Case Name: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, et al, Petitioners, v. Robert S. O'Brien, as Treasurer of State, Respondent
Court: Washington Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Washington
Decision Date: 1976-01-09
Citations: 86 Wash. 2d 339
Docket Number: No. 43981
Parties: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, et al, Petitioners, v. Robert S. O’Brien, as Treasurer of State, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: Washington Reports
Volume: 86
Pages: 339–358

Head Matter:
[No. 43981.
En Banc.
January 9,1976.]
Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, et al, Petitioners, v. Robert S. O’Brien, as Treasurer of State, Respondent.
James R. Ellis, David L. Beller, Preston, Thorgrimson, Ellis, Holman & Fletcher, Robert R. Hamilton, and Richard F. Wrenn, for petitioners.
Slade Gorton, Attorney General, and Philip H. Austin, Deputy, for respondent.
Gordon L. Walgren and James K. Sells on behalf of City of Bremerton, Allen J. Hendricks on behalf of City of Everett, J. Gaylord Riach on behalf of City of Lynnwood, William F. Hennessey on behalf of City of Mountlake Terrace, Ernest L. Meyer on behalf of City of Olympia, Jerry F. King on behalf of City of Vancouver, and Fred H. Andrews on behalf of City of Yakima, amici curiae.

Opinion:
Brachtenbach, J.
This is an original petition in the Supreme Court seeking a writ of mandamus to require the respondent State Treasurer to remit to petitioners certain tax proceeds to be used for public transportation purposes. The writ shall issue.
The petitioners are the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (hereinafter referred to as Metro), the Cities of Spokane and Tacoma. Also joining as petitioners are the holders of bonds issued by Metro. Counsel for numerous other municipalities, as amici curiae, have filed briefs in support of petitioners' action. The complex issues raised by this petition have been well briefed and ably argued by all parties.
The fundamental question is whether the Treasurer must remit to petitioners and others certain motor vehicle excise tax funds (described in more detail later) without a specific legislative appropriation. Four issues are involved in the resolution of this matter.
1. Are the subject funds governed by Const, art. 8, § 4 (amendment 11), ie., are they state taxes payable only upon appropriation?
2. Does the 1975 appropriation act which diverted most of the subject funds to another purpose violate Const, art 2, § 37, as to the subject funds?
3. Does the 1975 appropriation act violate Const, art. 2, § 19/ as to the subject funds?
4. Does the failure of the State to remit the subject funds to Metro constitute an unconstitutional impairment of the contract between Metro and its bondholders?
Some factual background and rather detailed and complex legislative history are necessary to a consideration and resolution of the precise issues confronting the court. We start with the fact that a decade ago the legislature ac knowledged the urgent need for urban, public transportation systems. In 1965, the legislature declared:
We further find and declare that the maintenance and operation of an adequate public transportation system is an absolute necessity and is essential to the economic, industrial and cultural growth, development and prosperity of a municipality and of the state . . .
Laws of 1965, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. Ill, § 1, p. 2049, at 2050. (RCW 35.95.010). The legislature reiterated that concern, need and their support in 1969 and 1971. Laws of 1969, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 255, § 1, p. 2365, at 2366; Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 296, § 1, p. 1678.
The 1965 act authorized municipalities to appropriate their general funds and to levy and collect local business and occupation taxes and certain other excise taxes, commonly referred to as "household taxes," for municipally operated public transportation systems. RCW 35.95.030-050.
The funds generated from the 1965 taxing authority apparently, however, did not provide sufficient revenues for this "absolute necessity." To meet the growing need for adequately financed public transportation systems, the 1969 legislature enacted the taxing, collecting and remitting scheme which controls our decision. Subsequently, in 1971, 1973, 1974 and 1975, the legislature made substantial policy changes in its approach to the financing of public transportation, but the basic framework of the 1969 act remains intact so far as the issues of this case are concerned.
Before examining the 1969 act, it is essential to set out the general scheme of the state motor vehicle excise tax, for it is a portion of that tax w¡hich is involved here. For a number of years the State has levied an annual excise tax on the fair market value of motor vehicles. Each owner of an automobile pays an excise tax equal to 2 percent of the fair market value of his vehicle to license the vehicle. RCW 82.44.020. The tax is collected through the office of the county auditor or through the auditor's designated agents. RCW 82.44.060.
