Case Name: Commonwealth vs. Edward P. O'Toole
Court: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Jurisdiction: Massachusetts
Decision Date: 1967-01-26
Citations: 351 Mass. 627
Docket Number: 
Parties: Commonwealth vs. Edward P. O’Toole.
Judges: 
Reporter: Massachusetts Reports
Volume: 351
Pages: 627–642

Head Matter:
Commonwealth vs. Edward P. O’Toole.
Suffolk.
October 3, 1966.
January 26, 1967.
Present: Wilkins, C.J., Spalding, Whittkmobe, Cutter, Kirk, Spiegel, & Reardon, JJ.
J oseph J, Balliro for the defendant.
John T. Gaffney, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Opinion:
Whittemore, J.
The defendant was found guilty by a jury in the Superior Court under four indictments charging him respectively with fraudulent conversions, obtaining signatures under false pretences, larceny of amounts exceeding $100, and uttering forged instruments. The trial was subject to G. L. c. 278, § 33A-33G. The assignments of error now argued relate to the judge's rulings on evidence and his ruling on an objection to the Commonwealth's closing argument.
Certain facts are undisputed. The defendant was city manager of Revere from January, 1953, to December, 1963. From 1959 to 1961, fifty-four checks were issued to City Hardware, Inc. for a total sum of $44,482. The checks were issued upon requests from the building and remodeling department. City Hardware, Inc. did not receive the checks nor the proceeds and did not deliver to the city any of the materials for which the checks purportedly were issued. The indorsements on the checks were not genuine.
There was evidence that the defendant was the head of the building and remodeling department from 1959 to 1961, that the checks had been drawn to City Hardware, Inc. at the defendant's request, and that, contrary to the customary procedure, they had been delivered to the defendant personally. The defendant had then caused the checks to be cashed in the city tax collector's office and the proceeds also delivered to him. The indictments followed an extended investigation that began in 1962 when a number of taxpayers presented a petition to the district attorney under G. L. c. 44, § 62.
1. The defendant contends that the admission in evidence of conversations occurring in the course of the investigation between November 5, 1962, and October 17, 1963, violated his constitutional right to counsel. The testimony as to the conversations was given by William J. DiGiuseppe, a detective of the Metropolitan District Police, who was assigned to the district attorney's office. The testimony tended to support the charges of the indictments.
On November 5, 1962, at the defendant's City Hall office, DiGiuseppe asked the defendant for an "explanation for his overspending" in the city budget. The defendant said he would explain on November 16 at the district attorney's office, and suggested that the petitioners were disgruntled job seekers. Testimony concerning the November 16 meeting and several subsequent meetings was excluded.
On August 1,1963, at the defendant's office, the defendant said he had personally handled the building and remodeling account as to all matters from 1958 through 1963; he alone was responsible for each requisition to buy goods and services from the account and he had followed the required procedures. DiGiuseppe asked for the defendant's books for that account and requested that he "explain the transactions concerning" the account. The defendant replied, "that was a big order for him to do." DiGiuseppe said that if he kept such good records he should be able to lay hands on them right away and asked for a chance to look over the records. The defendant said "he didn't have them right then and there. ' '
On October 17, 1963, again in the defendant's City Hall office, DiGiuseppe told the defendant that the district attorney's office ("we") would soon be asking the city treasurer for the cancelled checks. The defendant said that if the treasurer turned over any checks to the district attorney's office, "he's in for a lot of trouble" and that the defendant had ordered the treasurer ' 'not to give . . . [the district attorney's office] anything." The investigator asked where the defendant kept his copies of the building and remodeling transactions, and he replied that he destroyed his copies once a warrant was issued by the auditor's office, as he did not need them.
The defendant relies also on other testimony, summarized in this paragraph, that was either struck or excluded on voir dire, but which informed the judge as to the nature of the investigation. On November 16, 1962, at a conference at the district attorney's office, an assistant district attorney asked for the defendant's "defence" for this overspending, saying it would also be his own "defence" if the petitioners sought a writ of mandamus to compel him to take action under Gr. L. c. 44, § 62. He asked the defendant ' ' to give him a reason why he should not prosecute. ' ' The defendant said he had knowingly spent the money and thought he had a right to do so, borrowing from one account or another when he had money in the excess and deficiency account. In subsequent conversations, reference was made by the interrogator to the "long promised report," the report looked for "since Thanksgiving," the report asked for "over six months" ago. On one occasion the defendant asked "what report that was" and DiGriuseppe asked "if he was kidding."
The defendant relies on Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U. S. 478, 490-491, and Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 444, and contends, in effect, that the compulsion of the investigation brought him within the rule requiring counsel in custodial interrogation because it deprived him of his freedom of action. We disagree.
