julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Does Compulsory Licensing Discourage Invention? Evidence From German Patents After WWI
2015-07-01

This paper investigates whether compulsory licensing -which allows governments to license patents without the consent of patent-owners -discourages invention.Our analysis exploits new historical data on German patents to examine the effects of compulsory licensing under the US Trading-with-the-Enemy Act on invention in Germany.We find that compulsory licensing was associated with a 28 percent increase in invention.Historical evidence indicates that, as a result of war-related demands, fields with licensing were negatively selected, so OLS estimates may underestimate the positive effects of compulsory licensing on future inventions.
Graphite/graphene grown on molybdenum via CVD
2015-07-01

Graphene was discovered more than a decade ago and proved the existence of a two-dimensional system of carbon. It became clear very quickly that this exceptional material has truly outstanding electronic, mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Consequently a broad range of applications appeared, as graphene science speedily moved forward. Since then, a lot of effort has been devoted not only to the study of graphene, but also to its fabrication. Graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on structured substrates is a promising route for the future.
Abstract A48: Crosstalk between ERK2 and Akt1 in tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity leads to the limited response to PI3K inhibition
2015-07-01

Abstract Constitutive K-RAS activity in K-RAS mutated (K-RASmut) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells leads to resistance to EGFR targeting strategies. Analyzing the K-RAS activity status revealed that a constitutive high K-RAS activity is observed not only in K-RASmut NSCLC cells but also in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells presenting K-RAS wild-type (K-RASwt) overexpression. Similar to K-RAS-mutated NSCLC cells, increased K-RAS activity in HNSCC cells overexpressing K-RASwt was associated with the stimulated production of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin and resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) inhibitors such as erlotinib. Overexpression of mutated K-RAS in HNSCC cells expressing low level of K-RASwt stimulated Akt1 phosphorylation and increased clonogenic activity. Conversely, knockdown of K-RAS in K-RASmut NSCLC cells and in HNSCC cells presenting overexpression of K-RASwt resulted in sensitization to the anti-clonogenic activity of erlotinib. K-RAS activity results in both EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent Akt1 activity. Short-term treatment (2 h) of cells with EGFR-TK or PI3K inhibitors (erlotinib and PI-103) resulted in repression of Akt1 activation, whereas long-term treatment (24 h) with inhibitors led to reactivation of Akt1 and stimulated clonogenicity. Akt1 re-activation was MAPK-ERK2-dependent and associated with a lack of complete response to anti-clonogenic activity of PI-103. A complete response was observed when PI-103 was combined with MEK inhibitor PD98059. Together, inhibition of clonogenicity in tumor cells presenting constitutive K-RAS activity independent of K-RAS mutational status can be achieved by the combination of PI3K and MAPK inhibitors. Supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Ro527/5-1 and SFB-773-TP B02] and the Federal Ministry of Research and Education(BMBF grants 0258416, 03NUK006D) awarded to HPR as well as GRK 1302/2 (T11) awarded to MT/HPR. Citation Format: Mahmoud Toulany, H. Peter Rodemann. Crosstalk between ERK2 and Akt1 in tumor cells with constitutive K-RAS activity leads to the limited response to PI3K inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A48.
Who Are The First Koreans? The Nationality Law Of 1948
2015-07-01

This article deals with the First Korean Nationality Act which was spurred by the US Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) and enacted by the first Korean Congress. Although there seemed to be a debate on the Nationality Act before Korea was colonized by Japan, the boundary of “Korean” citizenship was cultural and self-evident. The family registry (hojŏk) was a critical criteria to determine who was a Korean, though not identical with a Korean nationality. The colonial government accepted this definition, so the fact that the first Nationality Act inherited this tradition is not so surprising. However, the ambiguity over the first Korean who bestowed nationality upon descendants became problematic when the post-Cold War Korean ethnics returned, especially the ones from China returning to Korea. Later, Korean-Chinese in toto became foreigners, according to Korean Court decisions, because they became Chinese citizens after the People’s Republic of China was established in October 1949. Thus, the first Nationality Act shows a thorny issue of what the boundary of Korean nationality is.
MIF interacts with CXCR7 to promote receptor internalization, ERK1/2 and ZAP‐70 signaling, and lymphocyte chemotaxis
2015-07-02

ABSTRACT Macrophage migration‐inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with chemokine‐like functions and is a mediator in numerous inflammatory conditions. Depending on the context, MIF signals through 1 or more of its receptors cluster of differentiation (CD)74, CXC‐motif chemokine receptor (CXCR)2, and CXCR4. In addition, heteromeric receptor complexes have been identified. We characterized the atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7 as a novel receptor for MIF. MIF promoted human CXCR7 internalization up to 40%, peaking at 50‐400 nM and 30 min, but CXCR7 internalization by MIF was not dependent on CXCR4. Yet, by coimmunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy, and a proximity ligation assay, CXCR7 was found to engage in MIF receptor complexes with CXCR4 and CD74, both after ectopic overexpression and in endogenous conditions in a human B‐cell line. Receptor competition binding and coimmunoprecipitation studies combined with sulfo‐SBED‐biotintransfer provided evidence for a direct interaction between MIF and CXCR7. Finally, we demonstrated MIF/CXCR7‐mediated functional responses. Blockade of CXCR7 suppressed MIF‐mediated ERK‐ and zeta‐chain‐associated protein kinase (ZAP)‐70 activation (from 2.1‐ to 1.2‐fold and from 2.5‐ to 1.6‐fold, respectively) and fully abrogated primary murine B‐cell chemotaxis triggered by MIF, but not by CXCL12. B cells from Cxcr7 ‐/‐ mice exhibited an ablated transmigration response to MIF, indicating that CXCR7 is essential for MIF‐promoted B‐cell migration. Our findings provide biochemical and functional evidence that MIF is an alternative ligand of CXCR7 and suggest a functional role of the MIF‐CXCR7 axis in B‐lymphocyte migration.—Alampour‐Rajabi, S., El Bounkari, O., Rot, A., Müller‐Newen, G., Bachelerie, F., Gawaz, M., Weber, C., Schober, A., Bernhagen, J. MIF interacts with CXCR7 to promote receptor internalization, ERK1/2 and ZAP‐70 signaling, and lymphocyte chemotaxis. FASEB J. 29, 4497‐4511 (2015). www.fasebj.org
Single-inclusive production of hadrons and jets in lepton-nucleon scattering at NLO
2015-07-02

We present next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative-QCD calculations of the cross sections for and . The main feature of these processes is that the scattered lepton is not observed, so that the hard scale that makes them perturbative is set by the transverse momentum of the hadron or jet. Kinematically, the two processes thus become direct analogs of single-inclusive production in hadronic collisions which, as has been pointed out in the literature, makes them promising tools for exploring transverse spin phenomena in QCD when the incident nucleon is transversely polarized. We find that the NLO corrections are sizable for the spin-averaged cross section. We also investigate in how far the scattering is dominated by the exchange of almost real (Weizs\\"{a}cker-Williams) photons. We present numerical estimates of the cross sections for present-day fixed target experiments and for a possible future electron ion collider.
Decadal-resolution record of winter monsoon intensity over the last two millennia from planktic foraminiferal assemblages in the northeastern Arabian Sea
2015-07-02

The Indian monsoon system is an important climate feature of the northern Indian Ocean. Small variations of the wind and precipitation patterns have fundamental influence on the societal, agricultural, and economic development of India and its neighboring countries. To understand current trends, sensitivity to forcing, or natural variation, records beyond the instrumental period are needed. However, high-resolution archives of past winter monsoon variability are scarce. One potential archive of such records are marine sediments deposited on the continental slope in the NE Arabian Sea, an area where present-day conditions are dominated by the winter monsoon. In this region, winter monsoon conditions lead to distinctive changes in surface water properties, affecting marine plankton communities that are deposited in the sediment. Using planktic foraminifera as a sensitive and well-preserved plankton group, we first characterize the response of their species distribution on environmental gradients from a dataset of surface sediment samples in the tropical and sub-tropical Indian Ocean. Transfer functions for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstructions were applied to a decadal-scale record of assemblage counts from the Pakistan Margin spanning the last 2000 years. The reconstructed temperature record reveals an intensification of winter monsoon intensity near the year 100 CE. Prior to this transition, winter temperatures were &gt;1.5°C warmer than today. Conditions similar to the present seem to have established after 450 CE, interrupted by a singular event near 950 CE with warmer temperatures and accordingly weak winter monsoon. Frequency analysis revealed significant 75-, 40-, and 37-year cycles, which are known from decadal- to centennial-scale resolution records of Indian summer monsoon variability and interpreted as solar irradiance forcing. Our first independent record of Indian winter monsoon activity confirms that winter and summer monsoons were modulated on the same frequency bands and thus indicates that both monsoon systems are likely controlled by the same driving force.
On Naturalism in Hegel's Philosophy of Spirit
2015-07-02

In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly interested in a Hegelian approach to Aristotelian non-reductive naturalism. This paper points out a challenge faced by naturalist readings of Hegel's conception of spirit. For Hegel, spirit and nature are essentially distinct and even related in an antagonistic way. It is difficult to do full justice to this thought while at the same time reading Hegel as a naturalist. The paper also seeks to suggest a response to this challenge. Drawing on Hegel's account of mechanism in his philosophy of spirit, it shows that processes which can count as natural – such as mechanical processes – constitute for Hegel an integral and indispensable part of spiritual activity. Against this background, it is possible to develop a form of Hegelian naturalism which does not lose sight of the essential distinction, even opposition of spirit and nature.
1Learning Velocity Kinematics: Experimental Comparison of On-line Regression Algorithms
2015-07-02

Abstract—The increasing complexity of tasks addressed by humanoid robotics requires accurate mechanical models which are difficult to obtain in practice. One approach is to let the robot learn its own models. In [16], two algorithms were compared on learning the velocity kinematics model of iCub: XCSF and LWPR. This comparison was based on simulated data. In this paper, we propose to extend this study to data recorded from the iCub robot. We analyze the behavior of these algorithms in presence of large noise in real conditions of use. We also add the study of a third algorithm, iRFRLS. After a detailed study on the tuning of the three algorithms, we show that the results obtained in [16] are still valid on real data: XCSF converges more slowly, but to a lower error than LWPR. However, we show that iRFRLS outperforms these two algorithms. I.
The antigenic landscape of multiple myeloma: mass spectrometry (re)defines targets for T-cell–based immunotherapy
2015-07-03

Key Points Direct analysis of the HLA-presented peptidome identifies a distinct antigenic signature in MM. T-cell responses for these antigens are detectable exclusively in MM patients and can be induced in vitro in response-naive patients.
Reinforcement learning of self-regulated β-oscillations for motor restoration in chronic stroke
2015-07-03

Neurofeedback training of Motor imagery (MI)-related brain-states with brain-computer/brain-machine interfaces (BCI/BMI) is currently being explored as an experimental intervention prior to standard physiotherapy to improve the motor outcome of stroke rehabilitation. The use of BCI/BMI technology increases the adherence to MI training more efficiently than interventions with sham or no feedback. Moreover, pilot studies suggest that such a priming intervention before physiotherapy might-like some brain stimulation techniques-increase the responsiveness of the brain to the subsequent physiotherapy, thereby improving the general clinical outcome. However, there is little evidence up to now that these BCI/BMI-based interventions have achieved operate conditioning of specific brain states that facilitate task-specific functional gains beyond the practice of primed physiotherapy. In this context, we argue that BCI/BMI technology provides a valuable neurofeedback tool for rehabilitation but needs to aim at physiological features relevant for the targeted behavioral gain. Moreover, this therapeutic intervention has to be informed by concepts of reinforcement learning to develop its full potential. Such a refined neurofeedback approach would need to address the following issues: (1) Defining a physiological feedback target specific to the intended behavioral gain, e.g., β-band oscillations for cortico-muscular communication. This targeted brain state could well be different from the brain state optimal for the neurofeedback task, e.g., α-band oscillations for differentiating MI from rest; (2) Selecting a BCI/BMI classification and thresholding approach on the basis of learning principles, i.e., balancing challenge and reward of the neurofeedback task instead of maximizing the classification accuracy of the difficulty level device; and (3) Adjusting the difficulty level in the course of the training period to account for the cognitive load and the learning experience of the participant. Here, we propose a comprehensive neurofeedback strategy for motor restoration after stroke that addresses these aspects, and provide evidence for the feasibility of the suggested approach by demonstrating that dynamic threshold adaptation based on reinforcement learning may lead to frequency-specific operant conditioning of β-band oscillations paralleled by task-specific motor improvement; a proposal that requires investigation in a larger cohort of stroke patients.
Innate immune system favors emergency monopoiesis at the expense of DC‐differentiation to control systemic bacterial infection in mice
2015-07-03

DCs are professional APCs playing a crucial role in the initiation of T‐cell responses to combat infection. However, systemic bacterial infection with various pathogens leads to DC‐depletion in humans and mice. The mechanisms of pathogen‐induced DC‐depletion remain poorly understood. Previously, we showed that mice infected with Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) had impaired de novo DC‐development, one reason for DC‐depletion. Here, we extend these studies to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of DC‐depletion and the impact of different bacteria on DC‐development. We show that the number of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic progenitors committed to the DC lineage is reduced following systemic infection with different Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. This is associated with a TLR4‐ and IFN‐γ−signaling dependent increase of committed monocyte progenitors in the BM and mature monocytes in the spleen upon Ye‐infection. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that infection‐induced monopoiesis occurs at the expense of DC‐development. Our data provide evidence for a general response of hematopoietic progenitors upon systemic bacterial infections to enhance monocyte production, thereby increasing the availability of innate immune cells for pathogen control, whereas impaired DC‐development leads to DC‐depletion, possibly driving transient immunosuppression in bacterial sepsis.
Longitudinal relations between symptoms, neurocognition, and self-concept in schizophrenia
2015-07-03

