Case Name: Lewis S. Seeley and Angele Seeley, Respondents, v. Dean C. Osborne, Appellant
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1914-04-17
Citations: 161 A.D. 844
Docket Number: 
Parties: Lewis S. Seeley and Angele Seeley, Respondents, v. Dean C. Osborne, Appellant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 161
Pages: 844–858

Head Matter:
Lewis S. Seeley and Angele Seeley, Respondents, v. Dean C. Osborne, Appellant.
First Department,
April 17, 1914.
City Court of New York—jurisdiction—authority of Appellate Term to reduce judgment — contract—merger of oral negotiations in written contract — action for breach of contract —judgment in prior action for fraud, not a bar — Statute of Limitations — failure to dqmand performance of contract—sufficiency of demand.
The Appellate Term may modify a judgment of the City Court of the City of New York by reducing the amount thereof to a sum within the jurisdiction of the court.
A written instrument acknowledging the receipt of certain shares of stock “free and clear, in exchange, in full payment for” certain shares of another company, is a complete agreement, and all prior oral contracts and negotiations between the parties will be deemed to have been merged therein.
A judgment in an action for false and fraudulent representations as to the value of the stock exchanged under such agreement is not a bar to a subsequent action between the. same parties for breach of an oral contract alleged to have been made as part consideration for the agreement to exchange the stock.
Where a defendant agrees to procure another to deliver property to the plaintiff, but no time is fixed in which the plaintiff is entitled to demand and receive the property, such demand must be made within a reasonable time. A demand made more than six years after the execution of the contract is ineffective under the Statute of Limitations, and, hence, no cause of action exists for the defendant’s refusal to perform.
A letter written by the plaintiff to the defendant the day before the commencement of the action, without a tender or personal demand, to which no answer was received, was not sufficient to place the defendant in default.
Clabke and Dowling, JJ., dissented in part, with opinion.
Appeal by the defendant, Dean 0. Osborne, from so much of an order and determination of the Appellate Term of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiffs, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 26th day of December, 1913, as affirms a judgment of the City Court of the City of New York in favor of the plaintiffs as modified.
Alexander Thain, for the appellant.
Wentworth, Lowenstein & Stein, for the respondents.

Opinion:
Ingraham, P. J.:
- The action was brought in the City Court to recover damages for the violation of a contract made on September 16, 1903, whereby the defendant agreed to "cause the said Dentists Supply Company of Hew York to sell and deliver to the plaintiffs, from time to time as they required them, 10,000 sets of artificial teeth at the rate of forty-five cents for each and every set of teeth, or such part or parts of the said 10,000 sets as the plaintiffs at their option might request to be sold and delivered by the said Dentists Supply Company of Hew York to them." It was further alleged that between September 16, 1903, and May 11, 1909, the defendant duly caused the said Dental Supply Company of Hew York to sell and deliver to the plaintiffs, as and when requested and in exercise of their said option under said agreement, 2,170 sets of artificial teeth, at and for the price of forty-five cents for each' set of artificial teeth; that on various occasions between May 11,1909, and the commencement of this action the plaintiffs requested the Dental Supply Company of Hew York and also the defendant, to sell or cause to be sold and delivered to them the balance of the sets of artificial teeth, 7.830 sets, at and for the price of forty-five cents per set, and the plaintiffs have always been ready and willing to receive and pay for the said 7,830 sets of artificial teeth, and on or about April 23, 1912, at the offices and place of business of the said Dental Supply Company of Hew York, duly offered to receive and pay for said 7,830 sets of artificial teeth at the rate of forty-five cents per set of artificial teeth, pursuant to said agreement, and the plaintiffs have otherwise performed all the conditions thereof on their part; that said Dental Supply Company of Hew York has refused and neglected to deliver the said 7.830 sets of artificial teeth or any part thereof to the plaintiffs, to the damage of the plaintiffs in the sum of $5,000, for which sum the plaintiffs demand judgment. The defendant denies the allegations of the complaint except that the Dental Supply Company of Hew York refused to sell and deliver the 7,830 sets of artificial teeth to the plaintiffs. The answer further alleges for a further separate and distinct defense that the contract was not to have been performed within one year from the making thereof, and that the same was not in writing.signed by this defendant or by defendant's lawful agent; and for a further separate and distinct defense, that more than six years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued upon which this action is based. It then alleged the recovery by the - plaintiffs in the Supreme Court, Kings county, of damages for fraud in obtaining this contract as a bar to this action. The case came on for trial before the court without a jury, and the court found the contract as alleged in the complaint; that the plaintiffs had performed the conditions thereof on their part; that the contract was not by its terms to be performed within one year, and found the other facts alleged in the complaint, and awarded -the plaintiffs damages in the sum of $3,915; and judgment was entered for the sum of $4,130.18. On appeal to the Appellate Term (83 Mise. Kep. 409) that court reduced the judgment to the sum of $2,000, with interest and costs, and, as thus modified, affirmed it, and then allowed an appeal to this court.
