Case Name: The City of Seattle, et al., Respondents, v. The State of Washington, et al., Appellants
Court: Washington Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Washington
Decision Date: 1983-08-31
Citations: 100 Wash. 2d 232
Docket Number: No. 47752-3
Parties: The City of Seattle, et al, Respondents, v. The State of Washington, et al, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: Washington Reports
Volume: 100
Pages: 232–256

Head Matter:
[No. 47752-3.
En Banc.
August 31, 1983.]
The City of Seattle, et al, Respondents, v. The State of Washington, et al, Appellants.
Kenneth O. Eikenberry, Attorney General, Robert F. Hauth, Senior Assistant, and James R. Tuttle, Assistant, for appellants.
Douglas N. Jewett, City Attorney, and Jorgen G. Bader and Susan R. Sampson, Assistants, for respondents.
James B. Street on behalf of Washington Common Cause, amicus curiae for respondent City of Seattle.

Opinion:
Dore, J.
The City of Seattle and its Elections Administrator, Alan W. Miller, brought this suit as plaintiffs against the State of Washington and Robert V. Graham, State Auditor, for declaratory relief. The complaint asked the court to declare valid certain city ordinances which provide partial campaign funding for candidates in city elections. On motion for summary judgment, the trial court found the ordinance constitutional.
Seattle City Charter, art. 18, § 4 declares the City of Seattle shall require public disclosure of campaign contributions to and expenditures by or on behalf of candidates and ballot issues. In 1977, pursuant to this provision, the City enacted ordinance 106653, requiring campaign disclosures and creating a Fair Campaign Practices Commission which makes rules and hears complaints arising under the ordinance. In November 1978, the Seattle City Council enacted ordinance 107772, adding new sections which place mandatory limitations on campaign contributions. It also authorizes the use of City funds to partially finance the political campaigns of candidates for City office who choose to apply and who qualify under the ordinance. There are restrictions on the number and amounts of private contri butions to be accepted by those receiving this assistance, and recipients agree to comply with the mandatory requirements of the ordinances and, in addition, to limit their expenditures.
During the 1979 election, the City disbursed matching funds to 11 candidates for positions on the Seattle City Council and the offices of comptroller and treasurer. The funding program is open to incumbents as well as other candidates who qualify.
The ordinance was designed to encourage the widest participation of the public in the electoral process, thus reducing the dependency of candidates on special interest contributions. The Council reasoned that voluntary campaign expenditure limitations, coupled with provisions of public funds, would free candidates from the time expended in raising funds, increasing the time available to the candidate for issue discussions.
The campaign matching fund program matches donations from private citizens to an eligible candidate who has timely signed the campaign contract, to a maximum of $50 per individual. Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.450(A), ordinance 107772, § 13-I(a). The campaign financing ordinance establishes eligibility criteria and expenditure limits, requires candidates to sign a campaign contract, and matches only qualified funds.
To be eligible, a candidate must demonstrate a community following by raising a base amount of funds from at least 100 city residents. In the campaign contract, a candidate agrees to limit his contributions and loans to his own campaign, and comply with specific reporting requirements and methods of receiving funds. None of these limitations on spending apply to candidates who do not accept campaign matching monies. The campaign contract must be signed within 30 days after an aspirant becomes a candidate or files for office, whichever is sooner. Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.410B, ordinance 107772, § 13-E. The ordinance provided for automatic repeal of sections 13-A through 13-M on November 15, 1982, at which time the Council was to review the effectiveness of the program. The Council did not reenact the ordinance, and it has now expired.
In upholding the constitutionality of the Seattle ordinance, the trial judge reasoned there was a potential for corruption which warranted some program for controlling campaign contributions. The trial court ruled that the Seattle campaign matching fund program is lawful because (1) the program serves a public purpose, and (2) disbursements under the program do not constitute gifts in either the common law or constitutional sense. We agree.
