Case Name: BLACKHAWK DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION v. VILLAGE OF DEXTER
Court: Michigan Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Michigan
Decision Date: 2005-07-13
Citations: 473 Mich. 33
Docket Number: Docket No. 126036
Parties: BLACKHAWK DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION v VILLAGE OF DEXTER
Judges: Taylor, C.J., and Weaver Corrigan, Young, and MARKMAN, JJ., concurred with CAVANAGH, J.
Reporter: Michigan Reports
Volume: 473
Pages: 33–62

Head Matter:
BLACKHAWK DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION v VILLAGE OF DEXTER
Docket No. 126036.
Decided July 13, 2005.
On application by the plaintiffs for leave to appeal, the Supreme Court, after hearing oral argument on whether the application should be granted and in lieu of granting leave, reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remanded the case to the circuit court for further proceedings.
Blackhawk Development Corporation and Dexter Crossing, L.L.C., the owners of a parcel of land that was purchased from the Kingsley Trust and that contained a portion subject to an easement in favor of the village of Dexter for the purposes of relocating, establishing, opening, and improving Dan Hoey Road, brought an action in the Washtenaw Circuit Court against the village and Dexter Development, alleging that proposed developments on that portion of the land encumbered by the easement exceeded the scope of the easement. The court, David S. Swartz, J., granted summary disposition in favor of the defendants on the basis that the developments, which consist of access roads, light poles, trees, landscaping, pond grading, sidewalks, pipes, conduit, sewer lines, and water lines, were for the benefit of the public and were thus within the scope of the easement. The plaintiffs appealed, alleging that the developments, to be undertaken by Dexter Development at its own behest to assist it, a private property owner, in developing its neighboring property, exceeded the scope of the easement. The Court of Appeals, Sawyer, EJ., and Griffin, J. (Smolenski, J., dissenting), affirmed on the basis that the proposed developments were within the scope of the easement because they benefited the public. Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued January 27, 2004 (Docket No. 240790). The plaintiffs sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, which ordered that oral argument be conducted with regard to the application. 471 Mich 905 (2004).
In an opinion by Justice Cavanagh, joined by Chief Justice Taylor, and Justices Weaver, Corrigan, Young, and Markman, the Supreme Court held,-.
The use of an easement must be confined strictly to the purposes for which it was granted or reserved. An easement owner may not make improvements to the servient estate if such improvements are unnecessary for the effective use of the easement or they unreasonably burden the servient estate. The proposed developments in this case exceed the scope of the easement. The judgment of the Court of Appeals must be reversed and the case must be remanded to the trial court for entry of a declaratory judgment and a grant of injunctive relief in favor of the plaintiffs and for further proceedings on the plaintiffs’ claim for damages for trespass.
1. The easement was granted for the express purpose of relocating, establishing, opening, and improving Dan Hoey Road. The village, in authorizing developments to the land subject to its easement that are unrelated to the relocation, establishment, opening, or improvement of Dan Hoey Road, improperly altered the easement without the plaintiffs’ consent and materially increased the burden on the servient estate.
2. The language of the instrument granting the easement is not ambiguous. The trial court therefore erred in considering language extrinsic to the express easement grant.
3. The facts that a public entity holds the easement and the easement is related to a public road do not alter the nature or the scope of the easement granted.
Justice Young, concurring, wrote separately to emphasize that the majority does not suggest that the motivations of the developer are not dispositive of the village’s motivations. Because the village failed to show that the proposed developments were initiated for the purpose of improving Dan Hoey Road, a purpose within the scope of the easement, the developments are not objectively within the scope of the easement and are outside its scope as a matter of law.
Reversed and remanded to the circuit court.
Justice Kelly, dissenting, stated that the projects in question fall within the scope of the easement. The easement was granted for the purpose of opening and improving Dan Hoey Road, and the circumstances surrounding the easement grant confirm that the parties who created the easement intended that it could be used for projects such as those proposed by Dexter Development. The subjective motivation for the projects is immaterial to the question whether a particular use is within the scope of the easement, and the majority erroneously relies on subjective motivation in concluding that the proposed projects are not within the scope of the easement in this case. Finally, the proposed projects do not unreasonably burden the servient estate. The decisions of the Court of Appeals and the trial court should be affirmed.
