Case Name: STATE of Louisiana v. Eli J. GUILLORY
Court: Louisiana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Louisiana
Decision Date: 1979-06-25
Citations: 373 So. 2d 133
Docket Number: No. 63578
Parties: STATE of Louisiana v. Eli J. GUILLORY.
Judges: DENNIS, J., concurs.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 373
Pages: 133–137

Head Matter:
STATE of Louisiana v. Eli J. GUILLORY.
No. 63578.
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
June 25, 1979.
Rehearing Denied July 27, 1979.
Kenneth 0. Privat, Privat & Regan, Crowley, for defendant-appellant.
William J. Guste, Jr., Atty. Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. Atty. Gen., J. Nathan Stansbury, Dist. Atty., Jack Derrick Miller, Asst. Dist. Atty., for plaintiff-appellee.

Opinion:
SUMMERS, Chief Justice.
The grand jury of Acadia Parish indicted Eli J. Guillory for the May 25, 1977 second degree murder of Harriet St. André, a crime defined by Article 30.1 of the Criminal Code. After trial by jury Guillory was found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment for life without suspension of sentence, parole or probation for forty years. Five assignments of error are argued on this appeal.
On May 25, 1977 defendant Guillory and his half-brother Michael Brown had been drinking heavily. They purchased a supply of .22 caliber cartridges and with a pistol owned by Guillory they fired several rounds near a bridge on the outskirts of the city of Crowley.
About 7:30 that evening Guillory and Brown stopped at the rural mobile residence of Harriet St. André, a distant cousin of Brown's, and sounded the car horn for ice to cool the drinks they were having. When the St. André woman came to the car, Brown forced her into the back seat at the point of Guillory's .22 caliber pistol. Thereafter they forced her to have oral and vaginal sex with them. Guillory finally shot her three times in the head, and they left her nude body on a small bridge on a rural road in Acadia Parish.
Assignment 1: In his opening statement explaining the charge the prosecutor stated that Guillory killed the victim during the perpetration of an aggravated rape. Defense counsel objected to what he considered to be. a reference to another crime. He argued that the charge against Guillory made no mention of aggravated rape, merely that he committed second degree murder of Harriet St. André. He moved for a mistrial, relying upon Article 770(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which mandates a mistrial when the district attorney refers to "[ajnother crime committed or alleged to have been committed by the defendant as to which evidence is not admissible." The motion for a mistrial was denied. The ruling is assigned as error. The ruling was correct.
Evidence of aggravated rape, which may ordinarily be considered as a crime separate from second degree murder, assumes a different classification in this context and is admissible in this case as an essential element of the crime of second degree murder. Article 30.1 of the Criminal Code, in effect on May 25, 1977, has the effect of giving aggravated rape that status:
"Second degree murder is the killing of a human being when the offender is engaged in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of aggravated rape, aggravated arson, aggravated burglary, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated escape, armed robbery, or simple robbery, even though he has no intent to kill . . ."
There is therefore no merit to this defense contention. If defense counsel is complaining that he did not know aggravated rape was an element of this offense, a bill of particulars was obtainable to acquire this information. La.Code of Crim.Pro. arts. 480, 484-485.
Assignment 2: Over a defense objection, the trial judge allowed the State to introduce a series of four photographs depicting the victim, a black woman, lying naked on the bridge in what may be a pool of blood. The photographs are in black and white. What appears to be a bullet wound on the victim's forehead is seen on some of the photographs.
While the photographs are indeed sordid and undoubtedly did evoke compassion for the victim, this effect does not outweigh their probative value. These photographs prove the corpus delicti, and the victim's nude and wounded body corroborates the State's theory that an aggravated rape was perpetrated in connection with the killing, important elements of the crime charged. They were therefore relevant and admissible. State v. Matthews, 354 So.2d 552 (La.1978).
Assignment 3: Prior to trial the State notified the defendant that the State intended to introduce confessions or inculpa-tory statements of Guillory, copies of which had been furnished to the accused or were. attached to the notice. Only two of these statements are involved here, one given on May 26,1977 in which defendant denied any implication in the offense, and one given May 28, 1977 wherein he admitted raping and shooting the victim.
