julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary Consensus Recommendations for the use of Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy under Sonographic Guidance: First update 2012
2012-06-21

Abstract Purpose: The vacuum biopsy of the breast under sonographic guidance (VB) was introduced in Germany in the year 2000 and the first consensus recommendations were published by Krainick-Strobel et al. in 2005. Since then, many clinical studies on this technique have been published. The purpose of this publication is to update the consensus recommendations from 2005 regarding the latest literature. Materials and Methods: The consensus statements were the result of two preliminary meetings after the review of the latest literature by members of the Minimally Invasive Breast Intervention Study Group from the German Society of Senology. The final consensus text was review by all members of the working group. The statements listed under results obtained complete acceptance (consensus 100 %). Results: The consensus recommendations describe the indications, investigator qualifications, technical requirements, documentation, quality assurance and follow-up intervals regarding the latest literature. Conclusion: The VB is a safe method for extracting breast tissue for histological workup. The technique allows the resection of breast tissue up to 8 cm3. Besides the diagnostic indications, the method qualifies for a therapeutic resection of symptomatic benign lesions (e. g. fibroadenomas). The technique should be used in specialized breast centers working in a multidisciplinary setup. This paper is an expert’s recommendation for the use of VB under sonographic guidance. It is not formulated as a nationwide guideline.
Switching of the Natural Nanostructure in Bi2Te3 Materials by Ion Irradiation
2012-06-21

In Bi(2)Te(3) materials the natural nanostructure (nns) with a wavelength of 10 nm can be reproducibly switched ON and OFF by Ar(+) ion irradiation at 1.5 and 1 keV. Controlled formation of the nns in Bi(2)Te(3) materials has potential for reducing its thermal conductivity and could increase the thermoelectric figure of merit.
A Novel Role for Relaxin-2 in the Pathogenesis of Primary Varicosis
2012-06-21

We report that relaxin-2 and its receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2 are expressed in GSV and that their expression is significantly decreased in varicose GSV. Further, we were able to demonstrate a functional pharmacological relaxin-2 system in varicose GSV. Our results suggest a novel role for relaxin-2 in the pathogenesis of primary varicosis, rendering relaxin-2 a novel possible pharmacological agent for the treatment of this widely prevailing venous disease.
Spin‐component‐scaled electron correlation methods
2012-06-22

Abstract Spin‐component‐scaled (SCS) electron correlation methods for electronic structure theory are reviewed. The methods can be derived theoretically by applying special conditions to the underlying wave functions in perturbation theory. They are based on the insight that low‐order wave function expansions treat the correlation effects of electron pairs with opposite spin (OS) and same spin (SS) differently because of their different treatment at the underlying Hartree–Fock level. Physically, this is related to the different average inter‐electronic distances in the SS and OS electron pairs. The overview starts with the original SCS‐MP2 method and discusses its strengths and weaknesses and various ways to parameterize the scaling factors. Extensions to coupled‐cluster and excited state methods as well the connection to virtual‐orbital dependent density functional approaches are highlighted. The performance of various SCS methods in large thermochemical benchmarks and for excitation energies is discussed in comparison with other common electronic structure methods. This article is categorized under: Electronic Structure Theory &gt; Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
GBA -associated PD
2012-06-22

The pattern of neurodegeneration in GBA-associated PD is more pronounced in the putamen than in the midbrain. Our MRSI findings suggest that the neurodegenerative process in GBA-PD is associated with alterations of membrane phospholipid metabolism which might be also involved in abnormal α-synuclein aggregation.
Therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Europe: MALTHER – a prospective observational multicentre study
2012-06-22

Abstract Background Malaria continues to be amongst the most frequent infectious diseases imported to Europe. Whilst European treatment guidelines are based on data from studies carried out in endemic areas, there is a paucity of original prospective treatment data. The objective was to summarize data on treatments to harmonize and optimize treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Europe. Methods A prospective observational multicentre study was conducted, assessing tolerance and efficacy of treatment regimens for imported uncomplicated falciparum malaria in adults amongst European centres of tropical and travel medicine. Results Between December 2003 and 2009, 504 patients were included in 16 centres from five European countries. Eighteen treatment regimens were reported, the top three being atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine, and artemether-lumefantrine. Treatments significantly differed with respect to the occurrence of treatment changes (p = 0.005) and adverse events (p = 0.001), parasite and fever clearance times (p &lt; 0.001), and hospitalization rates (p = 0.0066) and durations (p = 0.001). Four recrudescences and two progressions to severe disease were observed. Compared to other regimens, quinine alone was associated with more frequent switches to second line treatment, more adverse events and longer inpatient stays. Parasite and fever clearance times were shortest with artemether-mefloquine combination treatment. Vomiting was the most frequent cause of treatment change, occurring in 5.5% of all patients but 9% of the atovaquone-proguanil group. Conclusions This study highlights the heterogeneity of standards of care within Europe. A consensus discussion at European level is desirable to foster a standardized management of imported falciparum malaria.
Hydride–Hydride Bonding Interactions in the Hydrogen Storage Materials AlH3, MgH2, and NaAlH4
2012-06-22

