Case Name: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Anthony Caliente, Appellant; The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Joseph Sessa, Appellant; The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William Perlman and Abraham Bernstein, Appellants; The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jerry Cognetta and Frank Grecco, Appellants
Court: New York Court of Appeals
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1962-12-31
Citations: 12 N.Y.2d 89
Docket Number: 
Parties: The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Anthony Caliente, Appellant. The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Joseph Sessa, Appellant. The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William Perlman and Abraham Bernstein, Appellants. The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jerry Cognetta and Frank Grecco, Appellants.
Judges: 
Reporter: New York Reports
Volume: 12
Pages: 89–100

Head Matter:
The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Anthony Caliente, Appellant. The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Joseph Sessa, Appellant. The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William Perlman and Abraham Bernstein, Appellants. The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jerry Cognetta and Frank Grecco, Appellants.
Argued December 6, 1962;
decided December 31, 1962.
Argued December 6, 1962; decided December 31, 1962.
Argued December 4, 1962; decided December 31, 1962.
Submitted December 6, 1962; decided December 31, 1962.
Sidney G, Sparrow and Robert E. Sparrow for Anthony Caliente and Joseph Sessa, appellants.
1. The trial court erred in admitting People’s exhibits in evidence in that said exhibits were secured in violation of appellants’ constitutional rights. (Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643; People v. Defore, 242 N. Y. 13; Draper v. United States, 358 U. S. 307; People v. Foster, 10 N Y 2d 99; People v. O’Connor, 257 N. Y. 473; People v. McCarthy, 188 Misc. 132; People v. Dority, 282 App. Div. 995; People v. Moore, 11 N Y 2d 271; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160; People v. Richter’s Jewelers, 291 N. Y. 161; People v. Chiagles, 237 N. Y. 193.) II.. The evidence is totally insufficient, as a matter of law, to warrant a judgment of conviction under section 986-b of the Penal Law.
Stephen A. Fuschino for William Perlman and Abraham Bernstein, appellants.
I. All the evidence obtained by the police officer was inadmissible against defendants, (Silverman v. United States, 365 U. S. 505; Wakkuri v. United States, 67 F. 2d 844; Kroska v. United States, 51 F. 2d 330; McGinnis v. United States, 227 F. 2d 598; Williams v. United States, 263 F. 2d 487; Fisher v. United States, 205 F. 2d 702; People v. O’Neill, 11 N Y 2d 148; People v. Loria, 10 N Y 2d 368; Jones v. United States, 357 U. S. 493; Silverthorne Lbr. Co. v. United States, 251 U. S. 385; Gouled v. United States, 255 U. S. 298; Marron v. United States, 275 U. S. 192; Hale v. Henkel, 201 U. S. 43; People v. O’Connor, 257 N. Y. 473; People v. Cherry, 307 N. Y. 308; People v. Defore, 242 N. Y. 13; People v. Moore, 11 N Y 2d 271; Nardone v. United States, 308 U. S. 338.) II. The court erred in denying defendants-appellants ’ motion to suppress the evidence seized. (Jones v. United States, 362 U. S. 257; Polk v. United States, 291 F. 2d 230; Plazola v. United States, 291 F. 2d 56; Contreras v. United States, 291 F. 2d 63; Walder v. United States, 347 U. S. 62; Weeks v. United States, 232 U. S. 383; Elkins v. United States, 364 U. S. 206; Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643; People v. Defore, 242 N. Y. 13; People v. Coffey, 11 N Y 2d 142; People v. Lane, 10 N Y 2d 347; People v. Rodriguez, 11 N Y 2d 279.)
Frances Kahn for Jerry Cognetta and Frank G-recco, appellants.
The arrest of defendants was the result of an illegal search and seizure and the evidence should have been excluded. (People v. Goldfarb, 34 Misc 2d 866; Accarino v. United States, 179 F. 2d 456; Miller v. United States, 357 U. S. 301; Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643; Johnson v. United States, 333 U. S. 10; Karwicki v. United States, 55 F. 2d 225; Amos v. United States, 255 U. S. 313; Channel v. United States, 285 F. 2d 217; Judd v. United States, 190 F. 2d 649; United States v. Evans, 194 F. Supp. 90; People v. Colletti, 33 Misc 2d 195; United States v. Lefkowitz, 285 U. S. 452; United States v. Jones, 362 U. S. 257; McDonald v. United States, 335 U. S. 451; Silverthorne Lbr. Co. v. United States, 251 U. S. 385; Gouled v. United States, 255 U. S. 298; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160; People v. Yarmosh, 11 N Y 2d 397; United States v. Asendio, 171 F. 2d 122; United States v. Sully, 56 F. Supp. 942; People v. Smith, 35 Misc 2d 533.)
Frank D. O’Connor, District Attorney (Benj. J. Jacobson and Harvey B. Ehrlich of counsel), for respondent in the first above-entitled action.
I. The exhibits had not been secured in violation of appellant’s constitutional rights. (People v. Carpenito, 292 N. Y. 498; Henry v. United States, 361 U. S. 98; People v. Goldstein, 295 N. Y. 61; People v. Moore, 11 N Y 2d 271; People v. Richardson, 287 N. Y. 563; Agnello v. United States, 269 U. S. 20; Harris v. United States, 331 U. S. 145.) II. Appellant’s guilt of violation of section 986-b of the Penal Law was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Frank D. O’Connor, District Attorney (Benj. J. Jacobson and Mary Eileen O’Shea of counsel), for respondent in the second above-entitled action.
I. No error was committed in the admission of People’s Exhibit 1. The arrest was legal. (People v. Moore, 11 N Y 2d 271; People v. Dreares, 15 A D 2d 204, 11 N Y 2d 906.) II. The search and seizure were legal incidents to- the
lawful arrest. (Agnello v. United States, 269 U. S. 20.) III. The evidence was not sufficient to warrant the judgment of conviction for violation of section 986-b.
