Case Name: BOYD v. STATE
Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Jurisdiction: Texas
Decision Date: 1925-03-18
Citations: 272 S.W. 134
Docket Number: No. 8808
Parties: BOYD v. STATE.
Judges: 
Reporter: South Western Reporter
Volume: 272
Pages: 134–138

Head Matter:
BOYD v. STATE.
(No. 8808.)
(Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
March 18, 1925.
Rehearing Denied May 6, 1925. Second Motion for Rehearing Denied May 20, 1925.)
1. Criminal law <&wkey;>SI4( 17) — Refusal of circumstantial evidence charge proper in view of admissions of accused.
In prosecution for murder, several admissions of accused to killing held to be equivalent to direct evidence and to obviate necessity of circumstantial evidence charge.
2. Criminal law <&wkey; 1186(4) — Refusal of circumstantial evidence charge not reversible where not prejudicial.
In murder prosecution, where issues were alibi theory, and there were alleged admissions, which accused denied, so that conviction depended chiefly on jury’s belief concerning the admissions, any error in refusal of circumstantial evidence charge would not be reviewable, under Code Or. Proe. 1911, art. 743, forbidding reversal for harmless error.
3. Criminal law <&wkey;1120(9) — Error in exclusion of contents of post card could not be considered where contents not shown.
Any error in exclusion of contents of writing on post card, by which it was sought to substantiate alibi theory, could not be determined in absence of showing in bill of exceptions of contents of card.
4. Homicide <&wkey;l74(3) — Testimony as to mental condition of accused after discovery of . body, not error.
In prosecution for murder, testimony of employer of accused that, until body of deceased was discovered, actions of accused were natural,.’but that when investigation started he seemed to be “tore up” in his mind, held not error.-
On Motion fo'r Rehearing.
5. Homicide <&wkey;228(l) — Proof of corpus de-licti ample.
In prosecution for murder, corpus delicti held amply shown'.
6. Criminal law <&wkey;784(I)— Circumstantial evidence charge not necessary, although allegation and proof be of death by means un- • known.
In prosecution for. murder, circumstantial evidence charge is not necessarily required merely because allegation and proof show a death by means unknown.
7. Criminal law <&wkey;l 124(4) — Refusal of motion for new trial not reviewed where evidence not set out in bill of exceptions.
Refusal of motion for new trial on newly discovered evidence will not be reviewed in absence of showing of the evidence in bill of exceptions or statement of facts.
Appeal from District Court, Liberty County ; J. L. Manry, Judge.
H. M. (Tinker) Boyd was convicted of murder, and he appeals.
Affirmed.
E. W. Love, of Cleveland, and C. E. Stevens, of Houston, for appellant.
Tom Garrard, State’s Atty., and Grover C. Morris, Asst. State’s Atty., both of Austin, for the State.

Opinion:
MORROW, P. J.
The offense is murder, punishment fixed at confinement in the penitentiary for a period' of 30 years.
The deceased, Annie McShan, and her two young children resided upon a place belonging to the appellant, which was situated something over a mile from the home of J. M. Burkitt, the father of the deceased. On the 15th day of June, 1922, a boy about 14 years of age, on passing the premises, observed the two young children in the yard in a neglected condition. He made a report of it to Burkitt, who, upon going to the premises, found the body of the deceased in the house in a state of decomposition indicating that she had been dead for some time.
A number of witnesses testified that the appellant had repeatedly expressed a desire that the deceased should vacate his premises. Some of these . imputed to the appellant very strong language, including profanity and threats to remove her from his premises, if not my one means then by another.
It, seems that Sam Boyd had been living in ¿dultery with the deceased, and that others, including the appellant, were frequenters of her home. Appellant resided with his family at a village some distance away, and Sam Boyd had his room there.
Three other persons besides the appellant were under suspicion, and Sam Boyd, a brother of the appellant, was tried for the offense and acquitted. He became the principal state's witness against the appellant, although there were others. Some of these testified that the appellant was seen in the vicinity of the place where the homicide took place on the nighty upon which the deceased was last seen alive by any of the witnesses who testified upon the trial.' The means by. which the homicide was committed were not definitely shown. However, a loaded pistol was found upon the bed where the body lay, another was found upon the road some distance from the house, and an iron bar, described by the evidence, was also found. Circumstances led to the view that a wound had been inflicted upon the deceased in the kitchen of the house, though her body was found upon the bed in a different room. Other circumstances, including articles of wearing apparel, Which some of the witnesses claimed belonged to the appellant, were introduced in evidence. Alleged declarations of the appellant after the .discovery of the body of the deceased were introduced.
