julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Work-Related Psychosocial Stress in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: An Integrative Review
2020-10-13

Background: Work-related psychosocial stress can cause mental and physical illnesses resulting in high costs for the individual, the economy and society. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ the majority of the world’s workforce and often have fewer financial and human resources compared to larger businesses. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on work-related stress in SMEs according to well-established guidelines categorizing psychosocial factors at work. Methods: A systematic database search was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Business Source Premiere from March to June 2019, updated in January 2020. Data of included studies were analyzed and mapped into five themes: “work content and task”, “organization of work”, “social relations”, “working environment” and “new forms of work”. Results: After full-text screening, 45 out of 116 studies were included for data extraction. Studies were very heterogeneous and of varying quality, mostly applying a cross-sectional study design. Psychosocial factors in SMEs have been researched with a focus on the work patterns “work organization” and “work content and task”. Conclusions: This review underlines the need for more and better quality research of psychosocial factors in SMEs, particularly in relation to ongoing and new challenges in the workplace, including stressors related to the process of digitalization or the development of safe working conditions during the emerge of new infectious diseases.
Statics and dynamics of a finite two-dimensional colloidal system with competing attractive critical Casimir and repulsive magnetic dipole interactions
2020-10-13

We continue our theoretical study of a recently proposed two-dimensional colloidal system with attractive critical Casimir and repulsive magnetic dipole forces that can be tuned easily and independently from each other via the temperature and the strength of an external magnetic field, respectively [K. Marolt, M. Zimmermann, and R. Roth, Phys. Rev. E 100, 052602 (2019)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.100.052602]. Using this freedom, it is possible to construct a competing interaction potential that causes microphase separation featuring spatially inhomogeneous cluster, stripe, and bubble phases in the bulk, i.e., in an infinite system without an external potential. In the present work, we demonstrate by means of density functional theory that microphase separation can also occur in finite geometries. In a square cell with a side length of 20 or 30 colloid diameters, we observe the emergence of highly structured cluster and ring phases at intermediate bulk densities in addition to almost uniform fluid phases for lower and higher bulk densities. We then employ dynamic density functional theory to determine how the system reacts when the temperature and the magnetic field are altered over time, and we show how to induce a transition from the liquid to the cluster/ring phase and also from the cluster directly to the ring phase. We find that often a slowly varying and nontrivial path in parameter space is required to reach a stable state, whereas abrupt changes are prone to lead to metastable configurations.
Color–color diagrams as tools for assessment of the variable absorption in high mass X-ray binaries
2020-10-13

High mass X-ray binaries hold the promise of allowing us to understand the structure of the winds of their supermassive companion stars by using the emission from the compact object as a backlight to evaluate the variable absorption in the structured stellar wind. The wind along the line of sight can change on timescales as short as minutes and below. However, such short timescales are not available for the direct measurement of absorption through X-ray spectroscopy with the current generation of X-ray telescopes. In this paper, we demonstrate the usability of color–color diagrams for assessing the variable absorption in wind accreting high mass X-ray binary systems. We employ partial covering models to describe the spectral shape of high mass X-ray binaries and assess the implication of different absorbers and their variability on the shape of color–color tracks. We show that in taking into account, the ionization of the absorber, and in particular accounting for the variation of ionization with absorption depth, is crucial to describe the observed behavior well.
Adjuvant psychotherapy in early-stage bipolar disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
2020-10-13

