Case Name: Frank HOLT and Norman Hart, derivatively on behalf of Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., Plaintiffs v. Michael F. GOLDEN, Amaro Goncalves, P. James Debney, Mitchell A. Saltz, Robert L. Scott, Jeffrey D. Buchanan, John B. Furman, I. Marie Wadecki and Barry M. Monheit, Defendants and Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., Nominal Defendant
Court: United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2012-07-25
Citations: 880 F. Supp. 2d 199
Docket Number: C.A. No. 11-cv-30200-MAP
Parties: Frank HOLT and Norman Hart, derivatively on behalf of Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., Plaintiffs v. Michael F. GOLDEN, Amaro Goncalves, P. James Debney, Mitchell A. Saltz, Robert L. Scott, Jeffrey D. Buchanan, John B. Furman, I. Marie Wadecki and Barry M. Monheit, Defendants and Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., Nominal Defendant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 880
Pages: 199–205

Head Matter:
Frank HOLT and Norman Hart, derivatively on behalf of Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., Plaintiffs v. Michael F. GOLDEN, Amaro Goncalves, P. James Debney, Mitchell A. Saltz, Robert L. Scott, Jeffrey D. Buchanan, John B. Furman, I. Marie Wadecki and Barry M. Monheit, Defendants and Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., Nominal Defendant.
C.A. No. 11-cv-30200-MAP.
United States District Court, D. Massachusetts.
July 25, 2012.
Charles A. Germershausen, Gardy & Notis, LLP, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Theodore M. Hess-Mahan, Hutchings, Barsamian, Cross and Mandelcorn, LLP, Wellesley Hills, MA, Beth A. Keller, Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs.
Jason C. Moreau, Greenberg Traurig LLP, Boston, MA, for Plaintiffs/Defendants.
John A. Sten, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Boston, MA, for Defendants.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER REGARDING NOMINAL DEFENDANT SMITH & WESSON'S MOTION TO DISMISS
(Dkt. No. 5)
PONSOR, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nominal Defendant Smith & Wesson Holding Corp. ("S & W"), a Nevada corporation, is a firearms manufacturer with its principal place of business in Springfield, Massachusetts. Its former director of international sales, Amaro Goncalves, was indicted in the District of Columbia for violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 ("FCPA"). Plaintiffs, Frank Holt and other shareholders, seek to sue members of the board of S & W and company officers derivatively on behalf of the corporation for failing to have effective FCPA controls and oversight, thereby breaching their duty of care under In re Caremark Int'l Derivative Litig., 698 A.2d 959 (Del.Ch.1996).
Plaintiffs did not make a pre-suit demand on the S & W board under Nevada Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23.1, but they contend that such a demand would have been futile because the S & W board was not disinterested. Defendant argues that a demand was required and has moved to dismiss on the grounds that Plaintiffs have not adequately pled demand futility. It points to a decision by a Hampden County Superior Court judge in another derivative action against S & W to the effect that a demand upon the S & W board was not futile. This decision, Defendant says, operates to preclude any claim of demand futility in this court. In the alternative, Defendant argues that, even in the absence of the prior state court decision, Plaintiffs have not pled with sufficient particularity facts that would allow the court to conclude that demand would have been futile.
As the discussion below will demonstrate, either of Defendant's arguments alone would support dismissal. Issue preclusion bars any claim of demand futility here, and Plaintiffs have, in any event, failed to plead sufficient facts to support their position that demand would have been futile. Defendant's motion to dismiss will therefore be allowed.
II. BACKGROUND
Amaro Goncalves was hired by S & W in 2004 as part of S & W's strategy to "step up [its] efforts in the law enforcement and international markets." (Dkt. No. 1, Ex. A, Compl. ¶ 48.)
Mr. Goncalves was apparently successful: in 2006 the company won over $20 million in government business, including the sale of over 73,000 pistols to the Afghanistan National Police and Border Patrol. At the same time, in 2006 the company saw growth of over 58 percent in international sales. (Id. ¶ 51.) As a result of this success, Mr. Goncalves was promoted to Vice President of law en forcement, international, and U.S. government sales. {Id. ¶ 52.)
Mr. Goncalves was indicted in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on December 11, 2009, for violating the FCPA, conspiring to commit violations of the FCPA, conspiring to commit money laundering, and aiding and abetting. {Id. at ¶ 56.) As noted, the charges against him were dropped in early 2012. See note 1, supra.