1. Easements — Use.
The use of an easement must be confined strictly to the purposes for which it is granted or reserved; an easement holder may not make improvements to the servient estate where such improvements are unnecessary for the effective use of the easement or they unreasonably burden the servient tenement.
2. Easements — Judicial Construction.
A court may examine evidence extrinsic to an instrument granting an easement to determine the scope of the easement only where the language in the instrument is ambiguous.
3. Easements — Alterations.
Neither party to an instrument that grants an easement may alter the easement without the consent of the other party.
Berry Reynolds & Rogowski, PC (by Ronald E. Reynolds), for the plaintiffs.
Dykema Gossett PLLC (by Bradley L. Smith) for the village of Dexter.
Conlin, McKenney & Philbrick, PC (by Allen J. Philbrick), for Dexter Development.

Opinion:
CAVANAGH, J.
Plaintiffs sought leave to appeal from the Court of Appeals decision affirming the trial court's grant of summary disposition to defendants village of Dexter and Dexter Development. Rather than grant leave to appeal, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings.
I. INTRODUCTION
This case requires us to examine the scope of an easement granted by a private party to a public entity. Specifically, we must determine whether allowing a private property owner to construct access roads and related amenities on property subject to an easement that was granted to a municipality for the express purpose of relocating and improving a public road is within the scope of that easement. Because there is no evidence in the record that the proposed developments fall within the scope of the express easement, we hold that the trial court erred by holding otherwise. Thus, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for further proceedings.
II. BACKGROUND
In 1990, defendant village of Dexter ordered approximately one acre of a portion of land owned by the Kingsley Trust, which was administered by John Kingsley, condemned. The village intended to use the land to improve Dan Hoey Road, which was, at the time, a gravel road that intersected with Dexter-Ann Arbor Road in an unsafe manner. The village planned to pave and widen Dan Hoey Road, as well as move it slightly south.
In lieu of condemning the land, the village and the Kingsley Trust entered into a settlement agreement through which the trust granted the village an easement to a portion of approximately one acre in size. The settlement agreement stated that the trust would transfer "an easement for public roadway purposes . . . ." The easement grant read that the trust granted "an easement for the purposes of relocating, establishing, opening and improving Dan Hoey Road
The village relocated Dan Hoey Road and completed its project, but the project did not consume the entire area subject to the easement. Eventually, the trust sold the burdened parcel to plaintiff Blackhawk Develop ment Corporation, which then developed a commercial complex, plaintiff Dexter Crossing, L.L.C., on a portion of the property. The portion subject to the easement was not developed.
Thereafter, John Kingsley, through his corporation, defendant Dexter Development, purchased additional land that adjoined the old Dan Hoey Road but was separated from the new Dan Hoey Road by land subject to the easement. Kingsley then submitted a proposal for developing his land to the village. However, Kingsley's plan included using portions that were subject to the village's easement for the purpose of constructing access drives, building a pond, and making other developments on that parcel.
The village informed Kingsley that he would have to buy the affected land before it would approve the development, but plaintiff rejected Kingsley's purchase offers. Consequently, Kingsley's attorney advised Kingsley to revise his proposal by removing from the plans affecting plaintiffs parcel anything that could be construed as a "private" development, but leaving developments such as utilities, sidewalks, and access roads. Kingsley resubmitted his revised plan and proposed to "dedicate" the developments on the affected parcel to the village for public use. In other words, Kingsley proposed to create purportedly "public" developments on plaintiffs land, which the village could then justify by way of its easement.
The village authorized the proposal, giving Kingsley permission to construct developments on the subject property, including two access roads, light poles, trees, landscaping, pond grading, sidewalks, pipes, conduit, sewer lines, and water lines. The access roads would use the land subject to the easement to transect plaintiffs property and connect Kingsley's property to the new Dan Hoey Road. As part of their agreement, Kingsley indemnified the village against legal action.
Neither the village nor Kingsley informed plaintiff of their arrangement, leaving plaintiff to discover it when construction began. After plaintiffs objections to the village and to Kingsley proved unsuccessful, plaintiff sued for injunctive relief, declaratory judgment, and trespass.
