Case Name: BARRETT v. THE STATE
Court: Supreme Court of Georgia
Jurisdiction: Georgia
Decision Date: 1993-11-22
Citations: 263 Ga. 533
Docket Number: S93A0719
Parties: BARRETT v. THE STATE.
Judges: All the Justices concur, except Hunt, P. J., Hunstein and Carley, JJ., who concur specially.
Reporter: Georgia Reports
Volume: 263
Pages: 533–539

Head Matter:
S93A0719.
BARRETT v. THE STATE.
(436 SE2d 480)

Opinion:
Fletcher, Justice.
Louis Barrett, Jr. appeals from his convictions for the felony and the malice murder of his common-law wife, Janice Gibbons. We affirm the malice murder conviction.
1. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
2. Barrett contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence concerning purported prior difficulties between himself and the deceased when the state had not first complied with Uniform Superior Court Rules 31.1 and 31.3. We agree.
In recent years, we have focused considerable attention on the use of prior act evidence, whether that evidence has taken the form of prior acts involving the accused and the victim (prior difficulties) or prior acts involving the accused but not involving the victim (independent/extrinsic/other/similar acts/transactions/occurrences) . The renewed attention which we have addressed to this type of evidence has been in response to an increased use of such evidence in criminal prosecutions and to the fact that, while we were observing such evi dence being offered and introduced with greater frequency, all too often there was very little prior analysis as to its admissibility.
We have also tried to more carefully and more thoroughly enunciate the law with respect to this type of evidence in order to assist both the bench and the bar in how to approach this type of evidence. Accord Loggins v. State, 260 Ga. 1 (2) (388 SE2d 675) (1990); Hamilton v. State, 260 Ga. 3 (2) (b) (ii) (389 SE2d 225) (1990); Chastain v. State, 260 Ga. 789 (3) (400 SE2d 329) (1991); Stephens v. State, 261 Ga. 467 (6) (405 SE2d 483) (1991); Edwards v. State, 261 Ga. 509, 510-511 (406 SE2d 79) (1991) (Benham and Smith, JJ., dissenting); Williams v. State, 261 Ga. 640 (2) (409 SE2d 649) (1991); Gilstrap v. State, 261 Ga. 798 (1) (410 SE2d 423) (1991); Kemp v. State, 261 Ga. 804 (2) (411 SE2d 711) (1992); Maxwell v. State, 262 Ga. 73 (2) (414 SE2d 470) (1992); Ward v. State, 262 Ga. 293 (2) (417 SE2d 130) (1992); Edwards v. State, 262 Ga. 470 (2) (422 SE2d 424) (1992) (see also this author's special concurrence to Div. 2 of Edwards, 262 Ga. at 472-473); Kerlin v. State, 262 Ga. 497 (2) (422 SE2d 183) (1992).
All prior act evidence, whether the prior act involves the accused and the victim or the accused but not the victim, is inherently prejudicial because it raises an inference that an accused who acted in a certain manner on one occasion is more likely to have committed the crime for which he is on trial. As a result, unless there is a reason for the introduction of such evidence, apart from the raising of that inference, prior act evidence will be inadmissible because evidence of the accused's character is not admissible unless and until the accused puts his character in evidence. McCormick on Evidence, 4th Edition, § 190.
There are a number of legitimate reasons for the introduction of prior act evidence, all of which involve some sort of probative connection between the crime charged and the prior act. A non-exhaustive list of what prior act evidence might demonstrate includes: that the crime charged is one in a series of mutually dependent crimes (the antique automobile-bank robbery example contained in footnote 2); guilty knowledge on the part of the accused; the identity of the person who has committed the crime charged; prior attempts by the accused to commit the same crime against the victim of the crime charged; that the crime charged was not committed accidentally as is contended by the accused; the motive for the crime charged; and the requisite specific intent for the crime charged. Cawthon v. State, 119 Ga. 395, 409 (46 SE 897) (1904); McCormick, supra.
However, without some sort of probative connection between the prior act and the crime charged, the prejudicial nature of the prior act evidence will outweigh its probative value. As a result, the party seeking to introduce such evidence is required to demonstrate, among other things, the probative connection before he is allowed to mention the prior act in the presence of a jury.
