Case Name: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Margaret Teal, Appellant
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1909-11-23
Citations: 196 N.Y. 372
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Margaret Teal, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 196
Pages: 372–391

Head Matter:
The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Margaret Teal, Appellant.
Crimes — subornation of perjury — attempt to commit subornation of perjury does not constitute a crime where tbe false testimony; if given, would not have been perjury, because immaterial.
The materiality of false testimony is an essential ingredient of the crime of perjury at common law and that rule is embodied in our statute. One can only he guilty of subornation of perjury where perjury has been committed. Hence, a person cannot he guilty of an attempt to commit tlie crime of subornation of perjury where the false testimony solicited, if given, would not he perjury by reason of its immateriality.
Whore the testimony solicited is not false in any matter material to the issue presented by the complaint in an action, the fact that it may become material by a subsequent amendment of the complaint, will not support an indictment and sustain a judgment of conviction.
The complaint which had been served in an action for divorce alleged one single and specific'act of adultery; defendant herein was indicted and convicted of attempted subornation of perjury in that she attempted to induce a person to testify to another specific act of adultery which was not alleged in such complaint. Held, that the evidence was not false in any matter material to the issue under the pleadings as they stood at the time of defendant's alleged offense, and since there was neither perjury nor subornation thereof, there could he no such attempt to commit tlie crime of subornation of perjury as to fall within the statute relating to attempts at commission of crimes.
Peoples. Teal, 333 App. Div. 35, reversed.
(Argued October 21, 1909;
decided November 23, 1909.)
Appeal from an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the first judicial department, entered June 18, 1909, which affirmed a judgment of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace in the county of New York rendered upon a verdict convicting tlie defendant of the crime of attempted subornation of perjury.
The indictment under which tlie defendant has been tried and convicted charges her with the crime of attempted subornation of perjury which is alleged to have been committed in an effort to obtain false testimony to be used in an action for absolute divorce brought by one Helen 1L Gould against her hus baud, Frank J. Gould. The indictment specifies that on the 20th day of July, 1908, while the divorce action was pending in the city of Mew York, and before it was brought to trial, the defendant herein, together with two other persons named, “ unlawfully, corruptly, wickedly and maliciously did feloniously and willfully solicit and instigate and attempt and endeavor to suborn, procure and induce one Mabel MacCauslan to go and appear upon the hearing which should thereafter be had before such referee as should thereafter be appointed to take proof of the facts charged in the complaint,” as a witness for the plaintiff in the divorce action and to falsely testify to certain matters which were material and relevant to the issues therein, to wit., that at some time in the month of March, 1908, she had “ seen the said Frank J. Gould, when only partly dressed come out of the bedroom of a woman known as Bessie Van Doren, or Bessie De.Yoe, in a certain apartment, in an apartment house called the Glen-more” in the city of Mew York. This specification of the indictment is followed by a formal negation of the truth of the testimony thus sought to have been procured by the defendant from the said Mabel MacCauslan.
The complaint in the divorce action of Gould v. Gould was served on June 21th, 1908, and the only act of adultery charged against the defendant therein is alleged to have been committed on July 25th, 1905, in a house of prostitution in the town of Morth Sydney, Cape Breton, Dominion of Canada, with a woman whose name is alleged to have been unknown to the plaintiff. On July 20th, 1908, when the acts charged in the indictment were committed, the defendant’s answer in the divorce action had not been served.
Upon the trial of the charge presented in the indictment, the prosecution produced evidence which, to say the least, tended to support the verdict of the jury convicting the defendant. The defendant introduced no evidence. The judgment of conviction entered upon the verdict has been unanimously affirmed by the Appellate Division and the defendant now appeals to this court.
Henry IF". Unger, Maurice B. Blumenthal and Daniel W. Blumenthal for appellant.