Among the facts that emerged during discovery were the following. In a memorandum addressing the matter, village zoning officer Janet Keller wrote that because Kingsley's land was "landlocked," the village might be "in jeopardy" if it did not approve the access road. Kingsley, however, acknowledged that his land was not landlocked because of two ingress and egress points at Dexter-Ann Arbor Road. Further, Kingsley testified that he could have built his commercial development without using the land covered by the easement, but that he never submitted plans that did not include land covered by the easement. He also testified that the access drives served no other purpose than access to the commercial development and that he only built the west driveway because he believed the village required it.
Zoning officer Keller testified that the village did not request either road, but after reviewing where Kingsley proposed to place the roads, the village asked Kingsley to align the center road with an opposing road to form a four-way intersection. Keller stated that the village was never presented with a plan that did not include the roads and that she did not know why the development could not proceed without them. Keller testified that the access roads were not an "improvement" to Dan Hoey Road. However, both she and other village officials agreed that the access roads contributed to the safety of the area and that Kingsley's development as a whole contributed to the general public good.
Evidence from the village planner showed that the access roads did not meet public road standards and that the entrances were designed to meet commercial standards. Moreover, the village attorney testified that when Dan Hoey Road was realigned in 1990, all four of the purposes stated in the easement grant, "relocating, establishing, opening, and improving Dan Hoey Road," were fulfilled. According to the testimony, village officials had no intention to further utilize the easement in the foreseeable future.
Defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that the proposed developments were within the scope of the village's easement because the access roads promoted public safety and welfare. Defendants also argued that the utilities were permissible because the permissible uses of a public road easement encompass more than mere surface travel. Further, defendants contended that the use of the land covered by the easement would serve primarily public, rather than private, purposes.
The trial court granted defendants' motion for summary disposition, ruling that the terms "roadway purposes" in the settlement agreement and "improvement" in the actual easement grant were ambiguous. However, it found that the developments benefited the public and were thus within the scope of the easement.
Plaintiffs appealed the trial court's ruling. In a split decision, the Court of Appeals majority held that the trial court reached the correct result, albeit for the wrong reason. Blackhawk Dev Corp v Village of Dexter, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued January 27, 2004 (Docket No. 240790). The majority held that the language at issue was not ambiguous, but that the proposed developments were within the scope of the easement because they benefited the public. Notably, the Court of Appeals examined the language of both the easement grant and the settlement agreement. The dissenting judge agreed that there was no ambiguity in the language, but he believed that the changes were not "improvements" to Dan Hoey Road and, thus, were outside the scope of the easement. Plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration was denied, and plaintiffs sought leave to appeal in this Court. In lieu of granting plaintiffs' application for leave to appeal, we ordered oral argument on the application. 471 Mich 905 (2004).
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The extent of a party's rights under an easement is a question of fact, and a trial court's determination of those facts is reviewed for clear error. Unverzagt v Miller, 306 Mich 260, 266; 10 NW2d 849 (1943), citing Harvey v Crane, 85 Mich 316, 322; 48 NW 582 (1891). A trial court's dispositional ruling on equitable matters, however, is subject to review de novo. Stachnik v Winkel, 394 Mich 375, 383; 230 NW2d 529 (1975). The decision to grant or deny summary disposition is also reviewed de novo. Stewart v Michigan, 471 Mich 692, 696; 692 NW2d 376 (2004).
IV ANALYSIS
This case presents the straightforward question whether Dexter Development's desired developments fall within the scope of the village of Dexter's easement. The inquiry does not center, as defendants seem to suggest, on whether defendants' proposed developments afford the public at large some general benefit. Further, the analysis of this issue is not affected by the fact that a private developer instituted the proposed developments. Rather, this Court must analyze simply whether the developments are within the scope of the granted easement.
The existence of an easement necessitates a thoughtful balancing of the grantor's property rights and the grantee's privilege to burden the grantor's estate. And while the easement holder's rights are ultimately " ' "paramount... to those of the owner of the soil," ' " the latter's rights are subordinate only to the extent stated in the easement grant. Cantieny v Friebe, 341 Mich 143, 146; 67 NW2d 102 (1954), quoting Hasselbring v Koepke, 263 Mich 466, 475; 248 NW 869 (1933), quoting Harvey, supra at 322. Consequently, "[t]he use of an easement must be confined strictly to the purposes for which it was granted or reserved." Delaney v Pond, 350 Mich 685, 687; 86 NW2d 816 (1957).
