Case Name: UNITED STATES, Appellee v. Antonio SANCHEZ, Airman, U.S. Air Force, Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1996-07-12
Citations: 44 M.J. 174
Docket Number: No. 95-0008; CMR No. 30614
Parties: UNITED STATES, Appellee v. Antonio SANCHEZ, Airman, U.S. Air Force, Appellant.
Judges: Chief Judge COX concurs.
Reporter: West's Military Justice Reporter
Volume: 44
Pages: 174–183

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES, Appellee v. Antonio SANCHEZ, Airman, U.S. Air Force, Appellant.
No. 95-0008.
CMR No. 30614.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
Argued Oct. 13, 1995.
Decided July 12, 1996.
For Appellant: Captain Del Grissom (argued); Colonel Jay L. Cohen and Captain Michael L. McIntyre (on brief).
For Appellee: Colonel Jeffery T. Infelise (argued); Colonel Thomas E. Schlegel, Major LeEllen Coacher, Captain Timothy G. Buxton (on brief).
Amicus Curiae urging reversal: Nash Long and Joseph Watson, Jr. (2d-year Law Students) (argued); Charles Ogletree (on brief) — For Harvard Law School Federalist Society.

Opinion:
Opinion
CRAWFORD, Judge:
Contrary to his pleas, appellant was convicted of rape, in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 920. The convening authority approved the sentence of a dishonorable discharge, 36 months' confinement, partial forfeitures, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Military Review affirmed the findings and sentence. 40 MJ 782 (1994). We granted review on the following issue:
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED BY FINDING THE DEFENSE OFFER OF PROOF, REGARDING THE COMPLAINANT'S PRIOR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, TO BE INSUFFICIENT UNDER MIL.R.EVTD. 412(e)(2).
We hold that the offer of proof by defense counsel was insufficient to support admissibility under Mil.R.Evid. 412(b), Manual for Courts Martial, United States (1994 ed.). Thus, appellant was not entitled to a hearing under Mil.R.Evid. 412(c)(2).
FACTS
Appellant was "casual" friends with the victim, a female fellow servicemember. On several occasions, he talked and danced with her, and took her home from the Non-Commissioned Officers' (NCO) Club. Once, she had rejected his attempts "to have a relationship with" him, knowing he was married. In the early hours of May 2, 1992, appellant drove the victim from the NCO Club to her barracks. Appellant followed her into her room uninvited while still conversing with her. After a few moments of small talk, the victim suggested it was time for appellant to leave. Appellant instead locked the door, turned off the lights, and began to make sexual advances toward her. She pushed him away and told him that she was "going to take a shower" and that he should be gone when she finished. The victim entered the bathroom, locked the door, and took a show er. After dressing in a nightgown, underwear, and a bathrobe, she re-entered the room to find appellant still present. Before the victim could show appellant out of the door, he attacked her and removed her underwear as she struggled. Finally, he wrestled her on to her bed and raped her. After the rape was completed, appellant held the victim to his side until he fell asleep. She then called a male servicemember friend, Sergeant (Sgt) Brooks, and asked if she could come to his room. Thereafter, she left her room, went to his room, and told him that appellant would not leave her room. Sgt Brooks called the security police who apprehended appellant in the victim's room.
Trial defense counsel made a pretrial motion for admission of certain information regarding the victim's prior sexual history. Because it was not clear what evidence the defense wanted to admit, the judge asked for an offer of proof from the defense before he would rule. Trial defense counsel responded that their motion was based on an exception to Mil.R.Evid. 412, in that the evidence sought to be admitted was "constitutionally required." Counsel then stated that witnesses would be expected to testify as follows:
—The victim had engaged in "one-night" stands with five to ten other airmen and that 60%-80% of the time, the liaisons originated at the NCO Club.
—After such one-night stands, the victim would call friends and express remorse and doubts "about her own self-worth."
—The victim engaged in similar activity with Sgt Brooks within a week of the incident in question.
—The victim went to Sgt Brooks' barracks room after the incident for "solace" but "did not report the rape to him."
Counsel then stated that appellant would testify that he had taken the victim home on previous occasions and "they had kissed at the door." He would further testify that he and the victim had also had prior discussions regarding their attraction for each other. In response to her challenge earlier when she said that he was not ready for her yet, appellant said that, on the night in question, she said he was "ready for her."
Upon questioning by the judge, trial defense counsel confirmed that none of the proffered evidence included any allegations of rape. The judge also noted that the proffer was incomplete because there was no indication as to when the victim was reputed to have had the five to ten one-night stands. Counsel responded that they had occurred within the last 6 to 8 months.
