Case Name: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nicolas ETIENNE, Defendant-Appellant
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2006-03-15
Citations: 175 F. App'x 279
Docket Number: No. 05-13126
Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nicolas ETIENNE, Defendant-Appellant.
Judges: Before BLACK, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 175
Pages: 279–282

Head Matter:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nicolas ETIENNE, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 05-13126
Non-Argument Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
March 15, 2006.
Timothy M. Day, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Kathleen M. Williams, Miami, FL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Anne R. Schultz, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Miami, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before BLACK, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
PER CURIAM:
Nicolas Etienne appeals his sentence imposed for unlawful re-entry into the United States by a previously-deported alien, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. Etienne asserts because the judge made a finding that he had committed an aggravated felony, which he contends is a fact about a prior conviction that enhanced his sentence, his enhanced sentence violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Etienne contends the exception carved out in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), which allows prior convictions to increase a sentence without being charged in the indictment, has been called into doubt by Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005). We conclude the district court did not err in imposing the enhanced sentence, and affirm.
Because Etienne objected to the sentencing enhancement being applied without the prior convictions having been alleged in the indictment, he has preserved his constitutional challenge. We review such issues de novo. See United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir.2005).
Under § 1326(a), any alien who has been deported and subsequently reenters the United States without permission is subject to a maximum two-year sentence. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Under the next subsection, the maximum sentence increases:
(b) . Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, in the case of any alien described in such subsection . (2) whose removal was subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated felony, such alien shall be fined under such Title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). An aggravated felony is described in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), and specifically names "illicit trafficking in a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21), including a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 924(c) of Title 18)." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(b)
In Almendarez-Torres, the Supreme Court specifically addressed whether § 1326(b) "defines a separate crime or simply authorizes an enhanced penalty . [and concluded] that the subsection is a penalty provision, which simply authorizes a court to increase the sentence for a recidivist. It does not define a separate crime." Almendarez-Torres, 118 S.Ct. at 1222. It went on to hold that "neither the statute nor the Constitution requires the Government to charge the factor that it mentions, an earlier conviction, in the indictment." Id.
In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2362-63, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), the Supreme Court declined to revisit Almendarez-Torres and held, "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." The Supreme Court later revisited the rule set forth in Apprendi, clarifying "the 'statutory maximum' for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant." Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 2537, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004) (emphasis omitted). In United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 755-756, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the Court extended its holding in Blakely to the Sentencing Guidelines, concluding the Sentencing Guidelines violate the Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury to the extent they permit a judge, under a mandatory system, to increase a defendant's sentence based on facts that were neither found by a jury nor admitted by the defendant. The Court also explicitly reaffirmed that "[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 756.
We have stated the Supreme Court's decision in Almendarez-Torres "was left undisturbed by Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker." United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir.2005). "Put another way, because the prior-conviction exception remains undisturbed after Booker, a district court does not err by relying on prior convictions to enhance a defendant's sentence." United States v. Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d 960, 962 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 126 S.Ct. 223, 163 L.Ed.2d 191 (2005).
In Shepard, the Court limited the scope of judicial fact finding for a sentencing enhancement based on a prior conviction. 125 S.Ct. at 1263. The Court instructed that in determining the nature of a prior conviction under the Armed Career Criminal Act, the district judge may not look beyond the charging documents, any plea agreement and colloquy, or comparable judicial record. Id. We have noted that, while recent decisions, specifically including Shepard may arguably cast doubt on the future prospects of Almendarez-Torres, the Supreme Court has not explicitly overruled Almendarez-Torres, and, as a result, we continue to follow Almendarez-Torres. United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen, 410 F.3d 1307, 1316 n. 3 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, -U.S.-, 126 S.Ct. 457, 163 L.Ed.2d 347 (2005).
The district court did not err in enhancing Etienne's sentence based on his prior conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to sell. Almendarez-Torres carved out an exception for recidivism to the rule the government must plead and prove facts used to enhance convictions, and we have upheld the continuing validity of Almendarez-Torres. Additionally, there is no Shepard problem because the district judge based the finding of Etienne's prior conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to sell on his plea of guilty and admission of underlying facts in the crime. Thus, the district court did not err, and we affirm Etienne's sentence.
AFFIRMED.