A fundamental principle of easement law is that the easement holder — here, the village — cannot "make improvements to the servient estate if such improvements are unnecessary for the effective use of the easement or they unreasonably burden the servient tenement." Little v Kin, 468 Mich 699, 701; 664 NW2d 749 (2003), citing Crew's Die Casting Corp v Davidow, 369 Mich 541; 120 NW2d 238 (1963), Unverzagt, supra at 265, and Mumrow v Riddle, 67 Mich App 693, 700; 242 NW2d 489 (1976). Stated differently, " Tt is an established principle that the conveyance of an easement gives to the grantee all such rights as are incident or necessary to the reasonable and proper enjoyment of the easement.' " Unverzagt, supra at 265, quoting 9 RCL, p 784. And "[t]he use exercised by the holders of the easement must be reasonably necessary and convenient to the proper enjoyment of the easement, with as little burden as possible to the fee owner of the land." Id.
From these principles evolves a two-step inquiry: whether the proposed developments are necessary for the village's effective use of its easement and, if the developments are necessary, whether they unreasonably burden plaintiffs' servient estate. Id. Of course, the need to answer the second question is obviated where the first question is answered in the negative.
The answers to these inquiries originate in the language or express reservations of the grant. See id. at 266-267. The task of determining the parties' intent and interpreting the limiting language is strictly confined to the "four corners of the instrument" granting the easement. Hasselbring, supra at 477. Only where the language in the granting instrument is ambiguous may this Court examine evidence extrinsic to the document to determine the meaning within it. Little, supra at 700.
Thus, our first task is to determine whether the language of the granting instrument is ambiguous. The instrument states that the grantor grants to the village of Dexter "an easement for the purposes of relocating, establishing, opening and improving Dan Hoey Road in the Village of Dexter, Washtenaw County, Michigan ." The only document incorporated by reference is the document that sets forth the legal description of the land subject to the easement. As such, our interpretation focuses on the language, "relocating, establishing, opening and improving Dan Hoey Road ." The parties seem to agree that out of the four terms, the term "improving" is of paramount relevance.
There is nothing technical or unique about the word "improving" in this context that would require us to rely on anything other than its common sense meaning. But the question is not so much whether defendant Dexter Development has proposed "improvements" in the sense of developments that help "improve" something, for certainly these developments could be considered "improvements" in the general sense of the word. The more refined question is whether the developments "improve" Dan Hoey Road. A close examination of the record reveals no evidence supporting defendants' claim that the proposed developments are within the scope of the express easement.
According to zoning officer Keller, Kingsley's revised development plan included two access roads across the land covered by the easement, and sidewalks, utilities, trees, and "general public improvements" on that land. Clearly, the access roads served to connect the commercial complex to Dan Hoey Road rather than to complement Dan Hoey Road itself. The utility, water, and sewer lines served to connect Kingsley's development to main utility, water, and sewer lines. The sidewalks and lighting on the land covered by the easement were not sidewalks and lighting for Dan Hoey Road, but sidewalks and lighting for the private commerce center and surrounding area. Not one of these developments could be said to be for the purpose of improving Dan Hoey Road. Without question, Kingsley's planned use of the land covered by the easement served the exclusive purpose of furthering and enhancing his private complex.
Critical to our analysis is that village agents testified that the proposed access roads were not "improvements" to Dan Hoey Road and that none of the proposed developments was necessary with regard to Dan Hoey Road. Village zoning officer Keller testified that the village had no reason to construct any of Kingsley's proposed developments. Clearly, the evidence fails to establish that the proposed developments fell within the scope of the village's limited property interest — an easement for the express purpose of improving Dan Hoey Road. In fact, the developments are so clearly unrelated to "improving" Dan Hoey Road-in both con cept and physical proximity-that they cannot be said to fall within the scope of the village's easement, which was secured to improve not the general surrounding area and corporate development, but Dan Hoey Road itself.
