Case Name: CHITWOOD v. UNITED STATES
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 1907-04-27
Citations: 153 F. 551
Docket Number: No. 2,455
Parties: CHITWOOD v. UNITED STATES.
Judges: Before SANBORN, HOOK, and ADAMS, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter
Volume: 153
Pages: 551–554

Head Matter:
CHITWOOD v. UNITED STATES.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
April 27, 1907.)
No. 2,455.
1. Cbiminab Daw — Evidence—Cobbobobative Facts.
On the trial of a defendant charged, under Eev. St. § 5467 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 8691], as a post-office clerk with having secreted and embezzled letters containing articles of value, and stealing such articles from letters, the government produced witnesses who testified that they saw defendant open a letter and take therefrom an article of value, which he placed in a pigeonhole. Defendant in his own behalf testified that the letter referred to was open when received, and that the article which he placed in the jjigeonholo he found lying loose on his table when assorting mail, and laid it away for proper disposition. Held, that he was entitled to show by other employés that the mails at the office had been very heavy for some time prior to this occurrence, and that many letters and packages came in bad condition, with the edges worn and broken, so that articles could readily fall out, as evidence tending to support bis defense; its weight being for the jury.
TEd. Note. — For cases in point, see Cent. Dig. vol. 14, Criminal Law, §§ 802. 1713.]
2. Sane — Evidence of Intent — Commission of Otheb Simtlab Offenses.
On tlie trial of a post-office clerk charged with secreting and embezzling letters containing articles of value and stealing the contents, the government was entitled to prove a statement made by defendant a short time previously that he had, destroyed a number of election circulars, a quantity of which had come into the office for distribution, as evidence tending to show the commission of an offense of similar character to those charged and bearing on the question of intent. Sanborn, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
[Eft. Note. — For cases in point, see Cent. Dig. vol. 14, Criminal Law, § 830.]
Iu Error to the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Arkansas.
Geo. W. Murphy (Charles T. Coleman and W. M. Lewis, on the brief), for plaintiff in error.
William G. Whipple, for defendant in error.
Before SANBORN, HOOK, and ADAMS, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
ADAMS, Circuit Judge.
Defendant Chitwood, a clerk in the post office at Hot Springs, Ark., was indicted under section 5467 of the Revised Statutes [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3691] in seven counts: (1) For secreting and embezzling a letter containing a watch fob; (2) for stealing and taking the watch fob out of a letter; (3) for stealing and taking a $10 bill out of a letter; (4) for stealing and taking a $5 bill out of a letter; (5) for stealing and taking another $5 bill out of a letter; (6) for secreting and embezzling a letter containing a post-office money order; (7) for secreting and embezzling a package containing a lady's belt. He was tried and found guilty on the first count and not guilty on the others. He now prosecutes this writ of error to secure a reversal of the judgment.
There was evidence on the part of the government tending to show that while he was engaged in discharging his duties as clerk in the evening of March 9, 1906, a letter came into his possession as such clerk to be forwarded and delivered to one Abe Levy, to whom it was addressed; that Chitwood cut it open, took a watch fob from it, threw the envelope down and took the fob and placed it in an empty pigeonhole. The inspectors, who were watching at a distance, observing the foregoing facts, arrested him before he left the post-office building. The defendant taking the stand in his own behalf contradicted the evidence of the inspectors, and testified that he found the fob loose on his table while he was assorting mail; that he picked it up and put it in a pigeonhole, intending, if he did not find the package from which it came, to turn it over in the morning to the proper clerk for disposition; that the letter addressed to Levy was open when it came into the post office, and that the defendant did not open it. In support of his testimony to the effect just stated, defendant called three witnesses, clerks and former clerks in the Hot Springs post office, and asked them, in substance, if it had not been, for two months prior to the night in question, a common and usual thing for letters and packages to be received at that post office in bad condition, with edges so broken' and worn out that trinkets dr other enclosures might fall out; and he offered to show that for those two months the incoming mails had been heavy and that letters and small packages had been frequently found unsealed, torn, and broken open, as circumstances tending to support his theory of the facts and his innocence. The questions so asked and the offers to prove so made were objected to by the government, the objections sustained by the court, to which the defendant duly excepted.
