Case Name: Zoltek Corp., Plaintiff v. United States, Defendant
Court: United States Court of International Trade
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1989-12-29
Citations: 13 Ct. Int'l Trade 1098
Docket Number: Court No. 87-07-00775
Parties: Zoltek Corp., Plaintiff v. United States, Defendant
Judges: 
Reporter: United States Court of International Trade Reports
Volume: 13
Pages: 1098–1147

Head Matter:
728 F. Supp. 762
Zoltek Corp., Plaintiff v. United States, Defendant
Court No. 87-07-00775

Opinion:
Memorandum Opinion and Order
(Dated December 29, 1989)
Hodes & Pilón (Lawrence R. Pilón), for plaintiff.
Stuart M. Gerson, Assistant Attorney General; Joseph I. Liebman, Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, (Saul Davis) for defendant.
Re, Chief Judge:
Plaintiff requests that the chief judge issue an order designating this action for trial in Chicago, Illinois, on or about May 1, 1990. This request raises questions which pertain to the sound management of the court's docket. The specific question presented is under what circumstances will the chief judge, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 253(b) and (c), and § 256(a), and USCIT Rs. 40(a) and (b) and 77(c)(2), issue an order designating the trial of an action at a place within the United States other than New York City.
It is the conclusion of the chief judge that the discretionary authority to designate the venue of a trial outside of New York City should be exercised only upon an affirmative showing that the interests of economy, efficiency and justice will be served. Since, in this action, the request is premature, and does not appear to promote the timely and efficient disposition of this action, plaintiffs request for trial is denied without prejudice.
BACKGROUND
In July 1987, plaintiff instituted this action challenging the classification of certain conveyor belts imported from Hungary. Customs classified the imported merchandise under TSUS item 358.14 as belting and belts for machinery of man-made fibers. Plaintiff maintains that the component in chief value of the merchandise is synthetic rubber, and, hence, the merchandise should be classified under TSUS item 358.16. Alternatively, plaintiff claims that the merchandise is classifiable as belt conveyors and parts thereof under TSUS item 664.10.
Plaintiff also alleges that, at the time of importation, there existed an established and uniform practice of classifying the imported merchandise under TSUS item 358.16. Therefore, it is plaintiffs contention that the classification of the merchandise under TSUS item 358.14 was contrary to this practice and the applicable administrative procedures for changing an established and uniform practice.
Procedural History
In this action, upon the filing of the summons, the action was placed on the Reserve Calendar by operation of the court's Rules. It remained there for a period of five months, at which time, in November 1987, plaintiff filed a complaint. In February 1988, defendant filed its answer. As a result, the action was moved to the Joined Issue Calendar, where, under USCIT R. 86(a), it could remain for a period of six months. Before the end of the 6-month period, plaintiff, with the consent of defendant's counsel, moved for, and was granted a 6-month extension of time for this action to remain on the Joined Issue Calendar until February 28, 1989. Just prior to the expiration date of that calendar, plaintiff, again, with the consent of defendant's counsel, moved for, and was granted a second 6-month extension of time to remain on the Calendar until August 31, 1989.
In granting plaintiffs second request for an extension of time, the chief judge issued an order, which stated:
plaintiff [was] granted a final extension of time to August 31, 1989 during which this action may remain on the joined issue calendar, and it is further
Ordered that if the action is not removed from the joined issue calendar by August 31, 1989, the clerk shall dismiss the action pursuant to Rule 86(b) for lack of prosecution without further direction of the court.
See Order granting Plaintiffs Consent Motion to Remain on Joined Issue Calendar (Feb. 22, 1989) (emphasis in original).
On August 30,1989, plaintiff filed a request for trial to be held in Chicago, Illinois some nine months later, on or about May 1, 1990. In its request, plaintiff stated that it had conferred with the defendant's counsel, and that counsel did not concur in the request and would file a response. On September 19,1989, defendant filed its response. Although defendant did not consent to plaintiffs request for trial in Chicago, it stated that it had no objection to the request for trial.