Where the rights to an easement are conveyed by grant, neither party can alter the easement without the other party's consent. Douglas v Jordan, 232 Mich 283, 287; 205 NW 52 (1925), citing Powers v Harlow, 53 Mich 507; 19 NW 257 (1884). When the village, as the dominant estate, authorized developments on the servient land for the benefit of another parcel of land, the village improperly altered the easement without plaintiffs consent. By so doing, the village materially increased the burden on plaintiffs servient estate by imposing new burdens that were not contemplated at the time of the easement grant, contrary to general easement principles. See Delaney, supra at 687; Barbaresos v Casaszar, 325 Mich 1; 37 NW2d 689 (1949). The easement was not procured for the benefit of Kingsley's property, nor was it procured for developments unrelated to Dan Hoey Road that may arise in the future. This is not to say that once the village relocated Dan Hoey Road, it had no further rights to impose further developments in relation to the road. But while the village's easement is unlimited in duration, it is not unlimited in scope. Thus, the village was and remains obliged to ensure that any use of the land covered by the easement strictly comports with the purpose of the easement as originally granted: relocating, establishing, opening, and improving Dan Hoey Road.
Defendants argue that our inquiry regarding the scope of the easement should extend to the language found in the settlement agreement that was reached between Kingsley, as a predecessor in interest to the servient estate, and the village. The settlement agreement referred to the easement as one for "public roadway purposes." Defendants argue that this language broadens the scope of the easement beyond general private easement principles because it references a "public roadway." The effect, according to defendants, is essentially that the land subject to the easement can be used for any purpose the village desires as long as the purpose can be said to confer some general benefit to the public. Thus, defendants argue, because the access roads, utilities, sidewalks, and commerce center generally benefit the public as a whole, they are permissible uses of the land covered by the easement.
It is true that "[i]f the text of the easement is ambiguous, extrinsic evidence maybe considered by the trial court in order to determine the scope of the easement." Little, supra at 700. It is also true that where an ambiguity exists, "the courts will try to arrive at the intention of the parties and in accordance therewith ." Farabaugh v Rhode, 305 Mich 234, 240; 9 NW2d 562 (1943). However, considering extrinsic evidence in the absence of ambiguous language is "clearly inconsistent with the well-established principles of legal interpretation . and is thus incorrect." Little, supra at 700 n 2. We find nothing ambiguous about the easement grant's hmiting language. Thus, the trial court erred by considering language extrinsic to the express easement grant.
As a corollary, defendants further argue that because a public entity holds the easement, the scope of permissible uses is broader, and the easement can be used for any public purpose. For this proposition, defendants rely on Eyde Bros Dev Co v Eaton Co Drain Comm'r, 427 Mich 271; 398 NW2d 297 (1986), and Village of Grosse Pointe Shores v Ayres, 254 Mich 58; 235 NW 829 (1931). We held in Eyde that "a public easement in a highway dedicated by user is not limited to surface travel, but includes those uses, such as the installation of sewers, contemplated to be in the public interest and for the public benefit." Eyde, supra at 286. But as correctly noted by the dissenting Court of Appeals judge in this case, neither Eyde nor Grosse Pointe Shores involved "a situation where the proposed improvements ran across or under land that was owned in fee simple by a private party and was not established as, or being used as, a public roadway." Slip op at 2. Rather, those cases, at most, stand for the proposition that an easement for roadway purposes includes all appropriate purposes to which roads and streets are actually devoted, provided that they occur on or under the surface of the roadway itself. This comports with the statutory grant for the laying of utilities "upon, over, across, or under" public roads. See MCL 247.183(1).
However, as the dissenting Court of Appeals judge stated in this case, "the 'improvements' sought by defendants do not merely affect the surface or subsurface of Dan Hoey Road," but they also affect the unimproved portion of plaintiffs property that was subject to the easement. Slip op at 2. Plaintiffs have not dedicated fee simple property to a public entity for a public road. Rather, the village holds a more limited property interest — an express easement for the express purpose of improving Dan Hoey Road, and nothing else. That a public entity holds an easement and the easement is for a public road transforms neither the nature nor the scope of the granted easement, contrary to the dissent's attempt to do so. See post at 55. "Public interest" and "public benefit" are not valid reasons to allow the municipality to obtain more property rights than were granted. Thus, both Eyde and Grosse Pointe Shores are inapplicable.
