julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Cortical bone thickness of the distal radius predicts the local bone mineral density
2021-12-01

Aims The distal radius is a major site of osteoporotic bone loss resulting in a high risk of fragility fracture. This study evaluated the capability of a cortical index (CI) at the distal radius to predict the local bone mineral density (BMD). Methods A total of 54 human cadaver forearms (ten singles, 22 pairs) (19 to 90 years) were systematically assessed by clinical radiograph (XR), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), CT, as well as high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT). Cortical bone thickness (CBT) of the distal radius was measured on XR and CT scans, and two cortical indices mean average (CBTavg) and gauge (CBTg) were determined. These cortical indices were compared to the BMD of the distal radius determined by DXA (areal BMD (aBMD)) and HR-pQCT (volumetric BMD (vBMD)). Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to compare the results and degree of reliability. Results The CBT could accurately be determined on XRs and highly correlated to those determined on CT scans (r = 0.87 to 0.93). The CBTavg index of the XRs significantly correlated with the BMD measured by DXA (r = 0.78) and HR-pQCT (r = 0.63), as did the CBTg index with the DXA (r = 0.55) and HR-pQCT (r = 0.64) (all p &lt; 0.001). A high correlation of the BMD and CBT was observed between paired specimens (r = 0.79 to 0.96). The intra- and inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC 0.79 to 0.92). Conclusion The cortical index (CBTavg) at the distal radius shows a close correlation to the local BMD. It thus can serve as an initial screening tool to estimate the local bone quality if quantitative BMD measurements are unavailable, and enhance decision-making in acute settings on fracture management or further osteoporosis screening. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(12):820–829.
Identifying Global‐Scale Patterns of Vegetation Change During the Last Deglaciation From Paleoclimate Networks
2021-12-01

Abstract During the last deglaciation (∼19–11 ka before present), the global mean temperature increased by 3–8 K. The concurrent hydroclimate and land cover changes are not well constrained. Here, we use a pollen database to quantify global‐scale vegetation changes during this transitional period at orbital (∼10 4 years) and millennial timescales (∼10 3 years). We focus on the proportion of tree and shrub pollen, the arboreal pollen (AP) fraction. Temporal similarities over long distances are identified by a paleoclimate network approach. At the orbital scale, we find coherent AP variations in the low and mid‐latitudes which we attribute to the global climate forcing. While AP fractions predominantly increased through the deglaciation, we identify regions where AP fractions decreased. For millennial timescales, we do not observe spatially coherent similarity structures. We compare our results with networks computed from three deglacial climate simulations with the CCSM3 , HadCM3 , and LOVECLIM models. Networks based on simulated precipitation patterns reproduce the characteristics of the AP network. Sensitivity experiments with statistical emulators indicate that, indeed, precipitation variations explain the diagnosed patterns of vegetation change better than temperature and CO 2 variations. Our findings support previous interpretations of deglacial forest evolution in the mid‐latitudes being the result of atmospheric circulation changes. The network analysis identifies differences in the vegetation‐climate‐CO 2 relationship simulated by CCSM3 and HadCM3 . We conclude that network analyses are a promising tool to benchmark transient climate simulations with dynamical vegetation changes. This may result in stronger constraints of future hydroclimate and land cover changes.
ParkinSong Online: protocol for a telehealth feasibility study of therapeutic group singing for people with Parkinson’s disease
2021-12-01

Introduction Parkinson’s disease can be associated with speech deterioration and low communication confidence which in turn compromises social interaction. Therapeutic singing is an engaging method for combatting speech decline; however, face-to-face delivery can limit access to group singing. The aim of this study is to test the feasibility and acceptability of an online mode of delivery for a Parkinson’s singing intervention (ParkinSong) as well as remote data collection procedures. Methods and analysis This ParkinSong Online feasibility trial is a single-arm, pre–post study of online singing delivery and remote data collection for 30 people living with Parkinson’s. The primary outcome measure is feasibility: recruitment, retention, attendance, safety, intervention fidelity, acceptability and associated costs. Secondary outcomes are speech (loudness, intelligibility, quality, communication-related quality of life) and wellbeing (apathy, depression, anxiety, stress, health-related quality of life). This mode of delivery aims to increase the accessibility of singing interventions. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was obtained from The University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (2021-14465-16053-3) and the trial has been prospectively registered. Results will be presented at national and international conferences, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and disseminated to the Parkinson’s community, researchers and policymakers. Trial registration number ACTRN12621000940875.
Static Analysis of Controller Area Network Communication for Attack Detection
2021-12-01

