Case Name: The State, ex rel. Utility Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO Local 349, v. Macelwane, Judge
Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Ohio
Decision Date: 1961-03-03
Citations: 116 Ohio App. 183
Docket Number: No. 5417
Parties: The State, ex rel. Utility Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO Local 349, v. Macelwane, Judge.
Judges: Smith, J., concurs.
Reporter: Ohio Appellate Reports
Volume: 116
Pages: 183–212

Head Matter:
The State, ex rel. Utility Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO Local 349, v. Macelwane, Judge.
(No. 5417
Decided March 3, 1961.)
Mr. Jack Gallon and Mr. John J. Hunter, for relator.
Mr. Harry Friberg, prosecuting attorney, for respondent.
On July 10, 1961, it being conceded that the labor dispute had been settled, on motion by appellee an appeal from the entry of a permanent injunction was dismissed £s moot,

Opinion:
Fess, J.
This is an action in prohibition filed originally in this court on behalf of Utility Workers Union of America AFL-CIO, Local No. 349, against the respondent, judge of the Common Pleas Court of Lucas County, seeking to prevent such judge from continuing in force a temporary restraining order entered on January 27, 1961, based on the relief requested in a supplemental petition for an injunction instituted by The Ohio Fuel G-as Company in that court against the union on January 25, 1961. The petition also seeks to prevent the judge from hearing and determining the prayer for a permanent injunction in said cause; "from entertaining the supplemental petition for injunction ; from in any way trenching upon the jurisdiction over labor disputes which has been withdrawn by Congress from state courts"; and, pending final determination of this cause, for an alternative writ of prohibition. Since the cause was advanced for early hearing on its merits, no alternative writ has been issued.
In the answer, defendant admits the issuance of the temporary restraining order, as set forth in the journal entry recorded on January 27, 1961, and alleges that such order was made as the court determined was proper under the evidence and the law applicable thereto and that she has no personal interest in the outcome of this case, other than to have this court determine whether or not the temporary restraining order was proper under the facts and the law.
The cause came on for hearing upon the petition in prohibition, the answer of the respondent, the evidence consisting of the original and supplemental petitions, transcript of the testimony, and the journal entry restraining the union and its members from picketing homes of supervisory employees of the gas company in case No. 189833, entitled Ohio Fuel Gas Co. v. Utility Workers Union, in the Common Pleas Court.
The original petition below, filed on January 21, 1961, al leged, inter alia, that as a result of a labor dispute between the plaintiff therein and the union and its members, the latter are on strike and have been picketing plaintiff's service building and its office; that the preservation of its property and the maintenance of the safety, health and welfare of the public generally requires the continued operation of its business of the distribution of natural gas to its thousands of customers, and that certain of its employees, not members of the defendant union, have been assigned, and are required, in the interest of safety, health and welfare, to operate and maintain its gas distribution system at all times and must have free and unrestrained ingress and egress to and from its service and office buildings; that defendants have engaged in mass picketing, resulting in the blocking of such access; that, during the course of such picketing, vile and opprobrious epithets threatening bodily harm have been directed toward employees not members of the union; that locks on the gates have been tampered with; that defendants have maliciously destroyed plaintiff's property by throwing stones at windows of the service building, resulting in more than 150 broken panes of glass, endangering plaintiff's employees; and that certain of its regulators in the area controlling the supply of gas have been tampered with or destroyed, resulting in depriving a number of its customers of gas in freezing weather. After alleging irreparable damage and injury to its employees, plaintiff prays that, pending final hearing and determination of the issues, an order be issued forthwith, restraining the defendants from engaging in six specifications of conduct, and, upon final hearing, for a permanent injunction.
In its supplemental petition, filed January 25, 1961, plaintiff, after incorporation of the allegations of its original petition, alleged, inter alia, that certain of its supervisory employees, in the interest of maintaining its service and consequent health and safety of its customers, have been assigned to operate and maintain its gas distribution system; that in the course of such work such employees are notified by telephone at their homes of the work required to be done, and of necessity begin and end their transportation to and from such work at their homes; and that the widely scattered distribution system area makes this method the most efficient and safe method of operation during the strike and most conducive to the safety, health and welfare of plaintiff's customers and of the public generally. Plaintiff alleged further that on January 23rd its supervisory employees received the following notice from the defendant:
"To the Supervisory Personnel of Ohio Fuel G-as Co.