Discussion
The authority of the chief judge to designate an action for trial at a place within the United States other than New York City is found in 28 U.S.C. § 253(b) and (c) and § 256(a). Sections 253(b) and (c), in pertinent part, provide:
(b) The chief judge shall promulgate dockets.
(c) The chief judge, under rules of the court, may designate any judge or judges of the court to try any case .
28 U.S.C. § 253(b) and (c) (1982).
Section 256(a) of Title 28 provides:
The chief judge may designate any judge or judges of the court to proceed, together with necessary assistants, to any port or to any place within the jurisdiction of the United States to preside at a trial or hearing at the port or place.
28 U.S.C. § 256(a) (1982).
These statutory provisions are implemented by Rule 77(c)(2) of the Rules of the United States Court of International Trade, which provides:
(c) Place of Trials or Hearings
(2) Other Than New York City. The chief judge may, as authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 253(b) and 256(a), designate the place and date of any trial or hearing to be held at, or continued to, any place other than New York City within the jurisdiction of the United States.
USCIT R. 77(c)(2).
In addition, USCIT R. 40(a) governs the filing of a request for trial, regardless of the venue of the trial. That rule provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Request. At any time after issue is joined in an action, unless the court otherwise directs, any party who desires to try an action shall: (1) confer with the opposing party or parties to attempt to reach agreement as to the time and place of trial, and (2) serve upon the opposing party or parties, and file with the court, a request for trial which shall be substantially in the form set forth in Form 6 in the Appendix of Forms. The request shall be served and filed at least 30 days prior to the requested date of trial, or upon a showing of good cause, at a reasonable time prior to the requested date of trial. A party who opposes the request shall serve and file its opposition within 10 days after service of the request, unless a shorter period is directed by the court.
USCIT R. 40(a).
The granting of a request for a trial at a place outside of New York City, as well as a request, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 256(b), for an evidentiary hearing in a foreign country requires the exercise of sound discretion. See Simod Am. Corp. v. United States, 10 CIT 466, 641 F. Supp. 817 (1986). Furthermore, based on the applicable statutes and the implementing Rules of the court, it is clear that a party "cannot, as a matter of right, select the venue for a trial before the court." Simod, 10 CIT at 469, 641 F. Supp. at 819 (citing Shannon Luminous Material Co. v. United States, 69 Cust. Ct. 317, 319, C.R.D. 72-21, 349 F. Supp. 1000, 1003 (1972)).
In addition to the discretionary nature of the request, case law has long taught that:
[t]he business of the Court is so extensive that disorder and inefficiency would quickly result if assignment of cases and places of hearing were not constantly within the control of some centralized authority with that court.
United States v. Sanchez, 15 Ct. Cust. Apps. 443, T.D. 42642 (1928), quoted in Simod, 10 CIT at 469, 641 F. Supp. at 819. Therefore, comparable to motions pertaining to the assignment or reassignment of an action, or the authorizing of a hearing in a foreign country, the decision to designate a place of trial outside of New York City lies within the sound discretion of the chief judge. See, e.g., Washington Int'l Ins. Co. v. United States, 11 CIT 249, 659 F. Supp. 235 (1987) (motion for assignment of action to a three judge panel under 28 U.S.C., § 225); Roses, Inc. v. United States, 12 CIT 176, 682 F. Supp. 577 (1988) (motion for reassignment under 28 U.S.C. § 253(c) to rehear orders of dismissal issued by the assigned judge); Simod, supra (motion under 28 U.S.C. § 256(b) for evidentiary hearing in Padova, Italy).
As with a motion for an evidentiary hearing under 28 U.S.C. § 256(b), the chief judge will consider a variety of factors in the exercise of this discretion. Among these factors are: (1) the procedural posture of the litigation; (2) the question presented, and whether the issues in dispute aré of fact or law; (3) the availability and convenience of the witnesses of both parties; (4) the availability of a courtroom at the requested place of trial; (5) the availability of alternate means to obtain the evidence and testimony that may be presented outside of New York City; (6) the importance and relevance of the port of importation; (7) the cost to the parties and the court; and (8) the importance of the action to the parties, as well as the public interest. See Simod, 10 CIT at 470, 641 F. Supp. at 820.
