julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Distractor Locations Influence Multiple Object Tracking Beyond Interobject Spacing
2015-03-25

Human observers are able to keep track of several independently moving objects among other objects. Within theories of multiple object tracking (MOT), distractors are assumed to influence tracking performance only by their distance toward the next target. In order to test this assumption, we designed a variant of the MOT paradigm that involved spatially arranged target-distractor pairs and sudden displacements of distractors during a brief flash. Critically, these displacements maintained target-distractor spacing. Our results show that displacing distractors hurts tracking performance (Experiment 1). Importantly, target-distractor confusions occur within target-distractor pairs with displaced distractors (Experiment 2). This displacement effect increases with an increasing displacement angle (Experiment 3) but is equal at different distances between target and distractor (Experiment 4). This finding illustrates that distractors influence tracking performance beyond pure interobject spacing. We discuss how inhibitory processes as well as relations between targets and distractors might interfere with target tracking.
Orbilia laevimarginata sp. nov. and its asexual morph
2015-03-25

O. laevimarginata is here described as a new species, and also its asexual morph could not be assigned to an existing taxon. Anamorphic strains were obtained from three teleomorph specimens which were collected at different sites and dates. The anamorph is characterized by cylindric-ellipsoid to oblong conidia, mainly 1-septate, growing either singly or mostly from 2–10 denticles in a capitate arrangement on the tip of conidiophores. These morphological characters are similar to those of the nematophagous anamorph genus Arthrobotrys, but the present isolates lack the ability to produce any trapping devices when contacting with nematodes. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from ITS rDNA sequences on different groups within Orbilia showed that the isolates of O. laevimarginata clustered together in a clade separate from Orbilia crenatomarginata (= Hyalinia crystallina). The two species are close to O. scolecospora and an undescribed species, which all have a crenulate to dentate apothecial margin composed of solid glassy processes. The group clustered distant from those species identified within the nematode-trapping anamorph genera Arthrobotrys, Dactylellina and Drechslerella, but also distant from the non-predacious anamorph genus Dactylella. By combining morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we conclude that the three isolates belong to a single undescribed holomorph species. The morphological differences among the three isolated anamorphic strains, and phylogenetic divergence of nematode-trapping fungi and related species are discussed.
A new large scale global morphological phylogeny of turtles
2015-03-25

We developed a new global turtle matrix using morphological characters to test the age of the turtle crown and to assess the origin and phylogeny of various controversial clades along the turtle stem and within Pan-Cryptodira. We significantly increased both character and taxon sampling relative to earlier global matrices with special emphasis on Jurassic and Cretaceous stem-cryptodires. Further improvements included the complete, observation-based re-scoring of all previously sampled taxa and the reduction of subjective character assignments with the help of consensusbuilding between the members of our working group for each scoring. We confirm the previous conclusion that the turtle crown has an extensive phylogenetic stem and that the age of the crown is approximately Middle Jurassic in age. The addition of new fossils allows reinterpreting purported Laurasian meiolaniforms as part of a paraphyletic grade of Mesozoic Laurasian basal turtles, including Solemydidae, Sichuanchelyidae, and Kallokibotion bajazidi . A paraphyletic Cryptodira with a deeply nested Pleurodira (as signaled by some recent morphological and molecular analyses) is not recovered when only stem-pleurodires are included in the analysis. This demonstrates conclusively that the false signal is caused by marked morphological convergences between crown cryptodires and pleurodires. We find little or no support for the chelydrid affinities of Platysternon megacephalum which had previously been inferred by morphological analyses, in conspicuous contrast with molecular results. Similarly, little support remains for a Trionychia-Kinosternoidea clade, which had been consistently recovered in earlier morphological studies, again in contrast with molecular phylogenies. Contrary to previous hypotheses, our analysis advocates sea turtle monophyly and argue for a diverse Cretaceous stem, including bizarre, giant forms belonging to the extinct clade Protostegidae. Derived members of Protostegidae nevertheless show remarkable similarities with dermochelyids as a result of parallel evolution. Despite increased taxon and character sampling, we are still unable to fully replicate the molecular phylogeny of turtles. This is frustrating because the stratigraphic distribution of fossil turtles is more consistent with molecular results. The likely reason for this disparity comes from the high degree of homoplasy in turtles, notable gaps in the fossil record, and the rapid and early diversification of extant turtle lineages soon after the appearance of the turtle crown. The latter is also suggested by the overall good support at the end of the branches and low resolution at the nodes connecting their stem. Future fossil discoveries, particularly from the Jurassic of Gondwana and Southeast Asia, will likely help resolve these issues. In the meantime, we support employing the consensual molecular scaffold for global morphological analyses of turtles.
Error-related potentials during continuous feedback: using EEG to detect errors of different type and severity
2015-03-26

When a person recognizes an error during a task, an error-related potential (ErrP) can be measured as response. It has been shown that ErrPs can be automatically detected in tasks with time-discrete feedback, which is widely applied in the field of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) for error correction or adaptation. However, there are only a few studies that concentrate on ErrPs during continuous feedback. With this study, we wanted to answer three different questions: (i) Can ErrPs be measured in electroencephalography (EEG) recordings during a task with continuous cursor control? (ii) Can ErrPs be classified using machine learning methods and is it possible to discriminate errors of different origins? (iii) Can we use EEG to detect the severity of an error? To answer these questions, we recorded EEG data from 10 subjects during a video game task and investigated two different types of error (execution error, due to inaccurate feedback; outcome error, due to not achieving the goal of an action). We analyzed the recorded data to show that during the same task, different kinds of error produce different ErrP waveforms and have a different spectral response. This allows us to detect and discriminate errors of different origin in an event-locked manner. By utilizing the error-related spectral response, we show that also a continuous, asynchronous detection of errors is possible. Although the detection of error severity based on EEG was one goal of this study, we did not find any significant influence of the severity on the EEG.
Brain oscillatory signatures of motor tasks
2015-03-26

Noninvasive brain-computer-interfaces (BCI) coupled with prosthetic devices were recently introduced in the rehabilitation of chronic stroke and other disorders of the motor system. These BCI systems and motor rehabilitation in general involve several motor tasks for training. This study investigates the neurophysiological bases of an EEG-oscillation-driven BCI combined with a neuroprosthetic device to define the specific oscillatory signature of the BCI task. Controlling movements of a hand robotic orthosis with motor imagery of the same movement generates sensorimotor rhythm oscillation changes and involves three elements of tasks also used in stroke motor rehabilitation: passive and active movement, motor imagery, and motor intention. We recorded EEG while nine healthy participants performed five different motor tasks consisting of closing and opening of the hand as follows: 1) motor imagery without any external feedback and without overt hand movement, 2) motor imagery that moves the orthosis proportional to the produced brain oscillation change with online proprioceptive and visual feedback of the hand moving through a neuroprosthetic device (BCI condition), 3) passive and 4) active movement of the hand with feedback (seeing and feeling the hand moving), and 5) rest. During the BCI condition, participants received contingent online feedback of the decrease of power of the sensorimotor rhythm, which induced orthosis movement and therefore proprioceptive and visual information from the moving hand. We analyzed brain activity during the five conditions using time-frequency domain bootstrap-based statistical comparisons and Morlet transforms. Activity during rest was used as a reference. Significant contralateral and ipsilateral event-related desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythm was present during all motor tasks, largest in contralateral-postcentral, medio-central, and ipsilateral-precentral areas identifying the ipsilateral precentral cortex as an integral part of motor regulation. Changes in task-specific frequency power compared with rest were similar between motor tasks, and only significant differences in the time course and some narrow specific frequency bands were observed between motor tasks. We identified EEG features representing active and passive proprioception (with and without muscle contraction) and active intention and passive involvement (with and without voluntary effort) differentiating brain oscillations during motor tasks that could substantially support the design of novel motor BCI-based rehabilitation therapies. The BCI task induced significantly different brain activity compared with the other motor tasks, indicating neural processes unique to the use of body actuators control in a BCI context.
Prognostic impact of B-cell lymphoma 6 in primary CNS lymphoma
2015-03-26

The findings are limited by the fact that only 23% of all G-PCNSL-SG1 patients could be included in the analysis. If validated in an independent cohort, BCL6 may assume clinical relevance as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in PCNSL.
Changing Structures of Opportunity: A Life-course Perspective on Social Mobility and Reproduction
2015-03-26

Analysing trends in the social openness of society has for decades been a central aspect of sociological research on inequality. In this tradition, I describe long-term developments of intergenerational social mobility and reproduction in (West) Germany during the 20th century, paying particular attention to relevant mechanisms and conceptual issues. The empirical analyses draw upon data from all cohorts of the (West) German Life History Study (GLHS). They integrate selected aspects from life-course research and demography into mobility analyses, such as a focus on the family context, links between intergenerational and intragenerational mobility, and a prospective conception of mobility. Results indicate that a trend towards more openness has obviously slowed down or even reversed for the cohorts born after the mid-1950s. Cohorts also differ in the biographical timing when the impact of intergenerational mobility unfolds. Social mobility and reproduction are stepwise processes that are structured by families, employment, and, in particular, education. The analyses demonstrate the value of life-course data for macro-sociological analyses.
Interface Properties of VOPc on Ni(111) and Graphene/Ni(111): Orientation-Dependent Charge Transfer
2015-03-26

