Case Name: IN RE THE WAGE CLAIM OF SHARON LANGAGER, Claimant, Respondent, and Cross-Appellant, v. CRAZY CREEK PRODUCTS, INC., Respondent, Appellant, and Cross-Respondent
Court: Montana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Montana
Decision Date: 1998-03-03
Citations: 287 Mont. 445
Docket Number: No. 97-179
Parties: IN RE THE WAGE CLAIM OF SHARON LANGAGER, Claimant, Respondent, and Cross-Appellant, v. CRAZY CREEK PRODUCTS, INC., Respondent, Appellant, and Cross-Respondent.
Judges: JUSTICE LEAPHART specially concurs.
Reporter: Montana Reports
Volume: 287
Pages: 445–460

Head Matter:
IN RE THE WAGE CLAIM OF SHARON LANGAGER, Claimant, Respondent, and Cross-Appellant, v. CRAZY CREEK PRODUCTS, INC., Respondent, Appellant, and Cross-Respondent.
No. 97-179.
Submitted on Briefs December 11, 1997.
Decided March 3, 1998.
1998 MT 44.
55 St.Rep. 169.
287 Mont. 445.
954 P.2d 1169.
JUSTICE LEAPHART specially concurs.
JUSTICE NELSON specially concurs and dissents, joined by JUSTICES GRAY and TRIEWEILER.
For Appellant: Kent E. Young, Attorney at Law, Red Lodge.
For Respondent: Sharon Langager, Pro Se, Roberts.
For Intervenor State of Montana: Robert Campbell, Legal Services, Department of Labor and Industry, Helena.

Opinion:
JUSTICE REGNIER
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 On April 24,1996, claimant Sharon Langager filed an action in the District Court for the Thirteenth Judicial District in Carbon County, seeking judicial review of an order issued by the Department of Labor and Industry's Board of Personnel Appeals. The order denied Langager's request that her employer, Crazy Creek Products, Inc., be required to compensate her for two weeks of unused vacation time. On December 27, 1996, the District Court issued its order reversing the decision of the Board of Personnel Appeals, and granting a judgment in Langager's favor and against Crazy Creek in an amount equal to one week of vacation pay plus penalties. It is from this order that Crazy Creek appeals, and Langager cross-appeals. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse.
¶2 We find the following issues dispositive on appeal:
¶3 1. Did the District Court err in concluding that Crazy Creek's personnel manual did not apply to Langager and thus did not alter the terms of her employment?
¶4 2. Did the Board of Personnel Appeals err in concluding that Langager was not entitled to vacation pay pursuant to the terms of Crazy Creek's personnel manual?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶5 Langager began working for Crazy Creek on June 3, 1992, at which time Crazy Creek had a verbal policy regarding vacation time pursuant to which each employee was entitled to one week of paid vacation upon completion of one full year of employment. The verbal policy additionally provided that an employee would earn one week of paid vacation after completing each succeeding year of employment. For eligible employees to take advantage of accrued vacation, Crazy Creek required only that they provide the company with thirty-days' notice.
¶6 Langager continued to work for Crazy Creek until June 6,1994. In February 1994, several months prior to Langager's separation, Crazy Creek adopted a written manual of Employment Benefits and Policies For All Personnel (personnel manual). The personnel manual modified the company's policy with respect to paid vacation, providing specifically as follows:
Vacation: CCP provides one week paid vacation per year after the completion of the first year of employment (1st anniversary date). After the completion of the second year of employment (2nd anniversary date) CCP will provide two weeks paid vacation per year. Employees must use their vacation within the year after it is earned. Vacation does not carry over from year to year. (ie. At the end of the first year an employee has one week of paid vacation accrued. Vacation must be taken before the end of the second year - 2nd anniversary date.) Vacation must be used all at once in consecutive days.
If a company holiday falls within the vacation period it will be considered as a paid holiday and not vacation time. This day of vacation can be used either at the beginning or the end of the vacation time.
An employee must work the regularly scheduled work days before and after the paid vacation period in order to be eligible to receive vacation pay.
Vacations are allowed on a first come first served basis. In the event more than one employee requests the same days as another, management reserves the right to deny the second request received at their discretion.
Requests for vacation should be made at least 30 days prior to the time requested. Please plan ahead.