The court has long recognized the practice and tradition in customs jurisprudence of providing "an accessible forum to a party litigant who finds it burdensome and impractical to try his action at a place other than the port of importation." Shannon Luminous at 323, 349 F. Supp. at 1006. Shannon Luminous also teaches that it may be an abuse of discretion "to accede to the request of the plaintiff as to the venue of [an] action in the absence of any information or reasons having been stated ." Ibid.
In its request, plaintiff alleges that: (1) Chicago is the appropriate venue for the trial as it is the port of entry and is most convenient and economical for plaintiffs witnesses; and (2) it intends to call only two witnesses whose examination will require one. to two hours. Plaintiff further alleges that it has not completed discovery, but will do so prior to the requested trial date.
In view of the procedural history of this action, the allegation pertaining to incomplete discovery has caused the chief judge to conclude that plaintiffs request for trial is premature. More specifically, the court granted plaintiff two extensions of time for a total of 12 months to have this action remain on the Joined Issue Calendar until August 31, 1989. The granting of these extensions was premised on plaintiffs express representations that it needed additional time to engage in discovery, and to provide the defendant with the necessary information to settle this action through a "Stipulated Judgment on Agreed Statement of Facts" pursuant to USCIT R. 58.1. See Consent Motion for Extension of Time to Remain on Joined Issue Calendar (Feb. 21, 1989).
Because the requests for extensions of time were granted, plaintiffs action was permitted to remain on the Joined Issue Calendar for a period of 18 months until August 31, 1989. On August 30, 1989, one day prior to the expiration date of that Joined Issue Calendar and the dismissal of this action for lack of prosecution, plaintiff filed a request for trial to take place on or about May 1, 1990, nine months in the future.
It is axiomatic that a request for trial is a representation that the action is in a posture that is ready for trial. This implies that issue is joined, that the parties have framed the issues, that discovery is complete or nearly complete, and that the parties are prepared to proceed with the disposition of the action on the merits. Indeed, these considerations can be said to be similar to the conditions precedent for the filing of a "Statement of Readiness" found in the civil court practice of some states. See, e.g., D. Siegel, New York Practice § 370 (1978 & Supp. 1987) (discussion of Certificate of Readiness for Trial under the Uniform Rules for New York State Trial Courts, 3 West's McKinney's Forms § 7.2B (Supp. 1989)).
While the filing of a request for trial is an accepted mechanism for removing an action from the Joined Issue Calendar, it must also advance the action toward its final disposition. The court recognizes that Rule 40(a) and its accompanying form, Form 6, require the requesting party to make only certain allegations, all of which were made by the plaintiff, in support of its request for trial. Nevertheless, these requirements must be read in conjunction with the provisions of USCIT R. 11 and the applicable standards of professional responsibility.
Rule 11 provides, inter alia, that the signature of an attorney on a "pleading, motion, or other paper" constitutes a certification that it is "well grounded in fact" and "is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to cause unnecessary delay In a particular action, if the court were to conclude that a pleading, motion or other paper was signed in violation of Rule 11, the court might, indeed, impose an appropriate sanction upon the party and the attorney, who signed it. See generally, G. Joseph, Sanctions: The Federal Law of Litigation Abuse § 13 (1989); W. Schwarzer, Sanctions Under The New Federal Rule 11 — A Closer Look, 104 F.R.D. 181, 195-96 (1985). See also Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Hand, 763 F.2d 1184 (10th Cir. 1985) (sanction imposed for motion filed solely for the purpose of causing delay). Cf. Cleaver v. Elias, 852 F.2d 266 (7th Cir. 1988) (sanction imposed under Fed. R. App. P. 38 for premature filing of an appeal).
