Case Name: Richard SCHUMANN, a minor, by Leah M. Peterson, his parent and natural guardian, et al., Appellants, v. CITY OF ST. PAUL and Michael McGinn, Respondents
Court: Minnesota Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Minnesota
Decision Date: 1978-06-23
Citations: 268 N.W.2d 903
Docket Number: No. 47763
Parties: Richard SCHUMANN, a minor, by Leah M. Peterson, his parent and natural guardian, et al., Appellants, v. CITY OF ST. PAUL and Michael McGinn, Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: North Western Reporter 2d
Volume: 268
Pages: 903–908

Head Matter:
Richard SCHUMANN, a minor, by Leah M. Peterson, his parent and natural guardian, et al., Appellants, v. CITY OF ST. PAUL and Michael McGinn, Respondents.
No. 47763.
Supreme Court of Minnesota.
June 23, 1978.
David W. Nord, James R. Tschida, St. Paul, Minnesota Civil Liberties Union, Nadine Strossen, Minneapolis (amicus), for appellants.
Harriet Lansing, City Atty., Beryl A. Nord, Asst. City Atty., St. Paul, for respondents.

Opinion:
SCOTT, Justice.
This is the second appeal of the present action to this court. It is before us again following the completion of a new trial held pursuant to this court's decision in Schumann v. McGinn, 307 Minn. 446, 240 N.W.2d 525 (1976), and is an appeal from a judgment entered in favor of defendants, City of St. Paul and a police officer, and against plaintiffs, Richard Schumann, a minor, and his mother, Leah M. Peterson. We affirm.
In this action plaintiffs allege that Officer Michael McGinn tortiously inflicted bodily injury upon Schumann by shooting him while he was fleeing from the scene of a crime. The facts are detailed in this court's prior opinion and need not be repeated here. See, Schumann v. McGinn, supra.
On the first appeal, this court remanded the case for a new trial due to erroneous instructions to the jury. Because the new trial would be based on the theory of battery, this court also considered the appropriate jury instructions regarding a police officer's privilege to use a firearm. Plaintiffs had urged this court to adopt a rule that a police officer is protected from tort liability arising out of the use of a firearm in making an arrest only in the situations authorized by the A.L.I. Model Penal Code (Approved Draft, 1962) § 3.07(2)(b), which provides:
"The use of deadly force is not justifiable under this Section unless:
"(i) the arrest is for a felony; and
"(ii) the person effecting the arrest is authorized to act as a peace officer or is assisting a person whom he believes to be authorized to act as a peace officer; and
"(iii) the actor believes that the force employed creates no substantial risk of injury to innocent persons; and
"(iv) the actor believes that:
"(1) the crime for which the arrest is made involved conduct including the use or threatened use of deadly force; or "(2) there is a substantial risk that the person to be arrested will cause death or serious bodily harm if his apprehension is delayed."
To this suggestion, we replied (307 Minn. 467, 240 N.W.2d 537):
" It is in the legislative forum that the deterrent effect of the traditional rule may be evaluated and the law-enforcement policies of this state may be fully debated and determined. The issues upon which the decision turns are more moral and sociological than they are legal. The legislature, and not this court, is the proper decision maker. As we said in Spanel v. Mounds View School Dist. No. 621, 264 Minn. 279, 292, 118 N.W.2d 795, 803 (1962):
" 'While the court has the right and the duty to modify rules of the common law after they have become archaic, we readily concede that the flexibility of the legislative process — which is denied the judiciary — makes the latter avenue of approach more desirable.'
"Second, the Model Penal Code provision, as its very name implies, is a proposed statute. It is intended to define justifiable-homicide. We have no power to adopt a justifiable-homicide statute. Defining crimes is a legislative prerogative and in Minn.St. 609.065 our legislature has adopted its own justifiable-homicide statute, one that embodies the common-law view of a law officer's privilege to use a firearm."
The only issue presented by plaintiffs on this second appeal is whether this court's construction of the Minnesota statutes authorizing a police officer to use a weapon to arrest a felony suspect under the facts of this case should be held constitutionally infirm under the due process clause.
As the trial court correctly noted, plaintiffs' constitutional challenge does not find an abundance of support in the case law. The only case cited by plaintiffs in support of their position is Mattis v. Schnarr, 547 F.2d 1007 (8 Cir. 1976), judgment vacated sub nom. Ashcroft v. Mattis, 431 U.S. 171, 97 S.Ct. 1739, 52 L.Ed.2d 219 (1977), wherein the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, by a 4 to 3 decision, held unconstitutional certain Missouri statutes "which permit law enforcement officers to use deadly force to effect the arrest of a person who has committed a felony if the person has been notified that he or she is under arrest and if the force used is restricted to that reasonably necessary to effect the arrest." 547 F.2d 1009. The statutes involved in Mattis were similar to the Minnesota statutes.
The basis of the majority decision in Mat-tis was as follows: The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution provide that no one shall be deprived of life without due process of law. The right to life is a fundamental right and thus the Missouri statutes could be sustained "only if they protect a compelling state interest and are 'narrowly drawn to express only the legitimate state interests at stake.' " 547 F.2d 1019. The majority simply concluded that no showing had been made that the state had an interest in the statutes which was greater than, or equivalent to, the right to life. The statutes were thus deemed unconstitutional.
