Case Name: Commonwealth v. Scull, Appellant
Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction: Pennsylvania
Decision Date: 1962-12-12
Citations: 200 Pa. Super. 122
Docket Number: Appeal, No. 298
Parties: Commonwealth v. Scull, Appellant.
Judges: Before Rhodes, P. J., Ervin, Wright, Woodside, Watkins, Montgomery, and Flood, JJ.
Reporter: Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports
Volume: 200
Pages: 122–135

Head Matter:
Commonwealth v. Scull, Appellant.
December 12, 1962:
Argued September 10, 1962.
Before Rhodes, P. J., Ervin, Wright, Woodside, Watkins, Montgomery, and Flood, JJ.
F. Cortez Bell, Sr., with him Bell, Silberblatt & Swoope, for appellant.
Eugene C. Kitko, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.

Opinion:
Opinion by
Rhodes, P. J.,
Appellant, John Scull, was indicted, tried, and convicted of burglary and larceny in Clearfield County, at Nos. 125, 135, 136, May Sessions, 1961, Court of Quarter Sessions, Nos. 1, 2, 3, September Term, 1961, Court of Oyer and Terminer. Appellant's co-defendants, Cole and Winters, at Nos. 135, 136, May Sessions, 1961, Nos. 2, 3, September Term, 1961, entered pleas of guilty. Appellant was tried on October 9-13, 1961. A new trial was refused, and he was sentenced on May 5, 1962.
On this appeal appellant contends that certain tools were obtained from his car as a result of an unlawful search and seizure, and hence were inadmissible as evidence at his trial, under Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081.
As related to the search and seizure, the first question here raised, the facts may be stated as follows:
A burglary occurred in the early morning of May 15, 1961, at Alexander Motor Parts Company, Clear-field County. A police officer of DuBois, Clearfield County, observed appellant's cream and green 1959 Ford station wagon, including its New York license number, in the vicinity of the burglary at 3:30 a.m. The officer was unable to stop the car although he pursued it for some distance.
A warrant was issued for the arrest of appellant, and a fugitive warrant was sent to Niagara Falls, New York, together with a teletype description and the license number of the Scull station wagon. Lieutenant Fitzsimmons of the police department of the City of Niagara Falls, New York, went to Scull's residence with the warrant for his arrest on July 10, 1961, but he passed by when he did not see the Scull car which, he was advised by teletype, appellant was driving. The next morning, about 10:30 a.m., the police saw the car, unattended, parked in the driveway on the south side of the house. Lieutenant Fitzsimmons and several uniformed officers surrounded the house to serve the warrant. The teletype message stated that the man was armed and was considered dangerous. With the wife's permission the officers searched the house for appellant but failed to find him. The Lieutenant then opened the door of the unlocked car and observed an olive green barracks bag immediately behind the front seat; he looked in the bag and saw an assortment of tools consisting of a chisel, crowbar, hammers, screwdrivers, pliers, and a power unit or tool capable of exerting great pressure. The car, and the tools, which Mrs. Scull identified as belonging to her husband, were removed to police headquarters. The tools, including the power unit, were turned over to the Pennsylvania police and introduced in evidence at appellant's trial, over the objection of counsel.
A chemist employed by the Pennsylvania State Police testified, inter alia, that paint samples from the safe door involved in the burglary at Alexander Motor Parts Company were the same "in color, texture, and elemental composition" as those from the power tool, and marks on the safe door were similar to marks made by the power tool.
The evidence alleged to have been illegally seized was not questioned until the time of trial. Appellant's objection to the evidence was not timely and should have been raised prior to the trial. Com. v. Czajkowski, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 511, 182 A. 2d 298; Com. v. Clark, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 64, 67, 181 A. 2d 859. See Com. v. Mancini, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 642, 645, 184 A. 2d 279. Nevertheless, we do not consider that the search and seizure were unreasonable or that the evidence objected to was inadmissible.
We stated the governing principles on this question in Com. v. Richards, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 39, 42, 43, 182 A. 2d 291, 293, 294, as follows: That "The Mapp decision did not, as we interpret it, preclude judicial determination of what constitutes a reasonable search and seizure under all the circumstances"; and that " 'The recurring questions of the reasonableness of searches must find resolution in the facts and circumstances of each case.' " When we apply the test of reasonableness to the totality of facts in this case, it is clear that the search and seizure were not unreasonable, and that Mapp v. Ohio, supra, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081, does not require exclusion of the evidence to which objection was belatedly made.
The present appeal in many respects is similar to Com. v. Czajkowski, supra, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 511, 512, 182 A. 2d 298, where we said: "The conviction rested in part on circumstantial evidence which showed that defendant's car was observed at the scene of the crime. Furthermore, paint chips and burglary tools were found by the police in defendant's car parked in front of the police station following defendant's arrest."
Although the police officer was unable to effect an arrest of appellant at his home, this did not preclude search of his car under the circumstances. His car had been observed in the vicinity, at the time of the burglary, by the police of DuBois whom the driver eluded following a chase at high speed. The officer making the search of appellant's car had a warrant for his arrest for burglary and larceny and was in the process of apprehending appellant. In the driveway adjoining appellant's home, the officer saw appellant's car containing a canvas bag behind the front seat. The car was unlocked, and inspection of the bag revealed the tools which had been used in the burglary. Appellant surrendered the next day, and was placed under arrest. A search warrant was then obtained and a thorough search of appellant's residence was made.
