Case Name: NATIONS v. STATE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1922-02-15
Citations: 237 S.W. 570
Docket Number: No. 6408
Parties: NATIONS v. STATE.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 237
Pages: 570–571

Head Matter:
NATIONS v. STATE.
(No. 6408.)
(Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Feb. 15, 1922.)
1. Witnesses <§=392(2) — State entitled to have whole of, contradictory written statement of witness admitted.
Where part of a written statement made by state’s witness, at variance with his testimony, was read to him on cross-examination, and he admitted having made the statement, the court properly permitted the state to introduce the whole statement in evidence, under Vernon’s Ann. Code Cr. Proc. 1916, art. 811.
2. Witnesses <§=>395, 414(2) — Prior statements of witness held admissible to support impeached testimony. -
When the attempt to discredit a witness advances to where it is in evidence that he has made statements at other times and places variant from his testimony, or that he has been approached by influences claimed to be corruptive and which affect his testimony, he may be supported by the introduction of statements made by him. similar ■ to his testimony, and which were made before the approach of such corruptive influence, or before the making of the statements offered to impeach. -
3. Witnesses <§=>41 — Unvacated judgment of lunacy does not render witness incompetent.
A party objecting to a witness on the ground of insanity must show him to be insane at the time he is offered as a witness or at the time of the occurrence about which he is called to testify, and the mere fact that there exists an unvacated judgment adjudging him to be a lunatic will not suffice to reject his testimony, under Vernon’s Ann. Code Cr. Proc. 1916, art. 788.
4. Witnesses <§=>77, 78, 79(3) — Saneness of witness is a question for court and may be determined by a voir dire examination or declarations of others.
Where offer of witness is objected to on the ground of insanity, the competency of the witness is primarily for the decision of the trial court, whose judgment thereon may be arrived at by a voir dire examination of the witness himself, or from what may be said of his mental condition by others.
Appeal from District' Court, Kaufman County; Joel R. Bond, Judge.
Z. L. Nations was convicted of aggravated assault, and appeals.
Affirmed.
Wynne & Wynne, of Kaufman, for appellant.
H. R. Young, Co. Atty., of Kaufman, and R. G. Storey, Asst. Atty. .Gen., for the State

Opinion:
LATT1MORE, J.
Appellant was convicted in the district court of Kaufman county of am aggravated assault, and his punishment fixed at one year in the county jail. Appellant was placed upon trial for murder, and under a charge submitting aggravated assault in addition to the various degrees of murder was found guilty as stated. All the complaints made before this court are of the introduction of certain evidence.
B. G. Adams was a state witness. On cross-examination appellant brought out the fact that this witness had made statements at other times and. places at variance with those now made by him. Part of a written statement theretofore made by said witness was read to him by appellant, and he admitted having, made such statement. The whole of said statement was then offered by the state, to which appellant objected. It was admissible. Article 811, Vernon's C. C. P., pointedly says that, when any part of an act, declaration, conversation, or writing is given in evidence by.one party, the whole on the same subject may be introduced by the other party. Davis v. State, 85 Tex. Cr. R. 15, 209 5. W. 749.
Other matters affecting the truthful ness of the testimony of this witness were also gone into on such cross-examination. A strong effort was made to get said witness to admit that he had made a trade with the state's attorney, by which immunity from prosecution was promised said witness as a reward for testifying .for the state. Appellant introduced part of the testimony of said witness as given at a former trial, from which it appeared that he then admitted having told several people a story of the killing favorable to the accused, to which he adhered until, as he then admitted, he had made a trade-with the county attorney to testify against appellant in consideration that he should not himself be prosecuted. As rebutting the inference of falsehood in his testimony, arising from such cross-examination and evidence, the state introduced a written statement made by said witness soon after this alleged homicide, which written statement agreed- with his evidence in chief on the instant trial. The rule seems to be that, when the attempt to discredit a witness advances to where it is in evidence that he has made statements at other times and places variant from his testimony now given, or that he has been approached by influences claimed to be corruptive and which affect his testimony now given, he may be supported by the introduction of statements made by him similar to those now given, and which were made before the approach of such cor-ruptive influence, or before the making of the statements offered to impeach. Marable v. State, 87 Tex. Cr. R. 28, 219 S. W. 455; Armstrong v. State, 86 Tex. Cr. R. 444, 216 S. W. 1098; Branch's Ann. P. C. § 181.
The state introduced one Judy as a witness. The jury were withdrawn, and it was developed that said witness had been adjudged insane in Hunt county and sent to the insane asylum at Terrell in March, 1920. On August 3, 1920, said witness was paroled, and had been allowed to go at large since said time. Thereupon appellant objected .to the reception of any evidence from said witness, on the ground that he was incompetent to testify so long as the -judgment of conviction of lunacy remained in force, and until it was shown that such witness had been discharged from said asylum as cured. The bill of exceptions presenting this matter is qualified by the trial court's statement that when, this witness was tendered by the state he was shown in limine to be in a sane condition at that time. The record also contains the testimony of Dr. Menefee, one of the physicians at the North Texas Hospital for the Insane at Terrell, who testified to his personal knowledge and treatment of the witness Judy, and to his mental condition at the time of the alleged homicide and qf the trial, and that at such times said witness was a sane man. • Reference to article 788, Vernon's O. O. P'., makes it appear that, in ox-der to be shown incompetent for the reason here urged, the party objecting to a witness must show him to be insane at the time he is offered as such witness, or that he was insane at the time of the occurrence about which he is called to testify. That there exists an unvacated judgment adjudging the offered witness a lunatic will not suffice to reject his testimony was held by us in Singleton v. State, 57 Tex. Cr. R. 560, 124 S. W. 92.
It is true that the lunacy judgment in said case was rendered six years anterior to the time of the testifying of the witness, while in the' instant case such judgment was rendered only about a year prior thereto; but the question of competency, in so far as it relates to the mental capacity of the offered witness, is to be decided on his then mental condition, and is primarily for the decision of the trial court, whose judgment thereon may be arrived at by a voir dire examination of the witness himself, or from what may be said of his mental condition by others. In the Singleton Case, supra, we referred to the fact that the court below, from his explanation to the bill of exceptions, appeared to have satisfied himself that a witness formerly adjudged insane had recovered his mental balance and was sane and competent to give an intelligent account of the matter about which he was called. In 40 Oye. p. 2240, the rule is laid down that as to such witness his competency may be made to appear by a voir dire examination or by outside evidence. We find ourselves unable to uphold appellant's objection to the testimony of witness Judy. We further observe that the testimony of said witness, as same appears in the record, is devoid of anything remotely reflecting an unbalanced mind. Prom what we have said, it follows, in our opinion, there was no error in allowing Dr. Menefee to testify to the sanity of said witness Judy at the time he was offered as a witness,, and also at the time of the occurrence of the alleged homicide.
This disposes of the errors here presented, and, finding none for which a reversal should be ordered, the judgment of the lower court will be affirmed.
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