Speaking generally and summarily, the 1969 act authorized the municipalities to use a portion of this state motor vehicle excise tax solely for the operation and development of public transportation systems. This is not an additional motor vehicle excise tax, but rather is a portion of revenues generated and contained within the statutory 2 percent. To qualify, however, for a share of this tax, the municipality must apply at least an equal dollar amount from its general fund or from revenues generated by local taxing measures. RCW 82.44.150(5). The magnitude of the local matching funds is illustrated by the fact that the taxpayers of Metro have paid in excess of $35 million for its matching share in the past 3 years.
Now let us examine the structure, scheme and substance of the taxing authority, levy power, collection procedures, remission process and purposes of the 1969 law. These are the words of the legislature:
[A]ny municipality is authorized to levy and collect a special excise tax not exceeding one percent on the fair market value of every motor vehicle owned by a resident of such municipality . . .
(Italics ours.) RCW 35.58.273.
When remitting license fee receipts . . . the county auditor shall at the same time remit the special excise taxes collected for the municipality and, subject to the provisions of subsection (2) of RCW 82.44.150, the sum so collected and paid over on behalf of the municipality shall be credited against the amount of the tax the auditor would otherwise be required to collect and pay over to the director of motor vehicles . . .
(Italics ours.) RCW 35.58.277.
Distribution of the special excise taxes paid into the general fund on behalf of any municipality shall be made to such municipality as provided in RCW 82.44.150
(Italics ours.) RCW 35.58.278.
All taxes levied and collected under RCW 35.58.273 shall be credited to a special fund in the treasury of the municipality imposing such tax. Such taxes shall be levied and used solely for the purpose of paying all or any part of the cost of acquiring, constructing, equipping or operating a publicly owned mass transportation system, or contracting for the services thereof, or to pay or secure the payment of all or part of the principal of or interest on any general obligation bonds or revenue bonds issued for public transportation capital purposes
RCW 35.58.279.
RCW 82.44.150, which contains the statutory formula for the distribution of the state motor vehicle excise tax, mandates the state to apportion and distribute a portion of that tax as follows:
The amount required to remit to a municipality the proceeds of the tax authorized under RCW 35.58.273 shall be remitted to the municipality levying such tax.
(Italics ours.) RCW 82.44.150 (5).
Under these statutes the legislature has dirécted the municipalities to make a series of local decisions pon cerning municipally owned transportation systems. Whether to levy or not to levy the tax is a local decision, the amount of the tax levied is a local concern subject to the statutory ceiling, the investment of the tax proceeds and their application to either capital or operating transit purposes is a local matter and, finally, whether to pledge the tax to secure bonds is a matter for local determination. Having once made the initial decision to levy and collect the. tax, what then are the consequences to the levying municipality? Are the municipalities subject to the largesse of the legislature because of the applicable constitutional provision, article 8, section 4, which requires a legislative appropriation for state funds. We think not. Arguably the literal language of the constitution would require a legislative appropriation to disburse any funds from the state treasury under the express words of that article. However, for many years, there has stood the commonsense interpretation by this court that the Treasurer may be made custodian of particular funds of a proprietary nature which are held for a specific purpose. Funds so held are distributable without specific legislative appropriation. In State ex. rel. State Employees' Retirement Bd. v. Yelle, 31 Wn.2d 87, 195 P.2d 646, 201 P.2d 172 (1948), the court discussed and analyzed prior decisions on this subject. At pages 106-07, the court said:'
[I]t is indisputable that, in establishing such a system [the retirement system for state and municipal employees], the legislature could elect to create a fund for that purpose either (1) by making such fund a state fund to be placed and kept in the state treasury, under the control of the state treasurer and the state auditor, and disbursable only in pursuance of an appropriation as provided by Art. VIII, § 4, of the constitution, or (2) by making the fund, in whole or in part, a special one, of a proprietary nature and designed to meet certain specific objectives, which fund is to be placed in the custody of the state treasurer acting ex officio as a member of the retirement system rather than in his constitutional capacr ity, and which is to be expended as directed by the legislature without a specific appropriation.
The mere fact that the state treasurer may be made the custodian of a particular fund and may be required to render certain services with respect to such fund, does not of itself make the moneys so received and held by him state funds in the state treasury. Except in cases where the constitution requires that moneys be paid into the state treasury, as, for instance, taxes for state purposes, which moneys may be paid out only pursuant to an appropriation by law, the legislature has authority to determine the nature, the place and character of custody, and the requisites for the expenditure of a fund created by it.
The court distinguished those cases which respondent relies upon in defending this action. We find those distinctions applicable here.
