julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Mapping Mind Wandering to the “Self-Regulated Learning Process, Multimodal Data, and Analysis Grid”: A Systematic Review
2025-08-02

Abstract Attention is crucial for learners to enhance their learning and build knowledge. Sustaining prolonged attention requires students to self-regulate their behavioral, emotional, and cognitive processes. At the same time, learners engage in mind wandering approximately 30% of the time spent in educational activities, leading to a deterioration in learning outcomes. Despite its prevalence, the integration of mind-wandering research with self-regulated learning (SRL) frameworks remains limited. To address this gap, we first conceptually integrated research on mind wandering and SRL. Second, we assessed the extent to which this integration has been empirically explored by situating research on mind wandering during learning within the self-regulated learning process, multimodal data, and analysis (SMA) grid. To this end, we conducted a preregistered systematic literature review. We reviewed 134 studies from 2010 to 2024, analyzing the employed definitions of mind wandering, especially with regard to meta-awareness, the data streams used for measuring mind wandering, and whether mind wandering was investigated in relation to or in combination with cognitive, affective, metacognitive, and motivational (CAMM) SRL processes. Our analysis revealed that a significant number of studies have examined mind wandering alongside cognitive and metacognitive SRL processes and predominantly using self-report measures. An equal number of studies unobtrusively measured mind wandering through multimodal data streams (e.g., eye tracking, physiology, reaction time), with 27% utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques for assessment. However, most of these reports did not include SRL procedures and only a small number of studies used an integrated analytic approach, combining multimodal assessment and including SRL processes. Overall, affective and motivational processes received little to no attention. This review demonstrates how integrating research on mind wandering into established SRL frameworks can enhance our understanding of their complex interaction and role in the learning process. It revealed a blind spot in studying mind wandering in educational settings in conjunction with SRL processes using multimodal data streams, especially regarding affective and motivational SRL processes. Additionally, the results suggest that this integration can improve the effectiveness of real-time interventions based on automated mind-wandering detection in attention-aware learning technologies, thereby supporting SRL.
ARSA Variants Associated With Cognitive Decline and Long‐Term Preservation of Motor Function in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
2025-08-02

ABSTRACT Patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) show variable motor and cognitive decline. The ARSA variants c.256C&gt;T, p.(Arg86Trp), c.257G&gt;A, p.(Arg86Gln) and c.542T&gt;G, p.(Ile181Ser) are associated with predominantly cognitive decline. This multinational study analyzed MLD onset type, presenting signs/symptoms, cognitive function, gross motor function, central motor tract involvement, MRI severity score, peripheral neuropathy, and survival of 47 patients (three homozygous for c.256C&gt;T and five, twelve and 27 compound heterozygous for c.256C&gt;T, c.257G&gt;A, or c.542T&gt;G and another ARSA variant, respectively). Eleven underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Onset was late‐juvenile (46.8%) or adult (44.7%) with predominantly cognitive decline ( n = 40/41 symptomatic patients). At diagnosis, untreated patients typically retained independent walking (100%), sparing of central motor tracts (87.5%), and absence of demyelinating neuropathy (95.5%), which persisted in follow‐up for most (76.5%, 71.4%, and 64.7%, respectively). Early‐juvenile onset and rapid motor decline occurred only in patients compound heterozygous for c.256C&gt;T and a severe second variant ( n = 4), showing central motor tract involvement at diagnosis. One untreated and one treated patient died of disease progression, and another from HSCT complications. All other treated patients retained independent walking, and four of five tested normal cognitive function. Median MRI severity score remained lower in treated (13) than untreated patients (25). The phenotype of c.256C&gt;T carriers depends on the severity of the second ARSA variant. Patients harboring c.257G&gt;A or c.542T&gt;G show late‐juvenile or adult onset with cognitive decline and preserved motor function, usually associated with sparing of central motor tracts. In these patients, cognitive function and MRI severity score should be preferred treatment outcomes.
Immune cell senescence drives responsiveness to immunotherapy in melanoma
2025-08-02

