julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Effects of liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies on intermittent hypoxaemia in extremely low birthweight infants: secondary analyses of the ETTNO randomised controlled trial
2025-03-26

Objectives To compare the effect of liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies on the proportion of time (%time) spent with intermittent hypoxaemia (IH, ie, arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) &lt;80% lasting ≥60 s) in the ‘Effects of Transfusion Thresholds on Neurocognitive Outcome’ (ETTNO) population, and to investigate whether infants with above-median exposure to IH might benefit more from liberal transfusion strategies than those with lower exposure. Design, setting, patients Secondary analysis in all 554/1013 infants of &lt;1000 g birth weight recruited into the ETTNO trial (mean gestational age 26.2 weeks) with &gt;80% completeness of SpO 2 recordings during postnatal days 8–49. Intervention Randomly assigned liberal (n=268) or restrictive (n=286) transfusion strategies, defining transfusion triggers based on postnatal age and health status. Main outcome measures %time with IH, rate and mean duration of IH episodes during postnatal days 8–49. Interaction between exposure to IH and transfusion strategies with respect to ETTNO’s composite primary outcome, death or disability at 24 months corrected age. Results The median (quartile 1–quartile 3) %time with IH was similar between treatment groups (0.91% (0.13%–2.83%) with liberal vs 0.79% (0.16%–2.44%) with restrictive transfusions). There was no interaction between exposure to IH and transfusion strategies on outcome at 24 months. Conclusions In infants &lt;1000 g birth weight, a liberal transfusion strategy did not reduce IH. Blood transfusions should not be administered ‘liberally’ to reduce IH or to improve neurocognitive outcome in infants with above-average exposure to IH. Trial registration number NCT01393496 .
Microbial mediation in chalcopyrite formation at low temperature
2025-03-26

<title>Abstract</title> <italic>Chalcopyrite (CuFeS</italic><sub><italic>2</italic></sub><italic>) is an important source of copper, typically found in high-temperature ore deposits. Its precipitation at low temperature has been rarely documented and remains a topic of debate. In this study, we report the transformation of copper sulfide to a Cu-Fe phase with chalcopyrite-like stoichiometry in acidic pit lake sediments at 12 °C. Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) revealed aggregates of acicular nanocrystals, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy indicated characteristics of disordered chalcopyrite. Incubation experiments at 20 °C suggest that microbial activity may play an important role in chalcopyrite formation at low temperature, also supported by geochemical modelling. Remarkably, STEM analysis showed chalcopyrite crystal formation around hollow structures resembling coccoidal cells (external molds). Additionally, cryo-Transmission X-ray microscopy identified chalcopyrite precipitation on the membranes of eukaryotic cells. We propose that microbial processes, including bacterial production of H</italic><sub><italic>2</italic></sub><italic>S and the availability of nucleation sites on outer cellular surfaces, promote chalcopyrite formation at low temperatures.</italic>
Hydrogen activation by a σσ*-carbene through quantum tunneling
2025-03-26

The electronic structure of carbenes arises from the occupation of a σ and a π frontier orbital. While parent methylene possesses a triplet ground state (σ1π1), substituents are capable of stabilizing the singlet (σ2π0 or σ0π2) by altering the frontier orbital energies. Here, we reveal that the 1,2[I]-shift isomer of 2-iodopyridine, the N-iodo Hammick intermediate, features a resonance between its carbene σ and N–I bond σ* orbitals, rendering them frontier orbitals. This singlet carbene is efficiently generated via UV photolysis of 2-iodopyridine in solid neon at 4.4 K and reacts with molecular hydrogen − but not deuterium − via N–I bond cleavage enabled by quantum tunnelling. Our findings introduce an unprecedented carbene class, unlocking new opportunities for reactivity and electronic structure explorations.
Further assessment of a ~2-million-year-old hominin pelvis (DNH 43) from Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa
2025-03-26

The palaeocave site of Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ) in Gauteng Province, South Africa, has produced fossil hominin material dating to 2.04–1.95 Ma, including craniodental remains attributed to Paranthropus robustus and the earliest specimen of Homo erectus sensu lato along with numerous postcrania of uncertain taxonomic affiliation. Among this collection is a partial pelvis (DNH 43), which includes the sacrum and elements of the right os coxae. Although previously described as showing similarities to the pelvis of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, comparisons across the broader hominin fossil record have been limited and DNH 43 has never been analysed quantitatively. Here we present a partial digital reconstruction of DNH 43 and compare it to an expanded data set of fossil specimens to determine its closest morphological affinities. Overall, the quantitative analysis is congruent with qualitative results reflecting the primitive features of DNH 43, suggesting an Australopithecus/Paranthropus-like anatomy, including small absolute size, relatively small sacroiliac articulation, moderately wide tuberoacetabular sulcus, gracile acetabulosacral buttress, and obstetric dimensions that are relatively broad. A study of this rare articulated pelvis shows that the orientation of the sacrum (pelvic incidence) is similar to that of recent Homo sapiens. Although DNH 43 shares some specific metric similarities with specimens MH2 (Australopithecus sediba) and OH 28 (cf. Homo erectus), the taxonomic relevance is unclear given the poor understanding of Paranthropus and early Homo postcranial variation. Affiliation with Paranthropus robustus (which dominates the DMQ craniodental assemblage) cannot be ruled out, and we consider assignment to that taxon to be a reasonable provisional attribution.
Using the XMM-Newton small window mode to investigate systematic uncertainties in the particle background of X-ray charge-coupled device detectors
2025-03-26