I
We first must determine if the expiration of the ordinance has rendered the matter moot. Counsel for the City of Seattle have advised the court that the mayor plans to resubmit the ordinance for enactment at a later date. The issue of the legality of the money received by some candidates would undoubtedly be tested at that time. It is, therefore, clear that this matter is not moot. Additionally, we believe a case involving the public financing and limiting of campaign expenditures for political candidates is of such public importance there is "continuing and substantial public interest".
In Citizens Coun. Against Crime v. Bjork, 84 Wn.2d 891, 895, 529 P.2d 1072 (1975), we stated:
While this court is reluctant to give advisory opinions, it has done so on extraordinary occasions, a notable example being Distilled Spirits Institute v. Kinnear, 80 Wn.2d 175, 492 P.2d 1012 (1972). We there said that where the question presented is one of great public interest and has been brought to the court's attention in an action wherein it is adequately briefed and argued, and where it appears that an opinion of the court would be beneficial to the public and to other branches of the government, it may exercise its discretion and render a "declaratory judgment" to resolve a question of constitutional interpretation.
The subject case is one of great public interest, has been thoroughly briefed, has been twice argued before the full court, and involves constitutional issues. We, therefore, shall resolve the substantive issues involved.
II
In resolving the legality of Seattle's campaign financing ordinance, we must address ourselves to the following issues:
(A) Does the City's campaign financing ordinance violate article 8, section 7 of the Washington State Constitution?
(B) Does such ordinance violate the provision in article 7, section 1 of the Washington State Constitution that "[a] 11 taxes . . . shall be levied and collected for public purposes only" and related sections 12 and 14 of article 11?
(C) Does the City's campaign financing ordinance vio late RCW 42.17.130 and its counterpart in the City ordinance which forbids use of public office or agency facilities in campaigns?
(D) Is the mayor or any incumbent city council member disqualified by RCW 42.20 from receiving campaign matching funds as a candidate?
Municipal ordinances are presumed to be constitutional, and an attacker bears the burden of showing the invalidity of an enactment beyond a reasonable doubt. Bellevue v. State, 92 Wn.2d 717, 600 P.2d 1268 (1979).
Ill
The Seattle campaign finance law does not authorize a public gift or subsidy in violation of article 8, section 7 of the Washington State Constitution.
Seventeen states now provide public assistance in various forms to candidates for public office. If a candidate does not accept the campaign funding contract, these limits cannot be imposed. In Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 46 L. Ed. 2d 659, 96 S. Ct. 612 (1976), the United States Supreme Court was confronted with a comprehensive elections reform law which included among its provisions: (1) a mandatory limit on personal funds which a candidate could expend on his own campaign; (2) a mandatory limit on total expenditures by a candidate during an election campaign; and (3) a program of public financing of election campaigns which conditioned acceptance of public funds on an agreement by the candidate to abide by specific expenditure and personal contribution limitations. The latter provision accomplished the same results as the first two, but by contract rather than by mandatory prohibition.
With respect to the mandatory limit on use of personal funds, the United States Supreme Court held that, notwithstanding the argued interest in equalizing the relative financial resources of candidates competing for public office, "the First Amendment simply cannot tolerate § 608 (a)'s restriction upon the freedom of a candidate to speak without legislative limit on behalf of his own candidacy". Buckley, at 54. The Court similarly held that the mandatory limit on total campaign expenditures by a candidate was in conflict with the First Amendment. Buckley, at 57-58. The Court found, however, there was no such First Amendment problem where acceptance of expenditure limitations is part of an agreement to obtain public funds. Buckley, at 58.
The constitutionality of expenditure limits coupled with public funding was addressed in greater depth in Republican Nat'l Comm. v. Federal Election Comm'n, 487 F. Supp. 280 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 445 U.S. 955 (1980). Republican Nat'l Comm, was decided by a specially convened 3-judge court. It was appealed directly to the Supreme Court where it was unanimously affirmed. The 3-judge court relied on footnote 65 at page 57 of Buckley v. Valeo, supra, in concluding that the contractual expenditure limits did not violate First Amendment rights so long as candidates are free not to enter into the agreement but, alternatively, can spend an unlimited amount of private funds. The court stated in Republican Nat'l Comm, at page 284:
If the candidate chooses to accept public financing he or she is beholden unto no person and, if elected, should feel no post-election obligation toward any contributor of the type that might have existed as a result of a privately financed campaign.
