julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Affects Emotion Through Cognition
2001-11-01

Determining how cognition and emotion interact is pivotal to an understanding of human behavior and its disorders. Available data suggest that changes in emotional reactivity and behavior associated with drinking are intertwined with alcohol's effects on cognitive processing. In the study reported here, we demonstrated that alcohol dampens anticipatory fear and response inhibition in human participants not by directly suppressing subcortical emotion centers, as posited by traditional tension-reduction theories, but instead by impairing cognitive-processing capacity. During intoxication, reductions in fear response (assessed via startle potentiation) occurred only under dual-stimulus conditions, and coincided with reduced attentional processing of threat cues as evidenced by brain response (assessed via P3 event-related potentials). The results are consistent with higher cortical mediation of alcohol's effects on fear, and illustrate more broadly how disruption of a cognitive process can lead to alterations in emotional reactivity and adaptive behavior.
A Novel Protein Elicitor (PaNie) from Pythium aphanidermatum Induces Multiple Defense Responses in Carrot, Arabidopsis, and Tobacco
2001-11-01

Abstract A novel protein elicitor (PaNie234) fromPythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. was purified, microsequenced, and the corresponding cDNA was cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative eukaryotic secretion signal with a proteinase cleavage site. The heterologously expressed elicitor protein without the secretion signal of 21 amino acids (PaNie213) triggered programmed cell death and de novo formation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in cultured cells of carrot (Daucus carota). Programmed cell death was determined using the tetrazolium assay and DNA laddering. Infiltration of PaNie213 into the intercellular space of leaves of Arabidopsis (Columbia-0, wild type) resulted in necroses and deposition of callose on the cell walls of spongy parenchyma cells surrounding the necrotic mesophyll cells. Necroses were also formed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin W38, wild type) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) but not in maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), andTradescantia zebrina (Bosse), indicating that monocotyledonous plants are unable to perceive the signal. The reactions observed after treatment with the purified PaNie213 were identical to responses measured after treatment with a crude elicitor preparation from the culture medium ofP. aphanidermatum, described previously. The availability of the pure protein offers the possibility to isolate the corresponding receptor and its connection to downstream signaling-inducing defense reactions.
Accuracy of Density Measurements Within Plaques Located in Artificial Coronary Arteries by X-Ray Multislice CT: Results of a Phantom Study
2001-11-01

Density measurements were found to be highly dependent on slice width and surrounding contrast enhancement. Our results indicate that standardization of methodology is required before the noninvasive differentiation of human plaque morphology by multislice CT can be applied in the clinical setting as a screening test for coronary soft plaques.
NMR Structure of the “Ball-and-chain” Domain of KCNMB2, the β2-Subunit of Large Conductance Ca2+- and Voltage-activated Potassium Channels
2001-11-01

The auxiliary beta-subunit KCNMB2 (beta(2)) endows the non-inactivating large conductance Ca(2+)- and voltage-dependent potassium (BK) channel with fast inactivation. This process is mediated by the N terminus of KCNMB2 and closely resembles the "ball-and-chain"-type inactivation observed in voltage-gated potassium channels. Here we investigated the solution structure and function of the KCNMB2 N terminus (amino acids 1-45, BKbeta(2)N) using NMR spectroscopy and patch clamp recordings. BKbeta(2)N completely inactivated BK channels when applied to the cytoplasmic side; its interaction with the BK alpha-subunit is characterized by a particularly slow dissociation rate and an affinity in the upper nanomolar range. The BKbeta(2)N structure comprises two domains connected by a flexible linker: the pore-blocking "ball domain" (formed by residues 1-17) and the "chain domain" (between residues 20-45) linking it to the membrane segment of KCNMB2. The ball domain is made up of a flexible N terminus anchored at a well ordered loop-helix motif. The chain domain consists of a 4-turn helix with an unfolded linker at its C terminus. These structural properties explain the functional characteristics of BKbeta(2)N-mediated inactivation.
Capitalism as a Religion?
2001-11-01

