Case Name: M. Groh's Sons, Appellant, v. Julia A. Groh, as Executrix, etc., of John Groh, Deceased, Respondent
Court: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1903
Citations: 80 A.D. 85
Docket Number: 
Parties: M. Groh’s Sons, Appellant, v. Julia A. Groh, as Executrix, etc., of John Groh, Deceased, Respondent.
Judges: 
Reporter: Appellate Division Reports
Volume: 80
Pages: 85–97

Head Matter:
M. Groh’s Sons, Appellant, v. Julia A. Groh, as Executrix, etc., of John Groh, Deceased, Respondent.
Corporation—liability of, for the informal acts of one conducting its business—its business decided upon by conversations between two of its directors—objection on appeal that evidence, claimed on the trial to be immaterial, is prejudicial—proper method of reviewing improper statement of counsel to the jury.
Where all the stock and bonds of a corporation are owned by a mother and her son, who constitute a majority of the board of directors, the remaining member of such board being a mere employee, and the son conducts the business of the corporation without the formality of holding directors’ meetings or evidencing any act of the corporation by written minutes, a third party may charge the corporation upon an obligation incurred by the son within the general scope of the business of the corporation without showing that the son had formal authority from the corporation to incur such liability.
The mother and son may agree, either by conversation or otherwise, to appropriate a portion of the funds of the corporation to the payment of dividends to themselves and such use of the corporate funds will be upheld unless it impairs the rights of third parties.
Where, upon the trial of an action, the plaintiff objects to the admission of certain evidence introduced by the defendant, on the ground that it is immaterial, but makes no claim that he will be prejudiced by its introduction, he cannot raise the question whether such evidence was prejudicial to him upon an appeal from a judgment rendered in favor of the defendant.
Any error involved in the admission of such testimony is cured where the court, at the request of the plaintiff's counsel, charges the jury that the testimony in question had no bearing upon the issues in the action.
The only way in which the propriety of any matter contained in the summing up of counsel upon a trial can be presented to the Appellate Division is for the aggrieved party to call the attention of the court to the improper matter, take an exception thereto and insert such matter in the record.
O’Brien, J., dissented.
Appeal by the plaintiff, M. Groh’s Sons, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 23d day of November, 1901, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 17th day of October, 1901, denying the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes:
Thomas AUison, for the appellant.
Abram I. Elkus, for the respondent.

Opinion:
Hatch, J.:
This action was commenced against John Groh, and an answer was interposed by him. He died before the case came on for trial, his executrix was substituted as defendant, and an amended answer was served by her.
The plaintiff is a domestic corporation. Three separate causes of action are alleged in the complaint. In the first cause of action it is averred that M. Groh's Sons prior to December 30, 1896, was a copartnership; that the defendant's testator, John Groh, had charge of its cash, and that between June 1, 1895, and December 30, 1896, .he received $7,175.02 belonging to said copartnership, which he still retains and refuses to account therefor; that the plaintiff purchased said' copartnership and all its claims on the 30th day of December, 1896. For a second cause of action, that between December 30, 1896, and April 17, 1897, the said John Groh, while president and treasurer of plaintiff, received as such president and treasurer $1,577.53, the property of plaintiff, which he has appropriated to his own use; that the plaintiff has duly demanded of the said John Groh prior to the commencement of this action the sum so appropriated, but that he has failed to return the same. For a third cause of action, that the said John Groh on or about the 17th day of April, 1897, received from this plaintiff, without consideration, the sum of $6,763.16, and that said sum was procured by the said John Groh from this plaintiff by said Groh's representations that it was due and owing to him, when in fact there was nothing owing him from the plaintiff, all of which the said Groh well knew at the time he made the representations as aforesaid; that- before the commencement of this action the plaintiff duly demanded from said John Groh the payment of said last-mentioned sum, so received by him without consideration; that the same has not been paid, nor any part thereof. Then follows a demand for judgment for the full amount set forth in the three causes of action, $15,515.71.
