julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Children and Adolescents With Obesity After Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention
2022-03-25

Objective Predictors of body weight loss (BWL) and body weight loss maintenance (BWLM) after behavioral weight loss intervention are well-investigated in adults. Less is known for children and adolescents and a systematic overview on the topic for this age group was aim of the review. Methods A systematic research according to PRISMA guidelines using several databases was performed. The outcome was the BMI z-Score of longitudinal studies. The extracted predictors were classified in clusters (Physiology, Behavior, Psychology, Environment) and compared with a theory-driven model based on international guidelines and known predictors for adults. Results Out of 2,623 articles 24 met the eligibility criteria, 23 investigating BWL and 8 BWLM. The expected key predictor in research for adults “Behavior” was hardly investigated in children. The most examined cluster was “Physiology” with the most significant predictors, in particular genetics (BWL) and blood parameters (BWLM). Factors in the cluster “Psychology” also predicted BWL and BWLM. The cluster “Environment,” which was highlighted in most intervention guidelines, was neglected in studies regarding BWLM and hardly investigated in studies with BWL. Conclusion The comparison with the theory-driven children model outlined research gaps and differences between predictors for adults and children providing further direction of research. Systematic Review Registration http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ , identifier: CRD42020200505.
The antimicrobial resistance travel tool, an interactive evidence-based educational tool to limit antimicrobial resistance spread
2022-03-25

Abstract Background International travel has been recognized as a risk factor contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, tools focused on AMR in the context of international travel and designed to guide decision-making are limited. We aimed at developing an evidence-based educational tool targeting both healthcare professionals (HCPs) and international travellers to help prevent the spread of AMR. Methods A literature review on 12 antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) listed as critical and high tiers in the WHO Pathogen Priority List covering four key areas was carried out: AMR surveillance data; epidemiological studies reporting ARB prevalence data on carriage in returning travellers; guidance documents reporting indications on screening for ARB in returning travellers and recommendations for ARB prevention for the public. The evidence, catalogued at country-level, provided the content for a series of visualizations that allow assessment of the risk of AMR acquisition through travel. Results Up to January 2021, the database includes data on: (i) AMR surveillance for 2.018.241 isolates from 86 countries; (ii) ARB prevalence of carriage from 11.679 international travellers and (iii) 15 guidance documents published by major public health agencies. The evidence allowed the development of a consultation scheme for the evaluation of risk factors, prevalence of carriage, proportion and recommendations for screening of AMR. For the public, pre-travel practical measures to minimize the risk of transmission were framed. Conclusions This easy-to-use, annually updated, freely accessible AMR travel tool (https://epi-net.eu/travel-tool/overview/), is the first of its kind to be developed. For HCPs, it can provide a valuable resource for teaching and a repository that facilitates a stepwise assessment of the risk of AMR spread and strengthen implementation of optimized infection control measures. Similarly, for travellers, the tool has the potential to raise awareness of AMR and outlines preventive measures that reduce the risk of AMR acquisition and spread.
The Association of Self-Reported ADHD Symptoms and Sleep in Daily Life of a General Population Sample of School Children: An Inter- and Intraindividual Perspective
2022-03-25

Sleep and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have repeatedly been found to be associated with each other. However, the ecological validity of daily life studies to examine the effect of sleep on ADHD symptoms is rarely made use of. In an ambulatory assessment study with measurement burst design, consisting of three bursts (each 6 months apart) of 18 days each, 70 German schoolchildren aged 10–12 years reported on their sleep quality each morning and on their subjective ADHD symptom levels as well as their sleepiness three times a day. It was hypothesized that nightly sleep quality is negatively associated with ADHD symptoms on the inter- as well as the intraindividual level. Thus, we expected children who sleep better to report higher attention and self-regulation. Additionally, sleepiness during the day was hypothesized to be positively associated with ADHD symptoms on both levels, meaning that when children are sleepier, they experience more ADHD symptoms. No association of sleep quality and ADHD symptoms between or within participants was found in multilevel analyses; also, no connection was found between ADHD symptoms and daytime sleepiness on the interindividual level. Unexpectedly, a negative association was found on the intraindividual level for ADHD symptoms and daytime sleepiness, indicating that in moments when children are sleepier during the day, they experience less ADHD symptoms. Explorative analyses showed differential links of nightly sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, with the core symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, respectively. Therefore, future analyses should take the factor structure of ADHD symptoms into account.
Ice-flow history and observations from the ice base of Jutulstraumen drainage basin (Antarctica)
2022-03-25