Under the circumstances presented, there is a serious question whether plaintiffs request for trial was intended to advance this action to a decision on the merits. A close examination of the docket sheet in this action could cause the chief judge to believe that plaintiffs request was designed to obtain a further extension of time, thereby obviating the precise terms of the chief judge's order of February 22,1989, and avoiding dismissal for lack of prosecution pursuant to Rule 86(b). It is significant to note that plaintiff has failed to allege any specific reasons or grounds which require nine additional months to prepare this action for trial. Clearly, the inclusion of this information in plaintiffs request would have assisted the chief judge in considering plaintiffs reason and purpose, and the appropriateness of its request.
The timing of the filing of the request for trial is also a pertinent factor in determining whether to grant plaintiffs request. In this action, plaintiff filed its request nine months before the requested trial date. Prior to 1980, this court's predecessor court, the Customs Court, maintained courtrooms in major port cities throughout the United States. At that time, scheduling a trial nine months in advance at a port other than New York City posed few, if any, administrative inconveniences. In the interests of fiscal responsibility and economy, the Court of International Trade, however, no longer maintains those courtrooms. At the suggestion of a subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, this court relinquished these "outport" courtrooms. See Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1980: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 57, 73-83 (Part 1 1979); Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1981: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 53, 62 (Part 1 1980).
Since that time, the Court of International Trade has relied upon the cooperation of the United States courts of appeals or district courts for courtrooms in order to conduct trials outside of New York City. While these courts have been most cooperative, because of their need to service their own dockets, these courts cannot be expected to confirm the availability of a courtroom for this court's use more than 90 days prior to the requested date. Hence, where a request for trial is filed more than 90 days in advance of the requested trial date, the chief judge has been constrained, by administrative considerations, to defer acting on the request. The result has been that an action may have languished unassigned, and not subject to any calendar management controls for an unspecified period of time. Clearly, this practice has done violence to the responsibility of the chief judge to supervise the court's docket so as to insure the prompt and efficient disposition of its cases. Therefore, based on more than a decade of experience, it is the opinion of the chief judge that a request for trial outside of New York City filed more than three months before the requested trial date does not serve the interests of economy, efficiency and justice. Accordingly, absent extraordinary circumstances, the request for trial must be denied.
It may be well to add that this action is not an isolated incident, but rather, represents a growing tendency on the part of some counsel for plaintiffs in traditional customs litigation. This tendency seems to indicate that some attorneys may be using a premature request for trial as a substitute for a motion for an extension of time. Hence, it may be noted that there are presently pending before the chief judge four other actions, all unassigned, in which the plaintiffs have filed requests for trial outside of New York City, some 6 to 9 months before the requested trial date. In three of the actions, the requests were filed after the chief judge had granted plaintiff a final extension of time to remain on the Joined Issue Calendar, and just prior to the expiration date of that calendar and the dismissal of the action for lack of prosecution under Rule 86(b).
Furthermore, this practice is not limited to requests for trial at an "outport", i.e., at a city other than New York City. The chief judge notes that there are pending requests for trial in New York City in which the requests were filed 9 to 13 months prior to the requested date. In these actions as well, several of the requests for trial in New York City were filed after the chief judge had granted plaintiff a final extension of time to remain on the Joined Issue Calendar, and immediately prior to the expiration date of that calendar and the dismissal of the action for lack of prosecution under Rule 86(b). While the availability of courtroom space may not be a factor in these actions, the practice, nevertheless, also violates the underlying intent of the court's orders and the spirit of the court's Rules.
To fulfill properly this important administrative responsibility, all future requests for trial will be carefully scrutinized by the chief judge to prevent and deter the practice evidenced in this action. Clearly, each request for trial will be decided on the procedural history of the particular action. Considerations of public policy and sound judicial administration, however, will require that the chief judge deny a request for trial, outside of New York City, in those actions in which the purpose may be to ignore and negate the intent of the Rules of this court, and the responsibility of the court to dispose of its cases in a timely and efficient manner.
Conclusion
It is the conclusion of the chief judge that the filing of plaintiffs request for trial in Chicago, Illinois nine months prior to the requested trial date is premature. Furthermore, the chief judge cannot conclude that the plaintiff has made the necessary showing that a trial in Chicago, Illinois would serve the interests of economy, efficiency and justice.