The judge found that the defense had "made an insufficient showing" to satisfy "any constitutional requirement" for. admission of the evidence concerning other airmen. He found that the proffer as to how many one-night stands and where they originated was imprecise. Further, the judge found that the proffered evidence was focused on the victim's credibility and that credibility alone "does not flow well." Finally, the judge found that none of the information related to appellant's "understanding of the evening." The judge then stated that both the Government and the defense were free to raise the issue concerning this excluded evidence at a later point in the trial.
However, after considering the proffer regarding the prior relationship of appellant and the victim, the judge held that an inquiry into their relationship including "discussions of potential sexual activity" with each other was admissible. The judge also ruled that he would allow cross-examination of Sergeant Brooks concerning his relationship with the victim so as to establish any bias Brooks may have had.
Appellant appealed this issue to the Court of Military Review, which held that the judge had not abused his discretion "in finding the offer of proof insufficient." 40 MJ at 785. Specifically, that court found that the verbal offer was "vague and indefinite" and that there had been no prior similar claims of rape. The court also noted that the judge had correctly assessed the offer of proof without requiring a hearing of the evidence and that the judge had allowed both sides to raise the issue later in the trial. Id. at 784. Finally, the court noted that the only purpose for offering the evidence would have been to show either that the victim had consented on this occasion because she had consented before (with other men) or that the victim's "prior sexual acts cast doubt on her credibility"; holding neither purpose to be a valid reason for admission of the evidence. Id. at 785. We agree.
DISCUSSION
The issue in this case is admissibility of the past sexual behavior of the victim under Mil. R.Evid. 412. That rule is commonly called the "rape-shield" rule, but it really is a rape-victim shield rule because it is designed to protect a victim's privacy and thereby protect them from further trauma. Mil.R.Evid. 412 involves two key components: procedural rules and evidentiary rules. Mil.R.Evid. 412(c) sets forth the procedural rules, and Mil.R.Evid. 412(a) and (b) set forth the evidentiary rules.
Procedural Rules
As to the procedural rules, MU. R.Evid. 412(c)(2) requires an "offer of proof," commonly called a proffer. If this proffer "contains evidence" falling under one of the exceptions, "the military judge shall conduct a hearing . to determine if such evidence is admissible." The reason for the hearing, which may be closed, see Carlson and Ryan-Jones v. Smith, 43 MJ 402 (1995)(summary disposition), is to serve as a check on questionable proffers in order to protect victims and, if the evidence is eventually ruled inadmissible, to have a record for appeal. However, where the proffer is insufficient on its face, there is no requirement for a hearing. To require a hearing when the proffer has not met the threshold requirements for a hearing would undermine the rationale for MU.R.Evid. 412(a) and (b) — to protect victims against humiliating, embarrassing, and harassing questions. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1994 ed.) at A22-34; see, e.g., Tague v. Richards, 3 F.3d 1133, 1139 (7th Cir.1993). This prevents the hearing from being used as a discovery device by the proponent.
The proponent's rights are also protected because the proffer is not tested by direct and cross-examination, and all balancing under the Constitution or under the Rules of Evidence must be tilted in the proponent's favor. Thus, here we accept as true the factual assertions in appellant's proffer.
Evidentiary Rules
The evidentiary rules, Mil.R.Evid. 412(a) and (b), must be read in connection with other relevance rules in Section IV of the Military Rules of Evidence. Mil.R.Evid.. 401 and 402 provide that evidence which has "any. tendency to make the existence of any fact . more or less probable than it would be without the evidence" is legally relevant and admissible. United States v. Saipaia, 24 MJ 172, 175 (CMA 1987). Of course under Mil.R.Evid. 403, evidence which is both legally and logically relevant "may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of undue prejudice."
Further, even if evidence is admissible under Mil.R.Evid. 401 through 403, Mil.R.Evid. 412 operates as a rule to exclude "reputation or opinion evidence" unless it falls within one of that rule's three exceptions. These exceptions are as follows: (1) evidence offered by the accused to show that he "was not . the source of semen or injury"; (2) evidence of the victim's "past sexual behavior with the accused" when offered to show the victim's consent; or (3) evidence that "is constitutionally required to be admitted." Mil.R.Evid. 412(b), Manual, supra (1994 ed.).