There was no proof upon the trial of the existence and pendency of an issue in the Gould action. This was a fatal defect of proof. (2 Bishop’s Crim. Proc. §§ 913, 921; 1 Bishop’s New Crim. Law, § 489; U. S. v. Howard, 3 Sumner, 12.) The matter alleged to have been attempted to be suborned” by the defendant was not in any legal sense material to or, to quote part of the language of the indictment, “ in support of the material facts charged in the complaint of the said Helen IL Gould.” (Stevens v. Stevens, 54 Hun, 490; Davis v. Davis, 4 Misc. Rep. 454; Budd v. Budd, 55 App. Div. 113; Beadleston v. Beadleston, 20 N.Y. S. R. 21; Germond v. Germond, 6 Johns. Ch. 347; 1 Bishop’s Cr. Law, § 208; People v. Morse, 3 N. Y. Cr. Rep. 104; Regina v. Phillpotts, 5 Cox C. C. 363; Chamberlain v. People, 23 N. Y. 88; Wood v. People, 59 N. Y. 123.) In the conceded status of the action of Gould v. Gould on July 20, 1908, no false swearing before a referee could constitute perjury. (Lambert v. People, 76 N. Y. 220; People v. Gillette, 126 App. Div. 665.) If the false swearing which it is claimed the defendant sought to suborn did not and could not constitute perjury at the time of its attempted suborning, then there could be no conviction of an attempt at subornation of perjury. (People v. Jaffe, 185 N. Y. 497; People v. McLaughlin, 150 N. Y. 365.)
William Travers Jerome, District Attorney {Robert C. Taylor of counsel), for respondent.
The defendant was to be judged, not by the result, but by the “ condition of her mipd and her conduct in the attempted consummation of her design.” (People v. Moran, 123 N. Y. 254; People v. Sullivan, 173 N. Y. 122; People v. Conrad, 102 App. Div. 566; affd., 182 N. Y. 529.) The testimony sought to be suborned was material. (People v. Martin, 77 App. Div. 405; 175 N. Y. 315; Chamberlain v. People, 23 N. Y. 88; Regina v. Phillpotts, 5 Cox C. C. 363; Wood v. People, 59 N. Y. 117; People v. McKinney, 3 Park. Cr. Rep. 510; Hutchins v. Blood, 25 Wend. 413; Crookshank v. Gray, 20 Johns. 344; Comm. v. Pollard, 12 Metc. 225; Comm. v. Grant, 116 Mass. 17; Rex v. Griepe, 12 Mod. 142; Reg. v. Schlesinger, 2 Cox C. C. 200; Reg. v. Courtney, 7 Cox C. C. 111; Reg. v. Naylor, 11 Cox C. C. 13; People v. Courtney, 94 N. Y. 490.) A section providing for punishment of subornation of perjury must receive a liberal construction in order to promote justice. (Penal Code, § 11; People v. Martin, 175 N. Y. 319; People v. Abeel, 182 N. Y. 415; Ingraham v. U. S., 155 U. S. 434; Goode v. U. S., 159 U. S. 663; People v. Jackson, 191 N. Y. 293.)

Opinion:
Werner, J.