Accordingly, it is hereby
Ordered that plaintiffs request to have this action tried in Chicago, Illinois on or about May 1, 1990 is denied without prejudice; and it is further
Ordered that to avoid the dismissal of this action by virtue of the denial of plaintiffs request for trial, this action is assigned to the Honorable Dominick L. DiCarlo for all purposes. Undoubtedly, in the interests of sound judicial administration, the assigned judge, as soon as practicable, will convene the parties in a Rule 16 conference for the purpose of establishing a date for the trial of this action no later than 90 days from the date of this order.
ABSTRACTED CLASSIFICATION DECISIONS — Continued Los Angeles Tweezers Los Angeles Tweezers Los Angeles Tweezers Miami Relays ¡Los Angeles Baskets I Cleveland | Circuit boards boards for automobile radios [New York [Women's, girls' or infants' wearing apparel, etc. [Chicago Circuit boards for automobile [Texas Instruments, Inc. v. U.S., 681 F.2d 778 (1982) and Torrington Co. v. U.S., 764 F.2d 1563 (1985) Agreed statement of facts Agreed statement of facts [Agreed statement of facts [Delco Electronics v. U.S., S.O. 87-109 (1987) [A.N. Deringer, Inc. v. U.S., C.D. 4218 (1971); Izod Outerwear v. U.S., S.O. 85-72 (1985); H. Rosenthal v. U.S., C.D. 4769, affV, 609 F.2d. 999 (1979); Pacific Trail Sportswear v. U.S., S.O. 88-28 (1988) 'Agreed statement of facts Delco Electronics v. U.S., S.O. 87-109 (1987) [Refund of marking duties |Refund of marking duties [Refund of marking ¡Item A685.90 Free of duty 'Item 222.41 6.3% litem 376.56 Various ra Item 685.29 685.32 Various rates [Item 727.14 10.7 ¡Item 685.21, 685.23 or 685.12 9.8%, 9.5%, 9.2%, 8.9%, 8.6%, 8.3% or 8% ¡10% marking duties 110% marking duties ¡10% marking duties [Item 685.90 7.3% or 7.7% ¡Item 685.21, 685.23, 685.23 685.12 Various rates [Item 380.04 or Item 382.81 Various rates [84-2-00227 ¡85-11-01582 88-7-00559 |K Mart Corp. Delco Electronics Erem, Inc. Erem, Inc. Erem, Inc. ¡Mepco/Electra, Inc. ¡Famous Raincoat Co. [Delco Electronics ¡Aquilino J. March 9,1989 ¡Aquilino J. March 9,1989 ¡Aquilino J. March 9,1989 ¡Aquilino, J. March 14,1989 Aquilino J. March 6,1989 ¡Restani, J. March 9,1989 ¡DiCarlo, J. March 6,1989 u, J. March 9,1989 C89/32 C89/33 C89/34 C89/35 C89/31 Item No. and rate Item No. and rate PORT OF ENTRY AND MERCHANDISE BASIS HELD ASSESSED PLAINTIFF JUDGE & DATE OF DECISION DECISION NUMBER
ABSTRACTED CLASSIFICATION DECISIONS — Continued Agreed statement of facts Blaine I Triticale Los Angeles Search light Blaine Triticale | New York ¡Men's, women's children's and infants' jackets pants, etc. ¡New York Men's, women's children's and infants' jackets pants, etc. [New York ¡Men's, women's children's and infants' jackets pants, etc. ¡Agreed statement of facts A.N. Deringer, Inc. v. U.S., C.D. 4218 (1971) and Izod Outerwear v. U.S., 9 CIT 309 (1985); H. Rosenthal v. U.S., C.D. 4769, affd, 609 F.2d 999 (1979) and Pacific Trail Sportswear v. U.S., S.O. 88-28 (1988) A.N. Deringer, Inc. v. U.S., C.D. 4218 (1971) and Izod Outerwear v. U.S., 9 CIT 309 (1985); H. Rosenthal