julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Miracle: Empirical Approaches in the Exodus Debate of the Eighteenth Century*
2017-08-15

The debate about the miracle at the Red Sea began in the late 17th century and remained interesting at least until the last decades of the 18th century. Reading the various learned contributions to it, the impression gained is that the Exodus debate was truly an open question to which participants responded to the best of their ability and, to a large extent, without strong preconceived positions. In the course of this article, we will meet all manner of in-between-positions and shifting explanations that destabilize the clear oppositions between ‘Orthodoxy’ and ‘Enlightenment’. From its beginnings, biblical criticism consisted in primarily detailed source criticism and philological studies. The questions raised by the miracle of the Red Sea, however, could not be solved by philology alone. They demanded an empirical approach involving a number of different fields; arguments on the tides of the Red Sea and its geographical situation required the use of natural philosophical and cartographical knowledge in biblical criticism. It is the empirical approach that leads us to the Jesuit Claude Sicard (1676/77-1726). He was the first to undertake thorough empirical investigations into the miracle of the Exodus that took him – literally – into the Red Sea. This article discusses his interests and research methods from the perspective of ‘historia as a cultural practice’ which connects biblical criticism with antiquiarianism and empiricism. Looking at ‘historia’ as a cultural practice, one focuses more on the dynamics of gathering knowledge and proving interpretations, rather than on the positions taken by scholars as defenders or deniers of the miracle. It also implies discussing all circumstances of the debate - in Europe as well as in Egypt.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Boron–Nitrogen−Boron Zigzag-Edged Benzo[fg]tetracene Motif
2017-08-16

The boron-nitrogen-boron (BNB) zigzag edged benzo[fg]tetracene is accessible from 4-butyl-2,6-diphenylaniline in four steps in good yields. The two mesityl groups stabilize the boron centers toward nucleophilic attack and result in two enantiomeric forms in the solid state. The title compound has a large optical gap, shows blue fluorescence, and is quite resistant toward oxidation and reduction.
The trigger logic of EUSO-SPB and its performance
2017-08-16

EUSO-SPB (Extreme Universe Space Observatory - Super Pressure Balloon) is the first path-finder mission of the JEM-EUSO program which hosts a trigger logic following the concept envisaged for the main mission. Prior to its implementation the logic has been tested offline by means of dedicated simulations and experimental data taken at the TurLab facility as well as by the previous path-finder missions EUSO-Balloon and EUSO-TA. All these tests allowed optimizing the performance of the algorithm, especially in terms of controlling the rate of fake events due to other types of luminous phenomena such as anthropogenic lights, airplanes, lightnings, meteors, etc. Due to the necessity of limiting the logic to a single level trigger, quite some efforts have been devoted to its codification and implementation in the Photo-Detector Module of EUSO-SPB which is the main board exploiting the trigger logic and controlling the front-end electronics. The performance of the implemented logic has been then verified by means of dedicated tests carried out in a field campaign at the Telescope Array site where the EUSO-SPB detector was exposed to the night sky luminosity and to a variety of point-like and diffused light sources such as stars, meteors, airplanes and lightnings. Moreover, dedicated tests were performed using the Central Laser Facility of Telescope Array and a mobile laser system of the Colorado School of Mines with variable intensity to mimic up-going cosmic ray showers and determine experimentally the triggering performance of EUSO-SPB. The trigger logic scheme and its hardware implementation as well as the results of the field tests carried out at the Telescope Array site in September-October 2016 and of the preliminary analyses of the data collected during EUSO-SPB flight are summarized.
Where is Late Cenozoic climate change most likely to impact denudation?
2017-08-16

