Case Name: Cyrus J. SEVIN et al. v. LOUISIANA WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES COMMISSION et al.
Court: Louisiana Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Louisiana
Decision Date: 1973-10-04
Citations: 283 So. 2d 690
Docket Number: No. 53737
Parties: Cyrus J. SEVIN et al. v. LOUISIANA WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES COMMISSION et al.
Judges: SUMMERS, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
Reporter: Southern Reporter, Second Series
Volume: 283
Pages: 690–695

Head Matter:
Cyrus J. SEVIN et al. v. LOUISIANA WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES COMMISSION et al.
No. 53737.
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
Oct. 4, 1973.
Rehearing Denied Oct. 26, 1973.
Peter E. Duffy, Metairie, for defendants-appellants.
John M. Holahan, New Orleans, for in-tervenors-appellants.
Gerald F. Lofaso, Houma, for plaintiffs-appellees.
Keith Whipple, Gerald A. Bosworth, Charley J. Schrader, Jr., Houma, for infer-venors-appellees.

Opinion:
BARHAM, Justice.
Twenty-one named appellees, allegedly representing a class including shrimpers, trawlers, dealers, processors, and canners engaged in the taking, possessing, processing, transporting, buying and selling of salt water shrimp, filed suit to declare unconstitutional R.S. 56:498, the shrimp count law, and to enjoin it's enforcement by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, its agents and employees.
In their original petition the appellees claimed that the statute was contrary to the Louisiana Constitution in that it was (1) vague, general and uncertain; (2) susceptible to many interpretations and constructions ; and (3) did not establish an ascertainable standard by which persons may be guided in determining whether or not their actions were within the scope of the statutes.
Appellees particularized the purported Louisiana Constitutional violation in their amended supplemental petition. In brief and argument they base the constitutional attack on La. Const. Art. 1, Sec. 2 (the due process clause of the State Constitution), Art. 1, Sec. 10 (the right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusations) ; and the 5th and 14th Amendments of the United States Constitution.
Defendant-Appellant, Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, and Intervenors-Appellants, Louisiana Shrimp Association, Emory Green, Tom Steed, Steed's Feed Company, Inc. and Gulf Seaway Sea-foods, Inc., responded with exceptions to the jurisdiction of the Court over the subject matter involved, alleging that the plaintiffs-appellees were attempting to enjoin a criminal statute without having alleged or proved the necessary circumstances, to-wit, (1) a property right threatened; (2) a manifestly unconstitutional statute; and (3) irreparable injury. The exceptions were overruled and after the trial of plaintiffs' rule nisi, the trial court granted the preliminary injunction requested, declaring the statute unconstitutional. As part of its judgment the lower court dismissed the intervention of the Louisiana Shrimp Association. From the judgment rendered appellants prosecute the instant appeal. La.Const. Art. 7, Sec. 10(2).
The appellants, hereinafter referred to as Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, assign two errors in the ruling of the trial court, i.e., the lower court erred in (1) granting a preliminary injunction, and (2) in declaring R.S. 56:498 unconstitutional.
We hold that the trial court erred in declaring the statute unconstitutional; therefore, the first specification of error need not be considered, since the preliminary injunction falls upon our holding that the statute contested is constitutional.
R.S. 56:498 provides:
§ 498. Size limit
No person shall take or have in possession any salt water shrimp which average more than 68 specimens to a pound except during the spring open season defined in R.S. 56:497A when there shall be no limitation as to count, and from November 15 to December 20 when there shall be no limitation as to count on the brown, or Brazilian-type shrimp (Penoeus aztecus). This restriction does not apply to "Sea bobs" (Xiphopeneus kroyeri), also called "six barbes" which may be taken or sold through commercial channels in any season only in outside waters. There shall be no size limit on bait shrimp taken in the manner prescribed in R.S. 56:497B and R.S. 56:500. As amended Acts 1958, No. 53, § 5; Acts 1962, No. 452, § 4.
This section is one of a group of statutes concerned with licensing of shrimp fishermen, defining of inside and outside waters for salt water shrimp, setting standards and seasons for shrimping, as well as providing penalties for violation of the statutes.
Appellees' attack upon this single section disregards the total regulatory scheme and considers the section out of context. Ap-pellees' major attack is the vagueness, ambiguity, and indefiniteness of this section in defining criminal conduct in the following particulars: (1) salt water shrimp taken in outside waters may be controlled because they are necessarily possessed in inland waters en route to processors; (2) the section fails to specify the state or condition of the salt water shrimp which cannot be taken or possessed; (3) that it fails to set forth a procedure for ascertaining the "average specimens of shrimp to a pound", (4) that "bait shrimp" are not defined, and (5) that the section fails to set any limitation upon those who cannot possess salt water shrimp (presumably a housewife who had bought them from a processor could be in violation of the statute.)
Basically, the scheme of R.S. 56:491 to R.S. 56:513 is to control, through licensing and seasons, the commercial taking of salt water shrimp from inside waters. We cannot and do not test the wisdom of the legislature in reasoning how and why to exercise this control. It appears that salt water shrimp in outside waters, i. e., waters off the coast of Louisiana, in the Gulf of Mexico, are by nature larger shrimp; shrimp breed in inland waters and when the young are sufficient in size to live in outside waters, they will migrate to those waters. The State, for economic, conservatory, or other reasons, has determined that it is necessary to control inland shrimping for salt water shrimp.