The level and uncertainty of the particle-induced background in charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors play a crucial role in future X-ray instruments, such as the Wide Field Imager (WFI) onboard Athena. To mitigate the background systematic uncertainties, which will limit the Athena science goals, we aim to understand the relationship between the energetic charged particles interacting in the detector and satellite, and the instrumental science background to an unprecedented level. In addition, we characterized the temporal variability of the instrumental background from minutes to years. These particles produce easily identified “cosmic-ray tracks” along with less easily identified signals produced by secondary particles, e.g., X-rays generated by particle interactions with the instrument and indistinguishable from genuine sky X-rays. We utilized the small window mode of the PN camera onboard XMM-Newton to understand the time, spatial, and energy dependence of the various background components, particularly the particle-induced background. Although the distribution of particle events follows expected detector readout patterns, we found a particle track length distribution inconsistent with the simple, isotropic model. We also found that the detector mode-specific readout results in a shifted Cu fluorescent line. We illustrated that on long timescales the variability of the particle background correlates well with the solar cycle. This 20-year light curve can be reproduced by a particle detector onboard Chandra, the high-resolution camera anti-coincidence shield. We concluded that the self-anti-coincidence method of removing X-ray–like events near detected particle tracks in the same frame can be optimized with the inclusion of additional information, such as the energy of the X-ray. The results presented here are relevant for any future pixelated X-ray imaging detector and could allow the WFI and similar instruments to probe to truly faint X-ray surface brightness.
Stent retriever size and outcomes after anterior circulation occlusion thrombectomy
2025-03-26

Background The impact of stent retriever size on mechanical thrombectomy (MT) outcomes remains uncertain. We aim to clarify the influence of stent retriever size on MT outcomes by analyzing data from two national prospective registries. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on data from the French and German MT registries including consecutive patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion who underwent Solitaire stent retriever MT with or without additional aspiration. Efficacy outcomes were successful reperfusion and complete reperfusion. Safety outcomes included any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Results Complete reperfusion was lower in the 4×20 mm stent retriever group than in the 4×40 mm stent retriever group (47% vs 53%; OR 0.61, P=0.0039). Successful reperfusion did not differ between the 4×20 mm and 4×40 mm stent retriever groups (89% vs 93%; OR 0.69, P=0.25). There was no difference between the 6×30/6×40 mm and 4×20 mm stents, and there was no difference in functional outcomes between the groups. In terms of safety, any ICH was lower in the 4×20 mm group than in the 4×40 mm group (20% vs 36%; OR 0.60, P=0.0095). Symptomatic ICH was lower in the 4×20 mm group than in the 4×40 mm group (5% vs 10%; OR 0.58, P=0.086), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Mortality was lower in the 4×20 mm than in the 6×40 mm group (26% vs 33%; OR 0.70, P=0.044). When compared according to occlusion location, the results were overall similar. Conclusion This study suggests that longer and larger stent retrievers lead to a higher reperfusion rate but also a higher rate of hemorrhagic complications. Overall, the size of the stent did not affect functional outcomes.
Neuropsychological Tests of Memory, Visuospatial, and Language Function in Parkinson's Disease: Review, Critique, and Recommendations
2025-03-27

Abstract Background Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a key non‐motor complication during the disease course. Objectives A review of detailed cognitive instruments to detect mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) or dementia (PDD) is needed to establish optimal tests that facilitate diagnostic accuracy. Methods We performed a systematic literature review of tests that assess memory, language including premorbid intelligence, and visuospatial domains (for tests of attention and executive functions see accompanying review) to determine suitability to assess cognition in PD. Based on in‐depth scrutiny of psychometric and other relevant clinimetric properties, tests were rated as “recommended,” “recommended with caveats,” “suggested,” or “listed” by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS) panel of experts according to the IPMDS Clinical Outcome Assessment Scientific Evaluation Committee guidelines. Results We included 39 tests encompassing 48 outcome measures. Seven tests (different versions or subtests of the test counted once) were recommended, including four for memory, one for visuospatial domains, one for language (including three measures), and one for estimated premorbid intelligence. Furthermore, 10 tests (12 measures) were “recommended with caveats,” 11 were “suggested,” and 11 (15 measures) were “listed.” Conclusions Recommended neuropsychological tests in memory, visuospatial functions, and language are proposed to guide the assessment of cognitive impairment and its progression in PD‐MCI and PDD, and for use in clinical trials to stratify participants or as outcome measures. Novel measures being developed will need extensive validation research to be “recommended.” © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Treating Periodontitis Strictly Non-Surgically—A Retrospective Long-Term Analysis of Tooth Loss During Supportive Periodontal Care
2025-03-27

