Case Name: Miller, Appellant, vs. Bayer and others, Respondents
Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Wisconsin
Decision Date: 1896-10-13
Citations: 94 Wis. 123
Docket Number: 
Parties: Miller, Appellant, vs. Bayer and others, Respondents.
Judges: 
Reporter: Wisconsin Reports
Volume: 94
Pages: 123–129

Head Matter:
Miller, Appellant, vs. Bayer and others, Respondents.
September 23
October 13, 1896.
Pleading: Construction: Immaterial allegations: Abortion: Justificar tion: Consent as defense.
1. In determining whether a complaint states a cause of action, the question is not whether the plaintiff used the most appropriate language in stating his case, but whether the language used will permit of a construction which will sustain the pleading, and to that end such effect should be given to its allegations as will support it, so far as this can he done without adding constructively material words or giving the language used a meaning that cannot reasonably be attributed to it.
2. Where the general scope and purpose of a complaint is apparent and the language used will admit of a construction consistent therewith, such construction, should be adopted, notwithstanding historical allegations, which, when viewed apart from such evident purpose, might be held to state a cause of action inconsistent therewith.
3. In an action for damages for producing an abortion the justifiableness of the act under sec. 4352, R. S., is a matter of defense, and hence need not be negatived in the complaint.
4. A complaint, in such a case, charging that an unlawful combinar tion was entered into among the defendants to do the act complained of, to prevent scandal and to save the reputation of one of them, and that what was thereafter done was pursuant to such unlawful combination, sufficiently negatives the justifiableness of the abortion under sec. 4352, R. S.
5. Consent by one person to the performance of an unlawful act upon him by another does not constitute a defense to an action to recover the damages which he thereby sustained.
Appeal from orders of the circuit court for La Crosse county: O. B. WyMAN, Circuit Judge.
Reversed.
The plaintiff charges in her complaint that in July, 1894, at the residence of defendants Christian and BMlipine Bayer, she was assaulted and raped and ravished, by force and against her will, by defendant Herman Bayer, a son of said Christian and Philipine-Bayer; that thereafter, on sev eral occasions, she was abused, in like manner by said Eer-man Bayer; that by reason thereof she became, in the month of October, 1894, pregnant; that defendant Bermam Bayer knew of her condition on November 14, 1894; that defendants Christian Bayer and Philippine Bayer knew of such condition in December, 1894; that with full knowledge of such condition on the part of said Philippine Bayer and Christian Bayer, they and their said son, for the purpose of preventing scandal and saving the reputation of said Ber-man Bayer, entered into collusion with defendant 'Kennett to cause a criminal operation to be performed upon the body of plaintiff and to have the said Kennett perform an abortion upon her body; that, pursuant to said conspiracy, plaintiff was removed to the house of one William Kruger, in the city of La Crosse, on the 28th day of January, 1895, and on the 29th day of January, 1895, in said city, said criminal operation was performed by the said Kennett. In addition the complaint contains allegations respecting the injury caused to plaintiff by reason of the acts performed as aforesaid, and allegations of aggravating circumstances, and concludes with a prayer for judgment against all the defendants for the sum of $10,190, besides costs and disbursements.
Defendant Kennett demurred to the complaint upon the ground: First, that several causes of action are improperly united; second, that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The other defendants joined in a demurrer upon the same grounds. Both demurrers were sustained, and plaintiff appealed.
John A. Daniels and E. H. Smalley, for the appellant.
To the point that the consent of the plaintiff to the abortion was no defense they cited Wharton, Grim. -Law (9th ed.), § 593; Bishop, Stat. Crimes, § 744; People v. Vedder, 98 N. T. 630; Comm. v. Wood, 11 Cray, 86; White v. Murt-land, 71 Ill. 268; Shay v. Thompson, 59 Wis. 540; Phams v. Waite, 83 id. 286; Ba/rholt v. Wright, 45 Ohio St. 177; Cooley, Torts, 163; Adams v.. Waggoner, 33 Inch 531, 5 Am. Eep. 230; Bell v. Hansley, 3 Jones, Law, 131; Logan v. Austin, 1 Stewart, 476; Bole v. Hrshine, 35 N. H. 503; Me-Cue v. Klein, 60 Tes. 168, 48 Am. Eep. 260; State v. Glass, 5 Oreg. 73; Gomm. v. Snow, 116 Mass. 47.
C. L. Hood, for the respondents Bayer.
For the respondent Kennett there was a brief by Bleekman, Bloomingdale & Bergh, and ora] argument by F. H. Bloomingdale.

Opinion:
Marshall, J.
