Case Name: McLEAN v. LADD
Court: New York Supreme Court, General Term
Jurisdiction: New York
Decision Date: 1892-12-12
Citations: 21 N.Y.S. 196
Docket Number: 
Parties: McLEAN v. LADD.
Judges: 
Reporter: West's New York Supplement
Volume: 21
Pages: 196–201

Head Matter:
McLEAN v. LADD.
(Supreme Court, General Term, Second Department.
December 12, 1892.)
1. Executors—Purchase of Land—Power to Mortgage. An executor who purchases land with trust funds when no such power is given him in the will, is nevertheless invested with the full legal title, though between the executor and his beneficiaries it is impressed .with a trust which they could enforce; and, since the title dues not come to him under the will, his want of power to mortgage under that instrument does not apply, and a mortgage executed by him on the property is valid.
2. Same—Foreclosure—Parties. The beneficiaries did not acquire any direct estate of interest in the property so purchased with the trust funds, and it was not subject to any of the trusts in the will, and therefore, in an action to foreclose the mortgage executed by the executor, it was not necessary to make any parties defendant except such executor. ....
Case submitted on agreed statement.
Action by Summerfield McLean against Francois J. G. Ladd to enforce specific performance of a contract to purchase land. Case submitted on agreed facts. Judgment for plaintiff.
Argued before BARNARD, P. J., and DYICMAN and PRATT, JJ.
Abner C. Thomas, for plaintiff.
A. W. Byrt, for defendant.

Opinion:
DYKMAN, J.
A controversy has arisen between these parties, which has been submitted to this court for judicial determination upon a conceded state of facts. The course pursued is to be encouraged, because it furnishes a rapid and inexpensive method for the settlement of disputes, and secures a decision as certain and satisfactory as could be reached after the'most, obstinate litigation. The basal facts are these: Thomas Connell made a last will and testament and two codicils thereto, in which William Connell, John Quinn, and Philip Lyons were named as executors. After the death of the testator, his will and codicils were proved and admitted to probate, and letters testamentary were issued thereon to John Quinn, one of the persons named as such executors, on the 14th day of July, 1873. The third clause of the will reads as follows, and remains unaffected by the codicils:
"Third. "Inasmuch as my personal estate is insufficient to pay the legacies hereinafter given, I hereby give and devise to my executors hereinafter named, or to such of them as shall qualify, all my real estate and chattels real of which I may die seised or possessed, in trust to sell and dispose of the same at public or private sale, in such parcels, at such times, and upon such terms, as shall seem to them expedient and most conducive to the interests of my estate, and to apply the proceeds thereof, together with the avails of my personalty not herein specifically devised, to the payment of the debts and of the legacies and bequests herein contained. .And upon such sale or sales I empower my executors, or such of them as shall qualify, and the survivor of them, to execute and deliver good and sufficient deeds of conveyance, and to receive payment, either wholly in cash, or, in their discretion, partly in cash, and the balance, not being exceeding sixty per cent, of the purchase price, in the bond of the purchaser, secured by mortgage upon the property conveyed; and until such sale I direct my executors to collect the rents and profits of my real estate, and to apply so much thereof as may be necessary to the payment of the taxes and assessments thereon, and, if the receipts from such1 shall be insufficient therefor, then to pay the deficiency from the avails of my personal estate "
On or about May 1,. 1888, John W. Collins, being then the owner in fee of the premises with his wife, executed and delivered to John Quinn, as trustee of and under the last will and testament of Thomas Connell, deceased, a deed of conveyance containing a general warranty with the usual full covenants and proper form to convey the title of the premises. The consideration of that conveyance was $3,000-, more than $1,500 of which" was paid by deducting and allowdng that amount from the consideration for a -valid mortgage on the premises made by Theodore D. Lyons and wife to one David Carll, to secure the payment of $1,500 and interest, with all accrued interest thereon from August 1, 1887. The balance of the consideration, being between fourteen and fifteen hundred dollars, was paid by Quinn in cash. On or about August 17, 1888, John Quinn, as trustee of and under the last will and testament of Thomas Connell,'deceased, éxecuted and delivered to the Harlem Co operative Building & Loan Association .a mortgage to secure the sum of $3,000. Part of the money advanced on that mortgage was used in paying the last-named mortgage for $1,500, which was thereupon, on or about the 18th day of August, 1888, canceled and discharged of record, and all or part of the balance thereof was used and expended by the mortgagee in improving the premises. In making the purchase of the premises by Quinn, he used the money which formed a part of the assets of the estate of Connell in his hands as trustee. Thereafter an action was commenced in the supreme court in Westchester county by the Harlem Co-operative Building & Loan Association against John Quinn, as trustee of and under the last will and testament of Thomas Connell, deceased, to foreclose the last-named mortgage for $3,000. In that action John Quinn, as trustee under the last will and testament of Connell, was duly served with the papers, and appeared by his attorney, but no other person was joined with him as a defendant. John Quinn demurred to the complaint, on the ground that there was a defect of parties defendant, in that the complaint was to foreclose a mortgage alleged to have been made by him as trustee, and the beneficiaries having an interest in the estate were not made parties defendant. After argument on that demurrer, such proceedings were had that the judgment of foreclosure and sale was entered in that action about January 18,1890, in the usual form, and the referee was appointed to sell the mortgaged premises, and out of the proceeds to pay the claim of the plaintiff, with interest and costs. Quinn appealed from that judgment to the general term of the supreme court, where the judgment was affirmed, with costs. 