The inner affinity of money and religion has been a central issue of the `classical' theories of money, in particular of Georg Simmel and Karl Marx. The paper argues that the conceptualizations of money in current economic sociology and mainstream economic theory are deficient, and that a more promising approach can be developed by referring to those classical authors, whose thinking was not yet dominated by the institutionalized academic division of labour between sociology and economics of today. It is shown, how the concept of money as `Vermögen' (Simmel) or as `capital' (Marx) can be combined with current constructivist theories of economic `myths' and `visions', thus opening a new perspective for sociological analysis of entrepreneurship, innovation, economic growth and social change.
Dynamic organization of the somatosensory cortex induced by motor activity
2001-11-01

Intensive and long-lasting experience of altered sensory input induces permanent changes in the functional organization of the somatosensory cortex. In addition, an increasing body of evidence suggests the existence of dynamic, short-term and task-dependent adaptation of representational maps within somatosensory cortex. It is hypothesized that somatosensory maps can, not only, be acquired within a short period of time, but might also be set up during periods of training related to specific tasks and subsequently activated dynamically upon performance of that particular task. In order to test this hypothesis we studied the functional organization of somatosensory cortex for a heavily overlearned and frequently performed task for which no new acquisition of a sensory map had to be assumed. To this end, the functional organization of somatosensory cortex for handwriting was compared with the organization during rest in healthy humans. Functional organization of the somatosensory cortex was assessed using non-invasive, neuromagnetic source imaging based on tactile stimulation of the thumb (D1) and little finger (D5) during writing and rest. In different blocks, subjects wrote with their right, dominant and their left hand, respectively. During writing, D1 and D5 of the writing hand were stimulated. To test the reliability of our results all measurements were repeated after 1 week. It was found that amplitudes of somatosensory evoked magnetic fields with latencies of 45 ms were reduced during writing compared with rest. This finding is in accordance with the sensorimotor gating effect. Using source localization we could show that cortical representations of D1 and D5 are more distant during writing with either hand compared with rest. Our data suggest that somatosensory cortical maps undergo rapid modulation depending on task-specific involvement of sensory processing in daily-life overlearned movements. As it is unlikely that a new sensory map is always acquired when a frequently used task such as writing is performed, we suggest that somatosensory cortex switches between different, concurrently pre-existing maps depending on actual requirements. Task-dependent activation of pre-existing maps might be a powerful mechanism to optimize stimulus processing.
Comparison of 18FDG-PET with CT scans in the evaluation of patients with residual and recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma
2001-11-01

The reliable assessment of residual masses after treatment as well as of new lesions suspected for relapse remains a diagnostic problem in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). The current study compares the results obtained by CT scan to FDG-PET imaging in a blind analysis with respect to the viability of residual masses and in case of suspected relapse. Between 1/94 and 10/99, 47 comparisons of PET and corresponding CT scans - 26 comparisons in 24 patients with residual tumors and 21 comparisons in 20 patients with suspected relapse of HD - were evaluated by independent reviewers blinded to he results of each other. Patients with primary diagnosis had been treated within trials of the German HD Trial study group. Relapsed patients received intensified salvage chemotherapy regimens. PET was assessed visually and by quantifying glucose uptake (SUV). Changes in size of tumor lesions as well as contrast medium enhancement served as criteria for assessment by CT scans. Results were validated either by histologic examination of a resected mass or biopsy (n=17) or by a clinical follow-up over 6 months following treatment (n=30). In 26 cases with residual lesions FDG-PET showed an increased tracer uptake in 8, 7 of which were true positive (TP) and 1 false positive (FP). Eighteen cases were classified as being negative (no viable HD), 17 true negative (TN) and 1 FN. In the blinded reading of the corresponding CT scans, 10 cases with residual lesions were considered to contain vital lymphoma (2 TP, 8 FP). Sixteen CT scans were classified as negative (10 TP, 6 FN). The resulting sensitivity and specificity of PET were 87.5% and 94.4% in contrast to only 25% and 56% for CT scans. The positive and negative predictive values of PET and CT scans were 87.5% and 94.4% and 20% and 62.5%, respectively. In patients with suspected relapse, sensitivity and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of the relapse were 100% and 86%, respectively, yielding the same results for both methods. FDG-PET performed in HD patients with residual masses appears to offer important additional information regarding the presence of viable HD in these residual lesions. In patients with suspected relapse of HD, FDG-PET seems not to offer any information over CT scans. Using SUVs is not superior to visual assessment of PET alone.
Effects of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator After Intraluminal Thread Occlusion in Mice: Role of Hemodynamic Alterations
2001-11-01