Abstract. The denudation history of active orogens is often interpreted in the context of modern climate and vegetation gradients. Here we address the validity of this approach and ask the question: what are the spatial and temporal variations in paleo-climate for a latitudinally diverse range of active orogens? We do this using high-resolution (T159, ca. 80 × 80 km at the equator) paleo-climate simulations from the ECHAM5 global Atmospheric General Circulation Model and a statistical cluster analysis of climate over different orogens (Andes, Himalaya, SE Alaska, Pacific NW USA). Time periods and boundary conditions considered include the Pliocene (PLIO, ~ 3 Ma), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 21 ka), Mid Holocene (MH, ~ 6 ka) and Pre-Industrial (PI, reference year 1850). The regional simulated climates of each orogen are described by means of cluster analyses based on the variability of precipitation, 2 m air temperature, the intra-annual amplitude of these values, and monsoonal wind speeds where appropriate. Results indicate the largest differences to the PI climate are observed for the LGM and PLIO climates in the form of widespread cooling and reduced precipitation in the LGM and warming and enhanced precipitation during the PLIO. The LGM climate shows the largest deviation in annual precipitation from the PI climate, and shows enhanced precipitation in the temperate Andes, and coastal regions for both SE Alaska and the US Pacific Northwest Pacific. Furthermore, LGM precipitation is reduced in the western Himalayas and enhanced in the eastern Himalayas, resulting in a shift of the wettest regional climates eastward along the orogen. The cluster-analysis results also suggest more climatic variability across latitudes east of the Andes in the PLIO climate than in other time-slice experiments conducted here. Taken together, these results highlight significant changes in Late Cenozoic regional climatology over the last ~ 3 Ma. Finally, we document regions where the largest magnitudes of Late Cenozoic changes in precipitation and temperature occur and offer the highest potential for future observational studies interested in quantifying the impact of climate change on denudation and weathering rates.
Stone Duality and the Substitution Principle
2017-08-16

In this paper we relate two generalisations of the finite monoid recognisers of automata theory for the study of circuit complexity classes: Boolean spaces with internal monoids and typed monoids. Using the setting of stamps, this allows us to generalise a number of results from algebraic automata theory as it relates to Büchi's logic on words. We obtain an Eilenberg theorem, a substitution principle based on Stone duality, a block product principle for typed stamps and, as our main result, a topological semidirect product construction, which corresponds to the application of a general form of quantification. These results provide tools for the study of language classes given by logic fragments such as the Boolean circuit complexity classes.
Carbohydrate‐Derived 3,2‐Enolones in the Base‐Catalyzed Rearrangement to Highly Functionalized C4‐Quaternary 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐cyclopentenones
2017-08-16

3,4,6‐ O ‐benzylated β‐2‐ulosides were subjected to 3,4‐elimination, providing carbohydrate‐derived 3,2‐enolones. Reaction of these enolones under basic conditions in polar aprotic solvents afforded highly functionalized racemic 5‐alkoxy‐2‐benzyloxy‐4‐benzyloxymethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclopentenones. The influence of the nature of the base as well as solvent effects were investigated. The rearrangement products obtained from this reaction exhibit a 4‐hydroxy‐ C 4‐quaternary stereogenic center. In contrast, the rearrangement of comparable dihydropyran‐3‐ones was reported to furnish the C 5‐quaternary 5‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclopentenones. Plausible mechanisms for the described rearrangement and subsequent isomerization processes are given.
Similar Prosodic Structure Perceived Differently in German and English
2017-08-16

English and German have similar prosody, but their speakers realize some pitch falls (not rises) in subtly different ways. We here test for asymmetry in perception. An ABX discrimination task requiring F0 slope or duration judgements on isolated vowels revealed no cross-language difference in duration or F0 fall discrimination, but discrimination of rises (realized similarly in each language) was less accurate for English than for German listeners. This unexpected finding may reflect greater sensitivity to rising patterns by German listeners, or reduced sensitivity by English listeners as a result of extensive exposure to phrase-final rises (“uptalk”) in their language
Supplementary material to "Where is Late Cenozoic climate change most likely to impact denudation?"
2017-08-16

This file contains four tables listing the mean values for different climate variables of a specific climate cluster and simulation.Furthermore, the file contains four figures showing the change of near-surface temperature amplitude and precipitation amplitude for the four investigated time slices and regions.
Consequences, norms, and generalized inaction in moral dilemmas: The CNI model of moral decision-making.
2017-08-17