Force of attraction: The structures and electron distribution of the hydrogen storage materials AlH3, MgH2, and NaAlH4 were explored in detail. Topological analysis of DFT-computed electron densities revealed a plethora of stabilizing interactions between negatively charged hydrogen atoms in these and other hydrides of light metals (see diagram), some of which are remarkably strong and might play a role in the desorption of hydrogen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Novel Porcine In Vitro Model of the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier with Strong Barrier Function
2012-06-22

Epithelial cells of the plexus choroideus form the structural basis of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In vitro models of the BCSFB presenting characteristics of a functional barrier are of significant scientific interest as tools for examination of BCSFB function. Due to a lack of suitable cell lines as in vitro models, primary porcine plexus epithelial cells were subjected to a series of selective cultivation steps until a stable continuous subcultivatable epithelial cell line (PCP-R) was established. PCP-R cells grow in a regular polygonal pattern with a doubling time of 28-36 h. At a cell number of 1.5×10(5) in a 24-well plate confluence is reached in 56-72 h. Cells are cytokeratin positive and chromosomal analysis revealed 56 chromosomes at peak (84th subculture). Employing reverse transcription PCR mRNA expression of several transporters and components of cell junctions could be detected. The latter includes tight junction components like Claudin-1 and -3, ZO-1, and Occludin, and the adherens junction protein E-cadherin. Cellular localization studies of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 by immunofluorescence and morphological analysis by electron microscopy demonstrated formation of a dense tight junction structure. Importantly, when grown on cell culture inserts PCP-R developed typical characteristics of a functional BCSFB including high transepithelial electrical resistance above 600 Ω×cm(2) as well as low permeability for macromolecules. In summary, our data suggest the PCP-R cell line as a suitable in vitro model of the porcine BCSFB.
Quantifying the Improvement of Surrogate Indices of Hepatic Insulin Resistance Using Complex Measurement Techniques
2012-06-22

We evaluated the ability of simple and complex surrogate-indices to identify individuals from an overweight/obese cohort with hepatic insulin-resistance (HEP-IR). Five indices, one previously defined and four newly generated through step-wise linear regression, were created against a single-cohort sample of 77 extensively characterised participants with the metabolic syndrome (age 55.6 ± 1.0 years, BMI 31.5 ± 0.4 kg/m(2); 30 males). HEP-IR was defined by measuring endogenous-glucose-production (EGP) with [6-6(2)H(2)] glucose during fasting and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps and expressed as EGP*fasting plasma insulin. Complex measures were incorporated into the model, including various non-standard biomarkers and the measurement of body-fat distribution and liver-fat, to further improve the predictive capability of the index. Validation was performed against a data set of the same subjects after an isoenergetic dietary intervention (4 arms, diets varying in protein and fiber content versus control). All five indices produced comparable prediction of HEP-IR, explaining 39-56% of the variance, depending on regression variable combination. The validation of the regression equations showed little variation between the different proposed indices (r(2) = 27-32%) on a matched dataset. New complex indices encompassing advanced measurement techniques offered an improved correlation (r = 0.75, P<0.001). However, when validated against the alternative dataset all indices performed comparably with the standard homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.54, P<0.001). Thus, simple estimates of HEP-IR performed comparable to more complex indices and could be an efficient and cost effective approach in large epidemiological investigations.
Effect of Culture at Low Oxygen Tension on the Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in a Panel of Melanoma Cell Lines
2012-06-22

Culture in 2% O(2) variably altered hsp expression in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Hsp expression was associated with certain cell line characteristics and clinical parameters of the originating tumour.
Comprehensive Analysis of NKG2D Ligand Expression and Release in Leukemia: Implications for NKG2D-Mediated NK Cell Responses
2012-06-23