We think it was error to exclude that evidence. The defendant was standing on his plea of not guilty, and the burden was on the government to establish his guilt. It produced witnesses who testified directly to seeing the defendant do things consistent only with guilt. The value of their testimony depended upon the accuracy of their observations, the reliability of their memory in describing what they saw, and the credibility due them as witnesses. Defendant denied doing what they swore they had seen him do. A sharp and vital issue was thus presented for the consideration of the jury. We think, if it were true that immediately preceding and up to the time in question it had been and was a common practice in that post office for mail to come into the office in bad condition and with ends and edges so broken or worn out that solid substances might readily fall from them, such fact would be a circumstance tending to support defendant's theory. Its value might not be great as against the other direct and positive testimony with which the trial court compared it and on account of which rejected it; but that was for the jury, and not for the court, to decide. The defendant had an undoubted right to buttress his own testimony by any and all circumstances and facts fairly tending to support it, and we think the facts offered to be proved by him were admissible for that purpose. For the error in excluding that evidence, the judgment must be reversed.
As one of defendant's contentions has been earnestly debated before us and probably will be the occasion of controversy at the next trial, we deem it proper to express our opinion concerning it. Witness Reaves was permitted to testify for the government, over defendant's objection, and exception, that defendant shortly before he was arrested told him that he had recently burned up and destroyed a lot of circulars that came into the post office from Little Rock. We think there was no error in admitting that evidence. The crimes charged in the various counts of the indictment against the defendant involved the existence of an unlawful and criminal intention, a well-known element of the crimes of embezzlement and larceny. Section 5467 makes the destruction of a letter or packet by a post-office employé as much of an offense as its embezzlement. Section 5471 makes the destruction of any mail or package of newspapers as much an offense as an embezzlement of the same. Reference is made to these sections of the statutes to show that destruction of the mail is classified with its embezzlement or larceny, not only as a kindred offense, but as one of the same rank and one subjecting the offenders to the same punishment.
Moreover, the several counts of the indictment under consideration at the time the evidence in question was offered, charging the defendant with secreting letters and packages of mail, charged an offense kindred to that of destroying mail. It is familiar law that in cases both civil and criminal where the intent of a party is in issue evidence of other acts and doings of that party at or about the time in question of a kindred character is admissible to demonstrate the motive and intent which actuated him in .doing the .act or thing charged against him in the case. Exchange Bank v. Moss (C. C. A.) 149 Fed. 340; Wood v. United States, 16 Pet. 342, 360, 10 L. Ed. 987; Coffin v. United States, 162 U. S. 664, 672, 16 Sup. Ct. 943, 40 L. Ed. 1109, and cas.es cited. In an honest and legitimate investigation of that intent a reasonably wide latitude should be indulged by the trial judge, and his discretion, when fairly and urtprejudicially exercised, should not be interfered with by appellate courts. Moore v. United States, 150 U. S. 57, 61, 14 Sup. Ct. 26, 37 L. Ed. 996; Dow v. United States, 27 C. C. A. 140, 82 Fed. 904, 909. The destruction of the circulars, if done by the defendant, was in the legal sense a conversion of them by him. The secreting or stealing of mail, if done by him, was likewise a conversion of it. The acts are not only kindred in their nature, but very obviously may spring from a like motive and intent. The evidence in question was properly admitted, not as evidence of a distinct offense in itself, but as bearing on the 'disposition and intention of the defendant in doing whatever he did do.
Other errors are assigned by defendant, but those already considered are the ones chiefly relied upon by his counsel for a reversal of the judgment. As the case must be remanded for another trial, we deem it unnecessary at the present time to express our opinion upon any other questions. We may properly assume that with the foregoing directions it will be correctly tried.
The judgment must be reversed for the error in excluding the evidence referred to in the fore part of this opinion, and it is so ordered.