Case Name: LA RÉUNION AÉRIENNE, Plaintiff, v. SOCIALIST PEOPLE'S LIBYAN ARAB JARMAHIRIYA, et al., Defendants
Court: United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2011-12-14
Citations: 867 F. Supp. 2d 30
Docket Number: Civil Action 05-1932(RCL)
Parties: LA RÉUNION AÉRIENNE, Plaintiff, v. SOCIALIST PEOPLE’S LIBYAN ARAB JARMAHIRIYA, et al., Defendants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 867
Pages: 30–33

Head Matter:
LA RÉUNION AÉRIENNE, Plaintiff, v. SOCIALIST PEOPLE’S LIBYAN ARAB JARMAHIRIYA, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action 05-1932(RCL).
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
Dec. 14, 2011.
Christopher Burgess Kende, Cozen O’Connor, New York, NY, for Plaintiff.
Christopher M. Curran, Francis A. Vasquez, Jr., Nicole Erb, White & Case LLP, Washington, DC, for Defendants.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM OPINION
ROYCE C. LAMBERTH, Chief Judge.
Plaintiff La Réunion Aérienne, a French partnership representing the interests of a group of insurance companies, brings this action against six high-ranking Libyan government officials in their personal capacities (collectively, the "individual defendants"). Plaintiff seeks to recover payments it made to compensate victims' estates and families for losses arising from the explosion of Union des Transports Aeriens Flight 722 on September 19, 1989. Before the Court is the United States' Supplemental Statement of Interest [Dkt. # 58], which, in essence, asks the Court to reconsider the ruling that plaintiffs claims could proceed against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. Upon consideration of the United States' Supplemental Statement of Interest, the opposition thereto, and the record of the case, the Court concludes that the pending claims against the individual defendants sued in their personal capacities should be dismissed.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 4, 2008, the Libyan Claims Resolution Act was signed into law. It was enacted in order to "provide fair compensation to all nationals of the United States who have terrorism-related claims against Libya through a comprehensive settlement of claims by such nationals pursuant to an international agreement between the United States and Libya as a part of restoring normal relations between Libya and the United States." Pub.L. No. 110-301, § 3, 122 Stat. 2999, 2999 (2008). As part of that settlement, the Act eliminates private causes of action against Libya and its officials. See id. § 5(a)(1)(B), 122 Stat. at 3000-01.
On August 14, 2008, shortly after the passage of the Act, Libya and the United States signed an agreement to "terminate permanently all pending suits . and . preclude any future suits" in the courts of the United States or Libya arising from terrorist acts that occurred prior to June 30, 2006. See Claims Settlement Agreement Between the United States of America and the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, art. I (Aug. 14, 2008). The Claims Settlement Agreement terminates all suits against either country "or its agencies or instrumentalities, or against officials, employees, or agents thereof (whether such officials, employees, or agents are sued in an official and/or personal capacity)." Id.
After the United States government received the necessary settlement funds, President George W. Bush signed an Executive Order stating that "[cjlaims of United States nationals within the terms of Article I . are settled according to the terms of the Claims Settlement Agreement." Exec. Order No. 13,477, § 1 (2008). The Order further declares that "[n]o United States national may assert or maintain any claim within the terms of Article I in any forum, domestic or foreign, except under the procedures provided for by the Secretary of State" and that "[a]ny pending suit in any court . by United States nationals . coming within the terms of Article I shall be terminated." Id. § l(a)(iii).
On April 21, 2009, the United States filed a "Statement of Interest" [Dkt. # 54] in this ease arguing that the Libyan Claims Resolution Act eliminated this Court's jurisdiction over plaintiffs claims. In light of the United States' submission, the Honorable Henry H. Kennedy, Jr. ordered plaintiff to show cause why this case should not be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction [Dkt. # 55]. Plaintiff filed its response [Dkt. # 56], contending that the Act did not require the Court to dismiss the claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. On July 2, 2009, Judge Kennedy dismissed the claims against the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Libyan External Security Organization, and the individual defendants in their official capacities, but agreed with plaintiff that the Act did not require dismissal of the claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. See Order of July 2, 2009 [Dkt. # 57]. The United States now asks for reconsideration of that ruling.