Abstract Ligands of the prototypical activating NK receptor NKG2D render cancer cells susceptible to NK cell-mediated cytolysis if expressed at sufficiently high levels. However, malignant cells employ mechanisms to evade NKG2D-mediated immunosurveillance, such as NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) shedding resulting in reduced surface expression levels. In addition, systemic downregulation of NKG2D on NK cells of cancer patients has been observed in many studies and was attributed to soluble NKG2DL (sNKG2DL), although there also are conflicting data. Likewise, relevant expression of NKG2DL in leukemia has been reported by some, but not all studies. Hence, we comprehensively studied expression, release, and function of the NKG2D ligands MHC class I chain-related molecules A and B and UL16-binding proteins 1–3 in 205 leukemia patients. Leukemia cells of most patients (75%) expressed at least one NKG2DL at the surface, and all investigated patient sera contained elevated sNKG2DL levels. Besides correlating NKG2DL levels with clinical data and outcome, we demonstrate that sNKG2DL in patient sera reduce NKG2D expression on NK cells, resulting in impaired antileukemia reactivity, which also critically depends on number and levels of surface-expressed NKG2DL. Together, we provide comprehensive data on the relevance of NKG2D/NKG2DL expression, release, and function for NK reactivity in leukemia, which exemplifies the mechanisms underlying NKG2D-mediated tumor immunosurveillance and escape.
Kinematics of the crust around the Ama Drime Massif (southern Tibet) – Constraints from paleomagnetic results
2012-06-23

Secondary magnetic remanences are used to study late-orogenic rotation and tilting on a E-W transect in southern Tibet at ∼28.5°N. Sampling was performed on both sides of the Ama Drime Massif (ADM). Remanent magnetization resides in pyrrhotite formed during metamorphism and is related to the last cooling event through 325. °C (Curie temperature of pyrrhotite). The existence of antipodal pTRMs demonstrates that the ChRM is of thermoremanent origin and was acquired during cooling of the Tethyan metasediments. Penetrative deformation was still going on in Ronghbuk area until ca 250. °C, whereas it was already completed in Dinggye area. Significant departures from the expected field direction during the age of remanence acquisition cannot be interpreted by consistent vertical axis rotation of blocks. Antagonist deviations on both sides of the ADM are explained as tiltings around an horizontal axis striking ∼N20°. These tiltings are estimated to be younger than 13-12. Ma and they are related to the ADM exhumation initiated since 33. Ma.
The Tape Measure Protein of the Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage vB_SauS-phiIPLA35 Has an Active Muramidase Domain
2012-06-24

ABSTRACT Tailed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages frequently harbor structural proteins displaying peptidoglycan hydrolytic activities. The tape measure protein from Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage vB_SauS-phiIPLA35 has a lysozyme-like and a peptidase_M23 domain. This report shows that the lysozyme-like domain (TG1) has muramidase activity and exhibits in vitro lytic activity against live S. aureus cells, an activity that could eventually find use in the treatment of infections.
Three-dimensional photoluminescence mapping and emission anisotropy of single gold nanorods
2012-06-25

We use raster-scanning confocal microscopy in combination with radially and azimuthally polarized laser excitation for mapping the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of individual spatially isolated gold nanorods (GNRs). The simultaneous acquisition of both the elastic scattering patterns and the one-photon luminescence patterns of the same GNR allows for determining both the particle position and the orientation with high precision. By analyzing experimental patterns and comparing them to theoretical results obtained by computer simulations, we establish a complete 3D photoluminescence map of single GNRs. Both elastic scattering and luminescence patterns of the same particle are found to display modifications of the refractive index of the dielectric environment. The polarization dependence of GNRs photoluminescence suggests a plasmon-mediated process.
α-Substituted β-Oxa Isosteres of Fosmidomycin: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
2012-06-25

Specific inhibition of enzymes of the non-mevalonate pathway is a promising strategy for the development of novel antiplasmodial drugs. α-Aryl-substituted β-oxa isosteres of fosmidomycin with a reverse orientation of the hydroxamic acid group were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against recombinant 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (IspC) of Plasmodium falciparum and for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum . The most active derivative inhibits IspC protein of P. falciparum (PfIspC) with an IC(50) value of 12 nM and shows potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity. In addition, lipophilic ester prodrugs demonstrated improved P. falciparum growth inhibition in vitro.
Magnetic‐Field‐Dependent 1H Relaxivity Behavior of Biotin/Avidin‐Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes
2012-06-25

Abstract One major challenge in noninvasive mapping of various molecular targets is their inherently low in vivo concentration coupled with the insensitivity of imaging modalities, such as the widely used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Development of agents with high sensitivity and specificity is of paramount importance for structural and functional noninvasive imaging. The design, synthesis, and physiochemical characterization of two gadolinium‐based contrast agents (CAs) for MRI, the sensitivity of which was optimized by exploiting the well‐established biotin–avidin amplification strategies, are reported. The relaxivity of these agents showed a large increase if bound to avidin; specifically, the first compound showed an approximately 1000 % increase in transverse proton relaxivity ( r 2p ), whereas the second compound had an approximately 250 % r 2p increase. The increase in r 2p was magnetic field independent in the range of 1.5–16.4 T whereas the longitudinal proton relaxivity ( r 1p ) showed strong field dependence. The CAs were further characterized by measuring luminescence lifetimes and emission spectral changes upon addition of avidin to their Eu 3+ analogues. The difference in relaxation rate behavior of both complexes was explained on the basis of hydration number modulation and the “global/internal motion concept”. The association constant of these CAs with avidin was found to be in the range of approximately 10 15 M −1 , which shows that the coupling of biotin to Gd‐DO3A did not affect its affinity for binding to avidin (DO3A=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid).
Symmetry-projected variational approach for ground and excited states of the two-dimensional Hubbard model
2012-06-26