The court in Republican Nat'l Comm, at page 285 continued:
Here the conditions imposed by Congress upon receipt of public campaign financing do not infringe upon the First Amendment rights of candidates. But even if they were so viewed, the burden attributable to the limits imposed by the legislation is fully justified by the compelling state interests described above.
Similarly, under the Seattle ordinance, if a candidate agrees to the spending limit, public funds will displace rather than merely supplement private funds, thus reducing the candidate's reliance on private contributions.
In Bare v. Gorton, 84 Wn.2d 380, 526 P.2d 379 (1974), this court struck down a law that would have established a mandatory limitation on campaign expenditures. The law was found to be unconstitutional "for lack of narrow regulation drawn with precision and specificity". Bare, at 386. It was also found to be defective under the First Amendment "because it can operate to prohibit absolutely plaintiff and others from exercising their constitutionally guarantied freedom of speech". (Italics ours.) Bare, at 385. This "potential of absolute prohibition" is the same concern for mandatory limits found to be crucial by the Buckley Court. Bare, at 386. The campaign contributions limitations in the Seattle ordinance, however, are voluntary, not mandatory, and are permitted under Buckley.
The fundamental object or purpose of all judicial construction or interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the lawmakers in enacting a statute. Graffell v. Honeysuckle, 30 Wn.2d 390, 399, 191 P.2d 858 (1948). Article 8, section 7 was added to the state constitution primarily as the result of the public's fear that large private corporations were successfully prevailing upon public officials to divert public monies into corporate stockholders' pockets. The difference between aid to private railroads in the business of making money for their stockholders and expenditure of public funds for limited purposes as part of an effort to prevent dominance of the electoral process by special interests dramatizes the inapplicability of Const, art. 8, § 7 to Seattle's ordinance.
The electoral process belongs to the public and has no counterpart in the private sector. In such a context, the words "gift" and "subsidy" as conceived by the drafters of Const, art. 8, § 7 have no application. Section 13 of ordinance 107772, codified as Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.400-.480, provides that public campaign funds may be used only for direct campaign purposes. Such funds never leave the public arena; they never go into the private pockets of the candidate for his own personal purposes. The candidate holds the funds in a fiduciary capacity and can spend only to further the objectives of the ordinance. When the campaign is over, all public funds not spent for those limited purposes must be returned to the City.
Seattle's program of election reform has no precedent in any of the prior Const, art. 8, § 7 cases. In all the cases, whether or not this court found adequate consideration, private individuals or enterprises received money or property which they retained for private use. But within the constraints of the First, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, the public has the power to enact rules and spend funds with the purpose of protecting the authority and integrity of the ballot box.
IV
Seattle ordinance campaign contributions are entitlements.
Entitlements are a form of assistance provided to the public, or a segment of the public, as cash or services, in carrying out a program to further an overriding public purpose or satisfy a moral obligation. The overriding public purpose makes the private benefit incidental. Entitlements by their nature are equally available to anyone who qualifies under objective criteria.
The State and municipalities in Washington provide a variety of services without charge. Many are of great value to the recipients including:
Day care services for children of working mothers, AGO 18 (1975);
Vaccination without charge to control disease or prevent epidemics;
Attorneys' services in enforcing support payments under the uniform reciprocal enforcement of support act (RCW 26.21);
Fare-free bus zones within a downtown area to reduce traffic congestion or air pollution;
Deferral of sales taxes upon investment projects under the Economic Assistance Act of 1972, RCW 43.31A.130-.140.
Where there is a close nexus to a government process or responsibility, cash payments may be made directly to those who comply with qualifying conditions. Some examples that have survived constitutional challenges are:
Veterans' bonuses. Former RCW 73.34.040.
Compensation to victims of a felony or gross misdemeanor under "Victims of Crime — Compensation, Assistance". RCW 7.68.