"It has come to our attention that you are performing our work from your homes. The federal law guarantees our right to picket on public property wherever struck work is being performed. If you continue to perform our work from your homes, we shall protect our jobs by placing a picket in front of such homes to inform the public of this work.
"Local 349
"Utility Workers of America,
' ' Negotiation Committee. ' '
Plaintiff alleged further that defendants have begun picketing the residences of supervisory personnel, and prays that, pending final hearing, a restraining order be issued forthwith against the defendants, restraining them (1) from picketing before, or in the vicinity of the residences of any of plaintiff's employees; (2) from loitering, grouping or congregating at or near any approaches to, or on a public street or highway leading to any of said residences; and (3) from authorizing, directing, aiding, abetting, etc., any of the aforesaid. Plaintiff prays further that, upon final hearing, a permanent injunction be issued.
The cause came on for hearing in the Common Pleas Court on January 25th upon an oral application of the plaintiff for a temporary restraining order upon the prayer of the supplemental petition, and testimony was taken on said date and also on January 26th. That interstate commerce is involved is conceded. The hearing first proceeded upon the application of the plaintiff to advance for hearing its application for a temporary restraining order under the supplemental petition. After receiving some 20 pages of testimony, the court announced that she was satisfied that the application should be advanced for hearing and proceeded to the hearing for temporary restraining order of picketing homes of supervisory personnel. Counsel for defendants moved that the supplemental petition be dismissed and stricken from the files because it sought a remedy beyond the jurisdiction of the court. After argument and ad journment overnight, the court announced that she would reserve a ruling on the question of jurisdiction until after the evidence.
Since this is a proceeding in prohibition, we neither weigh the evidence nor consider whether the injunctive order below was erroneous or unsupported by the evidence. We are limited in our review of the testimony received below, as well as by the pleadings and the journal entry, to a determination whether or not the Common Pleas Court judge has usurped or intends to usurp the exclusive jurisdiction confided by the National Labor Eelations Act, as amended, to the National Labor Eelations Board.
Testimony adduced on behalf of the plaintiff in the injunction proceeding tended to show that on the night of the commencement of the strike there was mass picketing, with profanity, violence and vandalism in front of the service building, which was only quelled by the arrival of a squad of police officers. Testimony on behalf of the defendants tended to show that this conduct was largely "wildcatting" and that the major portion of the vandalism occurred prior to the official commencement of the strike at midnight. Testimony on behalf of the defendants, which is undisputed, except for one or more minor incidents, is to the effect that after the first night of the strike picketing has been peaceful, with a limited number of pickets stationed at the three gates entering the service building. A policeman has been assigned to each of the three gates. The plaintiff has also employed 27 Pinkerton men to guard nine locations, at which there has been no report of violence.
Further testimony on behalf of the plaintiff tended to show that one or two pickets had been stationed during the daytime (not at night) at the residences of supervisory employees. The wife of one of these employees testified that she had been subjected to threatening and abusive telephone calls relating to her husband and had been put in fear as a result thereof, which prevented sleep that particular night. She testified also that she had been frightened as a result of the picketing in front of her home, which testimony was refuted by the testimony of the picket himself. She also said she called an acquaintance, whom she designated a "constable," who patrolled her home one evening.
There was also evidence that some 20 regulators of the flow of gas — an abnormal number — had either been destroyed or turned off, resulting in cutting off the flow of gas entirely or materially lessening the flow of gas to about 300 customers; that, as a result, it was absolutely necessary to dispatch the supervisory employees from their respective homes to correct the condition as soon as possible after discovery of the shutoff. There was also testimony that, when the gas was shut off, it was necessary to contact each customer of the area when the gas was shut off, and again when service was resumed. Prior to the strike, complaints of laek of gas were received by telephone at the service office, and thereafter repairmen were dispatched to the location. Eepair crews were maintained on duty 24 hours to respond to complaints. Such crews could be dispatched from their homes, or, if in the field, by two-way radio. During the strike, low pressure areas were indicated on meters installed at the service office. Complaints and reports were also received at such office by telephone. Supervisory employees, if not in the field, were in turn called at their homes and dispatched to the scene.
During the hearing, the court, in admonishing counsel for plaintiff that he was consuming too much time with details, stated that the hearing was only upon an application for a restraining order.