Mrs. Mcllvain testified that a short time before the homicide, she heard the appellant say to his wife: " I will get her off of there if I have to kill her and drag her off there." She' also testified that Just after he was released from jail, he asked her did she know anything that was good for him. She replied: "Not a thing in the world." He said he did not know he killed her. He said he just intended to give her a light lick and hit her too hard. He .also said: "I begged Sam like a dog not to kill her." He did not mention the name of the deceased in this conversation. The witness said:
"I do not know of my own knowledge how Annie MeShan met her death. I just know what he told me; that's all I know."
Sam Boyd testified that he had been living at the home of the appellant, but that he treated the deceased as his common-law wife, and that he was the father of her youngest child, and often visited her. She moved on the premises of the appellant with his consent. He was therg on Thursday night before the discovery of the dead body on the following Sunday. After visiting the deceased. he (Sam Boyd) went to the barn to investigate a noise there. Returning to the house he observed the appellant and the deceased together at the door of the house, appellant having hold of the deceased. The witness did not disclose his presence but went away. The witness testified that on the following day in a conversation about the deceased, appellant said that she "needed nothing but a graveyard," and that on Monday after the body of the deceased was discovered, appellant said to the witness that he "had killed that d-n woman." The circumstances attending this conversation are set out in more detail in a subsequent part of this opinion.
Appellant insists that the ease is one of circumstantial evidence alone, and that in refusing to so instruct the jury and to inform them - of the rules pertaining to that class of evidence, there was error committed. It is the contention of the state, however, that the' declarations imputed to th.e-appel-lant' amount to a confession such.as would take the case out of the domain of circumstantial evidence. Deduced from the many authorities cited, the rule is thus stated by Mr. Branch in his Ann. Tex. P. C. § 1874, subd. 2:
"Proof that defendant admitted or confessed to having killed the deceased is direct and not circumstantial evidence of the main inculpatory fact, and a charge on circumstantial evidence is not required when proof of such admission or confession is in evidence."
See Heard v. State, 24 Tex. App. 111, 5 S. W. 846, and numerous other cases.
"If it is only by a process of inference from the confession or admission that it can be determined that defendant did the killing or was a guilty participant therein, the court in a murder case should charge the jury as to the rules of law governing circumstantial evidence." Branch's Ann. Tex. P. C. § 1873, subd. 2.
A confession is defined in Wharton's Crim. Ev. vol. 2, § 622, thus:
"A confession, as applied to criminal law, is a statement by a person, made at any time afterwards, that he committed or participated in the commission of a crime."
See Wigmore on Evidence, vol. 1, § 821.
The admission of subordinate facts not constituting guilt is not a- confession. See Wharton's Crim. Ev. vol. 2, § 622b; Wigmore on Ev. vol. 1, § 821, subd. 3. The admission of subordinate facts from w-hich the inference of guilt might be deduced is not a confession which will absolve the court from instructing the jury upon the law of circumstantial evidence. Wharton's Crim. Ev. vol. 2, § 622b, subd. 3.
Appellant cites Eckert v. State, 9 Tex. App. 105; Conner v. State, 17 Tex. App. 15; Trijo v. State, 45 Tex. Cr. R. 127, 74 S. W. 546. From Eckert's Case, supra, we quote the comments of this court on the theory of the state:
"The appellant, on the night before the assault, lost a sorrel horse. On ascertaining his loss, on the next morning, he followed the trail in pursuit of the thief, and upon coming in view and range of the supposed thief, he shot at him. Kloepper, the injured party, was on that morning riding a sorrel horse and was shot by some unknown person; therefore the appellant must haVe been the person who shot Kloepper. There is nothing in the record which establishes that the 'appellant shot at the supposed thief in the same locality in which Kloep-per was shot."
In Conner's Case, supra, Fed. and Charles Conner were on trial. The persons killed were Eli Lowe and Kit Smith. There were circumstances pointing to the appellants and Willis Conner and William Conner as the offenders. To take the ease out ,of the category of circumstantial evidence, the state relied upon tlie declarations, not of tlie accused Fed. and Charles Conner, but of Willis and William Conner. The declarations imputed to Willis Conner were these: He was ashed' by his wife: "Did you do what you went to do?" Willis replied: "Tes, I did." His wife then asked: "Are you sure they are dead?" Willis replied: "Tes, they are, and they won't steal any more of my hogs, nor dog any more of my stock." The statement imputed to William Conner was:
"I guess the d-d son of a b-h won't curse me any more. I took two pops at him with John's Smith & Wesson pistol, and she is as good as Mollie ever rubbed her leg over."
Willis .Conner also said:
"Eli begged mightily, but he was just a year too late. It didn't do any good. He had no business bothering "my stock. He had warning not to go into my stock range."
At the time the declarations were made, Fed. Conner, according to the' evidence, was same distance away engaged in a conversation with John Conner. Charles Conner took no part in the declarations, and was by no direct testimony shown to have heard them. The court declined to sanction the state's contention that the remarks or declarations of Willis and William Connor, made under the circumstances reflected by the record, amounted to direct evidence that Charles and Fed. Conner had been participants in the murder.