Frank S. Hogan, District Attorney (Joseph A. Phillips, H. Richard Uviller and Herbert J. Stern of counsel), for respondent in the third above-entitled action.
Defendants’ motion to suppress evidence was properly denied. (Jones v. United States, 362 U. S. 257; People v. Lane, 10 N Y 2d 347; People v. De Grandis, 16 A D 2d 834; Goldstein v. United States, 316 U. S. 114; United States v. Costello, 255 F. 2d 876; Dorsey v. United States, 174 F. 2d 899, 338 U. S. 950; Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643; People v. Decina, 2 N Y 2d 133; People v. Austin, 199 N. Y. 446; People v. Schuyler, 106 N. Y. 298; Bloodgood v. Lynch, 293 N. Y. 308; People v. Loria, 10 N Y 2d 368; People v. Foster, 10 N Y 2d 99; People v. Belcher, 302 N. Y. 529.)
Edward S. Silver, District Attorney (William I. Siegel and Raymond J. Scanlon of counsel), for respondent in the fourth above-entitled action.
Appellants’ guilt was established beyond a reasonable doubt. No errors of law were committed on the trial. Appellants failed properly to preserve objections for review by this court. (People v. Carpenito, 292 N. Y. 498; People v. Goldstein, 295 N. Y. 61; People v. Pavia, 8 N Y 2d 333; People v. Trombino, 238 App. Div. 61, 262 N. Y. 689; People v. Dunbar Contr. Co., 215 N. Y. 416; People v. Dinan, 15 A D 2d 786; People v. Esposito, 118 Misc. 867; People v. Loria, 10 N Y 2d 368; United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U. S. 56; People v. Lane, 10 N Y 2d 347; United States v. Mont, 306 F. 2d 412; People v. Goldfarb, 34 Misc 2d 866; People v. Pindar, 210 N. Y. 191; People v. Nixon, 248 N. Y. 182; People v. Steinmetz, 240 N. Y. 411; People v. Bresler, 218 N. Y. 567; People v. Huson, 187 N. Y. 97; Slatterly v. People, 58 N. Y. 354; People v. Friola, 11 N Y 2d 157.)

Opinion:
Fboessel, J.
Each of the defendants in these four cases was convicted, after trial, of misdemeanors relating to book-making (Penal Law, § 986, 986-b). Each defendant urges that his conviction must be reversed because his constitutional rights were violated by the arresting officer's alleged illegal search and seizure, and the introduction against him of evidence obtained thereby. In each case the arresting officer acted without benefit of a search or arrest warrant, and unless the search be found to be incident to a lawful arrest, it would be illegal (Johnson v. United States, 333 U. S. 10, 15; People v. Loria, 10 N Y 2d 368, 373).
Section 177 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which sets forth the standard for a lawful arrest is clear and unambiguous. It authorizes an arrest for a misdemeanor only if the crime is committed in the arresting officer's presence. The lawfulness of the arrest does not depend upon the officer's suspicions, or even upon a reasonable belief on his part that a crime has been committed. In this respect the statute distinguishes between an arrest for a misdemeanor and an arrest for a felony. Unless the misdemeanor is committed in the officer's presence, he is not privileged to arrest the defendant, and evidence thereafter obtained as the result of a search is inadmissible (Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643; People v. Moore, 11 N Y 2d 271). As we wrote in People v. Loria (10 N Y 2d 368, 373, supra), the legality of the arrest ' cannot be based upon evidence obtained as a result of the search, when the validity of the search itself depends upon the legality of the arrest ".
In each of these cases the evidence was insufficient to justify an arrest. In People v. Caliente the defendant was handed, in addition to paper money, paper slips, the nature of which was completely unknown to the arresting officer. The mere act of accepting such money and pieces of paper, without more, does not constitute a crime. In People v. Sessa we find no controlling distinction from the facts in the Caliente case.
In People v. Perlman and Bernstein a police officer called a telephone number and placed a number of bets on race horses and baseball games; he did not know with whom he was talking at the time. Thereafter he went across the street to certain premises and stationed himself outside a room in which was located the telephone which he had called. He stuck a pencil through a mail slot in the door, and saw and heard the defendants conversing over the telephone about placing bets. He then entered the room with a passkey, furnished him by the building superintendent, placed the defendants under arrest, and thereupon made a search. The fact that, prior to the time the police officer penetrated the mail slot and entered the premises as aforesaid, he had placed bets over the telephone with persons then unknown, did not justify the entry and the arrest. (See, e.g,, Johnson v. United States, 333 U. S. 10, 15, supra.)
In People v. Cognetta and Grecco the officer stationed himself outside a store, from within which he heard telephone conversations indicating bets were being placed on horse races and foot ball games. The store door was closed and locked. The officer climbed through the transom and entered the store, observed the defendants and placed them under arrest. This evidence was insufficient to authorize a search as an incident to a lawful arrest, since before entering the premises the officer did not know the identities of those to be charged or arrested. (See Johnson v. United States, supra.)
While it may well be true that the officers had probable cause to suspect that the defendants arrested had committed a crime, this does not meet the statutory test as provided in section 177. We are not unmindful of the difficulties the People face in obtaining evidence to establish violations under the Penal Law in cases such as this, but our conclusion here is dictated as a result of Mapp v. Ohio (supra), and by section 177 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as it now stands, which does not permit, under the circumstances presented by these cases, an arrest without a warrant for a misdemeanor, as such statute provides in eases of felonies.
Accordingly, the judgments should be reversed, the complaints dismissed, and the fines remitted.