In Yelle, the court acknowledged that the legislature did not expressly declare that the fund involved was not a state fund or that it had to be segregated and set apart. The same is true here. However, the Yelle court examined the act before it in its entirety and found a legislative intent not to create a state fund. With that guideline we return to the 1969 act. We repeat that it is the municipality which is authorized to levy and collect the special excise tax. RCW 35.58.273. The legislature utilized the existing scheme of collecting this tax through the county auditor, but directed the auditor to "remit the special excise taxes collected for the municipality" and to credit this amount "collected and paid over on behalf of the municipality" against the amount which he would otherwise be required to pay over to the director of motor vehicles. (Italics ours.) RCW 35.58.277. Further, " [distribution of the special excise taxes paid into the general fund on behalf of any municipality shall be made to such municipality as provided in RCW 82.44.150. . . ." (Italics ours.) RCW 35.58.278. Note that the legislature directed distribution as provided in RCW 82.44.150. That statute is the ultimate expression of legislative intent which convinces us that these are not state funds, for it mandates that this tax "shall be remitted to the municipality levying such tax." (Italics ours.)
Respondent argues that by making biennial appropriations in 1971 and 1973 (Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 275, § 25, p. 1279, at 1280; Laws of 1973, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 136, § 11(1), p. 908) of funds to be distributed to the municipalities, pursuant to RCW 82.44.150, the legislature evidenced an intent that the funds were subject to appropriation. Standing alone this fact is persuasive but is neither controlling nor conclusive in view of the detailed, explicit characterization of the funds as discussed above. State ex rel. Shuff v. Clausen, 131 Wash. 119, 229 P. 5 (1924). There is no legislative history of intent and purpose. We might speculate that the legislature wanted to avoid the very confrontation at issue which arose by its failure to make an appropriation in 1975. Had the legislature not appropriated funds in prior biennia, we suspect that respondent Treasurer would have sought the same judicial determination now before us.
Respondent also contends that these funds cannot be special proprietary funds because they are paid into the general fund. RCW 35.58.278. Before enactment of Laws of 1974, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 54, they were paid into the motor vehicle excise fund. However, absent some other controlling constitutional or legislative direction, it is the character of the funds themselves, not the place of physical deposit which is determinative. State ex rel. State Employees' Retirement Bd. v. Yelle, supra; State ex rel. Washington Toll Bridge Authority v. Yelle, 195 Wash. 636, 82 P.2d 120 (1938).
We conclude that the statutory sections in issue do not contemplate the payment of the funds into the state treasury as state funds, rather, the funds should be considered local funds to be held by the State Treasurer in a custodial capacity; hence, no appropriation is required under article 8, section 4, as amended by amendment 11.
Since we hold that under the present statutory scheme these funds must be remitted to the qualifying municipalities, which holding is dispositive, we ordinarily would not reach the petitioners' contention that the title of chapter 2, Laws of 1975, second extraordinary session, violates article 2, section 19 of our constitution. That section provides that "No bill shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title." The object of this constitutional provision is well set out in State ex rel. Washington Toll Bridge Authority v. Yelle, 32 Wn.2d 13, 24, 200 P.2d 467 (1948):
The purposes of this constitutional mandate are threefold: (1) to protect and enlighten the members of the legislature against provisions in bills of which the titles give no intimation; (2) to apprise the people, through such publication of legislative proceedings as is usually made, concerning the subjects of legislation that are being considered; and (3) to prevent hodge-podge or log-rolling legislation. We have declared that when laws are enacted in violation of this constitutional mandate, the courts will not hesitate to declare them void.
The title to the 1975 act declares it to be:
An Act Relating to appropriations; amending section 193, chapter 269, Laws of 1975 1st ex. sess. (uncodified); making appropriations; and declaring an emergency.
Section 1 of the act appropriates $65 million for special levy relief to school districts from the general fund, including revenues in the general fund collected from the motor vehicle excise tax imposed pursuant to RCW 35.58.273 through 35.58.279. Section 2 of the act appropriates $4,180,000 from the general fund to secure any general obligation bonds or revenue bonds issued by a municipality pursuant to RCW 35.58.279.
It is petitioners' contention that the title of the act in no manner indicates that the act will radically alter the system of financing public mass transit by preventing the municipalities from receiving the proceeds of locally levied motor vehicle excise taxes. Respondent contends that a holding for petitioners requires the court to invalidate that special levy relief appropriation in its entirety. Such is Pot the case and we deem it necessary to dispel the spectre óf uncertainty raised by respondent's position.
