Case Name: Charles KNOX, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee; Mary KNOX, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee
Court: Supreme Court of Kentucky
Jurisdiction: Kentucky
Decision Date: 1987-07-02
Citations: 735 S.W.2d 711
Docket Number: 
Parties: Charles KNOX, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee. Mary KNOX, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee.
Judges: STEPHENS, C.J., and GANT, LEIBSON, STEPHENSON and VANCE, JJ., concur.
Reporter: South Western Reporter Second Series
Volume: 735
Pages: 711–713

Head Matter:
Charles KNOX, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee. Mary KNOX, Appellant, v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee.
Supreme Court of Kentucky.
July 2, 1987.
Rehearing Denied Sept. 24, 1987.
Linda K. West, Asst. Public Advocate, Frankfort, for appellant.
David L. Armstrong, Atty. Gen., Cicely Jaracz Lambert, Asst. Atty. Gen., Frankfort, for appellee.

Opinion:
STEPHENS, Chief Justice.
Charles Knox and Mary Knox, husband and wife, were convicted respectively of first degree rape and complicity to commit first degree rape of Mary's daughter. Each received a sentence of life imprisonment from the Shelby Circuit Court and appealed as a matter of right. The cases were consolidated on appellants' motion and a joint brief was filed.
The evidence at trial indicated that Mary, the mother of the victim, was aware of the relationship between her husband and her daughter. The child testified that she told Mary that Charles was "messing" with her and pleaded with her mother to make him stop. The evidence further showed however, that Mary did not intervene on the child's behalf and in fact took no actions for the child's protection.
The primary issue to be addressed is whether appellant Mary Knox had a legal duty to make an effort to prevent the rape by Charles Knox. Mary was charged and convicted under KRS 502.020(l)(c). The statute reads:
502.020. Liability for conduct of another — Complicity.—(1) A person is guilty of an offense committed by another person when, with the intention of promoting or facilitating the commission of the offense; he:
(c) Having a legal duty to prevent the commission of the offense, fails to make a proper effort to do so.
Over defense counsel's objections, the trial court found that Mary had an affirmative legal duty to make an effort to prevent the commission of the rape. Appellant Mary Knox asserts the trial court erred in its determination that a duty to prevent the offense is imposed by law. We agree. We know of no statute or common law which imposes such a "legal duty" on this appel lant. We know of no higher moral duty than that of preventing such a crime, and, indeed, a failure to do so is most "reprehensible." Cf. Elmendorf v. Commonwealth, 171 Ky. 410, 188 S.W. 483 (1916). However, "a moral duty to take affirmative action is not enough to impose a legal duty to do so." 1 W. LaFave & A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law 284 (1986).
The Commonwealth searches for a specific statutory duty under the "child abuse" statutes, particularly KRS 199.335. The sections referenced to us require reporting child abuse in order that the services of the state may be utilized to prevent further abuse. This falls far short of the requirement of KRS 502.020(l)(e).
The Commonwealth argues that, in addition to the reporting statute, a legal duty is imposed by KRS 508.100 through 508.120 and KRS 530.040 and 530.050. KRS 508.-100 through 508.120 provide criminal liability for abuse. These statutes became effective after the date of the offenses with which the appellants were charged and cannot be considered. Cf. Moore v. Ward, Ky., 377 S.W.2d 881 (1964); Ky. Const. § 19; KRS 446.080(3). KRS 530.040 and 530.050 provide criminal liability for a parent who fails to provide support for or abandons his or her child. These statutes fall far short of the legal duty the Commonwealth seeks to impose.
In sum, while we do not approve the conduct of appellant Mary Knox, we find no legal duty to prevent the commission of the offense. We cannot sustain her conviction for complicity.
Mary complains of additional errors concerning improper instructions and insufficiency of the evidence. These issues were not properly preserved for review and, finding no manifest injustice, we decline to review them on appeal. Stone v. Commonwealth, Ky., 456 S.W.2d 43 (1970).
Charles Knox was charged and convicted of first degree rape as defined by KRS 510.040(l)(b):
(1) A person is guilty of rape in the first degree when: .
(b) He engages in sexual intercourse with another person who is incapable of consent because he . is less than twelve years old.
Charles asserts as error the insufficiency of the evidence that the victim was under the age of twelve at the time of the offense. The evidence was not challenged at trial as insufficient to prove the age of the child. There was no objection to the instructions concerning the child's age. This issue has not been properly preserved for review. Finding no manifest injustice we decline to address the question on appeal. Stone v. Commonwealth, supra.
Accordingly, the complicity conviction of Mary Knox is reversed; the conviction of Charles Knox for first degree rape is affirmed.
STEPHENS, C.J., and GANT, LEIBSON, STEPHENSON and VANCE, JJ., concur.
WINTERSHEIMER, J., dissents in a separate opinion.
LAMBERT, J., joins in dissent.