Case Name: Ronald J. CHANDLER, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee
Court: Supreme Court of Indiana
Jurisdiction: Indiana
Decision Date: 1991-11-26
Citations: 581 N.E.2d 1233
Docket Number: No. 49S00-8905-CR-401
Parties: Ronald J. CHANDLER, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.
Judges: SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON, J., concur.
Reporter: North Eastern Reporter 2d
Volume: 581
Pages: 1233–1239

Head Matter:
Ronald J. CHANDLER, Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee.
No. 49S00-8905-CR-401.
Supreme Court of Indiana.
Nov. 26, 1991.
George K. Shields, Indianapolis, for ap; pellant.
Linley E. Pearson, Atty. Gen., Richard C. Webster, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.

Opinion:
DeBRULER, Justice.
Following a jury trial, appellant Ronald J. Chandler was convicted of Count I, dealing in cocaine, a Class A felony, Ind. Code 35-48-4-1(b) Count II, possession of cocaine, a Class C felony, L.C. 35-48-4-6(b)(1); Count III, possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor, LC. 85-48-4-11(1); Count IV, resisting law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor, 1.0. 85-44-3-8(a)(8); Count V, resisting, obstructing, or interfering with a law enforcement officer, a Class A misdemeanor, 1.0. 835-44-8-8(a)(1); Count VI, habitual offender. Appellant received a sentence on Count I of thirty (80) years, Count II was merged with Count I, his sentence was enhanced by thirty (80) years for being a habitual offender; and one (1) year each on Counts III, IV, and V to be served concurrently, for a total of sixty (60) years.
Appellant bases this direct appeal on six claims of error, which will be addressed in the following order: 1) improper instructions; 2) insufficiency of the evidence to support convictions on Counts I and II and denial of presumption of innocence; 8) improper admission of certain items recovered after the police chase because of lack of probable cause; 4) improper refusal to give Defendant's Tendered Final Instructions Nos. 1 and 2; 5) improper admission of certified copy of appellant's commitment to the Department of Corrections; and 6) improper instruction during the habitual offender hearing. We vacate the conviction and judgment under Count I because of error in the jury instructions and remand the entire cause for retrial on Count I and resentencing on the remaining counts.
On March 11, 1988, at approximately 7:00 p.m., Indianapolis Police Officer Michael Smith was on routine patrol with his partner. While travelling westbound on 16th Street, Smith saw a brown Oldsmobile in front of him make a turn onto Medford without using a turn signal. Officer Smith turned onto Medford in order to stop the vehicle for the traffic violation. He turned on his red lights but the driver did not stop. The officers then turned on the siren. The driver of the Oldsmobile then pulled to the left curb and stopped. Upon stopping, appellant, the sole occupant of the vehicle, exited the car, as did Officer Smith. Appellant then fled.
Officer Smith pursued appellant and broadcast his location, his direction of travel, and a description of appellant. Throughout the chase, Officer Smith never lost sight of appellant. He saw appellant throw a purple bag in the front yard of a residence located at 1810 N. Kessler Boulevard, and saw him drop a clear plastic bag in the back yard of the same residence. Officer Smith then ordered appellant to halt and appellant was apprehended.
Appellant was searched and the police recovered $3310 in cash, his identification card, another person's drivers license, an address book, a business card, a beeper, and a set of car keys. The police also recovered a Crown Royal bag and the clear plastic bag. Inside the Crown Royal bag was a plastic bag containing a large amount of white powder that was subsequently subjected to laboratory analysis and determined to be cocaine weighing 54.-7904 grams and testing 92 percent pure. Inside the clear bag was a leafy substance which was tested and determined to be marijuana weighing 10.27 grams.
I. Instructions
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in giving Final Instructions Nos. 28, 30, and 31. He asserts that these instructions were not supported by the evidence, emphasized certain items and areas of the State's evidence, and shifted the burden of proof.
The purpose of an instruction is to inform the jury of the law applicable to the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to comprehend the case clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict. Fox v. State (1986), Ind., 497 N.E.2d 221. As to Instruction 28, which describes how controlled substances could be dispensed legally, I.C. 35-48-8-9(a) (current version at I.C. 35-48-3-3(d)(8)) and 85-48-1-1 provide this language. Instruction 30 states that the State is not required to prove every statutory exception for lawful possession, which is also a correct statement of case law. We find that the trial court did not err in giving these instructions because they accurately state applica-bie law and are not misleading or confusing to the jury.