Abstract Background: Immunotherapy has significantly improved cancer treatment. However, it is not effective in all cancer patients, rendering the need to further delineate the differences among responders and non-responders at the molecular and cellular level. Unresponsiveness to immunotherapy has been attributed to dysfunctional immune cell states such as T-cell exhaustion and anergy, whereas the contribution of cellular senescence remains elusive. Herein, we have investigated the role of immune cell senescence in the response to checkpoint inhibitors in melanomas where these immunotherapies are applied as a first line treatment. Methods: Two senescence detecting complementary approaches were utilized in a case control study we conducted. First, we implemented a senescence molecular signature we developed, termed “SeneVick” retrospectively in a single cell RNA-seq dataset from melanoma patients who received immunotherapy. Prior to this analysis, the signature was extensively validated in a variety of cell/tissue contexts, senescence types and species. Second, cellular senescence was assessed via an established experimental algorithmic approach in circulating immune cells of an analogous melanoma clinical cohort. Results: Melanoma patients who did not respond to immunotherapy exhibited increased cellular senescence in their CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, B-cells and NK cells compared to responders. This phenomenon was independent of patients’ age and not an outcome of immunotherapy, in contrast to conventional anti-cancer treatments. Interestingly, alterations of cell-cell interactions among the immune sub-populations in non-responders compared to responders were identified, suggesting the involvement of immune cell senescence in defective immune responses and treatment failure. Conclusion: Overall, our findings support cellular senescence of the immune cell compartment within the TME, as a potent determinant of the response to immunotherapy and pave the way for strategies targeting immune cell senescence, as promising approaches to improve the outcome of such interventions.
A novel locus associated with decreased susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin has emerged and spread in Uganda
2025-08-02

ABSTRACT Malaria control in Uganda is threatened by the emergence of artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) and decreasing lumefantrine susceptibility. To identify loci contributing to decreased drug susceptibility, we assessed signatures of selection in Ugandan whole genome Plasmodium falciparum sequences. Extended shared haplotypes were seen for the ART-R associated Kelch13 (K13) C469Y and A675V mutations, but the strongest signal of recent selection was centered on a segment of chromosome 7 encoding the phosphoinositide-binding protein gene ( px1 , PF3D7_0720700). A haplotype, represented by three PX1 SNPs (L1222P, M1701I and D1705N) and two indels (designated PIN), was first seen in 2008 and rapidly increased, reaching prevalence &gt;50% in northern Uganda by 2016 and eastern Uganda by 2023. PIN-carrying parasites showed significantly decreased ex vivo susceptibilities, measured as IC 50 s, to lumefantrine, mefloquine and dihydroartemisinin, either with or without coincident K13 mutations. Thus, PX1 polymorphisms may impact on the susceptibilities of African malaria parasites to key drugs.
Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Children and Adolescents With Obesity
2025-08-04

ABSTRACT Obesity, particularly pediatric obesity, has dramatically increased over the last three decades, with a wide range of detrimental health outcomes, including negative consequences for brain neurodevelopment. The present article reviewed magnetic resonance imaging studies between January 2011 and March 2024 examining the brain's role in pediatric obesity, including parental influences and diverse interventions. A literature search identified 97 eligible MRI studies in the pediatric population. Findings suggest that altered brain structures and functions in pediatric obesity are strongly dependent on the developmental stage of children and adolescents. The function and structure of limbic regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum, as well as the prefrontal cortex, seem to be particularly affected by higher body mass index during development. In response to palatable foods, children and adolescents with excess weight have increased activation in reward‐related regions and decreased activation in regions involved in interoceptive signal processing, especially during decision processes. In addition, children of mothers with obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus show alterations in brain structure and function independent of their current obesity. Behavioral, exercise, and weight‐loss intervention studies showed promising effects on the brain, with increased structural integrity, decreased brain responses to reward, and strengthened inhibitory brain responses in children and adolescents with excess weight after the intervention.
Short-Term Outcomes of Pediatric Patients With Mild Autosomal Recessive RPE65-Associated Retinal Dystrophy Treated With Voretigene Neparvovec
2025-08-04

This study aids clinical decision-making in unclear cases by demonstrating that early treatment with voretigene neparvovec in mild RPE65-IRD provides functional benefits while minimizing the risk of fast-growing chorioretinal atrophy.
Preclinical evaluation of the neutralising efficacy of three antivenoms against the venoms of the recently taxonomically partitioned E. ocellatus and E. romani
2025-08-04

