julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ionic Liquids on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Viability, Behavior, and Histology; Correlation between Toxicity and Ionic Liquid Aggregation
2016-06-02

The effect of 11 common amidinium, imidazolium, and phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) was investigated with specific emphasis on the effect of anion and cation chain length and aggregation of phosphonium based ILs. Viability and behavioral alteration in the locomotor activity and place preference, after IL treatment of 5 days postfertilization larvae, was recorded. Behavior and histological damage evaluation was performed for adult fish in order to get insight into the long-term effects of two potential biomass-dissolving ILs, [DBNH][OAc] and [P4441][OAc]. To get an understanding of how IL aggregation is linked to the toxicity of ILs, median effective concentrations (EC50) and critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The long-chain ILs were significantly more toxic than the short-chain ones, and the anion chain length was shown to be less significant than the cation chain length when assessing the impact of ILs on the viability of the organisms. Furthermore, most of the ILs were as monomers when the EC50 was reached. In addition, the ILs used in the long-term tests showed no significant effect on the zebrafish behavior, breeding, or histology, within the used concentration range.
Glucocorticoids Inhibit CRH/AVP-Evoked Bursting Activity of Male Murine Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs
2016-06-02

Corticotroph cells from the anterior pituitary are an integral component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which governs the neuroendocrine response to stress. Corticotrophs are electrically excitable and fire spontaneous single-spike action potentials and also display secretagogue-induced bursting behavior. The HPA axis function is dependent on effective negative feedback in which elevated plasma glucocorticoids result in inhibition at the level of both the pituitary and the hypothalamus. In this study, we have used an electrophysiological approach coupled with mathematical modeling to investigate the regulation of spontaneous and CRH/arginine vasopressin-induced activity of corticotrophs by glucocorticoids. We reveal that pretreatment of corticotrophs with 100 nM corticosterone (CORT; 90 and 150 min) reduces spontaneous activity and prevents a transition from spiking to bursting after CRH/arginine vasopressin stimulation. In addition, previous studies have identified a role for large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels in the generation of secretagogue-induced bursting in corticotrophs. Using the dynamic clamp technique, we demonstrated that CRH-induced bursting can be switched to spiking by subtracting a fast BK current, whereas the addition of a fast BK current can induce bursting in CORT-treated cells. In addition, recordings from BK knockout mice (BK(-/-)) revealed that CORT can also inhibit excitability through BK-independent mechanisms to control spike frequency. Thus, we have established that glucocorticoids can modulate multiple properties of corticotroph electrical excitability through both BK-dependent and BK-independent mechanisms.
Extended VHEγ-ray emission towards SGR1806−20, LBV 1806−20, and stellar cluster Cl* 1806−20
2016-06-02

Using the High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) telescopes we have discovered a steady and extended very high-energy (VHE) γ -ray source towards the luminous blue variable candidate LBV 1806−20, massive stellar cluster Cl* 1806−20, and magnetar SGR 1806−20. The new VHE source, HESS J1808−204, was detected at a statistical significance of &gt;6 σ (post-trial) with a photon flux normalisation (2.9 ± 0.4 stat ± 0.5 sys ) × 10 −13 ph cm −2 s −1 TeV −1 at 1 TeV and a power-law photon index of 2.3 ± 0.2 stat ± 0.3 sys . The luminosity of this source (0.2 to 10 TeV; scaled to distance d = 8.7 kpc) is L VHE ~ 1.6 × 10 34 ( d /8.7 kpc) 2 erg s −1 . The VHE γ -ray emission is extended and is well fit by a single Gaussian with statistical standard deviation of 0.095° ± 0.015°. This extension is similar to that of the synchrotron radio nebula G10.0−0.3, which is thought to be powered by LBV 1806−20. The VHE γ -ray luminosity could be provided by the stellar wind luminosity of LBV 1806−20 by itself and/or the massive star members of Cl* 1806−20. Alternatively, magnetic dissipation (e.g. via reconnection) from SGR 1806−20 can potentially account for the VHE luminosity. The origin and hadronic and/or leptonic nature of the accelerated particles responsible for HESS J1808−204 is not yet clear. If associated with SGR 1806−20, the potentially young age of the magnetar (650 yr) can be used to infer the transport limits of these particles to match the VHE source size. This discovery provides new interest in the potential for high-energy particle acceleration from magnetars, massive stars, and/or stellar clusters.
N- and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Mediate Fast Calcium Transients in Axonal Shafts of Mouse Peripheral Nerve
2016-06-02