The answer, after admitting the. copartnership of M. Groh's Sons and the incorporation of the plaintiff, denies the receipt and appropriation of the money alleged in the first and second causes of action, and denies that the sum declared upon in the third cause of action was wrongfully obtained, averring that it was justly due to the said John Groh and his mother, Julia A. Groh, as the undivided earnings and profits upon their shares of stock in the concern. For a second and separate defense to the first and second causes of action, the defendant set forth a history of the transaction, which shows that prior to the 1st day of January, 1897, the defendant with one Julia A. Groh was carrying on the business of brewers as a partnership under the firm name and style of "M. Groh's Sons; " that upon January 1, 1897, a corporation was formed for the purpose of carrying on said business under the same name, and all the real and personal property of the old firm was transferred to the corporation so formed; that the said John Groh and Julia A. Groh owned all the capital stock in equal shares; that one George Flammer, an attorney and counselor at law, had been the attorney for the old firm, and continued to be the attorney for the corporation and was the personal attprney for the said John and Julia A. Groh, and was familiar with and had knowledge of all their business affairs; that on April 16, 1897, the said Flammer purchased all the capital stock of said Julia A. Groh, being one-half of the whole, and through her purchased for himself one share from the said John Groh; that certain expenses, amounting to $8,332.30 up to the time of this transfer of stock, had been paid out by the said John Groh, and that he had not credited himself therefor upon the books of the corpora tion, and that on the 15th day of April, 1897, the said John Groh had said last-mentioned sum credited upon said books as expenses having been paid; that on or about the 15th day of April, 1897, the plaintiff, with the consent and approval of the said Flammer and Julia A. Groh, paid to the said John Groh and Julia A. Groh $3,381.68 each, which was due them as earnings upon their capital stock; that, by an instrument in writing, the said Flammer released the said Julia A. Groh from all the liability set forth in the complaint.
The first two causes of action may be considered together; for all practical purposes they arise out of the same state of facts, and resort is had to the same class of proof in establishment of their existence as constituting a legal demand against the estate of John Groh. The proof upon the part of the plaintiff, bearing thereon, tended to show that the cash book, kept by the firm, showed that there was cash received between June 1, 1895, and December 30, 1896, amounting to $7,175.02, which, so far as shown by the .book, had not been paid over by John Groh to the firm, or deposited with the firm's assets, and that it had never been received by the corporation. The second cause of action was arrived at by deducting two items which had been entered in the cash book under the direction of John Groh, one being: "By expense, sundries, oje old firm, $8,332.30." These two items made up the sum of $8,752.55, and deducting therefrom the amount claimed in the first cause of action, leaves a balance of $1,577.53, the amount which the plaintiff claimed John Groh was chargeable with, which said sum has been in nowise accounted for by him to the corporation. The evidence to establish these two causes of action was given by the bookkeeper, Schwarzer. His testimony was to the effect that the balance stated in the first cause of action stood as a charge upon the cash book as money received by John Groh, for which he had not accounted; that on April 17, 1897, shortly before Flammer entered upon the control of the business, John Groh directed Schwarzer to make certain entries in the cash book from a slip, among which were the two items heretofore mentioned. Schwarzer had no personal knowledge of the transaction beyond what appeared upon the book and the directions which Groh gave to him from time to time as to the entries to be made therein. Plaintiff's case, therefore, came to rest in the establishment of these two causes of action upon the cash book, its entries and an arithmetical calculation which produced the specified sum. It is easily seen that this evidence is by no means conclusive in showing that John Groh owed these particular sums and was bound to account therefor to the corporation. It appeared with much clearness that the business methods of the concern, carried on under the partnership which had existed before the formation of the corporation, were quite loose in character and the books quite imperfectly and carelessly kept. For a long period of time it had been the custom of the firm to keep the cash received in one compartment of the safe used in the business and checks and other paper items in another compartment. "When deposits were made in a bank, they were made in equal sums in units of $100. If the paper items to be deposited did not make in amount equal hundreds, enough money was taken from the safe to equalize the matter so that the deposit would make the unit. In the course of business, money was placed in the safe and paid out without going into the cash book at all, such moneys being