At the conclusion of the evidence and concluding arguments of counsel, the court made the following statement, in part:
"The Court: First of all, the court wishes to state it has jurisdiction of the subject matter of both the original petition and the supplemental petition, being an exception to the general rule as carved out in the Garner ease, it having to do with the squity powers of the court and the responsibility of the court to maintain law and order where there is any evidence that the licketing or the activities of the strike are a peril to the health md safety of the community.
"In this regard, I want to say that the picketing of private •esidenees is untenable and in violation of the constitutional ights of all citizens, whether they belong to a union or not.
"There is no evidence in the record to show that these lomes were used as an office of the gas company and therefore a temporary restraining order will be issued forthwith restraining the union from picketing the homes of supervisory employees.
ay? # &
"As to the original petition and restraining order, the court has under its general equity powers, even though as in this case, the employer has the right to go to NLRB in Washington and take advantage of the Act, still local courts have restraining power where there has been a question of violence. However, that does not mean the court must exercise that power, it means that under the facts and circumstances of each individual case, if the court feels it is necessary for the safety and welfare of the community, that this power should be exercised. It seems to me that the pickets have conducted themselves in an orderly manner. The police department have the matter in control and I can see no reason for a temporary restraining order as required in the petition, and therefore that temporary restraining order is denied.
Í £ %
"The bond on the restraining order restraining the union from picketing the homes of any supervisory employee of the gas company will be set at $500."
The journal entry recited that the cause came on for hearing only on that part of the petition and supplemental petition asking for a temporary restraining order and "upon the petition, supplemental petition, the evidence and the law the court finds that it has jurisdiction of the subject matter." The court then found that the temporary restraining order sought in the petition should be and is denied. The court found further that a temporary restraining order should issue on the supplemental petition and restrained and enjoined, until further order, the defendants from picketing residences of the plaintiff's employees and from any acts of intimidation or threats of violence that would in any way interfere with the quiet enjoymentl of their homes. |
In specific terms, the injunctive order does not recite that! it was issued pendente lite, but, construed in the light of the re-j marks of the court at the hearing and the provisions of Seel tions 2727.01 and 2727.02, Revised Code, as well as the language employed in the order itself, it is to be regarded as a temporary restraining order pendente lite.
In determining whether a writ of prohibition shall issue, the court is governed by certain basic general principles. Construed in the light of the Ohio authorities, it is the most difficult of any of the extraordinary remedies, concerning which the Court of Appeals has original jurisdiction, to sustain. The writ is to be issued only in cases of extreme necessity, because of the absence or inadequacy of other remedies and only when the right is clear. State, ex rel Merion, Supt., v. Court of Common Pleas, 137 Ohio St., 273; 44 Ohio Jurisprudence (2d), 177, Section 9. The writ should never issue in a doubtful or borderline case. State, ex rel Merion, Supt., v. Court of Common Pleas, supra; State, ex rel. Village of Kettering, v. Montgomery County Board of Elections, 71 Ohio Law Abs., 550; Reiss v. Municipal Court, 76 Ohio Law Abs., 141, affirmed, 166 Ohio St., 178.
By an unbroken line of decisions, a writ of prohibition will aot issue against a court having jurisdiction of the subject natter of an action pending before it to deprive such court of the authority vested in it by law to determine its own jurisdic-ion. 44 Ohio Jurisprudence (2d), 202, Section 24.
Aside from the provisions of Sections 7 and 8 of the Na-;ional Labor Eelations Act, the Common Pleas Court is vested vith general jurisdiction over the subject matter of the petition :or injunction. A majority of this court is of the opinion that nherent in the power of the court to determine its jurisdiction s also the power to preserve the status quo, pendente lite, by ssuing a temporary restraining order or a temporary injunc-;ion pending final determination of the jurisdictional question. Cf. State, ex rel. Winnefeld, v. Court of Common Pleas, 159 Ohio St., 225, holding that a writ of prohibition will not be iwarded to prevent an anticipated erroneous judgment, and reusing a judgment of the Court of Appeals granting a writ of prohibition. In Ohio Contractors' Assn. v. Local 894, 108 Ohio App., 395, a temporary restraining order was issued restrain-tig picketing and for disobedience thereof the defendants were ound guilty of contempt and fined. Upon appeal from the ndgments in contempt, the gravamen of appellants' complaint was that the trial court lacked jurisdiction by reason of the Taft-Hartley Act. In the opinion, after citing Sections 2727.03 and 2727.12, Revised Code, United States v. Shipp, 203 U. S., 563, United States v. United Mine Workers of America, 330 U. S., 258, and Howat v. State, 258 U. S., 181, the court said:
"Consonant with the foregoing authorities, which we believe to be completely dispositive of the questions here presented, we hold that, under the pleadings and under the Ohio statutes, the trial court, whether it ultimately determines that it has or does not have jurisdiction upon a consideration of the merits of the case, did have authority to issue the temporary restraining order and the temporary injunction; that it likewise had the power and legal authority to punish for contempt those parties who flagrantly flouted its order prior to a determination of the jurisdictional question upon a consideration of the case on its merits.
