Case Name: SILVER OIL & GAS, INC., Appellant, v. EOG RESOURCES, INC. and TEMA Oil & Gas Company, Appellee
Court: Texas Courts of Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 2007-11-28
Citations: 246 S.W.3d 197
Docket Number: No. 04-06-00072-CV
Parties: SILVER OIL & GAS, INC., Appellant, v. EOG RESOURCES, INC. and TEMA Oil & Gas Company, Appellee.
Judges: Sitting: ALMA L. LÓPEZ, Chief Justice, SANDEE BRYAN MARION, Justice, PHYLIS J. SPEEDLIN, Justice.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Third Series
Volume: 246
Pages: 197–206

Head Matter:
SILVER OIL & GAS, INC., Appellant, v. EOG RESOURCES, INC. and TEMA Oil & Gas Company, Appellee.
No. 04-06-00072-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, San Antonio.
Nov. 28, 2007.
Michael E. McElroy, Thomas M. Weber, McElroy, Sullivan & Miller, L.L.P., Austin, TX, Greg Gossett, Gossett, Harrison, Reese, Wilson, Woodward & Millican, San Angelo, TX, Haygood Gulley, Doran, Gulley & Etzel, Del Rio, TX, for Appellant.
Terry Rhoads, Michael J. Willson, Doug Bryant, Michel E. Curry, Cotton, Bledsoe, Tighe & Dawson, P.C., Midland, TX, Charles J. Wittenburg, Hay, Wittenburg, Davis, Caldwell & Bale, L.L.P., San Angelo, TX, for Appellee.
Sitting: ALMA L. LÓPEZ, Chief Justice, SANDEE BRYAN MARION, Justice, PHYLIS J. SPEEDLIN, Justice.

Opinion:
OPINION
Opinion by
ALMA L. LÓPEZ, Chief Justice.
Silver Oil & Gas, Inc. appeals the trial court's judgment establishing the final boundary line between Survey 9 and Survey 10, Block Q5, T.C.R.R. Co. Survey. Silver contends that the trial court erred by: (1) adopting a construction that imper-missibly shortens a senior survey; (2) failing to locate the surveys in question from the nearest established corner; (3) locating the surveys from an unmarked prairie line; and (4) granting to EOG Resources and TEMA lands that were sold to Silver's predecessors more than a century ago. EOG Resources filed a cross-appeal asserting that the trial court erred in failing to award it court costs as the prevailing party. We affirm the trial court's judgment with regard to the establishment of the final boundary line. We reverse the trial court's assessment of costs and remand the issue of costs for further proceedings in the trial court.
Background
The following portion of a survey of the area was attached to the trial court's second amended final judgment and is included in this opinion for ease of reference:
Silver was the lessee of an oil and gas lease on Survey 9, Block Q5. Sometime later, EOG Resources leased Survey 10, Block Q5 and drilled wells. EOG Resources later assigned a portion of its lease to TEMA. Silver sued EOG Resources and TEMA for numerous causes of action based on its contention that the wells were located too close to the boundary line between Survey 9, Block Q5 and Survey 10, Block Q5.
Surveys 9 and 10 of Block Q5 were surveyed by E.A. Giraud in 1884, together with Surveys 117-1/2 of Block 1 and Surveys 11 and 12 of Block Q5. These five surveys were being located to fill a gap between preexisting senior surveys in Block 1 (specifically Survey 116) and Block Q6 (specifically Surveys 9, 12, 13 and 14). Therefore, Block 1, Survey 117-1/2, and Block Q5, Surveys 9, 10, 11, and 12, were junior surveys.