We provide evidence that rtPA provokes complex hemodynamic alterations in the ischemic brain tissue, which include an initial hyperperfusion and a more delayed hypoperfusion response. Changes are most pronounced in the periphery of the ischemic infarct, where regional blood flow drops below critical thresholds of tissue viability. Our observations suggest that changes of perfusion may at least partly explain the rtPA-induced increase of infarct size, which has previously been reported and which we also confirmed in the present experiments. Notably, both the secondary hypoperfusion and increase of infarct volume were abolished when rtPA-treated animals received additional heparin infusions. This finding suggests that a secondary hypercoagulability may compromise brain perfusion after rtPA delivery. Accordingly, early treatment with heparin might help to prevent the rtPA-induced changes.
Dermatosurgery Using Subcutaneous Infusion Anesthesia with Prilocaine and Ropivacaine in Children
2001-11-01

Pediatric surgical procedures under local anesthesia have been limited by the pain of injections and, because of low body weight, rapidly reached maximum doses. In subcutaneous infusion anesthesia (SIA) highly diluted local anesthetics are administered by flow‐ and volume‐controlled infusion pumps. This article presents a retrospective review of the use of SIA in children undergoing excision of dermatologic problem lesions. A total of 354 surgical procedures, predominantly excisions of nevi in 271 children (3 months–16 years) were performed in 1999: 67 children were operated on under general anesthesia and 204 children with local anesthesia. For local anesthesia we used SIA with diluted prilocaine and ropivacaine (equivalent mixtures of 0.3%, 0.15%, 0.08%). The 67 children operated on under general anesthesia were younger (mean age 3.05 ± 2.93 years, median age 2.00 years) than the 204 children who had surgery with SIA (mean age 9.00 ± 4.2 years, median age 9.00 years). The sizes of excisions under general anesthesia were larger (maximum 1060 cm 2 , mean 76 ± 225 cm 2 , median 7 cm 2 ) than those under SIA (maximum 628 cm 2 , mean 22 ± 100 cm 2 , median 3 cm 2 ). No side effects of local anesthesia were observed in these pediatric procedures. The additional use of ropivacaine resulted in prolonged postoperative analgesia. SIA in children is a well‐accepted, safe anesthesia that in some cases offers an alternative to general anesthesia.
A Novel Protein Elicitor (PaNie) from Pythium aphanidermatum Induces Multiple Defense Responses in Carrot, Arabidopsis, and Tobacco
2001-11-01

A novel protein elicitor (PaNie234) fromPythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. was purified, microsequenced, and the corresponding cDNA was cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative eukaryotic secretion signal with a proteinase cleavage site. The heterologously expressed elicitor protein without the secretion signal of 21 amino acids (PaNie213) triggered programmed cell death and de novo formation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in cultured cells of carrot (Daucus carota). Programmed cell death was determined using the tetrazolium assay and DNA laddering. Infiltration of PaNie213 into the intercellular space of leaves of Arabidopsis (Columbia-0, wild type) resulted in necroses and deposition of callose on the cell walls of spongy parenchyma cells surrounding the necrotic mesophyll cells. Necroses were also formed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin W38, wild type) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) but not in maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), andTradescantia zebrina (Bosse), indicating that monocotyledonous plants are unable to perceive the signal. The reactions observed after treatment with the purified PaNie213 were identical to responses measured after treatment with a crude elicitor preparation from the culture medium ofP. aphanidermatum, described previously. The availability of the pure protein offers the possibility to isolate the corresponding receptor and its connection to downstream signaling-inducing defense reactions.
Dopamine D3 Receptors and Salt-Dependent Hypertension
2001-11-01