This appeal presents a question which is both interesting and important. Can a person be convicted of attempted subornation of perjury, upon evidence which would not support a conviction upon the charge of perjury, if the attempt liad been successful ? As applied to the concrete facts of record the question is whether the defendant was properly convicted of an attempt at subornation of perjury even though the person sought to be suborned could not have been convicted of perjury, if the false testimony attempted to have been procured had been actually given under oath. As appears from the foregoing statement of facts, the defendant was charged with having attempted to procure false testimony from one MacOauslan, in an action for a divorce brought by one Helen K. Gould against Frank J. Gould.' At the time when this attempt was made the complaint had been served, and the only issuable charge it contained was that the said Frank J. Gould had been guilty of an act of adultery committed with a woman unknown to the plaintiff, in a house of prostitution in the town of 27ortlx Sydney, Cape Breton, Dominion of Canada, on the 25th day of July, 1905. That was the precise and definite issue tendered by the complaint. What was the false testimony which the defendant herein is charged with attempting to procure ? That in the month of March, 1908, Mabel MacCauslan saw Frank J. Gould, the defendant charged with the above-mentioned specific act of adultery, come out of a bedroom in the apartment of one Bessie Van Doren (alias DeVoe) in the city of New York, under circumstances which might tend to support a charge of adultery between the man Gould and the woman Van Doren at that time and place. Thus we see that the traversable issue of record was whether Gould had committed adultery in a Canadian brothel in 1905, and that the false testimony solicited from MacCauslan was designed to show a separate and distinct act of adultery not referred to in the complaint, committed by Gould in the city of New York in the year 1908. The bare statement of these facts, unrelated both in pleading and in circumstance, is sufficient to draw attention sharply to the utter irrelevancy,' incompetency and immateriality of the false testimony solicited, to the issue tendered by the complaint in Gould v. Gould. (Stevens v. Stevens, 54 Hun, 490; Germond v. Germond, 6 Johns. Ch. 347; Reg. v. Southwood, 1 Fost. & Fin. 356.)
From time immemorial the common law has made the materiality of false testimony an essential ingredient of the crime of perjury. From their earliest beginnings our statutes have always embodied that rule. Our penal laws, but recently recodified, have continued it. That, in short, is the unquestioned law of this state. (Penal Code, sec. 96; Penal Law, sec. 1620.) The language of the statute is that a person who willfully and knowingly testifies falsely, in any material matter, is guilty of perjury.
What, then, is subornation of perjury ? The answer is that a person who willfully procures or induces another to commit perjury is guilty of subornation of perjury. (Penal Code, sec. 105; Penal Law, sec. 1632.) This plain language of the statute needs no elucidation. Subornation of perjury can only be predicated upon perjury committed. If the person alleged to have been suborned has not committed perjury, the alleged suborner cannot be held guilty of subornation of perjury. (Wharton Or. Law, vol. 2 [10th ed.], sec. 1330; Com. v. Smith, 11 Allen, 243.)
What is attempted subornation of perjury ? Turning again to the statutes we read that "an act, done with intent to commit a crime, and tending but failing to effect its commission, is an attempt to commit that crime." (Penal Code, sec. 31; Penal Law, sec. 2.) " That " crime, in the case at bar, is subornation of perjury, and could only have been committed if the false testimony, if given, had constituted perjury. It seems to follow, therefore, that if there could have been no subornation of perjury, there was in fact no attempted subornation of perjury within the meaning of the statute. \If the person actually giving false testimony is not guilty of perjury, the person through whose procuration the testimony is given cannot be guilty of subornation of perjury and, by the same rule, an unsuccessful attempt to do that which is not a crime when effectuated, cannot be held to be an attempt to; commit the crime specified,
