilbely, 63 N.J. 420, 422, 307 A.2d 608 (1973) concluded that the "trial court's omission of the Hampton instruction in this instance was . not 'clearly capable of producing an unjust result.' " State v. Setzer, supra, 268 N.J.Super. at 565, 634 A.2d 127 (quoting R. 2:10-2).
In State v. Laboy, supra, defendant appealed following his convictions for murder and conspiracy to commit murder. After waiving Ms Miranda rights, defendant gave both an oral and a tape-recorded statement which recounted in detail his participation in the slaying. Again, the trial court, with no objection, failed to instruct the jury in accordance with State v. Hampton, supra. The trial court in Laboy also did not tell the jury to determine whether there was "independent proof of facts and circumstances which strengthen or bolster the confession and tend to generate a belief in its trustworthiness," State v. DiFrisco, 118 N.J. 253, 273, 571 A.2d 914 (1990), nor did it refer to "the generally recognized risk of inaccuracy and . misconstruction by the hearer" of oral admissions. State v. Kociolek, 23 N.J. 400, 421, 129 A.2d 417 (1957). Laboy is thus closely analogous to the instant matter since the trial court here made similar omissions.
In Laboy, we did not conclude that any one of these failures amounted to plain error. Defendant's conviction in that case was reversed on other grounds and we merely noted in dicta that the combination of those three omissions may have called for a reversal under State v. Orecchio, 16 N.J. 125, 106 A.2d 541 (1954). We specifically declined, however, to so hold.
We are satisfied, however, after a careful review of the record, that failure of the trial court to inform the jury in accordance with State v. Hampton, supra, does not, in the context of this matter, constitute plain error. Defendant did not deny that he killed Joseph Thomas. His defense centered around his contention that the shooting was accidental, the result of Lattany having struck the gun by accident during the struggle. That assertion was clearly set forth in defendant's tape-recorded statement. His prior oral statement, however, as recounted by Detectives Selesky and Clark, set forth a somewhat different rendition for in that defendant admitted firing at Lattany who escaped by ducMng. The jury had to know and understand that they would have to decide which of these versions was credible. The matter is thus in sharp contrast to situations in which a defendant at trial denies either the act or the confession or both.
Defendant's attorney clearly outlined this choice to the jury in his summation, strongly arguing to the jury that defendant never made the unrecorded oral confession that the officers testified about. He pointed to things within the record to support that argument. The jury, by its verdict, clearly rejected that position. We consider the jury's verdict a clear statement that it did not consider credible defendant's tape-recorded version of what occurred.
II.
We reach the same result, for essentially the same reason, on defendant's second argument, that the trial court committed plain error when it did not include in its final remarks to the jurors that the jury should consider evidence of the alleged oral statement " "with caution' in view of the generally recognized risk of inaccuracy and error in communication and recollection of verbal utterances and misconstruction by the hearer." State v. Kociolek, 23 N.J. 400, 421, 129 A.2d 417 (1957).
Such an instruction, if requested, should be given. Ibid.; State v. Kennedy, 135 N.J.Super. 513, 522, 343 A.2d 783 (App.Div.1975); State v. Travers, 70 N.J.Super. 32, 38, 174 A.2d 747 (App.Div.1961). Defendant has not identified a reported case in which a failure to include these principles within a trial court's final charge has been held plain error. Neither has our research disclosed such a case.
Nor do we see any error in the trial court not telling the jury that it should determine whether the alleged oral confession was corroborated by other evidence. Defendant relied on his tape-recorded statement, for which there was no corroboration. Clearly the trial court could not tell the jury it had to consider whether the oral statement was corroborated but need not consider whether the tape-recorded statement was corroborated.
In light of the clear testimony of Lattany and Dunlap about the night's events, we reject defendant's contention that his alleged oral statement was "critical" to the State's ease. What was critical to the State's case was whether the jury accepted the testimony of Lattany and Dunlap for the credibility of both was subject to serious challenge.
Lattany's testimony at trial differed from his statement to the police in one regard, for when he initially approached the police, some hours after the incident, he denied he had had any intention to purchase drugs. He explained that discrepancy to the jury and they were free to accept or reject his explanation.