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Future sea-level predictions require that the history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is well understood and constrained by observations. Much of the ice sheets&amp;amp;#8217;&amp;amp;#160; ice-dynamic properties are governed by processes at the ice-bed interface which can be imaged with radar sounding surveys. Here we use a combination of ultra-wideband radio-echo sounding data, satellite radar and laser altimetry data, as well as electromagnetic waveform modeling to characterize the properties of the ice base and the evolution of the subglacial morphology of the Jutulstraumen drainage basin (western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica). Based on the classification of the bed topography, we reconstruct the step-by-step modifications the subglacial landscape has experienced since the beginning of the glaciation of Antarctica, 34 million years ago. Between 2017 and 2020, we find evidence of active episodic cascade-like subglacial water transport along the subglacial valley network. In addition, our high-resolution radio-echo sounding data reveal a cluster of anomalous basal ice units whose material properties we constrain by electromagnetic waveform modeling. Through this, we aim to derive the physical conditions at the ice base, and establish a link to the subglacial hydrology system. The combination of these observations will represent an important step towards a better understanding of large-scale ice-sheet dynamics in western Dronning Maud Land.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
Learning with simulated virtual classmates: Effects of social-related configurations on students’ visual attention and learning experiences in an immersive virtual reality classroom
2022-03-26

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) provides great potential to experimentally investigate effects of peers on student learning in class and to strategically deploy virtual peer learners to improve learning. The present study examined how three social-related classroom configurations (i.e., students' position in the classroom, visualization style of virtual avatars, and virtual classmates' performance-related behavior) affect students' visual attention toward information presented in the IVR classroom using a large-scale eye-tracking data set of N = 274 sixth graders. ANOVA results showed that the IVR configurations were systematically associated with differences in learners' visual attention on classmates or the instructional content and their overall gaze distribution in the IVR classroom (Cohen's d ranging from 0.28 to 2.04 for different IVR configurations and gaze features). Gaze-based attention on classmates was negatively related to students' interest in the IVR lesson (d = 0.28); specifically, the more boys were among the observed peers, the lower students' situational self-concept (d = 0.24). In turn, gaze-based attention on the instructional content was positively related to students' performance after the IVR lesson (d = 0.26). Implications for the future use of IVR classrooms in educational research and practice are discussed.
Knowing me, knowing you: Interpersonal similarity improves predictive accuracy and reduces attributions of harmful intent
2022-03-26

To benefit from social interactions, people need to predict how their social partners will behave. Such predictions arise through integrating prior expectations with evidence from observations, but where the priors come from and whether they influence the integration into beliefs about a social partner is not clear. Furthermore, this process can be affected by factors such as paranoia, in which the tendency to form biased impressions of others is common. Using a modified social value orientation (SVO) task in a large online sample (n = 697), we showed that participants used a Bayesian inference process to learn about partners, with priors that were based on their own preferences. Paranoia was associated with preferences for earning more than a partner and less flexible beliefs regarding a partner's social preferences. Alignment between the preferences of participants and their partners was associated with better predictions and with reduced attributions of harmful intent to partners. Together, our data and model expand upon theories of interpersonal relationships by demonstrating how dyadic similarity mechanistically influences social interaction by generating more accurate predictions and less threatening impressions.
Predictive validity of state versus trait challenge and boredom for career aspirations
2022-03-26

This study focused on students’ perceived challenge, its direct links to career aspirations along with indirect links to career aspirations via boredom. We extended previous findings by differentiating state and trait assessments of challenge and boredom and by investigating within- and between-person relations. We hypothesized overchallenge to go along with reduced career aspirations. Furthermore, boredom should occur due to both over- and underchallenge and should reduce those aspirations. We expected stronger effects of trait challenge and boredom on career aspirations as compared to the respective state reports. The hypotheses were tested in a sample of N = 753 high-school students (Mage = 15.72) from 43 classes by a questionnaire and an experience-sampling approach. Multilevel analyses showed overchallenge being linked to reduced career aspirations; this direct effect was equally strong for trait and state reports. Furthermore, the indirect effect of trait non-optimal challenge (over- or underchallenge) indicated a decrease in career aspirations via trait boredom.
Fusion transcripts as liquid biopsy markers in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma: A report of the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe (CWS)
2022-03-26