"We further hold that the question of jurisdiction of the! subject matter of an action cannot be properly raised by ani appellant, in an appeal from a contempt conviction arising from! a violation of a temporary injunction, before the court from which the temporary injunction issued has had an opportunity to determine the question of its own jurisdiction by a Anal order of judgment. Montgomery Bldg. & Construction Trades Council v. Ledbetter Erection Co., Inc., 344 U. S. 178, 97 L. Ed. 204, 73 S. Ct. 196."
For comment on the Ledbetter case, see below. See, also, United States v. Shipp, supra (203 U. S., 563), holding that the court and it alone had jurisdiction to decide whether the case was properly before it and until its judgment declining jurisdiction should be announced, it had authority from the necessity of the case to make orders to preserve the existing conditions and the subject of the petition. See, also, In re Green Sixth Appellate District, unreported, decided Nov. 1, 1960.
In the instant case, the petition below alleges, inter alia that the defendants have engaged in picketing by violence, thus on its face removing the controversy from the exclusive jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board. The petitioi prays that, pending final hearing and determination of the issues therein, a temporary restraining order he issued against the defendants from conducting certain specified activities, including the exercise of force, violence, intimidation and threats, and concludes with the usual prayer for a permanent injunction upon final hearing.
In the supplemental petition, the gas company incorporated the allegations of the petition and, after setting forth the picketing of residences of supervisory employees, prayed that, pending a final hearing, a restraining order be issued against the defendants from picketing before, or in the vicinity of, the residences of plaintiff's employees and from loitering or congregating at or near any approaches leading to such residences. To a majority of the court, it is apparent that the Common Pleas Court had jurisdiction to issue a restraining order or temporary injunction preserving the status quo pending final determination of the issues, including the question of jurisdiction.
As indicated above, a majority of this court construes the injunctive order as a temporary restraining order pendente lite.
Relator asserts in the petition that the order is not a final order from which an appeal may be had. We are inclined to agree with this assertion. May Co. v. Bailey Co., 81 Ohio St., 471; Tipling v. Randall Park Holding Co., 94 Ohio App., 505, citing authorities; Tate v. Michael, 98 Ohio App., 269. The same principle prevails in federal appellate review. Montgomery Building & Construction Trades Council v. Ledbetter Erection Co., Inc., 344 U. S., 178, stating that the fact that as long as a temporary injunction is in force it may be as effective as ia permanent injunction, and that appeals from interlocutory judgments have for that reason been authorized by state legislatures, and in some circumstances by Congress, do not give interlocutory judgments the aspect of finality required by Title 28 U. S. Code, Section 1257, and holding that the writ of cer-tiorari had been improvidently granted.
Prohibition may not be invoked in a case where an adequate remedy by appellate review is available, and prohibition may aot be invoked as a substitute for an appeal. Furthermore, it loes not lie to prevent a subordinate court from deciding erroneously or from enforcing an erroneous judgment in a case in which it has a right to adjudicate. State, ex rel. Garrison, v. Brough, 94 Ohio St., 115; State, ex rel. Sparto, v. Juvenile Court, 153 Ohio St., 64.