R.S. 56:498 comes in context when read with the other provisions regulating shrimping. R.S. 56:497 provides in part (A): "No person shall take, have in possession, sell or offer for sale any salt water shrimp taken from inside waters except in open seasons as herein below described: (Emphasis here and elsewhere supplied.)
Part (B) provides: "Salt water shrimp legally taken and processed within the state, may be bought and sold at any time. Salt water shrimp in their fresh state, legally taken during the open seasons in inside waters, may be possessed for five days following the last day of each open season."
R.S. 56:500 provides:
"No person shall use a shrimp seine or trawl unless an annual license fee has been paid thereon to the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission as follows : " (There follow standards for collecting license fees.) "Any sports fisherman may in open waters in open seasons use a trawl not to exceed sixteen feet without payment of license, provided the shrimp taken with such trawl are used for bait or for his own consumption and are not sold, traded, or otherwise permitted to enter into commerce and shall not exceed one hundred pounds in the aggregate at any one time per day to each boat irrespective of the number of persons thereon."
R.S. 56:497(B) supra, also provides:
"Bait shrimp may be taken in inside waters during the closed seasons, but only in cast nets, dip nets with a diameter not to exceed three feet operated only by hand without any mechanical device
When all of the statutes dealing with shrimp' are read in pari materia, it becomes clear that appellees' arguments are without merit. The argument that shrimp taken in outside waters and brought through inside waters for processing makes the shrimper with shrimp taken in outside waters subject to prosecution under R.S. 56:498, is obviously not so, for only the taking and possession of "inside" shrimp is controlled by that section. As to appellees' argument that they cannot ascertain in what state or condition the shrimp must be when they are checked to determine the number of specimens to the pound, it is again very clear that the statutes propose to regulate "shrimp in their fresh state," as taken from the waters and taken for the purpose of placing them in commerce, by those required to be licensed.
As to the difficulty appellees have in determining the procedure to be used in ascertaining what is the "average," it obviously means that the State, in a random selection from a catch, must ascertain that such random taking does not provide more than 68 specimens to the pound. The statute does not, and need not, specify how many pounds of shrimp must be weighed to determine the legality of the catch. Random selection is sufficient. The evidence actually shows that the State makes a random selection of three pounds before counting for the average specimens to the pound; they in turn allow the shrimper to make a random selection of three pounds, and finally the average number of specimens per pound is determined from this 6-pound random selection.
Appellees are concerned that there is no definition for "bait shrimp" and appear to-be concerned for the sports fisherman who operates in open season, taking bait shrimp or shrimp for his own consumption. Bait shrimp, as is stated by Section 498, have no size limit. They may be very large or very small. During closed season the state limits the method for taking them, which in turn limits the quantity which may be taken. During open season, sports fishermen are allowed to take by trawl up to one hundred pounds of salt water shrimp for the entire boat at any one time per day, as long as these shrimp of any size are used for bait or for their own consumption, and are not to enter into commerce.
Appellees are concerned that the statute is so overbroad that every one who possesses salt water shrimp at any time may be subject to prosecution for having under-sized shrimp in violation of Section 498. A reading of the group of statutes — R.S. 56:491-R.S. 56:526 — makes certain that it is limited to those who commercially take and possess salt water shrimp in the fresh state before processing and those sports fishermen who exceed the limitations placed upon them. Salt water shrimp in their fresh state, which are proposed to be regulated by the statute, of .course, means fresh salt water shrimp with the heads on, for the purpose of determining the count per pound.
The statute which was declared unconstitutional by the lower court is a criminal statute with a penalty provided for its violation. Courts are required to construe such statutes restrictively. R.S. 14:3, United States v. Enmons, 410 U.S. 396, 93 S.Ct. 1007, 35 L.Ed.2d 379 (1973); State v. Gauthier, 263 La. 678, 269 So.2d 204 (1972); and State v. Patterson, 259 La. 508, 250 So.2d 721 (1971). Every statute is presumed to be constitutional and the court is bound to uphold the constitutionality of a statute when it is reasonably possible to do so. State v. Dooley, 261 La. 295, 259 So.2d 329 (1972); State v. Smith, 252 La. 636, 212 So.2d 410 (1968); and Everhardt v. City of New Orleans, 253 La. 285, 217 So.2d 400 (1968), app. dismissed 395 U.S. 212, 89 S.Ct. 1775, 23 L.Ed.2d 214.
We are of the opinion that the statute complained of adequately defines the specificity of the offense and fully gives notice in unambiguous language of the conduct denounced. The words used in the statute either are defined by that statute, or other statutes, or they have fixed a definite meaning understandable to persons of average intelligence. R.S. 14:3, Civil Code Art. 13 et seq. State v. Robertson, 241 La. 249, 128 So.2d 646 (1961); State v. Smith, supra; State v. Bonanno, 245 La. 1117, 163 So.2d 72 (1964), app. dismissed 380 U.S. 126, 85 S.Ct. 807, 13 L.Ed.2d 793; rehearing denied 380 U.S. 989, 85 S.Ct. 1350, 14 L.Ed.2d 283.
Our examination of the statute forces us into the conclusion that it is not violative of the Louisiana Constitution nor the United States Constitution. We declare R.S. 56:498 to be constitutional.
For the reasons assigned the judgment of the district court is reversed and the suit is dismissed at appellees' costs.
SUMMERS, J., dissents and assigns reasons.