Immediately following the Mattis decision, the Sixth Circuit rejected the Mattis majority view and adopted the position of the Mattis dissenters. Wiley v. Memphis Police Dept., 548 F.2d 1247 (6 Cir.), certiorari denied 434 U.S. 872, 98 S.Ct. 65, 54 L.Ed.2d 78 (1977). The Sixth Circuit noted that the "Eighth Circuit is the only Court to our knowledge which has ever held that such a statute, which is so necessary even to elementary law enforcement, is unconstitutional." 548 F.2d 1252. In fact, the constitutionality of such statutes has been upheld in the majority of cases. See, Wiley v. Memphis Police Dept., supra; Jones v. Marshall, 528 F.2d 132 (2 Cir. 1975); Cunningham v. Ellington, 323 F.Supp. 1072 (W.D.Tenn.1971). See, also, Beech v. Melancon, 465 F.2d 425 (6 Cir. 1972); Wolfer v. Thaler, 525 F.2d 977 (5 Cir.), certiorari denied, 425 U.S. 975, 96 S.Ct. 2176, 48 L.Ed.2d 800 (1976).
In Jones v. Marshall, supra, the Second Circuit pointed out an inconsistency in terms of procedural due process, as follows:
"The claim is also made that the Connecticut rule violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because, procedurally speaking, it permits the arbitrary imposition of death by the officer, violates the presumption of innocence, and denies the suspect a right to trial by jury. Of course each of the due process arguments would apply equally where deadly force is allowed to effect an arrest for a crime which does involve 'conduct including the use or threatened use of deadly force' or where 'there is a substantial risk that the person to be arrested will cause death or serious bodily harm if his apprehension is delayed.' ALI, note 8, supra, § 307(b)(iv). The killing by the police officer in such a case would, as much as the killing here, deprive the escapee of his life without any procedural guarantees. It would also raise the Eighth Amendment implications regarding arbitrary imposition of the death penalty sanction set forth in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972), due to the individual arresting officer's discretion in his exercise of the power to kill. Thus, by arguing that the Model Penal Code rule is federal law under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and is therefore constitutional, the appellant has conceded away, as Judge Blu-menfeld held, his procedural due process and Furman arguments; death under Model Penal Code situations could surely be argued to be equally arbitrary and without procedural safeguards. We need not, and therefore do not, consider the argument further." (Italics supplied.) 528 F.2d 136, note 9.
The reasoning of the Second Circuit is equally applicable to the present case since plaintiffs have argued for adoption of the Model Penal Code rule in both this and their prior appeal.
In short, "not every tort committed against a private person by an official acting under state law rises to the deprivation of a constitutional right Jones v. Marshall, 528 F.2d 132, 137. Aside from the majority in Mattis, "[t]hose courts faced with attacks, [constitutional or otherwise,] on the common law rule allowing all force reasonably necessary to effect the arrest of fleeing or resisting felons have consistently held that these attacks present policy questions for the legislature, not the judiciary." Mattis v. Schnarr, 547 F.2d 1007, 1022, (Gibson, C. J. dissenting). See, also, Jones v. Marshall, supra; Cunningham v. Ellington, supra; Hilton v. State, 348 A.2d 242 (Maine 1975); Schumann v. McGinn, supra.
The clear weight of authority thus sustains the constitutionality of our statutes, and we so hold. The remedy for those seeking an alternative to the current rule was within the power of the legislature to grant and not this court. The legislature has now acted and has made the changes suggested.
Affirmed.
. In L.I978, c. 736, § 2, the Minnesota Legislature enacted the following statute which becomes effective August 1, 1978:
"Subdivision 1. For the purposes of this section, 'deadly force' means force which the actor uses with the purpose of causing, or which the actor should reasonably know creates a substantial risk of causing, death or great bodily harm. The intentional dischárge of a firearm in the direction of another person, or at a vehicle in which another person is believed to be, constitutes deadly force.
"Subd. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 609.06 or 609.065, the use of deadly force by a peace officer in the line of duty is justified only when necessary:
"(1) To protect himself or another from apparent death or great bodily harm;
"(2) To effect the arrest or capture, or prevent the escape, of a person whom the peace officer knows or has reasonable grounds to believe has committed or attempted to commit a felony involving the use or threatened use of deadly force; or
"(3) To effect the arrest or capture, or prevent the escape, of a person whom the officer knows or has reasonable grounds to believe has committed or attempted to commit a felony if the officer reasonably believes that the person will cause death or great bodily harm if his apprehension is delayed."
This new section in effect incorporates all the salient suggestions recommended by the Model Penal Code.
. The Mattis case was ultimately decided on the basis of the good faith defense. After the Eighth Circuit handed down its opinion, the state appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which vacated the Eighth Circuit's judgment. In an unanimous opinion, the Supreme Court held that the case did not involve a case or controversy because the Federal district court had already held that the defense of good faith had been established and no appeal was taken from that part of the decision. Thus, because no controversy existed, the Supreme Court stated it would not reach the merits of the case — the constitutional issue.