Alterations in the dopaminergic system may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Dopamine D(3) receptors have been shown to be involved in the regulation of sodium balance and hemodynamics in rodents. For determining the role of D(3) receptors in salt-dependent hypertension, clearance experiments were performed in anesthetized salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) Dahl rats that were fed a standard diet with either normal (0.2%) or high (4%) sodium content for 21 to 26 d, which induced hypertension in DS but not in DR rats. The D(3) receptor agonist R(+)-7-hydroxydipropyl-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) increased GFR by up to 35% and urinary sodium excretion by up to 4.4-fold in DR rats that were on both normal and high-sodium diet. 7-OH-DPAT-induced natriuresis also was observed in DS rats that were on normal diet but not in hypertensive DS rats that were on high-salt diet. No GFR response to 7-OH-DPAT was found in DS rats, irrespective of sodium diet. The diminished functional response to D(3) receptor stimulation in DS rats was associated with a significantly lower [(3)H]-7-OH-DPAT binding to renal membrane protein when comparing DS with DR rats. Consequently, DR rats were treated with BSF 135170, a novel, highly selective D(3) receptor antagonist, for 29 d. Whereas no change in systolic BP was observed during normal diet, high sodium intake significantly increased BP by almost 40 mmHg. In summary, both expression and function of the renal dopamine D(3) receptor are impaired in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. Together with the induction of salt-dependent hypertension in genetically salt-resistant Dahl rats by D(3) receptor blockade, the data strongly suggest that the deficiency in dopamine D(3) receptors represents an important pathophysiological factor in the development of salt-dependent hypertension.
Phakometric measurement of ocular surface radius of curvature and alignment: evaluation of method with physical model eyes
2001-11-01

Summary Ophthalmophakometric measurements of ocular surface radius of curvature and alignment were evaluated on physical model eyes encompassing a wide range of human ocular dimensions. The results indicated that defocus errors arising from imperfections in the ophthalmophakometer camera telecentricity and light source collimation were smaller than experimental errors. Reasonable estimates emerged for anterior lens surface radius of curvature (accuracy: 0.02–0.10 mm; precision 0.05–0.09 mm), posterior lens surface radius of curvature (accuracy: 0.10–0.55 mm; precision 0.06–0.20 mm), eye rotation (accuracy: 0.00–0.32°; precision 0.06–0.25°), lens tilt (accuracy: 0.00–0.33°; precision 0.05–0.98°) and lens decentration (accuracy: 0.00–0.07 mm; precision 0.00–0.07 mm).
N‐[3,4‐dimethoxycinnamoyl]‐anthranilic acid (tranilast) suppresses microglial inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity induced by interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)
2001-11-01

Microglial cells up‐regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in response to various pro‐inflammatory stimuli including interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), allowing for the release of nitric oxide (NO). Tranilast (N‐[3,4‐dimethoxycinnamoyl]‐anthranilic acid) is an antiallergic compound with suppressive effects on the activation of monocytes. Here, we show that N9 murine microglial cells express iNOS mRNA and protein and release nitric oxide into the culture medium in response to IFN‐γ (200 u ml −1 ) as measured by Northern and Western blot analyses and Griess assay. Exposure to non‐toxic doses of tranilast (30 – 300 μ M ) leads to a concentration‐dependent inhibition of IFN‐γ‐induced (200 u ml −1 ) iNOS mRNA and protein expression. This is paralleled by a suppression of NO‐release into the cell culture medium. Inhibition of IFN‐γ‐induced iNOS mRNA expression by tranilast is paralleled by an inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation and phosphorylation of inhibitory κB (IκB) as determined by Western blot analyses and NF‐κB reporter gene assay. These results suggest that tranilast‐mediated suppression of microglial iNOS activity induced by IFN‐γ involves the inhibition of NF‐κB‐dependent iNOS mRNA expression. British Journal of Pharmacology (2001) 134 , 1279–1284; doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704373
Influence of open and sealed fractures on fluid flow and water saturation in sandstone cores using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2001-11-01

We use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to image the imbibition of water by capillary action in a right-cylindrical sample of a porous sedimentary rock with low iron content. In the method some 55 repeat images are taken over a period of approximately two hours, covering five vertical sections. The evolution of the water flood front and the degree of water saturation can be observed by examining snapshots of proton density. The results clearly show (a) the development of a rising wetting front in the rock matrix (b) preferential flow along open fractures observed on the core surface, and (c) reduced flow associated with sealed fractures. The inferred location, orientation and connectivity of conducting and sealing fractures are confirmed by impregnating the sample after the test with an appropriate low-viscosity setting resin and taking serial thin sections in destructive mode. The results validate the utility of MRI as a non-destructive analytical tool for visualizing the distribution of water inside fractured porous media with low iron content. The technique identifies paths of high and low permeability in the sample, and quantifies the fracture location, orientation, and connectivity in sedimentary rocks. Preferential fluid flow in open fractures during capillary imbibition implies that the fractures are more water-wet than the clasts within the matrix. This may be due to due to differences in the age, morphology and mineral structure on the surface of the pores and the fractures.
Regenerating Singular Hyperbolic Structures from Sol
2001-11-01