Dunlap had, prior to defendant's trial, negotiated a plea bargain for himself under which he pled guilty to robbery and agreed to testily at defendant's trial. In return, the State agreed to dismiss all remaining charges against him, which included murder, and to recommend a sentence of time served. Dunlap was cross-examined on the issue and defense counsel attacked his credibility in his summation.
Both of these individuals, moreover, had criminal convictions which were admitted for the jury's consideration on their credibility. With all of those elements weighing against the credibility of Lattany and Dunlap, the jury accepted their testimony nonetheless.
III.
Lattany testified that just prior to his initial encounter with Dunlap and Thomas, he had been talking with Johnnie Lambert, a close family Mend. Defendant sought to introduce, through Lambert, that Lambert had warned Lattany that Thomas was a "stickup man." The trial court refused to permit defendant to introduce that evidence, saying it was an attack upon the character of the deceased.
We reject defendant's contention that this trial court ruling constituted reversible error. The admission of evidence at trial and the determination of whether that proffered evidence is relevant rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Catlow, 206 N.J.Super, 186, 193, 502 A.2d 48 (App.Div.1985), certif. denied 103 N.J. 465, 466, 511 A.2d 648 (1986). We do not perceive that the trial court in any way abused its discretion in refusing to permit defendant to offer this testimony; that Lattany may have been forewarned about Thomas does not establish that he was more likely to strike out at defendant and thus cause defendant's gun to discharge.
IV.
At the time of this incident, defendant resided with one of his sisters in one of the apartment buildings at the site of the homicide. Defendant was arrested the following day at the home of another sister in Franklin Township. The State requested the trial court to include the concept of "flight" within its final instructions. Defense counsel objected and the trial court did not make an immediate ruling on the issue. It did, however, include the concept within its final instructions. Defendant now argues that that decision was reversible error. He does not contend that it was error not to inform defense counsel of his decision on the issue prior to summation.
We have long held that evidence of flight is generally admissible as demonstrating consciousness of guilt, State v. Mann, 132 N.J. 410, 418, 625 A.2d 1102 (1993). Our cases have also recognized that mere departure is not equivalent with flight. "For departure to take on the legal significance of flight, there must be circumstances present and unexplained which, in conjunction with the leaving, reasonably justify an inference that it was done with a consciousness of guilt and pursuant to an effort to avoid an accusation based on that guilt." State v. Sullivan, 43 N.J. 209, 238-39, 203 A.2d 177 (1964), cert. denied 382 U.S. 990, 86 S.Ct. 564, 15 L.Ed.2d 477 (1966).
Defendant contends that since his departure was explainable (he did not wish to face charges of first degree robbery), it did not constitute flight. He also contends that, at the very least, the trial court should have distinguished between flight as evidence of guilt of robbery and as evidence of guilt of murder. Defendant's distinctions are unavailing, however. One is no less likely to flee from a homicide than from a robbery.
V.
Finally, we consider defendant's last two contentions, that his convictions should be reversed under the doctrine of cumulative error State v. Orecchio, 16 N.J. 125, 106 A.2d 541 (1954) and that his sentence is manifestly excessive to be without merit. R. 2:11— 3(e)(2). We merely add the following comments with regard to his sentence.
The law is well settled that we will not reduce a defendant's sentence absent a finding of clear abuse of judicial discretion. State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 363, 471 A.2d 370 (1984). A reviewing court will only modify a defendant's sentence if "the application of facts to the law is such a clear error of judgment that it shocks the judicial conscience." Id. at 364, 471 A.2d 370. "The test, then, is not whether the reviewing court would have reached a different conclusion on what an appropriate sentence should be; it is rather whether, on the basis of the evidence, no reasonable sentencing court could have imposed the sentence under review." State v. Ghertler, 114 N.J. 383, 388, 555 A.2d 553 (1989).
It is not without significance that defendant's trial counsel was unable to point to a single mitigating factor at the time of sentence. Defendant had an extensive prior record and, indeed, had been out of jail only three days prior to this incident. We decline to modify defendant's sentence in any respect.
Defendant's convictions and sentence are affirmed.
We note that the trial court instructed the jury on the effect of these convictions during its final instructions to the jury. It did not separately instruct the jury at the time the witnesses testified. It is preferable that the jury know immediately of the limited purpose of such testimony. We have not been provided with the transcript of jury selection. R. 2:5~3(b). It is inferable from one portion of the record that the trial court did provide preliminary instructions to the jury on that issue.