The case is similar to those involving a search incident to a lawful arrest. Appellant's temporary absence from his home, preliminarily searched with the consent of his wife, should not obscure the fact that the officer had a warrant for appellant's arrest which he was attempting to serve; a valid arrest was subsequently made. It is difficult to understand an argument to the effect that the officer should forego any reasonable action because of the inability to apprehend appellant at once and serve the warrant. Here the
officer had information about appellant, including the fact that he was driving his car since the burglary. The officer was aware that a burglary had been committed, and that the car was used in connection therewith. Hence, the officer certainly had good reason or probable cause to look in the unlocked car for the fruits of the crime or the instrumentality by which it was committed. We think that he would have been remiss had he failed to do so. The law relating to search and seizure is less strictly construed as to automobiles than it is to dwellings. Com. v. One 1955 Buick Sedan, 199 Pa. Superior Ct. 12, 16, 184 A. 2d 365.
"The right to search and the validity of the seizure are not dependent on the right to arrest. They are dependent on the reasonable cause the seizing officer has for belief that the contents of the automobile offend against the law." Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132,158, 45 S. Ct. 280, 69 L. Ed. 543, 554. A valid arrest need not necessarily occur before the search of a car. See Com. v. One 1955 Buick Sedan, supra, 199 Pa. Superior Ct. 12, 15, 184 A. 2d 365. As here, mere delay in the service of the warrant of arrest did not alter the circumstances warranting the search of appellant's car. Requiring the officer to wait in order to serve the warrant on appellant or to obtain a search warrant in this case might prevent the officer from seizing the instrumentalities by which a crime was committed, and which, it was reasonable to believe, were before him in the car. The relevant test is not whether it was reasonable to procure a search warrant for the car, but whether the search was reasonable under the total atmosphere of the case. United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 66, 70 S. Ct. 430, 94 L. Ed. 653, 660. As we said in Com. v. Czajkowski, supra, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 511, 516, 182 A. 2d 298, 300: "An automobile as a vehicle of transport which moves about readily is in a distinct category on the question of a reasonable search and seizure. Search of an automobile without a warrant is lawful ivhere probable cause exists, and where the facts and circumstances would lead a reasonably prudent person to conclude that the law is being violated. Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 45 S. Ct. 280, 69 L. Ed. 543, 39 A.L.R. 790) 79 C.J.S., Searches and Seizures, §66, p. 837." To the same effect, see Com. v. One 1955 Buick Sedan, 198 Pa. Superior Ct. 133, 139, 182 A. 2d 280.
Furthermore, in determining the reasonableness of the search, it is important that the objects and evidence found were tools used in the commission of the crime. As stated in Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145, 154, 67 S. Ct. 1098, 1103, 91 L. Ed. 1399, 1407: "This Court has frequently recognized the distinction between merely evidentiary materials, on the one hand, which may not be seized either under the authority of a search warrant or during the course of a search incident to arrest, and on the other hand, those objects which may validly be seized including the instrumentalities and means by which a crime is committed, the fruits of crime such as stolen property, weapons by which escape of the person arrested might be effected, and property the possession of which is a crime." See, also, Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 237, 80 S. Ct. 683, 4 L. Ed. 2d 668.
When we consider all the elements in the instant appeal supporting the search and seizure, there can be no question but that the search falls well within the definition of reasonableness as laid down by the authorities, and the evidence is not to be excluded under the Mapp decision.
The second question raised on this appeal is that a new trial should be granted because two of the Commonwealth's witnesses subsequently swore that they had perjured themselves at the trial of appellant.
At the joint trial, Cole and Winters pleaded guilty and gave testimony implicating appellant in the burglaries in Clearfield County. Appellant, Cole, and Winters received sentences covering the burglaries in that county. Subsequently, Cole and Winters were sentenced for burglaries in other counties. Following sentence in a Cambria County prosecution, Cole and Winters signed affidavits to the effect that they had testified falsely in implicating appellant in the burglaries in Clearfield County. In refusing appellant a new trial on the basis of these affidavits, in the present case, President Judge Pentz stated: "The statement of the two witnesses that they perjured themselves at the time of the trial of this defendant is not entitled to any credibility. The making of these affidavits admitting to perjury is not impressive nor do they carry any weight of credibility." Eecanting testimony is exceedingly unreliable, and it is the duty of the court to deny a new trial where it is not satisfied that such testimony is true, and the appellate court will not interfere with an order refusing a new trial on this ground in the absence of a plain abuse of discretion. Com. v. Palarino, 168 Pa. Superior Ct. 152, 155, 77 A. 2d 665; Com. ex rel. Estelle v. Cavell, 191 Pa. Superior Ct. 200, 205, 156 A. 2d 615; Com. v. Saunders, 386 Pa. 149, 155, 125 A. 2d 442. We find no error in the refusal of the court below to grant a new trial.
Appellant had a fair trial at which he did not testify. No right of appellant has been curtailed, nor has there been any violation of due process. He was properly convicted and sentenced for participating in a series of burglaries in Clearfield County.
Judgments of sentence are affirmed.
Appellant was sentenced on the three indictments. Although there should have been three appeals, our disposition of the case makes it unnecessary to consider this omission.
It is significant that the wife knew that the uniformed officers were at their home to arrest her husband, the appellant. It would be reasonable to assume that she would inform her husband of this fact immediately upon his return, and that he might remove and conceal the tools by which the crime had been committed.