In Trijo's Case, supra, according to the witness Celestina Aguilar, the deceased and appellant were in her room. The appellant was angry. Trijo left, saying to the deceased: "Tou stay; she has her customers that visit her at night." The deceased finally left, and the witness went to sleep,. but was aroused .by a pistol shot., near her window. She .got up and observed Trijo near the window. He remarked: "Hist, Celestina; be careful not to say that I did it." Upon making this remark he departed. The witness saw no arms in the hands of the appellant. In this case it was said:-
"Where an issue in a case is left in doubt by the evidence, that, doubt should always be solved in favor of the accused."
However, the case was reversed, upon another ground. The declaration of Trijo was ambiguous, and might have meant that he did not fire the shot and wanted the witness to refrain from charging him with if.
According to the state's evidence in the present case, the deceased was occupying the property of the appellant, and he, on several occasions, had made threats of violence to remove her. She was last seen alive on Thursday night by Sam Boyd, and she was in company with the appellant a-t her home. Her dead body was discovered on the following Sunday morning in a condition indicating that she had been dead for several days. Suspicion was cast upon the appellant, one Bloodworth, Sam Boyd, and Burkitt, the father of the deceased. On Friday before the body was discovered, while in a conversation with Sam Boyd,, the latter asked if Annie (the deceased) had asked for a certain deed to the land, to which appellant replied that "she didn't need anything but a graveyard." On the following morning after Bloodworth had been arrested and while the appellant was also under surveillance, and after Sam Boyd, Bloodworth, and the 'appellant, in company with the sheriff, had been near the scene of the homicide, Sam Boyd asked the appellant if he had seen Henry and Dewey Burkitt (two brothers of the deceased). In that connection, appellant said that he had his pistol, and he might have to kill some more of those folks. He said: "I killed that G-d d-n woman, and you keep your mouth shut about if." Appellant insists that in the words- "that woman" he only inferentially referred to the deceased, and that consequently the declaration quoted: "I killed that G-— d d-n woman" is but a" circumstance, and not direct evidence in the nature of a confession. It occurs to us, however, that, while the question may be a delicate one, taken in connection with the context, the words: "I killed that G —d d > — n woman," were susceptible of no interpretation other than that the deceased was meant. The community was astir by reason of the homicide. The appellant and his brother Sam, then on friendly terms, were suspects; and if in fact the language was used, to say that it did not point to the deceased is to ignore the substance and grasp the shadow. If, however, in the stricter sense, the language imputed to the appellant is not a direct statement that he killed the deceased, the distinction is one too narrow for practical application, and comes within the purview of the numerous cases announcing that a charge on circumstantial evidence is not necessary when the proven facts are" in such close juxtaposition to the main fact as to be equivalent to direct evidence. Holt v. State, 9 Tex. App. 582; Bass v. State, 59 Tex. Cr. R. 191, 127 S. W. 1020; Branch's Ann. Tex. P. C. § 1874, subd. 7.
Appellant on the trial denied that he killed the woman or that he participated in the offense, and presented by his own testimony and by that of others the defense of alibi. He denied the statement imputed to him, both in the threats and the admissions. It was upon these conflicting theories that the jury's mind was centered. If They had failed to believe that appellant made the statement imputed to him by Sam Boyd, there might have been, an acquittal.' If, however,- they believed the statement; was made, there would have been no reasonable <loubt to wbat and to whom it referred. In this state of the record, it is believed that the omission to charge upon circumstantial evidence was not calculated to injure the rights of the appellant, and, so believing) we are inhibited by article 743, O. O. P. to order a reversal of the judgment because of the supposed omission in the charge.
In support of this theory of alibi, appellant introduced the witness Bazzon who testified that on Thursday on the night of which the homicide took place, he and the appellant met at the post office. The witness had a relative in a hospital in Houston, and had received at the post office a card from his sister. Appellant sought to have the' witness read the contents of the writing on the card, his object being, he said, to identify the time of the meeting between himself and the witness. The bill fails to inform us of the contents of the writing, and for that reason is incomplete, as we cannot determine its relevancy. To prove any fact other than that the postal was received, it apparently would have been hearsay. At least we so understand the bill. However, there seems to have been no contradiction of the witness who fixed the time as above stated.
In Bill No. 3 there is complaint of the testimony of the witness Sarvis to the effect that while the appellant was working for him a few days before the Sunday upon which the body of the deceased was found, the witness observed in the actions of the appellant no departure from what was usual. State's counsel then asked the witness to describe the appellant's condition after the body was 'found. The witness' replied that he seemed to be "tore up" in his mind after the investigation started, but that during that time he was with the appellant but little. No error is perceived. See Underhill on Crim. Ev. (3d Ed.) § 200; Hart v. State, 15 Tex. App. 202, 49 Am. Rep. 188.
The judgment is affirmed.
i&wkey;For other oases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes