Case Name: Martin F. Burns, Respondent, v. Borden's Condensed Milk Company, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1904-04
Citations: 93 A.D. 566
Docket Number: 
Parties: Martin F. Burns, Respondent, v. Borden’s Condensed Milk Company, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 93
Pages: 566–568

Head Matter:
Martin F. Burns, Respondent, v. Borden’s Condensed Milk Company, Appellant.
Evidence— declarations of an agent made after the event—statement by the driver of a wagon that he had smashed the wagon of another is not competent evidence thereof in an action by such other party.
In an action brought against the Borden’s Condensed Milk Company to recover damages for injuries to the plaintiff's buggy, the plaintiff testified that he left his horse and buggy in the street and entered a house and that, upon returúing, he found the buggy overturned and injured; that a wagon bearing the sign “ Borden’s Condensed Milk” was standing near by and that a person,- who said he was the driver, told him that his vehicle was .a Borden’s condensed' milk wagon and that he, the driver, had smashed the plaintiff’s Wagon.
There was no proof, other than the alleged driver’s assertion, that he was in fact a driver in the defendant’s employ.
■Held, that the admission, over .the defendant’s exception, of the declarations of " the alleged driver, constituted reversible error;
That the negligence of a corporation cannot be established by the declarations of its servants made after the event.
Appeal by the defendant, Borden’s Condensed Milk Company, from a judgment of the. Municipal Court of the city of New York, borough of Queens, in favor of the plaintiff, entered on the 30th day of December, 1903.
D. Milbank, for the appellant.
B. J. Lyman, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Willard Bartlett, J. :
The plaintiff was a physician engaged in making professional visits. Arriving at the residence of a patient he left his horse and wagon in the street and entered the house. Upon his return to the "street about ten minutes later he found that his buggy had been overturned and was lying on its side with one of the hind wheels crushed. A wagon bearing the sign "Borden's Condensed Milk" was standing near by, and a person who said he was the driver told him that this vehicle was a Borden's condensed milk wagon and that he, the driver, had smashed the plaintiffis wagon — that he had waited for the plaintiff and would make a report, and that, he didn't want to run away. In the present action the plaintiff has recovered damages for the injuries thus inflicted upon his buggy.
No evidence as to the occurrence of the collision was given except the testimony of the plaintiff himself. He did not see it, and all that he professed to know about it he ascertained from the declarations of a person who asserted that he was a driver in the" service of the defendant corporation but who was not' even proved to be such. There were objections and exceptions by counsel for the defendant upon the trial to the admission of the declarations of this alleged driver; and the admission of this evidence requires a reversal of the judgment. The negligence of a corporation cannot be established by the declaration of its servants made after the event. (Luby v. Hudson River R. R. Co., 17 N. Y. 131; Whitaker v. Eighth Avenue R. R. Co., 51 id. 295; Sherman v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co., 106 id. 542.) The Luby case was an action for negligence in' running down the plaintiff by a horse car. The plaintiff was permitted to prove under exception that a policeman who arrested the driver after the accident just as he was getting off the car, asked him why he did not stop, to which the driver replied that the brake was out of order. The Court of Appeals held that evidence of this declaration . was improperly received. " The declaration," said Comstock, J., " was no part of the driver's act for which the defendants were sued. It was not made at the time of the act, so as to give it'quality and character. The alleged wrong, was complete, and the driver, when he made the statement, was only endeavoring to account for what he had done." The same observation might just as truly be made of the evidence in the -case at bar. In Whitaker v. Eighth Avenue R. R. Co. (supra) the plaintiff was allowed to prove that after the defendant's car had struck him and thrown him into an excavation near the track, the driver of the car said: " Damn him, let him fall in and be killed." It did not appear whether this remark was made at the moment, -when the car passed the plaintiff or how long subsequently. The Commission of Appeals held that the reception of the evidence of the. declaration was a fatal error, and reversed the judgment in favor of the plaintiff. " While one is engaged in an act, and the intention with which he is acting is a proper subject of inquiry, his declarations, made at the time, may be given in evidence to characterize the act; " but Gray, C., pointed out that the declarations which had-been proved were not shown to have been made at the time of the alleged act of negligence. The Sherman case was to the same effect,, holding that a narrative of the cause of a past occurrence is not, admissible as part of the res gestee. The phrase res gestes in cases of. this character implies substantial coincidence in time, " but if declarations of third persons are not in their nature a part,of the fact, they are not admissible in evidence, however closely related in point, of time." (Butler v. Manhattan Railway Company, 143 N. Y. 417, 423.) The doctrine enunciated in the cases to wliich I have referred, and in scores of. other decisions in this State, was plainly violated upon the trial of the present action, and we have no choice under the circumstances except to reversé the judgment.
The only case cited upon the brief for the respondent is Brand v. Borden's Condensed Milk Co. (89 App. Div. 188). No such question as that which is presented here arose upon that appeal, and the circumstantial evidence there was ample to warrant the inference that the accident was caused by the negligence of the defendant's servant.
All concurred.
Judgment of the Municipal Court reversed and new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.