julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
A high-frequency chilled-mirror hygrometer for turbulent stationary and airborne dew point measurements
2021-07-12

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A chilled-mirror hygrometer (CMH) prototype for in-situ UAS (unmanned aircraft system) measurements has been developed and compared against industrial state-of-the-art alternative light-weight humidity sensors. It is shown that the newly developed sensor resolves dew-point measurements up to 10 Hz at a sampling frequency of 50 Hz, and can therefore resolve turbulent dew-point fluctuations, measured by UAS. The CMH sensor is relatively low cost, and easy to maintain. The latest version of the sensor combines an in-house made housing and circuit board and is tuned to fit in the MASC-3 (multi-purpose airborne sensor carrier) research UAS of the University of T&amp;amp;#252;bingen. However, the sensor can be modified to compliment EC (eddy-covariance) stations that monitor turbulent surface fluxes (e.g. turbulent vertical humidity or momentum fluxes) where the CMH sensor would substitute expensive equipment.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;The proposal substantiates further how the sensor can be used for several meteorological applications, e.g. an installation of a low-cost EC-stations network, studying the CBL (convective boundary layer) or buoyancy-driven flows in general, since the sensor is able to resolve turbulent density fluctuations once combined with pressure and temperature readings. It is shown that the CMH sensor supports a comprehensive evaluation of turbulence in the atmosphere, including the hard to measure structure parameter for humidity C&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;q&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; that quantifies turbulent eddies and structures in the lower atmosphere.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Field campaigns and validation measurements against i.a. scintillometers and meteorological mast measurements have been conducted and new ones are planned for the future, together with the German Meteorological Service (DWD). Constant development of the CMH continuously improves the sensor and motivates a secondary goal; the possibility to offer a commercially available product to the meteorological community and the humidity sensor industry in the future. The market situation and a realistic reception of such a sensor have previously been assessed and has evolved in two business plans.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
Quasibound states of Schwarzschild acoustic black holes
2021-07-13

In this paper, we study the recently proposed Schwarzschild acoustic black\\nhole spacetime, in which we investigate some physical phenomena related to the\\neffective geometry of this background, including the analogous Hawking\\nradiation and the quasibound states. We calculate the spectrum of quasibound\\nstate frequencies and the wave functions on the Schwarzschild acoustic\\nbackground by using the polynomial condition of the general Heun function, and\\nthen we discuss the stability of the system. We also compare the resonant\\nfrequencies of the Schwarzschild acoustic black hole with the ones by the\\nstandard Schwarzschild black hole. Our results may shed some light on the\\nphysics of black holes and their analog models in condensed matter. Moreover,\\nthese studies could provide the possibility, in principle, for laboratory\\ntesting of effects whose nature is unquestionably associated with purely\\nquantum effects in gravity.\\n
Co-Design of a Trustworthy AI System in Healthcare: Deep Learning Based Skin Lesion Classifier
2021-07-13

This paper documents how an ethically aligned co-design methodology ensures trustworthiness in the early design phase of an artificial intelligence (AI) system component for healthcare. The system explains decisions made by deep learning networks analyzing images of skin lesions. The co-design of trustworthy AI developed here used a holistic approach rather than a static ethical checklist and required a multidisciplinary team of experts working with the AI designers and their managers. Ethical, legal, and technical issues potentially arising from the future use of the AI system were investigated. This paper is a first report on co-designing in the early design phase. Our results can also serve as guidance for other early-phase AI-similar tool developments.
An open dataset of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation in 7,000 worldwide samples
2021-07-13

<ns3:p>MalariaGEN is a data-sharing network that enables groups around the world to work together on the genomic epidemiology of malaria. Here we describe a new release of curated genome variation data on 7,000 <ns3:italic>Plasmodium falciparum</ns3:italic> samples from MalariaGEN partner studies in 28 malaria-endemic countries. High-quality genotype calls on 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short indels were produced using a standardised analysis pipeline. Copy number variants associated with drug resistance and structural variants that cause failure of rapid diagnostic tests were also analysed. Almost all samples showed genetic evidence of resistance to at least one antimalarial drug, and some samples from Southeast Asia carried markers of resistance to six commonly-used drugs. Genes expressed during the mosquito stage of the parasite life-cycle are prominent among loci that show strong geographic differentiation. By continuing to enlarge this open data resource we aim to facilitate research into the evolutionary processes affecting malaria control and to accelerate development of the surveillance toolkit required for malaria elimination.</ns3:p>
Complementary time‐frequency domain networks for dynamic parallel MR image reconstruction
2021-07-13