Assuming, arguendo, that the title does offend article 2, section 19, the entire act is not necessarily void. The controlling rule is set out in State ex rel. Distilled Spirits Institute, Inc. v. Kinnear, 80 Wn.2d 175, 176-77, 492 P.2d 1012 (1972):
The rule is that, if a portion of a statute is found to be . invalid, the entire statute will not be struck down unless the invalid portion is unseverable and it cannot be reasonably believed that the legislature would have passed the one without the other, or unless the elimination of the invalid part would render the remainder of the act incapable of accomplishing the legislative purpose.
The purpose of the 1975 act was to provide a measure of special levy relief to school districts. It was an appropriation from the general fund, only a portion of which came from the motor vehicle excise tax. We cannot find that the legislature would not have made the same appropriation even if this limited resource was not available to them. Elimination of the invalid portion of the act would still leave the remainder of the act capable of accomplishing the legislative purpose of providing special levy relief to school districts.
We need not reach petitioners' theory that the 1975 act amends existing law in contravention of Const, art. 2, § 37.
Finally, we address the impairment of contract question posed by the holders of Metro bonds. By a stipulated agreed statement of facts, the following facts are controlling. Metro in 1973 issued general obligation bonds in the amount of $14.9 million. Shortly thereafter those bonds were refunded with general obligation refunding bonds, bearing interest at a substantially lower interest rate. These bonds represent the local funding required to begin a capital acquisition and improvement program for the tran sit system, which Metro began operating in January 1973. This capital acquisition and improvement program is the foundation of the "comprehensive plan" adopted by the voters of Metro to consolidate and improve public transportation throughout Seattle and King County.
Metro's bonds were sold on the basis of representations contained in an Official Statement offering the bonds. The bondholders relied on that Official Statement in negotiations leading to the sale of the bonds. In the Official Statement, Metro pledged that it would levy the 1 percent motor vehicle excise tax and the 0.3 percent retail sales tax as authorized by the legislature. The bonds had a last maturity date of June 1, 1981, which coincides with the termination of Metro's authority to levy the motor vehicle excise tax.
Revenues from the two sources substantially exceed the requirements for debt service on the bonds. This excess coverage was an important reason for a favorable rating received from municipal bond rating services. The excess coverage was also an important factor in the decision of the bondholders to purchase the bonds. The bonds could not have been sold at the same price and interest rate if the coverage had been significantly less than represented.
The 1969 act contemplated the issuance of bonds based upon a pledge of the motor vehicle excise tax. Further, it provided that so long as such pledge was in effect "[T]he legislature shall not withdraw from the municipality the authority to levy and collect the tax." (Italics ours.) ,RCW 35.58.279.
The respondent concedes that the legislature is bound to not withdraw the taxing authority or divert the proceeds to some other purpose. However, he contends that failure to appropriate those proceeds does not prevent them from continuing to serve as security for the bonds. The security for the bonds is unimpaired, respondent argues, because the state will remain indebted to Metro for the amounts collected for Metro under the motor vehicle excise tax. Thus, he concludes, Metro has an account receivable subject to future legislative appropriation.
The answer to respondent's argument is simple. This is not what was promised to the bondholders. Metro pledged to levy and collect the motor vehicle excise tax until all the outstanding bonds had been retired. These anticipated tax revenues would exceed the debt service requirements on the bonds, thereby allowing Metro to carry out its proposed capital improvement program without suffering operating deficits. These matters were important factors in establishing the bond ratings, favorable sales terms and indeed the purchase by the bondholders. It is stipulated that a failure to remit the full 1 percent local motor vehicle excise tax will place Metro in operating financial difficulty and prevent Metro from completing its comprehensive plan.
In short, respondent asks the bondholders to accept an account receivable and an assumption that the state will appropriate funds to cover debt service in lieu of a financially sound operating transit system with the ability to complete its comprehensive plan.
The agreed statement of facts incorporates various exhibits, including affidavits from three municipal bond experts. These affidavits contain statements such as these: "The legislature, by withdrawing the 1 percent motor vehicle excise tax from Metro, has in effect substantially altered the security of the Metro transit bonds." "The reduction in the security of Metro transit bonds will unquestionably result in a reduction of the value of the bonds." " [Ajssuming that Metro receives only so much of the 1 percent motor vehicle excise tax as the legislature appropriates each year, and cannot continue with its planned capital improvement program, the value of the bonds would be significantly diminished." The experts conclude that the bonds will be reduced in value from $30 to $60 per thousand dollars par value, a significant reduction as to a $14.9 million issue. One expert concluded that if the bond rating services reduce the favorable ratings (A and AA) established at the time of issuance, there will be an even greater loss of value. We emphasize that these are stipulated facts. There is nothing in the record to substantiate that respondent's ."ac-. counts receivable" theory would lead to any opposite opinion.