Abstract The vulnerability of modern cars increases due to their multiple connections to the environment, which offers the possibility of remote attacks in the worst case with fatal outcome. The controller area network (CAN) is still highly used and includes no security features, so intrusion detection systems are a promising approach to secure the communication. The proposed method monitors the CAN communication and uses static checks to differentiate between normal and attack traffic. This enables reliable and comprehensible attack detection and achieves a detection rate up to 100%, generating zero false alarms for the investigated data sets.
Anxiety-Related Difficulties With Complex Arithmetic
2021-12-01

Abstract. Human behavior depends on the interplay between cognition and emotion. Negative emotions like anxiety affect performance, particularly in complex tasks, by limiting cognitive resources – known as the anxiety–complexity effect. This study set out to replicate the anxiety–complexity effect in a web-based experiment. We investigated individual differences in math anxiety – a negative emotional response specific to math – and arithmetic performance ( N = 382). The mental arithmetic task consisted of a two-digit addition and subtraction, with/without carrying or borrowing, respectively. As expected and preregistered, higher math anxiety was related to poorer arithmetic performance, especially in complex tasks – indicating the anxiety–complexity effect. Consequently, the negative math anxiety-performance link is especially pronounced for complex arithmetic, which requires calculations across place-values and thus working memory resources. This successful replication of the anxiety–complexity effect suggests that math-anxious individuals have particular difficulties in complex arithmetic.
A Genetic Variation of Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Affects the Inflammatory Response and Is Associated with Improved Outcome during Sepsis
2021-12-01

Abstract LPS binding protein (LBP) is an important innate sensor of microbial cell wall structures. Frequent functionally relevant mutations exist and have been linked to influence susceptibility to and course of bacterial infections. We examined functional properties of a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in an exchange of phenylalanine to leucine at position 436 of LBP (rs2232618) and compared the frequent variant of the molecule with the rare one in ligand binding experiments. We then stimulated RAW cells with bacterial ligands in the presence of serum obtained from individuals with different LBP genotypes. We, furthermore, determined the potential effects of structural changes in the molecule by in silico modeling. Finally, we analyzed 363 surgical patients for this genetic variant and examined incidence and course of sepsis following surgery. We found that binding of LBP to bacterial ligands was reduced, and stimulation of RAW cells resulted in an increased release of TNF when adding serum from individuals carrying the F436L variant as compared with normal LBP. In silico analysis revealed structural changes of LBP, potentially explaining some of the effects observed for the LBP variant. Finally, patients carrying the F436L variant were found to be similarly susceptible for sepsis. However, we observed a more favorable course of severe infections in this cohort. Our findings reveal new insights into LPS recognition and the subsequent activation of the innate immune system brought about by LBP. The identification of a genetic variant of LBP influencing the course of sepsis may help to stratify individuals at risk and thus reduce clinical complications of patients.
The limits of automatic sensorimotor processing during word processing: investigations with repeated linguistic experience, memory consolidation during sleep, and rich linguistic learning contexts
2021-12-01

Abstract While a number of studies have repeatedly demonstrated an automatic activation of sensorimotor experience during language processing in the form of action-congruency effects, as predicted by theories of grounded cognition, more recent research has not found these effects for words that were just learned from linguistic input alone, without sensorimotor experience with their referents. In the present study, we investigate whether this absence of effects can be attributed to a lack of repeated experience and consolidation of the associations between words and sensorimotor experience in memory. To address these issues, we conducted four experiments in which (1 and 2) participants engaged in two separate learning phases in which they learned novel words from language alone, with an intervening period of memory-consolidating sleep, and (3 and 4) we employed familiar words whose referents speakers have no direct experience with (such as plankton ). However, we again did not observe action-congruency effects in subsequent test phases in any of the experiments. This indicates that direct sensorimotor experience with word referents is a necessary requirement for automatic sensorimotor activation during word processing.
Molecular fossils within bitumens and kerogens from the ~ 1 Ga Lakhanda Lagerstätte (Siberia, Russia) and their significance for understanding early eukaryote evolution
2021-12-01

Abstract The emergence and diversification of eukaryotes during the Proterozoic is one of the most fundamental evolutionary developments in Earth’s history. The ca. 1-billion-year-old Lakhanda Lagerstätte (Siberia, Russia) contains a wealth of eukaryotic body fossils and offers an important glimpse into their ecosystem. Seeking to complement the paleontological record of this remarkable lagerstätte, we here explored information encoded within sedimentary organic matter (total organic carbon = 0.01–1.27 wt.%). Major emphasis was placed on sedimentary hydrocarbons preserved within bitumens and kerogens, including molecular fossils (or organic biomarkers) that are specific to bacteria and eukaryotes (i.e. hopanes and regular steranes, respectively). Programmed pyrolysis and molecular organic geochemistry suggest that the organic matter in the analyzed samples is about peak oil window maturity and thus sufficiently well preserved for detailed molecular fossil studies that include hopanes and steranes. Together with petrographic evidence as well as compositional similarities of the bitumens and corresponding kerogens, the consistency of different independent maturity parameters establishes that sedimentary hydrocarbons are indigenous and syngenetic to the host rock. The possible presence of trace amounts of hopanes and absence of steranes in samples that are sufficiently well preserved to retain both types of compounds evidences an environment dominated by anaerobic bacteria with no or very little inputs by eukaryotes. In concert with the paleontological record of the Lakhanda Lagerstätte, our study adds to the view that eukaryotes were present but not significant in Mesoproterozoic ecosystems.
Competing Responsibilities and the Distribution of Outcome through Dialogic Practice
2021-12-01