Interface properties of VOPc films on Ni(111) and graphene/Ni(111) were investigated by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The XAS spectra reveal that the molecules grow highly ordered on both substrates, flat lying on the substrate surface. On Ni(111), strong interactions between vanadium ions of the VOPc molecules and the substrate were observed. It seems, however, that not all molecules of the first monolayer interact with the substrate. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) suggests that the strength of the interaction depends on the molecular orientation (oxygen-up or oxygen-down). The interaction can be completely prevented by graphene as an intermediate layer. Graphene affects not only the strength of the interaction at the interface, but also the energy level alignment.
Structure of Serotype 1 Reovirus Attachment Protein σ1 in Complex with Junctional Adhesion Molecule A Reveals a Conserved Serotype-Independent Binding Epitope
2015-03-26

ABSTRACT Mammalian orthoreoviruses use glycans and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) as attachment receptors. We determined the structure of serotype 1 reovirus attachment protein σ1 alone and in complex with JAM-A. Comparison with the structure of serotype 3 reovirus σ1 bound to JAM-A reveals that both σ1 proteins engage JAM-A with similar affinities and via conserved binding epitopes. Thus, σ1–JAM-A interactions are unlikely to explain the differences in pathogenesis displayed by these reovirus serotypes.
Involvement of the TPJ Area in Processing of Novel Global Forms
2015-03-26

Abstract The neuropsychological syndrome “simultanagnosia” is characterized by the inability to integrate local elements into a global entity. This deficit in Gestalt perception is mainly apparent for novel global structures administered in clinical tests or unfamiliar visual scenes. Recognition of familiar complex objects or well-known visual scenes is often unaffected. Recent neuroimaging studies and reports from simultanagnosia patients suggest a crucial involvement of temporoparietal brain areas in processing of hierarchically organized visual material. In this study, we investigated the specific role of the TPJ in Gestalt perception. On the basis of perceptual characteristics known from simultanagnosia, we hypothesized that TPJ is dominantly involved in processing of novel object arrangements. To answer this question, we performed a learning study with hierarchical stimuli and tested behavioral and neuronal characteristics of Gestalt perception pre- and posttraining. The study included 16 psychophysical training sessions and two neuroimaging sessions. Participants improved their behavioral performance for trained global stimuli and showed limited transfer to untrained global material. We found significant training dependent neuronal signal modulations in anterior right hemispheric TPJ regions. These activation changes were specific to trained global stimuli, whereas no systematic neuronal response changes were observed for recognition of untrained global stimuli, local elements and regular objects that served as control stimuli. In line with perceptual characteristics in simultanagnosia, the results argue for an involvement of TPJ in processing of novel global structures. We discuss the signal modulations in the context of a more efficient or different neuronal strategy to process familiar global stimuli.
Redox cycling of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in magnetite by Fe-metabolizing bacteria
2015-03-27

Building a biogeochemical battery Iron acts as both a source and sink of electrons for microorganisms in the environment. Some anaerobic bacteria use oxidized Fe(III) as an electron acceptor, whereas phototrophic bacteria can use reduced Fe(II) as an electron donor. Byrne et al. show that the iron-bearing mineral magnetite, which contains both Fe(II) and Fe(III), can serve as both an electron acceptor and donor. Cocultures of iron-reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria exposed to simulated day/night cycles or changes in organic matter altered the ratio of Fe(II) to Fe(III) in magnetite particles. Science , this issue p. 1473
Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Hillslope‐Scale Soil Moisture Patterns: Characteristic States and Transition Mechanisms
2015-03-27

Recent advances in wireless sensor technology allow monitoring of soil moisture dynamics with high temporal resolution at varying spatial scales. The objectives of this study were to: (i) develop an efficient strategy for monitoring soil moisture dynamics at the hillslope scale using a wireless sensor network; and (ii) characterize spatial patterns of soil moisture and infer hydrological processes controlling the dynamics of such patterns, using a method of analysis that allows the identification of the relevant hydrological dynamics within large data sets. We combined soil hydrological and pedological expertise with geophysical measurements and methods from digital soil mapping for designing the monitoring setup for a grassland hillslope in the Schäfertal catchment, central Germany. Hypothesizing a wet and a dry soil moisture state to be characteristic of the spatial pattern of soil moisture, we described the spatial and temporal evolution of such patterns using a method of analysis based on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. We described the persistence and switching mechanisms of the two characteristic states, inferring the local properties that control the observed spatial patterns and the hydrological processes driving the transitions. The spatial organization of soil moisture appears to be controlled by different processes in different soil horizons, and the topsoil's moisture does not mirror processes that take place within the soil profile. The results will help to improve conceptual understanding for hydrological model studies at similar or smaller scales and to transfer observation concepts and process understanding to larger or less instrumented areas.
Ion-Transfer Voltammetric Behavior of Propranolol at Nanoscale Liquid–Liquid Interface Arrays
2015-03-27