Purpose To introduce a novel deep learning‐based approach for fast and high‐quality dynamic multicoil MR reconstruction by learning a complementary time‐frequency domain network that exploits spatiotemporal correlations simultaneously from complementary domains. Theory and Methods Dynamic parallel MR image reconstruction is formulated as a multivariable minimization problem, where the data are regularized in combined temporal Fourier and spatial ( x ‐ f ) domain as well as in spatiotemporal image ( x ‐ t ) domain. An iterative algorithm based on variable splitting technique is derived, which alternates among signal de‐aliasing steps in x ‐ f and x ‐ t spaces, a closed‐form point‐wise data consistency step and a weighted coupling step. The iterative model is embedded into a deep recurrent neural network which learns to recover the image via exploiting spatiotemporal redundancies in complementary domains. Results Experiments were performed on two datasets of highly undersampled multicoil short‐axis cardiac cine MRI scans. Results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the current state‐of‐the‐art approaches both quantitatively and qualitatively. The proposed model can also generalize well to data acquired from a different scanner and data with pathologies that were not seen in the training set. Conclusion The work shows the benefit of reconstructing dynamic parallel MRI in complementary time‐frequency domains with deep neural networks. The method can effectively and robustly reconstruct high‐quality images from highly undersampled dynamic multicoil data ( and yielding 15 s and 10 s scan times respectively) with fast reconstruction speed (2.8 seconds). This could potentially facilitate achieving fast single‐breath‐hold clinical 2D cardiac cine imaging.
Diagnostic Performance of a Contrast-Enhanced Ultra-Low-Dose High-Pitch CT Protocol with Reduced Scan Range for Detection of Pulmonary Embolisms
2021-07-13

(1) Background: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a simulated ultra-low-dose (ULD), high-pitch computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) protocol with low tube current (mAs) and reduced scan range for detection of pulmonary embolisms (PE). (2) Methods: We retrospectively included 130 consecutive patients (64 ± 16 years, 69 female) who underwent clinically indicated high-pitch CTPA examination for suspected acute PE on a 3rd generation dual-source CT scanner (SOMATOM FORCE, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany). ULD datasets with a realistic simulation of 25% mAs, reduced scan range (aortic arch—basal pericardium), and Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE®, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) strength 5 were created. The effective radiation dose (ED) of both datasets (standard and ULD) was estimated using a dedicated dosimetry software solution. Subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence were evaluated independently by three reviewers using a 5-point Likert scale. Objective image quality was compared using noise measurements. For assessment of diagnostic accuracy, patients and pulmonary vessels were reviewed binarily for affection by PE, using standard CTPA protocol datasets as the reference standard. Percentual affection of pulmonary vessels by PE was computed for disease severity (modified Qanadli score). (3) Results: Mean ED in ULD protocol was 0.7 ± 0.3 mSv (16% of standard protocol: 4.3 ± 1.7 mSv, p &lt; 0.001, r &gt; 0.5). Comparing ULD to standard protocol, subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence were comparably good (p = 0.486, r &gt; 0.5) and image noise was significantly lower in ULD (p &lt; 0.001, r &gt; 0.5). A total of 42 patients (32.2%) were affected by PE. ULD protocol had a segment-based false-negative rate of only 0.1%. Sensitivity for detection of any PE was 98.9% (95% CI, 97.2–99.7%), specificity was 100% (95% CI, 99.8–100%), and overall accuracy was 99.9% (95% CI, 98.6–100%). Diagnoses correlated strongly between ULD and standard protocol (Chi-square (1) = 42, p &lt; 0.001) with a decrease in disease severity of only 0.48% (T = 1.667, p = 0.103). (4) Conclusions: Compared to a standard CTPA protocol, the proposed ULD protocol proved reliable in detecting and ruling out acute PE with good levels of image quality and diagnostic confidence, as well as significantly lower image noise, at 0.7 ± 0.3 mSv (84% dose reduction).
Place of study, field of study and labour-market region: What matters for wage differences among higher-education graduates?
2021-07-13

Abstract This paper focuses on the structure and extent of wage differences among graduates of different higher-education institutions in Germany. We ask how large these differences are and how they relate to fields of study and regional labour markets. The results from our application of cross-classified random-effects models to a cohort of the DZHW Graduate Panel show that there is a considerable amount of wage variation depending on the graduates’ alma mater. However, this variation can be fully explained by structural characteristics: Selection based on individual characteristics is of only minor importance, while regional labour markets do matter. Most of all, however, the differences relate to fields of study.
Correlation guided Network Integration (CoNI) reveals novel genes affecting hepatic metabolism
2021-07-13

Our method's successful application to an independent omics dataset confirmed that the novel CoNI framework is a transferable, entirely data-driven, flexible, and versatile tool for multiple omics data integration and interpretation.
The Development of Vocational Interests in Early Adolescence: Stability, Change, and State-Trait Components
2021-07-13

