Case Name: The CITY OF FARMINGTON HILLS EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., Defendant
Court: United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
Jurisdiction: United States
Decision Date: 2013-09-17
Citations: 979 F. Supp. 2d 981
Docket Number: Civil No. 10-4372 (DWF/JJG)
Parties: The CITY OF FARMINGTON HILLS EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., Defendant.
Judges: 
Reporter: Federal Supplement 2d
Volume: 979
Pages: 981–1006

Head Matter:
The CITY OF FARMINGTON HILLS EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., Defendant.
Civil No. 10-4372 (DWF/JJG).
United States District Court, D. Minnesota.
Signed Sept. 17, 2013.
Opinion Denying Reconsideration Jan. 14, 2014.
David M. Cialkowski, Esq., Carolyn G. Anderson, Esq., Brian C. Gudmundson, Esq., and June Pineda Hoidal, Esq., Zimmerman Reed, P.L.L.P.; Peter A. Binkow, Esq., Kara M. Wolke, Esq., Leanne E. Heine, Esq., Casey E. Sadler, Esq., Elizabeth M. Gonsiorowski, Esq., Jill Duerler, Esq., and Robin Bronzaft Howald, Esq., Glancy Binkow & Goldberg LLP; Thomas C. Michaud, Esq., Vanoverbeke, Michaud & Timmony P.C.; Christopher D. Kaye, Esq., E. Powell Miller, Esq., Jayson E. Blake, Esq., and Sharon S. Almonrode, Esq., The Miller Law Firm, P.C.; and Avraham Noam Wagner, Esq., The Wagner Firm, for Plaintiff.
William A. McNab, Esq., John N. Sellner, Esq., Justin H. Jenkins, Esq., and Brooks F. Poley, Esq., Winthrop & Weinstine, PA; and Lindsey A. Davis, Esq., Daniel J. Millea, Esq., Michael R. Cash-man, Esq., Lawrence T. Hoffman, Esq., Richard M. Hagstrom, Esq., James S. Reece, Esq., Michael E. Jacobs, Esq., Rory D. Zamansky, Esq., Zelle Hofmann Voelbel & Mason LLP, for Defendant.

Opinion:
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
DONOVAN W. FRANK, District Judge.
INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motion to Exclude the Reports and Testimony of Defendant's Proposed Experts (Doc. No. 302), Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Certain of Wells Fargo's Affirmative Defenses (Doc. No. 309), Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 315), and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s Motion to Decertify the Class (Doc. No. 322). For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies the motion to exclude expert testimony and grants in part and denies in part the remaining motions.
BACKGROUND
The City of Farmington Hills Employees Retirement System ("CFHERS") and other similarly situated institutional investors (together, "Plaintiffs") participated in a securities lending program ("SLP") offered through Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. ("Wells Fargo" or "Defendant"). As part of Wells Fargo's SLP, participants would allow Wells Fargo to loan their securities to third-party borrowers in return for cash collateral. (Doc. No. 277, Am. Compl. ¶ 5.) Wells Fargo would then invest the cash collateral. (Id.) Plaintiffs entered into Securities Lending Agreements ("SLAs") with Wells Fargo, which governed their relationships with Defendant. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 312, Binkow Deck ¶ 2, Ex. 10.) On Plaintiffs' behalf, Wells Fargo lent securities to Cheyne Finance LLC ("Cheyne"), Stanfield Victoria Finance, Ltd. ("Victoria"), White Pine Finance/Whistlejacket Finance ("Whistlejacket"), and Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. ("Lehman"), among others. (Doc. No. 346, Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 13 ¶ 24.)
Plaintiffs assert the following six counts against Wells Fargo: (1) Breach of Fiduciary Duty; (2) Breach of Contract; (3) Violation of Minnesota Prevention of Consumer Fraud Act — Minn.Stat. § 325F.69 ("MCFA claim"); (4) Unlawful Trade Practices — Minn.Stat. § 325D.13 ("UTPA claim"); (5) Deceptive Trade Practices— MinmStat. § 325D.44 ("DTPA claim"); and (6) Civil Theft — Minn.Stat. § 604.14. (Am. Compl. ¶ 50-88.) On March 27, 2012, the Court granted Plaintiffs' motion for class certification with respect to the breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, and MCFA claims. (Doc. No. 120 at 19.)
Plaintiffs and Wells Fargo now both move for partial summary judgment. Wells Fargo also moves for decertification of the Class, and Plaintiffs move to exclude opinions of three of Wells Fargo's experts.
I. Wells Fargo's Securities Lending Program and Business Trust
In October 2000, Wells Fargo established the Wells Fargo Trust for Securities Lending (the "Trust"). (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 16 ¶ 16.) The Trust is a Maryland Business Trust governed by a Declaration of Trust, for which Wells Fargo served as Trustee. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 1 at 1.) The Trust contained three series, or funds: the Enhanced Yield Fund (the "EY Fund"), the Collateral Investment Trust (the "Cl Trust") and the Collateral Investment for Term Trust (the "Cl Term Trust"). (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 16 ¶ 19.) The majority of Class members, including CFHERS were Trust securities shareholders. (Id. ¶ 20.)
The Declaration of Trust describes the powers of the Trustee, Wells Fargo, as follows:
The Trustee shall have full, exclusive and complete power and discretion to manage and control the business and affairs of the Trust, and to make all decisions affecting the business and affairs of the Trust. No Shareholder or assignee of Shares, as such, shall have any authority, right or power to bind the Trust or to manage or control, or to participate in the management or control of, the business and affairs of the Trust.... To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Trustee shall not in any way be bound by current or future laws or customs applicable to trust investments, but shall have full power and authority to make any investments, which in its sole discretion, deems proper to accomplish the purposes of the Trust, consistent with the investment objectives established but the Trustee for the Trust and/or the separate Series of the Trust. The Trustee may exercise all of its powers without recourse to any court or other authority.
(Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 1 § 3.1.) The Declaration of Trust explains that "[a]ny action by the Trustee in its capacity as Trustee shall be deemed an action on behalf of the Trust or applicable Series, and not an action in an individual capacity." (Id.) The Declaration of Trust also sets forth a "Standard of Care for ERISA Shareholders":
[T]he Trustee hereby acknowledges that it is a fiduciary of such plan to the extent of the investment of assets of such plan in any Shares of the Trust. As such, the Trustee shall perform its duties herein with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character with like aims.
(Id. § 3.3.)
All members of the Class, including CFHERS entered into SLAs with Wells Fargo. (Am. Compl. ¶ 22; see, e.g., Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 10-12.) All of the SLAs include the language, "[t]he prime considerations for the investment portfolio shall be safety of principal and liquidity requirements." (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 10-12.)
The SLAs indicate that Wells Fargo acts as the agent for participants and that as the agent, Wells Fargo's "[pjrime considerations for the investment portfolio shall be safety of principal and liquidity requirements." (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 10 ¶ 2f; 11 ¶ 2f & 12 ¶ 2f.) The SLA describes that a program participant may "terminate any loan of securities for any reason at any time." (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 10 ¶4; 11 ¶4 & 12 ¶4.) The SLA further states:
In the event that the Borrower fails to return the lent security, the Bank will indemnify the Participant's accounts in the following amounts: (a) The difference between the closing market value of the security on the date it should have been returned to the account and the cash collateral substituted for the lent securities, or (b) In the case of collateral received in kind, the difference between the closing market value of the security on the date it should have been returned to the account and the closing market value of the collateral in kind on the same date.
(Binkow Deal. ¶ 2, Exs. 10 ¶ 8; 11 ¶ 8 & 12 ¶ 8.) The SLA further states that the "Participant assumes all risk of loss arising out of collateral investment loss and any resulting collateral deficiencies. The Bank expressly assumes the risk of loss arising from negligent or fraudulent operation of its Securities Lending Program." (Binkow Decl. ¶2, Exs. 10 ¶8; 11 ¶8 & 12 ¶8.)
Each series or fund within the Trust has a corresponding Subscription Agreement. (See Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 3, 5 & 8.) Wells Fargo asserts that each Plaintiff became a participant in the EY Fund and/or the Cl Term Trust by signing a Subscription Agreement and/or by purchasing shares in the Trust. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 16 ¶ 20.) Each of the three Subscription Agreements included a Representations and Warranties section. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 3 § 5; 5 § 5 & 8 § 5.)