We present a symmetry-projected configuration mixing scheme to describe\\nground and excited states, with well defined quantum numbers, of the\\ntwo-dimensional Hubbard model with nearestneighbor hopping and periodic\\nboundary conditions. Results for the half-filled 2{\\\\times}4, 4{\\\\times}4, and\\n6{\\\\times}6 lattices, as well as doped 4 {\\\\times} 4 systems, compare well with\\navailable results, both exact and from other state-of-the-art approximations.\\nWe report spectral functions and density of states obtained from a\\nwell-controlled ansatz for the (Ne {\\\\pm} 1)-electron system. Symmetry projected\\nmethods have been widely used for the many-body nuclear physics problem but\\nhave received little attention in the solid state community. Given their\\nrelatively low (mean-field) computational cost and the high quality of results\\nhere reported, we believe that they deserve further scrutiny.\\n
Aggressive females become aggressive males in a sex‐changing reef fish
2012-06-26

Abstract Many animal populations display consistent individual differences in suites of correlated behaviours. While these so called ‘animal personalities’ can substantially influence the ecology and evolution of populations, little is known about cross‐sex correlations of behaviour and thus the potential of personality to limit sex‐specific behavioural adaptations. Here, we experimentally induced sex‐change in the sequentially hermaphroditic reef fish Parapercis cylindrica and demonstrate the existence of tight cross‐sex correlations for two behaviours with presumed different sex‐specific optima. Individuals that were relatively more active and aggressive females were found to become relatively more active and aggressive males. By identifying personality as a potential genetic constraint on the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict over behaviour, our findings have important ecological and evolutionary implications for a wide range of species.
Brains and Games
2012-06-26

Organizational research has seen several calls for the incorporation of neuroscience techniques. The aim of this article is to describe the methods of neuroeconomics and the promises of applying these methods to organizational research problems. To this end, the most important neuroeconomics techniques will be described, along with four specific examples of how these methods can greatly benefit theory development, testing, and pruning in the organizational sciences. The article concludes by contrasting the benefits and limitations of neuroeconomics and by discussing implications for future research.
Role of Ion Transport in Control of Apoptotic Cell Death
2012-06-26

Abstract Cell shrinkage is a hallmark and contributes to signaling of apoptosis. Apoptotic cell shrinkage requires ion transport across the cell membrane involving K + channels, Cl − or anion channels, Na + /H + exchange, Na + ,K + ,Cl − cotransport, and Na + /K + ATPase. Activation of K + channels fosters K + exit with decrease of cytosolic K + concentration, activation of anion channels triggers exit of Cl − , organic osmolytes, and HCO 3 − . Cellular loss of K + and organic osmolytes as well as cytosolic acidification favor apoptosis. Ca 2+ entry through Ca 2+ ‐permeable cation channels may result in apoptosis by affecting mitochondrial integrity, stimulating proteinases, inducing cell shrinkage due to activation of Ca 2+ ‐sensitive K + channels, and triggering cell‐membrane scrambling. Signaling involved in the modification of cell‐volume regulatory ion transport during apoptosis include mitogen‐activated kinases p38, JNK, ERK1/2, MEKK1, MKK4, the small G proteins Cdc42, and/or Rac and the transcription factor p53. Osmosensing involves integrin receptors, focal adhesion kinases, and tyrosine kinase receptors. Hyperosmotic shock leads to vesicular acidification followed by activation of acid sphingomyelinase, ceramide formation, release of reactive oxygen species, activation of the tyrosine kinase Yes with subsequent stimulation of CD95 trafficking to the cell membrane. Apoptosis is counteracted by mechanisms involved in regulatory volume increase (RVI), by organic osmolytes, by focal adhesion kinase, and by heat‐shock proteins. Clearly, our knowledge on the interplay between cell‐volume regulatory mechanisms and suicidal cell death is still far from complete and substantial additional experimental effort is needed to elucidate the role of cell‐volume regulatory mechanisms in suicidal cell death. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:2037‐2061, 2012.