The findings implicate that if deficits in neurocognition are present, fostering a positive self-concept should be an issue in therapy. Negative interpersonal self-concept indicates an increased risk for paranoid delusions in the course of 1 year. New aspects for cognitive models in schizophrenia and clinical implications are discussed.
Impact of amyloid β aggregate maturation on antibody treatment in APP23 mice
2015-07-03

Aβ antibody treatment was capable of protecting neurons from dendritic degeneration as long as Aβ aggregation was absent or represented B-Aβ stage 1 but had no protective or curative effect in later stages with mature Aβ aggregates (B-Aβ stage 3). These data indicate that the maturation stage of Aβ aggregates has impact on potential treatment effects in APP23 mice.
How Partnerships between African and European Entrepreneurs Can Support the UN Post-2015 Development Agenda
2015-07-03

This article discusses how the private sector, and here specifically African–European partnerships between entrepreneurs, can assist to attain the development goals formulated by the United Nations' Post-2015 Agenda for Sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on meetings between African and European entrepreneurs convened on the initiative of H. E. Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler, former President of the Federal Republic of Germany and former Managing Director of the IMF, we will discuss the private sector's role for the UN development agenda in the African context from the perspectives of participants of these meetings. More specifically, we will outline the contribution of the business sector in Africa to the creation of employment, education, job opportunities and training for young people, ecological sustainability, economic diversification and a supportive climate for start-ups. However, to enable these contributions, entrepreneurs are calling for favorable policies, reliable institutions, access to financial services and a good infrastructure. On this basis, equitable partnerships between African and European entrepreneurs can be formed to foster sustainable development in Africa.
Peripheral and central blockade of interleukin-6 trans-signaling differentially affects sleep architecture
2015-07-04

The immune system is known to essentially contribute to the regulation of sleep. Whereas research in this regard focused on the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in sleep regulation has been less intensely studied, probably due to the so far seemingly ambiguous results. Yet, this picture might simply reflect that the effects of IL-6 are conveyed via two different pathways (with possibly different actions), i.e., in addition to the 'classical' signaling pathway via the membrane bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), IL-6 stimulates cells through the alternative 'trans-signaling' pathway via the soluble IL-6R. Here, we concentrated on the contributions of the trans-signaling pathway to sleep regulation. To characterize this contribution, we compared the effect of blocking IL-6 trans-signaling (by the soluble gp130Fc fusion protein) in the brain versus body periphery. Thus, we compared sleep in transgenic mice expressing the soluble gp130Fc protein only in the brain (GFAP mice) or in the body periphery (PEPCK mice), and in wild type mice (WT) during a 24-h period of undisturbed conditions and during 18 h following a 6-h period of sleep deprivation. Compared with WT mice, PEPCK mice displayed less sleep, particularly during the late light phase, and this was accompanied by decreases in slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Following sleep deprivation PEPCK mice primarily recovered REM sleep rather than SWS. GFAP mice showed a slight decrease in REM sleep in combination with a profound and persistent increase in EEG theta activity. In conclusion, peripheral and central nervous IL-6 trans-signaling differentially influences brain activity. Peripheral IL-6 trans-signaling appears to more profoundly contribute to sleep regulation, mainly by supporting SWS.
A Heterogeneous Growth Curve Model for Nonnormal Data
2015-07-04

The heterogeneous growth curve model (HGM; Klein & Muthén, 2006 ) is a method for modeling heterogeneity of growth rates with a heteroscedastic residual structure for the slope factor. It has been developed as an extension of a conventional growth curve model and a complementary tool to growth curve mixture models. In this article, a robust version of the heterogeneous growth curve model (HGM-R) is presented that extends the original HGM with a mixture model to allow for an unbiased parameter estimation under the condition of nonnormal data. In two simulation studies, the performance of the method is examined under the condition of nonnormality and a misspecified heteroscedastic residual structure. The results of the simulation studies suggest an unbiased estimation of the heterogeneity by the HGM-R when sample size was large enough and a good approximation of the heteroscedastic residual structure even when the functional form of the heteroscedasticity was misspecified. The practical application of the approach is demonstrated for a data set from HIV-infected patients.
On the putative purpose of AMPK sensitive Kv1.5 K+ channel regulation
2015-07-04

Voltage gated K+ channel Kv1.5 participates in the orchestration of diverse cellular functions. In some cells, Kv1.5 contributes to the regulation of cell volume.1 Inhibition of K+ channels counter...