Though they somewhat differ in language, upon signing Subscription Agreements for the EY Fund and Cl Term Trust, CFHERS represented, among other things, that it: (a) was an "accredited investor"; (b) relied "solely on the facts and terms set forth in the Subscription Agreement, the Confidential Memorandum and any additional documents furnished or made available by the Trustee including the Declaration of Trust" and that "no person has made any representation of any kind or nature to induce the Subscriber to enter into this Subscription Agreement or to purchase Shares except as specifically set forth in such documents"; (c) made "an independent investigation of the pertinent facts relating to the proposed business and operations of the Trust, has reviewed carefully the terms of the Confidential Memorandum and this Subscription Agreement to the extent the Subscriber deems necessary in order to be fully informed . and understands the nature of an investment in the Trust"; (d) had not been offered or sold shares by the Trust, Trustee or anyone representing the Trust "by means of any form of general solicitation or general advertising," and "has not received, paid or given, directly or indirectly, any commission or remuneration for or on account of any sale, or the solicitation of any sale, or any Shares to it"; and (e) had "adequate means of providing for . financial needs and possible contingencies and has assets or sources of income that, taken together are more than sufficient so that [it] can bear the risk of the loss of the . entire investment." (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 3 § 5; see also Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 5 § 5 & 8 § 5.)
Each series or fund within the Trust also had a set of investment guidelines. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 4, 6 & 9.) The investment guidelines for the EY Fund, the Cl Trust, and the Cl Term Trust all contain the language, "the prime considerations for [this fund or trust] shall be preservation of principal and daily liquidity requirements." (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 4, 6 & 9.) Each series' guidelines contained the same standards for diversification:
• Maximum of 5% of the portfolio will be invested in any single issuer except for the U.S. Government and its agencies and instrumentalities, registered money market funds, business trusts that are 2a-7 complaint or 2a-7-like, and repurchase agreements collateralized by any approved investments.
• Maximum of 15% of the portfolio will be invested in illiquid instruments.
• Maximum of 25% of the portfolio will be invested in any industry or sector, except the financial services or banking industry, which may exceed 25%.
(Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 9; see Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 4 & 6.)
The diversification percentages are identical to those in the confidential memoranda for the Cl Trust and Cl Term Trust. (Binkow Decl. ¶2, Exs. 13 1ÍV & 14 ¶ V.) The confidential memorandum for the EY Fund also includes the 5% from a single issuer and maximum of 15% illiquid securities standards. (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 15 at 4.) All three confidential memoranda include the language, "the prime considerations for such investments are safety of principal and daily liquidity requirements." (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 13 ¶ V, 14 ¶ V & 15 at 3.) All of the confidential memoranda also include the statement: "The [trust or fund] will endeavor to maintain a stable $10.00 price per Share, although no assurance can be given that it will achieve its investment objective or maintain a stable share value." (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 13 ¶ V; 14 ¶ V & 15 at 3.) Each memorandum also includes a description of risk factors. (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 13 ¶ VI; 14 ¶ VI & 15 at 5-6.)
CFHERS became a Trust shareholder in June of 2006 and subscribed to the EY Fund and Cl Term series. (Doc. No. 328 ("Zamansky Aff. II") ¶ 2, Exs. 1 & 2.) Apart from the Trust, Wells Fargo separately managed several collateral accounts each with its own investing guidelines. (See, e.g., Zamansky Aff. II ¶ 2, Exs. 6-9.) Six Class members suffered losses from participating in the SLP but were not members of the Trust. (Doc. No. 326, Ahlstrand Aff. ¶ 9.) CFHERS was not part of any non-Trust collateral funds. (Id.)
As a Trust investment, the Trustee purchased securities issued by Structured Investment Vehicles ("SIVs"). (Lindsey Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 16 ¶ 77.) The Trust purchased at least 670 commercial paper and Medium Term Notes ("MTNs") issued by SIVs since 2003. (Id. ¶ 78.) Plaintiffs argue that investing in SIVs put Wells Fargo above its maximum fifteen percent illiquidity standard. (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 2 at 116-118, 142.) Plaintiffs also assert that Wells Fargo did not follow its standard of a maximum five percent from any single issuer, in particular, that it exceeded the five percent limit for Victoria and Lehman. (Doc. No. 311 at 7-8; Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 2 at 157-177.)
As of July 31, 2007, SIV holdings made up 15.57% of all the Trust's holdings, 11.70% of the Cl Trust holdings, 35.40% of the Cl Term Trust holdings, and 10.5% of the EY Fund holdings. (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 2 at 140.) The Cl Trust held Cheyne and Lehman holdings. (Id. at 140, 158.) The Cl Term Trust held Cheyne, Lehman, and Victoria holdings. (Id.) The EY Fund held Cheyne, Whistlejacket, and Lehman holdings. (Id.)
Cheyne, Victoria, Whistlejacket, and Lehman all defaulted on their issued securities and have failed to mature at par. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 13 ¶ 24.) Cheyne went into receivership on September 5, 2007. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Exs. 42 & 16 ¶ 107.) In October of 2007, Cheyne experienced an insolvency event and ceased making payments. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 16 ¶ 107.) Three Cheyne-issued MTNs held by Trust Class members and two held by non-trust Class members defaulted. (Doc. No. 347, Adams Aff. ¶ 14-15.) Cheyne restructured into Gryphon and is now making payments from underlying assets on a monthly basis. (Davis Aff. ¶2 Ex. 13 ¶ 26.)
The absence of available purchasers for short-term fixed income notes eliminated funding for Victoria. (Davis Aff. ¶2 Ex. 16 ¶ 116.) Victoria defaulted and went into restructuring in January of 2008. (Id.) Two MTNs held by Trust Class members and eight MTNs held by non-trust members defaulted. (Id. at ¶ 116-117; Adams Aff. ¶ 21-22.) Victoria was restructured into VFNC Ltd., which is now making payments from underlying assets. (Davis Aff. ¶ 2 Exs. 16 ¶118 & 13 ¶ 27; Adams Aff. ¶ 23.)
Similarly, the absence of available purchasers for short-term fixed income notes eliminated funding for Whistlejacket. (Adams Aff. ¶ 30.) Whistlejacket breached its Capital Value trigger resulting in an "Enforcement Event" and causing it to enter receivership. (Id.) Whistlejacket defaulted in February 2008. (Id.) One MTN held by a non-trust Class member defaulted. (Id. ¶ 31.) Whistlejacket has made cash payments to Wells Fargo funds representing 83.813% recovery. (Id. ¶32; Davis Aff. ¶ 2, Ex. 53.)
Lehman's bankruptcy occurred on September 15, 2008. (Id., Ex. 16 ¶ 119; Adams Aff. ¶ 33.) In the year and weeks before the bankruptcy, Wells Fargo considered whether or not to sell its holdings in Lehman and ultimately decided not to sell. (Davis Aff. ¶2, Exs. 16 ¶ 119-24 & 59-60; Adams Aff. 34-39.)
CFHERS itself purchased Lehman securities, which it held at the time of Lehman's bankruptcy. (Zamansky Aff. II ¶ 2, Ex. 12.) CFHERS' Annual Statement, July 1, 2007 through June 30, 2008, lists two Lehman holdings. (Zamansky Aff. II ¶ 2, Ex. 11 at 18.) The first of these holdings was set to mature in 2027 and the second in 2038. (Id.) CFHERS maintained these holdings until they defaulted when Lehman went bankrupt. (Zamansky Aff. II ¶ 2, Exs. 12 & 13 at 535: 6-18.)
Plaintiffs argue that Wells Fargo misleadingly obscured losses. Plaintiffs assert that Wells Fargo knew the fund was failing and did not tell SLP participants and encouraged them to stay in the SLP. In the February 2008 Wells Fargo Securities Lending Market Update, Wells Fargo describes Cheyne and Victoria as in the "restructuring process" and recommends that "clients remain enrolled in the securities lending program while we work through this period of market disruptions." (Binkow Deck ¶ 2, Ex. 63 at 11,13.)
II. Wells Fargo's Experts
Plaintiffs move to exclude the expert reports and testimony of three of Wells Fargo's expert witnesses: Charles Porten ("Porten"), John Peavy ("Peavy"), and John McConnell ("McConnell").
A. Porten
Porten has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. in Finance from Harvard University. (Doc. No. 305 ("Zamansky Aff. I") ¶2, Ex. 1 ¶5.) He has worked in various positions in the financial industry for over thirty years. (Id. ¶ 2-4.) Porten has been qualified as an expert to testify at trial, arbitration hearings, and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority proceedings over thirty times in the last four years. (Id. ¶ 5, App. B; Doc. No. 341, Porten Aff. ¶ 4.)
In conducting his analysis, Porten relied upon documents and materials produced in this litigation, publicly available information, and industry publications. (Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 1 ¶ 7, App. C.) Porten also utilized depositions and conversations with Wells Fargo employees. (Id.) Porten conducted interviews with Roger Adams, Matthew Grimes, Laurissa Ahlstrand, Ajay Mirza, and Matt Robertson. (Porten Aff. ¶ 2.) Porten asserts that he conducted these interviews to confirm the accuracy of his factual understanding of the other materials he had already reviewed. (Id.)
