Case Name: Stephen E. McMILLAN, Plaintiff, v. WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY, Defendant
Court: United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2012-10-12
Citations: 898 F. Supp. 2d 64
Docket Number: Civil Action No. 10-1867 (EGS)
Parties: Stephen E. McMILLAN, Plaintiff, v. WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY, Defendant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 898
Pages: 64–72

Head Matter:
Stephen E. McMILLAN, Plaintiff, v. WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY, Defendant.
Civil Action No. 10-1867 (EGS).
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
Oct. 12, 2012.
Stephen E. McMillan, Alexandria, VA, pro se.
Gerard Joseph Stief, WMATA, Mark F. Sullivan, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM OPINION
EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge.
Plaintiff Stephen McMillan, proceeding pro se, brings this action against the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ("WMATA"), alleging retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 et seq. ("Title VII"), as well as violations of his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Pending before the Court is Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. Upon consideration of the motion, the responses and replies thereto, the applicable law, the entire record, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court will GRANT Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment.
1. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff McMillan was hired by WMA-TA as an elevator and escalator technician on November 30, 1999. See Compl. at 1; Def.'s Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute ("Def.'s SMF") ¶ l. McMillan alleges that around the time he began his employment with WMATA, he inquired into the status and distribution of a bonus owed to another WMATA employee. Compl. at 1. McMillan alleges this inquiry "caused negative consequences [for] the remainder of [his] career." Compl. at 1. McMillan also alleges that around December 2000, he was denied any advancement opportunity, and he observed a pattern whereby each administrative job opening was filled by a female employee without regard to time-in-service or time-in-grade. Compl. at 2. In April 2002, McMillan filed a complaint with WMATA's Office of Civil Rights alleging mismanagement and discrimination. Compl. at 2. McMillan alleges that WMATA officials were abusive and ignored his complaint. Compl. at 2. The Office of Civil Rights concluded that McMillan's claims did not involve allegations of discrimination and thus did not fall within the purview of Title VII. Compl. at 2; see also Def.'s SMF ¶ 3; McMillan Dep. Ex. 9. The Office of Civil Rights instead recommended that McMillan contact his union representative or department superintendent. See Defi's SMF ¶ 3; McMillan Dep. Ex. 9.
In May 2007, McMillan attempted to file a complaint with WMATA's Inspector General's Office alleging fraud, waste and abuse. Compl. at 2. McMillan testified during his deposition that this complaint was based on the fact that the person who recruited Plaintiff in 1999 to work at WMATA never received a bonus for recruiting him. See Def.'s SMF ¶ 3; McMillan Dep. 80:15-82:1. McMillan alleges that his complaint was not allowed. Compl. at 2. Finally, McMillan states that "the intensity of the mobbing conducted by [WMATA] Officials over the next two years, resulted in the Plaintiff being discharged . from employment at WMA-TA[ ] without a hearing (which includes the Agencies' Local # 689 Union Grievance process) and with continued incompetent or erroneous affidavit testimony or documentation by the Agencies [sic] Office of Civil Rights." Compl. at 2-3.
WMATA terminated McMillan on December 3, 2008 following an investigation into preventive maintenance work he was supposed to have performed at the Pentagon Metrorail Station. See Def.'s SMF ¶ 4; see also Def's Mot. Summ. J., Lacosse Aff. Ex. 1 (December 3, 2008 Termination Letter). McMillan's termination letter also referenced several work-related incidents in the twenty-two months prior to his termination, including insubordinate behavior, addressing a female dispatcher with vulgar language, and early departure from his work location without permission. See Def.'s SMF ¶ 5; Lacosse Aff. Ex. 1. One of the incidents referenced in the termination letter occurred on May 8 or 9, 2008 when McMillan left work while on duty to get a cup of coffee from 7-11. See Def.'s SMF ¶ 6; McMillan Dep. 60:12-73:4. McMillan acknowledged that two men followed him, and that he drove 80 miles per hour in rush-hour traffic on 1-395 until he "shook them." See Def.'s SMF ¶6; McMillan Dep. 63:11-65:18; McMillan Dep. Ex 3.
McMillan filed a charge of discrimination with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") on July 28, 2008. See Def.'s SMF ¶2; McMillan Dep. Ex. 4. In the charge, McMillan alleged retaliation occurring from April 11, 2002 through June 10, 2008. In particular, McMillan stated:
I filed an internal Equal Employment Opportunity complaint in 4-2002 . and since this time in 2002, I have been targeted and retaliated against. The retaliation intensified in 2007 after I filed a complaint of Fraud, Waste and Abuse with the Inspector General's office. I have been falsely accused of falsifying information, being late for work and departing work early. I believe that I have been retaliated against in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act[.]
McMillan Dep. Ex. 4. The EEOC issued its "Dismissal and Notice of Rights" on August 31, 2010.