II. ANALYSIS
The United States makes two arguments as to why this Court should dismiss plaintiffs claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. First, it argues, as it did in its original Statement of Interest, that the terms of the Act deprive plaintiff of a cause of action against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. With regard to that argument, the Court stands by the ruling that the Act does not, by itself, require dismissal of these claims. See Order of July 2, 2009.
Next, the United States contends that the Claims Settlement Agreement and the Executive Order mandate dismissal of the claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. It points to the terms of the Claims Settlement Agreement, which expressly contemplates the settlement of claims against Libyan officials sued in their personal capacities. See Claims Settlement Agreement, art. I (terminating all lawsuits against Libya "or against officials, employees, or agents thereof (whether such officials, employees, or agents are sued in an official and/or personal capacity)") (emphasis added); see also Exec. Order No. 13,477, § 1 ("All claims within the terms of Article I of the Claims Settlement Agreement . are settled."). In response, plaintiff argues, in effect, that the President did not have the power to settle such claims without explicit congressional authorization. This objection is unavailing.
It is " 'indisputable' " that " 'the President's control of foreign relations includes the settlement of claims.' " Am. Ins. Ass'n v. Garamendi, 539 U.S. 396, 415, 123 S.Ct. 2374, 156 L.Ed.2d 376 (2003) (quoting United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203, 240, 62 S.Ct. 552, 86 L.Ed. 796 (1942) (Frankfurter, J., concurring)); see also Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 333 F.3d 228, 235 (D.C.Cir.2003) ("The authority of the President to settle claims of American nationals through executive agreements is clear."). Although most of the cases establishing this power have involved claims against foreign governments, see, e.g., Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 U.S. 654, 679-83, 101 S.Ct. 2972, 69 L.Ed.2d 918 (1981); United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203, 230, 62 S.Ct. 552, 86 L.Ed. 796 (1942); United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324, 330-31, 57 S.Ct. 758, 81 L.Ed. 1134 (1937), the Supreme Court has said that its claims-settlement cases endorse "the making of executive agreements to settle civil claims between American citizens and . foreign nationals." Medellin v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491, 531, 128 S.Ct. 1346, 170 L.Ed.2d 190 (2008); see also Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 415-16, 123 S.Ct. 2374 (upholding the settlement of claims against foreign corporations). This is a sensible interpretation of well-established doctrine, because "[w]hile a sharp line between public and private acts works for many purposes in the domestic law, insisting on the same line in defining the legitimate scope of the Executive's international negotiations would hamstring the President in settling international controversies." Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 416, 123 S.Ct. 2374. The Court must therefore reject plaintiffs argument that the President lacked the authority to settle claims against Libyan officials in their personal capacities.
The purpose of the Claims Settlement Agreement was to "further the process of normalization of relations" between the United States and Libya. See Claims Settlement Agreement at 1; see also Exec. Order No. 13,477 (same). The agreement therefore fell squarely within the President's foreign relations powers, and President Bush had the authority to settle the claims of American nationals against Libya and its officials without any authorization from Congress. See Dames & Moore, 453 U.S. at 679, 101 S.Ct. 2972 (noting the "longstanding practice of settling [ ] claims by executive agreement" when such claims are "sources of friction" between two sovereigns); Pink, 315 U.S. at 230, 62 S.Ct. 552 (upholding the President's prerogative to settle claims where such claims posed an "obstacle" to the "rehabilitation of relations between this country and another nation"). He did so. This Court must therefore dismiss the present action.
III. CONCLUSION
Because the Claims Settlement Agreement and the Executive Order operate to terminate suits against Libya's "officials, employees, [and] agents . sued in [their] . personal capacity," the Court must dismiss the claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. An appropriate order accompanies this memorandum.
. Plaintiff's claims against the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Libyan External Security Organization, Muammar Qadhafi in his official capacity as Libya's head of state, and the six Libyan government officials in their official capacities were previously dismissed. See Order of July 2, 2009 [Dkt. # 57] at 2.
. Although the United States's Supplemental Statement of Interest is not titled as a motion, it requests reconsideration of the order of July 2, 2009. Accordingly, the Court will treat the United States' filing as a motion to alter or amend a judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e).