The trial of the instant case began on July 19,1965, after the date of the Escobedo decision (June 22, 1964) but before the date of the Miranda decision (June 13,1966). The Miranda case explained and expanded the constitutional rule as stated in the Escobedo case. We do not apply the Miranda principle retroactively. Commonwealth v. McGrath, ante, 534, 539, and cases cited. See Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U. S. 719. But even under the rule as explicated in the Miranda case the validity of the inquiry would not depend on the presence of counsel. In that case the court held that counsel is required in any "custodial interrogation" and defined the term as "questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. ' ' 384 U. S. 444. In a footnote the court commented, "This is what we meant in Escobedo when we spoke of an investigation which had focused on an accused. ' '
The defendant 0 'Toole was in no way physically detained or restricted. Calling a suspect's attention to circumstances that appear to require an explanation does not deprive him of his freedom of action. There was no restraint of freedom in interviewing the defendant in the district attorney's office. Stating, in effect, that the circumstances appear to require prosecution and asking that the defendant show why they did not, was not restraint. The defendant's conduct in the course of the investigation undoubtedly greatly enhanced the suspicions of the interrogators and tended to suggest violations not only of Gr. L. c. 44, § 62, but of other statutes. That was not enough to require the presence of counsel. It was not coercion or restraint to give the defendant full opportunity to decide whether, in the light of what was known, he cared to talk. United States v. Knight, 261 F. Supp. 843 (E. D. Pa.). United States v. Spinney, 264 F. Supp. 774 (D. Mass.).
There is nothing in the defendant's suggestion that, because of the absence of counsel, it is "implicit" that his answers were not made voluntarily.
2. It was not error to admit in evidence the following cross-examination of the defendant: Q. "Did you do anything to check out these bills to determine whether or not these materials had been furnished at that time, after your attorney showed you the bills?" A. "No."
The defendant objects that, as he had resigned as city manager in December, 1963, he was not in a position in July, 1965 (the time referred to in the question), to make the investigation suggested. The jury knew the date of the defendant's resignation and also heard his testimony that he had first learned that materials had not been furnished to the city about a week prior to taking the witness stand, i.e., in July, 1965, shortly after the Commonwealth had furnished copies of the checks and bills to defence counsel pursuant to an order of the court. Obviously any checking would have required permission of city officials having custody of the records. That did not render irrelevant the absence of any effort in the premises.
3. No error is shown in the admission of testimony that in 1959 through 1961 the defendant deposited $69,362.39 in bank accounts held jointly with his wife and $2,283 in his individual account. The Commonwealth had cross-examined the defendant as follows: Q. "Did you get any of that $44,482, Mr. O'Toole?" A. "No, sir." Q. "Didyou deposit any of the $44,482 in any bank account?" A. "No, sir. " Q. " Exclusive of your salary, Mr. 0 'Toole, can you tell us, sir, did you deposit $44,000 in any bank? ' ' A. "No, sir." Q. "And you still want to leave it that you did not deposit $44,000-odd between the years 1959 to 1961 in the National Shawmut Bank?" A. "I will have to total up what I deposited in those years." Q. "Was it close to $44,000?" A. "I have no idea; I would have to check it."
The judge admitted the evidence concerning the bank accounts for the limited purpose of impeaching the defendant's credibility, and, shortly after the admission of the evidence, so instructed the jury. The defendant's testimony was reasonably construable as an assertion that, apart from his salary, he did not deposit as much as $44,000 in any bank and that he had no idea without totaling his deposits whether what he did deposit was close to that sum. Thus there was a narrow basis for the admission, to impeach credibility, of the evidence of deposits much larger than $44,000.
The evidence was, however, otherwise admissible. In Commonwealth v. Mulrey, 170 Mass. 103, 110-111, we held that evidence of bank deposits by a defendant, in an amount too large to be accounted for by his salary, was admissible in connection with independent evidence tending to show a successful fraudulent conspiracy. ' ' The evidence by itself of course did not prove criminal conduct. But it is not necessary that every piece of evidence admitted should be sufficient by itself to prove the crime. Evidence which would be colorless if it stood alone may get a new complexion from other facts which are proved, and in turn may corroborate the conclusion which would be drawn from the other facts." See Commonwealth v. Nassar, ante, 37, 48. Hence, assuming that the evidence of the deposit of substantial sums in the years 1959 through 1961 may have caused the jury to draw inferences as to the defendant's guilt, contrary to the judge's instruction, no error is shown, for the evidence was rightly available for that purpose.