Porten's report summarizes his opinion:
• The SLP's resources, including key personnel, committee structures, and outside advisors, comported with industry standards and allowed Wells Fargo to fulfill its fiduciary duties with respect to management of the SLP.
• The SLP complied with standard industry practices and fulfilled its fiduciary duty with respect to the four key functions performed....
• With respect to the securities at issue, specifically instruments issued by Cheyne, Victoria, and Lehman, the SLP exercised prudence and appropriate due diligence in the face of unprecedented financial crisis....
• The SLP fulfilled its fiduciary duty to treat clients fairly, in light of the changing market circumstances, with respect to exit policies and disaggregation of the Business Trust.
• Mr. Black bases many of his opinions on hindsight judgment, which is contrary to industry standards for evaluation fiduciary duty. Because a fiduciary's decisions require professional judgment, a proper evaluation of fiduciary duty requires assessing the processes and practices the fiduciary followed in the exercise of that judgment, not a hindsight evaluation of individual decision outcomes. An investment decision that in hindsight has an adverse outcome does not constitute a breach of fiduciary duty....
In summary, the SLP consistently acted in the best interests' of its clients in making and communicating investment decisions, thereby fulfilling its fiduciary duties.
(Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 1 ¶ 10-11 (emphasis in original).)
Porten relied heavily on conversations and depositions regarding credit research operations. (See, e.g., id., ¶ 44^48, nn. 54-66.) In particular, Porten drew his characterization of the close relationship between the SLP staff and the research teams at the two involved research firms, WCM and Galliard, from a conversation with Adams and the depositions of Adams and Grimes. (Id. ¶ 44^15.) Porten drew his description of the process of adding investments to the Approved List primarily from Grimes' depositions, and Porten drew his description of the process of selecting investments from the Approved List from a conversation with Adams, two of Adams' depositions, and the investment guidelines for the three funds within the Trust. (Id. ¶ 46, nn. 59-61; ¶ 61, n. 113.) Porten based his understanding that purchases always complied, with the Approved List and the investment guidelines on a conversation with Adams and depositions of Adams, Grimes, and Ahlstrand. (Id. ¶ 64, n. 132.) Porten relied solely on a conversation with Adams in his description of Adams' informal reviews for liquidity. (Id. ¶ 66, n. 127.) Porten based his understanding regarding communication with SLP participants in part on conversations with and depositions of Ahlstrand. (Id. ¶ 88, n. 196; ¶89,^210.)
B. Peavy
Peavy received a Ph.D. in finance from the University of Texas at Arlington, an M.B.A. in finance from the University of Pennsylvania and a B.B.A. in banking and finance from Southern Methodist University. (Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 2 ¶ 8.) He has been involved in investment-related services for more than forty years. (Id. ¶ 5.) Peavy has been qualified as an expert at trial or arbitration twenty times in the past ten years. (Doc. No. 342, Peavy Aff. ¶ 3.)
Peavy's report summarizes his opinion:
• The program documents related to CFHERS's participation in the Wells Fargo SLP are consistent with custom and practice in securities lending, including in the identification of the risk associated with loss in value of collateral investments.
• The securities purchased by the Wells Fargo SLP were suitable for the Business Trust in which CFHERS was invested. These securities were consistent with the Investment Objectives and complied with the Investment Constraints (as outlined in the Investment Guidelines) at the time of purchase. Moreover, these types of securities were consistent with the types of securities purchased for the collateral accounts of other securities lending programs.
• CFHERS's allegations are centered on developments that occurred in the wake of the collapse in the credit markets beginning in the summer of 2007. The global financial crisis was unexpected and unprecedented in its severity within my more than 40 years of professional experience. The crisis adversely affected everyone participating in the credit markets, including investors in highly-rated and relatively short-term fixed income securities.
• The Wells Fargo SLP's actions during the global financial crisis with respect to retaining collateral investments and avoiding selling these securities at a loss at distressed prices were consistent with the action of other securities lending programs during this period of market turbulence and were reasonable.
• While Wells Fargo's actions should be evaluated within the context of the time that they were taken, I note that, even ex post, Wells Fargo's decisions to stay the course were reasonable and many have minimized losses. Credit markets have begun recovering, and unrealized losses have been, and continue to be, reduced over time. Many of the types of securities that CFHERS identified as inappropriate for the portfolios have matured and paid in full; almost all of the remaining securities are making their regularly scheduled payments. The few securities that have defaulted still retain value.
• The Black Report and the O'Driscoll Report are flawed and inaccurate. Among other errors, these Reports misrepresent the nature and risk profile of securities lending programs and collateral investments; mischaracterized the economics of securities lending; misconstrue Wells Fargo SLP documents related to lending of securities and collateral reinvestments incorrectly evaluate the securities purchased by the Wells Fargo SLP; make the wholly unsupportable arguments that Wells Fargo should have acted on the market "warnings" about the global financial crisis and prepared for the global financial crisis, as well that Wells Fargo should have anticipated the Lehman bankruptcy; and incorrectly claim that Wells Fargo had a conflict of interest due to the fee structure of the Wells Fargo SLP....
(Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 2 ¶ 17.)
Peavy considered a number of sources in rendering his opinion, including interviews with, and depositions of, Wells Fargo employees, Wells Fargo documents, trial testimony and legal filings, and publicly available documents. (Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 2, App. C.) In his report are citations to interviews with Roger Adams. Peavy asserts that these interviews were only used to confirm the accuracy of his factual understanding of the "thousands of documents and testimony that I have reviewed." (Peavy Aff. ¶ 2.)
In particular, Peavy cites to an interview with Adams regarding his understanding of the fluctuations of the liquidity requirement in response to higher volumes of returned loans. (Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 2 ¶48, n. 51.) Peavy bases his understanding that the SLP purchased investments that were permissible under the guidelines and consistent with "prime considerations of preservation of principal and daily liquidity requirements" on an interview with Adams, as well as the deposition of Michael Dougherty. {Id. ¶ 86, n. 134.) Peavy cites the description of his understanding about the portion of revenue generation by the SLP and that it would be "economically irrational for Wells Fargo to purposefully take excessive risks in the Wells Fargo SLP" as being drawn from an interview with Adams, but also interrogatory responses from the WCRA trial. {Id. ¶ 213, n. 401.)
Plaintiffs assert that Peavy is relying on hearsay and simply "parroting" Adams' opinion as his own, which Plaintiffs argue is grounds for exclusion of his report and testimony.
C. McConnell
McConnell received a B.A. in Economics from Denison University, an M.B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh, and a Ph.D. in Finance from Purdue University. (Zamansky Aff. I ¶ 2, Ex. 3 ¶ 21.) He has had a long career in academia, served on a number of boards in the private sector, and has consulted for government agencies. {Id. ¶ 21-25.) He has published over seventy-five articles in peer-reviewed journals and serves on the editorial boards of a number of finance related journals. {Id. ¶ 24-25.)
McConnell concluded that CFHERS experienced economic losses (the net shortfall in Wells Fargo's SLP less what its net shortfall would have been in the alternative SLP) of $0.7 million. {Id. ¶ 15.) He further concluded that eight of the selected Class members experienced economic gains, one experienced economic losses of zero, and one selected Class member moved its securities to another SLP before December 31, 2012 so there is insufficient data to calculate its shortfall. (Id.) The economic losses of the selected Class members "differ both in the dollar amount and relative to their level of participation in the [SLP]." (Id. ¶ 16.)
McConnell used a three-part process to calculate experienced economic losses of selected Class members. (Id. ¶ 10.) First, he calculated the "shortfall" for each selected Class member as of December 31, 2012, that resulted from its participation in the Wells Fargo SLP. (Id.) Second, he calculated each selected Class member's "net shortfall" by subtracting securities lending earnings that resulted from participation in the SLP from the previously calculated shortfall. (Id.) Third, he compared each selected Class member's net shortfall with what their net shortfall would have been if they had participated in an alternative SLP. (Id.) The difference between net shortfall for the Wells Fargo SLP and the alternative SLP are what McConnell considers to be the economic loss of each selected Class member. (Id.)
To calculate the shortfall for the selected Class members that remained in the SLP as of December 21, 2012, McConnell started with the amount owed to security borrowers as of December 31, 2012. (Id., App.D.) He then took that amount, less the value collateral securities held in that participant's individual collateral account as of December 31, 2012, plus net cash contributions made to the participant's individual collateral account between June 30, 2007 and December 31, 2012, less proceeds from the sale of transferred securities, less the principal payments received by the participant on transferred securities, less the value of transferred securities remaining in the participant's individual collateral account as of December 31, 2012. (Id.)