The May 28, 1977 inculpatory statement was introduced by the State. When defendant sought to establish the existence of the May 26, 1977 statement and introduce it into evidence, the State objected and the trial judge sustained the objection. The ruling is assigned as error.
The defendant first contends that to permit the State to choose one of the statements for introduction and not the other, which it has notified the defendant it will introduce, is erroneous.
In State v. Smith, 339 So.2d 829 (La. 1976), this Court held that the State is not bound, after an Article 768 notice, to introduce the confession or statement.
It is also argued by the defense that to introduce one of the contested statements and not the other is contrary to Section 450 of Title 15 of the Revised Statutes requiring that if a confession is used against a defendant it must be used in its entirety. The rule enunciated by that statute applies only to declarations made at one time or those having some connection with one another. State v. Cardinale, 251 La. 827, 206 So.2d 510 (1968). Here we find no connection whatever between the statements in question. They were not made at the same time and their content is entirely different. State v. Gunter, 30 La.Ann. 536 (1878). One springs from a motive of self-interest and is exculpatory, while the other is a confession inculpating the defendant, an exactly opposite and different statement. State v. Johnson, 35 La.Ann. 968 (1883). See also State v. Rutledge, 37 La. Ann. 378 (1885).
There is, moreover, another sound reason for not permitting the defendant to introduce his pretrial self-serving exculpatory statement. By doing so he would, in effect, bring his statements before the jury without subjecting himself to cross-examination.
This assignment is without merit.
Assignment 4: Defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing the introduction of a statement made after he had been administered a voice stress analyzer test.
The test was administered to defendant two days before he gave the statement of May 28, 1977 and confessed to the shooting and rape. Although the deputy who administered the voice stress analyzer test did not give the Miranda warnings to defendant, he did read a statement to defendant to the effect that he was taking the test voluntarily, which defendant signed. Defendant was never given information concerning the results of the test which would influence him to confess.
Two days after the test was administered, defendant was advised of his rights and the predicate for the introduction of the confession was to the effect that the confession was free and voluntary. At no time were the results of the test used to induce defendant to confess. The contention here is without merit.
Assignment 5: After a state witness was examined by the prosecutor and cross-examined by the defense during the State's presentation of its case, the defense later recalled the witness and attempted to examine him as under cross-examination when Guillory's defense was being presented. The trial judge refused to permit the witness to be recalled and examined by defense counsel except as a defense witness. Defendant argues this ruling denied him the right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him. La.Const. art. 1, § 16.
Once a witness has been examined and cross-examined as a state witness, the right of the defendant to recall the witness in the presentation of his defense is subject to the limitation that the recall places the witness in the position as though he had never been called before in the case. He then becomes a defense witness. See State v. Banks, 362 So.2d 540 (La.1978); State v. Frizzell, 273 So.2d 831 (La.1973).
The right to recall a witness for further cross-examination under this rule is only varied in the exercise of the sound discretion of the trial judge. State v. Simmons, 340 So.2d 1357 (La.1976). There is no abuse of that discretion here.
The witness involved was the husband of the victim. He was recalled by defense counsel without having reserved the right during the State's case in chief to recall the witness under cross-examination and without announcing that he was being recalled on cross-examination. The prosecutor was unaware that the' witness was under cross-examination by defense counsel because his entire testimony on recall was consistent with his testimony as a witness for the State. It was not until defense counsel sought to impeach the witness that an objection was made. The objection was based upon the rule that one may not impeach his own witness unless taken by surprise or upon a showing of hostility, and then the impeachment is limited to prior inconsistent statements. La.Rev.Stat. 15:487, 488. None of these conditions were present here and defendant was properly denied the right to impeach his own witness.
For the reasons assigned the conviction and sentence are affirmed.
DENNIS, J., concurs.
CALOGERO, J., dissents. A/E # 3 has merit.
TATE, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
. Brown's conviction and sentence for manslaughter arising out of this same episode was affirmed by this Court on April 9, 1979 in State v. Brown, 370 So.2d 525.
. La.Code Crim.Pro. art. 768:
"If the state intends to introduce a confession or inculpatory statement in evidence, it shall so advise the defendant in writing prior to beginning the state's opening statement. If it fails to do so a confession or inculpatory statement shall not be admissible in evidence."