In addition to protecting the victim from humiliating and embarrassing questions, Mil.R.Evid. 412 is also designed to preclude introduction of evidence as to the victim's reputation for chastity or evidence of specific sexual acts, unless those acts (Mil. R.Evid. 412(b)(2)(B)) are "constitutionally required to be admitted" (Mil.R.Evid. 412(b)(1)). Reputation evidence is based on what an individual has heard in a community. It may be the result of rumor, gossip, or forgotten incidents. A victim's reputation for lack of chastity is inadmissible. Prior to the rape-shield rules, "[djefense lawyers were permitted great latitude in bringing out intimate details about a rape victim's life. Such evidence quite often serves no real purpose and only results in embarrassment to the rape victim and unwarranted public intrusion into her private life." 124 Cong. Rec. 34912 (1978).
Sixth Amendment
The issue here is whether the excluded defense evidence "is constitutionally required to be admitted" under Mil.R.Evid. 412(b)(1).
The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides in pertinent part:
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . to be confronted with the witnesses against him; [and] to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor____
Application of this provision has been discussed by the Supreme Court and by this Court. See, e.g., United States v. Woolheater, 40 MJ 170, 173 (CMA 1994), citing numerous Supreme Court cases.
The Michigan "rape-shield" rule in Michigan v. Lucas, 500 U.S. 145, 150, 111 S.Ct. 1743, 1746-47, 114 L.Ed.2d 205 (1991), was recognized as a valid exercise of legislative power. Mil.R.Evid. 412, which is similar to the Michigan "rape-shield" rule, is likewise a valid exercise of Presidential power because the Supreme Court has said that "rape victims deserve heightened protection against surprise, harassment, and unnecessary invasions of privacy." 500 U.S. at 150, 111 S.Ct. at 1746-47. But, in determining admissibility, there must be a weighing of the probative value of the evidence against the interest of shielding the victim's privacy. "To the extent that it [a "rape-shield" rule] operates to prevent a criminal defendant from presenting relevant evidence, the defendant's ability to confront adverse witnesses and present a . defense is diminished. This does not necessarily render the statute unconstitutional." Id. at 149, 111 S.Ct. at 1746.
In Chambers v. Mississippi 410 U.S. 284, 98 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), the Court held that excluding another's confession to the same murder as charged was a violation of the Sixth Amendment. The Supreme Court reversed Chambers' conviction, emphasizing that the excluded evidence was "critical to Chambers' defense." Id. at 302, 93 S.Ct. at 1049; see also United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858, 867, 102 S.Ct. 3440, 3446, 73 L.Ed.2d 1193 (1982)(Evidence is "critical" if it is "relevant and material, and . vital to the defense."). In Chambers the Court noted that the testimony of McDonald, the person who confessed to the crime and then repudiated that confession, was an integral part of the prosecution's case. To prohibit the defendant from calling witnesses to whom McDonald had confessed to the very crime at issue undermined the defense's case. For this reason Chambers' conviction was reversed.
Likewise in Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347 (1974), the Court held that it was improper to prohibit Davis from attempting to cross-examine the prosecution's key witness (Green) concerning "possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives of the witness." Id. at 316, 94 S.Ct. at 1110. Davis had sought to impeach Green's character by showing that he was on probation and in effect had only identified Davis as the individual who committed the crime in order to shift blame away from himself. In essence, the Court recognized the role of truthfinding in criminal trials and asserted that this outweighed the state interest in an outdated common-law-voucher rule or in not revealing juvenile convictions.
In United States v. Gray, 40 MJ 77, 80 (1994), this Court recognized that there may be certain circumstances where there is a constitutional right to admission of evidence of the victim's past sexual behavior. This Court held in Gray that it was error not to admit evidence that the 9-year-old victim was sexually active. That evidence of previous sexual activity and the resulting knowledge beyond her years was constitutionally required to be admitted since it would explain her advances towards appellant and support his version of the facts.
There are a number of instances where the evidence would be constitutionally required, e.g., when the victim's sexual history shows a motive to fabricate the charge, United States v. Dorsey, 16 MJ 1, 4 (CMA 1983); or when "the rape charge might be used by the victim to explain her pregnancy, injury or, in the case of a minor, an all-night absence from home." F. Gilligan and F. Lederer, Court-Martial Procedure § 20-32.32(b) at 837 (1991)(footnotes omitted). Or, as in Olden v. Kentucky, 488 U.S. 227, 232, 109 S.Ct. 480, 483, 102 L.Ed.2d 513 (1988), evidence may be constitutionally required when the victim has a motive to testify falsely to explain to her boyfriend why she was with another individual. None of these reasons were present in appellant's proffer.