Plaintiff filed his Complaint in this action on November 2, 2010. Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on December 9, 2011, to which Plaintiff filed a response. On April 20, 2012, this case was transferred to the undersigned from another Judge on this Court. The Court entered an Order on April 23, 2012, informing Plaintiff of the Federal and Local Rules that apply to motions for summary judgment and directing Plaintiff to file a supplemental response, which Plaintiff did. The motion is now ripe for determination by the Court.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment should be granted only if the moving party has shown that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Waterhouse v. Dist. of Columbia, 298 F.3d 989, 991 (D.C.Cir.2002). "A fact is material if it 'might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law,' and a dispute about a material fact is genuine 'if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.' " Steele v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689, 692 (D.C.Cir.2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of genuine issues of material fact. See Celotex, 471 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the Court must view all facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Keyes v. Dist. of Columbia, 372 F.3d 434, 436 (D.C.Cir.2004).
The non-moving party's opposition, however, must consist of more than mere unsupported allegations or denials; rather, it must be supported by affidavits or other competent evidence setting forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Moreover, "although summary judgment must be approached with special caution in discrimination cases, a plaintiff is not relieved of [his] obligation to support [his] allegations by affidavits or other competent evidence showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Adair v. Solis, 742 F.Supp.2d 40, 50 (D.D.C.2010), aff'd, 473 Fed.Appx. 1 (D.C.Cir.2012) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). "The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-movant]'s position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmovant]." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
Where, as here, a plaintiff is proceeding pro se, "the Court must take particular care to construe the plaintiffs filings liberally, for such [filings] are held 'to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.' " Cheeks v. Fort Myer Constr. Co., 722 F.Supp.2d 93, 107 (D.D.C.2010) (quoting Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Grievance Procedures Under Section 66 of the WMATA Compact and WMATA's Sovereign Immunity
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs allegations do not raise legally cognizable claims under either Title VII or the Constitution; rather, according to Defendant, Plaintiff alleges labor disputes for which Plaintiffs exclusive remedy was the grievance procedures of the collective bargaining agreement in light of Section 66 of the WMATA Compact. Def.'s Mem. at 7-10. Plaintiff does not address this argument in either of his responses to Defendant's motion. "It is well understood in this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a motion . addressing only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded." Howard v. Locke, 729 F.Supp.2d 85, 87 (D.D.C.2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Although the Court could treat Defendant's arguments as conceded, the Court finds that even construing all of the allegations in Plaintiffs Complaint and responses in the light most favorable to him, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment with respect to those .claims that are properly construed as labor disputes.
Section 66(c) of the WMATA Compact requires employees to submit all unresolved "labor disputes" to arbitration. D.C.Code Ann. 9-1107.01(66)(c); see also Beebe v. WMATA 129 F.3d 1283, 1286-87 (D.C.Cir.1997); Sanders v. WMATA, 819 F.2d 1151, 1156-57 (D.C.Cir.1987) (holding that appellants had to submit claims for negligent termination to binding arbitration pursuant to Section 66(c) of the WMA-TA Compact). The law of this Circuit is clear: summary judgment is appropriate for "claims that should have been submitted to arbitration, even if they were not actually heard." Sanders, 819 F.2d at 1157 (citation omitted).
Plaintiff's claims that another employee was denied bonus money and that Plaintiff was discharged without a hearing are properly construed as labor disputes, rather than discrimination claims. Even assuming McMillan attempted to grieve his termination, this claim was never submitted to arbitration. McMillan does not allege that he ever attempted to grieve the claims related to bonus money. As the D.C. Circuit stated in Sanders, "under settled law, [ ] WMATA employees who failed to exhaust the grievance and arbitration proceedings, available to them, may not seek redress in court on claims that could and should have been grieved." Id. at 1158 (citations omitted). This rule amounts to a form of collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, prohibiting non-grieved complaints from being brought when, as here, Plaintiff had the opportunity and the obligation to do so. See Chester v. WMATA, 335 F.Supp.2d 57, 64 (D.D.C.2004). Because Plaintiff's labor disputes were either never grieved or never submitted to arbitration, they are not properly before the Court.