Reimbursement of court costs to those who act in self-defense or in defense of another in imminent danger of injury or death from a serious crime. RCW 9.01.200.
Attorneys' and expert witnesses' fees to a successful litigant in a condemnation case under RCW 8.25.070 and .075.
Relocation assistance payments to people and businesses displaced by a condemnation. RCW 8.26.
Campaign contributions distributed pursuant to the Seattle ordinance are another form of "entitlement" which attempts to ensure a representative democracy, where every citizen's vote has equal importance.
However, the most compelling reason for upholding the legality of the Seattle ordinance is best illustrated by the Public Disclosure Commission 1980 Election Financing Fact Book. It contains 174 pages, showing the contributions received by state officeholders, including state legislators. The information comes from the disclosure statement filed by each individual candidate.
The Public Disclosure Commission's survey reveals the extent to which special interest groups are involved in the election process. There were 108 political action committees classified as "business related" which reported to the Public Disclosure Commission during 1980. Although this was an off-year election, their total receipts were $1,815,971 and expenditures were $963,778.
Special interest political action groups are on the increase, and provided approximately 37 percent of the total amount that state legislative candidates had available to spend on their campaigns in 1980. Only four of the 124 state legislators elected in 1980 were elected without assistance from special interest political action groups. This increase in the influence of special interest groups is also present on the local level.
Last session, the Legislature passed an $8.5 billion 2-year budget, making decisions as to the level of spending for all state agencies. These decisions involved appropriations for the handicapped, physically disabled, institutions, schools, higher education, scholarships and highways, etc. After establishing the level of spending, the Legislature also had to levy the taxes to raise the $8.5 billion in appropriations. This meant determining where the tax money would come from, who gets the exemptions and/or deductions, and what sources to draw from in meeting their budget responsibilities. Who helped make these decisions — individual voters or the special interest groups who contributed large sums of campaign contributions? The trial judge below, in referring to campaign contributions, said, "Money makes a difference no matter how honest a candidate, some difference".
V
Seattle's campaign finance ordinance has an underlying public interest.
The integrity of elections is essential to the very preservation of a free society. State v. Conifer Enters., Inc., 82 Wn.2d 94, 508 P.2d 149 (1973) (upholding RCW 29.79-.490(4) which prohibits paying those circulating an initiative petition by a rate per signature collected). In Fritz v. Gorton, 83 Wn.2d 275, 284, 517 P.2d 911 (1974), our court took note of the concern about the influence of campaign contributions on politics, which led to Initiative 276 (RCW 42.17):
We can note particularly that in recent years there has been more dissemination to the public of information as to campaign contributions and expenditures and the use and misuse thereof in the election of public officials. There has been more information about the proper and improper function of lobbying activities, in the decision-making processes of government, and more particularly in the enactment or nonenactment of legislation. There has been an increasing emphasis on the importance of the role of money, funds, and finances in regard to the aforementioned matters.
This case upheld detailed disclosure requirements of candidates for public office, including information of "a very personal and private nature". Fritz, at 286. The "public interest" was not seriously challenged at the trial level, nor can it be.
VI
The Seattle campaign finance law does not compel a violation by incumbent city officials of RCW 42.20 and RCW 42.23.
The trial court carefully considered the role of the mayor, the city council, the city council finance committee and the auditing committee under the city charter, and found that their functions would not bar the participation of the elected officials in the campaign matching fund program:
[T]he way the ordinance established [the] independence of the administrator and of the commission, and because of the entitlement nature [of the program], freely open to all who come, I think for either one of those reasons, but certainly with both elements there, the concerns appropriately raised by the defendant Auditor here regarding the Finance Committee and Auditing Committee responsibilities of the City, and specifically of the mayor and of the councilmen, I think is not of legal consequence.
Clerk's Papers, at 665.
Campaign contracts are not made "under the supervision" of any elected official as contemplated by RCW 42.20.010 and RCW 42.23.030; the nature of the program as an entitlement with prescribed terms precludes the self-dealing, personal favoritism, or any unfair advantage accruing to an elected officeholder.
