Case Name: Herndon v. Gregory
Court: Arkansas Supreme Court
Jurisdiction: Arkansas
Decision Date: 1935-04-22
Citations: 190 Ark. 702
Docket Number: 4-3835
Parties: Herndon v. Gregory.
Judges: 
Reporter: Arkansas Reports
Volume: 190
Pages: 702–718

Head Matter:
Herndon v. Gregory.
4-3835
Opinion delivered April 22, 1935.
Pace <& Davis, Elmo CarlLee, Charles B. Thweatt and Tom W. Campbell, for appellant.
Roy D. Campbell, Ross Mathis and W. J. Dungan, for appellee.

Opinion:
McHaney, J.
On April 18, 1933, appellant's intestate, Glen R. Herndon, G. W. Martin, W. N. Gregory and W. N. Gregory, Jr., were riding in an airplane from Augusta, Arkansas, to St. Louis, Missouri; W. N. Gregory being the owner of the airplane and his son, W. N. Gregory, Jr., being the. pilot thereof, Messrs. Herndon and Martin being the guests of the Gregorys. At a point in Illinois, some distance out of St. Louis, the airplane fell to the ground and was destroyed by fire, all four of the occupants therein being instantly killed. This action was instituted in January, 1934, by appellant as the administratrix of the estate of Mr. Herndon, against the appellee as the executrix of the estate of W. N. Gregory, and as administratrix of the estate of W. N. Gregory, Jr., they being the respective widows of Mr. Herndon and Mr. W. N. Gregory. The complaint made the following allegations as grounds for recovery:
"On the said 18th day of April, 1933, because of the negligence of the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., the said Glen R. Herndon was instantly killed in the State of Illinois. The death of the said Glen R. Herndon was caused by the negligence of the said W. N. Gregory, and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., in this: That on the morning of the said 18th day of April, 1933, the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., and the said Glen R. Herndon and Mr. G. W. Martin started to go from Augusta, Arkansas, to St. Louis by airplane. The said airplane was then and there owned by the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., and it was on said trip piloted by the said W. N. Gregory, Jr. The said Glén R. Herndon became a passenger upon said airplane for the purpose of making said trip at the request of the said W. N. Gregory and W. N. Gregory, Jr. The said Glen R. Herndon had never before ridden in nor been upon any airplane, and knew absolutely nothing about the management or control ,of that airplane or any airplane, and that fact was then and there well known to the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr. Upon said trip the said airplane was in and under the absolute control and management of the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr. When said airplane upon which the said Glen R. Herndon was a passenger on said day, and while said airplane was being piloted by the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., and while it was and at all times on said trip had been under the absolute control and management of the. said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., reached a point approximately twenty-five miles south of East St. Louis, in the State of Illinois, because of the negligence of the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., and the said W. N. Gregory, said airplane fell, crashed to the ground, caught fire and burned, and the said Glen R. Herndon was thereby instantly killed. The exact character of the negligence of the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., and the said W. N. Gregory which caused the said airplane to crash, and to burn, and to kill the said Glen R. Herndon is not and cannot lie known to this plaintiff, for the reason that the entire management and control of said airplane was in the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr.; but, had they not been negligent in respect to the management and control of said airplane, the same would not have fallen and burned and killed the said Herndon.
"Said W. N. Gregory was especially negligent in causing said death in that his said son, W. N. Gregory, Jr., was known by his said father to be unskilled in the handling and piloting of such an airplane, which fact was not known to said Herndon, yet said W. N. Gregory, with full knowledge of such danger, assured said Herndon that it was safe fox him to make said trip in said airplane and urged him to do so."
Judgment for damages in a large sum was prayed against the estates of the father and son.
To the complaint a demurrer was interposed on two grounds: first, that the facts alleged in the complaint are insufficient to constitute a cause of action; second, "that said complaint shows that Glen R. Herndon, decedent of the plaintiff, and W. N. Gregory and W. N. Gregory, Jr., the decedents of the defendant herein, died on the 18th day of April, 1933, and said complaint does not show ihat the said W. N. Gregory and W. N. Gregory, .Jr., survived the death of said Glen R. Herndon."
The trial court sustained the demurrer on both grounds, and, upon appellant's declining to plead further, the court dismissed said complaint at the cost of appellant. The case is here on appeal.
If the complaint fails to state a cause of action, and is open to general demurrer, then it will be unnecessary and beside the point to determine whether the cause of action survived, as held by the court on the second ground of demurrer, as the question would be academic. It is true, as we have said in many cases, that a demurrer to a complaint admits the truth of the allegations, and all reasonable inferences which can be drawn therefrom. Life & Casualty Ins. Co. of Tenn. v. Ford, 172 Ark. 1098, 292 S. W. 389. It is also true that a demurrer admits only those facts which are well pleaded. Ready v. Ozan Investment Co., ante p. 506, and cases there cited. It does not admit conclusions of law pleaded nor statement of facts not alleged to be the proximate cause of injury.