If this reasoning is sound, it is clear that the question before us resolves itself into the inquiry whether the actual giving of the false testimony set forth in the indictment would have constituted the crime of perjury, j Wo have already said that the false testimony which the defendant attempted to procure was irrelevant, incompetent and immaterial to the only issue presented by the complaint in Gould v. Gould. We may pass without discussion the elements of irrelevancy and incompetency. These could have been waived. They are, moreover, not essential to the commission of perjury as defined in the statute. It is different, however, as to materiality. If false testimonyjs not material it cannot support an indictment for perjury. |The testimony upon which such a charge is predicated must be false " in any material matter." The testimony solicited of MacCauslan was not false in any matter material to the issue in Gould v. Gould, and we do not see how the conviction in the case at bar can be sustained unless we adopt the suggestion that if the false testimony, although not material when solicited, might have become so by a subsequent amendment of the complaint, then the facts proved upon the trial support the charge laid in the indictment and sustain the judgment of conviction. We cannot entertain this view. If the charge of perjury could not have been sustained in case the false testimony had actually been given under the complaint as it then stood, no subsequent change in the pleading or issue could relate back to the time when the act was committed. It would be highly dangerous to make the charge of perjury dependent upon issues or eventsarising after testimony has been given. If that were the rule it would be unsafe to testify with the utmost truthfulness upon any issue which might, by any possibility, be changed by subsequent events. No such shifting rule ought ever to be engrafted upon a system of jurisprudence in which the protection of individual rights is a cardinal principle.^
It is suggested that this is a narrow and technical view of the question which will permit to go unpunished many who are as morally culpable as though the false testimony given or solicited by them were actually material to au issue in existence when the false testimony is given or solicited. There are several answers to this intimation. We read the statute as we find it. If it is ever deemed wise to take out of the statute defining perjury the element of materiality in the false testimony given, suborned or solicited that should be done by legislative enactment and not by judicial construction. We admit that the-rule of strict construction applicable to penal statutes is modified by the legislative declaration that the Penal Code (now Penal Law) shall be " construed according to the fair import of their terms to promote justice and efiect the objects of the law," but we do not think that this means that an essential part of a statute may be ignored for the purpose of promoting justice in a particular case.
Beyond all this, however, the legislature seems to have provided for just such cases as the one at bar, in which it maybe impossible to prove the commission of the crimes of perjury and subornation of perjury as defined in the statutes, but which yet disclose acts that should be punishable because they are prejudicial to the orderly and righteous administration of justice. The former Revised Statutes under the general title relating to perjury and subornation of perjury provided: " Every person who shall, by the offer of any valuable consideration, attempt unlawfully and corruptly to procure any other to commit willful and corrupt perjury, as a witness, in any cause, shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprisonment in a state prison not exceeding five years." (2 E. S. p. 682, sec. 8.) When the Penal Code was enacted this section, much broadened in scope and effect, was taken out of the chapter relating to perjury and subornation of perjury and placed under the new title " Falsifying Evidence." Under the latter title the section as redrawn reads: " A person who gives or offers or promises to give, to any witness or person about to be called as witness, any bribe, upon any understanding or agreement that the testimony of such witness shall be thereby influenced, or who attempts Toy cmy oth-er means fraudulently to induce any witness to give false testimony or to withhold true testimony, is guilty of a felony." (Penal Code, sec. 113; Penal Law, sec. 2440.) It will be observed that the provision relating to the giving, offer or promise of a bribe to influence a witness, is supplemented by the declaration that any attempt " Toy any other means fraudulently to induce any witness to give false testimony or to withhold in'ue testimony," shall constitute a felony.
If this amplification of the statute has any significance whatever, it must" mean that any fraudulent attempt by a person'to induce another to testify falsely is punishable as felonious, even though it does not fall within the purview of the statutes relating to perjury in which the test of the materiality of the false testimony is still retained. That this seems to have been the legislative purpose behind this enlarged or supplemental statute is further evidenced by the fact that the section'was placed, not under the general title " Perjury and Subornation of Perjury," but under a special classification entitled " Falsifying Evidence." If this is the fair import of the phrase and collocation of the amended statute, it will readily be perceived that the danger which is said to lurk in too literal a construction of the statutes relating to perjuries is much more apparent than real. All that seems to be necessary to the prosecution of persons guilty under either .of these brandies of our criminal law, is to frame indictments under the proper statutes and make proofs accordingly.