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) a vast number of axons are accommodated within fiber bundles that constitute peripheral nerves. A major function of peripheral axons is to propagate action potentials along their length, and hence they are equipped with Na(+) and K(+) channels, which ensure successful generation, conduction and termination of each action potential. However little is known about Ca(2+) ion channels expressed along peripheral axons and their possible functional significance. The goal of the present study was to test whether voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs) are present along peripheral nerve axons in situ and mediate rapid activity-dependent Ca(2+) elevations under physiological circumstances. To address this question we used mouse sciatic nerve slices, Ca(2+) indicator Oregon Green BAPTA-1, and 2-photon Ca(2+) imaging in fast line scan mode (500 Hz). We report that transient increases in intra-axonal Ca(2+) concentration take place along peripheral nerve axons in situ when axons are stimulated electrically with single pulses. Furthermore, we show for the first time that Ca(2+) transients in peripheral nerves are fast, i.e., occur in a millisecond time-domain. Combining Ca(2+) imaging and pharmacology with specific blockers of different VGCCs subtypes we demonstrate that Ca(2+) transients in peripheral nerves are mediated mainly by N-type and L-type VGCCs. Discovery of fast Ca(2+) entry into the axonal shafts through VGCCs in peripheral nerves suggests that Ca(2+) may be involved in regulation of action potential propagation and/or properties in this system, or mediate neurotransmitter release along peripheral axons as it occurs in the optic nerve and white matter of the central nervous system (CNS).
Single dose treatment of malaria - current status and perspectives
2016-06-02

Antimalarial drug candidates and antimalarial drug combinations currently under advanced clinical development for the indication as single dose antimalarial therapy. Expert commentary: Several new drug candidates and combinations are currently undergoing pivotal proof-of-concept studies or clinical development programmes. The development of a single dose combination therapy would constitute a breakthrough in the control of malaria. Such an innovative treatment approach would simultaneously close the effectiveness gap of current three-day therapies and revolutionize population based interventions in the context of malaria elimination campaigns.
Deformation of tropical Hirzebruch surfaces and enumerative geometry
2016-06-02

We illustrate the use of tropical methods by generalizing a formula due to Abramovich and Bertram, extended later by Vakil. Namely, we exhibit relations between enumerative invariants of the Hirzebruch surfaces <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Sigma Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\\Sigma _n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Sigma Subscript n plus 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Σ<!-- Σ --></mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\\Sigma _{n+2}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>, obtained by deforming the first surface to the latter. Our strategy involves a tropical counterpart of deformations of Hirzebruch surfaces and tropical enumerative geometry on a tropical surface in three-space.
Algorithms and Insights for RaceTrack
2016-06-02

We discuss algorithmic issues on the well-known paper-and-pencil game RaceTrack. On a very simple track called Indianapolis, we introduce the problem and simple approaches, that will be gradually refined. We present and experimentally evaluate efficient algorithms for single player scenarios. We also consider a variant where the parts of the track are known as soon as they become visible during the race.
Genome-wide analysis of pediatric-type follicular lymphoma reveals low genetic complexity and recurrent alterations of TNFRSF14 gene
2016-06-03

Key Points PTFL is a monoclonal B-cell neoplasia with low genomic complexity and recurrent TNFRSF14 mutations/deletions. The genetic profiles of conventional t(14;18)− and t(14;18)+ FL are similar but distinct from PTFL.
Andean shortening, inversion and exhumation associated with thin- and thick-skinned deformation in southern Peru
2016-06-03