represented by slips, which took the place of cash paid out. These items were never placed in the cash book and the bookkeeper knew nothing about them, did not have charge of the cash, did not know how much was paid out and only made his entries in the book from time to time as specified and directed by Groh. This course of business had continued for a long period of time. When Michael Groh, the brother of John, was alive, he and John had access to the cash drawer and they were the only persons who placed cash therein, or paid cash therefrom. During Michael's lifetime he gave more attention to this branch of the business than did John. When he died, John was the only person who had control of the matter. It appeared by the testimony of one Wernz that he was in the employ of M. Groh's sons from the beginning of 1895 to August, 1896, and he states the course of business during that period of time, and testifies that sums of money for a considerable number of purposes were paid out from the cash drawer without entering the sums in the cash book ; that the sums so paid out were usually represented by slips, but no entries of the transactions appeared upon any book. The two brothers and Julia A. Groh, the mother, were the only persons interested in the partnership, and it being a family affair, among the members of which existed amicable relations, no complaint was made of the looseness of business methods, or that which obtained in the receiving and paying out of cash. It is easy to see that under this system, involving as it did the receipt and payment of large sums of money, that bookkeeping would only represent a part of the transaction and would furnish a very unsafe basis upon which to found a charge of the misappropriation of moneys. The whole subject-matter was gone into in considerable detail, and it is quite evident that the jury were authorized to find that the moneys which these items in the cash book showed did not in fact represent the sums on hand which John Groh was required to turn over to the corporation, and also to find that at the time when the transfer was made to Flammer, there was no money in fact actually chargeable against John Groh and due to the corporation. Hpon these two causes of action, the evidence was conflicting; different inferences can easily be drawn therefrom; the jury were authorized to draw the inference, and having found that John Groh was not chargeable with these sums, we think such conclusion must be supported.
The third cause of action presents a different question and rests upon different evidence. When Flammer assumed control of the corporation on April 17, 1897, John Groh directed Schwarzer to draw two checks, one for $5,241.65 and the other for $1,521.47. The bookkeeper testifies that after the checks were drawn, John Groh went to the desk of Mr. Flammer in the same office and said: " Here is two checks I wish you to sign. They are moneys due me from the old firm." Mr. Flammer said, " well, if you say they are all right, I will sign them." They were thereupon signed and handed to Groh. Of the proceeds of these checks, John Groh paid one-half to his mother. The fact that he had these two checks and their proceeds is undisputed. John Groh's estate, therefore, is liable to pay the same, unless it is made to appear that he and his mother were entitled to receive this sum of money as due to them from the corporation. It is claimed by the defendant that such is the fact; that these persons were entitled to have and receive such sums as profits or earnings upon their stock in the corporation between December 30, 1896, and April 17, 1897, during which time they were the owners and holders of all the stock and would be entitled to a dividend therefrom, if in fact it had been earned and declared. The corporation at this time was a family affair. It had changed none of its business methods from what had existed when it was a partnership. John Groh and his mother owned all the stock and bonds. They were a majority of the board of directors; the third member was an employee and followed Groh's instructions. All the offices of the corporation were held by John Groh and his mother and the former conducted the business of the corporation without going through the form of holding directors' meetings or evidencing any act of the corporation by written minutes. In so far as John Groh dealt with third parties in connection with the business carried on by the corporation, he could create a legal liability against, it and a third party would not be driven to the necessity of showing a resolution authorizing such dealing, or other minute vesting him with authority to act. Under such circumstances the business of the corporation may be lawfully carried on without formal votes, and if the obligation incurred is within the general scope of the business of the corporation, the transaction will be upheld and the third party need not prove formal action to establish the liability of the corporation. (Sheridan Electric L. Co. v. Chatham Nat. Bank, 52 Hun, 575 ; affd. on appeal, 127 N. Y. 517; Hall v. Herter Brothers, 83 Hun, 19; S. C. on another appeal, 90 id. 280 ; affd. on appeal on opinion below, 157 N. Y. 694.) As between the owners and holders of all the stock of a corporation, it must in principle follow that the members of such corporation entitled to