To calculate the shortfall for selected Class members that exited the SLP before December 31, 2012, McConnell calculated the amount owed to security borrowers as of the exit date, less proceeds from the sale of securities that were sold at that time, plus net cash contributions that the participants made to their individual collateral accounts between June 30, 2007 and December 31, 2012, less proceeds from the sale of transferred securities sold from the participants' non-SLP account between the exit date and December 31, 2012, less principal payments received on transferred securities between the exit date and December 31, 2012, less the value of transferred securities remaining in the non-SLP account: (Id.)
To determine the prices of collateral and transferred securities, McConnell collected prices from Bloomberg L.P., IDC, Capitol IQ, and Wells Fargo investment reports. (Id.) He used the lowest prices from these sources as the price for each of the securities as of December 31, 2012. (Id.) To calculate the securities lending' earnings for participation in the SLP, he collected Wells Fargo earnings reports and earnings statement addendums for each selected Class member oyer the June 30, 2007 to December 31, 2012 time frame. (Id.) He calculated securities lending earnings as the sum of each selected Class member's monthly earnings and Wells Fargo's "forgone earnings that were rebated to selected Class Members over the time period of June 30, 2007, through December 31, 2012." (Id.) Plaintiffs assert that McConnell improperly relied on unsubstantiated securities prices in calculating potential losses which were used to offset SLP earnings and arrive at his conclusions regarding net losses. (Doc. No. 304 at 2.)
DISCUSSION
I. Motion for Decertification
At the motions hearing, Plaintiffs' counsel "agreed that seven of the Class members should be out of the Class." (Doc. No. 367 ("Tr.") 66.) On August 27, 2013, the parties stipulated that seven SLP participants, who exited the program prior to September 2006, should be excluded from the class, and the Court entered an order to that effect. (Doc. Nos. 379 & 381.)
The parties have also identified sixteen ERISA Plaintiffs who have received class notice and who have not opted out of the class. Wells Fargo argues that these ERISA Plaintiffs are not proper class members in this case, where the only-claims at issue are state statutory and common law claims. Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint asserts no claims under ERISA.
Because CFHERS (on behalf of the Class) has brought only non-ERISA claims, the Court finds that CFHERS cannot adequately represent the interests of the sixteen ERISA Plaintiffs or bring claims on their behalf. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132, 1144. Any claims of those Plaintiffs under ERISA are distinct and separate causes of action, unique from the state statutory claims of the class, which are likely subject to ERISA preemption. See, e.g., Tucker v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co., 1999 WL 329727, at *6 (D.Mass. May 19, 1999) (concluding that "the named plaintiff . would not be able to satisfy the typicality requirement of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 if he sought to represent class members with ERISA claims because his own claims do not implicate the ERISA statute"). Consequently, the Court grants the motion for decertification with respect to the sixteen ERISA Plaintiffs. The Court, however, expresses no opinion at this time as to whether the ERISA Plaintiffs may be properly joined in this matter in the event Plaintiffs were to further amend their complaint or add an additional class representative. (See Doc. No. 378.)
Wells Fargo also argues that there is no common class-wide damages methodology and that CFHERS is thus an inadequate class representative. Because CFHERS exited the program and sold its collateral, Wells Fargo contends that its damage calculation (and of other participants who have exited the program) starkly contrasts to the cost to exit for those Plaintiffs still in the program. The Court finds, however, that Plaintiffs' expert's (Frank Torchio's) two alternative methodologies of calculating losses are insufficient to defeat certification. Contra Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1426, 1433, 185 L.Ed.2d 515 (2013) (determining that the damages model at issue "failed to measure damages resulting from the particular antitrust injury on which petitioners' liability [was] premised").
To the extent Defendant claims that it has a unique defense with respect to CFHERS as a result of CFHERS' Lehman holdings, which allegedly bears on typicality and adequacy requirements, the Court also finds this argument lacks merit. The Court concludes that common issues predominate in this case and that the Class claims can be litigated with common evidence. With the exception of the ERISA Plaintiffs, the Court adopts and incorporates herein its analysis from its order on the motion for class certification. (Doc. No. 120.)
II. Motions for Summary Judgment
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is proper if there are no disputed issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The Court must view the evidence and the inferences that may be reasonably drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Enter. Bank v. Magna Bank of Mo., 92 F.3d 743, 747 (8th Cir.1996). However, as the Supreme Court has stated, "[s]ummary judgment procedure is properly regarded not as a disfavored procedural shortcut, but rather as an integral part of the Federal Rules as a whole, which are designed 'to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.' " Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (quoting Fed. R.Civ.P. 1).
The moving party bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Enter. Bank, 92 F.3d at 747. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the existence of specific facts in the record that create a genuine issue for trial. Krenik v. County of Le Sueur, 47 F.3d 953, 957 (8th Cir.1995). A party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment "may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
B. Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
Plaintiffs move for summary judgment with respect to twenty-four of Wells Fargo's affirmative defenses. Specifically, Plaintiffs seek judgment on affirmative defenses numbered 4, 6,11, 15, 18, 19, 21-23, 28, 30-35, 38-41, 43-45, and 48.
Wells Fargo does not oppose Plaintiffs' motion with respect to affirmative defenses 6, 15, 28, 43, and 48 and agreed to withdraw those defenses at the hearing, as well as affirmative defense number 7. (See Tr. 90.) As such, the Court grants Plaintiffs' motion with respect to defenses 6, 15, 28, 43, and 48 and dismisses affirmative defenses 6, 7,15, 28, 43, and 48.
Affirmative defenses 18, 19, 21, 22, and 30 are those which seek to limit Wells Fargo's liability based on the Declaration of Trust. Plaintiffs in the related Blue Cross case brought a motion on similar defenses, and the Court adopts its analysis herein.
Having considered the relevant provisions of the Declaration of Trust, as well as the entire record, the Court finds that the Declaration of Trust does not unambiguously eliminate all of Wells Fargo's non-contractual duties to Plaintiffs. See COPIC Ins. Co. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 767 F.Supp.2d 1191, 1205-08 (D.Colo.2011) (finding issues of fact regarding the applicable standard of negligence and determining that Section 8.4 "does not unambiguously eliminate all non-contractual duties"). Questions of fact exist as to whether Wells Fargo's investment of collateral in risky securities "could fall under the exclusion of liability for an act performed by a covered person in a manner reasonably believed to be within the scope of authority conferred by the Declaration." Workers' Comp. Reins. Assoc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. ("WCRA"), 2012 WL 1253094, at *7 (Minn.Ct.App. Apr. 16, 2012), quoting COPIC, 767 F.Supp.2d at 1207. Considering the relevant documents together, including the Declaration of Trust, the SLAs, Subscription Agreements, and Confidential Memoranda, the relevant standard of care is ambiguous and should be resolved by a fact-finder at trial. See COPIC, 767 F.Supp.2d at 1207 (finding conflict between the "gross negligence" standard of the Declaration and the simple negligence standard of the SLA and determining that "[resolution of the interplay among these various provisions, and whether any should be given primacy, should be done by a fact-finder.").
The Court finds that Plaintiffs have neither demonstrated that Wells Fargo's affirmative defenses fail as a matter of law, nor the absence of any genuine issue of material fact sufficient to warrant summary judgment. While the Court acknowledges that Wells Fargo faces a high hurdle to establish that its conduct falls within any exclusion of liability provision contained within the Declaration of Trust, it will be for the jury to decide Wells Fargo's liability, or lack thereof, based on the evidence presented at trial. The Court further notes that other courts and juries that have examined this issue have consistently found that the Declaration of Trust did not eliminate or modify Wells Fargo's fiduciary duties to its investors. See, e.g. WCRA, 2012 WL 1253094, at *7. To the extent Plaintiffs further contend that the Business Trust should be disregarded as a "sham entity," such an argument clearly presents questions of fact for the jury.
(Civ. No. 11-2529, Doc. No. 474 at 11-12.)
With respect to the remaining affirmative defenses (4, 11, 23, 31-35, 38-41, and 44-45), the Court concludes, again, that despite the unlikelihood of success at trial on the majority of the defenses, Plaintiffs have neither demonstrated that the affirmative defenses fail as a matter of law, nor the absence of any genuine issue of material fact sufficient to warrant summary judgment.
Consequently, the Court denies Plaintiffs' motion with respect to affirmative defenses 4, 11, 18, 19, 21-23, 30-35, 38-41, and 44-45.
C. Defendant's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
Wells Fargo makes the following arguments in support of its motion for summary judgment: (1) Counts I — III (certified claims) are preempted with respect to the sixteen ERISA Plaintiffs; (2) CFHERS cannot establish the elements of its civil theft claim (uncertified claim); (3) Plaintiffs cannot establish loss resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty (certified claim); (4) Plaintiffs cannot establish the elements of their MCFA claim (certified claim); and (5) CFHERS cannot establish the elements of its DTPA and UTPA claims (uncertified claims).