Abstract A balanced cross-section spanning the Eastern Cordillera and Subandean Zone of southern Peru (13–15°S) constrains ~130 km (38%) of Cenozoic orogen-normal SW–NE Andean deformation accommodated by thick- and thin-skinned retro–arc fold–thrust belt shortening that overprinted pre-Andean Triassic normal faults. Zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He ages demonstrate continuous Oligocene to Miocene cooling of the Permo-Triassic Coasa pluton in the Eastern Cordillera. Zircon (U–Th)/He ages (~34–18 Ma) are reset and define a steep age versus elevation relationship. Apatite (U–Th)/He results reveal reset ages that define two spatially separated groups with ages of ~30–26 Ma and ~17–11 Ma. Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronologic results from Cretaceous–Cenozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Altiplano/Eastern Cordillera record Andean fold–thrust belt and magmatic-arc sediment sources. Correlative Subandean Zone rocks preserve a cratonic sediment contribution, with minor Andean sediment appearing in some Cenozoic rocks. We propose that earliest Andean deformation and structural compartmentalization of the Eastern Cordillera was linked to selective inversion of inherited Permo-Triassic basement-involved normal faults that guided subsequent thick- and thin-skinned deformation. Provenance variations between the hinterland and foreland depocentres reveal competing eastern and western sediment sources, reflecting an axial zone in the Eastern Cordillera that coincided with the inherited Triassic graben and impeded sediment source mixing. Our zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He ages are consistent with published constraints along strike and support pulses of Eocene to late Miocene exhumation that were likely driven by normal fault reactivation and protracted Eastern Cordillera deformation.
Air Bubble–Induced High Intraocular Pressure After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
2016-06-03

A postoperative pupillary block with IOP elevation caused by the residual intraoperative air bubble may be an important complication that could be avoided by close and frequent observations, especially in the first postoperative hours and by an inferior peripheral iridectomy and an air bubble with a volume of ≤80% of the anterior chamber.
Challenges in the Heterologous Production of Antibiotics in Streptomyces
2016-06-03

The fast growing genome databases provide us with a large number of so far unknown secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. A key method to study these gene clusters is their heterologous expression in an engineered host strain. Gene clusters derived from actinomycetes are usually expressed in a Streptomyces host strain to identify and investigate the corresponding compounds. However, heterologous expression is often accompanied with some challenges affecting the production rates of secondary metabolites. The first step is therefore the selection of a suitable expression vector and host strain. Once production has been established, there are several possibilities to improve compound yields either by media screens, by overexpression of regulatory or transport genes or by introduction of constitutive or inducible promoters. A surely important, but hitherto little studied factor is also the regulation of a heterologously expressed gene cluster by its host strain. This review gives a short overview on the chances and challenges provided by heterologous production of secondary metabolites in Streptomyces .
Individual neurons in the caudal fastigial oculomotor region convey information on both macro‐ and microsaccades
2016-06-03

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that microsaccades, the small amplitude saccades made during fixation, are precisely controlled. Two lines of evidence suggest that the cerebellum plays a key role not only in improving the accuracy of macrosaccades but also of microsaccades. First, lesions of the fastigial oculomotor regions ( FOR ) cause horizontal dysmetria of both micro‐ and macrosaccades. Secondly, our previous work on Purkinje cell simple spikes in the oculomotor vermis ( OV ) has established qualitatively similar response preferences for these two groups of saccades. In this work, we investigated the control signals for micro‐ and macrosaccades in the FOR , the target of OV Purkinje cell axons. We found that the same FOR neurons discharged for micro‐ and macrosaccades. For both groups of saccades, FOR neurons exhibited very similar dependencies of their discharge strength on direction and amplitude and very similar burst onset time differences for ipsi‐ and contraversive saccades and, in both, response duration reflected saccade duration, at least at the population level. An intriguing characteristic of microsaccade‐related responses is that immediate pre‐saccadic firing rates decreased with distance to the target center, a pattern that strikingly parallels the eye position dependency of both microsaccade metrics and frequency, which may suggest a potential neural mechanism underlying the role of FOR in fixation. Irrespective of this specific consideration, our study supports the view that microsaccades and macrosaccades share the same cerebellar circuitry and, in general, further strengthens the notion of a microsaccade–macrosaccade continuum.
IPr3Si3Cl5+: A Highly Reactive Cation with Silanide Character
2016-06-03