Let M be a torus bundle over S1 with an orientation preserving Anosov monodromy. The manifold M admits a geometric structure modeled on Sol. We prove that the Sol structure can be deformed into singular hyperbolic cone structures whose singular locus Σ ⊂ M is the mapping torus of the fixed point of the monodromy. The hyperbolic cone metrics are parametred by the cone angle α in the interval (0, 2π). When α → 2π, the cone manifolds collapse to the basis of the fibration S1, and they can be rescaled in the direction of the fibers to converge to the Sol manifold.
Nukleophile Aromatische Substitution an 2-Fluoroimidazolium-Ionen: Synthese und Kristallstruktur eines dikationischen 2,2-Biimidazolyl- Derivates [1] / Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution at 2-Fluoroimidazolium Ions: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Dicationic 2,2′-Biimidazolyl Derivative [1]
2001-11-01

The dicationic 2,2-biimidazolyl derivative 5 has been obtained from the imidazolium salt 3 and the carbene 4 in good yield. The presence of the carbene 4 and its unstable dimer 7 were detected by NMR in the reduction product of 5 with potassium. The crystal structure of 5·H 2 O is reported.
9th Conference of the Central European Division e.V. of the International Isotope Society
2001-11-01

Abstract Title Author(s) Tetramethylammonium Tri‐acetoxyborotritide, a Reagent for Hydroxy‐directed Ketone Reduction H. Andres Synthesis of Tritium‐labeled Nucleosides with Anti‐HIV and Anticancer Activity G.V. Sidorov, Yu.B. Zverkov, N.F. Myasoedov, A.R. Cimpoia, A.B. Susan Tritide Reduction of Nucleosides and Carbohydrates M. Saljoughian, H. Morimoto, P.G. Williams, C. Than A New Homogeneous Complex for H/D/T Exchange Labelling R. Salter, T. Moenius. P. Ackermann. M. Studer, A. Morgan, M. Chappelle Synthesis of [26‐ 2 H 3 ]Brassinosteroids O.V. Konstantinova, V.A. Khripach, V.N. Zhabinskii, A.P. Antonchick, B. Schneider The Specific Activity Determination and Confirmation of Identity of a Radiolabelled Peptide Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry A.T. Rees, A. Colebrook Different Carbon‐14 Labelling Syntheses of Vardenafil D. Seidel Carbon‐14 Labelling of β‐Amino Acids and β‐Peptides M.I. Rodriguez, Y. Metz, R. Voges A Rapid Synthesis of 2‐Chioro[2,6‐ 14 4C]isonicotinic Acid T.P. Kelly, T.R. Rodgers, C. Wright Reduction of 2,4,6‐Trinitro[ring‐ 14 C]toluene (TNT) with Baker's Yeast ( Saccharomyces Cervisiae ) M. Kröger, G. Fels Application of Microbiotic Methods for the Synthesis of Radiolabelled Isotopomers ‐ A Review [1] M. Mahnke, T. Moenius Screening of Storage‐Stability of 14 C Radiochemicals A. Fredenhagen Application of AMS for Human ADME F. Waldmeier, R.C. Garner Binding Studies for Affinity Screening to the Exsorptive Transporter P‐Glycoprotein: [ 3 H]Talinolol as Radioligand P. Langguth, A. Koggel, C. Dressler, G. Peinhardt, H. Spahn‐Langguth Stable Isotopes in Medicine G.E. von Unruh GMP‐Trends for Clinical Trial Samples R. Schnettler, C.R. Oechslein Changes in Radiation Protection in Law in Germany H.‐J. Reinecke Information Systems for Radiation Protection J. Gay, H. Graffunder