As to the ERISA Plaintiffs, as discussed above, the ERISA Plaintiffs are properly excluded from the Class. As such, Defendant's motion for summary judgment is moot in this respect.
With respect to the civil theft claim, Minnesota Statutes Section 604.14 provides that "[a] person who steals personal property from another is civilly liable to the owner of the property for its value when stolen plus punitive damages.... " Minn.Stat. § 604.14. As recently explained by a court in this district:
There is limited authority examining Minnesota's civil theft statute. Although "a criminal complaint, conviction, or guilty plea is not a prerequisite to liability" for civil theft, . courts rely on the criminal theft statute, to determine whether a defendant's conduct amounted to theft, see Popp Telcom, Inc. v. Am. Sharecom, Inc., Civ. No. 96-1177, 2003 WL 1610789, at *9 (D.Minn. Mar. 20, 2003), aff'd, 361 F.3d 482 (8th Cir.2004). The criminal theft statute identifies a wide range of conduct that amounts to theft, including "swindling, whether by artifice, trick, device, or any other means." Minn.Stat. § 609.52, subd. 2(4). Under Minnesota law, "the victim's receipt of something of value is not a defense to a charge of theft by swindle." Popp Telcom, 2003 WL 1610789, at *9— "[T]he gist of the offense is the cheating and defrauding of another by deliberate artifice" and "[n]o single definition can cover the range of possibilities for the offense." State v. Ruffin, 280 Minn. 126, 158 N.W.2d 202, 205 (1968).
Damon v. Groteboer, 937 F.Supp.2d 1048, 1076-77 (D.Minn.2013). Importantly, however, cases in which plaintiffs have been permitted to proceed on claims of civil theft, including those based on theft by swindle, typically involve an element of fraud at the time a transaction takes place or property is first obtained. See id. at 1077 ("[T]he Court finds that the Damons' allegation that they were induced to part with the purchase price by fraud potentially fall [sic] within the ambit of the civil theft statute."); Howard v. Webb, 2007 WL 4393181, at *8 (Minn.Ct.App. Dec. 18, 2007) (" 'Stealing' may be understood as requiring wrongful conduct at the time the thief first obtains property."). While it is true that someone who "intentionally and without claim of right . retains possession of movable property of another without the other's consent" may be guilty of theft, Minn.Stat. § 609.52, subd. 2, the theft by swindle statute is intended to punish "any fraudulent scheme, trick, or device whereby the wrongdoer deprives the victim of his money or property by deceit or betrayal of confidence." State v. Carroll, 2008 WL 1971537, at *2 (Minn.Ct. App. May 6, 2008). The allegations in this case, and the evidence in the record, however, do not support a claim that Plaintiffs were initially tricked or deceived into entering into the SLP. Rather, this lawsuit arises from the allegedly improper actions of Wells Fargo in misrepresenting or failing to disclose material information to Plaintiffs that would have potentially contributed to Plaintiffs' ability to make an informed decision as to whether to stay in the SLP or exit at an earlier time. Moreover, Plaintiffs cannot point to a specific moment at which Defendant developed the intent to deprive Plaintiffs of their property (on a temporary or permanent basis), and at which point Wells Fargo ceased to have Plaintiffs' permission, sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to find that Wells Fargo's actions rise to the level of theft by swindle. As such, the Court grants Defendant's motion for summary judgment with respect to Count VI.
The Court has addressed Wells Fargo's arguments with respect to the breach of fiduciary duty, MCFA, DTPA, and UTPA claims in the related Blue Cross litigation, and the Court adopts its analysis with respect to those claims herein.
With respect to the fiduciary duty claim, Plaintiffs have submitted evidence that could lead a reasonable fact-finder to conclude that Wells Fargo failed to prudently and conservatively invest the SLP collateral, that Wells Fargo abused its discretion as trustee, and that Wells Fargo failed to comply with its own investment guidelines. Plaintiffs have also raised issues of fact with respect to Wells Fargo's alleged differential treatment of investors regarding their exit options, and Wells Fargo's purported failure to disclose material information to Plaintiffs pertaining to their investments.
The Court finds that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether a breach of fiduciary duty occurred, and whether the loss to Plaintiffs was the result of such a breach.
(Civil No. 11-2529, Doc. No. 474 at 13.)
Wells Fargo also contends, once again, that the MCFA claim must fail because this case serves no public benefit. The Court addressed the public benefit issue in great detail in its order on Wells Fargo's motion to dismiss in the Blue Cross litigation. (See Civil No. 11-2529, Doc. No. 94 at 12-17.) The public benefit requirement is not onerous. Kinetic Co. v. Medtronic, Inc., 672 F.Supp.2d 933, 946 (D.Minn.2009). As the Court has previously noted:
Wells Fargo is still engaged in securities lending for some Plaintiffs that have not exited the SLP, and Plaintiffs seek an injunction for return of those securities. Thus, there appears to be an issue of fact with respect to any ongoing or future harm. Wells Fargo has not demonstrated the absence of genuine issues of material fact on the MCFA claim.
Wells Fargo contends that the DTPA and UTPA claims also fail on similar grounds. To the extent Defendant argues that those claims do not serve a public benefit, the Court finds this argument unpersuasive for the reasons discussed above. Defendant further argues that the Private AG statute does not provide a private remedy for purported violations of the DTPA and that Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate any likelihood of future harm. The Court concludes that Plaintiffs have demonstrated, at a minimum, genuine issues of material fact with respect to ongoing or future harm and entitlement to injunc five relief. See Minn.Stat. § 325D.45, subd. 1.
(Civil No. 11-2529, Doc. No. 474 at 14.)
In light of the foregoing, Wells Fargo's motion for partial summary judgment is properly denied with respect to the breach of fiduciary duty, MCFA, DTPA, and UTPA claims.
III. Motion to Exclude Expert Opinions
Plaintiffs seek to exclude the testimony of Peavy, Porten, and McConnell pursuant to Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and the United States Supreme Court's decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). Before accepting the testimony of an expert witness, the trial court is charged with a "gatekeeper" function of determining whether an opinion is based upon sound, reliable theory, or whether it constitutes rank speculation. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589-90, 113 S.Ct. 2786. In Daubert, the United States Supreme Court imposed an obligation upon trial court judges to ensure that scientific testimony is not only relevant, but also reliable under the Rules of Evidence. Id. at 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786.
The proposed expert testimony must meet three prerequisites to be admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Lauzon v. Senco Prods., Inc., 270 F.3d 681, 686 (8th Cir.2001). "First, evidence based on scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge must be useful to the fact-finder in deciding the ultimate issue of fact." Id. "[I]t is the responsibility of the trial judge to determine whether a particular expert has sufficient specialized knowledge to assist jurors in deciding the specific issues in the ease." Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp. v. Beelman River Terminals, Inc., 254 F.3d 706, 715 (8th Cir.2001). Second, the proposed expert must be qualified. Id. Third, the proposed evidence must be reliable. Id. The proponent of the expert testimony bears the burden to prove its admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n. 10, 113 S.Ct. 2786.
In determining whether the proposed expert testimony is reliable, the Court can consider: (1) whether the theory or technique can be and has been tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) the known rate of potential error; and (4) whether the theory has been generally accepted. Id. at 593-94, 113 S.Ct. 2786. The purpose of these requirements "is to make certain that an expert, whether basing testimony upon professional studies or personal experience, employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field." Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999).
In Kumho Tire, the Supreme Court determined, "the trial judge must have considerable leeway in deciding in a particular case how to go about determining whether particular expert testimony is reliable." Id. In other words, a trial court should consider the specific factors identified in Daubert where there are reasonable measures of the reliability of expert testimony. Id. The objective of that requirement is to ensure the reliability and relevancy of expert testimony. Id.
The Court's focus should be on whether the testimony is grounded upon scientifically valid reasoning or methodology. United States v. Dico, Inc., 266 F.3d 864, 869 (8th Cir.2001). "As a general rule, the factual basis of an expert opinion goes to the credibility of the testimony, not the admissibility, and it is up to the oppos ing party to examine the factual basis for the opinion in cross-examination. Only if the expert's opinion is so fundamentally unsupported that it can offer no assistance to the jury must such testimony be excluded." Bonner v. ISP Techs., Inc., 259 F.3d 924, 929-30 (8th Cir.2001).
Plaintiffs generally dispute the reliability of McConnell's methodology and oppose his use of a hypothetical benchmark portfolio. The Court has addressed Plaintiffs' arguments in the related Blue Cross litigation regarding McConnell's opinions, and the Court adopts its analysis with respect to McConnell herein.