Research on moral dilemma judgments has been fundamentally shaped by the distinction between utilitarianism and deontology. According to the principle of utilitarianism, the moral status of behavioral options depends on their consequences; the principle of deontology states that the moral status of behavioral options depends on their consistency with moral norms. To identify the processes underlying utilitarian and deontological judgments, researchers have investigated responses to moral dilemmas that pit one principle against the other (e.g., trolley problem). However, the conceptual meaning of responses in this paradigm is ambiguous, because the central aspects of utilitarianism and deontology-consequences and norms-are not manipulated. We illustrate how this shortcoming undermines theoretical interpretations of empirical findings and describe an alternative approach that resolves the ambiguities of the traditional paradigm. Expanding on this approach, we present a multinomial model that allows researchers to quantify sensitivity to consequences (C), sensitivity to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action irrespective of consequences and norms (I) in responses to moral dilemmas. We present 8 studies that used this model to investigate the effects of gender, cognitive load, question framing, and psychopathy on moral dilemma judgments. The findings obtained with the proposed CNI model offer more nuanced insights into the determinants of moral dilemma judgments, calling for a reassessment of dominant theoretical assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record
Effect of once‐weekly dulaglutide on glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and fasting blood glucose in patient subpopulations by gender, duration of diabetes and baseline HbA1c
2017-08-17

Aims To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 1.5 and 0.75 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes by subgroups of gender, duration of diabetes and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the dulaglutide clinical development programme (AWARD‐1 to ‐6 and ‐8 clinical trials). Methods Change in HbA1c was analysed by gender, duration of diabetes (&lt;5, ≥5 years and &lt;10, ≥10 years), and baseline HbA1c (&lt;8.5%, ≥8.5%) in pooled and individual studies. Changes from baseline in weight, hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse events were evaluated for individual trials. Results In the pooled analysis of patients treated with dulaglutide 1.5 mg at 6 months, the reductions in HbA1c from baseline were similar across gender (men: least squares [LS] mean −1.26% [95% confidence interval {CI} −1.36, −1.16]; women: LS mean −1.33% [95% CI −1.43, −1.24]) and among duration of diabetes subgroups (&lt;5 years: LS mean −1.32% [95% CI −1.43, −1.22]; ≥5 and &lt;10 years: LS mean −1.33% [95% CI −1.43, −1.22]; ≥10 years: −1.24% [95% CI −1.35, −1.14]). Patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8.5% had greater HbA1c reductions than patients with baseline HbA1c &lt;8.5%, (≥8.5%: LS mean −1.86% [95% CI −1.97, −1.75]; &lt;8.5%: LS mean −1.02% [95% CI −1.12, −0.93]). Reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG) were consistent with HbA1c changes. Similar results were observed with dulaglutide 0.75 mg. In general, body weight changes were similar among duration of diabetes and in baseline HbA1c subgroups, respectively; women had a numerically greater weight loss or less weight gain than men with both dulaglutide doses. There was no clinically meaningful difference in hypoglycaemia trends by gender or duration of diabetes. Hypoglycaemia incidence and rate were generally lower in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8.5% than in those with &lt;8.5%, except for the AWARD‐4 study (combination with mealtime insulin). Conclusions Across the AWARD studies, dulaglutide demonstrated significant improvements in glycaemic control irrespective of gender, duration of diabetes, or baseline HbA1c, with greater HbA1c and FBG reductions in patients with a higher baseline HbA1c. Dulaglutide was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to other glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists.
Reconstructing Asian faunal introductions to eastern Africa from multi-proxy biomolecular and archaeological datasets
2017-08-17