Crisis intervention teams in Berlin, Germany use a form of dialogic practice - a therapeutic approach based on the relational meaning of language - to develop an alternative means of negotiating risk and evaluating "outcome" in psychiatric experience. These clinicians bring familial networks into the process of crisis management, revealing meaningful "outcomes" regarding crisis care to be tethered to local concepts of chronicity and responsibility. To conceive of outcome in this context requires attention beyond the individual, and instead the consideration of a distributed outcome, in which living with risk, and its consequences, is bound to the collective experience of the network.
Introduction to the Special Issue Decolonizing Anthropology: Race, Emotions and Pedagogies in the European Classroom
2021-12-01

Here we open up the special issue with an introduction to the topic of decolonizing anthropology through the consideration of the emotionality of race, racism, and whiteness within the classroom and the discipline. Focusing on the European Classroom as a construct, we reflect on what the implications of decolonizing anthropology are for teaching the discipline, particularly in regard to the positionality of “European Others” (El Tayeb, 2011) as students and educators. While demands for structural changes in the discipline and the restructuring of canons and curriculums have been widely proposed, the role of affect and emotions in relation to colonialism, race, and whiteness in the decolonizing process have been addressed only marginally. We offer a contribution to the conversation through the focus on emotions, taking these as a form of knowledge and political action. Bringing together literatures on postcolonial studies, decolonial theory with critiques of anthropology, we suggest a space for thinking about the emotional dimensions of decolonization within the university and across disciplines and describe the contribution of each article included herein that show the power that comes from thinking critically about the emotionality of the classroom, and the role of emotions in reproducing colonial epistemics.
The Fires Within Us and the Rivers We Form
2021-12-01

This paper is a creative, poetic and experimental intervention in the form of collective reflections and writings on Anthropology, as the discipline we have experienced and/or been a part of within the University. It is also a reflection on the process of how the authors came together to form the River and Fire Collective. As a collective we have studied, worked and taught in more than 15 universities, and the aspects we point to here are fragments of our experiences and observations of the emotionality of the discipline. These are experiences from different forms of Anthropology from Northern Europe and settler-colonial contexts including Great Turtle Island Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand. In a metaphorical manner we invite the reader to our collective fireside dialogues and reflections, to be inspired, to disagree or agree and to continue a process of transformation. The paper sets out to provocatively question whether Anthropology is salvageable or whether one should ‘let it burn’ (Jobson, 2020). Exploring this question is done by way of discussing decolonial potentialities within the discipline(s), the classroom and exploring fire and water as a radical potential to think through the tensions between abolition and transformation. The reflections engage with concepts of decolonization, whiteness/white innocence, knowledge creation and -sharing, the anthropological self, ethics and accountability and language. The paper emphasizes Anthropology’s embeddedness in colonial narratives, structures and legacies and draws attention to how these colonial, able-bodied realities are being continuously reaffirmed through multiple educational practices and methodologies. It suggests that collectivity in writing, thinking and being is part of a healing process for those of us feeling our way through colonial continuities and prospective potentialities of Anthropology.&#x0D;
On the Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter black hole with an f(R) global monopole
2021-12-01

Abstract In this work, we follow the recently revisited f(R) theory of gravity for studying the interaction between quantum scalar particles and the gravitational field of a generalized black hole with an f(R) global monopole. This background has a term playing the role of an effective cosmological constant, which permits us to call it as Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter (SAdS) black hole with an f(R) global monopole. We examine the separability of the Klein–Gordon equation with a non-minimal coupling and then we discuss both the massless and massive cases for a conformal coupling. We investigate some physical phenomena related to the asymptotic behavior of the radial function, namely, the black hole radiation, the quasibound states, and the wave eigenfunctions.
Frontal knee alignment influences the vertical orientation of the femoral neck in standing position
2021-12-01