The trial was bifurcated with the issue of the boundary line first being tried before the trial court. Three surveyors testified at trial with regard to the location of the boundary line. All of the surveyors agreed that Giraud made an error of 222.45 varas when he re-surveyed Survey 116, Block 1 due to errors in measurements along the Pecos River which served as the western border of Survey 116 (the senior survey to the west of the junior surveys). This error affected the total east-west distance of the junior surveys, so that the called distances along the southern line of the junior surveys exceeded the distance actually available between the senior surveys. The surveyors disagreed regarding the appropriate means to locate the boundary line between Surveys 9 and 10, Block Q5 in light of the error.
Silver's surveyor, W.C. Wilson, testified that the boundary line should be determined by laying out the surveys in the order in which they were surveyed by Giraud, starting at the southwest corner of Survey 117-1/2, Block 1. All of the surveyors agreed the southwest corner of Survey 117-1/2, Block 1 could be located by a marked monument (a rock with an "X"). Starting at this corner, Wilson used Gi-raud's field notes to locate Survey 117-1/2, Block 1 and Survey 9, Block Q5. This resulted in the boundary fine between Surveys 9 and 10, Block Q5 being further east than the line marked by Giraud and had Survey 10, Block Q5 overlapping into a senior survey, specifically Surveys 9 and 12, Block Q6.
A different view supported by EOG Resources' surveyor, Stan Piper, and TEMA's surveyor, Kenneth Gold, was to measure the boundary fine between Surveys 9 and 10, Block Q5 based on the called distance west from the boundary line between Survey 10, Block Q5 and Surveys 9 and 12, Block Q6 (the senior survey to the east). Piper and Gold offered various other scenarios for the trial court to consider, including prorating the total amount of acreage remaining after Giraud's error was taken into account among the filler surveys.
The trial with regard to the boundary line was held on March 30, 2003 through April 2, 2003. A partial judgment was entered on August 4, 2004. On April 28, 2006, a second amended judgment was entered. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law supporting the second amended judgment were entered on April 27, 2006.
The trial court entered the following findings and conclusion relevant to the dispute in question:
FINDINGS OF FACT
(1) The land in question is located in the Northwest corner of Val Verde County as Val Verde County joins the Southwest corner of Crockett County, Texas. The north and west line of the area that is the subject of this suit is the Pecos River, and the area extends east from the river several miles.
(2) The vast western land of the United States required permanently set corners to be used as anchors for early surveys, and to accomplish this purpose the flag poles on U.S. Army Forts were used as reference points. Also, the U.S.C. & G.S. Triangulation stations, Mitchell in Crockett County, and Scott in Terrell County are now used to locate the area. The system of surveys in this case consist of Block 1,1 & G.N. RR. Co. Survey and Blocks Q5 and Q6, T.C. RR Co. Survey approximately 26 miles south of Fort Lancaster, Texas, with the Pecos River on the north and west of the surveys.
(3) The river surveys along the Pecos River were the first sections surveyed in the area. In the early history of Texas, water frontage was important to encourage settlement, and the State wanted as many river sections as possible surveyed for conveyance. A river survey was intended to be roughly two miles long and 1/2 mile wide and to consist of 640 acres. The river surveys in the area in question were surveyed first, and are senior surveys.
(4) The land in question was first surveyed by one Jacob Kuechler in 1877. However, the accepted survey for this system was done in 1884 by E.A. Gi-raud.
(5) When these early surveys were done, normal "systematic errors" frequently occurred because of the lack of precision surveying equipment available to early surveyors, and due to the roughness of the terrain. E.A. Giraud, in surveying the system, made an error (called a blunder) in the amount of 222.45 varas shortage along the meanders of the Pecos River between the Northwest corner of Survey 116 and the Northwest corner of Survey 117, Block 1,1. & G.N. RR. Co.
(6) A system of surveys is a set of blocks under one title, surveyed at or near the same time, as one piece of work. Block 1, I & GN RR Co. is a system of surveys. Block Q5, T.C. RR. Co. is a system of surveys. Block Q6, T.C. RR. Co. is a system of surveys.