Having considered the relevant factors, the Court finds that Wells Fargo has demonstrated that McConnell's opinions are sufficiently reliable to meet the threshold of admissibility. While the Court questions the ultimate impact of McConnell's findings, in light of the entire record, the Court cannot conclude that McConnell's opinions are so fundamentally unsupported that they can offer no assistance to the jury; the Court thus declines to exclude his testimony.
Central to Plaintiffs' motion is Plaintiffs' dispute of the investments selected by McConnell for his hypothetical benchmark comparison analysis; Plaintiffs claim that the investments included in that benchmark do not rise to the requisite "prudent" investor standard. In this manner, Plaintiffs also challenge the reliability of McConnell's calculations and opinions. Whether McConnell's benchmark portfolio selections are "prudent" investments, however, is itself a question of fact for the jury. At their core, Plaintiffs' challenges appear to go to the weight of McConnell's testimony, not its admissibility.
As such, Plaintiffs may test the credibility of McConnell's opinions — and methodology — on cross examination, rebut the testimony with [their] own witnesses, and submit [their] own contrary expert evidence; the jury can thus determine the credibility of, and weight to be given to, McConnell's testimony. See, e.g., Rockwood Retaining Walls, Inc. v. Patterson, Thuente, Skaar & Christensen, P.A., Civ. No. 09-2493, 2011 WL 2845529, at *5 (D.Minn. July 18, 2011). Here, the Court resolves any doubts regarding the overall value of McConnell's testimony in favor of its admissibility. See Clark by Clark v. Hendrick [Heidrick], 150 F.3d 912, 915 (8th Cir.1998) (noting that "doubts regarding whether an expert's testimony will be useful should generally be resolved in favor of admissibility"). Of course, the admissibility of McConnell's testimony will be subject to the proper foundation being laid, especially as it relates to the hypothetical benchmark SLP.
(Civil No. 11-2529, Doc. No. 474 at 17-18.)
The Court reaches the same conclusion with respect to Porten and Peavy. Plaintiffs contend that Porten and Peavy are not functioning as experts, but rather subvert the deposition testimony of lay witnesses. Plaintiffs claim that because Porten and Peavy adopt the self-serving conclusions of Wells Fargo's employees and lack independent reasoning or methodology, their opinions constitute impermissible ipse dixit. As with McConnell, Plaintiffs may test the credibility of Porten and Peavy's methodology and opinions on cross-examination and submit their own contrary evidence. Once again, the Court resolves any doubts regarding the value of Porten and Peavy's testimony in favor of its admissibility.
As such, the Court denies Plaintiffs' motion to exclude McConnell, Porten, and Peavy's reports and testimony.
ORDER
Based upon the foregoing, and the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1.Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s Motion to Decertify the Class (Doc. No. [322]) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows:
a. The motion for decertification is GRANTED with respect to the sixteen ERISA Plaintiffs. As such, the following entities are excluded from the Class: (1) Twin City Hospital Workers Pension Fund; (2) The Schwan Food Company Retirement Savings Plan; (3) Longview Fibre Company; (4) ABC Retirement Plan for Cooperatives; (5) Alliant Energy Master Retirement Trust Plan; (6) Bemis Company, Inc. Master Pension Trust; (7) ITT Corporation — Employee Benefits Trust; (8) ITT Corporation— ISP for Salaried Employees; (9) Les Schwab Profit Sharing Retirement Trust; (10) MDU Resources Group Inc. Master Trust; (11) Omaha Construction Industry Plans; (12) Presbyterian Healthcare Services; (13) Presbyterian Healthcare Services Employees Pension Plan; (14) Smithfield Foods, Inc. Master Trust; (15) Arizona Laborers Teamsters Local 395 — Pension Trust Fund; and (16) Arizona Laborers Teamsters Local 395 — Defined Contribution Fund.
b. As stipulated by the parties, the following seven entities are also excluded from the class: (1) IHC Foundation Inc.; (2) Mid-West Life Insurance Co.; (3) The Chesapeake Life Insurance Co.; (4) The Mega Life & Health Insurance Co.; (5) United Group Reinsurance, Inc.; (6) SIT/Kim Global Fund LLC— International; and (7) SIT/Kim International Fund LLC — International.
c. In all other respects, the motion is DENIED.
2. Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Certain of Wells Fargo's Affirmative Defenses (Doc. No. [309]) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows:
a. Wells Fargo's affirmative defenses numbered 6, 7, 15, 28, 43, and 48 are hereby DISMISSED.
b. In all other respects, the motion is DENIED.
3. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. No. [315]) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows:
a. The motion is DENIED with respect to Plaintiffs' breach of fiduciary duty, MCFA, DTPA, and UTPA claims.
b. The motion is DENIED AS MOOT to the extent Wells Fargo seeks judgment as to the claims of the sixteen ERISA Plaintiffs.
c. The motion is GRANTED with respect to CFHERS' claim for civil theft. As such, Wells Fargo is entitled to judgment as to Count VI of the Amended Complaint (Doc. No. [277]).
4. Plaintiffs' Motion to Exclude the Reports and Testimony of Defendant's Proposed Experts (Doc. No. [302]) is DENIED.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motion to File a Second Amended Complaint Pursuant to Rule 15 and to Add an Additional Class Representative Pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Doc. No. 387) and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s Motion for Reconsideration on Decertification of the Separately Managed Accounts (Doc. No. 417). For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants in part and denies in part the motion to amend and denies the motion for reconsideration.
BACKGROUND
This case arises from the participation of the City of Farmington Hills Employees Retirement System ("CFHERS") and other similarly situated institutional investors (together, "Plaintiffs") in Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s ("Wells Fargo" or "Defendant") securities lending program ("SLP"). The factual background of this matter is laid out in detail in the Court's prior orders and is ' incorporated by reference herein. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 386.)
On March 27, 2012, the Court granted Plaintiffs' motion for class certification with respect to the breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, and MCFA claims. (Doc. No. 120 at 19.) On September 17, 2013, the Court granted in part and denied in part the parties' respective motions for summary judgment, and decertified the class with respect to the ERISA Plaintiffs. (Doc. No. 386 at 32-34.) On October 11, 2013, the parties agreed to the filing of a second amended complaint. (Doc. Nos. 399 & 400.) Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Class Action Complaint and Jury Trial Demand ("Second Amended Complaint") the same day. (Doc. No. 402 ("Second Am. Compl.").)
While the Second Amended Complaint includes the same six counts as those asserted by CFHERS in the First Amended Complaint (Doc. No. 277 ("Am. Compl.")), the Second Amended Complaint includes two additional class representatives: (1) the Board of Trustees of the Arizona State Carpenters Pension Trust Fund; and (2) the Arizona State Carpenters Defined Contribution Trust Fund (together, the "Arizona Plaintiffs"). (Second Am. Compl. at 1.) All three named Plaintiffs assert their claims on behalf of themselves and the class, and the Arizona Plaintiffs also assert their claims on behalf of "all the ERISA entities that were decertified by the Court." (Second Am. Compl. ¶ 19.) •
Plaintiffs now seek to amend their complaint and to add the Arizona Plaintiffs as class representatives. Wells Fargo also moves for reconsideration of the Court's certification of the class to include those six Plaintiffs who invested in Wells Fargo's "separately managed" accounts.
DISCUSSION
1. Motion to Amend
Plaintiffs seek leave to file a second amended complaint and to include additional class representatives. To the extent Plaintiffs have already filed their Second Amended Complaint, Defendant does not object. (Doc. No. 402 ("Second Am. Compl."); see Doc. No. 409 at 1 n. 1 ("As filed, Plaintiffs' motion also sought permission to file a Second Amended Complaint____ Wells Fargo did not oppose Plaintiffs' filing of the Second Amended Complaint and that complaint has already been filed with the Court.").) That is, insofar as Plaintiffs seek leave to file an amended complaint, Defendant does not oppose amendment, and the Second Amended Complaint has already been filed and docketed iii this matter. In that regard, the motion is moot. At the heart of Plaintiffs' motion, however, is Plaintiffs' request to add additional class representatives and, therefore, to re-include the ERISA entities within the class. Defendant continues to oppose the appointment of additional class representatives.
In its prior order granting, in part, Defendant's • motion for decertification, the Court excluded the, then, sixteen'ERISA Plaintiffs from the class. (Doc. No. 386 at 32-33.) At that time, however, the Court expressed no opinion "as to whether the ERISA Plaintiffs may be properly joined in this matter in the event Plaintiffs were to further amend their complaint or add an additional class representative." (Id. at 20.) Plaintiffs have now taken such action and assert that the Arizona Plaintiffs are appropriate class representatives pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Defendant disputes that the ERISA entities satisfy the numerosity requirement of Rule 23(a)(1). Defendant contends that, even if they were sufficiently numerous, "the only appropriate procedural approach would be to create a subclass of ERISA plans that participated in Wells Fargo's [SLP]." (Doc. No. 409 at 1.)