After this judgment was entered, this court held that the amendment to the Code of Civil Procedure, made by chapter 569 of the Laws of 1911, which amended sections 315 and 316, was a violation of the Constitution (Art. 6, § 14, 18), and, therefore, the amendment was void and the Code remained as it was prior to this amendment. By section 315 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as it existed prior to the amendment, the jurisdiction of the City Court of the City of New York extended to "An action against a natural person, or against a foreign or domestic corporation, wherein the complaint demands judgment for a sum of money only, or to recover one or more chattels, with or without damages for the taking or the detention thereof. _ *" (See Laws of 1895, chap. 946.) That court, therefore, had jurisdiction of this action although the amount was in excess of $2,000. By section 316 of the Code of Civil Procedure the jurisdiction of that court is subject to the following limitation: "In an action wherein the complaint demands judgment for a sum of money only, the sum, for which judgment is rendered in favor of the plaintiff, cannot exceed two thousand dollars, exclusive of interest and costs as taxed;" and with some exceptions that are not material. (See Laws of 1889, chap. 441.) The only limitation upon the jurisdiction of that court, therefore, is that it cannot award judgment in an action in excess of $2,000. In Lewkowicz v. Queen Aeroplane Company (154 App. Div. 142; affd., 207 N. Y. 290), in which this court held the amendment to sections 815 and 316 of the Code of Civil Procedure was void, it was held, following the case of Ralli v. Pearsall (69 App. Div. 254), that the court had jurisdiction of the action although the complaint demanded judgment in excess of the amount that the court could grant, but that the court could not enter judgment in excess of the amount to which the court was limited. These decisions require this court to hold that a judgment may be recovered in the City Court not exceeding $2,000, exclusive of interest and costs as taxed. This decision was sustained in the Court of Appeals (207 N. Y. 290). Therefore, the court having jurisdiction of the action and the only limitation upon that jurisdiction being that a judgment should not be entered for more than $2,000, exclusive of interest and costs as taxed, the court had power to reduce the judgment to an amount within the limit of its jurisdiction. The court was not bound to reverse the case and send it back for a new trial, the only result of a new trial being that judgment for $2,000 could be entered.
Nor do I think the judgment in the action in the Supreme Court, Kings county, was a bar to this action. That action was based upon the false and fraudulent misrepresentations by which the plaintiffs were induced to transfer forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company to the defendant. The consideration for the transfer, as alleged in the complaint in that action, was that the defendant should transfer to the plaintiffs twelve hundred shares of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendant made certain false and fraudulent misrepresenta: tions as to the value of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, and relying upon these false and fraudulent misrepresentations the plaintiffs transferred the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company to the defendant and the defendant transferred the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company to the plaintiffs. In the complaint in that action there was no mention of the contract here sued on, but the complaint alleged that by reason of the transfer of the stock of the plaintiffs in the Dental Supply Company for the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company induced by these false and fraudulent misrepresentations, the plaintiffs were damaged in the sum of $10,500. That action was not brought to rescind the contract, but for damages sustained by the false and fraudulent misrepresentations as to the value of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, which the plaintiffs were to receive in consideration of their transfer of the forty-five, shares of the Dental Supply Company. The plaintiffs affirmed the contract and demanded damages sustained by the plaintiffs being induced to enter into the contract by the false and fraudulent misrepresentations of the defendant. Having recovered damages sustained by these false and fraudulent misrepresentations, the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company remained the property of the plaintiffs and the stock of the Dental Supply Company remained the property of the defendant. By that judgment the parties were placed in the same position as if there had been no false and fraudulent misrepresentations. The original contract remained in force. In this action, however, the plaintiffs allege that, as part of the consideration for that transfer, the defendant made this contract, a breach of which is the foundation of this action. Upon the trial of this action it appeared that the plaintiffs 'owned the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company, which on September 16, 1903, were transferred to the defendant. One of the plaintiffs, Mary Angele Seeley, testified that the defendant came in and offered to the plaintiffs to purchase forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company, his first offer being to pay $17,500 in cash, or $15,500 in cash and the privilege to take as the plaintiffs required them 10,000 sets of teeth manufactured by the Dental Supply Company, known as Twentieth Century teeth, at the price of forty-five cents a set; that this offer was not accepted; that on September 16, 1903, the defendant called on the plaintiffs and then said he could not pay $15,500 in cash, but he had some stock — in fact the majority—of the