Even though the remedy of appeal is not presently available at the time the petition for a writ of prohibition is filed and determined, nevertheless the writ will not issue because prohibition is not available as a remedy to prevent an erroneous judgment. Thus, in the case of a petition for injunction to limit the number of pickets, wherein a demurrer on the ground that exclusive jurisdiction was vested in the National Labor Relations Board was overruled, there existed no final order from which an appeal could then be taken. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court sustained a demurrer to a petition in prohibition on the ground that the writ will not be awarded as a substitute for an appeal or to prevent an erroneous judgment. State, ex rel. Central Stores Co., v. Maiden, Judge, 162 Ohio St., 167, citing State, ex rel. Winnefeld, v. Court of Common Pleas, supra (159 Ohio St., 225). Likewise, in State, ex rel. City of Cleveland, v. Parma Municipal Court, 163 Ohio St., 231, there was no final order of the Parma Municipal Court, but the writ was denied on the ground that the relator would not be irreparably harmed by waiting to pursue the remedy of appeal, citing State, ex rel. Rhodes, v. Solether, Judge, 162 Ohio St., 559. See, also, State, ex rel. Estes, v. Marriott, Judge, 170 Ohio St., 46; Terrett v. Court of Appeals, 170 Ohio St., 439. In the Ledbetter Co. case, supra (344 U. S., 178), at page 181, the Supreme Court of the United States states:
"It is argued that if this is not held to be a final decree or judgment and decided now, it may never be decided, because to await the outcome of the final hearing is to moot the question and frustrate the picketing. However appealing such argument may be, it does not warrant us in enlarging our jurisdiction. Only Congress may do that. Furthermore, the interlocutory decree could have been readily converted into a final decree, and the appeal could have proceeded without question as to jurisdiction just as effectively and expeditiously as the ap-i peal from the interlocutory injunction was pursued in this case.
"Since there was no final judgment of the Supreme Court of Alabama for review, the writ of certiorari must be dismissed as improvidently granted."
In the instant case, it does not appear that a decision on the application for a permanent injunction will not be readily forthcoming following onr decision in this case. From such an order, the remedy of appeal is available. Should such a decision be unduly delayed, procedendo would lie.
Furthermore, it is not at all certain that, under the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States construing the provisions of Sections 7 and 8 of the National Labor Ee-lations Act, the states have been deprived of jurisdiction to enjoin picketing of private homes. On several occasions, the Supreme Court has indicated that, notwithstanding the provisions of the Act, the state courts have jurisdiction over situations involving, mass picketing, violence, intimidation of employees, obstructing streets and highways or picketing of homes.
In Bakery & Pastry Drivers & Helpers Local v. Wohl (1942), 315 U. S., 769, 775, the court states that a state is not required to tolerate in all places and under all circumstances even peaceful picketing by an individual. In Allen-Bradley Local No. 1111 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Board (1942), 315 U. S., 740, the Supreme Court upheld an order of the state labor board which enjoined, inter alia, mass picketing, threats of bodily injury and picketing of employees' homes.
In Garner v. Teamsters Union (1953), 346 U. S., 485, 488, after citing the Allen-Bradley case, supra, the following appears :
| "Nor is this a case of mass picketing, threatening of employes, obstructing streets or highways, or picketing homes. IWe have held that the state may still exercise 'its historic powers over such traditional local matters as public safety and ¡order and the use of streets and highways'."
I In United Automobile, Aircraft & Agriculture Implement Workers v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Board (1956), 351 U. S., 266, the court affirmed a judgment of the Wisconsin ¡Supreme Court affirming a cease and desist order of the state ¡ Smployment Eelations Board against the union and its members from coercing and intimidating any person desiring to be I unployed by the Kohler Company in the enjoyment of his legal Brights, intimidating his family, picketing his domicile, or injuring the person or property of such person or his employer, not withstanding the employer was engaged in interstate commerce and that the National Labor Relations Board might have issued a similar complaint.
Picketing of private homes of nonstriking employees has been enjoined in the following state cases: Pipe Machinery Co. v. DeMore (1947), 49 Ohio Law Abs., 536; Jacobs v. United Furniture Workers (Cal. 1949), 16 Labor Cases, 65065; Zeeman v. Amalgamated Employees Union (Cal. 1950), 17 Labor Cases, 65572; State v. Cooper (Minn. 1939), 1 Labor Cases, 18374.