Vocational interests predict major life outcomes such as job performance, college major choice, and life goals. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of their development during the crucial years of late childhood and early adolescence, when trait-like interests are starting to develop. The present study investigated the development of vocational interests in a longitudinal sample, comprising N = 3,876 participants—assessed at four time points from ages 11 to 14. Stability, state-trait variance components, mean-level development, and gender differences in mean-levels of Holland’s (1997) RIASEC dimensions were examined. Stabilities were moderate for all dimensions, but Realistic, Investigative, Social, and Conventional interests became more stable over time. For Realistic, Artistic, Social, and Conventional interests, the trait variance increased over time. At age 14, all dimensions had substantial trait variance components. The mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Conventional interests decreased over the 3 years (-0.44 &amp;lt; d &amp;lt; -0.24). Initial gender differences—with girls having higher Artistic and Social interests and boys having higher Realistic and Investigative interests—increased over time. By investigating the development of vocational interests in late childhood and early adolescence, we complement previous findings and provide first insights about state-trait proportions in early adolescence.
Synthetic Material Abdominal Swabs Reduce Activation of Platelets and Leukocytes Compared to Cotton Materials
2021-07-13

During surgical procedures, cotton abdominal swabs with their high absorptive capacity and malleability are used to retain organs and absorb blood or other body fluids. Such properties of the natural material cotton are advantageous for most operations, but in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery, a high blood volume can accumulate in the thoracic cavity that is quickly retransfused via the heart–lung machine (HLM). This common practice is supposed to be safe due to the high anticoagulation. However, in vitro analyses showed that blood cells and plasma proteins were activated despite a high anticoagulation, which can propagate especially an inflammatory response in the patient. Thus, we investigated patients’ blood during CPB surgery for inflammatory and coagulation-associated activation after contact to the HLM and either cotton or synthetic abdominal swabs. Contact with cotton significantly increased thrombocyte and neutrophil activation measured as β-thromboglobulin and PMN-elastase secretion, respectively, compared to synthetic abdominal swabs. Both inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL) 1β and IL6, were also significantly increased in the cotton over the synthetic patient group, while SDF-1α was significantly lower in the synthetic group. Our data show for the first time that cotton materials can activate platelets and leukocytes despite a high anticoagulation and that this activation is lower with synthetic materials. This additional activation due to the material on top of the activation exerted by the tissue contact that blood is exposed to during CPB surgery can propagate further reactions in patients after surgery, which poses a risk for this already vulnerable patient group.
The surprising role of stimulus modality in the dual-task introspective blind spot: a memory account
2021-07-13

Abstract Being able to accumulate accurate information about one’s own performance is important in everyday contexts, and arguably particularly so in complex multitasking contexts. Thus, the observation of a glaring gap in participants’ introspection regarding their own reaction time costs in a concurrent dual-task context is deserving of closer examination. This so-called introspective blind spot has been explained by a ‘consciousness bottleneck’ which states that while attention is occupied by one task, participants cannot consciously perceive another stimulus presented in that time. In the current study, a series of introspective Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) experiments were conducted to identify the determinants of an introspective blind spot; to our surprise, in half of the experiments participants appeared to be aware of their dual-task costs. A single trial analysis highlighted the sensory modality of the two stimuli within the trial as an important predictor of introspective accuracy, along with temporal gaps in the trial. The current findings call into question the claim that attention is required for conscious awareness. We propose a memory-based account of introspective processes in this context, whereby introspective accuracy is determined by the memory systems involved in encoding and rehearsing memory traces. This model of the conditions required to build up accurate representations of our performance may have far-reaching consequences for monitoring and introspection across a range of tasks.
Chiral Metabolomics
2021-07-13

In this chapter the state-of-the-art in enantioselective metabolomics focusing on polar metabolites analyzed by liquid chromatography is summarized. The different methodologies commonly employed are outlined and critically discussed. Nowadays, direct enantioselective metabolomics can make use of several modern chiral HPLC as well as, recently, UHPLC columns containing chiral stationary phases based on various selectors, such as polysaccharide derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, chiral crown ethers, chiral ion exchangers, donor–acceptor phases and others. Where metabolites are concerned, many of them show class specific application profiles (e.g. for amino acids), such as chiral crown ether CSP, zwitterionic chiral ion-exchangers and teicoplanin CSP, or even wider scopes of applicability, such as amylose and cellulose tris (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) CSPs. Since mass spectrometry is the detection principle of first choice in metabolomics applications, research concentrates on analytical separation systems that are compatible with MS detection. Since enantioselective UHPLC columns have only become available recently and often require tagging of the polar metabolites, indirect approaches have been utilized frequently up to now in particular for untargeted enantioselective metabolomics. A significant number of chiral derivatizing agents have been described for this purpose. Some caveats have to be considered to obtain accurate enantioselective assays by the indirect approach and are discussed in this chapter. The integration of these concepts in targeted and untargeted workflows is described, and some illustrative examples are given for targeted and untargeted enantioselective metabolomics applications.
Bounded rational decision-making models suggest capacity-limited concurrent motor planning in human posterior parietal and frontal cortex
2021-07-13