Appellant contends that the allegation in the complaint that "the death of the said Glen R. Herndon was caused by the negligence of the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr.," is alone sufficient to state a cause of action, and that a demurrer does not lie thereto, but only a motion to make more definite and certain. But a motion to make more definite and certain in respect to the particular negligence of appellee's decedents could not be complied with, as shown by a subsequent allegation of the complaint which states that: "The exact character of the negligence of the said W. N. Gregory, Jr., and the said W. N. Gregory which caused the said airplane to crash, and to burn, and to kill the said Glen R. Herndon is not and cannot be known to this plaintiff, for the reason that the entire management and control of said airplane was in the said W. N. Gregory and the said W. N. Gregory, Jr.; but, had they not been negligent in respect to the management and control of said airplane, the same would not have fallen, and burned and killed the said Herndon."
These latter allegations show conclusively that appellant not only did not. know what the negligence was or consisted of which caused the airplane to fall, but shows that it cannot be known to her. It is clear, therefore, that appellant could not have complied with an order of the court requiring the complaint to be made more definite and certain in respect to the particular negligence which caused the airplane to fall, and her complaint would have had to be dismissed had a motion to make more definite and certain been filed and sustained by the court. The complaint was therefore demurrable unless the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies.
It is earnestly insisted by appellant that this doctrine does apply to the facts and circumstances of this case. This court applied the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in Chiles v. Ft. Smith Commission Co., 139 Ark. 489, 216 S. W. 11, in an action for damages for the death of plaintiff's decedent caused by an explosion in a four-story building' in which said decedent was employed, and in which he was killed when the building was blown up. The complaint alleged that the building contained various gas and ammonia fixtures which were in the exclusive control of the defendants; that said decedent was rightfully in the building at the time of the explosion, but had no duty to perform in connection with the instrumentalities which occasioned the injury. The court held in that case that: "A demurrer to this complaint was.improperly sustained, and that the concurrence of the conditions alleged made applicable the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur." 1st Syllabus. The court there quoted with approvaL from Shearman and Redfield on Negligence, 59, the-following: "When a thing which causes injury is shown to be under the management of the defendant, and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen if those who have the manage ment use proper care, it affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of explanation by the defendant, that the accident arose from a want of care. ' '
The court also quoted with approval § 156, p. 187, 20 R. C. L., as follows: "More precisely, the doctrine res ipsa loquitur asserts that whenever a thing which produced an injury is shown to have been under the control and management of the defendant, and the occurrence is such as in the ordinary course of events does not happen if due care has been exercised, the fact of injury itself will be deemed to afford sufficient evidence to support a recovery in the absence of any explanation by the defendant tending to show that the injury 'was not due to his want of care. The presumption of negligence herein considered is, of course, a rebuttable presumption. It imports merely that the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case Avhich entitles him to a faAmrable finding unless the defendant introduces evidence to meet and offset its effect."
The same volume of R. C. L., § 155, p. 185, states the negatiA'e test as folloAvs: "And a careful analysis of the better considered decisions shows that negligence will not be presumed from the mere fact of injury, Avhen that fact is as consistent Avith the presumption that it Avas unaAroidable as it is with negligence; and therefore if it be left in doubt Avliat the cause of the accident Avas, or if it may as well be attributable to the act of God or unknoAvn causes as to negligence, there is no such presumption."
Appellant cites a number of cases from this and other jurisdictions where the doctrine Avas applied and AA'here the happening of the thing itself constitutes prima facie evidence of negligence. It Avas so held in the case of Ark. Light & Power Co. v. Jackson, 166 Ark. 633, 267 S. W. 359 and in Sw. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Bruce, 89 Ark. 581, 117 S. W. 564, and in Rd. Co. v. Mitchell, 57 Ark. 418, 21 S. W. 883. We cannot agree that these cases furnish the basis for the application of the maxim to the facts and circumstances of this case. A careful consideration of them reveals that in each case the cause of injury and consequent damages can be fastened upon human conduct in such a way that they could not have occurred in the ordinary course of human experience except through the negligence of a person or persons having exclusive control of the instrumentalities by means of which such injury was caused. None of the cases mentioned are comparable to the case at bar. The res ipsa loquitur rule has been applied by some courts in airplane cases, among which, cited and relied on by appellant in her reply brief, are the following: Genero v. Ewing, 28 Pac. (2d) 116; Seaman v. Curtiss Flying Service Co., 247 N. Y. S. 251; Smith v. O'Donnell, 12 Pac. (2d) 933; Stoll v. Curtis Flying Service, Inc., 1920 U. S. Aviation Reports 148; McCusker v. Curtiss-Wright Flying Service, Inc., 269 Ill. App. 502, 521. But in each of these cases the complaint alleged some act of negligence or some unusual or out of the ordinary occurrence, justifying the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. Here, however, the complaint alleges nothing except that the airplane fell, and that what caused it to fall was unknown to the plaintiff. It is true that the complaint alleges that Gregory, Jr., was unskilled in the handling and piloting of such an airplane, and that Gregory, senior, knew him to be so, and that it was unknown to appellant's intestate. The complaint does not allege that the fact that Gregory, Jr., was unskilled in the handling and the piloting of an airplane had anything tó do with causing this machine to fall. Assuming that he was an unskilled pilot, his lack of skill would have to be connected by proof in support of an allegation that his unskillfulness caused the airplane to fall, which could not be shown, even if such an allegation were present, because of the other allegation that appellant does not and cannot know the cause thereof. We think the correct rule with reference to the application of res ipsa loquitur doctrine to airplane travel is stated in Aeronautical Law by Davis 'on pages 293 and 294 of said work. It is there said:
"There is a recognized rule of law frequently applied with respect to land transportation, and to a lesser degree transportation by water, that if, in the use of an instrument of conveyance under the management of one charged with responsibility, an accident occurs, such as ordinarily does not happen if those who have its management use proper care, a presumption of negligence arises from the happening of the accident. This, in fact, is expressing the rule of 'res ipsa loquitur.' It would seem that in applying such a rule to travel by air, consideration should be given to the extent of development and resultant safety of this mode of travel as compared to other means of travel. While it has been judicially recognized that aviation is no longer an experiment, it still is in its formative stage, and liability of the carrier should hardly be measured by the same rules of law governing transportation by land or water. Many new devices increasing safety of flight will doubtless be discovered, and that share of the present damage due to this mode of travel, still being in its infancy, should not in all fairness be borne entirely by the carrier, nor should the same degree of absolute liability be imposed now applicable to carriers using long established modes of travel and therefore will develop in the way of safety devices. This point, as well as the rule of assumption of risks, has been well illustrated by one writer in saying the passenger by air could hardly be expected to believe he is traveling with the same degree of safety as though he Avere to use an ox cart.
"The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in determining the cause of the loss, has given way largely in maritime law to that attributing loss to unusual dangers or perils necessarily incident to the exposure to the elements in transportation by water.
"Practically all cases where the doctrine has been held to apply involve accidents Avhich could not Avell haAm occurred Avithout the intervention of man. With ships at sea the possibility of accidents occurring Avithout the intervention of man or because of hazards beyond his control becomes more pronounced, and in fact no discussion of the doctrine can be found in the many books on maritime law. Here the doctrine of presumed negligence gives way almost entirely to the probability that the accident, unexplained, resulted from sources beyond the carrier's control and for which he is not liable. In the case of airplanes it is more probable the accident could occur even if, 'in the .ordinary course of things, proper care is used in its control'."
On page 295, the same author says: "It would appear that one taking flight in an airplane assumes certain apparent risks in this mode of travel which are of greater hazard than travel on land or water. Not only are the laws of gravitation being defied, but a high rate of speed is attained, and peril from the elements is greater. The inherent nature and risk of travel at great speed and altitude at the same time requires a high degree of care in the construction, inspection and navigation of an airplane. However, faulty construction of the airplane, or negligence in its management in flight, enter very little into consideration of the cause of loss of the many flyers who attempted a transoceanic flight and have never since been heard from. Many of the most skillful and best trained aviators, using the best constructed airplanes obtainable, have been lost. Usually public opinion presumes such loss attributable to storms, fog, air currents and other hazards of such travel. This gives rise to the belief that a rule of law with respect, to air navigation or 'perils of the air' will be developed with the same force and effect as the established rule of 'perils of the sea' now applicable in maritime law. This exception to liability of a shipowner seems independent of any express exception in the contract of carriage. ' '
We are therefore of: the opinion' that the res ipsa loquitvr doctrine is not applicable in this case, and that no presumption of negligence arises "from the mere fact of injury, when that fact is as consistent with the presumption that it was unavoidable as it is with negligence." This accident may have been causéd by one or more of a number of reasons over which the owner and operator of the airplane had no control; "and therefore if it be left in doubt what the cause of the accident was or if it may as Avell be attributable to the act of God or unknoAvn causes as to negligence, there is no such presumption." If the complaint had alleged some particular act of negligence or some unusual or out of the ordinary occurrence, from which'negligence might, be presumed, such as cranking the engine Avithout blocks in front of tlie wheels as in the Genero case, supra, or attempting to laud at too low and unsafe a speed or at a dangerous or unsafe place as in the Seamon and Stoll cases, supra, or had a collision occurred with another airplane as in the Smith case, supra, or had he in a careless and negligent manner piloted his plane into a tree as in the McCusker case, supra, then it would have alleged a fact over which human conduct had control which might give rise' to the application of the doctrine of' res ipsa loquitur. Not having done so, we are of the opinion that the complaint did not state a cause of action, and that the trial court correctly sustained the general demurrer thereto. This makes it unnecessary to decide whether the cause of action survived under the law of Illinois, where the injury occurred. Affirmed.