v. U.S., C.D. 4769, affd, 609 F.2d 999 (1979) and Pacific Trail Sportswear v. U.S., S.O. 88-28 (1988) ¡A.N. Deringer, Inc. v. U.S., C.D. 4218 (1971) and Izod Outerwear v. U.S., 9 CIT 309 (1985); H. Rosenthal v. U.S., C.D. 4769, affd, 609 F.2d 999 (1979) and Pacific Trail Sportswear v. U.S., S.O. 88-28 (1988) [Agreed statement of facts ¡Item 184.85 ¡Item 683.80 7.8% litem 376.56 Various rates ¡Item 376.56 Various rates Item 376.56 Various rates litem 683.70 26.3% ¡Item 127.10 1.5c per lb. litem 127.10 1.5c per lb. litem 380.04 or 382.81 Various rates ¡Item 380.04 or 382.81 Various rates ¡Item 380.04 or 382.81 Various rates ¡87-1-00097 Sanyo Electric Inc. jA. J. Humphreys, Inc. lElenbaas Co. Starlight Trading, Inc. ¡Starlight Trading, Inc. ¡Starlight Trading, Inc. J. 1989 J. 1989 J. 1989 ¡Musgrave, May 22, Musgrave, I May 30, ¡Musgrave, I May 30, ¡DiCarlo, J. May 22,1989 [DiCarlo, J. May 22,1989 ¡DiCarlo, J. May 22,1989 C89/97 C89/98 C89/99 96/68D C89/95 C89/94 Item No. and rate Item No. and rate PORT OF ENTRY AND MERCHANDISE HELD ASSESSED PLAINTIFF JUDGE & DATE OF DECISION DECISION NUMBER
New York Nigerseed New York Asphalt roofing product, etc. New York ¡Stamps for collectors I New York Columns; separation media; toxins or antitoxins New York Columns; separation media Inc. New York Columns; separation media; toxins or antitoxins New York Columns !New York Leather |Bems & Koppstein v. U.S., S.O. 89-29 (1989) Bowe Co. v. U.S., Ct. No. 83-11-01590 (July 13,1988) |Dominion Ventures v. U.S., S.O. 86-60 (1986) Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Inc. v. U.S., 9 CIT 438 (1985) Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Inc. v. U.S., 9 CIT 438 (1985) and Pharmacia, Abs. P80/100 (1980) | Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Inc. v. U.S., 9 CIT 438 (1985) Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Inc. v. U.S., 9 CIT 438 (1985) Agreed statement of facts litem 175.57 Free of duty litem 359.60 Various rates Item 274.70 Various rates Item 121.60 or 121.65 Free of duty or 3.8%, 3.3%, 2.9% or 2.4% Item 661.95, 712.49, or 657.40 Various rates Item 661.95, 712.49, 682.60, 774.55, 661.68 711.88, 799.00 Various rates Item 437.76 Free of duty litem 661.95, 712.49, 678.50, 661.68, 774.55, 682.60, 660.97, and 799.00 Various rates ¡Item 661.95, 712.49, 682.60, and Various rates Item 437.76 Free of duty | Item 711.88, 430.00/425.5290 493.6840 430.00/428.4690 and 429.9590 Various rates Item 711.88, 430.2040/ 425/5290, 403.90, 430.2040/ 425.9900, 407.15, 493.68 and 799.00 Various rates Item 127.10 1.5c per lb. litem 355.26 Various rates I Not stated | Item 493.6840, 430.00/425.5290 Various rates (Item 711.88 Various rates | Item 121.58, 121.59, 121.60 5%, 2% or 1% Imperial Commodities Corp. Bowe Co. Dominion Ventures, Inc. (Pharmacia Inc. (Pharmacia, Inc. Pharmacia Inc. LKB Instruments Leather's Best Inc. ¡DiCarlo, J. July 26,1989 Restani, J. July 27,1989 DiCarlo, J. July 27,1989 | DiCarlo, J. July 25,1989 | DiCarlo, J. July 25,1989 I DiCarlo, J. I July 25,1989 DiCarlo, J. July 25,1989 Newman, S.J. . July 24,1989 C89/150 C89/147 C89/146 C89/144