The trial court, over an objection noted on the face of State's Tendered Final Instruction No. 7 (R. at 131), gave the following instruction numbered 31:
Possession of a large amount of narcot-ies is cireumstantial evidence of intent to deliver.
This instruction is a direct quotation from this Court's opinion in Montego v. State (1987), Ind., 517 N.E.2d 74, taken from statements made by the Court in rejecting a claim that the evidence of an intent to deliver cocaine had been insufficient to support a conviction. Despite being an accurate quotation, it is nonetheless erroneously employed as a jury instruction. Sansom v. State (1977), 267 Ind. 38, 366 N.E.2d 1171 (opinion of Prentice and DeBruler, JJ.), rev'd on other grounds, Elmore v. State (1978), 269 Ind. 532, 382 N.E.2d 893.
Instruction 31 is misleading and erroneous in at least three respects. First, it implicitly posits that the evidence proves beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was in fact in possession of a large amount of narcoties. This is a matter which must first be considered and determined by the jury as the trier of fact and is not a matter which may be resolved by the Court in its instructions, implicitly or explicitly. Second, it is not a suggestion as to what evidence of possession of a large amount of contraband narcotics may tend to prove, but is instead a categorical statement of what it does prove, ie., intent to deliver. Third, the categorical form of the instruction does not invite the jury to consider the evidence of the possession by appellant of a large quantity of contraband as proof of intent to deliver, but commands the jury to do so and binds the conscience of the jury to do so. This exceeds the authority granted Indiana trial judges to comment upon the evidence. Norton v. State (1884), 98 Ind. 347.
The crucial issues for resolution by the jury were whether appellant was in possession of a large quantity of cocaine and whether that possession was accompanied by an intent to deliver. Because this instruction cuts at the heart of the jury determination of these crucial matters and would have contributed substantially to the weight accorded to the evidence of appellant's possession and criminal intent, we cannot regard it as harmless error. We therefore vacate appellant's conviction on Count I.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant asserts there was no evidence to show that he possessed cocaine with the intent to deliver. This Court has stated that "(elven though we have ordered reversal and remand due to the erroneous instruction, appellant's allegation that the evidence was insufficient must still be addressed." Small v. State (1988), Ind., 531 N.E.2d 498, 500. Our test for the sufficiency of the evidence requires that we neither weigh the evidence nor resolve questions of credibility, but look only to evidence of probative value and the reasonable inferences from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that appellant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Case v. State (1984), Ind., 458 N.E.2d 223.
The State must prove that appellant had the intent to deliver in order to gain a conviction of possession of cocaine with intent to deliver, Because intent is a mental state, and because it is often the case that an actor does not verbally express intent, the trier of fact must usually resort to reasonable inferences based on examination of the surrounding cireum-stances to determine the existence of the requisite intent. Mason v. State (1989), Ind., 582 N.E.2d 1169; Montego, 517 N.E.2d at 75.
We find the evidence of items recovered from appellant at the time of his arrest support the verdict of the jury. The record reflects that while chasing appellant Officer Smith saw him throw a Crown Royal bag containing nearly 55 grams of cocaine testing 92 percent pure. Testimony further revealed that average personal consumption of cocaine is from 1-8 grams per day at a street value of about $100 per gram, and that 55 grams is a quantity consistent with both a business and a personal use. Appellant was also in possession of five wads of currency totalling $3310, two of which were found in appellant's underwear, two in his right front pocket, and one in his left front pocket, and a beeper. Thus, Count I can be remanded for retrial without offending the protections afforded by the double jeopardy clause, and there is sufficient evidence to support appellant's conviction on Count II.
Appellant asserts that he was denied his lawful presumption of innocence because the jury resolved all the conflicts and doubts in the evidence against him. No issue of this nature was raised before the trial court and preserved for appeal. Reames v. State (1986), Ind., 497 N.E.2d 559. Nevertheless, the jury in this case was instructed concerning appellant's presumption of innocence; and when the jury is properly instructed, it may be presumed on appeal that they followed such instruction. Duncanson v. State (1987), Ind., 509 N.E.2d 182. There is no basis for the conclusion that the jury disregarded the trial court's instruction, and thus the claim is not sustained.
III. Admission of Items Recovered After Police Chase
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence and allowing into evidence, over objection, State's Exhibits Nos. 1, 2, 8, 4, and 6. Appellant claims that these items were seized after he was stopped by police officers acting without probable cause. However, the objection at trial to the ad-missgibility of these items was made on the basis that a proper chain of custody had not been established, and on appeal a party is restricted to claims within the seope of a proper trial objection. Other objections, such as the one here based upon the absence of probable cause, are considered not properly made and preserved. Daniel v. State (1988), Ind., 526 N.E.2d 1157; Burton v. State (1988), 526 N.E.2d 1163.
If this issue had been properly raised and preserved, the result on appeal would be the same. Probable cause to arrest exists when the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the officer would justify a belief by a reasonable person that a crime has been committed by the suspect. DiTommaso v. State (1991), Ind., 566 N.E.2d 538; Cornett v. State (1989), Ind., 536 N.E.2d 501. In the instant case, Officer Smith testified that he stopped appellant's vehicle in order to issue a citation for making a right turn without using a turn signal, which is a traffic violation under Indiana law. See LC. 9-4-1-78, repealed by P.L,. 2-1991 (current version at 1.C. 9-21-8-25), 1.0. 9-4-1-127.1, repealed by P.L. 21991 (current version at I.C. 9-21-8-49). Appellant's violation of this statute is sufficient grounds for stopping him.
In addition, the fact that appellant fled from Officer Smith after the lawful stop was probable cause to arrest him and recover the abandoned items. Fleeing a law enforcement officer is a Class A misdemeanor, 1.C. 35-44-3-3(a)(8), and an officer is permitted to make a warrantless arrest if a misdemeanor is committed in his presence. Cornett, 536 N.E.2d 501; Brown v. State (1982), Ind., 442 N.E.2d 1109. The trial court did not err in admitting State's Exhibits Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.
IV. Instructions on Lesser Offenses
Appellant next asserts that the trial court erred in failing to give his Tendered Final Instructions Nos. 1 and 2. Appellant states that these instructions would have placed cautionary language and a more complete statement of law before the jury because they involved lesser-included offenses of Count I, possession of cocaine with intent to deliver, and Count II, possession of cocaine.
In reviewing an issue concerning the refusal of an instruction, this Court must consider whether the tendered instruction is a correct statement of the law, whether there is evidence to support the giving of the instruction, and whether the substance of the tendered instruction is covered by other instructions given. Johnson v. State (1988), Ind., 518 N.E.2d 1078; Smith v. State (1984), Ind., 468 N.E.2d 512. A defendant is not entitled to an instruction on a lesser-included offense unless the evidence would have warranted a jury's finding that the lesser offense was committed while the greater was not. Tawney v. State (1982), Ind., 439 N.E.2d 582. The lesser offenses referred to in appellant's Tendered Final Instructions concern possession of cocaine with intent to deliver and possession of cocaine where the amount possessed is less than three grams; however, the amount of cocaine possessed by appellant was nearly 55 grams. The evidence did not support the giving of these instructions and we find that the trial court's refusal to give them was not error.
V. Admission of Certified Document
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence State's Exhibit No. 14, a certified copy of appellant's commitment to the Department of Corrections, during the habitual offender hearing. Appellant contends that because the document had not been signed by the then-Clerk of the Marion County Courts its present certification as a true and complete copy by the present Clerk of the Courts is not sufficient for admission.
Ind. Trial Rule 44(A)(1) provides that documents which are properly certified by the court clerk with the seal of office are admissible to establish a defendant's prior record for habitual offender purposes. Logston v. State (1989), Ind., 535 N.E.2d 525. State's Exhibit 14 was properly certified by the present Clerk of the Courts and the trial court did not err in admitting this document pursuant to TR. 44(A)(1).
VI. Instruction During Habitual Offender Hearing
During the habitual offender phase of appellant's trial, the trial court gave the following Final Instruction No. 7:
I instruct you that the prior offenses charged in Count Six are, under the law, felonies.
Appellant argues the trial court erred in giving the above quoted instruction because it usurped the fact finding and law finding authority of the jury under article I, section 19 of the Indiana Constitution. Contrary to appellant's argument, we have previously held that it is proper for the trial court to take judicial notice of the law and so instruct the jury. Pike v. State (1989), Ind., 532 N.E.2d 3, 6; Hernandez v. State (1982), Ind., 439 N.E.2d 625. The trial court did not err in giving Final Instruction No. 7.
Appellant's conviction on Count I is reversed and the entire cause is remanded, either for retrial on Count I or the entering of judgment and appropriate sentencing on Count II, and resentencing on the remaining counts.
SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON, J., concur.
GIVAN, J., dissents with separate opinion.
KRAHULIK, J., dissents and joins in GIVAN, J., dissenting opinion.