V CONCLUSION
The express language of the easement grant in this case is not ambiguous, and there is no evidence in the record that the proposed developments were within the scope of the easement. As such, the village improperly authorized the use of its easement for purposes that were unrelated to the improvement of Dan Hoey Road. For these reasons, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for further proceedings. On remand, the trial court should enter a declaratory judgment and grant injunctive relief in plaintiffs' favor and conduct further proceedings on plaintiffs' claim for trespass damages. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Taylor, C.J., and Weaver Corrigan, Young, and MARKMAN, JJ., concurred with CAVANAGH, J.
For convenience, the singular "plaintiff" will refer to Blackhawk Development Corporation.
Defendant Dexter Development filed the initial motion and supporting brief, and defendant village of Dexter filed a concurring statement.
Notably, defendants do not argue that the developments purport to "open" Dan Hoey Road, which undermines the dissent's attempt to argue otherwise.
The dissent reads too much into the comment that the installations could, on some general level, be considered "improvements." See post at 55. If the debate were truly over whether roads, sidewalks, and grading are "improvements," certainly there would be as many countering views as supportive ones. But our task is not simply to determine whether the proposed installations are "improvements," but whether, as we clearly state, the installations improve Dan Hoey Road. Likewise, dictionary definitions of "improvement" do nothing to resolve whether sidewalks, utilities, and lighting improve Dan Hoey Road, so the dissent's citation of the dictionary is ineffective. See post at 55.
Kingsley claims he believed that the village "required" one of the access roads on his site plan, but the evidence shows only that the village asked Kingsley to align the road-which appeared on Kingsley's original site plan and every one thereafter-with an opposing road so as to create a four-way intersection. Indeed, village zoning officer Keller could point to nothing that required the road, and she testified that Kingsley's two other access roads by way of Dexter-Ann Arbor Road were sufficient for ingress and egress purposes. As such, to the extent defendant Dexter Development argues that public safety reasons compelled its use of the land subject to the easement, we find that argument unpersuasive.
Moreover, the fact that Kingsley offered to dedicate the developments to the public does not change the analysis. See post at 53 n 1. While it is of course true that the village can open streets, install sidewalks, and landscape, see post at 59, that says nothing about whether a village can undertake those projects under an easement it holds. Regardless of who initiates the project, the analysis is the same. For example, had the village endeavored to construct these developments, we would conduct the same analysis conducted in this case to determine whether the proposed developments are within the easement's scope. It is unclear why the dissent insists that our analysis hinges on who proposed the developments and on subjective motivations. See post at 58-59.
The dissent proffers that Unverzagt, supra, supports its conclusion that consistent with the parties' intent, the proposed developments here are reasonably necessary to improve and open Dan Hoey Road. Post at 55-57. In Unverzagt, this Court resolved the question of reasonableness of use against the grantor of an easement where the question was whether the grantor could preclude the easement holders' invitees from using the easement to deliver goods to the easement holders. This Court held that use by the invitees was incidental and necessary. Unverzagt, supra at 265-266.
The dissent's simplistic comparison disregards several critical differences between Unverzagt and the case at hand. First and foremost, the village holds the easement in question here, not Dexter Development. Thus, the commercial traffic will not serve the easement holder as the delivery traffic did in Unverzagt. In that sense alone, the commercial traffic is not "incidental" to the easement. Moreover, this Court crafted its opinion in Unverzagt restrictively:
This does not mean that any and all invitees of a cottage owner may have the right to use the streets. To so hold, would mean that a cottage owner might invite the use of the streets by conventions, picnics, assemblies in general. Such use would defeat the purpose as well as the desires of all parties. Nor do we go to the extent of holding that hawkers and peddlers of goods, wares and merchandise may use the private streets in the park for their own purposes, even at the invitation of cottage owners, lid. at 266.]
Thus, this Court clearly recognized, as we must here, that permitted easement use is not unlimited but must conform to the purposes set forth by the parties in the easement grant.
Further, the dissent cursorily concludes, without record support or analysis, that "landscaping and drainage ponds reasonably could improve Dan Hoey Road . . .," and "[a]ccess drives and sidewalks would 'improve' and 'open' the road . . ." Post at 55. We disagree. First, Dan Hoey Road was already "opened," according to the village. Second, the dissent asserts that landscaping and drainage ponds "controlQ rainwater runoff, thereby enhancing the safety and life of the road." Post at 55. Limiting the amount of vehicles on Dan Hoey Road might enhance the safety and life of the road as well, but not every conceivable effect on Dan Hoey Road renders it an "improvement." We decline to read the word "improve" that broadly.