(7) Within a system of surveys, there may be senior surveys and filler surveys. The senior surveys (the surveys done with the land was first segregated from the public domain) in this area are the Block 1 river surveys 106-116 and 117-121. The filler survey in Block 1 is 117-1/2, and [in] Block Q5 are 9, 10, 11 and 12.
(8) Survey 117-1/2, Block 1, I. & G.N. RR. Co. was severed from the public domain on January 15, 1884 by survey and conveyed to James Kirkland in 1884.
(9) Surveys 117-1/2 in Block 1 and surveys 9, 10, 11 and 12 in Block Q5 are a "filler system," surveyed under one application, by the same surveyor within a two day period.
(10) Block Q5 and Block Q6 were surveyed by William Bonnell and segregated from the public domain in April, 1882.
(11) Two established and accepted known corners of the I & G.N. RR. Co. river surveys are the Northwest corner of 116 which is a rock mound monument and the Northwest corner of Survey 117, a large embedded rock marked X (the same as the Southwest corner of Survey 117-1/2) as testified to by the parties and are not in dispute.
(12) The Southwest corner of Survey 116, (which Defendants call the El Paso corner), is found on a large boulder projecting into the Pecos River as a witness monument. This corner is the corner accepted by surveyor Ken Gold and Stan Piper, and confirmed to them by the field notes of H.L. George in 1949. This corner is established and is to be used as the point to conduct the reconstruction of Survey 116.
(12) [sic] Title to Survey 9 was applied for, surveyed, sold, and patented nearly thirty years before the survey or purchase of Survey 10.
(13) The original survey of E.A. Giraud of Survey 116 is in error as between the Northwest corner and the Southwest corner as it meanders along the Pecos River.
(14) The shortage in the above error results in a shortage or ambiguity of the location of the east line of Survey 116.
(15) Survey 116 is a river survey and is senior to Survey 117-1/2 and Surveys 9 and 10.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
(1) Survey 9 and 10 in Block Q5 are of the same priority.
(2) The boundary line as established by Giraud between Survey 9 and Survey 10 shall be the final boundary line. (This confines Giraud's error to the area where it happened, i.e., the Pecos River; and maintains the integrity of the earlier deeds and chain of title pertaining to Survey 9 and Survey 10).
Based on these findings and conclusion, the trial court entered its second amended final judgment, which states:
The boundary line as established by E.A. Giraud between Survey 9 and Survey 10, Block Q5, T.C.R.R. Co. Survey shall be he final boundary line. (This confines E.A. Giraud's error to the area where it happened, ie., the Pecos River; and maintains the integrity of the earlier deeds and chain of title pertaining to Survey 9 and Survey 10). This boundary line is located by holding E.A. Gi-raud's call of 2630 varas from the Q5-Q6 block line, an established boundary line of certainty, for the north and south boundary lines of Survey 10.
Standard of Review
The parties disagree on the appropriate standard of review to be applied by this court. Silver contends that the facts are undisputed; therefore, the location of the boundary line is a question of law. EOG and TEMA assert that Silver is challenging the trial court's findings based on competing testimony from various surveyors.
Texas law is well settled that unless the facts are undisputed, the location of the survey line, as it was run on the ground by the original surveyor, is a question of fact for the jury. TH Investments, Inc. v. Kirby Inland Marine, L.P., 218 S.W.3d 173, 203 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. filed). "The Texas Supreme Court has explained that '[a]s to what are boundaries, is a question of law for the determination of the court; as to where the boundaries are upon the ground, is a question of fact to be deter mined from the evidence.'" TH Investments, Inc., 218 S.W.3d at 203 (quoting Farley v. Deslonde, 58 Tex. 588, 591 (1883)).