Abstract While traditional theories of sensorimotor processing have often assumed a serial decision-making pipeline, more recent approaches have suggested that multiple actions may be planned concurrently and vie for execution. Evidence for the latter almost exclusively stems from electrophysiological studies in posterior parietal and premotor cortex of monkeys. Here we study concurrent prospective motor planning in humans by recording functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a delayed response task engaging movement sequences towards multiple potential targets. We find that also in human posterior parietal and premotor cortex delay activity modulates both with sequence complexity and the number of potential targets. We tested the hypothesis that this modulation is best explained by concurrent prospective planning as opposed to the mere maintenance of potential targets in memory. We devise a bounded rationality model with information constraints that optimally assigns information resources for planning and memory for this task and determine predicted information profiles according to the two hypotheses. When regressing delay activity on these model predictions, we find that the concurrent prospective planning strategy provides a significantly better explanation of the fMRI-signal modulations. Moreover, we find that concurrent prospective planning is more costly and thus limited for most subjects, as expressed by the best fitting information capacities. We conclude that bounded rational decision-making models allow relating both behavior and neural representations to utilitarian task descriptions based on bounded optimal information-processing assumptions. Author summary When the future is uncertain, it can be beneficial to concurrently plan several action possibilities in advance. Electrophysiological research found evidence in monkeys that brain regions in posterior parietal and promotor cortex are indeed capable of planning several actions in parallel. We now used fMRI to study brain activity in these brain regions in humans. For our analyses we applied bounded rationality models that optimally assign information resources to fMRI activity in a complex motor planning task. We find that theoretical information costs of concurrent prospective planning explained fMRI activity profiles significantly better than assuming alternative memory-based strategies. Moreover, exploiting the model allowed us to quantify the individual capacity limit for concurrent planning and to relate these individual limits to both subjects’ behavior and to their neural representations of planning.
Otoferlin Is Required for Proper Synapse Maturation and for Maintenance of Inner and Outer Hair Cells in Mouse Models for DFNB9
2021-07-14

Deficiency of otoferlin causes profound prelingual deafness in humans and animal models. Here, we closely analyzed developmental deficits and degenerative mechanisms in Otof knock-out ( Otof –/– ) mice over the course of 48 weeks. We found otoferlin to be required for proper synapse development in the immature rodent cochlea: In absence of otoferlin, synaptic pruning was delayed, and postsynaptic boutons appeared enlarged at 2 weeks of age. At postnatal day 14 (P14), we found on average ∼15 synapses per inner hair cell (IHC) in Otof –/– cochleae as well as in wild-type controls. Further on, the number of synapses in Otof –/– IHCs was reduced to ∼7 at 8 weeks of age and to ∼6 at 48 weeks of age. In the same period, the number of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) declined in Otof –/– animals. Importantly, we found an age-progressive loss of IHCs to an overall number of 75% of wildtype IHCs. The IHC loss more prominently but not exclusively affected the basal aspects of the cochlea. For outer hair cells (OHCs), we observed slightly accelerated age-dependent degeneration from base to apex. This was associated with a progressive decay in DPOAE amplitudes for high frequency stimuli, which could first be observed at the age of 24 weeks in Otof –/– mice. Our data will help to plan and predict the outcome of a gene therapy applied at various ages of DFNB9 patients.
Social cognition in individuals born preterm
2021-07-14

Abstract Faces hold a substantial value for effective social interactions and sharing. Covering faces with masks, due to COVID-19 regulations, may lead to difficulties in using social signals, in particular, in individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. Daily-life social participation of individuals who were born preterm is of immense importance for their quality of life. Here we examined face tuning in individuals (aged 12.79 ± 1.89 years) who were born preterm and exhibited signs of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a dominant form of brain injury in preterm birth survivors. For assessing the face sensitivity in this population, we implemented a recently developed experimental tool, a set of Face-n-Food images bordering on the style of Giuseppe Arcimboldo. The key benefit of these images is that single components do not trigger face processing. Although a coarse face schema is thought to be hardwired in the brain, former preterms exhibit substantial shortages in the face tuning not only compared with typically developing controls but also with individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. The lack of correlations between the face sensitivity and other cognitive abilities indicates that these deficits are domain-specific. This underscores impact of preterm birth sequelae for social functioning at large. Comparison of the findings with data in individuals with other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions provides novel insights into the origins of deficient face processing.