¶7 Crazy Creek held a meeting on February 3,1994, during which it provided each of its employees, including Langager, with a copy of the new personnel manual. On February 8, 1994, Crazy Creek convened a second meeting, at which Langager was present, for the purpose of discussing the personnel manual. In February 1994, following distribution of the personnel manual, Langager asked for and received permission to take her two weeks of vacation in late June of that year.
¶8 In early June 1994, Langager secured other employment. Thus, on June 6,1994, Langager provided Crazy Creek with notice that she intended to quit her job two weeks later, at the start of her scheduled vacation. Upon learning of Langager's plans, however, the Crazy Creek manager informed her that she would not receive any vacation pay if she did not return to work following her vacation. In response, Langager opted to terminate her employment effective June 6,1994, and thus did not work her regular shift either prior to or following her scheduled vacation period.
¶9 Crazy Creek did not provide Langager with two weeks of vacation pay following her separation from the company. Thus, on July 5, 1994, Langager filed a wage claim with the Montana Department of Labor and Industry (DOL), claiming entitlement to $520 in vacation pay. On July 28, 1994, DOL compliance specialist Jim Dobbins authored a written determination in which he ruled that Crazy Creek owed Langager two weeks of vacation pay, in an amount of $520, along with penalties pursuant to § 39-3-206, MCA.
¶10 Crazy Creek subsequently requested a hearing, which was conducted telephonically by DOL hearing officer Stan Gerke on June 1,1995. On October 13,1995, the Hearings Bureau issued its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order in which it ordered that Crazy Creek pay Langager $520 for two weeks of earned vacation, as well as $572 in penalties pursuant to § 39-3-206, MCA.
¶ 11 Crazy Creek appealed to the DOL Board of Personnel Appeals, which issued its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order on March 25,1996. The Board of Personnel Appeals reversed the hearing officer's decision, concluding that because Langager did not work the shifts prior to and after her vacation period, she did not qualify for vacation pay pursuant to the terms set forth in Crazy Creek's personnel manual. The Board of Personnel Appeals thus held that Crazy Creek did not owe Langager the vacation pay to which she claimed entitlement.
¶12 Langager, actingpro-se, chose to appeal the Board of Personnel Appeals' decision and filed a petition for judicial review in District Court on April 24, 1996. On June 3, 1996, the DOL filed a motion to intervene, which the District Court granted in an order dated June 26, 1996. On December 27, 1996, the District Court issued an order reversing the Board of Personnel Appeals' determination that Langager was not entitled to vacation pay. The District Court instead concluded that Crazy Creek's personnel manual did not apply to Langager, and that she was entitled to recover one week of vacation pay pursuant to the company's prior verbal vacation policy, as well as penalties. Crazy Creek filed a notice of appeal on February 21,1997, and Langager filed a notice of cross-appeal on March 6, 1997.
DISCUSSION
¶13 A district court must review an administrative agency's findings of fact to determine "whether the findings are clearly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative and substantial evidence in the whole record." State Personnel Div. of Dep't of Admin. v. Board of Personnel Appeals, Div. of Dep't of Labor and Industry (1992), 255 Mont. 507, 511, 844 P.2d 68, 71 (citing Department of Revenue v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (1992), 252 Mont. 476, 482, 830 P.2d 1259, 1263); see also § 2-4-704, MCA. Furthermore, the district court will uphold an agency's conclusion of law "if the agency's interpretation of the law is correct." State Personnel Division of Dep't of Admin., 255 Mont. at 511, 844 P.2d at 71 (citing Steer, Inc. v. Department of Revenue (1990), 245 Mont. 470, 474-75, 803 P.2d 601, 603). We in turn employ the same standards when reviewing the district court's decision, and must accordingly determine whether an agency's findings of fact are clearly erroneous and whether its conclusions of law were correct. See Swan Corp. v. Department of Revenue (1988), 232 Mont. 210, 213, 755 P.2d 1388, 1390.
ISSUE 1
¶ 14 Did the District Court err in concluding that Crazy Creek's personnel manual did not apply to Langager and thus did not alter the terms of her employment?