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the association between knee alignment and the vertical orientation of the femoral neck in relation to the floor. This could be clinically important because changes of femoral neck orientation might alter chondral joint contact zones and joint reaction forces, potentially inducing problems like pain in pre-existing chondral degeneration. Further, the femoral neck orientation influences the ischiofemoral space and a small ischiofemoral distance can lead to impingement. We hypothesized that a valgus knee alignment is associated with a more vertical orientation of the femoral neck in standing position, compared to a varus knee. We further hypothesized that realignment surgery around the knee alters the vertical orientation of the femoral neck. Methods Long-leg standing radiographs of patients undergoing realignment surgery around the knee were used. The hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and the vertical orientation of the femoral neck in relation to the floor were measured, prior to surgery and after osteotomy-site-union. Linear regression was performed to determine the influence of knee alignment on the vertical orientation of the femoral neck. Results The cohort included 147 patients who underwent knee realignment-surgery. The mean age was 51.5 years (SD 11). Overall, 106 patients underwent a valgisation-osteotomy, while 41 underwent varisation osteotomy. There was a significant association between the orientation of the knee and the coronal neck-orientation. In the varus group, the median orientation of the femoral neck was 46.5° (interquartile range (IQR) 49.7° to 50.0°), while in the valgus group, the orientation was 52.0° (IQR 46.5° to 56.7°; p &lt; 0.001). Linear regression analysis revealed that HKA demonstrated a direct influence on the coronal neck-orientation ( β = 0.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2 to 0.7); p = 0.002). Linear regression also showed that realignment surgery was associated with a significant influence on the change in the coronal femoral neck orientation ( β = 5.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 9.8); p = 0.008). Conclusion Varus or valgus knee alignment is associated with either a more horizontal or a more vertical femoral neck orientation in standing position, respectively. Subsequently, osteotomies around the knee alter the vertical orientation of the femoral neck. These aspects are of importance when planning osteotomies around the knee in order to appreciate the effects on the adjacent hip joint. The concept may be of even more relevance in dysplastic hips. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(12):1057–1061.
Long-term Prescription? Digital Surveillance is Here to Stay
2021-12-01

An emerging literature has shown concerns about the impact of the pandemic on the proliferation of digital surveillance. Contributing to these debates, in this paper we demonstrate how the pandemic facilitates digital surveillance in three ways: (1) By shifting everyday communication to digital means it contributes to the generation of extensive amounts of data susceptible to surveillance. (2) It motivates the development of new digital surveillance tools. (3) The pandemic serves as a perfect justification for governments to prolong digital surveillance. We provide empirical anecdotes for these three effects by examining reports by the Global Digital Policy Incubator at Stanford University. Building on our argument, we conclude that we might be on the verge of a dangerous normalization of digital surveillance. Thus, we call on scholars to consider the full effects of public health crises on politics and suggest scrutinizing sources of digital data and the complex relationships between the state, corporate actors, and the sub-contractors behind digital surveillance.
CLARITY: comparing heterogeneous data using dissimilarity
2021-12-01

Integrating datasets from different disciplines is hard because the data are often qualitatively different in meaning, scale and reliability. When two datasets describe the same entities, many scientific questions can be phrased around whether the (dis)similarities between entities are conserved across such different data. Our method, CLARITY, quantifies consistency across datasets, identifies where inconsistencies arise and aids in their interpretation. We illustrate this using three diverse comparisons: gene methylation versus expression, evolution of language sounds versus word use, and country-level economic metrics versus cultural beliefs. The non-parametric approach is robust to noise and differences in scaling, and makes only weak assumptions about how the data were generated. It operates by decomposing similarities into two components: a ‘structural’ component analogous to a clustering, and an underlying ‘relationship’ between those structures. This allows a ‘structural comparison’ between two similarity matrices using their predictability from ‘structure’. Significance is assessed with the help of re-sampling appropriate for each dataset. The software, CLARITY, is available as an R package from github.com/danjlawson/CLARITY .
Measuring Consumption Changes in Rural Villages based on Satellite Image Data — A Case Study for Thailand and Vietnam
2021-12-01

Obtaining accurate and timely estimates of socioeconomic status at fine geographical resolutions is essential for global sustainable development and the fight against poverty. However, data related to local socio-economic dynamics in rural villages is often either unavailable or outdated. To fill this gap, predicting local economic well-being with satellite imagery and machine learning has shown promising results. While state-of-the-art analyses currently mostly focus on predicting the levels of socio-economic status, finding temporal changes in rural villages’ economic well-being is essential for tracking the impacts of public policies (targeting e.g., poverty alleviation or access to various public services). In this paper, we propose an approach that utilizes pixel-wise differences in satellite images to classify temporal changes in average and median consumption expenditures (and income) in rural villages in Thailand and Vietnam between 2007 and 2017. We can distinguish between “Decline”, “Stagnation” and “Growth” in these outcomes with an F1 score of 58.8% using a Logistic Regression model. Regression-based approaches achieve an R 2 of up to 32.5% when predicting actual changes in these outcomes. Our approach demonstrates the feasibility of satellite-based estimates for measuring changes in local socio-economic dynamics