Abstract Background The possible application of gene fusion transcripts as tumor‐specific noninvasive liquid biopsy biomarkers was investigated in blood plasma from patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) and synovial sarcoma (SS). Methods Patients entered in the CWS Soft‐Tissue Sarcoma Registry (SoTiSaR) with tumors positive for fusion genes and available blood/plasma samples were included in our analysis. Cell‐free exosomal RNA was extracted and used to detect PAX‐FOXO1 or SYT‐SSX fusion transcripts by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). Results The analysis included 112 ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid blood samples from 80 patients (65 with ARMS, 15 with SS; 34 with localized, 46 with metastatic disease). For patients with metastatic ARMS, 62% ( n = 18) of initial liquid biopsies were positive, and 16 (89%) of them showed initial bone marrow (BM) metastases. For all patients with primary localized ARMS, liquid biopsy was negative at diagnosis. Of the 48 plasma samples collected during therapy and follow‐up, five were positive. None of the liquid biopsies from patients with SS were positive. Conclusions This liquid biopsy assay based on the detection of fusion transcripts in cell‐free RNA from blood exosomes is suitable for analysis of patients with ARMS. Results showed good correlation with the initial tumor status; liquid biopsy was positive in 94% of patients with metastatic ARMS and initial BM involvement, whereas biopsies from all patients with localized tumors were negative. Prospective validation and optimization of the assay, as well as its application for other markers in diagnostics and monitoring of soft‐tissue sarcoma, are ongoing.
The CBI‐R detects early behavioural impairment in genetic frontotemporal dementia
2022-03-26

Abstract Introduction Behavioural dysfunction is a key feature of genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) but validated clinical scales measuring behaviour are lacking at present. Methods We assessed behaviour using the revised version of the Cambridge Behavioural Inventory (CBI‐R) in 733 participants from the Genetic FTD Initiative study: 466 mutation carriers (195 C9orf72 , 76 MAPT , 195 GRN ) and 267 non‐mutation carriers (controls). All mutation carriers were stratified according to their global CDR plus NACC FTLD score into three groups: asymptomatic (CDR = 0), prodromal (CDR = 0.5) and symptomatic (CDR = 1+). Mixed‐effects models adjusted for age, education, sex and family clustering were used to compare between the groups. Neuroanatomical correlates of the individual domains were assessed within each genetic group. Results CBI‐R total scores were significantly higher in all CDR 1+ mutation carrier groups compared with controls [ C9orf72 mean 70.5 (standard deviation 27.8), GRN 56.2 (33.5), MAPT 62.1 (36.9)] as well as their respective CDR 0.5 groups [ C9orf72 13.5 (14.4), GRN 13.3 (13.5), MAPT 9.4 (10.4)] and CDR 0 groups [ C9orf72 6.0 (7.9), GRN 3.6 (6.0), MAPT 8.5 (13.3)]. The C9orf72 and GRN 0.5 groups scored significantly higher than the controls. The greatest impairment was seen in the Motivation domain for the C9orf72 and GRN symptomatic groups, whilst in the symptomatic MAPT group, the highest‐scoring domains were Stereotypic and Motor Behaviours and Memory and Orientation. Neural correlates of each CBI‐R domain largely overlapped across the different mutation carrier groups. Conclusions The CBI‐R detects early behavioural change in genetic FTD, suggesting that it could be a useful measure within future clinical trials.
A state estimate of Siberian summer temperature and moisture availability during the Last Glacial Maximum combining pollen records and climate simulations
2022-03-26

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~21.000 years before present) was a period with significantly lower global mean temperature, large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and low CO2 concentrations. Unlike other high-latitude areas, Siberia was not covered by a terrestrial ice sheet. Climate simulations with LGM boundary conditions show large inter-model differences especially in Northern Siberia, which impede a direct analysis of Siberian LGM climate from simulations. Thus, constraints from proxy data are needed. Here, we reconstruct summer temperature and moisture availability from a network of Siberian pollen records using statistical transfer functions. The estimates are corrected for the lower CO2 concentrations during the LGM with an a posteriori method.Using a Bayesian framework, we combine the pollen-based reconstructions with climate simulations to obtain the first regional state estimate of LGM climate constrained by proxies from Central and Eastern Siberia. Our reconstruction shows higher summer temperature anomalies than most high-latitude areas and simulations. Reconstructed moisture availability is similar to present-day values, consistent with most simulations. Analyses of the simulations show that anomalous circulation patterns and reduced cloud cover contribute particularly to the relatively high summer temperatures, supporting previous studies based solely on climate simulations. Our data-constrained state estimate is well-suited for future analyses of Siberian LGM climate such as investigations of the reasons for the absence of a Siberian ice sheet during the LGM.
Uncertainty quantification for melt rate parameters in ice shelves using simulation-based inference
2022-03-26

