Case Name: Keith A. LEE, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Brian FOSTER, Respondent-Appellee
Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2014-04-28
Citations: 750 F.3d 687
Docket Number: No. 13-1314
Parties: Keith A. LEE, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Brian FOSTER, Respondent-Appellee.
Judges: Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and KANNE and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
Reporter: Federal Reporter 3d Series
Volume: 750
Pages: 687–696

Head Matter:
Keith A. LEE, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Brian FOSTER, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 13-1314.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued Oct. 29, 2013.
Decided April 28, 2014.
Matthew M. Saxon, Attorney, Winston & Strawn LLP, Washington, DC, for Petitioner-Appellant.
Robert G. Probst, Attorney, Office of the Attorney General Wisconsin Department of Justice, Madison, WI, for Respondents Appellee.
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and KANNE and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

Opinion:
KANNE, Circuit Judge.
Keith Lee filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. The district court denied the petition, but certified three issues for appeal: (1) whether an in-court identification of Lee violated his rights to due process; (2) whether an adequate and independent state ground precluded consideration of Lee's claim for ineffective assistance of counsel; and (3) whether admission of an out-of-court statement at trial violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses. We affirm.
I. Background
Lee was tried and convicted of the first-degree reckless homicide of Joshua Meyers along with two counts of armed robbery. The government presented evidence that he and Victor Thomas traveled to Meyers's residence in Oshkosh, Wisconsin to collect a drug debt. Four people were present when Thomas and Lee arrived: Meyers's half-brother Kristopher Johnston, Meyers's friend Ceilya Paez, Paez's two-year-old daughter, and Meyers. Soon after their arrival, a fight broke out, at which point Lee pulled a gun and shot Meyers in the abdomen. Meyers died shortly after being shot.
Lee and Thomas left the apartment and drove to Milwaukee where they met with Christopher Johnson. Johnson drove Lee and Thomas to a gas station and then dropped Lee off at a street corner in Milwaukee. Shortly thereafter, Johnson and Thomas were pulled over by Milwaukee police and arrested. Lee was apprehended in Chicago approximately one month later.
Lee was found guilty following a five-day jury trial. He appealed his conviction, which was affirmed by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals. Lee then filed a post-conviction motion with the Wisconsin circuit court, which was denied. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals affirmed and the Wisconsin Supreme Court denied further review. He then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus with the district court, which denied the petition but certified three issues for appeal. We will address each in turn.
II. Discussion
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2254, permits habeas relief only if the state-court adjudication resulted in a decision that "was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States" or "resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). When reviewing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, "we review the district court's findings of fact for clear error and its rulings on issues of law de novo." Bintz v. Bertrand, 403 F.3d 859, 865 (7th Cir.2005) (quoting Denny v. Gudmanson, 252 F.3d 896, 900 (7th Cir.2001)). As all three of Lee's claims involve issues of law, our review of the district court's ruling is de novo.
A. Identification Procedure
Lee first challenges the in-court identification by Christopher Johnson. Eleven days before Lee's trial, the police showed Johnson a photo array, which included pictures of both Victor Thomas and Lee. Johnson was not able to pick out Lee's photo from the lineup, — -though he was able to identify Thomas — but told detectives that he could identify the man he gave a ride if he saw him in person. In return for his testimony against Lee, the detectives told Johnson that they would testify on his behalf in his unrelated trial.
At trial, Johnson testified to the extent that he knew Lee. He stated that though he had seen Lee "a couple of times . I never shook hands or none of that like that" and that he would be able to recognize him if he "saw him today." Thereafter, Johnson identified Lee as the man in the courtroom who, while riding with Thomas and himself, admitted "pop[pingj" a "guy" in Oshkosh on the night of January 10, 2006.
On cross-examination, Johnson stated:
Q. So you knew that you were going to be able to say I'm going to look at the defense table and I'm going to point to the African American and that's going to be the guy; isn't that correct?
A. Basically, yeah.
Lee argues that this statement proves that Johnson identified Lee solely on the basis of his race. He alleges that this fact, coupled with Johnson's inability to identify Lee in the photo array and the favorable testimony received from detectives at his own trial, constitutes an impermissible identification procedure.
We have held that a "witness's identification violates a defendant's right to due process when the identification procedure is so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." United States v. Recendiz, 557 F.3d 511, 524 (7th Cir.2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Yet "the admission of evidence rarely implicates due process," as courts typically rely on other means — such as the Sixth Amendment rights to counsel and confrontation — to safeguard the reliability of evidence. United States v. Sanders, 708 F.3d 976, 983 (7th Cir.2013). Due process will only prohibit evidence when it "is so extremely unfair that its admission violates fundamental conceptions of justice." Perry v. New Hampshire, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 716, 723, 181 L.Ed.2d 694 (2012) (quoting Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352, 110 S.Ct. 668, 107 L.Ed.2d 708 (1990)). In determining whether an identification procedure reaches this substantial threshold, we engage in a two-pronged analysis. First, we determine whether the identification procedure was suggestive and unnecessary. Sanders, 708 F.3d at 984-85. Second, we determine under the totality of the circumstances whether the procedure was nonetheless reliable. Id.