This suit was originally filed in the District Court, Clark County, Nevada on September 3, 2010, and subsequently re-filed in this court on July 20, 2011. {Id. ¶ 69.) At that time S & W's board consisted of seven directors, all named as individual defendants in this lawsuit. The complaint also alleges breaches of fiduciary duty by two additional non-director defendants, Goncalves and P. James Debney.
Plaintiffs allege that the directors caused S & W to fail to institute and maintain internal controls and thereby permitted S & W to engage in systematic violations of the FCPA, which, Plaintiffs say, resulted in the now-dropped indictment against Goncalves.
In mid-2008, in a case filed in Hampden County Superior Court captioned In re Smith & Wesson Holding Corp., No. 2008-0099, another plaintiff filed a derivative complaint against S & W for making misleading statements about the company's financial condition. This state court case also alleged that pre-suit demand would be futile.
The state court suit had six counts: (1) breach of fiduciary duty for improper financial reporting; (2) breach of fiduciary duty for insider selling and misappropriation of information; (3) breach of fiduciary duty for "abuse of control"; (4) breach of fiduciary duty for gross mismanagement; (5) waste of corporate assets; and (6) unjust enrichment. See In re Smith and Wesson Holding Corp., No. 2008-0099, slip op. at 6 (Mass.Super.Ct. Jan. 6, 2009) (Kinder, J.) (the "state court case").
At the time of the state court case, one current member of the S & W board (and defendant in this case), Mitchell A. Saltz, was not a member of the board. Id. at 2. The makeup of S & W's board was otherwise identical.
In his order, Judge Kinder found that demand on the S & W board would not have been futile and dismissed the complaint. He concluded that the plaintiff had not raised a reasonable doubt as to whether at least four of S & W's board's seven members could have properly exercised their independent and disinterested business judgment. He ruled that, under these circumstances, the plaintiff was required to make a pre-suit demand and, failing that, the suit should be dismissed.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Issue Preclusion.
Defendant argues that the Massachusetts state court case precludes Plaintiffs from arguing that demand upon the S & W board would have been futile. The court agrees.
It is undisputed that Massachusetts issue preclusion standards apply here. Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Alabama Bank, 474 U.S. 518, 523, 106 S.Ct. 768, 88 L.Ed.2d 877 (1986).
In Massachusetts, issue preclusion applies when (1) there was a final judgment on the merits in a prior adjudication; (2) the party against whom issue preclusion is asserted was a party, or in privity with a party, to the prior adjudication; (3) the issue in the prior adjudication was identical to the issue in the current adjudication; and (4) the issue decided in the prior adjudication was essential to the earlier judgment. In re Sonus Networks, 499 F.3d 47, 56-57 (1st Cir.2007), citing Kobrin v. Bd. of Registration in Med., 444 Mass. 837, 832 N.E.2d 628, 634 (2005). Plaintiffs challenge Defendant's issue preclusion argument only in connection with the third requirement: this case and the state court case, they say, lack issue identity in two ways. First, the state court opinion was issued on January 6, 2009, while the alleged misconduct in this case was not publicly revealed by the Department of Justice until December 11, 2009. Second, according to Plaintiffs, the misconduct alleged here — namely, failure to prevent violations of the FCPA — was different from the misconduct alleged in the state case, which involved issuance of misleading financial statements.
However, as Defendant points out, the core issue in the state court case, as in this one, was whether the S & W board was capable of impartially resolving a shareholder demand. The S & W board of directors in place at the time of the state court decision was identical to the board in place at the time this lawsuit was filed, save for one person. In other words, at least four of the seven directors that Judge Kinder found were disinterested were still on the board at the time this lawsuit was filed and would still make up a disinterested majority. While the charged misconduct may be different, the material issue— the disinterestedness of essentially the same S & W board — was precisely identical in both the state court case and this one.
Plaintiffs, relying on the First Circuit's Sonus decision, argue that there has been a change in the availability of information to plead demand futility and that this new information supports a different decision here. A close look at this "new" information, however, reveals that it is no more than a re-hashing of information that was available at the time of the state court lawsuit. As in Sonus, this re-casting of information previously available "by no means transfigures the demand futility issue so that issue preclusion is inappropriate." 499 F.3d at 63.
In sum, Defendant is entitled to dismissal by operation of the doctrine of issue preclusion.
B. Failure to Plead.
Even if the doctrine of issue preclusion did not provide clear support for dismissal here, the pleadings would, substantively, fall far short of the necessary threshold to excuse demand under Nev. R. Civ. P. 23.1.