Despite defendant Dexter Development's heavy emphasis on its theory that the two access roads across the land covered by the easement are necessary for the general safety of the area, we need not address that contention. Officer Keller testified that having only one access point into Kingsley's development created additional traffic concerns on Dexter-Ann Arbor Road. However, the need to alleviate traffic or congestion concerns on Dexter-Ann Arbor Road does not broaden the scope of the Village's easement. Further, the mere fact that the village asked Kingsley to alter his plan to align one of the access roads with an opposing road does not speak to whether the access road was for the purpose of improving Dan Hoey Road. Thus, the public safety arguments advanced by Dexter Development are misplaced.
We have no quarrel with the proposition that an easement is a permanent interest in land, see post at 60, and we do not hold otherwise. But the permanency of the grant does not control or even speak to the way in which the easement may be used. The dissent states that plaintiffs "may not be heard to complain that Dexter Development's proposed uses involve more land than previously was in service." Id. But again, the dissent misses a finer point. Plaintiff complains not about geography, but about purpose. The dissent finds that the easement "contains no language preventing use of an increased amount of the land encompassed within it." Id. As such, it concludes that it can "infer that the parties intended to allow the area used in the easement to expand over time to maintain the easement's utility." Id. at 60-61.
The dissent reads its cited Restatement passage too loosely. See post at 60-61. The Restatement does not allow for haphazard inferences of parties' intent. It states, "The determination [of an easement's scope] is primarily one of fact, based on inferences that may be drawn from the language and circumstances, but the outcome in any particular case may be affected by the level of generality with which the purpose is defined." 1 Restatement Property, 3d, § 4.10, comment d, p 595. The comment goes on to explain that, for instance, if an easement grants "access," the word "access" may be interpreted more broadly than if the words "ingress and egress to people and vehicles" had been used. Thus, rather than permitting a court to guess, the Restatement advises that where words are more general, the intent will be determined accordingly. Here, the task is made simpler by the fact that we need not determine what the parties meant by the general word "improve," but rather what they meant by the more specific parameter "improve Dan Hoey Road." The phrase "improve Dan Hoey Road" is self-limiting and must be given its ordinary meaning. We disagree that the fact that the phrase was not further elaborated on permits unlimited use of the burdened land.
The dissent somewhat puzzlingly concludes that the developments fall within the scope of the easement because where there were once four residential driveways, there would now be "only" two commercial access roads. Post at 60. Ignoring for a moment that the proposed access road across the parcel subject to the easement does nothing to improve Dan Hoey Road, it is difficult to understand how one would conclude that a burden lessens, rather than increases, when in lieu of four residential driveways, there are instead two roads to a large commercial complex. Not only is the dissent's conclusion odd, it is also devoid of record support. Another strange conclusion by the dissent is that because plaintiff was unable to build on the parcel, "Blackhawk's quiet enjoyment of the parcel would not be impermissibly disturbed by increased traffic whether on the new access drives or on several lanes of through traffic." Post at 60 The fact that plaintiff could not develop its parcel seems to us to doubly support a conclusion that where that parcel is commercially developed by a commercial neighbor, quiet enjoyment is vastly disturbed. And the fact that plaintiffs did not "question" the easement when they purchased their land does not extinguish their right to contest improper uses of the easement.
In Grosse Pointe Shores, supra at 64, we first rejected, as a matter of public policy, certain conditions that the defendants had attached to their dedication of land for roadway purposes that would have placed restrictions on the installation of sidewalks, utilities, and sewer lines and on paving or widening the road. After finding the conditions invalid, we outlined what types of improvements to a highway dedicated by user were permissible. We noted that the improvements at issue were "in territory which had been and continued to be part of the street." (Emphasis added.) In Eyde, supra at 296, we addressed the "issue of compensation for new uses of public easements within streets dedicated by statute." (Emphasis added.) Thus, improvements made pursuant to a public easement are limited to those uses that fall within the right-of-way of the roadway itself.