Furthermore, WMATA is immune from suit based upon Plaintiff's constitutional claims. In signing the WMATA Compact, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia conferred upon WMATA their respective sovereign immunities. See Morris v. WMATA, 781 F.2d 218, 219-20 (D.C.Cir.1986). The Court construes Plaintiff's constitutional claims as claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Morris v. WMATA, 702 F.2d 1037, 1041-42 (D.C.Cir.1983) ("Morris' free speech claim relies directly on the First Amendment as the source of the remedy sought.... [W]e treat Morris' claim . as if it were an action under section 1983."). Numerous courts in this District have held that WMATA is immune from suit under Section 1983. See, e.g., Sanders, 819 F.2d at 1152-53; Headen v. WMATA 741 F.Supp.2d 289, 294 (D.D.C.2010) ("WMA-TA's sovereign immunity means that [it] cannot be sued under § 1983."); Disability Rights Council v. WMATA, 239 F.R.D. 9, 20 (D.D.C.2006) (same); Lucero-Nelson v. WMATA 1 F.Supp.2d 1, 7-8 (D.D.C.1998) (same); see also Will v. Mich. Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 70-71, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989) (holding that an arm of state is not a "person" subject to suit under section 1983, pursuant to the Eleventh Amendment). WMATA is therefore immune from Plaintiffs constitutional claims.
Defendant concedes that the grievance procedures cannot bar true discrimination claims. See Def.'s Mem. at 9. Even construing Plaintiffs claims in the light most favorable to him and assuming they state claims under Title VII, the Court concludes that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and alternatively, that Defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law with respect to the Title VII claims.
B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
Defendant argues that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to several of his claims. Def.'s Mem. at 10-13. Plaintiff again fails to respond to this argument, and therefore, the Court could treat it as conceded. However, even construing all of the allegations in Plaintiffs Complaint and responses in the light most favorable to him, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.
Before suing under Title VII, an aggrieved party must first file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of the alleged discriminatory incident. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(l); see Washington v. WMATA, 160 F.3d 750, 752 (D.C.Cir.1998), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1038, 119 S.Ct. 2399, 144 L.Ed.2d 798 (1999). An employee must exhaust the administrative process for each discrete act for which he seeks to bring a claim. See Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113-14, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002). In addition, in filing a civil action in district court following an EEO charge, an employee may only file claims that are "like or reasonably related to the allegations of the [EEO] charge and grow[ ] out of such allegations." Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 (D.C.Cir.1995) (citation omitted). "Although it is true that the administrative charge requirement should not be construed to place a heavy technical burden on 'individuals untrained in negotiating procedural labyrinths,' " id. (citation omitted), "it is also true that the requirement of some specificity in a charge is not a mere technicality," id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
In his Complaint, Plaintiff alleges (1) that in November 1999, he inquired about a bonus owed to a co-worker; (2) that around December 2000, he was denied advancement opportunities in favor of female employees; (3) that in April 2002, he attempted to file a discrimination complaint with WMATA's Office of Civil Rights but was denied; (4) that in May 2007, he attempted to file a complaint with WMATA's Inspector General's Office but was denied; and (5) that he was terminated without a hearing in December 2008. Plaintiff filed his charge with the EEOC on July 28, 2008. See Def.'s SMF 112; McMillan Dep. Ex. 4. With the exception of his termination, all of the other claims in Plaintiffs Complaint relate to acts that occurred more than 180 days prior to the filing of his EEOC charge of discrimination. These claims are therefore time-barred by the 180-day statutory period for filing an administrative claim. The Court therefore concludes that Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs claims related to (1) the November 1999 bonus inquiry, (2) the December 2000 advancement opportunities, (3) the April 2002 complaint, and (4) the May 2007 complaint.
C. Plaintiffs Discrimination Claims
With respect to Plaintiffs termination, Defendant offers a legitimate, non-discriminatory explanation for its disciplinary action against Plaintiff. See Def.'s Mem. at 13-16.
Employers are forbidden "from discriminating] against an employee or job applicant because that individual opposed any practice made unlawful by Title VII or made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in a Title VII proceeding or investigation." Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 56, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C.Cir.2008); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Retaliation claims brought pursuant to Title VII are assessed under the burden-shifting framework set out by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). See Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C.Cir.2009). Pursuant to that framework, the plaintiff has the initial burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, a prima facie case of retaliation. Id. To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, the plaintiff must show that (1) he engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) he suffered a materially adverse action by his employer; and (3) a causal connection existed between the two. Id. Once the plaintiff has established a prima facie case, "the burden shifts to the defendant 'to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the [action in question].' " Wiley v. Glassman, 511 F.3d 151, 155 (D.C.Cir.2007) (quoting Tex. Dep't of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981)). In asserting a legitimate, non-discriminatory explanation, the defendant "need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons. It is sufficient if the defendant's evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff." Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254, 101 S.Ct. 1089 (internal citation omitted). The burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to demonstrate that the asserted reason is pretextual. See id. at 253, 101 S.Ct. 1089. The plaintiff at all times retains the burden of persuasion. Id.