Snakebite is a significant public health concern in Africa, with the viperid species Echis ocellatus being responsible for the majority of snakebite deaths in West Africa. Recently E. ocellatus underwent taxonomic revision and was split into two species, E. ocellatus sensu stricto and E. romani , leading to questions regarding differences in venom bioactivities and the efficacy of antivenoms indicated for treatment of ‘ E. ocellatus ’ envenoming against the two redefined species. Using a range of in vitro assays we compared the toxin activities of the two species and the venom-neutralising efficacy of three antivenoms (EchiTAbG, SAIMR Echis and Echiven) raised against ‘ E. ocellatus’ . We then used murine preclinical assays to compare the in vivo efficacy of these antivenoms against E. romani and E. ocellatus s. str venoms. Mitochondrial barcoding of snake skins and venom revealed that E. romani, and not E. ocellatus, is used in the manufacture of several antivenoms raised against ‘ E. ocellatus ’. There were also a number of differences in specific toxin activity between the venoms of the two species in the three in vitro assays utilised in this study.; E. ocellatus (Ghana) had the strongest phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity, followed by weak PLA 2 activity for E. romani (Cameroon) and insignificant activity by E. romani (Nigeria). E. ocellatus (Ghana) and E. romani (Nigeria) demonstrated comparable snake venom metalloproteinase activity, whilst E. romani (Cameroon) had reduced, albeit still significant, activity in comparison. However no differences were observed in a plasma clotting assay measuring coagulopathy between the venoms and localities. Venoms from E. ocellatus (Ghana) and E. romani (Cameroon and Nigeria) were all recognised comparably by the three antivenoms, and there were only modest differences between antivenoms in neutralising the various in vitro toxin effects. In murine preclinical assays, each antivenom could neutralise the lethal effects of E. romani (Nigeria), but differences were seen in their comparative potency when the same antivenom doses were tested against E. romani (Cameroon) and E. ocellatus (Ghana). In these comparative potency assays, all three antivenoms were unable to confer 100% survival when tested against E. romani (Cameroon), but SAIMR Echis provided the best protection with 80% survival. When tested against E. ocellatus (Ghana), the comparative doses of SAIMR Echis and Echiven provided 100% protection whereas EchiTAbG failed to prevent lethality beyond three hours. This represents the first detailed analysis of differences between E. ocellatus and E. romani venom bioactivities and the efficacy of existing antivenoms against these two species. Our findings demonstrate that EchiTAbG, SAIMR Echis and Echiven antivenoms are preclinically efficacious against the lethal effects of E. ocellatus and E. romani venom across a number of localities.
Outcomes of patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a contemporary multicenter cohort
2025-08-04

Abstract Managing patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) poses significant clinical challenges. Limited evidence exists on how management decisions impact clinical outcomes, leading to treatment recommendations based on low-certainty evidence. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment strategies and clinical outcomes of patients with suspected HIT in a contemporary multicenter cohort. We conducted a prospective, multicenter cohort study including consecutive patients with suspected HIT from 11 centers. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: (1) HIT confirmed, (2) HIT-negative but heparin/platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibody-positive, and (3) HIT-negative without antibodies. Clinical and laboratory data were systematically collected. HIT was diagnosed using the washed-platelet heparin-induced platelet activation test as the reference standard. Among 1393 patients (46% female, median age 67 years), HIT was confirmed in 119 (8.5%). Most patients were in intensive care (37%), or had undergone cardiac surgery (32%). Argatroban was the predominant treatment (70%), and platelet recovery occurred in 77% of patients with HIT. Among patients with HIT, subsequent venous thromboembolism occurred in 23%, arterial thromboembolism in 9%, major bleeding in 12.6%, and mortality in 18%, with no significant differences between anticoagulants. Treatment with argatroban, bivalirudin, or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) significantly reduced arterial thromboembolism risk. Outcomes did not differ between patients who were HIT-negative with or without heparin/PF4 antibodies. HIT, as well as the mere suspicion of HIT, remains a serious condition with a high risk of adverse outcomes, including death. Our findings provide further evidence supporting the effectiveness of DOACs, argatroban, and bivalirudin in reducing arterial thromboembolism risk.
Proactive control adaptation in Stroop tasks reflects adjustments in the strength of distractor suppression.
2025-08-04

Conflict tasks often yield smaller mean congruency effects when relevant (target) and irrelevant (distractor) information is mostly incongruent rather than mostly congruent. While this proportion congruency effect may reflect proactive control adaptation, only a few previous studies have provided convincing evidence for proactive control adaptation when ruling out contingency learning and reactive (item-specific) control adaptation. In this study, we present further evidence for proactive control adaptation (as reflected in proportion congruency effects and asymmetrical list-shifting effects in contingency-controlled diagnostic items) across three experiments (each <i>N</i> = 100 participants) using manual counting Stroop tasks (Experiment 1: number words as distractors; Experiment 2: Arabic numerals as distractors; Experiment 3: number words and Arabic numerals as inducer and diagnostic items or vice versa). To better understand the processes underlying proactive control adaptation, we conducted fine-grained distributional analyses (delta functions) and model-based analyses (diffusion model for conflict tasks). These analyses suggest that proactive control adaptation in manual counting Stroop tasks mainly reflects adjustments in the strength of distractor suppression rather than in the timing of distractor suppression, the strength of target amplification, or response caution. Additional distributional and diffusion model reanalyses of the data by Spinelli and Lupker (2023, Experiments 1-3) revealed a similar pattern in vocal color Stroop tasks. In conclusion, the present study provides new evidence for proactive control adaptation in manual counting Stroop tasks and indicates that proactive control adaptation mainly reflects adjustments in the strength of distractor suppression in both manual and vocal Stroop tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
Beyond commensalism: Genomic insights into micrococcin P1-producing Staphylococcus chromogenes
2025-08-04

