julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Automatic error correction of tri-state circuits
2003-01-20

Boolean equivalence checking is a well established approach for verifying combinational circuits and is on the verge of becoming an integrated part of the design cycle. Previously (1999), we have presented a method for performing automatic error correction in combinational circuits if equivalence checking fails. However like all other automatic error correction techniques proposed in the past, it cannot handle circuits containing tri-states. This is a restriction for practical applications since tri-states occur in many real-life circuits. In this paper we present two solutions how the rectification method can be extended to locate and rectify errors in tri-state circuits. This makes the method applicable to a much broader range of circuits.
An efficient reuse system for digital circuit design
2003-01-20

In this paper a complete reuse system for digital circuit design is presented. Thereby 'design for reuse' and 'design by reuse' aspects are considered. In particular a repository for IPs with special emphasis on classification and selection, web integration and IP protection is developed. By practising intra-company reuse with our system the efficiency and performance of reuse is demonstrated.
Object-oriented reuse methodology for VHDL
2003-01-20

In the reuse domain, the necessity of finding a new more suitable description language opposes the need to make reuse an accepted practice, and thus related to standards. This paper presents a new method to reuse VHDL described components in an IP centric manner. The basic object reuse model uses an object-oriented extension of VHDL, Objective VHDL. In contrast to conventional reuse approaches, which imply a considerable re-design effort, this new approach bridges the gap between design and reuse integration. The methodology is implemented in the form of a Reuse Management System which handles the classification, modification, adaption, storage and retrieval of the reuse components.
Emulation of a fast reactive embedded system using a real time operating system
2003-01-20

This paper presents the emulation of an embedded system with hard real-time constraints and response times of about 220 /spl mu/s. We show that for such fast reactive systems, the software overhead of a real time operating system becomes a limiting factor. We analyze the influence of novel microcontroller features, e.g., different on-chip caches, which tend to accelerate execution, but make it less predictable. These investigations have been conducted using our own emulation environment called SPYDER-CORE-P1.
An approach for extracting RT timing information to annotate algorithmic VHDL specifications
2003-01-20

This paper presents a new approach for extracting timing information defined in a simulation vector set on register transfer level (RTL) and reusing them in the behavioral specification. Using a VHDL RTL simulation vector set and a VHDL behavioral specification as entry, the timing information is extracted and as well as the specification transformed in a Partial Order based Model (POM). The POM expressing the timing information is then mapped on the specification POM. The result contains the behavioral specification and the RTL timing and is retransformed in a corresponding VHDL specification. Additionally, timing information contained in the specification can be checked using the RTL simulation vectors.
The influence of intermolecular interactions on optical limiter design
2003-01-20

Summary form only given. Reverse saturable absorption/thermal hybrid optical limiter materials can be used to make devices where the energy transmitted through the limiter is kept to approximately the MPE (Maximum Permissible Exposure according to the ANSI standard) over a range of input energies. However, to achieve this level of protection requires an optical system where there is an intermediate focus with an optical gain on the order of 10/sup 6/ to 10/sup 7/. It is possible to reduce the threshold and increase the opacity at high fluence by using nonlinear materials at a high concentration within a Rayleigh range of the focus. However, at higher concentrations, intermolecular interactions often play a substantial role in determining the nonlinear optical properties of the material. This paper reports a study of the structure, the nonlinear optics and the underlying photophysics of molecular aggregates of some organic materials that are known to be good limiter materials. Specifically, we compare intermolecular interactions in tetrakis-cumylphenoxy phthalocyanines with those in the axially substituted chloro-indium phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines. The supramolecular structures in these materials differ and this is reflected in both the threshold and the high fluence optical properties in these materials.
A plea for publishing without loss of data
2003-01-20

Present habits of publication (print and electronic) are unsuitable in experimental sciences if they restrict themselves to full text with links and pixel graphics, because all primary data are lost. Primary high-tech data are highly interactive at the site of data production. The tools for their full communication for critical analyses, use and data mining are available and so are the data storage capacities, but these features are not yet used in publications, even though the feasibility is amply shown in databases and on the Internet. The authors try to change this disastrous situation in a comprehensive way by pointing to the available data-interactive publishing devices. This covers fully interactive hypermolecules, hyperspectra, chemometric data sets, and complex 3D objects. The data formats are XML/CML and the widespread PDB/VRML/JCAMP-DX standards rather than TIFF/GIF/JPEG projections. The present hesitancy of authors and publishers to accept the superior techniques has to be overcome by teaching, advertising and various other aids.
Macrophages/microglial cells in patients with cerebral malaria.
2003-01-21

Cerebral malaria is a life threatening sequel of Plasmodium falciparum infection and contributes significantly to malaria mortality, especially among children. Accumulation of macrophages and proliferation of microglial cells play key roles in cerebral malaria and are thought to contribute to the pathophysiological alterations observed in these patients, which include enhanced adherence of infected erythrocytes to the cerebral vasculature by expression and secretion of proinflammatory molecules, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, recruitment of other inflammatory cells to the lesion site. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the involvement of macrophages/microglial cells in the development of cerebral malaria are summarized.
Endocrine Alterations in the Aging Male
2003-01-21

The recent increase in the elderly population, current health trends and awareness of age-related changes in the male endocrine system, have led to discussions about the role of the hormonal changes in the aging process in males. Better prevention and treatment of suboptimal health status and age-related diseases in aging men are based on an improved understanding of aging, particularly of the significance of age-associated hormonal changes. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the age dependence of the serum concentrations of the following important hormonal parameters in adult males using the IMMULITE 1 automated assay system (DPC, Los Angeles): testosterone, dehydro-epiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estradiol (E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), cortisol, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) and the growth hormone-dependent parameters insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and 2) to derive the following parameters: calculated free testosterone (cFT), ratio of calculated free testosterone to total testosterone (% cFT) and free androgen index (FAI). We found a significant decrease between the 21-30-year age group and the > 70-year age group for total testosterone (-42.4%), FAI (-65.5%), cFT (-60.0%), % cFT (-30.0%), DHEAS (-71.9%), E2 (-35.4%), TSH (-23.6%), IGF-I (-40.3%) and IGFBP-3 (-26.5%). Since the decreases in the FAI and cFT were greater than that of total testosterone and because these derived parameters reflect the biologically active fraction of testosterone, FAI and cFT are better markers for androgen deficiency in males. In contrast, a significant increase with age was observed for SHBG (+61.2%), LH (+40.0%), FSH (+98.3%) and cortisol (+54.2%). No significant alterations with age were observed for prolactin, fT3 and fT4. The study demonstrates that determining complete profiles of the androgenic, gonadotropic, adrenocortical, thyroid, pituitary and growth hormone/IGF endocrine axes in middle-aged and elderly men may be helpful in obtaining a correct clinical diagnosis for various hormonal disorders.
Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia for Labor and Delivery
2003-01-22

The maternal and fetal effects of analgesia during labor and delivery are issues of concern to patients, anesthesiologists, and obstetrical caregivers. Roughly 60 percent of women in the United States choose epidural or combined spinal–epidural anesthesia during labor. This Medical Progress article reviews current considerations, risks, and benefits of regional analgesia and anesthesia during both vaginal and cesarean deliveries.
Improved adaptive replacement algorithm for disk caches in HSM systems
2003-01-22

With an ever increasing amount of data to store, hierarchical storage management (HSM) systems must still use tape for tertiary storage. A disk cache is used to reduce the access time to data stored on tapes in a robot device. Due to the sequential access to tape devices, some HSM systems will transfer whole files between disk cache and tape. In this case the disk cache is forced to handle storage objects of nonuniform data size. In this article the term 'object' is used initially to emphasize that size is a property of the data stored in the disk cache. Thereafter files will be called cache objects and the disk cache will be called object cache. When dealing with file objects in a HSM system disk cache, size is not the only property that influences object replacement. A new replacement algorithm called ObjectLRU (OLRU) is introduced that considers different object properties for replacement. Using file system traces and cache simulation, the performance of OLRU is evaluated. Compared to the LRU replacement algorithm, the OLRU replacement improved cache hit rates for all simulated cache sizes. The gap between hit rates for the LRU and OPT replacement algorithms, which ranges between 3.2 and 0.7 percent, is reduced to between 1.9 and 0.6 percent. An online optimization of OLRU parameters is used to increase the adaptiveness of the OLRU algorithm by utilizing a genetic algorithm.
The use of dARTMAP and fuzzy ARTMAP to solve the quality testing task in semiconductor industry
2003-01-22

Research into the application of distributed ARTMAP (dARTMAP) and fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks to quality testing is presented. The aim of this work is the classification of faulty wafers into one of 22 known classes based on topological information extracted from the geometric allocation of the defective chips on the wafer. The classification abilities of dARTMAP and fuzzy ARTMAP were investigated in comparison with the results for counterpropagation networks (CPN). Experimental results show that ART algorithms can be successfully applied to solve this problem. Both of the ART networks classify significantly better than CPN networks.
Threshold calculation for segmented attenuation correction in PET with histogram fitting
2003-01-22