Lee's assertion that Johnson was aware that Lee would be the African-American at the defense table is neither suggestive nor unnecessary. We have noted that "a defendant's mere presence at the defense table is not enough to establish a violation of due process." Recendiz, 557 F.3d at 525; see also United States v. Bush, 749 F.2d 1227, 1232 (7th Cir.1984). There is nothing in the record to establish that Johnson's identification was made solely on the basis of Lee's race or that Johnson was instructed to point to the African-American man at the defense table. Rather, Johnson was simply testifying to his knowledge of the situation at hand: he had seen Lee, an African-American, on several occasions and was aware that he was testifying at Lee's trial. While the question itself may seem fairly suspect, it does not itself establish any wrongdoing that might implicate due process. Similarly, Johnson repeatedly admitted that he was unable to pick out Lee's picture in the photo array, but could identify Lee if he saw him in person. The fact that Johnson was not able to select Lee's photo may tend to discredit Johnson's testimony, but this is not our concern, for examining the accuracy of the identification falls within "the exclusive province of the jury." Recendiz, 557 F.3d at 524. Johnson's testimony took place in front of the jury, "which observed and presumably weighed any arguably suggestive circumstances." Id. at 526; see also Johnson v. McCaughtry, 92 F.3d 585, 597 (7th Cir.1996) (though an in-court identification may not be "especially convincing," that does not render it inadmissible; the ultimate accuracy of the identification is to be determined by the jury as the trier of fact). Our role is only to determine whether an identification is "so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). Neither the in-court identification nor the photo array meet this threshold.
Even if we found Johnson's identification procedure to be unnecessarily suggestive, however, it was nonetheless reliable under the circumstances. The Supreme Court set forth several factors for courts to use to determine whether an unduly suggestive identification procedure was still to be considered reliable under the circumstances: (1) the opportunity of the witness to observe the criminal at the time of the crime (or prior to the identification); (2) the witness's degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the criminal; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the time of the identification; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the identification. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).
Applying the factors to Johnson's testimony, we find it was sufficiently reliable to be admitted at trial. First, Johnson testified that he was in the car with Victor Thomas and Lee after the shooting and drove the two men around before dropping Lee off on a Milwaukee street corner. He also stated that at one point, he and Lee were alone in the vehicle and had a brief discussion. Second, Johnson did admit that he was not paying particular attention to Lee or the backseat where Lee was located. As to the third factor, Johnson did not provide a prior description of Lee, but did testify that he had seen Lee driving around on several occasions. And while he could not pick him out in the photo lineup, he repeatedly stated that he would be able to identify Lee if he saw him in person. Fourth, Johnson confirmed that he was "sure" that the man who was in the car with him and Victor Thomas the night of the shooting was in fact Keith Lee. Finally, over nine months had passed between the shooting and the in-court identification.
Considering all of the factors, we do not find this testimony to be unreliable. Although Johnson's lack of attention to Lee on the night of the shooting and the extended duration of time between their initial encounter and the identification raise some concern, the testimony was nonetheless constitutionally reliable when considered with the other Biggers factors. Certainly Johnson's testimony was not received without some flaws, as is most evidence that is properly examined, but these are issues for the jury to decide in weighing any questionable discrepancies. Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 116, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977) ("[EJvidence with some element of untrustworthiness is customary grist for the jury mill. Juries are not so susceptible that they cannot measure intelligently the weight of identification testimony that has some questionable feature.") Accordingly, we find no error.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Lee also contends that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Lee's counsel appealed his conviction, which was affirmed by the Wisconsin courts, but did not raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Thereafter, Lee filed his postconviction motion for ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel. Lee argued that his trial counsel's investigation into his alibi was deficient and that his attorney failed to explain why he could not present both the alibi and credibility arguments at trial. He also asserts that his appellate counsel was ineffective in failing to raise the effectiveness claim in his direct appeal and should have discerned such an obvious claim from the record.
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals denied Lee's motion for postconviction relief. It found that the allegations regarding his postconviction counsel's performance were conclusory and legally insufficient under the rule set forth in State v. Allen, 274 Wis.2d 568, 682 N.W.2d 433 (2004). The court also held that Lee's motion was barred by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin's ruling in State v. Escalonar-Naranjo, which holds that all issues not raised in a previous postconviction motion or appeal are foreclosed from being brought up in a subsequent postconviction motion unless the petitioner can demonstrate "sufficient reason" for the delay. 517 N.W.2d 157, 162 (Wis.1994).