When a court considers the creation of a subclass, all four requirements of Rule 23(a) must be satisfied for the proposed subclass. Roby v. St. Louis Sw. Ry. Co., 775 F.2d 959, 961 (8th Cir.1985) ("[A]ll four requirements of Rule 23(a) must be met with respect to each subclass in the class action."). Rule 23(a)(1) requires that, in order for a class member to sue on behalf of a class (or subclass) as a representative party, the class' (or subclass) must be "so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable." Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(1). Considerations relevant to assessing the impracticality of joinder of all class (or subclass) members "include the number and geographical dispersion of persons in the class, the nature of the action, the size of the individual claims, the inconvenience of trying individual suits, and any other factor relevant to the impracticability of joining the class members." In re Select Comfort Corp. Sec. Litig., 202 F.R.D. 598, 603 (D.Minn.2001).
Counsel on both sides agree that the total number of ERISA plans at issue is now thirty. (Doc. No. 403; Doc. No. 409 at 3.) While joinder of all ERISA entities in this litigation may not be entirely impossible, given the advanced stage of the proceedings, the geographical dispersion of the SLP investors, the inconvenience of separate actions, and the particular nature and facts of this case (including the participation of all ERISA and non-ERISA entities in the same SLP, and the substantial similarity of the ERISA and non-ERISA breach of fiduciary duty claims at issue), the Court finds that the ERISA entities would "suffer a strong litigational hardship or inconvenience if joinder [were] required." Carpe v. Aquila, Inc., 224 F.R.D. 454, 457 (W.D.Mo.2004). Moreover, that the ERISA SLP participants are thirty in number does not in and of itself defeat numerosity. See Boyd v. Ozark Air Lines, Inc., 568 F.2d 50, 54 (8th Cir.1977) ("No arbitrary rules on the size of classes have been established by the courts and the question of what constitutes impracticability depends upon the facts of each case."); see, e.g., Ark. Educ. Ass'n v. Bd. of Educ. of Portland, Ark. Sch. Dist., 446 F.2d 763, 765-66 (8th Cir.1971) (twenty-member class); Bublitz v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 202 F.R.D. 251, 256 (S.D.Ia.2001) (seventeen-member class). To require joinder under these circumstances, and at this juncture, would be to elevate form over substance.
In light of the relevant considerations, the Court concludes that joinder is impracticable in this class action and that the ERISA entities have satisfied the numerosity requirement of Rule 23(a)(1). For the same reasons articulated in its prior orders, and the additional reasons below, the Court further concludes that a subclass of ERISA Plaintiffs would continue to satisfy the commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation provisions of Rule 23.
With respect to commonality and typicality, Defendant contends that, because Sections 502(a) and 514(a) of ERISA preempt the certified state law claims, the Arizona Plaintiffs "do not possess claims for breach of contract, breach of common law fiduciary duties, or violations of the [MCFA]." (Doc. No. 409 at 4.) The Court acknowledges that the Arizona Plaintiffs are not appropriate class representatives for any state law claims that are preempted by ERISA. See Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 209, 124 S.Ct. 2488, 159 L.Ed.2d 312 (2004) ("[A]ny state-law cause of action that duplicates, supplements, or supplants, the ERISA civil enforcement remedy conflicts with the clear congressional intent to make the ERISA remedy exclusive and is therefore preempted."); Wilmington Shipping Co. v. New England Life Ins. Co., 496 F.3d 326, 341 (4th Cir.2007) ("ERISA's preemptive scope is not limited to 'state laws specifically designed to affect employee benefit plans.' . Nor may parties avoid ERISA's preemptive reach by recasting otherwise preempted claims as state-law contract and tort claims."). Nevertheless, the Court concludes that any differences between the claims of the ERISA entities and the certified class claims is best resolved through the creation of a subclass of ERISA Plaintiffs, whose breach of fiduciary duty claim under ERISA may be properly asserted by the Arizona Plaintiffs. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(c)(5) ("When appropriate, a class may be divided into subclasses that are each treated as a class under this rule.").
Therefore, the Court appoints the Arizona Plaintiffs as class representatives for the thirty ERISA entities at issue, which will be re-included in this action; the ERISA Plaintiffs shall form a subclass of the certified class in this matter in order to assert their breach of fiduciary duty claim under ERISA. The Court concludes that amendment is futile with respect to Counts II through VI of the Second Amended Complaint insofar as the ERISA entities may seek to advance such claims. As such, the claims of the ERISA subclass in this action shall be limited to Count I; breach of fiduciary duty.
II. Request for Reconsideration
Also before the Court is Wells Fargo's Motion for Reconsideration on Decertification of the Separately Managed Accounts (Doc. No. 417).
Local Rule 7.1® requires that a party seeking permission to file a motion for reconsideration must "show compelling circumstances to obtain such permission." D. Minn. LR 7.1®. On October 15, 2013, after having reviewed the letters of the parties, the Court granted Defendant's request for permission to file a motion for clarification and/or reconsideration. (Doc. No. 405.) The Court, however, explicitly noted that, in granting the request, "the Court [did] not concede that Defendant ha[d] shown compelling circumstances sufficient to justify a motion for reconsideration." (Id.)
In its motion, Defendant challenges the Court's certification of the class for the third time. While Defendant directs its request for reconsideration at the six "separately managed" accounts, Defendant once again alleges that evidence related to the Business Trust is entirely irrelevant to those six class members, who did not invest in the Business Trust.
As the Court previously concluded in its class certification order, each of the certified claims in this ease "can be proven on a class-wide basis through the use of generalized evidence." (See generally Doc. No. 120.) While Defendant concedes that the claims brought by the separately managed account investors "are subject to some common proof — principally the 'prime considerations' language of the Securities Lending Agreements [SLAs]," Defendant maintains that "claims against Wells Fargo related to investments in the Business Trust" are supported by additional evidence that "is inapplicable to claims by the six separately managed account class members." (Doc. No. 419 at 7-8.) To the extent Defendant challenges the introduction of evidence at trial pertaining to the Business Trust, including the Declaration of Trust, or arguments related thereto, with respect to the separately managed accounts, such challenges are premature at this time. Importantly, Defendant acknowledges that the SLAs for both the Business Trust and separately managed accounts contain the same "prime considerations language" (safety of principal and liquidity requirements) and admits that "some common proof' exists for the claims of all class members. The Court will not speculate as to how Plaintiffs will prove up their case at this time. Any evidentiary challenges related to the trial of this matter are more properly raised as motions in limine, and the Court reserves the right to limit the scope of argument and testimony as it sees fit at a later date. To the extent Defendant's challenge goes to the adequacy of class counsel in its representation of both Business Trust and non-Business Trust investors as part of this class action, any perceived conflict is speculative at best. At its core, this case presents a challenge to the administration of Wells Fargo's SLP as a whole; Plaintiffs' central dispute is that Wells Fargo failed to adhere to the safety of principal and liquidity requirements of the substantially similar SLAs that governed Wells Fargo's relationships with each of the class member investors. (See, e.g., Second Am. Compl. ¶ 5, 12, 13, 62.) Defendant has not demonstrated that the six separately managed, non-Business Trust investors must be excluded from the class.
Having fully considered the submissions of the parties and arguments of counsel, the Court concludes that Defendant has failed to demonstrate compelling circumstances sufficient to justify modification of this Court's previous orders. The Court thus denies Defendant's motion for reconsideration.
ORDER
Based upon the foregoing, and the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiffs' Motion to File a Second Amended Complaint Pursuant to Rule 15 and to Add an Additional Class Representative Pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Doc. No. [387]) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as follows:
a.The Court hereby CERTIFIES a SUBCLASS of the ERISA plans that participated in Wells Fargo's securities lending program. The following entities shall be included in the subclass: (1) Twin City Hospital Workers Pension Fund; (2) The Schwan Food Company Retirement Savings Plan; (3) Longview Fibre Company; (4) ABC Retirement Plan for Cooperatives; (5) Alliant Energy Master Retirement Trust Plan; (6) Bemis Company, Inc. Master Pension Trust; (7) ITT Corporation — Employee Benefits Trust; (8) ITT Corporation— ISP for Salaried Employees; (9) Les Schwab Profit Sharing Retirement Trust; (10) MDU Resources Group Inc. Master Trust; (11) Omaha Construction Industry Plans; (12) Presbyterian Healthcare Services; (13) Presbyterian Healthcare Services Employees Pension Plan; (14) Smithfield Foods, Inc. Master Trust; (15) Arizona Laborers Teamsters Local 395 — Pension Trust Fund; (16) Arizona Laborers Teamsters Local 395 — Defined Contribution Fund; (17) Arizona State Carpenters Defined Contribution Fund; (18) Arizona State Carpenters Pension Trust Fund; (19) Construction Industry & Laborers Health & Welfare Trust; (20) Construction Industry & Laborers Pension Trust; (21) New Mexico Electricians' Retirement Benefit Fund; (22) New Mexico Pipe Trades Health and Welfare Trust Fund; (23) New Mexico Pipe Trades Pension Fund Plan B; (24) Operating Engineers' Local 428 Defined Contribution Fund; (25) Operating Engineers' Local 428 Pension Fund; (26) Arizona Pipe Trades Defined Contribution Trust Fund; (27) Arizona Pipe Trades Pension Trust Fund; (28) Chicago Painters and Decorators Pension Plan; (29) Denver Area Meat Cutter and Employers Pension Plan; and (30) Rocky Mountain UFCW Unions & Employers Pension Plan.
b. The following entities are hereby APPOINTED REPRESENTATIVES of the ERISA subclass: (1) The Board of Trustees of the Arizona State Carpenters Pension Trust Fund; and (2) The Arizona State Carpenters Defined Contribution Trust Fund.
c. The claims of the ERISA subclass in this action shall be limited to Count I of the Second Amended Complaint (Doc. No. [402]): Breach of Fiduciary Duty.
2. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s Motion for Reconsideration on Decertification of the Separately Managed Accounts (Doc. No. [417]) is DENIED.
. Plaintiffs submitted three SLAs containing the sentence: "The prime considerations for the investment portfolio shall be safety of principal and liquidity requirements." Wells Fargo does not appear to dispute Plaintiffs' assertion that all the SLAs contained this language.
. Plaintiffs argue that Wells Fargo failed to effectively monitor or measure the fund, in particular that Wells Fargo allowed SLP participants to leave with the full value of the securities at the time of entrance, even if the market value had changed. In October of 2007, Wells Fargo Public Safety of Arizona withdrew $1.9 million out of two of the Trust pools, exiting at the entrance price of ten dollars per share, despite a three cent decrease in fair market value. (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 32 at 2.)
. Victoria holdings made up 3.61% of the Cl Term trust holdings, and 1.41% of all Wells Fargo securities lending holdings. (Binkow Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 2 at 140.) Cheyne made up 0.80% of the Cl Trust's holdings, 2.89% of the Cl Term Trust's holdings, 1.18% of the EY Fund's holdings, and 1.33% of the total SLP's holdings. (Id.) Whistlejacket holdings made up 0.56% of the EY Fund's holdings and 1.05% of all Wells Fargo securities lending holdings. (Id.) As of July 31, 2007, Lehman holdings made up 1.34% of the Cl Trust's holdings, 4.19% of the Cl Term Trust's holdings, 0.74% of the EY Fund's holdings, and 1.64% of all Wells Fargo securities lending holdings. (Id. at 158.) As of March 16, 2008, Lehman holdings made up 1.70% of Cl Trust's holdings, 4.03% of Cl Term Trust's holdings, 1.35% of EY Fund's holdings, and 2.23% of all Wells Fargo securities lending holdings. (Id.)
. See generally, Workers' Comp. Reins. Ass'n v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2010 WL 3341483 (Minn.Dist.Ct. Jul. 09, 2010), aff'd 2012 WL 1253094 (Minn.Ct.App. Apr. 16, 2012), review denied (June 27, 2012).
. The following seven entities are excluded from the Class: (1) IHC Foundation Inc.; (2) Mid-West Life Insurance Co.; (3) The Chesapeake Life Insurance Co.; (4) The Mega Life & Health Insurance Co.; (5) United Group Reinsurance, Inc.; (6) SIT/Kim Global Fund LLC — International; and (7) SIT/Kim International Fund LLC — International. (Doc. Nos. 379 & 381.)
. The affidavit in support of the motion for decertification initially identified the following seventeen entities as ERISA Plaintiffs: (1) Twin City Hospital Workers Pension Fund; (2) The Schwan Food Company Retirement Savings Plan; (3) Longview Fibre Company; (4) ABC Retirement Plan for Cooperatives; (5) Alliant Energy Master Retirement Trust Plan; (6) Bemis Company, Inc. Master Pension Trust; (7) Goose Creek Consolidated Independent School District; (8) ITT Corporation — Employee Benefits Trust; (9) ITT Corporation — ISP for Salaried Employees; (10) Les Schwab Profit Sharing Retirement Trust; (11) MDU Resources Group Inc. Master Trust; (12) Omaha Construction Industry Plans; (13) Presbyterian Healthcare Services; (14) Presbyterian Healthcare Services Employees Pension Plan; (15) Smith-field Foods, Inc. Master Trust; (16) Arizona Laborers Teamsters Local 395 — Pension Trust Fund; and (17) Arizona Laborers Teamsters Local 395 — Defined Contribution Fund. (Doc. No. 327, Franck Aff. ¶ 4.) After the hearing, the parties stipulated that Goose Creek Consolidated Independent School District is not an ERISA plan. (Doc. No. 369.)
. Torchio applied two different methods in calculating CFHERS' damages. (Zamansky Aff. II ¶ 2, Ex. 14 ¶ 3.) The first method resulted in a damages calculation of $1,283 million based on a "valuation date that extends through the last sale of . the improper investments by CFHERS." (Zamansky Aff. II ¶ 2, Ex. 16 at 214: 2-17.) The second resulted in a damages calculation of about $1 million based on "Wells Fargo's valuation as of the exit date." (Id.) Torchio was unable to compute the other Plaintiffs' damages using the first method, which yielded higher damages for CFHERS, because he did not have sufficient information to do so. (Id. at 96-97.)
. The Court acknowledges that it may need to address the proper scope of opening statements and other evidentiary issues at the pretrial hearing in this matter.
. Plaintiffs allege that Wells Fargo's "wrongful taking" occurred, not at the time the SLAs were signed, but rather "when Wells Fargo failed to follow its mandates and the fiduciary duty of prudence." (Doc. No. 351 at 40.) Such a claim is nebulous at best.
. Plaintiffs assert the following six counts against Wells Fargo: (1) Breach of Fiduciary Duty; (2) Breach of Contract; (3) Violation of Minnesota Prevention of Consumer Fraud Act — Minn.Stat. § 325F.69 ("MCFA claim"); (4) Unlawful Trade Practices — Minn.Stat. § 325D.13 ("UTPA claim"); (5) Deceptive Trade Practices — Minn.Stat. § 325D.44 ("DTPA claim"); and (6) Civil Theft — Minn. Stat. § 604.14. (Second Am. Compl. ¶ 51-89.)
. Plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint includes Count VI, a claim for civil theft pursuant to Minn.Stat. § 604.14. (Second Am. Compl. ¶ 86-89.) The Court notes, however, that it previously determined that Defendant was entitled to judgment with respect to Count VI in its order on the parties' motions for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 386 at 25-27, 34.)
. In addition to the sixteen entities excluded from the class per the Court's September 17, 2013 Order (Doc. No. 386 at 32-33), the parties also agree that the following fourteen entities are governed by ERISA: (1) Arizona State Carpenters Defined Contribution Fund; (2) Arizona State Carpenters Pension Trust Fund; (3) Construction Industry & Laborers Health & Welfare Trust; (4) Construction Industry & Laborers Pension Trust; (5) New Mexico Electricians' Retirement Benefit Fund; (6) New Mexico Pipe Trades Health and Welfare Trust Fund; (7) New Mexico Pipe Trades Pension Fund Plan B; (8) Operating Engineers' Local 428 Defined Contribution Fund; (9) Operating Engineers' Local 428 Pension Fund; (10) Arizona Pipe Trades Defined Contribution Trust Fund; (11) Arizona Pipe Trades Pension Trust Fund; (12) Chicago Painters and Decorators Pension Plan; (13) Denver Area Meat Cutter and Employers Pension Plan; and (14) Rocky Mountain UFCW Unions & Employers Pension Plan. (Doc. No. 390, Sadler Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. A.)
. This case commenced more than three years ago, and the class claims were certified almost two years ago. The ERISA entities received class notice, and it appears that, until the Court's September 17, 2013 Order (Doc. No. 386), the thirty ERISA investors had been involved in this litigation as members of the class.
. Defendant seeks to exclude the following six entities from the class: (1) D.B. Reinhart Marital Trust (including the Gateway Development Trust, Marjorie A. Reinhart 2001 Trust, and Marjorie A. Reinhart Revocable Trust); (2) Sirius Finance, LLC; (3) Thomas H. Bailey; (4) the Wells Fargo Advantage Funds; (5) the Wells Fargo Collective Funds; and (6) the Wells Fargo Diversified Investment Funds for Personal Trust. (Doc. No. 417 at 2; Doc. No. 419 at 5 n. 2.)