Abstract Staphylococcus chromogenes ( S. chromogenes ) is a predominant non-aureus staphylococcal species colonizing the teat skin and mammary gland of dairy ruminants. Although often linked to mild or subclinical mastitis, specific strains may also play protective roles against major udder pathogens. In this study, we characterized two S. chromogenes isolates (4S77 and 4S90) that displayed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Complete genome sequencing revealed a conserved, plasmid-encoded biosynthetic gene cluster for the thiopeptide bacteriocin micrococcin P1 (MP1). All genes necessary for MP1 biosynthesis, modification, export, and immunity were identified, and compound production was confirmed by HPLC and LC-MS. Comparative analysis with publicly available S. chromogenes genomes revealed that the MP1 cluster appears unique to these isolates. Both strains showed full phenotypic susceptibility to tested antibiotics, despite 4S90 carrying the lnuA gene, which did not confer detectable resistance under standard conditions. Classical staphylococcal toxin genes were also absent. Virulence gene profiling revealed a conserved repertoire of colonization- and persistence-associated genes, including factors involved in adhesion, capsule formation, and iron acquisition, but no markers of aggressive pathogenicity. Mobile genetic elements, including prophages and genomic islands, were common but did not carry antimicrobial resistance or virulence genes, suggesting a low risk of transmission of new pathogenic traits to the endogenous microbiome, including opportunistic bacteria. These findings suggest that MP1-producing S. chromogenes strains combine antimicrobial functionality with low virulence potential, highlighting their potential ecological role as protective commensals on the teat skin and in the broader mammary ecosystem of dairy ruminants.
TMJ Prostheses for Condylar Resorption and Benign Tumors Affecting the Condyle
2025-08-04

Total mandibular joint replacement is a clinical strategy to treat severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease. The use of TMJ prostheses was introduced into clinical practice in 1960; however, after approval by the FDA in the 1990s, its use became a regular technique for treating some TMJ diseases. Current TMJ prostheses include a fossa component and a condylar component and can be stock or custom-made. Procedures to implant the prosthesis and replace the TMJ are complex; however, technological improvements in planning have improved the process and outcomes. Despite improved knowledge of TMJ replacement, controversy remains regarding indications and timing of the technique. This narrative review aims to describe the indications, characteristics, and variables in TMJ replacement in clinical conditions related to condylar destruction or condylar overgrowth in the case of benign tumors.
Spatial response-code association for loudness but not brightness
2025-08-04

Cognitive associations between stimulus intensity and spatial response codes are thought to influence perceptual discrimination. We examined lateral response-set effects on auditory and visual intensity discrimination in a preregistered study with a large sample ( N = 98). Participants responded to loud and bright stimuli using a button located to the left or right of the button used for soft and dim stimuli. In the auditory task, stimulus-response (SR)-mapping affected task-averaged error rates (ERs) but not task-averaged response times (RTs). However, loudness predicted response-side differences in both latency ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>RT</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>Left</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>RT</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>Right</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) and accuracy ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>ER</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>Left</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>ER</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>Right</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ). By comparison, all tests of brightness discrimination supported the null or were inconclusive. Assessments of cross-modality correlations in SR-mapping effects were also inconclusive. These results replicate prior findings of lateral SR-mapping effects in auditory intensity discrimination and clarify inconsistencies in the visual domain. The lack of SR-mapping effects in brightness discrimination, along with inconclusive cross-modal correlations, challenges the notion of a common spatial processing mechanism for auditory and visual intensity comparison. If such a mechanism exists, its effects on visual judgments appear too subtle to be detected even in a large sample.
Alphabetic Sigla on Stone Beads from Poggio Civitate (Murlo)
2025-08-04

Abstract Two stone beads carved in the form of spindle whorls were recovered from the site of Poggio Civitate (Murlo). The beads are particularly noteworthy because they were incised with alphabetic sigla or, in the case of stone bead (PC 19870049), possibly a sequence of syllables with Consonant-Vowel structure. We examine the findspots of the beads and discuss the paleography of the letterforms. We conclude by considering the possible functions of the inscribed beads and their significance as regards literacy.