¶15 In its order reversing the decision of the Board of Personnel Appeals, the District Court ultimately concluded that the paid vacation policy contained in Crazy Creek's written personnel manual did not apply to Langager, but that the terms of her employment were instead governed by the verbal vacation policy in effect at the time she began working for Crazy Creek in June 1992. In so concluding, the court relied upon our decision in Gates v. Life of Montana Ins. Co (1982), 196 Mont. 178, 183, 638 P.2d 1063, 1066, in which we held that "[a]n employee handbook distributed after the employee is hired does not become a part of that employee's contract." In Gates, we concluded that an employee handbook distributed two years after the plaintiff was hired "constituted a unilateral statement of company policies and procedures" and that it could not have modified the employee's contract "because there was no new and independent consideration for its terms" and because "its terms were not bargained for." Gates, 196 Mont. at 183, 638 P.2d at 1066.
¶16 In the present case, the court noted that Crazy Creek had adopted its personnel manual long after Langager was hired, and reasoned that because "[t]he parties do not argue and the record does not reflect that the new terms were bargained for, nor that there was new and independent consideration," the "new manual does not constitute a modification of the terms of the claimant's employment." The court thus concluded the verbal vacation policy in effect at the time Langager was hired controlled the present case.
¶17 The court noted that, pursuant to Crazy Creek's verbal policy, Langager became eligible for one week of paid vacation upon completion of her second year of employment, and that to take advantage of that accumulated vacation she had only to put in her request for vacation at least thirty days in advance. The court observed that Langager had met the thirty-day requirement, and thus held she was entitled to receive one week of vacation pay pursuant to the provisions of the verbal vacation policy, but not the two weeks of vacation pay to which she claimed entitlement. Because the court concluded that Crazy Creek's written personnel manual did not apply to Langager, whether or not she had worked the shifts prior to and following her scheduled vacation was of no ultimate consequence to the court's analysis.
¶18 On appeal, Crazy Creek first argues the District Court erroneously exceeded the proper scope of its review when it found that the administrative record "does not reflect that the new terms were bargained for nor that there was new and independent consideration" and accordingly concluded that "the vacation policy applicable to [Langager] is the verbal policy in place at the time she began her employment at Crazy Creek Products, Inc." Crazy Creek argues that the administrative record contains no specific findings with respect to the presence of bargained for exchange or new and independent consideration, and thus suggests the court erroneously substituted its own judgment for that of the agency, and reached a legal conclusion with respect to the applicability of Crazy Creek's personnel manual based upon assumed facts about which there existed no specific agency findings. Crazy Creek points to § 2-4-704, MCA, and asserts the District Court was without statutory authority to reverse the Board of Appeals' decision as it did, and that its only option was to remand the case for additional findings on the questions of bargained for exchange and new consideration.
¶19 Crazy Creek next argues that, even if the court was acting within the scope of its reviewing authority, it erred in determining that the administrative record contained no evidence of bargained for exchange and new consideration, and in concluding that Crazy Creek's personnel manual thus did not apply to Langager. Instead, Crazy Creek argues that the administrative record contains sufficient evidence of bargained for exchange and new consideration to support the conclusion, implicit in the Board of Appeal's decision denying Langager's request for vacation pay, that Crazy Creek's personnel manual effectively modified the terms of Langager's employment.
¶20 Following a review of the administrative record, we note that this case is factually distinguishable from the Gates case, and determine the elements of bargained for exchange and independent consideration are indeed present. In Gates, a former employee brought an action for wrongful discharge against her employer, asserting in part that her employer "breached the contractual terms of her employment as set forth in [an] employee handbook." Gates, 196 Mont. at 183, 638 P.2d at 1066. We held that where the employer had merely distributed the handbook two years after the plaintiff was hired, there was no new and independent consideration for its terms and its terms were not bargained for. Gates, 196 Mont. at 183, 638 P.2d at 1066. In the present case, however, the administrative record indicates that Crazy Creek not only distributed its personnel manual to each employee, but additionally convened a second meeting on February 8, 1994, during which it asked if any employees had questions regarding the provisions of the manual. That Langager not only received a copy of the manual, but also attended this second meeting during which the employer asked for input from its employees, indicates the manual's terms were sufficiently bargained for. Moreover, Langager continued to work for Crazy Creek, thereby supplying the necessary consideration.