Butterick Painless Dental Company of Brooklyn, worth $15,500, or more, and that he would turn that stock over to the plaintiffs and the privilege of getting 10,000 sets of teeth at forty-five cents a set; that defendant said he would get these teeth because he was already an officer of the Dental Supply Company and was also related to the other officers of the Dental Supply Company by blood and marriage, and that by acquiring the forty-five shares of stock of the plaintiffs he would have a majority of the stock and that he would see that the plaintiffs got, as they wanted them, the 10,000 sets of artificial teeth at forty-five cents a set. The witness was then asked whether the defendant said the plaintiffs could get the 10,000 sets of teeth from him or from the Dental Supply Company, and the witness replied that the defendant said from the Dental Supply Company. The witness then testified that the plaintiffs accepted the second proposal, to take the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company and the privilege to purchase 10,000 sets of artificial teeth at forty-five cents a set from the Dental Supply Company; that the defendant had said that by acquiring the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company he would have the majority of the stock of that company and would he able to carry it out, and "that he would see that the Dental Supply Co. would furnish the teeth when we would want them." That was on September 16, 1903. The witness then testified that subsequently the plaintiffs received 2,170 sets of artificial teeth from the Dental Supply Company at forty-five cents a set, and that the last teeth were received on May 11, 1909; that towards the end of September, 1911, the witness went to the office of the Dental Supply Company and saw Mr. Shepard; that she told Mr. Shepard, "We need some more teeth and we want to get about a thousand sets," to which Mr. Shepard replied that they could not let them have any more teeth at forty-five cents a set; that on April 23, 1912, the witness again went to the office of the Dental Supply Company and saw Mr. Shepard and said, "We are now prepared to take up the balance of the teeth that are coming to us under that agreement with Mr. Osborne — that is, the balance of the ten thousand sets of teeth;" that Mr. Shepard replied that they could not have the teeth at forty-five cents a set. On cross-examination the witness said that on September 16, 1903, the plaintiffs and defendant signed an agreement and that agreement was read in evidence.
The first question presented is whether there was any enforcihle contract made by which the defendant bound himself either to sell and deliver the teeth or to procure the Dental Supply Company to sell and deliver the teeth. There were two written instruments executed at the time of this transaction, the first of which was dated September 16, 1903, and was as follows:
" New York, Sept. 16th, 1903.
"Received of D. 0. Osborne eleven hundred and ninety (1190) shares of the capital stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Co. of Brooklyn, New York, free and clear, in exchange, in full payment for forty-five (45) shares of the common stock of the Dentists' Supply Co. of New York." ,
This purported to express the contract between the parties. It was a receipt for the stock, but it stated the contract that the plaintiffs received the stock free and clear in full payment for the forty-five shares of stock of the Dental Supply Company. The second written agreement was entered into September 22, 1903, between L. S. Seeley, one of the plaintiffs, and defendant, by which he gave to the defendant full right and power to negotiate for the sale of the capital stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, and the defendant guaranteed not to dispose of said stock for less than $15,500, and agreed to carry out the sale within six months. The written agreement between the parties, signed by the parties, stated the contract. It is complete in itself. It stated that the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company was in full payment for the stock of the Dental Supply Company. Having signed that paper as the contract of sale, the plaintiffs now seek to enforce an oral agreement by which, in addition to the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, the defendant as a payment for the transfer of the forty-five shares of the Dental Supply Company undertook to procure from the Dental Supply Company the sale and delivery of 10,000 sets of teeth to the plaintiffs at forty-five cents a set. I am inclined to think that the prior oral negotiations were merged in this written contract, by which the consideration for the sale of the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company was the transfer to the plaintiffs of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company. That is the contract which the plaintiffs alleged in the former action in the Supreme Court, Kings county, and in that action the recovery was based upon the fact that the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company was not of the value which defendant represented it to be, and that in consequence of the false and fraudulent misrepresentations as to the value of that stock the plaintiffs recovered $7,500. The contract proved in that action was the sale of the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company for the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, the consideration that this written instrument states for the sale of the stock of the Dental Supply Company being the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, which was received by the plaintiffs in full payment for the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company. Thus the contract was reduced to writing, and I am inclined to think that all prior oral contracts and negotiations were merged in that writing.