Abstract Background Bipolar disorders are serious illnesses with a chronic course and a high rate of relapse. Typically, bipolar disorders onset during adolescence or early adulthood, with patients experiencing significant personal and social costs as a consequence of their illness. Despite this, to date, there is limited (controlled) evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy during the critical stages of the disorder (e.g., early onset). Some preliminary studies suggest that targeted, tailored early interventions in particular may improve disease prognosis. The proposed study examines the effectiveness of group psychotherapy on relapse prevention, global adaptive functioning, and neuropsychological functioning in early-stage bipolar disorder. Methods In this multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT), 300 patients with bipolar disorder are randomized to one of two group psychotherapies: Specific Emotional-Cognitive Therapy (SECT; intervention group) or Emotion-Focused Supportive Therapy (EFST; active control group). Each therapy comprises of a total of 48-h sessions (delivered once a month) over a period of 4 months. Assessments take place at baseline (t1); 6 months follow-up, i.e., post-intervention (t2); 12 months follow-up (t3); and 18 months follow-up (t4), whereby 18 months follow-up is the primary time point of interest. Discussion The goal of this study is to test the effects of an innovative, specific group therapy relative to an active control condition in terms of rates of relapse, global functioning, and neuropsychological functioning. Pending the outcomes of the trial, it will be possible to establish a firm evidence base for accessible group psychotherapy adjuvant to routine psychiatric care for individuals with bipolar disorder. Trial registration USA: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02506322 . Registered on 19 December 2014; Germany: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00006013 . Registered on21 May 2015
Polemical Comparisons in Discourses of Religious Diversity: Conceptual Remarks and Reflexive Perspectives
2020-10-13

Using comparisons to disparage others is a technique we all know from everyday life. In discourses of religious diversity, such polemical comparisons also play a prominent role in the making and unmaking of inter- and intra-religious boundaries and hierarchies. Linking polemical comparisons to more general methodological questions, this conceptual piece provides an analytical framework for the different case studies to follow. It takes up the call for a “double hermeneutics” in addressing comparing both as historical and scholarly practice. By adopting such a reflexive perspective, the analysis of polemical comparisons is situated at the interstices between emic and etic perspectives on the religious field. I briefly outline the current state of debate on comparisons in general and in religious studies in particular and situate polemical comparisons within these debates. I then move on to provide a typology of polemical comparisons, proposing some basic terms and perspectives for studying such comparisons in different constellations.
Belowground fungal community diversity, composition and ecological functionality associated with winter wheat in conventional and organic agricultural systems
2020-10-13

Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on belowground fungal communities is crucial in order to preserve biological diversity in agricultural soils and enhance their role in agroecosystem functioning. Although fungal communities are widely distributed, relatively few studies have correlated agricultural production practices. We investigated the diversity, composition and ecological functionality of fungal communities in roots of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) growing in conventional and organic farming systems. Direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA from pooled fine root samples were performed with two different sets of fungal specific primers. Fungal identification was carried out through similarity searches against validated reference sequences (RefSeq). The R package ‘picante’ and FUNGuild were used to analyse fungal community composition and trophic mode, respectively. Either by direct or cloning sequencing, 130 complete ITS sequences were clustered into 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (25 singletons), belonging to the Ascomycota (24), the Basidiomycota (14) and to the Glomeromycota (1). Fungal communities from conventional farming sites are phylogenetically more related than expected by chance. Constrained ordination analysis identified total N, total S and Pcal that had a significant effect on the OTU’s abundance and distribution, and a further correlation with the diversity of the co-occurring vegetation could be hypothesised. The functional predictions based on FUNGuild suggested that conventional farming increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungi compared with organic farming. Based on diversity, OTU distribution, nutrition mode and the significant phylogenetic clustering of fungal communities, this study shows that fungal communities differ across sampling sites, depending on agricultural practices. Although it is not fully clear which factors determine the fungal communities, our findings suggest that organic farming systems have a positive effect on fungal communities in winter wheat crops.
Urinary-Based Markers for Bladder Cancer Detection
2020-10-13

Background The use of urine markers for diagnosis and surveillance has been a topic of broad interest and ongoing controversies in the management of patients with bladder cancer. There has been a constant quest for markers that demonstrate clinical utility. Aim In the framework of the International Consultation on Urological Diseases 2019 on Molecular Biomarkers in Urologic Oncology, a comprehensive review of literature on urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer has been performed. Results Currently available urinary markers include protein-based markers, RNA-based markers, and DNA-based markers. The introduction of high-throughput analysis technologies provides the opportunity to assess multiple parameters within a short period of time, which is of interest for RNA-based, DNA-based, and protein-based marker systems. A comprehensive analysis of molecular alterations in urine samples of bladder cancer patients may be of interest not only for diagnosis and surveillance but also for non-invasive longitudinal assessment of molecular, potentially therapy-relevant, alterations. However, most systems lack prospective validation within well-designed trials and have not been broadly implemented in daily clinical practice. Conclusions Because of limited data from prospective trials, the routine use of any urine marker except cytology is not considered as standard of care in international guidelines. There is an urgent need for prospective trials of urine markers to answer specific clinical questions.
Functional connectivity directionality between large-scale resting-state networks in children and adolescence from the Healthy Brain Network sample
2020-10-13

