Case Name: STATE of Louisiana v. Billy HOUSE
Court: Louisiana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Louisiana
Decision Date: 1975-12-08
Citations: 325 So. 2d 222
Docket Number: No. 56565
Parties: STATE of Louisiana v. Billy HOUSE.
Judges: SANDERS, C. J., concurs.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 325
Pages: 222–227

Head Matter:
STATE of Louisiana v. Billy HOUSE.
No. 56565.
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
Dec. 8, 1975.
Rehearing Denied Jan. 16, 1976.
Dissenting Opinion Jan. 26, 1976.
See also 325 So.2d 227.
William E. Woodward, Clinton, for defendant-appellant.
William J. Guste, Jr., Atty. Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. Atty. Gen., Leon A. Picou, Jr., Dist. Atty., Cynthia Picou Bran-ton, Asst. Dist. Atty., for plaintiff-appellee.

Opinion:
DIXON, Justice.
Billy House was convicted of possession of marijuana with the intent to distribute in violation of R.S. 40:966(A). The conviction was by a jury, on January 13, 1975. Defendant was sentenced to ten years at hard labor, which was set aside after the filing of a multiple bill; he was subsequently sentenced as a fourth offender to one hundred years at hard labor.
On appeal, defendant relies on four assignments of error. We find merit in Assignment No. 3.
At the close of the State's case, defendant moved for a directed verdict of acquit tal, arguing that the State had introduced no evidence of intent to distribute marijuana. The motion for a directed verdict was overruled.
Defendant was an inmate at Angola at the time of this offense. He was employed as an electrician, and, along with a fellow inmate, was taken in a pickup truck from a pickup point to the prison electric shop, Joe Matthews, a maintenance employee at the penitentiary, drove the truck and supervised the work.
After a brief stop at the electric shop, defendant, another inmate and Matthews proceeded to one of the buildings which housed penitentiary employees and removed an electrical motor from an attic fan. Matthews then drove to a store on the prison grounds, where he bought a pack of cigarettes, then proceeded toward the electric shop. The truck reached a roadblock manned by penitentiary personnel, who searched defendant. A cellophane package containing about one gram of marijuana, mainly seeds and stems, was found in House's pocket. He was carried into a nearby building, stripped and searched. One marijuana cigarette was found in his watch pocket; twenty marijuana cigarettes were found in his boot.
Although searched, no other contraband was found on the pickup truck, or on the other occupants of the truck, except (as brought out on a motion for a new trial) for $5.00 on the person of one of the other inmates.
Except for the facts recited above, there was no evidence in the record which might tend to prove that the defendant possessed the marijuana "with intent to . . . distribute, or dispense a controlled dangerous substance . . . ' '
The relevant statutory references to intent are:
"Criminal intent may be specific or general :
"(1) Specific criminal intent is that state of mind which exists when the circumstances indicate that the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act.
"(2) General criminal intent is present whenever there is specific intent, and also when the circumstances indicate that the offender, in the ordinary course of human experience, must have adverted to the prescribed criminal consequences as reasonably certain to result from his act or failure to act." R.S. 14:10.
"The definitions of some crimes require a specific criminal intent, while in others no intent is required. Some crimes consist merely of criminal negligence that produces criminal consequences. However, in the absence of qualifying provisions, the terms 'intent' and 'intentional' have reference to 'general criminal intent.'" R.S. 14:11.
The reporter's comment explaining R.S. 14:11 is:
"Mental element:
"This section amplifies the three preceding sections, and makes it perfectly clear that the required mental element varies with varying crimes. In some crimes, particularly criminal attempts, 'specific intent' is required. In still others, such as negligent homicide, only 'criminal negligence' is necessary.
"The definitions of the great bulk of the crimes in the Code, however, state that there must be an 'intentional' production of certain prescribed consequences (for example, 'Aggravated arson is the intentional damaging or setting fire to any structure '). However, in some crimes the production of certain consequences plus a specific intent to produce or accomplish some prescribed consequences is necessary (for example, 'Forgery is the false making or altering, with intent to defraud, of any signature '). Such an intent is a 'specific intent.'
"The concluding sentence of this section indicates that when the term 'intentional' or 'intent' is used alone without modification, it refers to 'general criminal intent' as defined in the preceding section."
R.S. 15:445 and R.S. 15:446 are concerned with the proof of intent:
"In order to show intent, evidence is admissible of similar acts, independent of the act charged as a crime in the indictment, for though intent is a question of fact, it need not be proven as a fact, it may be inferred from the circumstances of the transaction." R.S. 15 :445.
"When knowledge or intent forms an essential part of the inquiry, testimony may be offered of such acts, conduct or declarations of the accused as tend to establish such knowledge or intent and where the offense is one of a system, evidence is admissible to prove the continuity of the offense, and the commission of similar offenses for the purpose of showing guilty knowledge and intent, but not to prove the offense charged." R.S. 15:446.
Part of the "circumstances of the transaction" is the quantity of the substance involved. In some cases, the quantity involved may be so large that it would be unreasonable to contend that its possession was with any other purpose than to distribute. This court recently ruled that the possession of a quantity of marijuana sufficient for the manufacture of six hundred cigarettes was sufficient to infer from that circumstance that the defendant possessed with the intent to distribute. State v. Sibley, 310 So.2d 100 (La.1975).