In TH Investments, Inc., the appellant, THI, argued that the choice between legally correct and legally incorrect surveys was a question of law, citing Brainard v. State, 12 S.W.3d 6, 10 (Tex.1999). 218 S.W.3d at 203-04. The Houston court distinguished Brainard because the boundary dispute in Brainard did not arise from competing surveys but because the width of a river had narrowed from 3400 feet to 20-50 feet. Id. at 204. As the court in Brainard noted, the boundary dispute in that case did not raise a fact question because it was dealing with conflicting legal theories with regard to the doctrine of riparian ownership. 12 S.W.3d at 10. In contrast, the Houston court noted that the dispute with regard to the property line in TH Investments, Inc. required a choice of which of the competing surveys accurately showed the line as found in the original survey which was a question of fact. 218 S.W.3d at 204.
Similarly, in this case, the trial court was required to determine which of the competing surveys presented at trial accurately showed the location of the disputed boundary line. Although Silver contends the facts are not in dispute, one fact in dispute that affected the manner in which the testifying surveyors constructed their surveys was whether a boulder located in the Pecos River was a witness monument and could be used to locate the Southwest corner of Survey 116. Wilson, Silver's surveyor, said it was not, while Piper and Gold, the surveyors for EOG and TEMA, respectively, said that it was. Another fact in dispute is whether the filler surveys are a "system" of surveys with each having the same priority. Once again, Wilson disagrees with Piper and Gold who both believe the filler surveys are a system. Given that factual disputes underlie the surveyors' opinions and that the trial court was required to choose between competing surveys, we hold that the appropriate standard of review is sufficiency of the evidence.
When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which that party has the burden of proof, the party must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence establishes, as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of the issue. Dow Chemical Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex.2001). In reviewing a "matter of law" challenge, the reviewing court must first examine the record for evidence that supports the finding, while ignoring all evidence to the contrary. Id. If there is no evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court will then examine the entire record to determine if the contrary proposition is established as a matter of law. Id. The point of error should be sustained only if the contrary proposition is conclusively established. Id.
Discussion
A. Location of the Boundary Line
In its first three points of error, Silver argues that the trial court's location of the boundary line was contrary to the following three principles used in locating boundaries: (1) a senior survey cannot be shortened to accommodate a junior survey; (2) a survey should be located from the nearest known corner; and (3) courts dis favor giving dispositive effect to open prairie lines. EOG and TEMA argue that the original surveyor's intent is the cardinal rule used in locating boundary lines to which all other principles must yield and that Silver failed to establish as a matter of law that the only proper location for the boundary line was the location proffered by Silver's surveyor.
When finding the lines of a survey, the cardinal rule is that the footsteps of the original surveyor, if they can be ascertained, should be followed. TH Investments, Inc., 218 S.W.3d at 204. If the actual lines and corners run by the original surveyor can be found, they are controlling, even if they are inconsistent with the calls and references in that surveyor's field notes. Id. When one can locate on the ground with certainty and without inconsistency the objects or monuments designated by the original surveyor as marking the lines he actually traced, the survey must be laid out from those points. Id. However, if the location of the actual footsteps of the surveyor cannot be established with reasonable certainty, all the surrounding facts and circumstances should be considered in order to arrive at the purpose and intent of the surveyor who made the original survey. Id. When trying to re-establish a boundary, the law of legal preferences gives dignity to calls in the following order: (1) natural objects; (2) artificial objects; (3) course; and (4) distance. Id. at 207.
The description in a senior survey controls when locating a line of that survey over any junior survey of that line, unless the evidence proves that the senior survey is in error. Id. at 205. Although a junior survey cannot be used to create ambiguity in or to change the lines of a senior survey, it may be used as evidence of the location of the lines of a senior survey. Id.
In this case, the evidence undisputedly established that Survey 116 contained an error of approximately 222.45 varas between the Northwest corner of Survey 116 and the Northwest corner of Survey 117. As a result, Giraud was mistaken with regard to the amount of acreage available for the filler surveys, and all calls for course and distance along the southern boundary line of Surveys 117-1/2, 9 and 10 were affected. In order to avoid the problems created by the error in the senior survey to the west (survey 116), the trial court decided to work back from the senior survey to the east.