Human-mediated biological exchange has had global social and ecological impacts. In sub-Saharan Africa, several domestic and commensal animals were introduced from Asia in the pre-modern period; however, the timing and nature of these introductions remain contentious. One model supports introduction to the eastern African coast after the mid-first millennium CE, while another posits introduction dating back to 3000 BCE. These distinct scenarios have implications for understanding the emergence of long-distance maritime connectivity, and the ecological and economic impacts of introduced species. Resolution of this longstanding debate requires new efforts, given the lack of well-dated fauna from high-precision excavations, and ambiguous osteomorphological identifications. We analysed faunal remains from 22 eastern African sites spanning a wide geographic and chronological range, and applied biomolecular techniques to confirm identifications of two Asian taxa: domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and black rat (Rattus rattus). Our approach included ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis aided by BLAST-based bioinformatics, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) collagen fingerprinting, and direct AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. Our results support a late, mid-first millennium CE introduction of these species. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of biological exchange, and emphasize the applicability of our approach to tropical areas with poor bone preservation.
Measurement of the EBL spectral energy distribution using the VHEγ-ray spectra of H.E.S.S. blazars
2017-08-17

Very high-energy γ rays (VHE, E ≳ 100 GeV) propagating over cosmological distances can interact with the low-energy photons of the extragalactic background light (EBL) and produce electron-positron pairs. The transparency of the Universe to VHE γ rays is then directly related to the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the EBL. The observation of features in the VHE energy spectra of extragalactic sources allows the EBL to be measured, which otherwise is very difficult. An EBL model-independent measurement of the EBL SED with the H.E.S.S. array of Cherenkov telescopes is presented. It was obtained by extracting the EBL absorption signal from the reanalysis of high-quality spectra of blazars. From H.E.S.S. data alone the EBL signature is detected at a significance of 9.5 σ , and the intensity of the EBL obtained in different spectral bands is presented together with the associated γ -ray horizon.
Sequence variants in ESR1 and OXTR are associated with Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome
2017-08-17

Abstract Introduction Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome ( MRKHS ) is characterized by congenital absence of the uterus and the upper two‐thirds of the vagina in otherwise phenotypically normal females. It is found isolated or associated with renal, skeletal and other malformations. Despite ongoing research, the etiology is mainly unknown. For a long time, the hypothesis of deficient hormone receptors as the cause for MRKHS has existed, supported by previous findings of our group. The aim of the present study was to identify unknown genetic causes for MRKHS and to compare them with data banks including a review of the literature. Material and methods DNA sequence analysis of the oxytocin receptor ( OXTR ) and estrogen receptor‐1 gene ( ESR 1) was performed in a group of 93 clinically well‐defined patients with uterovaginal aplasia (68 with the isolated form and 25 with associated malformations). Results In total, we detected three OXTR variants in 18 MRKHS patients with one leading to a missense mutation, and six ESR 1 variants in 21 MRKHS patients, two of these causing amino acid changes and therefore potentially disease. Conclusions The identified variants on DNA level might impair receptor function through different molecular mechanisms. Mutations of ESR 1 and OXTR are associated with MRKHS . Thus, we consider these genes potential candidates associated with the manifestation of MRKHS .
Entanglement and entropy production in coupled single-mode Bose-Einstein condensates
2017-08-17

We investigate the time evolution of the entanglement entropy of coupled\\nsingle-mode Bose-Einstein condensates in a double well potential at \\ntemperature, by combining numerical results with analytical approximations. We\\nfind that the coherent oscillations of the condensates result in entropy\\noscillations on the top of a linear entropy generation at short time scales.\\nDue to dephasing, the entropy eventually saturates to a stationary value, in\\nspite of the lack of equilibration. We show that this long time limit of the\\nentropy reflects the semiclassical dynamics of the system, revealing the\\nself-trapping phase transition of the condensates at large interaction strength\\nby a sudden entropy jump. We compare the stationary limit of the entropy to the\\nprediction of a classical microcanonical ensemble, and find surprisingly good\\nagreement in spite of the non-equilibrium state of the system. Our predictions\\nshould be experimentally observable on a Bose-Einstein condensate in a double\\nwell potential or on a two-component condensate with inter-state coupling.\\n
Longitudinal sequencing in intramuscular coordination: A new hypothesis of dynamic functions in the human rectus femoris muscle
2017-08-17