The district court affirmed the decision, finding that, while the motion was not barred on Escalona-Naranjo grounds, it was nonetheless procedurally defaulted because he did not allege sufficient facts to entitle him to relief.
A claim will be procedurally defaulted — and barred from federal review — if the last state court that rendered judgment " 'clearly and expressly' states that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar." Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 263, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989) (quoting Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 327, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985)). Accordingly, we will not entertain questions of federal law in a habeas petition when the state procedural ground relied upon in the state court "is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment." Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). An independent state ground will be found "when the court actually relied on the procedural bar as an independent basis for its disposition of the case." Thompkins v. Pfister, 698 F.3d 976, 986 (7th Cir.2012) (citing Kaczmarek v. Rednour, 627 F.3d 586, 592 (7th Cir.2010)). A state law ground is adequate "when it is a firmly established and regularly followed state practice at the time it is applied." Id.
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals relied on the Wisconsin Supreme Court's rule set forth in State v. Allen — which governs when a petitioner asserts that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing — as its basis for denying Lee's motion. The court stated, "A Wis. Stat. § 974.06 motion must offer more than conclusory allegations to be legally sufficient. See Allen, 274 Wis.2d 568, ¶ 12, 682 N.W.2d 433. We agree with the circuit court that Lee's allegations of postconviction counsel's ineffectiveness were conclusory.... The motion was not sufficient under Allen." This rule clearly served as an independent basis for the court's denial of Lee's motion.
Lee argues that the application of Allen by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals cannot be found to be an adequate ground for denying relief. The rule requires a petitioner to provide sufficient material facts, "e.g., who, what, where, when, why, and how-that, if true, would entitle him to the relief he seeks." Allen, 682 N.W.2d at 436. Lee contends that the level of specificity in his postconviction motion — as an incarcerated defendant who was purport edly represented by ineffective counsel at both the trial and appellate levels — should be sufficient to withstand review under the Allen rule. Yet our review of the adequacy of a state ground is limited to whether it is a firmly established and regularly followed state practice at the time it is applied, not whether the review by the state court was proper on the merits. And the Allen rule is a well-rooted procedural requirement in Wisconsin and is therefore adequate. See, e.g., State v. Negrete, 343 Wis.2d 1, 819 N.W.2d 749, 755 (2012); State v. Balliette, 336 Wis.2d 358, 805 N.W.2d 334, 339 (2011); State v. Love, 284 Wis.2d 111, 700 N.W.2d 62, 68-69 (2005); State v. McDougle, 347 Wis.2d 302, 830 N.W.2d 243, 247-48 (Ct.App.2013). Consequently, we find the state procedural requirement relied upon by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals both independent and adequate. Lee's ineffective assistance claim is procedurally defaulted.
We can excuse a procedural default if a petitioner is able to show both cause and prejudice or that failure to review the claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750, 111 S.Ct. 2546. Lee, however, does not make an argument for either and we will not make it for him here. See Franklin v. Gilmore, 188 F.3d 877, 884-85 (7th Cir.1999).
C. Hearsay
Lee also contends that Johnson's testimony about a conversation between Thomas and Lee violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. The prosecutor asked Johnson about a conversation that occurred while driving to the gas station:
Q: After you spoke with Victor Thomas, did you get back in the car and speak again with Keith Lee?
A: No, I didn't speak to anybody when I got back in the car. Victor Thomas was speaking.
Q: Do you remember Victor ever telling Keith to say what happened?
A: He sort of asked him to confirm it.
Q: Did Keith Lee say anything to you about what happened in Oshkosh?
A: Not exactly. He just mumbled yeah, yeah, like that.
(emphasis added). Lee argues that the italicized statement is "non-testimonial hearsay that lacks the indicia of reliability" and was admitted in violation of his rights under the Sixth Amendment. The Sixth Amendment ensures that an accused maintains "the right . to be confronted with witnesses against him." U.S. Const, amend. VI. But this right under the Confrontation Clause is limited to evidence that is "testimonial." Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006); United States v. Ellis, 460 F.3d 920, 923 (7th Cir.2006) ("Hearsay evidence that is nontestimonial 'is not subject to the Confrontation Clause.' " (citing Davis, 547 U.S. at 821, 126 S.Ct. 2266)). Thus, because the statement by Thomas was nontestimonial (as Lee concedes in his brief), the Confrontation Clause does not apply and Lee's Sixth Amendment claim must fail.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.
. Lee's appellate counsel challenged the (1) in-court identification of Lee by Christopher Johnson and (2) whether Johnson's testimony about a conversation that occurred between Thomas and Lee constituted inadmissible hearsay.