Thus far we have proceeded upon the assumption that the statutes are clear and unequivocal. We are referred to certain decisions, however, which are said to indicate, if they do not explicitly hold, that the test of materiality is to he applied to the subject of an action and relates to the issue at any stage of a case, rather than to an issue as framed when the testimony is given. Lest silence as to these cases should be misconstrued into acquiescence as to their effect, we shall briefly review them. It is said that the question has been settled ever since Lord Coke's definition of perjury as "a crime committed when a lawful oath is ministered by any one that hath authority, to any person, in any judicial proceeding, who sweareth absolutely and falsely in a matter material to the issue, or cause in question, by their own act, or by the subornation of others." (3rd Inst. 165.) We see nothing in this definition that conflicts with our own views as to the effect of statutes relating to perjury. When "issue" and "cause" are synonymous, as in the case at bar, it matters not which expression is employed; and it may well be that in other cases where these terms are not convertible, there may be materiality of testimony as to the general cause, although it may not exist as to one or more of the issues involved. It is but a play upon words to say that in an action for a divorce based upon a single specific act of adultery there can be any distinction between "cause" and "issue." It is true that the cause of action is adultery, but it is the adultery alleged, and that is the issue. Proof of any other act of adultery than that which is specifically alleged is no more material than proof of a larceny or any other kind of tort. The case of Reg. v. Phillpotts (2 Den. Cr. Cas. 302) is also cited ; but what was that case ? The defendant therein had testified that a certain paper was a true copy of a will, and that he had examined one of the record books to ascertain whether it was a correct transcript. The court was ready to receive the paper, but it was withdrawn. The defendant had not examined the record and had testified falsely in that regard. The paper was not competent, although the defendant's testimony respecting it was material to the litigation. Upon the subsequent prosecution for perjury the court held that the defendant could be convicted) and that "the question whether perjury had been committed must depend upon the state of things when the witness left the box" and not upon what happened thereafter. In Reg. v. Gibbons (9 Cox Cr. L. Cas. 105) a similar situation arose. The person accused of perjury had sworn in another litigation to the credit of a witness. The testimony, although not relevant, was held material, and upon that ground was held to support a charge of perjury. Our own state affords an excellent example of the rule laid down in the two English cases just referred to. In Chamberlain v. People (23 N. Y. 85) the plaintiff in error was convicted of perjury. The charge .was predicated upon false testimony given by him in an action for a divorce against his wife upon the ground of her alleged adultery. She had borne a child, and he testified that he never had sexual intercourse with her. The fact testified to by the husband was most material to the issue, but the husband was not a competent witness to the fact. This court decided that the criminal prosecution depended upon the materiality of the evidence in the action for divorce, and not upon the competency of the witness. The rule enunciated in that case is now embodied in our penal laws in the following language : " It is no defense to a prosecution for perjury that the defendant was not competent to give the testimony." (Penal Code, sec. 98 ; Penal Law, sec. 1623.) When the distinction between competency and materiality, thus clearly made both in decisions and statutes, is given its proper effect, there can remain no doubt that when testimony is material, although concededly incompetent, perjury may be assigned upon it; and the converse of the proposition must logically follow. A witness may be competent, and his testimony may be relevant, but if it is not material to the issue, it cannot be the basis for a charge of perjury. Our attention is called to the cases of People v. Moran (123 N. Y. 254) and People v. Gardner (144 N. Y. 119). It is said that they are authorities for the doctrine that the question whether a person has made an attempt to commit a crime depends upon the mind and intent of the actor and not upon the result of the act. That is quite true as regards the crimes of larceny and extortion, which were the subjects of discussion in those cases, and it may be true in many other instances where the law looks only to the intent without reference to result. But a different rule has been established as to the crime of perjury. The statutes declare that materiality of the false testimony is of the essence of the crime. Without it the crime cannot be committed no matter what the intent may be. The same rule applies to subornation, and where there is neither perjury nor subornation thereof, there can be no such attempt to commit either of these crimes as to fall within the statutes relating to attempts at commission of crimes.
It may be said in closing that although the unanimous affirmance at the Appellate Division of the judgment of conviction herein precludes an examination in this court of the facts of record, the question which we have discussed is effectually raised by appropriate exceptions to rulings in the trial court upon the admission of evidence.
The judgment of conviction herein should be reversed and a new trial ordered.