At the summary judgment stage, once the defendant provides a legitimate, non-discriminatory explanation, "the district court need not — and should not— decide whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas." Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C.Cir.2008). Rather, the sole inquiry becomes whether the plaintiff produced "sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer's asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the [plaintiff] on [a prohibited basis]." Id.; see also Jones, 557 F.3d at 678. In other words, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework essentially disappears and the only remaining issue is whether the employer discriminated against the employee. In evaluating whether the plaintiff defeats summary judgment, the Court considers all the relevant circumstances in evidence, including the strength of the prima facie case, any direct evidence of discrimination, any cir cumstantial evidence that defendant's proffered explanation is false, and any properly considered evidence supporting the employer's case. See Jones, 557 F.3d at 677, 679.
Even assuming McMillan has stated a prima facie case of retaliation, Defendant asserts a legitimate, non-discriminatory explanation for its discipline and termination of Plaintiff. In particular, as the termination letter states, McMillan was placed on administrative leave pending the outcome of an investigation regarding maintenance he performed on an escalator unit. See Lacosse Aff. Ex. 1, at 1. The investigation concluded that McMillan had been negligent in his performance of maintenance and that he had reported inaccurate data to Management, which was a violation of Metro's Metrorail Safety Rules and Procedures, as well as Metro's Department of Operations Office of Elevator and Escalators Safety Maintenance Practices and Procedures. Id. In addition, the termination letter noted that, during the past twenty-two months, McMillan had been involved in several incidents resulting in disciplinary actions, including (1) a written warning in February 2007 for addressing a dispatcher with vulgar language; (2) a one-week suspension for insubordinate behavior in May 2007; (3) a two-week suspension for tardiness, addressing a supervisor with vulgar language, and insubordinate behavior in November 2007; and (4) a two-week suspension for early departure from his work location without permission in June 2008.- Id. at 2. With respect to the June 2008 suspension, Plaintiff acknowledged that he left work prior to the end of his shift to drive to 7-11 to get a cup of coffee. McMillan Dep. 66:17-67:22. Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he was followed by two "suspicious males," and that he exceeded the speed limit and drove 80 miles per hour in rush-hour traffic on 1-395 until he "shook them." McMillan Dep. 63:11-65:18; see also McMillan Dep. Ex 3. WMATA suspended Plaintiff for two weeks as a result of this incident. McMillan Dep. 70:20-22.
The Court finds that WMATA has asserted a legitimate, nondiscriminatory explanation for its discipline and termination of Plaintiff. The burden therefore shifts to Plaintiff to demonstrate that this explanation was a pretext for discrimination. Wiley, 511 F.3d at 155. Plaintiff has completely failed to do so. In his responses, McMillan has made only a single eonelusory allegation — unsupported by any record evidence — that Defendant's proffered reasons were pretextual. See Pl.'s Resp. to Def.'s Statement of Material Facts, Docket No. 16, at 6 ("Plaintiff proffers legally sufficient evidence of pretext."). This allegation, without more, is insufficient to raise any issues of material fact that would preclude summary judgment. See Hastie v. Henderson, 121 F.Supp.2d 72, 77 (D.D.C.2000), aff'd, No. 00-5423, 2001 WL 793715 (D.C.Cir.2001) ("To defeat a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff cannot create a factual issue of pretext with mere allegations or personal speculation, but rather must point to 'genuine issues of material fact in the record.'" (citation omitted)). The Court therefore concludes that no reasonable jury could find that Defendant's stated reasons for Plaintiffs termination were pretextual.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby GRANTED. An appropriate Final Order will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.
. Because Plaintiff's Complaint does not contain numbered paragraphs or counts, the Court will refer to page numbers, where applicable.
. As a WMATA employee, Plaintiff is represented by Local 689 of the Amalgamated Transit Union. See Def.'s Mot. Summ. J., Affidavit of Brian J. Donohoe ¶ 3; McMillan Dep. at 51:5-11.
. The Court notes that there is some confusion in the record regarding the year in which Plaintiff was terminated by WMATA. Both Plaintiff's Complaint and Defendant's Statement of Material Facts state that Plaintiff was terminated in December 2009. See Compl. at 2; Def.'s SMF ¶ 4. However, Defendant's Memorandum in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment, as well as the termination letter attached to Defendant's motion and Plaintiff's deposition transcript, reflect that the termination occurred in December 2008. See Def.'s Mem. of P & A in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. ("Def.'s Mem.") at 1, 6; Lacosse Aff. Ex. 1; McMillan Dep. 9:19-10:19. Because the Court finds that the date of Plaintiffs termination is not material to the resolution of the instant motion, the Court will assume for purposes of this Opinion that Plaintiff was terminated in December 2008.
. Although WMATA's records indicate that McMillan never pursued a grievance related to his termination, McMillan alleged in his deposition that he filed a grievance, and it was denied. See McMillan Dep. at 47:16— 50:5. Therefore, construing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court assumes he attempted to grieve his termination.
. Although Brady involved a race discrimination claim, the D.C. Circuit also applies Brady's framework to retaliation claims. See Jones, 557 F.3d at 678-79.