Abstract The reaction of a metastable SiCl 2 solution with the sterically less‐demanding carbene N , N ‐diisopropylimidazo‐2‐ylidene (IPr) yields the salt [(IPr 3 Si 3 Cl 5 ) + ]Cl − ( 1 ‐Cl), containing a silyl cation with a Si 3 backbone. Salt 1 is highly reactive, but it can be used as a reagent in deuterated dichloromethane, whereby dehalogenation with Me 3 SiOTf (OTf=O 3 SCF 3 ) gives the dicationic silyl halide [(IPr 3 Si 3 Cl 4 )] 2+ 2 . Quantum chemical calculations show that the HOMO is localized at the negatively charged central silicon atom of 1 and 2 , and thus although both compounds are cations they are better described as silanides, which was also corroborated by NMR investigations.
Esophageal perforation caused by an AMPLATZERTM vascular plug 4 occlusion device
2016-06-03

The AMPLATZER TM Vascular Plug 4 (AVP4) is a self‐expandable, replaceable occluder made of Nitinol wire mesh, which allows the safe and effective interventional occlusion of medium size vessels. This report describes an infant diagnosed with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and multifocal collateral lung perfusion through four major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). A central aorto‐pulmonary shunt was performed at 4 months of age. Because of postoperative pulmonary hyperperfusion, one of the MAPCAs was closed interventionally using a 5 mm AVP4. This MAPCA originated from the descending aorta (DAO) near the fifth thoracic vertebra and ran behind the esophagus to the lower lobe of the right lung. The MAPCA was closed near its origin from the DAO. Four weeks later, the patient presented with severe gastrointestinal bleeding, caused by perforation of the AVP4 into the esophagus. The occluder was extracted surgically, the MAPCA was clipped and the esophageal injury was sutured. To date, there have been no reports describing esophageal perforation due to an AVP4. The perforation in this patient may have been due to implantation of the AVP4 near the aorta in a MAPCA segment located directly in front of the spine and behind the esophagus. Another possible factor may have been the requirement for a gastrointestinal feeding tube. Although the occluder is soft and flexible, the spindle‐shaped ends may cause trauma if they are located close to other structures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Ihr habt die Blasphemie gehört!ˮ (Mk 14:64)
2016-06-03

Which were the reasons for Sanhedrin in Jerusalem to work towards Jesus’ death? The article discusses the methodical difficulties of answering this question, taking into account the literary features of the passion narratives. It expounds the thesis that Jesus was accused of being a pseudo-prophet – his feature being “presumption” ( zadôn ) (Deut 17:12f.; 18:20, 22f.; Num 15:30). Texts found in Qumran referring to Deuteronomy (4Q 375 frg. 1; 11QT etc.) include this crime punished with a death sentence. Jesus being accused of blasphemy due to confessing to be Messiah is definitively secondary.
How feedback, motor imagery, and reward influence brain self‐regulation using real‐time fMRI
2016-06-06