Cases from other jurisdictions, in which the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to prove intent to distribute was raised, demonstrate that possession of large quantities of marijuana constitutes evidence of intent to distribute. In State v. Boyd, 224 N.W.2d 609 (Iowa 1974), thirty-three pounds of marijuana along with packaging equipment usually associated with the sale and delivery of the material was sufficient evidence of intent. In State v. Bowers, 87 N.M. 74, 529 P.2d 300 (1974), two hundred forty-six pounds of marijuana, along with evidence of activities compatible with distribution, was sufficient evidence of intent to distribute. A quantity sufficient to manufacture seventeen thousand cigarettes justified an inference of intent to distribute in State v. Gedko, 63 Wis.2d 644, 218 N.W.2d 249 (1974). In Daygee v. State, 514 P.2d 1159 (Alaska 1973), fifteen pounds of marijuana, scales and bags were held evidence probative of intent to sell.
In State v. Sullivan, 190 Neb. 621, 211 N.W.2d 125 (1973), defendant was found in possession of twenty-nine "lids," enough marijuana for eight to nine hundred cigarettes. The court held:
"The evidence, although circumstantial and in dispute, presented a question for the trier of fact. The possession of a large quantity of a controlled substance packaged in a form customarily used for distribution will support an inference of possession with intent to distribute. . . " 211 N.W.2d 125, 126.
In State v. Turner, 192 Neb. 397, 222 N.W.2d 105 (1974), the court listed these factors as probative of possession with intent to distribute a controlled dangerous substance:
". . . Circumstantial evidence to establish that possession of a controlled substance was with intent to distribute or deliver may consist of the quantity of the substance, the equipment and supplies found with it; the place it was found; the manner of packaging; and the testimony of witnesses experienced and knowledgeable in the field. ." 222 N.W.2d 105, 106.
Some jurisdictions have rejected the contention that the intent to distribute can be inferred from quantity alone. Redden v. State, (Del.Supr.), 281 A.2d 490 (1971). In Perry v. State, 303 A,2d 658, 659 (Del.1973), that court said, in holding that growing, manicuring and transporting over seven pounds of marijuana justified an inference of intent to sell:
"Quantity and possession do not, standing alone, necessarily prove intent to sell, but must be considered with the attendant circumstances. . . . "
See also State v. Larko, 6 Conn. Cir. 564, 280 A.2d 153 (1971) and Commonwealth v. Ellis, 356 Mass. 574, 254 N.W.2d 408 (1970), where it was held that an inference drawn from possession, alone, invaded the prohibited realm of speculation and conjecture and could not support a conviction.
A similar problem to the one we face confronted the Idaho Supreme Court in State v. O'Mealey, 95 Idaho 202, 506 P.2d 99 (1973). In that case, the defendant was charged with, among other things, possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. The charge was based on his possession of 63.23 grams of marijuana, an amount greater than that found on the defendant in the instant case. In upholding a dismissal because of lack of evidence of intent, the court stated, in language particularly apt to the problem we face in the instant case:
"We turn now to the amount of marijuana discovered on the defendant's person or clothing, and whether such amount was more than that necessary for his personal use. Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding; First Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (1972), Appendix I, pp. 28-30, appears to indicate that the amount found in defendant's possession in this case could be reasonably expected to furnish approximately 126, 0.5 gram marijuana cigarettes. The Commission's report likewise would appear to indicate that a heavy marijuana user could utilize 70 marijuana cigarettes per week. We emphasize that the authorities furnish little if any conclusive knowledge one way or the other on the amounts of marijuana sutiable for personal consumption. Hence, it is crucial in a matter of this type that the State in its evidence furnish the lower court and this court with some purported evidence sufficient to reach a conclusion as to what amount of drugs may create a presumption of intent to deliver.
"In the absence of any statutory presumption, without any other evidence to corroborate defendant's intent to deliver, and without sufficient knowledge upon which to base judicial notice, we have no alternative but to find that the magistrate in this case abused his discretion in binding the defendant over for trial." 506 P.2d 99,102.
In the instant case, the State has shown only that (1) the defendant was in possession of twenty-one marijuana cigarettes and a small plastic bag containing seeds and stems and (2) the defendant traveled, with his supervisor, from living quarters to electric shop to other points on the prison grounds.
However, the State offered no evidence: (1) that the defendant ever distributed or attempted to distribute any marijuana; (2) that the marijuana was in a form usually associated with marijuana possessed for distribution to others; (3) that the amount was such as to create a presumption of intent to distribute; (4) of expert or other testimony that such an amount as found on the defendant is inconsistent with personal use only; and (5) of any paraphernalia, such as baggies or scales, evidencing an intent to distribute.
The trial judge's ruling on a motion for a directed verdict will be reversed only if we find, as a matter of law, that there is no evidence of an essential element of the offense in the record. State v. Ford, 315 So.2d 276 (La.1975); State v. Williams, 311 So.2d 850 (La.1975); State v. Douglas, 278 So.2d 485 (La.1973). There are at least two elements in the crime of possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. Obviously, one element is possession and the other is the intent to distribute. One element of the crime cannot, without more, be said to supply "some evidence" of the other required element of the offense. In a drunk driving case, evidence of drunkenness alone cannot be said to satisfy the absence of any evidence of driving.
We cannot say that mere possession is "some evidence" of possession of marijuana with the intent to distribute. We recognize that proof of intent nearly always rests on permissible inferences from the circumstances of the transaction; conjectural conclusions are not permitted. In the case before us there is no evidence from which the jury might legitimately infer that the possession, alone, of the marijuana was accompanied by the intent to distribute.
The motion for a directed verdict should have been granted. The conviction and sentence are set aside and the cause remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
SANDERS, C. J., concurs.
SUMMERS, J., dissents and will assign reasons.
BOLIN, J., dissents.