Silver first relies on case law stating the general principle that senior surveys control over junior surveys, and junior surveys are not to be used to change the boundaries of a senior survey. See Kirby Lumber Corp. v. Lindsey, 455 S.W.2d 733, 739 (Tex.1970); Garcia v. State, 274 S.W. 319, 322 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1925, no writ). In this case, however, Survey 116 is not controlling because it contains an undisputed error or blunder. TH Investments, Inc., 218 S.W.3d at 205. If the boundary line of Survey 116 is ultimately moved, an issue that the trial court did not decide, the movement would not be caused by the junior surveys but by the blunder in Survey 116. Giving effect to Giraud's distance calls along the Southern boundary line in view of Giraud's known blunder in Survey 116 would be at variance with Gi-raud's intention that the eastern boundary of the filler surveys would adjoin the western boundary of Q6-not overlap it. See Garcia v. Garza, 161 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex. Civ.App.-San Antonio 1942, writ refd w.o.m.) (noting classification and grades of calls will not be applied to bring about a result at variance with the intention of the original surveyor in locating the survey). Moreover, the trial court's judgment did not resolve any issue with regard to the location of the lines in Survey 116; therefore, no junior survey has been used to change the boundary lines of Survey 116.
Silver next contends that the trial court should have located the surveys based on the nearest known corner and, since none of the parties disputed the location of the southwest corner of survey 117-1/2, this corner should have been used to locate the surveys. Silver once again relies on case law stating the general principle that natural monuments locating corners should be given priority in locating surveys. See Kirby Lumber Co. v. Adams, 127 Tex. 376, 93 S.W.2d 382, 385 (Tex.Com.App.1936). In this case, although the location of the corner is undisputed, the acreage used by Giraud in making the distance calls for the filler surveys is affected by the blunder in Survey 116. As a result, the certainty of the location of the corner is not useful in determining the location of the filler surveys. Stated differently, the general rules of surveying must yield to Giraud's intention for the filler surveys to adjoin the Q6 line in the east-not overlap it. Great Plains Oil & Gas Co. v. Foundation Oil Co., 137 Tex. 324, 153 S.W.2d 452, 456 (1941) (noting rule of construction to construct survey from undisputed corner is appropriate when locating independent survey (not sections in filler survey) and must yield to another rule that better enables the court to give effect to parties' intentions).
Silver further contends that the trial court erred in using the Q6 line to locate the boundary line because the Q6 line is an open or unmarked prairie line. Silver relies on cases generally stating the principle that an unmarked prairie line that must be ascertained by running boundaries of another survey is typically a subordinate means to construct a survey. See Turner v. Smith, 122 Tex. 338, 61 S.W.2d 792, 801 (1933). Calls for adjoin-der, however, prevail even if adjoinder is with an unmarked but ascertainable line. Frost v. Socony Mobil Oil Co., 433 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tex.1968). Although an exception exists if the call for adjoinder was made "upon misapprehension, mistake or conjecture," Turner, 61 S.W.2d at 800, the adjoinder call in this case was not a mistake. Giraud intended for the surveys to adjoin line Q6 and account for the full amount of the available acreage. Giraud was simply mistaken as to the amount of available acreage due to his blunder in Survey 116. "[W]hen the position of an unmarked line is correctly determined and called for in field notes, it ha[s] the dignity of a call for an artificial object." Leone Plantation, Inc. v. Roach, 187 S.W.2d 674, 682 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1945, writ refd w.o.m.); see also Phillips Petroleum Co. v. State, 63 S.W.2d 737, 745 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1933, writ refd). Giraud's clear intent was for the filler surveys to adjoin the Block Q6 line, and his calls of distance along the north line of the survey accomplished that purpose. All of the surveyors agree that the Q6 line is an ascertainable line; therefore, the trial court did not err in relying on the Q6 line in making its ruling.