Abstract The learning process involved in achieving brain self‐regulation is presumed to be related to several factors, such as type of feedback, reward, mental imagery, duration of training, among others. Explicitly instructing participants to use mental imagery and monetary reward are common practices in real‐time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback (NF), under the assumption that they will enhance and accelerate the learning process. However, it is still not clear what the optimal strategy is for improving volitional control. We investigated the differential effect of feedback, explicit instructions and monetary reward while training healthy individuals to up‐regulate the blood‐oxygen‐level dependent (BOLD) signal in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Four groups were trained in a two‐day rtfMRI‐NF protocol: G F with NF only, G F,I with NF + explicit instructions (motor imagery), G F,R with NF + monetary reward, and G F,I,R with NF + explicit instructions (motor imagery) + monetary reward. Our results showed that G F increased significantly their BOLD self‐regulation from day‐1 to day‐2 and G F,R showed the highest BOLD signal amplitude in SMA during the training. The two groups who were instructed to use motor imagery did not show a significant learning effect over the 2 days. The additional factors, namely motor imagery and reward, tended to increase the intersubject variability in the SMA during the course of training. Whole brain univariate and functional connectivity analyses showed common as well as distinct patterns in the four groups, representing the varied influences of feedback, reward, and instructions on the brain. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3153–3171, 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .
Interactive anatomical and surgical live stream lectures improve students' academic performance in applied clinical anatomy
2016-06-06

Tuebingen's Sectio Chirurgica (TSC) is an innovative, interactive, multimedia, and transdisciplinary teaching method designed to complement dissection courses. The Tuebingen's Sectio Chirurgica (TSC) allows clinical anatomy to be taught via interactive live stream surgeries moderated by an anatomist. This method aims to provide an application‐oriented approach to teaching anatomy that offers students a deeper learning experience. A cohort study was devised to determine whether students who participated in the TSC were better able to solve clinical application questions than students who did not participate. A total of 365 students participated in the dissection course during the winter term of the 2012/2013 academic year. The final examination contained 40 standard multiple‐choice (S‐MC) and 20 clinically‐applied multiple‐choice (CA‐MC) items. The CA‐MC items referred to clinical cases but could be answered solely using anatomical knowledge. Students who regularly participated in the TSC answered the CA‐MC questions significantly better than the control group (75% and 65%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05, Mann‐Whitney U test). The groups exhibited no differences on the S‐MC questions (85% and 82.5%, respectively; P &gt; 0.05). The CA‐MC questions had a slightly higher level of difficulty than the S‐MC questions (0.725 and 0.801, respectively; P = 0.083). The discriminatory power of the items was comparable (S‐MC median Pearson correlations: 0.321; CA‐MC: 0.283). The TSC successfully teaches the clinical application of anatomical knowledge. Students who attended the TSC in addition to the dissection course were able to answer CA‐MC questions significantly better than students who did not attend the TSC. Thus, attending the TSC in addition to the dissection course supported students' clinical learning goals. Anat Sci Educ 10: 46–52. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
The unconventional secretion of ARMS2
2016-06-06

Age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) is a small (11 kDa), primate-specific protein found in the extracellular matrix of the choroid layer in the eye. Variants in the corresponding genetic locus are highly associated with age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. So far, the physiological function of ARMS2 has remained enigmatic. It has been demonstrated that ARMS2 is a genuine secreted protein devoid of an N-terminal leader sequence, yet the mechanism how it exits the cells and enters the choroidal matrix is not understood. Here, we show that ARMS2 efficiently recruits lectin chaperones from the cytosol and colocalizes with calnexin-positive and protein disulfide isomerase-negative vesicle-like structures. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed critical elements for this interaction. Mutant forms proving unable to interact with the calnexin/calreticulin system failed secretion. On the other hand, blocking the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport with brefeldin A had no effect on ARMS2 secretion. As we found ARMS2 colocalizing with GRASP65, a marker for unconventional protein secretion, autophagic factors are likely to be key in its export. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) is the most established example of secretory autophagy. Co-expression experiments, however, suggest that the transport of ARMS2 is different from that of IL-1ß. In conclusion, in this work we show that ARMS2 is externalized via an unconventional pathway bypassing Golgi. Its intracellular separation from the classical secretion pathway suggests that the maturation of the protein requires a specific biochemical niche and/or may be needed to impede the premature formation of unwanted protein-protein interactions.