We first consider whether the complaint states a cause of action against all the defendants. Obviously, if it states such cause of action, it is for entering into an unlawful combination to injure the plaintiff by unlawfully producing the abortion charged, and the carrying out of the conspiracy. If is strongly urged on the part of the defendants that an unlawful combination or conspiracy is not charged, and in support of such contention the learned counsel for the defendants are extremely critical respecting plaintiff's use of the word "collusion." The complaint charges that defendants entered into collusion to do the unlawful and wrongful acts which resulted in her injury. Counsel indulges in rather a hypercritical course of reasoning, we must say, to show that the word "collusion," taken in connection with the context, does not charge the entering into of an unlawful combination. Collusion is synonymous with conspiracy. It is an agreement for a wrongful purpose; .a secret agreement by two or more persons to obtain an unlawful object. Standard Diet. It is an agreement to obtain an object forbidden by law. Bouv. Law Diet. 292. It is a .secret agreement and co-operation for a fraudulent purpose. "Webst. Diet. "We are not called upon to determine whether the plaintiff used the most appropriate language in stating her case, but whether the language used will permit of a con struction which will sustain the pleading. The rule that once prevailed, that a pleading should be construed most strongly against the pleader, has been long since abrogated by statute. Sec. 2668, E. S., provides that: "In the construction of a pleading for the purpose of determining its effect, its allegations shall be liberally construed with a view to substantial justice between the parties." "Every reasonable intendment and presumption is to be made in favor of the pleading." Morse v. Gilman, 16 Wis. 504 "If the essential facts can be gathered from the pleading, or may be reasonably inferred from the allegations, it is good, though such allegations be in form uncertain, incomplete, and defective." Flanders v. Mc Vickar, 7 Wis. 372; Horn v. Ludington, 28 Wis. 81; Merrill v. Merrill, 53 Wis. 522. Applying the foregoing rules, the word " collusion," as used in the complaint, most clearly charges defendants with entering into an unlawful combination to injure the plaintiff by performing upon her an abortion. It charges that they agreed together to have defendant Kewnett perform upon the body of the plaintiff a criminal operation and an abortion ; that, by reason thereof, such criminal operation was performed by said Kennett; that plaintiff was then quick with child, which was well known to all the parties before the performing of said abortion, as aforesaid. Evidently the pleader used the words " perform a criminal operation " and "perform an abortion" synonymously. In construing pleadings by the liberal rules heretofore referred to, we are not confined to the word "abortion" where the complaint charges an agreement to perform an abortion, as the antecedent of that portion of the clause charging that the parties knew of plaintiff's condition " at the time of the performing of said abortion." Sense requires that the reference should be to an act theretofore charged as having been actually performed; that is, the criminal operation. To so construe the pleading is allowable and, looking at the contest, such was tbe clear intent of tbe pleader. Yan Sant. PL ?Y3. All criticisms of a pleading must give way to sucb effect being given to its allegations as will support it, to tbe end that substantial justice may be obtained, so far as tbis can be done, without constructively adding material allegations or words to tbe pleading, or giving to its language a meaning that' cannot be reasonably attributed thereto.
It is argued that to cause an abortion is not necessarily criminal; hence that no cause of action is stated, because tbe exception contained in E. S. sec. 4352, is not negatived. If the act was justifiable, clearly, in an action for damages, tbe facts in that regard are a matter of defense; hence not necessary to be alleged in tbe complaint. Moreover, tbe complaint sufficiently negatives justification on tbe ground of tbe necessity of saving life, under sec. 4352, E. S., in that it expressly charges that tbe unlawful combination was entered into to do tbe act complained of, to prevent scandal and to save tbe reputation of Herman Bayer, and that what was thereafter done was pursuant to sucb unlawful combination.
It is further contended that plaintiff cannot recover, because she submitted to tbe operation performed upon her. Sucb is not tbe law. Consent by one person to allow another to perform an unlawful act upon sucb person does not constitute a defense to an action to recover tbe actual damages which sucb person thereby received. 2 Greenl. Ev. § 85; Shay v. Thompson, 59 Wis. 540; Fitzgerald v. Cavin, 110 Mass. 153; Adams v. Waggoner, 33 Ind. 531; Comm. v. Collberg, 119 Mass. 350.
Tbe foregoing covers all tbe questions presented in regard to whether tbe complaint states a cause of action against all tbe defendants. We must resolve sucb question in favor of the pleading, and bold that both general demurrers were improperly sustained.
It is further contended that, if an action is stated against all the defendants jointly, a separate and additional cause of action is stated against Herman Bayer for damages for unlawfully assaulting the plaintiff; hence, that two causes •of action are improperly united in the complaint.
The complaint charges the pregnancy of plaintiff, and that it was the result of an unlawful assault and rape committed upon her by Herman Bmjer. Then follows the charge that all the defendants entered into an unlawful conspiracy to produce the abortion; then allegations showing that the object of the conspiracy was accomplished; then allegations respecting the resulting damages; then the prayer for judgment. It is because of the acts charged as having been committed by defendant Hermcun Bayer before the formation of the conspiracy that it is claimed a separate cause of action is stated as to him. It is quite likely that the circumstances preceding the formation of the conspiracy are set forth with unnecessary particularity, but that does not constitute a fatal defect in the complaint to be reached by demurrer. "When the general scope and purpose of a complaint is apparent, and the language used will admit of a construction consistent therewith, such construction should be adopted, notwithstanding allegations introduced by way of giving a history of the case, which, when viewed apart from such evident purpose, might be held to state a cause of action inconsistent therewith. Such is the effect of the reasoning in Merrill v. Merrill, supra, and is a proper rule to be followed in the construction of pleadings. The allegations charging the assault were evidently introduced by the pleader by way of showing a history of the transactions leading up to the unlawful combination to injure the plaintiff and its consummation, which form the groundwork of her cause of action against all the defendants; if properly so introduced, or as matter of inducement, commonly so -called, they constitute no part of the cause of action. 2 Wait, Prac. 417. If not properly so introduced, they may be re garded as mere surplusage. Hence we hold that tbe complaint does not state a cause of action against Herman Bayer separate from that stated against all the defendants; therefore, that it states but one cause of action, and that against all the defendants; and that the demurrer upon the ground that the several causes of action are improperly united is not well taken.
By the Court.— The orders of the circuit court sustaining the demurrers are reversed, and the cause of action remanded for further proceedings according to law.