Abstract Mental disorders often emerge during adolescence and have been associated with age-related differences in connection strengths of brain networks (static functional connectivity), manifesting in non-typical trajectories of brain development. However, little is known about the direction of information flow (directed functional connectivity) in this period of functional brain progression. We employed dynamic graphical models (DGM) to estimate directed functional connectivity from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 1143 participants, aged 6 to 17 years from the healthy brain network (HBN) sample. We tested for effects of age, sex, cognitive abilities and psychopathology on estimates of direction flow. Across participants, we show a pattern of reciprocal information flow between visual-medial and visual-lateral connections, in line with findings in adults. Investigating directed connectivity patterns between networks, we observed a positive association for age and direction flow from the cerebellar to the auditory network, and for the auditory to the sensorimotor network. Further, higher cognitive abilities were linked to lower information flow from the visual occipital to the default mode network. Additionally, examining the degree networks overall send and receive information to each other, we identified age-related effects implicating the right frontoparietal and sensorimotor network. However, we did not find any associations with psychopathology. Our results revealed that the directed functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks is sensitive to age and cognition during adolescence, warranting further studies that may explore trajectories of development in more fine-grained network parcellations and in different populations.
Epigenetics and the success of invasive plants
2020-10-13

Biological invasions impose ecological and economic problems on a global scale, but also provide extraordinary opportunities for studying contemporary evolution. It is critical to understand the evolutionary processes that underly invasion success in order to successfully manage existing invaders, and to prevent future invasions. As successful invasive species sometimes are suspected to rapidly adjust to their new environments in spite of very low genetic diversity, we are obliged to re-evaluate genomic level processes that translate into phenotypic diversity. In this paper, we review work that supports the idea that trait variation, within and among invasive populations, can be created through epigenetic or other non-genetic processes, particularly in clonal invaders where somatic changes can persist indefinitely. We consider several processes that have been implicated as adaptive in invasion success, focusing on various forms of “genomic shock” resulting from exposure to environmental stress, hybridization and whole-genome duplication (polyploidy), and leading to various patterns of gene expression re-programming and epigenetic changes that contribute to phenotypic variation or even novelty. These mechanisms can contribute to transgressive phenotypes, including hybrid vigor and novel traits, and may thus help to understand the huge successes of some plant invaders, especially those that are genetically impoverished.
Grounding-zone flow variability of Priestley Glacier, Antarctica, in a diurnal tidal regime
2020-10-13

Dynamics of polar outlet glaciers vary with ocean tides, providing a natural laboratory to understand basal processes and ice rheology. We apply Terrestrial Radar Interferometry to close the spatiotemporal gap between GNSS and satellite observations. Three-hour flowfields collected over an eight day period at Priestley Glacier, Antarctica, validate and provide the spatial context for concurrent GNSS measurements. Ice flow is fastest during falling tides and slowest during rising tides. Principal components of the timeseries prove upstream propagation of tidal signatures 10 km away from the grounding line. Hourly, cm-scale horizontal and vertical flexure patterns occur 6 km upstream of the grounding line. Vertical uplift upstream of the grounding line is consistent with ephemeral re-grounding during low-tide impacting grounding-zone stability. Taken together, these observations identify tidal imprints on ice-stream dynamics on new temporal and spatial scales providing constraints for models designed to isolate dominating processes in ice-stream mechanics.
Peer Review #1 of "Belowground fungal community diversity, composition and ecological functionality associated with winter wheat in conventional and organic agricultural systems (v0.1)"
2020-10-13

Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on belowground fungal communities is crucial in order to preserve biological diversity in agricultural soils and enhance their role in agroecosystem functioning.Although fungal communities are widely distributed, relatively few studies have correlated agricultural production practices.We investigated the diversity, composition and ecological functionality of fungal communities in roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing in conventional and organic farming systems.Direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA from pooled fine root samples were performed with two different sets of fungal specific primers.Fungal identification was carried out through similarity searches against validated reference sequences (RefSeq).The R package 'picante' and FUNGuild were used to analyse fungal community composition and trophic mode, respectively.Either by direct or cloning sequencing, 130 complete ITS sequences were clustered into 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (25 singletons), belonging to the Ascomycota (24), the Basidiomycota ( 14) and to the Glomeromycota (1).Fungal communities from conventional farming sites are phylogenetically more related than expected by chance.Constrained ordination analysis identified total N, total S and Pcal that had a significant effect on the OTU's abundance and distribution, and a further correlation with the diversity of the co-occurring vegetation could be hypothesised.The functional predictions based on FUNGuild suggested that conventional farming increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungi compared with organic farming.Based on diversity, OTU distribution, nutrition mode and the significant phylogenetic clustering of fungal communities, this study shows that fungal communities differ across sampling sites, depending on agricultural practices.Although it is not fully clear which factors determine the fungal communities, our findings suggest that organic farming systems have a positive
Problems in measuring the JTC-bias in patients with psychotic disorders with the fish task: A secondary analysis of a baseline assessment of a randomized controlled trial
2020-10-13

<title>Abstract</title> Background: The jumping to conclusions bias (JTC) is considered to be an important causal factor in theoretical models on the formation and maintenance of delusions. However, recent meta-analytic findings show a rather equivocal pattern of results regarding associations between JTC and delusions. Thus, the aim of the present preregistered study is to investigate in a large sample whether the JTC-bias is more pronounced in patients with psychotic disorders in comparison to controls and whether the JTC bias is associated with more severe delusional conviction, persecutory delusions and positive symptoms in general. Methods: Patients with psychotic disorders (n = 300) enrolled in a therapy trial and healthy controls (n = 51) conducted a variant of the beads task (fish task) as a measure for the JTC-bias at start of the trial. Further, clinical interviews were used to assess patients' delusional severity and delusional conviction. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between patients with psychotic disorders (with 53% displaying the JTC-bias) and controls (41%). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant correlations between JTC measures and persecutory delusions, delusional conviction and positive symptoms. Conclusions: We found no evidence for hasty decisions in patients with psychotic disorders, which is in part in line with meta-analytic findings using a wide range of JTC task variants. However, the task variant we used in the present study (fish task) is discussed as potential reason for the non-significance of our results, as it may induce a more deliberative reasoning style as compared to the traditional beads task. Furthermore, possible implications for the measurement of the JTC-bias in general are discussed. Trial Registration: ISRCTN29242879 (isrctn.com), date of registration: April 12th 2006
Peer Review #2 of "Belowground fungal community diversity, composition and ecological functionality associated with winter wheat in conventional and organic agricultural systems (v0.1)"
2020-10-13

Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on belowground fungal communities is crucial in order to preserve biological diversity in agricultural soils and enhance their role in agroecosystem functioning.Although fungal communities are widely distributed, relatively few studies have correlated agricultural production practices.We investigated the diversity, composition and ecological functionality of fungal communities in roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing in conventional and organic farming systems.Direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA from pooled fine root samples were performed with two different sets of fungal specific primers.Fungal identification was carried out through similarity searches against validated reference sequences (RefSeq).The R package 'picante' and FUNGuild were used to analyse fungal community composition and trophic mode, respectively.Either by direct or cloning sequencing, 130 complete ITS sequences were clustered into 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (25 singletons), belonging to the Ascomycota (24), the Basidiomycota ( 14) and to the Glomeromycota (1).Fungal communities from conventional farming sites are phylogenetically more related than expected by chance.Constrained ordination analysis identified total N, total S and Pcal that had a significant effect on the OTU's abundance and distribution, and a further correlation with the diversity of the co-occurring vegetation could be hypothesised.The functional predictions based on FUNGuild suggested that conventional farming increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungi compared with organic farming.Based on diversity, OTU distribution, nutrition mode and the significant phylogenetic clustering of fungal communities, this study shows that fungal communities differ across sampling sites, depending on agricultural practices.Although it is not fully clear which factors determine the fungal communities, our findings suggest that organic farming systems have a positive