Instead, this case is similar to United States v. Greaves, 40 MJ 432 (CMA 1994), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 115 S.Ct. 907, 130 L.Ed.2d 790 (1995), in which then-Judge Cox stated that "it is clear that appellant wanted the court members to project, along with him, that O was in fact a prostitute or at least an extremely 'loose' woman." In Greaves, all appellant knew "was that O worked at a Japanese bar, dressed provocatively, and made good money." 40 MJ at 437. This was irrelevant to whether O had actually consented to sexual relations with Greaves.
CONCLUSION
Here, the defense proffered that, because of the victim's alleged one-night stands, she would have eonsensually engaged in sex with appellant. Simply because a woman consents to sexual relations with one person does not affect the probabilities that she consented to sexual relations with appellant. This proffer is precisely what the so-called "rape-shield" rule is designed to exclude. If more is added to the equation, however, such as prior acts of the alleged victim which closely resemble his version of what happened, then that evidence may be admitted. See, e.g., United States v. Jensen, 25 MJ 284 (CMA 1987).
Likewise, where the sexual conduct is so particularly unusual and distinctive as to verify the defendant's version, there will be a constitutional requirement to admit the evidence. Winfield v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 211, 301 S.E.2d 15, 19 (1983).
The evidence presented by the defense in its proffer did not "closely resemble" the acts in this case and was not unusual or distinctive. Thus, the evidence was not necessary, critical, or vital so as to constitutionally require admission under Mil.R.Evid. 412(b)(1).
We hold that the proffers concerning the five to ten one-night stands and a one-night stand with another individual were not constitutionally required to be admitted.
The decision of the United States Air Force Court of Military Review is affirmed.
Chief Judge COX concurs.
. See 41 MJ 213, 229 n. * (1994).
. We heard oral argument in this case at the Ames Courtroom, Austin Building, Harvard Law School, as part of our Outreach Program on October 13, 1995, without objection from the parties involved. See United States v. Raymond, 38 MJ 136, 137 n. 1 (CMA 1993).
. The current version of the Manual for Courts-Martial is the 1995 edition. It will be cited where it reflects the version of the cited provision applicable at trial. Where the 1995 edition contains a new version of a provision, the 1994 edition will be cited if it contains the applicable language. If neither the 1994 nor the 1995 edition contains the version applicable at trial, the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984 (Change 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) will be cited as applicable.
. The version of Mil.R.Evid. 412(c), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1994 ed.), in effect at the time of trial provided:
(1) If the person accused of committing a nonconsensual sexual offense intends to offer under subdivision (b) evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim's past sexual behavior, the accused shall serve notice thereof on the military judge and the trial counsel.
(2) The notice described in paragraph (1) shall be accompanied by an offer of proof. If the military judge determines that the offer of proof contains evidence described in subdivision (b), the military judge shall conduct a hearing, which may be closed, to determine if such evidence is admissible. At such hearings the parties may call witnesses, including the alleged victim, and offer relevant evidence. In a case before a court-martial composed of a military judge and members, the military judge shall conduct such hearings outside the presence of the members pursuant to Article 39(a).
(3) If the military judge determines on the basis of the hearing described in paragraph (2) that the evidence which the accused seeks to offer is relevant and that the probative value of such evidence outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice, such evidence shall be admissible in the trial to the extent an order made by the military judge specifies evidence which may be offered and areas with respect to which the alleged victim may be examined or cross-examined.
By operation of Mil.R.Evid. 1102, the military has now adopted the new version of Fed.R.Evid. 412 which became effective December 1, 1994. See Pub.L. No. 103-322, § 40141, 108 Stat.1918-19 (1994); 114 S.Ct. (1st Interim vol.) 700-09; 28 USCA Federal Rules of Evidence 190-94 (1995 Cum.Supp.).
. The version of Mil.R.Evid. 412(a) & (b), Manual, supra (1994 ed.), in effect at the time of trial provided:
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of these rules or this Manual, in a case in which a person is accused of a nonconsensual sexual offense, reputation or opinion evidence of the past sexual behavior of an alleged victim of such nonconsensual sexual offense is not admissible.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of these rules or this Manual, in a case in which a person is accused of a nonconsensual sexual offense, evidence of a victim's past sexual behavior other than reputation or opinion evidence is also not admissible, unless such evidence other than reputation or opinion evidence is—
(1) admitted in accordance with subdivisions (c)(1) and (c)(2) and is constitutionally required to be admitted; or
(2) admitted in accordance with subdivision (c) and is evidence of—
(A) past sexual behavior with persons other than the accused, offered by the accused upon the issue of whether the accused was or was not, with respect to the alleged victim, the source of semen or injury; or
(B) past sexual behavior with the accused and is offered by the accused upon the issue of whether the alleged victim consented to the sexual behavior with respect to which the nonconsensual sexual offense is alleged.