Various techniques for segmented attenuation correction (SAC) have been shown to be capable to reduce transmission scan time significantly and to perform accurate image quantification. The majority of well established methods is based on analyzing attenuation histograms to classify the main tissue components, which are lung and soft tissue. Methods using statistical approaches, i.e. class variances, to separate two clusters of a measured attenuation map have been shown to perform accurate attenuation correction at scan time within a range of 2-3 min, but might fail due to peak deformations, which occur when the transmission scan time is further reduced. The authors implemented a new method for segmented attenuation correction with the goal to minimize the transmission scan time and to increase the robustness for extremely short scan times using a coincidence transmission device. The implemented histogram fitting segmentation (HFS) allows accurate threshold calculation without assuming normal distributed peaks in the histogram by adapting a suitable function to the soft tissue peak. The algorithm uses an estimated lung position (ELP) for patient contour finding and lung segmentation. Iterative reconstruction is used to generate the transmission images.
Fosmidomycin, a Novel Chemotherapeutic Agent for Malaria
2003-01-23

ABSTRACT In previous studies, fosmidomycin has been shown to possess activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and in the mouse model. It has a novel mode of action through inhibition of 1-deoxy- d -xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, an enzyme of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is absent in humans. In this open-label, uncontrolled trial, the efficacy and safety of fosmidomycin, in an oral dose of 1,200 mg every 8 h for 7 days, were evaluated in the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 20 adult subjects in Gabon and Thailand. Clinical assessments were performed and thick blood smears were evaluated every 8 h until parasite clearance and resolution of symptoms were achieved; assessments continued at weekly intervals thereafter for the duration of the 28-day followup period. All subjects were clinically and parasitologically cured on day 7 (primary end point). Parasite and fever clearance were rapid, with means of 44 and 41 h, respectively. On day 28, seven out of nine subjects (78%) were cured in Gabon and two out of nine subjects (22%) were cured in Thailand. The drug was well tolerated, although mild gastrointestinal side effects were recorded for five subjects. Analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters showed no clinically significant changes throughout the study. Fosmidomycin is an effective and safe antimalarial drug, although its use as a single agent is restricted by the occurrence of recrudescent infections. However, its role in combination therapy should be explored.
A Glutamate Mutase Is Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Lipopeptide Antibiotic Friulimicin in Actinoplanes friuliensis
2003-01-23

ABSTRACT Actinoplanes friuliensis produces the lipopeptide antibiotic friulimicin. This antibiotic is active against gram-positive bacteria such as multiresistant Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains. It consists of 10 amino acids that form a ring structure and 1 exocyclic amino acid to which an acyl residue is attached. By a reverse genetic approach, biosynthetic genes were identified that are required for the nonribosomal synthesis of the antibiotic. In close proximity two genes ( glmA and glmB ) were found which are involved in the production of methylaspartate, one of the amino acids of the peptide core. Methylaspartate is synthesized by a glutamate mutase mechanism, which was up to now only described for glutamate fermentation in Clostridium sp. or members of the family Enterobacteriaceae . The active enzyme consists of two subunits, and the corresponding genes overlap each other. To demonstrate enzyme activity in a heterologous host, it was necessary to genetically fuse glmA and glmB . The resulting gene was overexpressed in Streptomyces lividans , and the fusion protein was purified in an active form. For gene disruption mutagenesis, a host-vector system was established which enables genetic manipulation of Actinoplanes spp. for the first time. Thus, targeted inactivation of biosynthetic genes was possible, and their involvement in friulimicin biosynthesis was demonstrated.
Application of HRMAS 1H NMR Spectroscopy To Investigate Interactions between Ligands and Synthetic Receptors
2003-01-27

Towards an understanding of chromatographic separation processes: The effect of the solvent composition on the strength of interaction between a chromatographic support and different organic substrates can be monitored by the relative intensity of the intramolecular negative transferred NOE effect (trNOE). The strength of interaction of different synthetic stationary phases with model substrates could be evaluated as changes in the observed trNOE (see picture Y=CH2 or NH, R1=CH3, R2=phenyl).
PRODUCTS OF PAIRWISE TOTALLY PERMUTABLE GROUPS
2003-01-27

Abstract In this paper finite groups factorized as products of pairwise totally permutable subgroups are studied in the framework of Fitting classes. AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20D10; 20D40
Extreme slim accretion disks and narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies: The nature of the soft X-ray hump
2003-01-28