4. The defendant contends that there was error in the cross-examination of the defendant's wife: Q. "Can you remember — did you file a gift tax return on your father's estate?" Defendant's counsel: "I object." The court: ' ' With respect to this money you are now inquiring about ? ' ' Assistant district attorney: "Yes, your Honor." The court: "I am going to permit it. . . . [Defendant's exception.] " The witness: "No, I didn't."
Mrs. O'Toole had testified that her father had died in December of 1964 and she was his executrix. He had income from an invention, had no checking account, and had given her substantial sums of money to be spent for herself and her family or for him. In the years 1959 through 1961 he had given her substantial sums which she had given to her husband to deposit in their joint accounts. Her father had given her in each of the years 1959 and 1960, " [a] round $16,000" and in 1961 around $23,000.
On cross-examination Mrs. O'Toole testified that the gifts were in cash. To get together the figures, she had, on the previous evening, gone through the checking account with the defendant and his counsel. She had filed an inventory of her father's estate; she believed she had filed a bond. There followed the testimony as to the gift tax return. Cross-examination continued, in the course of which the district attorney asked whether her father had filed a gift tax return or the witness had done so. The court excluded these inquiries.
We reject the defendant's contention that, because of an implication of an offence by the witness against the tax laws, the subject was beyond the scope of cross-examina-tian. There was no such implication in the question. The Commonwealth was not seeldng to discredit the testimony by suggesting that the witness was a law violator. The adverse impact on the defendant of Mrs. O'Toole's answer that as executrix she had not filed a return was to discredit her explanation of the large bank deposits. The possible implication was that, had there been a gift, the executrix would have filed a return and not risked whatever penalty the law imposed. Only if the jury, notwithstanding the implication, believed that there had been a gift, as the defendant wished them to do, could they have had a basis for suspecting the witness of default under the tax laws. This of course could not harm the defendant. Compare Commonwealth v. Valcourt, 333 Mass. 706, 717-718.
The defendant in his brief argues no other basis for excluding this testimony than the alleged application of the Valcourt case. In the circumstances there is strong ground for applying Bule 13 of the Buies for the Begulation of Practice before the Full Court, 345 Mass. 787. Nevertheless, we have considered whether there was prejudicial error in admitting the evidence and conclude that there was not.
The judge undoubtedly made his ruling in recognition of the obligation of a legal representative of a deceased person to pay all debts and the consequent possibility or likelihood that, if returns had not been made for the years of the gifts, there would be an obligation on the executrix to make one. He may also have had in mind the applicable regulation. We do not deem it important that there was such a regulation or that the judge may or may not have been aware of it. The ruling opened the subject for inquiry for the defendant as well as for the Commonwealth.
The most likely inference, as the matter was left, was that the executrix, if she had received the gift, might have been under an obligation. The defendant, however, was not obliged to leave before the jury a basis for any materially adverse inference. He could have asked the witness if she had received any information or intimation from any source that she might be under any obligation to file a return. If, as the defendant contended, the gifts had been made, it seems most unlikely that further questioning of the witness to show why no return had been filed could have been prejudicial to the defendant. In any event, the defendant could have asked the judge to instruct the jury that there was nothing before them to establish or warrant the inference that the witness was under any legal obligation to file a return and that whether a return would have been due from anyone would have depended on a number of factors not shown in the evidence. Such instruction of course should have been given if requested. We need not speculate why the defendant chose not to pursue the subject. He cannot now complain of prejudice from a ruling opening a somewhat collateral subject for examination by both counsel where he did not avail himself of his undoubted right and power to extinguish any materially adverse effect.
5. The defendant contends that he was prejudiced by the assistant district attorney's closing argument to the jury in which he referred to certain checks, other than the fifty-four upon which the indictments were based, which allegedly were missing from the records of the city of Revere. This argument ignores testimony in the record concerning other missing checks sufficient to justify such references. The defendant also objects to the assistant district attorney's reference to certain schedules of payments allegedly prepared by the defendant or under his direction. The origin of the schedules was vigorously contested during the trial. In both instances, the judge in a timely and appropriate manner instructed the jury that the remarks of counsel are not evidence and that the recollection of the jury is the sole guide for the appraisal of evidence. There was no error.
Judgments affirmed.
' ' Section 62. Any city, town or district officer who knowingly violates, or authorizes or directs any official or employee to violate, any provision of this chapter, or any other provision of general law relating to the incurring of liability or expenditure of public funds on account of any city, town or district, or any provision of special law relating to the incurring of liability or expenditure of public funds as aforesaid, shall, except as otherwise provided, be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or both; and the mayor, selectmen, prudential committee, or commissioners, shall, and five taxpayers may, report such violation to the district attorney who shall investigate and prosecute the same."
Treasury Beg. § 25.6019-1 (b): "If the donor dies before filing his return, the executor of Ms will or the administrator of Ms estate shall file the return."