In this work, the ion-transfer voltammetric detection of the protonated β-blocker propranolol was explored at arrays of nanoscale interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). Silicon nitride nanoporous membranes with 400 pores in a hexagonal arrangement, with either 50 or 17 nm radius pores, were used to form regular arrays of nanoITIES. It was found that the aqueous-to-organic ion-transfer current continuously increased steadily rather than reaching a limiting current plateau after the ion-transfer wave; the slope of this limiting current region was concentration dependent and associated with the high ion flux at the nanointerfaces. Electrochemical data were examined in terms of an independent nanointerface approach and an equivalent microdisc approach, supported by finite element simulation. In comparison to the larger interface configuration (50 nm radius), the array of 17 nm radius nanoITIES exhibited a 6.5-times higher current density for propranolol detection due to the enhanced ion flux arising from the convergent diffusion to smaller electrochemical interfaces. Both nanoITIES arrays achieved the equivalent limits of detection, 0.8 μM, using cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, the effect of scan rate on the charging and faradaic currents at these nanoITIES arrays, as well as their stability over time, was investigated. The results demonstrate that arrays of nanoscale liquid-liquid interfaces can be applied to study electrochemical drug transfer, and provide the basis for the development of miniaturized and integrated detection platforms for drug analysis.
Signal‐to‐noise ratio and MR tissue parameters in human brain imaging at 3, 7, and 9.4 tesla using current receive coil arrays
2015-03-29

Purpose Relaxation times, transmit homogeneity, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and parallel imaging g‐factor were determined in the human brain at 3T, 7T, and 9.4T, using standard, tight‐fitting coil arrays. Methods The same human subjects were scanned at all three field strengths, using identical sequence parameters and similar 31‐ or 32‐channel receive coil arrays. The SNR of three‐dimensional (3D) gradient echo images was determined using a multiple replica approach and corrected with measured flip angle and T 2 * distributions and the T 1 of white matter to obtain the intrinsic SNR. The g‐factor maps were derived from 3D gradient echo images with several GRAPPA accelerations. Results As expected, T 1 values increased, T 2 * decreased and the B 1 ‐homogeneity deteriorated with increasing field. The SNR showed a distinctly supralinear increase with field strength by a factor of 3.10 ± 0.20 from 3T to 7T, and 1.76 ± 0.13 from 7T to 9.4T over the entire cerebrum. The g‐factors did not show the expected decrease, indicating a dominating role of coil design. Conclusion In standard experimental conditions, SNR increased supralinearly with field strength (SNR ∼ B 0 1.65 ). To take full advantage of this gain, the deteriorating B 1 ‐homogeneity and the decreasing T 2 * have to be overcome. Magn Reson Med 75:801–809, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A phase I/II study of sunitinib and intensive chemotherapy in patients over 60 years of age with acute myeloid leukaemia and activating FLT3 mutations
2015-03-29

Summary Acute myeloid leukaemia ( AML ) with FLT3 mutation has a dismal prognosis in elderly patients. Treatment with a combination of FLT 3 inhibitors and standard chemotherapy has not been extensively studied. Therefore, we instigated a phase I/II clinical trial of chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside (Ara‐C)/daunorubicin induction (7+3) followed by three cycles of intermediate‐dose Ara‐C consolidation in 22 AML patients with activating FLT3 mutations. Sunitinib was added at predefined dose levels and as maintenance therapy for 2 years. At dose level 1, sunitinib 25 mg daily continuously from day 1 onwards resulted in two cases with dose‐limiting toxicity ( DLT ), prolonged haemotoxicity and hand‐foot syndrome. At dose level −1, sunitinib 25 mg was restricted to days 1–7 of each chemotherapy cycle. One DLT was observed in six evaluable patients. Six additional patients were treated in an extension phase. Thirteen of 22 patients (59%; 8/14 with FLT3 –internal tandem duplication and 5/8 with FLT3‐ tyrosine kinase domain) achieved a complete remission/complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery. For the 17 patients included at the lower dose level, median overall, relapse‐free and event‐free survival were 1·6, 1·0 and 0·4 years, respectively. Four out of five analysed patients with relapse during maintenance therapy lost their initial FLT3 mutation, suggesting outgrowth of FLT3 wild‐type subclones.