Neither the mayor nor any other city elected official has any power to control or direct the Fair Campaign Practices Commission or the elections administrator. The term "supervision" as used in RCW 42.20.010 and RCW 42.23-.030 contemplates a degree of direction and control. Accepted authorities define the word "supervise" as follows:
To oversee for direction; to superintend; to inspect with authority.
(Italics ours.) Webster's Second New International Dictionary (1944).
To oversee (a process, work, workers, etc.) during execution or performance; superintend; have the oversight and direction of.
(Italics ours.) Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1979).
To oversee, have the oversight of, superintend the execution or performance of (a thing), the movements or work of (a person).
Oxford English Dictionary (1964).
No Washington case has applied either statute under any fact pattern where the affected official is so far removed from the actual decisionmaking process or authority involv ing the transaction as here.
Moreover, no Washington case has applied either statute in the case of entitlements, such as relocation assistance, veterans' benefits, victims' compensation, etc. Two related statutes, RCW 42.18.160(4)(b) and RCW 42.22.040, exclude government benefits extended to the public generally. By comparison, a public officer who apprehends a criminal while acting outside the scope of his or her official duties may claim the reward, Board of Comm'rs v. Johnson, 126 Kan. 36, 266 P. 749 (1928); 77 C.J.S. Rewards § 36, at 381 (1952), or receive as a bounty a portion of the fines collected from a violator, United States v. St. Regis Paper Co., 328 F. Supp. 660 (W.D. Wis. 1971).
Emoluments of office are another exemption implied by necessity. The rule of necessity applies to judges, administrative agencies, executive officers, and legislative bodies. Caminetti v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co., 22 Cal. 2d 344, 139 P.2d 908, 920 (1943); 4 E. McQuillin, Municipal Corporations § 13.35, 13.35(a) (3d rev. ed. 1979). Here, the residual legislative and administrative powers of the city council and the mayor respectively adhere in the nature of municipal government. Applying RCW 42.20.010 and RCW 42.23-.030 as the Attorney General seeks would, therefore, effectively preempt any municipality's power to establish campaign financing legislation. Were that the intention, the Legislature would have used explicit language. Absent a clear and express prohibition, a local government's power to legislate continues. Ritchie v. Markley, 23 Wn. App. 569, 597 P.2d 449 (1979); State ex rel. Schillberg v. Everett Dist. Justice Court, 92 Wn.2d 106, 594 P.2d 448 (1979).
RCW 42.23 is directed at self-dealing where a public official would otherwise have the discretion to use his public office to favor his private interests over the interests of others. The Seattle ordinance is administered by an independent election administrator who performs the ministerial role of executing contracts with candidates based on purely objective criteria.
Furthermore, RCW 42.23.030 deals with the "making" of a contract. The State's argument depends on a construction of "making" so that it means "general supervision" of the implementation of a contract after it has been made.
More importantly, even if the word "making" meant what the State said it meant, the State's argument incorrectly assumes that the campaign finance ordinance itself compels action by an elected official despite a conflict of interest. On the contrary, if at some point during implementation of a campaign funding contract, an elected member of the city auditing committee were to find himself in the position of possibly acting with respect to his own contract, there is nothing in the campaign ordinance or in the city charter that would compel him to act. In fact, the City's own code of ethics, ordinance 108882, compels him to disqualify himself. If he did not disqualify himself, then and only then would any conflict of interest violation occur. Full enforcement of RCW 42.23 or any other conflict of interest law does not require invalidation of the City's campaign finance law.
VII
The City's campaign finance ordinance does not violate RCW 42.17.130 and its counterpart in Seattle City Charter, article 18, section 4, which forbids use of public office or agency facilities in campaigns.
The State, in asserting that Seattle's campaign finance law violates RCW 42.17.130 and Seattle City Charter, art. 18, § 4, ignores the purpose for which those provisions were enacted. The purpose intended was to prohibit the use of public facilities for partisan campaign purposes. The incumbent's use of publicly provided stamps to mail out his campaign literature is a typical example of the abuses which were targeted. Under the State's reading of this provision, the State and the City would be prohibited from publishing a voter's pamphlet.