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mass loss from the Antarctic ice sheet is dominated by the integrity of the ice shelves that buttress it. The evolution and stability of ice shelves is dependent on a variety of parameters that cannot be directly observed, such as basal melt and ice rheology. Constraining these parameters is of great importance in making predictions of the future changes in ice shelves that have a quantifiable uncertainty. This inference task is difficult in practice as the number of unknown parameters is large, observations are often sparse, and the computational cost of ice flow models is high.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We aim to develop a framework for inferring joint distributions of mass balance and rheological parameters of ice shelves from observations such as ice geometry, surface velocities, and radar isochrones. Here, we begin by inferring a posterior distribution over basal melt parameters in along-flow sections of synthetic and real world ice shelves (Roi Baudouin). We use the technique of simulation-based inference (SBI), a machine learning framework for performing Bayesian inference when the likelihood function is intractable. The inference procedure relies on the availability of a simulator to model the dynamics of the ice shelves. For this we use the Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA) implemented in the Python library Icepack.&amp;amp;#160; First, we show that by combining these two tools we can recover the underlying parameters of synthetic 2D data with meaningful uncertainty estimates. In a second step, we apply our method to real observations and get estimates for the basal melt rates which are coherent with the data when running the forward model over a centennial timescale.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
Quad-polarimetric radar measurements autonomously obtained with an ice-rover at Ekstr&#246;m Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
2022-03-26

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Acquisition of quad-polarimetric radar data on ice sheets gives insights about the ice-fabric variability with depth and consequently can deliver essential constraints on the spatially variable ice rheology. Polarimetric measurements are collected manually in most ground-based surveys, discretely sampling a limited profile range. Measurements are time-intensive and often do not cover critical areas such as shear zones where field safety is a concern. Autonomous rovers can provide an alternative that optimizes for time, sampling resolution and safety. &amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Here, we present an autonomous acquisition technique of quad-polarimetric radar data using a rover. This technique is based on a previous layout that has proven its capacity to navigate in various snow conditions but did not yet actively trigger the geophysical instruments attached. We upgraded the rover with a novel Robotic Operating System (ROS2) that interfaces simultaneously with a real-time positioning GPS and an automatic phase-sensitive radio-echo sounder (ApRES) with multiple transmitters multiple receivers. Like this, the rover can autonomously steer to pre-destined waypoints and then take static measurements at those locations also in areas where field safety might be compromised. We demonstrate this proof-of-concept on the Ekstr&amp;amp;#246;m Ice Shelf Antarctica, where we acquired densely spaced polarimetric radar data measurements. The rover&amp;amp;#8217;s operating system offers many opportunities for other measurement principles, e.g., densely spaced co-polarized data suitable for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
How the co-evolution of major mountain ranges affects global climate
2022-03-26

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The topographic formation of large mountains and plateaus significantly impacts regional and global climate. Previous studies demonstrated that major mountain ranges can explain important aspects of synoptic scale climate dynamics and notable features of the climate system, such as the position of the intertropical convergence zone. Quantifying the synergistic climatic effects of the coeval evolution of major mountain ranges fosters a deeper understanding of climate and Earth system dynamics. Furthermore, it helps estimate where (and by how much) a regional climate signal recorded in a geological archive is affected by topographic changes in distant, off-site orogens. In this study, we use ECHAM5-wiso General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations to explore the synergistic global effects of systematically co-varying the height of the Andean and Himalaya-Tibet Plateaus. The simulations are conducted with different topographic evolution scenarios for these orogens, while environmental boundary conditions, such as global ice cover and greenhouse gas concentrations, are kept constant. More specifically, the topographies of the orogens are incrementally reduced by 25% of their current height. This results in 5 topographic scenarios for the Himalaya-Tibet by setting its elevation to 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% of current values. These are nested in the analogous 5 topographic scenarios for the Andes, resulting in a total of 25 scenarios and GCM simulations. We then conduct an empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis on the pressure fields produced by each of the simulations to track changes in quasi stable pressure systems. Furthermore, we track changes in cross-equatorial atmospheric transport and synoptic scale atmospheric flow. While most of the regional impacts of evolving topographies can be explained by atmospheric lapse rates and physical air flow disruption, global impacts can be explained by changes in surface heat distribution and pressure centres affecting synoptic scale atmospheric flow. We also find that the height of Himalaya-Tibet modifies the impact of Andean topography on northern hemisphere climate, highlighting interhemisphere climate teleconnections between the two orogens. Our results suggest that robust interpretations of climate signals recorded in geological archives in many regions on Earth are only possible when the global climatic effects of the topography of distant, off-site orogens are considered.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;