receive dividends may agree among themselves, either by conversation or otherwise, to appropriate of the funds of the corporation a specified sum, as agreed upon, and distribute the same, and the stockholder, upon the receipt of it, will acquire good title thereto as against the other members of the corporation. It amounts to a mere division of the property by agreement of all the parties in interest, and as between them it is perfectly good and may not be attacked where the act does riot impair the rights of third parties. It appears in the testimony that this money was in fact divided between Mrs. Groh and John, and Mrs. Groh testified that it was her share of the moneys which belonged-to the old firm; that she knew that this was money due to her; the amount that was coming, she did net know until she received it, but the purpose for
which it was to be paid she did know, and it had been the subject of an arrangement between herself and John prior to the time when it was to be paid to her. According to the testimony of the bookkeeper, John Groh claimed when he received the checks that they were for money due to him which had accrued prior to the transfer to Flammer. Flammer also understood this claim, as Groh told him what the money was for and he knew when he signed the checks0 that they were given for the purpose of discharging a claim. If the claim existed as a legitimate debt which Groh and his mother were entitled to withdraw from the corporation, then he had the right to take the same and Flammer could not be misled as to the purpose for which the checks were delivered if the claim existed. It only remains, therefore, to see if the evidence was sufficient to authorize the jury to find that the moneys represented by the checks .had in fact been appropriated by agreement between Mrs. Groh and her son, while they were the owners and holders of the stock and in control of the corporation. The evidence as to the earnings of the corporation during the period of time when its stock was held by Mrs. Groh and her son is the subject of much testimony; the figures are not only confusing, but counsel have been enabled to draw entirely different conclusions from the testimony. The defendant claims and quotes from the testimony to show that the profits of the corporation during this period of time were upon the average $3,350 per month, and up to the time when the transfer to Flammer took place amounted to something over $11,000; while from the same testimony the plaintiff is enabled to extract that the average profits were only $850.66§ per month, and for the three and one-half months the gross profits amounted only to $2,977.33-J-. The checks amounted to $6,763.12. It may be said that the evidence in establishment of the sum earned as profits at this time is quite uncertain, so much so that to make an accurate estimate of the same is quite impossible. The amount withdrawn was much less than the defendant claims was earned and over twice as much as claimed by the plaintiff. The proof clearly shows that some sum was earned as profits, and the jury were authorized to find that the sum which was withdrawn by the defendant did not exceed the amount of profits which the business had earned. Because the proof is somewhat uncertain the jury are not precluded from finding a fact there from, and the result of their finding is no more speculative and conjectural than it is in many other classes of actions, and because it is difficult or impossible to arrive at exact figures does not furnish a reason why the jury should make no finding at all. All the facts have been laid before them, and from those facts they were authorized to make the finding which they reached. Equitably, Mrs. Groh and her son were entitled to the profits which the stock of the corporation had earned during the time they were the exclusive owners thereof. The defendant Flammer by his purchase did not acquire the right to such profits unless it was understood that no dividend was to be paid therefrom. The profits having been earned and Mrs. Groh and her son being equitably entitled thereto, they had the right to agree upon the withdrawal of a sum which should not exceed their interest prior to the time when Flammer's interest attached. That they did so agree is meagerly established by the testimony, but enough, we think, appeared to authorize the jury so to find. Mrs. Groh understood that she was to have and receive the sum of money on account of this matter. What its exact amount was she did not know. Nobody could have known from the manner and method in which the business was conducted. That John Groh so understood it is also made clear. His mouth is closed, but the fact that he made the claim that this sum was due him and that he asserted such claim when the checks were drawn and signed, had previous to that time had negotiations with his mother and subsequently gave to her one-half of such proceeds, is sufficient evidence from which the jury could find that the agreement to distribute this sum of money was made between them and that such sum represented the earnings of their stock for the period of time they were exclusively entitled to have and receive the same. We think, therefore, that the jury were authorized to find that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover upon any of its causes of action.