¶21 Based on the foregoing, we hold the District Court erred in finding no evidence of bargained for exchange and new consideration under the circumstances of this case, and hold the court consequently erred in concluding Crazy Creek's personnel manual did not apply to Langager. Because the record as a whole contains substantial evidence indicating that the terms of the personnel manual were bargained for, and that there was new and independent consideration, we conclude that remand for additional findings is unnecessary and that the District Court did not exceed the proper scope of its review.
ISSUE 2
¶22 Did the Board of Personnel Appeals err in concluding that Langager was not entitled to vacation pay pursuant to the terms of Crazy Creek's personnel manual?
¶23 Having determined that Crazy Creek's personnel manual did in fact apply to Langager, we must reach that question not addressed by the District Court and determine whether the Board of Personnel Appeals erred in concluding Langager was not entitled to recover two weeks of vacation pay. We review an agency's conclusion of law to determine whether it is a correct interpretation of the law. See, e.g., State Personnel Div. of Dep't of Admin., 255 Mont. at 511, 844 P.2d at 71.
¶24 In a 1949 opinion, which remains valid authority for the resolution of vacation pay disputes, the Attorney General concluded that "vacation pay which has been earned and is due and owing must be considered in the same category as wages and is collectable in the same manner and under the same statutes as are wages." 23 Op. Att'y Gen. 151, 153 (1949); See generally, Morris v. C.C. Communications Corp. (1977), 175 Mont. 23, 571 P.2d 1163. The parties to the present action do not dispute the fact that Montana law recognizes vacation pay as a wage, and do not take issue with the following conclusions by the Board of Personnel Appeals:
Employers are under no legal obligation to provide employees with a paid vacation. The decision to grant paid vacations to employees is left to the discretion of an employer. Although there is no legal obligation on the part of an employer to provide a paid vacation, once the decision is made to grant a paid vacation, the employer is obligated to pay that which is earned and due and owing.
¶25 Crazy Creek correctly identifies the critical question on appeal as whether Langager has actually earned the paid vacation to which she claims entitlement, and whether Crazy Creeks is thus "obligated to pay that which is earned and due and owing." Faced with the similar question of whether vacation pay is due and owing under a given set of circumstances, other courts have recognized that "[a]n employer is free to set the terms and conditions of employment and compensation and the employee is free to accept or reject those conditions." Rowell v. Jones & Vining, Inc. (Me. 1987), 524 A.2d 1208, 1211. See also Roberts v. Public Finance Co. (Or. 1983), 662 P.2d 330, 332 (similarly recognizing that "[a]n employer is free to set the terms and conditions of the work and of the compensation and the employee may accept or reject those conditions.").
¶26 Thus, to determine whether vacation pay is due and owing in the present case, we must look to the terms of the employment contract as set forth in Crazy Creek's personnel manual. See, e.g., Roberts, 662 P.2d at 332 (recognizing that"[t]he employment contract itself will control the employee's right to vacation."). In its decision denying Langager's request for vacation pay, the Board of Personnel Appeals evaluated the requirements set forth in Crazy Creek's personnel manual and concluded that Langager "had not yet earned her vacation pay and is not entitled to recover the wages claimed for vacation pay." In so concluding, the Board of Personnel Appeals reasoned that Langager "did not fulfill the requirements delineated by the employer to qualify for vacation pay" because she did not comply with the personnel manual's requirement that she "work both the day prior to and the day after taking vacation." Thus, the Board of Personnel Appeals ultimately held that, "[b]ecause of the failure of claimant to fulfill the contractual prerequisite to vacation pay, she is not entitled to vacation pay."
¶27 Review of Crazy Creek's personnel manual reveals a number of "contractual prerequisites" to an employee's entitlement to vacation pay. For example, Crazy Creek requires that each employee work for at least one year before accruing any paid vacation. Crazy Creek's personnel manual additionally requires that, to take advantage of accrued vacation, employees must take vacation in consecutive days within the next calendar year, request vacation thirty days in advance, and work their regularly scheduled shifts both before and after a scheduled vacation. In light of these provisions, Crazy Creek argues that employees do not earn paid vacation until they comply with the conditions set forth in the company's personnel manual, including the requirement that they report to work for their regularly scheduled shifts immediately prior to and following a paid vacation period. Crazy Creek asserts, and the Board of Personnel Appeals concluded, that because Langager failed to work her regularly scheduled shifts both prior to and following her scheduled vacation, she never earned any paid vacation, and is not entitled to prevail in the present action.