In Loomis v. New York Central & H. R. R. R. Co. (203 N. Y. 359) the court said: "Thus the question presented is whether a written contract to transport goods from one place to another, duly signed by both carrier and shipper, but silent as to the route, can be varied by evidence of previous parol instructions to ship by a particular route. The answer to this question is too clear to require extended discussion. No effect can be given to such evidence, even when received without objection, provided the court is asked in due form to instruct the jury that it was merged in the written agreement if they found there was one. In order to prevent fraud, perjury and mistake, one of the primary rules of evidence forbids that a written contract should be varied by evidence of previous conversations or unsigned memoranda, which are all conclusively presumed to be embodied in the written instrument expressing the final meeting of the minds of the parties." In Thomas v. Scutt (127 N. Y. 133) the court states the general rule that evidence of what was said between the parties to a valid instrument in writing, either prior to or at the time of its execution, cannot be received to contradict or vary its terms, and states that to this rule there are two exceptions. The first exception includes those cases in which parol evidence has been received to show that that which purports to be a written con tract is in fact no contract at all. " Thus fraud, illegality, want of consideration, delivery upon an unperformed condition arid the like may he shown by parol, not to contradict or vary, but to destroy a written instrument." The evidence here offered is not competent on this ground, as by the action in the Supreme Court, Kings county, the .contract to deliver the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dental Supply Company upon the transfer of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company was affirmed and damages recovered for the false and fraudulent misrepresentations which induced it. The second exception embraces those cases which recognize the written instrument as existing and valid, but regard it as incomplete, either obviously, or at least possibly, and admit parol evidence, not to contradict or vary, but to complete the entire agreement of which the writing was only a part.
But this agreement would appear upon its face to be an entire agreement. It says that the plaintiffs have received from the defendant 1,190 shares of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company, free and clear, "in full payment" for forty-five shares of the stock of the Dentists' Supply Company of New York. This was a written instrument by which the plaintiffs admitted the receipt of the stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company in full payment for the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dentists' Supply Company, and plaintiffs now ask to prove that this instrument did not contain the true consideration for the sale of the forty-five shares of the stock of the Dentists' Supply Company, but that in addition to that expressed therein there was an.oral agreement by the defendant, not that he would pay anything more, but that he would procure the Dental Supply Company, stock of which had been sold by the plaintiffs to the defendant, to supply the plaintiffs 10,000 sets of artificial teeth at forty-five cents a set.
In Thomas v. Scutt (supra), speaking of the second exception to the rule of evidence, the court said: " Two things, however, are essential to bring a case within this class: 1. The writing must not appear upon inspection to be a complete contract, embracing all the particulars necessary to make a perfect agreement and designed to express the whole arrangement between the parties, for in such a case it is conclusively pre sumed to .embrace the entire contract. 2. The parol evidence must be consistent with and not contradictory of the written instrument." (See, also, Lossing v. Cushman, 195 N. Y. 386.) In Studwell v. Bush Company (206 N. Y. 416) the question was again presented to the Court of Appeals and the case of Thomas v. Scutt (supra) was cited and approved. The court there said, speaking of the cause of action alleged in the complaint in that case: " Without recapitulating what has already been said in reference thereto it seems to me that a fair analysis and comparison of the complaint and evidence with the provisions of the written contract clearly demonstrate that appellant is seeking under his parol contract, because of alleged special circumstances, to recover extra compensation for the very services and good will which he was obliged to contribute under a contemporaneous written contract for a compensation therein fixed and widely differing from that now claimed." Finally, in conclusion, the court said: " Of course if the plain meaning of written contracts may be avoided by parol evidence that the parties agreed they meant something which they did not say, we have reached a summary and effectual method of destroying some of the important principles which have heretofore controlled the construction of written instruments."
