Case Name: Randall Scott TIFFANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Philip J. DZWONCZYK, Medical Director, Acting Administrator, Bonnie Norton, Director Human Resources, Susan Parker, Nutritional Services Administrator 2, Deborah Murphy, Defendants-Appellees, Cynthia Fairchild, New York State Veterans Home, Defendants
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2017-08-18
Citations: 696 F. App'x 7
Docket Number: No. 16-2671-cv
Parties: Randall Scott TIFFANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Philip J. DZWONCZYK, Medical Director, Acting Administrator, Bonnie Norton, Director Human Resources, Susan Parker, Nutritional Services Administrator 2, Deborah Murphy, Defendants-Appellees, Cynthia Fairchild, New York State Veterans Home, Defendants.
Judges: PRESENT: REENA RAGGI, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., Circuit Judges, JOAN M. AZRACK, District Judge.
Reporter: West's Federal Appendix
Volume: 696
Pages: 7–9

Head Matter:
Randall Scott TIFFANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Philip J. DZWONCZYK, Medical Director, Acting Administrator, Bonnie Norton, Director Human Resources, Susan Parker, Nutritional Services Administrator 2, Deborah Murphy, Defendants-Appellees, Cynthia Fairchild, New York State Veterans Home, Defendants.
No. 16-2671-cv
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
August 18, 2017
FOR APPELLANT: Randall Scott Tiffany, pro se, McDonough, New York.
FOR APPELLEES: Laura Etlinger, Assistant Solicitor General (Andrea Oser, Deputy Solicitor General, Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, on the brief), for Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General of the State of New York, Albany, New York.
PRESENT: REENA RAGGI, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., Circuit Judges, JOAN M. AZRACK, District Judge.
Judge Joan M. Azrack, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

Opinion:
SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiff Randall Tiffany, pro se, sued his former employer, the New York State Veterans Home, as well as former supervisors and a co-worker under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ("FMLA"), 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VIP), as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. He here appeals the district court's suasponte dismissal of his Title VII hostile work environment claim and its grant of defendants' unopposed motion to dismiss his FMLA retaliation claim. We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts and the procedural history of this case, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint, accepting the alleged facts as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs favor. See Barrows v. Burwell, 777 F.3d 106, 111 (2d Cir. 2016). Nevertheless, "bald assertions and conclusions of law will not suffice" to avoid dismissal, Spool v. World Child Int'l Adoption Agency, 520 F.3d 178, 183 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted), nor will factual "allegations that are wholly conclusory," Krys v. Pigott, 749 F.3d 117, 128 (2d Cir. 2014). Rather, a complaint must plead sufficient "factual content" to allow a court "to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 566 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).
1. FMLA Retaliation
To state an FMLA retaliation claim, a plaintiff must plausibly plead that "(1) he exercised rights protected under the FMLA, (2) he was qualified for his position, (3) he suffered an adverse employment action, and (4) the adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of retaliatory intent." Donnelly v. Greenburgh Cent. Sch. Dist. No. 7, 691 F.3d 134, 147 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). An inference of retaliatory intent can be drawn from temporal proximity between the exercise of FMLA rights and the adverse action. See id, at 152.
The complaint here fails to allege sufficient facts to admit an inference of retaliatory intent. Allegations that Tiffany was terminated in October 2014, more than a year after returning from FMLA leave and after a year of unauthorized leave, fail to admit an inference of retaliatory intent based on temporal proximity. See Bucalo v. Shelter Island Union Free Sch. Dist., 691 F.3d 119, 131 (2d Cir. 2012) ("While we have not drawn a bright line to define the outer limits beyond which a temporal relationship is too attenuated to establish a causal relationship between a protected activity and an allegedly retaliatory action, courts in this circuit have typically measured that gap as a matter of months, not years." (internal quotation marks omitted)). Tiffany argues that complaints he made to the Inspector General and Governor in June and August 2013 give rise to an inference of retaliation. But these complaints were also too temporally removed from his termination over a year later to admit such an inference. In any event, none of those complaints concerned FMLA leave, but only alleged "corrupt and illegal" acts, including nepotism and favoritism.
Accordingly, we conclude that Tiffany's FMLA retaliation claim was correctly dismissed.
2. Hostile Work Environment
We reach the same conclusion as to dismissal of Tiffany's Title VII hostile work environment claim. "It is axiomatic that mistreatment at work . is actionable under Title VII only when it occurs because of an employee's sex, or other protected characteristic." Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106, 112. (2d Cir. 2007) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Failure to allege membership in a protected class or a relationship between adverse actions and protected class status warrants dismissal. See id. at 113.
Although Tiffany frames his hostile work environment claim as arising under Title VII, he fails to allege any facts suggesting a relationship between the adverse actions and his membership in a Title VII protected class. In his brief, Tiffany makes the conclusory assertion, unsupported by complaint allegations, that a court can infer that age discrimination prompted his hostile work environment. This argument fails because Tiffany explicitly brought his action under Title VII, which covers discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, and national origin, not age. See General Dynamics Land Sys., Inc. v. Cline, 540 U.S. 581, 586, 124 S.Ct. 1236, 157 L.Ed.2d 1094 (2004) ("Congress chose not to include age within discrimination forbidden by Title VII."). Moreover, the complaint makes no reference to Tiffany's age.
3. Conclusion
We have considered Tiffany's remaining arguments and find them to. be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.