We present a detailed model of an extreme slim disk (ESD) with a hot corona around a massive black hole with dimensionless accretion rate in the range . We assume that a fraction f of the gravitational energy is released in the hot corona and the rest is released in the ESD. The energy equation of the ESD is dominated by advection and the spectrum shows a broad “hump” caused by saturated Comptonization with monochromatic luminosity given by . This relationship enables us to estimate the black hole mass from the ESD luminosity. The spectrum of the hot corona is sensitive to the parameter and the viscosity and shows a Comptonized power-law with a high-energy cutoff. The model is used to explain the spectral properties of narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). In particular, it can explain the spectrum of extreme NLS1s like NLS1 RE J1034+396. Our spectral estimate of the black hole mass in this source is in good agreement with the mass obtained by applying the reververation mapping correlation. We also examine the Eddington ratios in a large NLS1 sample and find that most objects show super-Eddington accretion rates. We argue that soft X-ray humps in NLS1s are natural consequences of super-Eddington accretion in such objects.
A Stable Carbene Phosphenic Chloride Complex: First Structural Characterization of a PO2Cl Base Adduct [1]
2003-01-29

Abstract The phosphenic chloride adduct Im—PO 2 Cl ( 4 , Im = 2, 3‐dihydro‐1, 3‐diisopropyl‐4, 5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) was prepared by partial hydrolysis of [Im—POCl 2 ]Cl ( 5 ) and characterized by X‐ray structure analysis.
Synthesis and Structure of K[Cd(O2N‐C6H4‐NNN‐C6H4‐NO2)3], an Anionic 1, 3‐Bis(4‐nitrophenyl)triazenido Complex of Cadmium
2003-01-29

Abstract The reaction of cadmium acetate in methanol with 1, 3‐bis(4‐nitrophenyl)triazene in THF in the presence of KOH yields K[Cd(O 2 NC 6 H 4 NNNC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 3 ] in form of hexagonal prismatic, red crystals with the trigonal space group R 3 ̄ and a = 12.229(2), c = 48.988(10) Å and Z = 6. In the anionic cadmium complexes, which are located along the threefold axis, the Cd atoms are coordinated in a trigonal prismatic arrangement by the atoms N(1) and N(3) of three triazenido ligands. The potassium cations are coordinated icosahedrally by oxygen atoms of each one nitro group of six neighbouring anionic complexes. The Cd‐N distances are 2.376(4) and 2.350(4) Å, and the K‐O distances are in the range of 2.833(6) to 3.365(6) Å.
Specific inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression by small interfering RNA
2003-01-30

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to target thebcr-abl oncogene, which causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and bcr-abl–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Chemically synthesized anti–bcr-abl siRNAs were selected using reporter gene constructs and were found to reduce bcr-abl mRNA up to 87% in bcr-abl–positive cell lines and in primary cells from CML patients. This mRNA reduction was specific for bcr-abl because c-abl and c-bcr mRNA levels remained unaffected. Furthermore, protein expression of BCR-ABL and of laminA/C was reduced by specific siRNAs up to 80% in bcr-abl–positive and normal CD34+ cells, respectively. Finally, anti–bcr-abl siRNA inhibited BCR-ABL–dependent, but not cytokine-dependent, proliferation in a bcr-abl–positive cell line. These data demonstrate that siRNA can specifically and efficiently interfere with the expression of an oncogenic fusion gene in hematopoietic cells.
Transplantation of highly purified CD34+ progenitor cells from unrelated donors in pediatric leukemia
2003-01-30

Unrelated donors are commonly used for hematopoietic stem cell transplants, but graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major problem. We investigated whether transplantation of purified mobilized peripheral-blood CD34+ stem cells from unrelated donors would prevent acute and chronic GVHD in pediatric patients with leukemia and avert the need for pharmacologic immunosuppression. Thirty-one pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 16), acute myeloid (n = 7), chronic myeloid (n = 6), or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (n = 2) underwent transplantation. The median purity of CD34+ cells after positive magnet-activated cell sorting was 98.5%. Patients received a median of 8.0 × 106 CD34+ cells and 6 × 103 CD3+ T lymphocytes per kilogram, with no posttransplantation pharmacologic immunosuppression. Primary acute GVHD ≥ grade II was seen in only 10% of patients (n = 3) and occurred only after human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6) infection. Two patients had limited chronic GVHD. Engraftment occurred in all patients (primary engraftment, n = 26; engraftment after reconditioning, n = 5). The 2-year survival estimate was 38% for all patients and 63% for patients with ALL in complete remission. Patients with myeloid malignancies had a poor outcome. In comparison to a historical control group who received unmanipulated bone marrow, our patients had a lower incidence of GVHD (P &lt; .001). No difference was observed in the probability of relapse or survival. Study patients with ALL in remission showed a trend toward better survival (P = .07). Transplantation of purified peripheral-blood CD34+ cells from unrelated donors effectively minimizes GVHD and may be a good therapeutic option for patients with relapsed ALL.