¶28 Crazy Creek's personnel manual specifically states that the company "provides one week paid vacation per year after the completion of the first year of employment (1st anniversary date)" and explains that "[a]t the end of the first year an employee has one week of paid vacation accrued" (Emphasis added.) Furthermore, the manual explicitly provides that "[ajfter the completion of the second year of employment (2nd anniversary date) CCP will provide two weeks paid vacation per year." (Emphasis added.) Thus, in no uncertain terms, Crazy Creek states that it "will provide two weeks paid vacation" to employees who reach their second anniversary date.
¶29 In the present case, it is undisputed that Langager completed her second year of employment with Crazy Creek on June 3, 1994. According to the above-cited portion of Crazy Creek's personnel manual, Langager had two weeks of paid vacation accrued when she completed the second year of her employment with Crazy Creek on June 3, 1994. Despite the fact that Crazy Creek's personnel manual explicitly states that the company "will provide two weeks paid vacation" to employees, like Langager, who complete their second year of employment, Crazy Creek argues that because Langager quit her job and therefore failed to comply with the condition that she work the shifts immediately preceding and following her scheduled vacation, she never earned any paid vacation. Implicit in Crazy Creek's argument is its attempted differentiation between accrued vacation and earned vacation, and its apparent contention that an employee may have accrued two weeks of vacation after working for the company for two years, but not yet earned it. Indeed, pursuant to Crazy Creek's argument in this case, Langager could not have earned paid vacation until that vacation had come to an end.
¶30 Notwithstanding Crazy Creek's argument to the contrary, we conclude that vacation pay is earned by virtue of an employee's labor and once it has accrued, it has by definition been earned. See, e.g., Wolf v. Sam's Town Furniture, Inc. (N.M. Ct. App. 1995), 904 P.2d 52, 57 (recognizing that "[a]ccrued vacation is based upon vacation time earned ."); Kistler v. Redwoods Community College Dist. (Cal. Ct. App. 1993), 19 Cal. Rptr. 2d 417, 421 (equating "vacation pay which is to be earned in the future" with vacation pay "which has not yet accrued"). Pursuant to the terms of Crazy Creek's own personnel manual, and by virtue of her two years of labor for the company, Langager had accrued, or earned, two weeks of paid vacation by the time of her June 3, 1994, second anniversary of employment. We recognize that an employer may, as did Crazy Creek in the présent case, place reasonable restrictions upon the accrual of paid vacation. We conclude, however, that once an employee has accrued paid vacation pursuant to the terms of his or her employment contract, an employer may not then impose conditions subsequent which would, if unmet, effectively divest an employee of that accrued vacation.
¶31 Crazy Creek argues employees only earn paid vacation if they comply with the personnel manual's additional requirements and take their accrued paid vacation in consecutive days within the next calendar year, request vacation thirty days in advance, and work their regularly scheduled shifts both before and after vacation. Termed conditions precedent by Crazy Creek, these contractual requirements are, in effect, conditions subsequent which do not affect the accrual of paid vacation which occurs, pursuant to the terms of Crazy Creek's personnel manual, upon each anniversary of employment. Instead, these contractual requirements affect an employee's ability to take advantage of accrued vacation and, if unmet, divest that employee of accrued vacation. In the present case, the fact that Langager failed to fulfill Crazy Creek's requirements that she report to work for the shifts immediately preceding and following her vacation effectively divested her of her two weeks vacation already accrued pursuant to the explicit terms of the company's own personnel manual. Moreover, we note the inherent inconsistency of a vacation policy pursuant to which an employee cannot earn paid vacation until that vacation has come to an end.
¶32 Based on the foregoing, we conclude the Board of Personnel Appeals erred in concluding that Langager was not entitled to recover two weeks of vacation pay from Crazy Creek, and that the District Court similarly erred in concluding Langager was entitled to one week of vacation pay pursuant to Crazy Creek's verbal vacation policy. We remand to the District Court for a determination of appropriate penalties, if any, pursuant to § 39-3-105, MCA, and § 39-3-206, MCA.
CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE, JUSTICES HUNT and LEAPHART CONCUR.