Rule 23.1 requires a plaintiff seeking to sue a corporation derivatively to state with particularity his or her reasons for not first making a demand on the company's board if he or she chooses not to do so.
If a plaintiff pleads that demand is futile, Nevada courts apply two different standards for evaluating the pleadings. Shoen v. SAC Holding Corp., 122 Nev. 621, 137 P.3d 1171, 1181-84 (2006). The first standard, which comes from Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 814 (Del.1984), applies when the claim involves a matter where the majority of the board acted. The second standard, which comes from Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 933-34 (Del.1993), applies when the claim involves a matter that was not subject to action by the majority of the board. In this case, both parties agree that the Rales test governs.
Under Rales, demand is excused only when a plaintiff pleads particularized facts creating a "reasonable doubt that, as of the time the complaint is filed, the board of directors could have properly exercised its independent and disinterested business judgment." Id. at 934. A "substantial likelihood" that a director would face liability can sometimes create this reasonable doubt. Id. at 986. Significantly, however, Nevada permits the immunization of directors against personal liability for both their duty of care and their duty of loyalty to the corporation. Where such immunity exists, "interestedness through potential liability is a difficult threshold to meet." Shoen, 137 P.3d at 1184; see also Nev. Rev. Stat. § 78.138(7); S & W Articles of Incorporation (Dkt. No. 7, Ex. B).
In general, director oversight liability requires a particularized pleading of facts showing that:
(a) the directors utterly failed to implement any reporting or information system or controls; or (b) having implemented such a system or controls, consciously failed to monitor or oversee its operations thus disabling themselves from being informed of risks or problems requiring their attention.
Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del.2006).
At the hearing on this motion, Plaintiffs' counsel suggested that Nev. R. Civ. P. 23.1 requires fewer particularized facts when the scope of a director's potential liability is substantial. Plaintiffs cited In re Massey Energy Co. Derivative Litig., No. 5430-VCS, 2011 WL 2176479, at *17 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2011), in support of this proposition. Massey does not assist Plaintiffs here. That case arose in connection with a motion for a preliminary injunction where, in the context of a merger, derivative plaintiffs sought to preserve their premerger director liability claims. The essence of the derivative claim was that the company's board failed to oversee mine safety operations. Id. at *19. In making a determination about the derivative plaintiffs' eventual likelihood of success for purposes of the motion for injunctive relief, the court found that the plaintiffs had offered a strong case at the pleading stage. However, in Massey, unlike in this case, the company itself had (1) already pled guilty to criminal charges for a mine fire that killed two people, (2) was caught trying to hide violations of the law, and (3) had multiple civil settlements for mine safety violations. With this history, the company allegedly continued to fail to take appropriate safety measures, resulting in a catastrophe that killed twenty-five people only two years after it had been convicted of safety violations following the mine fire. Id. at *20.
Far from announcing any flexible pleading standard, the Massey decision merely pointed out the obvious fact that a company that continued to be involved in criminal activities was likely not well supervised and that the plaintiffs were likely to prevail. This lawsuit arises in an entirely different procedural context, and it offers no allegation that S & W's board was aware of a long history of criminal activity and failed to act.
In this case, the complaint alleges, in essence, that the company enjoyed an increase in international sales and then had an employee indicted for FCPA violations. This indictment, later dropped, supposedly evidenced a failure to implement proper controls. Even assuming that Massey stands for the proposition that the requirements to show demand futility may be relaxed where evidence of liability is gross, the allegations offered here fall far short. Indeed, nothing offered in the complaint comes close to pushing the case over the "difficult threshold" that Nev. R. Civ. P. 23.1 imposes. See Shoen, 137 P.3d at 1184. The complaint is flatly devoid of any adequate justification for failing to make the required pre-suit demand.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Nominal Defendant Smith & Wesson's Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 5) is hereby ALLOWED. The clerk will enter judgment of dismissal. This case may now be closed.
It is So Ordered.
. Notably, the Department of Justice subsequently dropped all charges against Goncalves. See United States v. Goncalves, No. 09-335 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2012).
. In a derivative action state law supplies the futility and demand standards required in a pleading. Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., 500 U.S. 90, 101-03, 111 S.Ct. 1711, 114 L.Ed.2d 152 (1991).
. Nevada permits courts considering motions to dismiss to take judicial notice of documents that are public records or incorporated by reference in the complaint. Breliant v. Preferred Equities Corp., 109 Nev. 842, 858 P.2d 1258, 1261 (1993). The complaint refers extensively to S & W's bylaws, which are public records filed with the Nevada Secretary of State.