10 N. Y. Supp. 682. The referee named in the judgment thereafter sold the premises at public auction, and on the sale the Harlem Co-operative Building & Loan Association, became the purchaser of the property, and, in pursuance of the sale, the referee delivered a deed of conveyance of the premises to the purchaser, the building association, on the 14th day of March, 1890. The proceedings in the foreclosure suit were regularly conducted. The Harlem Cooperative Building & Loan Association conveyed the premises to Summer-field McLean, the plaintiff in this action, by deed of conveyance dated January 30, 1892, which was in due form, and has been regularly recorded. On receiving his deed of conveyance, the plaintiff, McLean, executed and delivered a purchase-money mortgage to the grantor, the building association. On the 30th day of January, 1892, the plaintiff and defendant made an agreement in writing, by which the plaintiff agreed to sell and convey the same premises to the defendant for $3,000, to be paid as'follows: $50- at the date of the agreement; $2,800 by assuming the payment of the purchase-money mortgage upon the premises; and the balance, $150, at the time of the delivery of the deed of conveyance. The defendant paid $50 on account of the purchase money at the time of the execution of the contract, and thereafter incurred an expense of $100 in examining the title to the premises. On or about February 15, 1892, the parties met at the place mentioned in the agreement, and the plaintiff made a tender of performance of his contract which was in all respects sufficient. The defendant then refused to ac cept the title, or carry out the contract, and demanded a return of the money paid by him on account thereof, with $100 for expenses incurred in examination of the title, on the sole ground that the title of the plaintiff was not a good and sufficient title, and that the deed tendered by him could not, for that reason, convey the fee simple of the premises.
The questions submitted to the court are these: First. Is the plaintiff entitled to judgment against the defendant for the specific performance of the agreement to purchase the property on receiving a deed of conveyance therefor in the manner and form required by the contract by paying the balance of the purchase money directed to be paid, and assuming the mortgage of $2,800? Second. Is the defendant "entitled to a judgment against the plaintiff for the return to him of the $50 paid on the contract, with the further sum of $100 for expenses incurred in the examination of the title? Third. Are either of the parties to this submission entitled to any further or different relief against the other?
In the third paragraph of his bill, Thomas Connell made a recitation that his personal property was insufficient for the payment of the legacies bequeathed, and gave to his executors, or such of them as should qualify, all his property, real and personal, in trust to sell and dispose of the same, and apply the proceeds, with the avails of his personal property, to the payment of debts and legacies, and in the mean time to collect the rents and profits of the real property. The will bestowed no power of reconversion or to execute mortgages, and no such power will be inferred, because it cannot become necessary to carry into execution the scheme of the will. The money paid to Collins by Quinn upon the purchase of the property belonged to-the estate of Connell, and was in the hands of Quinn, as trustee, and such use of the funds was in contravention of his trust; yet the conveyance of Collins transferred the title to Quinn, either individually or as trustee, and for the purposes of this case the capacity in which he held the title is quite immaterial. But the fact that Quinn did not take title to the property under the will of his testator is quite material, for, if he had so acquired the title, no mortgage upon the property would have been valid, because no power to mortgage is contained in the will. In relation to property purchased by Quinn, even though the purchase was made with trust funds, the same disability does not arise. The conveyance to him invested him with the full legal title, although, as between him and his beneficiaries, it was impressed with a trust, which they could enforce; yet, as the title did not come to him under the will of his testator, his want of power to mortgage under that instrument did not apply, and therefore the mortgage executed by him was a valid instrument. The fact that the property did not belong to the testator at the time of his death is material in another respect. If it had so belonged to him, then Quinn would have no title, except such as he acquired under the will as trustee; but now, so far as the title is concerned, the conveyance to him had the same effect as if it had been taken to him as an individual, and the will had no direct operation upon it. The beneficiaries never acquired any direct estate or