I also think this claim is barred by the Statute of Limitations. According to the contract, as testified to by the plaintiffs' witness, the plaintiffs were to have this stock of the Butterick Painless Dental Company and " the privilege to take as we wanted them ten thousand sets of teeth manufactured by the Dental Supply Co., called 20th Century Teeth, at the price of forty-five cents a set," and that defendant " would see that we got, as we wanted them, ten thousand sets of teeth at forty-five cents a set." There was no contract of- sale by the defendant to the plaintiffs. He did not have 10,000 sets of teeth to deliver, and he did not agree to manufacture or to sell and deliver to the plaintiffs 10,000 sets of teeth. All that he agreed to do was to see to it that the Dental Supply Company delivered 10,000 sets of teeth to the plaintiffs. No time was fixed within which the plaintiffs were entitled to demand and receive the sets of teeth, and there certainly was implied in this contract that such demand should be made within a reasonable time. The plaintiffs applied to the Dental Supply Company and obtained such teeth as they wanted down to September, 1909. At no time was application made to the defendant to enforce the contract; no demand was made upon him that he should procure these sets of teeth from the Dental Supply Company, nor does it appear that defendant caused the Dental Supply Company to furnish the teeth to plaintiffs. Finally, about six years after the alleged contract was made, in August dr September, 1909, the plaintiffs wanted more teeth, and at that time the officers of the Dental Supply Company, to whom the application was made, notified the plaintiffs that no more teeth would be furnished them at forty-five cents a set. In this decision the plaintiffs seem to have acquiesced until September, 1911, eight years after the alleged contract was made, when the plaintiffs again saw the officer of the Dental Supply Company, and told him that the plaintiffs needed more teeth. Again the officer of' the Dental Supply Company told the plaintiffs they could not have any more teeth at forty-five cents a set. Then, on April 23, 1912, about nine years after the alleged contract was made, the plaintiffs went to the officer of the Dental Supply Company and said they were prepared to take up the balance of the teeth to which they were entitled under the agreement with the defendant, and again the application was refused. During all that period no demand had been made upon the defendant to perform the contract, no request had been made to the defendant to procure thé teeth from the Dental Supply Company. It seems to me clear that any demand against this defendant was barred by the Statute of Limitations. It is clear there was no cause of action against the defendant .until a demand had been made upon him to comply with this contract. There was no contract with the Dental Supply Company. They had assumed no obligation to the plaintiffs and were not bound to furnish any teeth to them. The defendant was bound to procure the Dental Supply Company to furnish the teeth, but before there could be any liability a demand must be made upon him to comply with his contract. Section 410 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides: "Where a right exists, but a demand is necessary to entitle a person to maintain an action, the time, within which the action must he commenced, must he computed from the time when the right to make the demand is complete; " with certain exceptions that do not apply to this case. I think this provision expressly applies. This was a case where, assuming that a valid contract was made, the plaintiffs were required to 'exercise their option within a reasonable time. They purchased various sets of teeth from the Dental Supply Company, the last purchase being May 11, 1909. That was within the six years' Statute of Limitations. In August or September, 1909, the plaintiffs desired to purchase more teeth from the Dental Supply Company at forty-five cents a set, and the application was refused. No notice was given to the defendant. No demand was then made upon him to comply with his contract. Assuming that a reasonable time after making the alleged contract in September, 1903, would he a year, that would extend the time to September, 1904, in which the right existed, and certainly that right not being exercised for six years thereafter, no cause of action existed based on the refusal to perform that contract, and the recovery is, therefore, barred by the Statute of Limitations.
Nor do I think there was a sufficient demand made by the plaintiffs upon the defendant. The only demand made was a letter, written to the defendant, sent by mail and to which no answer was received. To put the defendant in default it seems to me that something more was required than a letter written the day before the complaint was verified, and with no tender and with no personal demand.
I think, therefore, this judgment should he reversed and, as it is clear that these plaintiffs cannot recover, there should be judgment for the defendant, with costs and disbursements in all the courts.
Scott and Hotchkiss, JJ., concurred; Clarke and Dowling, JJ., dissented.