It is claimed, however, that errors were committed upon the trial, which call for reversal of this judgment. The defendant was permitted to prove that after Flammer entered upon the control of the affairs of the corporation, he made himself president thereof and his two brothers-in-law directors; that he voted himself a salary of $15,000 a year, and subsequently increased it to $25,000 and also paid salaries to the other directors in connection with positions held by them in the management of the corporation. Objection was made to this testimony. The objection was overruled and the testimony received. The basis of the objection was that it was immaterial. The testimony was immaterial to any issue presented by the pleadings. The plaintiff, however, nowhere claimed upon the trial that it was prejudiced by the introduction of such testimony. Its sole complaint was that it was immaterial as bearing upon any issue. Upon this appeal it is argued that it was not only immaterial, but incompetent, improper and prejudicial. It was the duty of counsel to call the court's attention to the ground of objection. Had the court's attention been called thereto, doubtless it would have excluded it or it might have been withdrawn, (Turner v. City of Newburgh, 109 N. Y. 301.) The question as now sought to be presented was not raised. (Atkins v. Elwell, 45 N. Y. 753; Charlton v. Rose, 24 App. Div. 485.) When the objection was made that the testimony was immaterial it was conceded to be competent. ( Ward v. Kilpatrick, 85 N. Y. 413.)
Assuming, however, that error could be predicated of this ruling, it appears that at the close of the charge counsel for the plaintiff asked the court to charge that the amount of Mr. Hammer's salary had no bearing upon the issues in this action, and the court so charged. It was within the defendant's right to ask that this testimony be disregarded. (Platner v. Platner, 78 N. Y. 90.) Counsel did not ask that it be disregarded, but he asked the court to charge that it had no bearing upon the issues. The court granted to the counsel all the relief in respect to such testimony which was asked to be given. He might have asked that such testimony be stricken from the record; that the jury be instructed to disregard it, and request such charge as would eliminate, so far as was possible to have eliminated, any harmful results which may have resulted from its introduction. Counsel, however, contented himself upon this subject with the request which he made and which was charged, and as he obtained with respect to such testimony all that he asked, he ought not now to be heard to complain because he did not ask more, or all, to which he was entitled. If, therefore, error was committed in receiving it, it was cured by the request which was made as relief was granted to the full extent to which the plaintiff asked.
It is further objected that counsel was permitted to read in evi dence the answer, sworn to by John Groh. The record shows that the answer was introduced in evidence, and counsel objected upon the ground that " it is evidence for the plaintiff in his own behalf." The objection was overruled and exception taken. Counsel for the plaintiff then asked, " Does your Honor admit it as evidence of the facts stated in it?" The Court: "No; it is not entitled to be regarded as evidence of the fact." Plaintiff's counsel: " It is for that purpose my friend offers it, because it is before the Court for the trial of the issues and not for the facts contained in it." The Court: " I will receive it as one of the pleadings in the case." Counsel did not object to this ruling of the court, which simply received the answer in evidence as one of the pleadings before the court. He is to be deemed, therefore, as acquiescing in this holding of the court, that for this limited purpose it might be properly considered. The court expressly excluded it as evidence of the facts stated in it. At the close of the case and before charging the jury, the court called the parties' attention to the reception of the answer in evidence, and stated that if plaintiff stood upon the objection and exception, the answer would be stricken out, and further stated to counsel for the defendant that he had a perfect right to comment upon the pleadings before the jury. Defendant's counsel then stated: " Very well, I will withdraw it." The court then stated the qualification under which it was first admitted, and counsel for the defendant said : " I may comment on it to the jury," to which the court replied: " Oh, yes, you have a perfect right." Counsel for the plaintiff made no objection to this disposition of the matter, and took no exception to the ruling of the court thereon. Consequently he must be considered as having acquiesced in such ruling, and may not now predicate error of it. It is urged upon our attention that counsel for the defendant commented upon the facts set forth in the answer before the jury and made an argument based thereon. Such fact does not appear in anything contained in the record. If counsel's summing up to the jury was improper in any respect, the only way any question could be presented arising thereon was for the plaintiff to have called the attention of the court to the improper matter, taken an exception thereto and inserted the language, claimed to be improper, in the record, so that the court, upon the appeal, might see that the exception thereto was good. There is nothing in this record which raises any such question. Indeed, there is nothing to show that the defendant even referred to the answer in his summing up before the jury.
Other exceptions have been urged upon our attention, but all of them are embraced within the discussion already had, and need not further receive attention from us. We do not think that any prejudicial error was committed against the plaintiff which has been the subject of a proper exception, enabling it to be reviewed by this court, or if so, plaintiff has waived any rights which he possessed to object thereto.
It follows that the judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
Van Brunt, P. J., Ingraham and McLaughlin, JJ., concurred; O'Brien, J., dissented.