When RCW 42.17.130 refers to "assisting a campaign for election of any person to any office" it means assisting a specific campaign at the expense of other campaigns. (Italics ours.) An even-handed program of assistance available to all candidates based on objective minimum qualification criteria simply does not involve the abuses of public trust which inspired RCW 42.17.130.
Article 18, section 4 of the Seattle City Charter, adopted November 2, 1976 after State Initiative 276, was clearly intended to express in general terms the same intent; that is, that in the electoral process the public interest as expressed through the ballot box should prevail over special and private interests. That is precisely the purpose and effect of Seattle's campaign finance reform ordinance.
Conclusion
The Seattle City Council intelligently and creatively passed an ordinance providing for a voluntary limitation of spending and partial public financing of candidates so the average person would have some chance of equal representation in the city of Seattle on issues involving his tax dollar. The money is not given to the individual for his/her personal use. A candidate cannot spend it for his/her personal needs or services, but only to promote his/her candidacy, and such activities are closely screened through the Fair Campaign Practices Commission. There is no gift to the individual, but a tremendous benefit to the general public in more representative government by the city council and mayor of their city.
The Seattle ordinance does not violate Const, art. 8, § 7 because (1) the campaign contributions defined by the ordinance are not gifts; (2) the candidate must render substantial consideration to the public to become eligible to receive them; and (3) such contributions are entitlements and constitutionally permissible.
Utter and Dimmick, JJ., concur.
Stafford and Pearson, JJ., concur in the result.
Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.440(A), section 13-H(a) of ordinance 107772, provides in part:
"1. For the office of Mayor [a candidate must] either: (a) receive Twenty Thousand Dollars ($20,000.00) from at least one hundred contributors, or (b) receive three hundred contributions of Ten Dollars ($10.00) or more;
"2. For the offices of City Council, City Attorney, City Comptroller or City Treasurer [a candidate must] either: (a) receive Seven Thousand Five Hundred Dollars ($7,500.00) from at least one hundred contributors, or (b) receive two hundred contributions of Ten Dollars ($10.00) or more."
The campaign contract provides that the candidate will
1. Limit his or her own contributions and loans to the campaign to no more than $1,000 in any campaign year (Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.420);
2. Limit total campaign expenditures to $150,000 if running for mayor, and $50,000 in races for other city offices (Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.430);
3. Spread campaign spending so that no more than 75 percent of the applicable limit is spent through primary election day (Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.430);
4. Use campaign contributions for direct campaign purposes only — no campaign funds may be used for personal support or to make a donation to another's campaign (Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.470);
5. Return one-half of unexpended campaign funds after the election (Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.450D);
6. Comply with continuous reporting requirements and substantiating vouchers (Seattle Municipal Code 2.04.270); and
7. Abide by rulings and interpretations of the elections administrator with respect to campaign contributions and terms (contract article 8, Clerk's Papers, at 209).
Section 2.04.470 provides:
"Public matching funds may be expended only for the receiving candidate's direct campaign purposes such as, but not limited to, purchasing campaign literature or media space or time, mailings, renting campaign headquarters, or paying for campaign headquarter telephones. A candidate who signs a campaign contract may use neither contributions nor public matching funds for indirect campaign purposes such as, but not limited to, providing a candidate's personal support, or for donation to another's campaign. Permissibility of an expenditure of public matching funds shall be determined by the Administrator of the Office of Election Administration."
Public Disclosure Commission, Summary of Campaign Finance Reports for 1981 (1982), at 7.
Public Disclosure Commission, 1980 Election Financing Fact Book (1981), at 171.
Public Disclosure Commission, 1980 Election Financing Fact Book (1981), at 172. United for Washington, the largest political action committee, has grown by leaps and bounds. In 1974 they raised and disbursed $94,148; in 1976, $148,675; in 1978, $162,855; in 1980, $348,798.
In legislative races in 1981, United for Washington donated to 70 campaigns in individual amounts ranging from a high of $11,852 to a minimum of $500, or an average of $4,471.77.