These undisputed facts bring the attempted'legislative diversion of these funds within Const, art. 1, § 23: "No . . . law impairing the obligations of contracts shall ever be passed." We recently had an opportunity to consider the constitutionality of an attempted retraction of the authority of an issuer of bonds to levy a pledged excise tax in Ruano v. Spellman, 81 Wn.2d 820, 505 P.2d 447 (1973). In Ruano we held that an action, though indirect, which diminishes the value of the contract constitutes a prohibited impairment. It is stipulated that the bonds will be diminished in value from $30 to $60 per thousand dollars par value. As stated in Ruano v. Spellman, supra at 828, quoting from Planters' Bank v. Sharp, 47 U.S. (6 How.) 317, 344,12 L. Ed. 447 (1848):
One of the tests that a contract has been impaired is, that its value has by legislation been diminished. It is not, by the Constitution, to be impaired at all. This is not a question of degree or manner or cause, but of encroaching in any respect on its obligation, dispensing with any part of its force.
That principle governs this case. Inasmuch as it is. stipulated that the value of the bonds will be diminished by a failure of the State Treasurer to remit the proceeds of the local motor vehicle excise tax, the failure to remit the proceeds of that tax constitutes an unconstitutional impairment of the contract between Metro and its bondholders.
A writ of mandamus shall issue requiring the respondent State Treasurer to remit to the qualifying, appropriate municipalities the funds to which they are entitled under existing statutes as held in this opinion.
Stafford, C.J., Finley, Hamilton, and Utter, JJ., and Henry, J. Pro Tern., concur. ,s .
Cities of Bremerton, Olympia, Vancouver, Mountlake Terrace, Yakima, Lynnwood and Everett.
"No moneys shall ever be paid out of the treasury of this state, or any of its funds, or any of the funds under its management, except in pursuance of an appropriation by law; nor unless such payment be made within one calendar month after the end of the next ensuing fiscal biennium, and every such law making a new appropriation, or continuing or reviving an appropriation, shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated, and the object to which it is to be applied, and it shall not be sufficient for such law to refer to any other law to fix such sum." Const, art. 8, § 4.
"No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title, but the act revised or the section amended shall be set forth at full length." Const, art. 2, § 37.
"No bill shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title." Const, art. 2, § 19.
In 1971, the legislature authorized, within certain temporary limits, a local sales tax to be used as a qualifying local tax source. Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 296. (RCW 82.14.045.)
In 1973, the 1969 act was expressly amended to limit the amount of taxes which could be levied during the 1973-75 biennium. More importantly, the 1973 act contained a series of sections expressly amending or repealing the local tax levy sections of the 1969 act. These amendments were not to become effective until June 30, 1981. On that date the municipalities were to complete planned transit improvements and retire any bonds. The authority of all municipalities to levy the 1 percent motor vehicle excise tax would be terminated and a system of biennial state appropriations substituted therefor. Laws of 1973, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 136. (Two versions of RCW 35.58.273 through 35.58.2793 were codified, one labeled "Effective June 30, 1981" and the other labeled "Effective until June 30, 1981.")
In 1974, the legislature abolished the old motor vehicle excise fund, into which the proceeds of the RCW 35.58.273 motor vehicle excise tax had been paid, and transferred all its assets to the state general fund. Laws of 1974, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 54 (amending RCW 35.58.278 and 82.44.150).
In 1975, the legislature expressly repealed those sections of the 1973 act which would have changed the transit assistance program into a system of biennial appropriations after 1981. Laws of 1975, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 270.
Evidence of an intent by the legislature to appropriate $65 million to schools regardless of the existence of the local motor vehicle excise tax proceeds is found in Substituted House Bill No. 866, § 150, the prior school appropriation bill, which appropriated $65 million to schools from the general fund without any reference to motor vehicle excise táxes. This appropriation passed both the Senate and the House, however was vetoed by the Governor.
The 0.3 percent retail sales tax is authorized by RCW 82.14.045, and is used by Metro as part of its qualifying matching fund to receive the proceeds of the motor vehicle excise tax.