interest in the property. It' never was subject to any of the trusts in the will, and therefore no one can dispute the conveyance to Quinn, or his mortgage thereunder. These conclusions receive support from the adjudicated cases which have arisen under purchases of real property by executors upon sales under judgments of foreclosure of mortgages belonging to their testator. Such was' the case of Lockmam v. Reilly, 95 N. Y. 64, where the executors, on foreclosure of their mortgage, became the purchasers, and received the conveyance in their name as executors; and it was held that, whether the deed was taken in the-name of the executors as such, or in their individual names, the legal, title was in them, and they might sell the same, although no power of sale was contained in the will. The same question again received the-attention of the court of appeals in the case of Haberman v. Baker, 128 N. Y. 253, 28 N. E. Rep. 370, and it was there held that when, upon, foreclosure of a mortgage belonging to the estate of a decedent, the mortgaged premises are bought in by the personal representatives, they take-on the character of the mortgage indebtedness, and so are as personal, property in their hands, which they may dispose of, and for which they are liable to account as such, even though the decedent left a will which, conferred no power upon his executors to sell real estate; and, further,, that neither the heirs of the decedent nor his residuary devisees take any direct interest in the property. The case of Valentine v. Belden, 20 Hun, 537, was an action like this, to compel a purchaser to take title.. The plaintiff foreclosed a mortgage belonging to his intestate, and ber came the purchaser at the sale under the judgment, and took a deed in his own name individually. He then entered into a contract to sell and convey the premises to the defendant, who subsequently refused to consummate the agreement, on the ground that the plaintiff, being, the administrator of the estate, could not purchase the premises under the judgment, and was therefore unable to convey a good title thereto. The court held that the land thus purchased became a substitute for the bond and mortgage, and that the plaintiff acquired a perfect title to the land, as he possessed to the bond and mortgage previous to the foreclosure, and the conveyance which he tendered to the defendant would vest in the latter a perfect title to the premises. In the case of Cook v. Ryan, 29 Hun, 249, the plaintiffs, as executors, brought an action to foreclose a mortgage owned bjr their testator. Pending the action, the property was conveyed to the plaintiffs as executors, and the action was discontinued. Subsequently a moneyed j udgment was recovered against the plaintiffs as executors, and it was held that they had power to sell the property, although no power of sale was cdnferred by the will, and that a purchaser from them would acquire a good title. The court there: said, in the course of the opinion:
"They not only have power, but it is their duty, to sell and dispose of the propperty, and to convert it into cash for the payment and discharge of liabilities of the estate of their testator; and their conveyance will constitute a perfect title."'
That case received an approving quotation from the court of appeals in Lockman v. Reilly, supra. In the action to foreclose the mortgage executed by Quinn to the building association it was unnecessary to make any parties defendant except the mortgagor, because, as we have seen, the beneficiaries under the will took no interest in the property, and. the title was vested in him alone. Moreover, the former decision of this general term is conclusive on that question.
It is perhaps unnecessary to say that our decision does not justify the action of Quinn in making the purchase of this property with trust funds; on the contrary, such action was improper, and the persons entitled to the money used in making the purchase had the right by appropriate proceedings to have the property adjudged to belong to them, or they might require the trustee to account to them for the money so-employed. But they could not have both. Baker v. Disbrow, 18 Hun, 29, affirmed in the court of appeals 79 N. Y. 631. In that case it was-said:
"An improper investment is considered, as against the trustee, as equivalent to no investment, but in favor of the cestui que trust it gives an option to claim either the investment made or the respective amounts of the original fund with interest according as the one or the other may be most for his benefit. "
It was the right of the beneficiaries, under the trusts in the Connell will, to have the entire estate converted into money; and, until they did some affirmative act looking towards an election to accept an interest in land, their interest was in the fund as personal property, and the control of the trustee over the land, and his duty to convert it into money, and his power to make such conversion, were full and complete. In the case of Rogers v. Paterson, 4 Paige, 409, a trustee of a legacy for an infant feme covert, which was invested on bond and mortgage in the name-of the trustee, took a release of the equity of redemption, thus acquiring-the legal title. The cestui que trust died during her infancy, and, whether the rights of the infant were those of an owner of land or of a beneficiary of a legacy, and also whether the property descended to her heirs-at law or passed to her husband, were the questions presented, and it was held that it continued personalty, and passed to her husband. Our examination leads us to "the conclusion that the plaintiff is entitled to-judgment against the defendant for a specific performance of the contract-All concur.