As we have held in Loggins, 260 Ga. 1 (2); Hamilton, 260 Ga. 3 (2) (b) (ii); and Maxwell, 262 Ga. 73 (2); compliance with Uniform Superior Court Rules 31.1 and 31.3 for all prior acts, those involving the accused and the victim as well as those involving the accused but not the victim, is mandatory. That compliance ensures that, at a hearing outside of the presence of the jury, either prior to trial or prior to any mention of such evidence before the jury, the party offering the prior act evidence must show and the court must affirmatively find: (a) that there is sufficient evidence that such an act occurred; (b) that the party offering the evidence has an appropriate purpose for seeking its introduction into evidence and is not seeking to try and show that, because of an unconnected act in the accused's past, the accused should be convicted of the present charge; and (c) that there is a sufficient probative connection between the crime charged and the prior act to justify admission of the prior act into evidence. Williams, 261 Ga. at 642.
As a result of the compliance with Rules 31.1 and 31.3, all of these questions are resolved prior to any mention of prior act evidence before the jury. In this fashion, the trial court ensures that those prior acts of which there is not sufficient evidence, which are being offered for an inappropriate purpose, or which do not have a sufficient probative connection to the crimes charged, will not be mentioned in the presence of the jury, thereby preventing any unnecessary prejudice to the accused from such inadmissible evidence. In addition, the trial court ensures that the accused is put on notice of those instances of prior acts which are deemed to be relevant to the crime charged and of why a prior act is deemed to be relevant.
Because of the state's failure to comply with Rules 31.1 and 31.3 of the Uniform Superior Court Rules, the trial court erred when it allowed the state to introduce evidence concerning prior acts involving Barrett and the deceased. However, we hold that in light of the overwhelming evidence against Barrett, it is highly probable that the admission of the evidence in question did not contribute to the verdict. Johnson v. State, 238 Ga. 59 (230 SE2d 869) (1976).
3. Barrett argues that the trial court erred in permitting the state to introduce a videotape of the crime scene. He maintains that the audio portion of the videotape, which was narrated by the police officer who made the videotape, was prejudicial and misleading. However, we have not been provided with a transcript of the audio portion, with the videotape itself, or with any explanation of why the audio portion was prejudicial and misleading. As a result, we have nothing to review.
4. We have reviewed the remaining enumerations of error and hold that Barrett has presented no grounds entitling him to a new trial.
5. Because the felony murder charge stands vacated by operation of OCGA § 16-1-7, Barrett's conviction and sentence for felony murder must be vacated.
Judgment affirmed with direction.
All the Justices concur, except Hunt, P. J., Hunstein and Carley, JJ., who concur specially.
The incident giving rise to this case occurred on July 7, 1990. Appellant was indicted on November 30, 1990 and was tried beginning on February 11, 1991. Appellant was convicted and sentenced on February 14,1991. A motion for new trial was filed on March 7,1991 and was denied on August 8,1991. On August 13, 1992, an out of time appeal was granted in response to a habeas petition filed by appellant. On February 11,1993, the case was docketed in this court and, on March 26, 1993, was submitted for decision without oral argument.
Although the Uniform Superior Court Rules use the term "similar transactions or occurrences" that label is really too narrow for the type of evidence that may be admissible under this particular exception to the rule that character evidence is not admissible against the accused until the accused first puts his character in evidence. In fact, prior acts of the accused that are not similar to the charge for which the accused is being tried may be admissible under this exception where there is a sufficient connection between the prior act and the present charge. For example, if the accused had been identified as the individual seen breaking into and driving off in a very distinct antique automobile, although the theft of that automobile is in no way similar to a bank robbery, the theft of the antique automobile might be relevant to the bank robbery if the same antique automobile was used as the getaway car in the bank robbery. In those circumstances, there would be a probative connection between the two incidents whereby proof that the accused was seen breaking into and driving away in the antique automobile tends to establish that the accused is the individual who robbed the bank. From the above, it can be seen that the language of Uniform Superior Court Rule 31 should be clarified in order to more accurately reflect the character evidence exception that such rule embodies.
Anything to the contrary in Div. 1 of Rainwater v. State, 256 Ga. 271 (347 SE2d 586) (1986) or in Div. 2 of Towns v. State, 260 Ga. 423 (396 SE2d 215) (1990) is overruled.