It is the contention of the plaintiffs that under the recent landmark decision in San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon (April 1959), 359 U. S., 236, the states are now deprived of all jurisdiction to enjoin peaceable picketing, includ ing peaceful picketing of private homes. Plaintiffs further con tend that under this decision but two areas have now been left to the states control: (1) Intimidation, threats of violence or violence and (2) when the activity regulated is merely of peripheral concern of the National Labor Relations Act. Arguments pro and con can be gleaned from the expressions employed in the opinion. For expressions appearing to exclude state jurisdiction, see dissenting opinion herein. On the other hand, the court, at page 243, also says:
"Administration is more than a means of regulation; administration is regulation. We have been concerned with conflict in its broadest sense; conflict with a complex and interrelat ed federal scheme of law, remedy, and administration. Thusi judicial concern has necessarily focused on the nature of thi activities which the states have sought to regulate, rather tha: on the method of regulation adopted. When the exercise o: state power over a particular area of activity threatened inter ference with the clearly indicated policy of industrial relation; it has been judicially necessary to preclude the states fro: acting. However, due regard for the presuppositions of oul embracing federal system, including tbe principle of diffusion of power not as a matter of doctrinaire localism but as a promoter of democracy, bas required us not to find withdrawal from tbe states of power to regulate where tbe activity regulated was a merely peripheral concern of tbe Labor Management Eelations' Act. See International Assn. of Machinists v. Gonzales, 356 U. S., 617. Or where tbe regulated conduct touched interests so deeply rooted in local feeling and responsibility that, in tbe absence of compelling congressional direction, we could not infer that Congress bad deprived tbe states of tbe power to act."
Tbe opinion also reiterates what was said in Garner v. Teamsters Union, supra (346 U. S., 485, 488), that tbe Labor Management Eelations Act "leave much to tbe states, though Congress bas refrained from telling us bow much" and concludes that this penumbral area can be rendered progressively clear only by tbe course of litigation. See, also, Weber v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 348 U. S., 468, 480.
Tbe court also reiterates that "tbe statutory implications concerning what bas been taken from tbe states and what bas been left to them are of a Delphic nature, to be translated into concreteness by tbe process of litigating elucidation," citing International Assn. of Machinists v. Gonzales, 356 U. S., 617, 619.
For some twenty years, under the guise of construing tbe intent of Congress, tbe Supreme Court bas embarked upon a course of judicial labor legislation, but bas nevertheless refrained from prescribing with particularity tbe exact area of state versus National Labor Eelations Board jurisdiction. Even in tbe case of San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U. S., 236, tbe court has left the door open to the determina-ron of questions of a Delphic nature to be translated into con-3reteness by tbe process of "litigation elucidation." There-:ore, in tbe absence of a decision of the Supreme Court construing tbe Act as pre-empting jurisdiction over peaceful pick-ding of private homes, jurisdiction remains with tbe states. Conceding that it may be ultimately determined by the United States Supreme Court that the state court has no jurisdiction, the Common Pleas Court in the instant case nevertheless has jurisdiction to determine the action, notwithstanding its decision may be erroneous. Except by way of review of decisions of the labor board, the process of litigation elucidation can be achieved only through review of such a state decision.
In the light of these observations, in the instant case it does not clearly appear that the Common Pleas Court has no jurisdiction of the cause which it is attempting to adjudicate, or necessarily that it is about to exceed its jurisdiction. State, ex rel. Ellis, v. McCabe et al, Judges, 138 Ohio St., 417; State, ex rel. Clary, v. Probate Court, 151 Ohio St., 497, 499, 500.
The writ is denied and the petition is dismissed.
Writ denied.
Smith, J., concurs.
. Affirmed 172 Ohio St., 269, reversed 369 U. S., 689, 8 L. Ed. (2d), 198 82 S. Ct., 1114.
. Citing Guss v. Utah Labor Relations Board, 353 U. S., 1; Youngdahl v. Rainfair, 355 U. S., 131; Teamsters Union v. New York, N. H. & R. Co., 350 U. S., 155; Weber v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 348 U. S., 468; Garne v. Teamsters Union, 346 U. S., 485; Automobile Workers v. O'Brien, 339 U. S. 454; Amalgamated Assn. of Street, Electric R. & Motor Coach Employees Wisconsin Board, 340 U. S., 383; Hill v. Florida, 325 U. S., 538; Teamster Union v. Oliver, 358 U. S., 283. The cases up to that time are summarizq in Weber v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 348 U. S., 468.
. Citing United Automobile Workers v. Russell, 356 U. S., 634; Youngahl v. Rainfair, 355 U. S., 131; Auto Workers v. Wisconsin Board, 351 U. S., 66; United Construction Workers v. Laburnum Corp., 347 U. S., 656.