The punctum fixum-punctum mobile model has been introduced in previous publications. It describes general principles of intersegmental neuromuscular succession patterns to most efficiently generate specific movement intentions. The general hypothesis of this study is that these principles-if they really do indicate a fundamental basis for efficient movement generation-should also be found in intramuscular coordination and should be indicated by "longitudinal sequencing" between fibers according to the principles of the punctum fixum-punctum mobile model. Based on this general hypothesis an operationalized model was developed for the rectus femoris muscle (RF), to exemplarily scrutinize this hypothesis for the RF. Electromyography was performed for 14 healthy male participants by using two intramuscular fine wire electrodes in the RF (placed proximal and distal), three surface electrodes over the RF (placed proximal, middle, and distal), and two surface electrodes over the antagonists (m. biceps femoris and m. semitendinosus). Three movement tasks were measured: kicking movements; deceleration after sprints; and passively induced backward accelerations of the leg. The results suggest that proximal fibers can be activated independently from distal fibers within the RF. Further, it was shown that the hypothesized function of "intramuscular longitudinal sequencing" does exist during dynamic movements. According to the punctum fixum-punctum mobile model, the activation succession between fibers changes direction (from proximal to distal or inversely) depending on the intentional context. Thus, the results seem to support the general hypothesis for the RF and could be principally in line with the operationalized "inter-fiber to tendon interaction model".
Towards pervasive eye tracking
2017-08-17

Abstract The human gaze provides paramount cues for communication and interaction. Following this insight, gaze-based interfaces have been proposed for human-computer interaction (HCI) since the early 90s, with some believing that such interfaces will revolutionize the way we interact with our devices. Since then gaze-based HCI in stationary scenarios (e. g., desktop computing) has been rapidly maturing, and the production costs of mainstream eye trackers have been steadily decreasing. In consequence, a variety of new applications with the ambitious goal to apply eye tracking to dynamic, real-world HCI tasks and scenarios have emerged. This article gives an overview of the research conducted by the Perception Engineering Group at the University of Tübingen.
The hidden costs of control revisited: Should a sanctioning policy be announced in advance?
2017-08-17

Sanctions are widely used to enhance compliance in principal agent relationships. Although there is ample evidence confirming the predicted positive incentive effect of sanctions, it has also been shown that imposing sanctions may reduce compliance by crowding out intrinsic motivation. We add to the literature on the hidden costs of control by showing that these costs are restricted to situations where the principal actively chooses to sanction low performance and where this choice is known to the agent. In such a situation, the principal's commitment to sanction low performance might indicate that she or he is a distrustful “type” and hence conveys a negative signal. To the contrary, if (a) an agent is not informed about whether low performance will be sanctioned or if (b) the computer determines whether low performance will be sanctioned, the principal's “type” is not revealed, and we find no evidence of crowding out.
Daytime eyeshine contributes to pupil camouflage in a cryptobenthic marine fish
2017-08-17

ABSTRACT Ocular reflectors enhance eye sensitivity in dim light, but can produce reflected eyeshine when illuminated. Most teleost fish occlude their reflectors during the day. The opposite is observed in cryptic sit-and-wait predators such as scorpionfish and toadfish, where reflectors are occluded at night and exposed during the day. This results in daytime eyeshine, proposed to enhance pupil camouflage by reducing the contrast between the otherwise black pupil and the surrounding tissue. In this study, we test this hypothesis in the scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus and show that eyeshine is the result of two mechanisms: the previously described Stratum Argenteum Reflected (SAR) eyeshine, and Pigment Epithelium Transmitted (PET) eyeshine, a newly described mechanism for this species. We confirm that the ocular reflector is exposed only when the eye is light-adapted, and present field measurements to show that eyeshine reduces pupil contrast against the iris. We then estimate the relative contribution of SAR and PET eyeshine to pupil brightness. Visual models for different light scenarios in the field show that daytime eyeshine enhances pupil camouflage from the perspective of a prey fish. We propose that the reversed occlusion mechanism of some cryptobenthic predators has evolved as a compromise between camouflage and vision.