Finally, Silver contends that the trial court's location of the boundary line grants to EOG and TEMA lands the were previously sold to Silver. Silver relies on evidence that Survey 9 was patented to Silver's predecessors forty years before Survey 10 was patented to the predecessors of EOG and TEMA. However, the survey and location of the land determines the rights of the parties, not the issuance of patents. Allen v. Draper, 254 S.W. 783, 784-85 (Tex. Comm'n App., holding approved), modified by, 256 S.W. 255 (1923); Ashby v. Ringsiaff 464 S.W.2d 891, 894 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1971, writ refd n.r.e.).
The testimony of Piper and Gold is sufficient to support the trial court's findings regarding the proper location of the boundary line between Survey 9 and Survey 10.
B. Cross-Appeal Costs
In its cross-appeal, EOG claims that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the costs were to be borne by the parties incurring the same. EOG asserts that it was a successful party entitled to recover its costs unless the trial court stated good cause for deviating from the general rule on the record. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 131,141.
Rule 131 requires the trial court to order that the winning party recover its costs from the losing party, allowing a trial court to order otherwise only for good cause to be stated on the record. Furr's Supermarkets, Inc. v. Bethune, 53 S.W.3d 375, 376 (Tex.2001). Rule 141 has two requirements-that there be good cause for contravening Rule 131 and that it be stated on the record. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion when it allots costs contrary to the provisions of Rule 131 without including in the record an explanation for the allotment. Texas River Barges v. City of San Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, 358 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2000, pet. denied).
Silver argues that the trial court could have found good cause because the final boundary line located by the trial court still establishes that EOG had drilled a well in violation of the spacing requirements. Silver further asserts that if we reverse the trial court with regard to costs, a remand of the proceeding for further consideration of the costs issue would be appropriate. EOG prays that we modify the judgment to award it costs.
The judgment does not state good cause for ordering costs assessed against the parties who incurred them; however, the trial court arguably had good cause for having done so. In addition to a well being illegally located based on the trial court's determination of the final boundary line, the trial court rejected many theories for the location of the boundary line put forth by EOG, including the theory of pro-ration. The trial court may have determined that the presentation of the pro-ration theory which had been rejected by the General Land Office unnecessarily prolonged the proceedings. See Furr's Supermarkets, Inc., 53 S.W.3d at 377 (good cause includes unnecessarily prolonging the proceedings or increasing costs). Although this court has modified a judgment when good cause was not stated on the record, see Texas River Barges, 21 S.W.3d at 358, this court has also remanded the cause when an argument supporting the existence of good cause was made on appeal. Price Const., Inc. v. Castillo, 147 S.W.3d 431, 443 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2004), pet. denied, 209 S.W.3d 90 (Tex. 2005); see also Clovis Corp. v. Lubbock Nat'l Bank, 194 S.W.3d 716, 720-21 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2006, no pet.) (remanding issue of costs for further proceedings). Under the circumstances presented, we believe the most appropriate resolution is to reverse the trial court's judgment with regard to the assessment of costs and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings on the costs issue.
Conclusion
The portion of the trial court's judgment ordering that costs be assessed against the parties incurring same is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings on that issue. The remainder of the trial court's judgment is affirmed.
. Because we affirm the trial court's judgment with regard to the location of the final boundary line, we do not address the conditional cross-point raised by EOG Resources and TEMA,
. Survey 12, Block Q5 is located immediately south of Survey 11, Block Q5 but is not depicted on the map.
. A vara is a measure of length equal to about 33 inches. Black's Law Dictionary 1588 (8th ed.2004).
. Silver also initially challenged a second boundary line at trial that is not an issue in this appeal.
. Because Silver requests that we render judgment in its favor, its argument must be construed as a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See Selectouch Corp. v. Perfect Starch, Inc., 111 S.W.3d 830, 835 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2003, no pet.) (noting rendition only available for legal sufficiency challenges).