Background/Objectives: Retrospective analysis of long-term periodontal tooth loss (PTL) during supportive periodontal care (SPC) in patients with Stage III/IV periodontitis who received strictly non-surgical periodontal treatment. Methods: Fully documented medical documentation of SPC &gt; 5 years was analyzed at T0 (baseline), T1 (after Steps 1/2), and during SPC (T2). PTL, periodontal pocket depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), tooth mobility (TM), furcation involvement (FI), and frequency of SPC were recorded. Each parameter was tested for significance in a bivariate analysis, before a multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible factors with an impact on PTL during SPC. Results: A total of 51 women/64 men (T1 mean age 55.4 ± 10.3 yrs) were surveilled after 9.0 ± 2.4 yrs; 2647 teeth were included. On average, patients attended 10.6 ± 3.8 SPC sessions between T1 and T2; 77 patients (67%) attended at least 1/year. At T1, 68 teeth were lost; 6.1% of the remaining teeth showed FI, and 13.8% showed TM. During SPC, the PTL range was 118 (1.03 ± 1.21/patient). TM, FI, mean PD, and Stage IV periodontitis proved to be statistically significantly associated with increased PTL. Conclusions: PTL was low in this cohort. Nevertheless, at T1, it may be beneficial to focus on stopping TM by splinting the mobile teeth and reducing the PD or treating FI appropriately, understanding that these precise applications of surgical procedures could positively affect long-term tooth retention.
Seasonally resolved stratigraphy at Jwalapuram India shows regional surface warming after the Toba volcanic super-eruption
2025-03-27

Abstract Understanding the nature and tempo of global environmental responses to the ∼74,000 BP (∼74 ka) Toba volcanic super-eruption is based primarily on historical analogies and climate models that lack ground-truthing in regions distal to eruptions. Here, we report the first proxy-based terrestrial record of the immediate environmental impact of the Younger Toba Tuff (YTT) eruption on the hominin-occupied ecosystem in peninsular India, spanning six annual monsoonal cycles directly following the YTT event. We present a multiproxy paleoclimate dataset from Jwalapuram in southern India, featuring a geochemical characterization of multiple YTT tephra and hardpan layers, complemented by detailed stratigraphic observations, sedimentological insights, and stable carbon isotope data. Taken together, these multiple lines of evidence show a progressive trend of tephra weathering and strong evapotranspiration in the immediate aftermath of the YTT, suggesting multiannual regional warming. Our results underline the complex responses of regional environments to the Toba super-eruption, which extend beyond a simple widespread “volcanic winter.”
A phylogenetic classification of the Je language family
2025-03-27

<ns5:p>Introduction This study investigates the Je language family and Macro-Je phylum, addressing a significant gap in previous research by applying quantitative methods to its classification. Dataset The dataset comprises 516 concepts from 14 languages, primarily sourced from Swadesh lists and culturally relevant terms, providing a robust foundation for phylogenetic analysis. Methods Bayesian phylogenetic inference and NeighborNet methods were employed to analyze the dataset. These approaches enabled the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships within the Je family, facilitating the identification of language divergence patterns and their historical dynamics. Results The analysis reveals well-supported Northern, Central, and Southern subgroups within the Je family, demonstrating clear geographical clustering. The phylogenetic tree aligns with existing hypotheses while offering new insights into the family’s structure. Discussion The findings were contextualized within pre-Columbian archaeological frameworks, drawing parallels between linguistic divergence and material culture. These connections support the hypothesis that the Macro-Je language phylum’s development aligns with distinct cultural and geographical distributions observed in archaeological records. Conclusion and Future Directions This study affirms the genetic coherence of the Je family and highlights opportunities for future research, including the incorporation of non-Je languages in the Macro-Je phylum and expanded datasets to refine the understanding of this diverse linguistic group.</ns5:p>
CLEC12A-directed immunocytokine with target cell–restricted IL-15 activity for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
2025-03-27

Despite recent advancements, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) leveraging natural killer (NK) cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity show great potential, none have gained clinical approval for AML. Immunocytokines have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the limited efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. IL-15 stimulates activation, proliferation cytotoxic activity of NK cells, but its clinical use is prevented by short half-life, poor accumulation in the tumor, and toxicity due to systemic off-target immune activation. Here we report on the generation and preclinical characterization of modified immunocytokines consisting of an Fc-optimized CLEC12A (CLL-1) antibody fused to an IL-15 moiety with E46K mutation. The mutation abrogates binding to IL-15Rα, thereby enabling substitution of physiological trans-presentation by target binding and thus conditional IL-15Rβ/γ stimulation to reduce systemic toxicity. An optimal CLEC12A binder was selected from a range of murine mAbs, based on analysis of AML cell lines and leukemic cells from patients. This antibody was then used to construct an immunocytokine (MIC12) that subsequently was characterized functionally. Analysis of NK cell activation, cytokine release, proliferation and anti-leukemia reactivity demonstrated that MIC12 induced superior target cell killing and NK cell expansion compared to Fc-optimized CLEC12A antibody, with efficacy being dependent on target antigen binding. Our results show that novel immunocytokines with conditional IL-15 activity are capable of inducing potent NK cell responses against AML cells and identify MIC12 as promising therapeutic candidate for leukemia treatment.
Abruptness of tone onsets, but not offsets, elicits the auditory-induced bouncing/streaming illusion.
2025-03-27

The way we perceive the movement of two intersecting discs can be influenced by auditory information. When a brief tone is played while these discs overlap, people tend to report that the discs bounce off each other instead of streaming past each other. This is known as the auditory-induced bouncing/streaming illusion. Both perceptual/attentional and decisional processes have been discussed as explanations for the bouncing/streaming illusion. In four experiments, we study how the abruptness of tone onsets and offsets affects the bouncing/streaming illusion. We found that tones with more abrupt onsets and offsets resulted in a higher proportion of bouncing impressions than those with smoother ones (Experiment 1). This effect was not due to differences in loudness between the tones (Experiment 2). Additionally, we found that the abruptness of the tone onset, rather than the offset, caused the increase in bouncing impressions (Experiment 3). This effect was observed regardless of the temporal alignment of the tones with the moment of visual overlap (onset-aligned vs. centered vs. offset-aligned; Experiment 4). In sum, our results revealed evidence in favor of a chain of perceptual as well as decisional processes contributing to the reported bouncing/streaming impressions, and we discuss how both might interact during the resolution of the ambiguous bouncing/streaming display. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
Multi-Layered Molecular Profiling Informs the Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
2025-03-27

<title>Abstract</title> Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an ultra-rare sarcoma with limited treatment options. We performed whole-genome/exome, transcriptome, and DNA methylome analysis in 30 refractory DSRCT patients, complemented by (phospho)proteomic profiling in nine, within a nationwide precision oncology program. In eight patients (27%), DSRCT was diagnosed based on molecular profiling. Although all patients had “quiet” genomes, 28 (93%) received 107 molecular-based management recommendations, including assessment of clinical trial eligibility in 17 (57%). Nearly half of recommendations (45%) were based on overexpression of tyrosine kinases, as well as SSTR3/5 and CLDN6, detected in 33% and 20% of cases, respectively. Thirteen patients (46%) received recommended therapies, yielding disease control in eight (62%; partial response, <italic>n</italic> = 5; stable disease, <italic>n</italic> = 3), including three long-lasting responses (≥ 12 months) to pazopanib and trastuzumab deruxtecan, triggered by ERBB2 overexpression in the absence of constitutive ERBB2 signaling. Thus, multi-omics profiling enables individualized DSRCT treatment.
The future of paediatric sleep medicine: a blueprint for advancing the field
2025-03-28

Summary Paediatric sleep medicine has rapidly evolved and expanded over the past half century as it became increasingly recognised as a unique field related to but distinct from adult sleep medicine. In looking forward to the next years, the focus of the following discussion is two‐fold: to summarise a brief history of the field, recent developments and current trends, and to present a blueprint for the future across various key domains. Using Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory as a model for the interaction between the five interconnected ecosystems and sleep in children, we discuss a variety of topics relevant for the present state and future of paediatric sleep medicine. Such topics include the potential effects of climate change and war on children's sleep, the development of public policy initiatives—such as sleep education in schools and in communities, and global efforts to reduce the epidemic of insufficient sleep. Indeed, insufficient sleep contributes to a myriad of negative medical, mental health, functional, and safety consequences. We also focus on the development of paediatric sleep medicine‐specific educational initiatives and training programmes, and we showcase professional organisations such as the International Paediatric Sleep Association that are dedicated to the global expansion of paediatric sleep medicine. Finally, we address the need for further interdisciplinary collaborations, identify critical research gaps and explore the potential role of artificial intelligence and other new technologies in paediatric sleep research, including standardisation of sleep measurements, and novel methods of monitoring sleep in children.