julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
From ad hoc category to ad hoc categorization: The proceduralization of Argentinian Spanishtipo
2018-07-26

Abstract Taxonomic nouns such as Spanish tipo appear in constructions that create ad hoc categories, typically in scientific and academic contexts. Some of them develop further uses, notably an adverbial use as an approximator or hedge, as a result of a reduction of the original construction. The aim of this contribution is to trace the origins of constructions that establish ad hoc categories in the case of Spanish tipo , and in particular the role of genitival constructions and apposition in technological, scientific and generally academic texts in the nineteenth century on the basis of corpora. I will further study the subsequent rise of the adverbial approximating functions used for ad hoc categorization and related pragmatic functions such as the use of tipo as a quotative marker in Argentinian youth language. On this basis, two broader issues will be discussed: (i) the relation between ad hoc categories and ad hoc categorization and a possibly different status of ad hoc categories and ad hoc categorization due to proceduralization; and (ii) the striking parallels with cognates from certain Romance languages (Portuguese and Italian) and from Russian and Swedish, as well as the question of whether there has been a parallel, independent development—and if so, why—or whether contact phenomena explain these similarities.
Spatial memory for vertical locations.
2018-07-26

Most studies on spatial memory refer to the horizontal plane, leaving an open question as to whether findings generalize to vertical spaces where gravity and the visual upright of our surrounding space are salient orientation cues. In three experiments, we examined which reference frame is used to organize memory for vertical locations: the one based on the body vertical, the visual-room vertical, or the direction of gravity. Participants judged interobject spatial relationships learned from a vertical layout in a virtual room. During learning and testing, we varied the orientation of the participant’s body (upright vs. lying sideways) and the visually presented room relative to gravity (e.g., rotated by 90° along the frontal plane). Across all experiments, participants made quicker or more accurate judgments when the room was oriented in the same way as during learning with respect to their body, irrespective of their orientations relative to gravity. This suggests that participants employed an egocentric body-based reference frame for representing vertical object locations. Our study also revealed an effect of body–gravity alignment during testing. Participants recalled spatial relations more accurately when upright, regardless of the body and visual-room orientation during learning. This finding is consistent with a hypothesis of selection conflict between different reference frames. Overall, our results suggest that a body-based reference frame is preferred over salient allocentric reference frames in memory for vertical locations perceived from a single view. Further, memory of vertical space seems to be tuned to work best in the default upright body orientation.
Possible ~1 hour quasi-periodic oscillation in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG–06–30–15
2018-07-27

We found a possible ~1 h quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in a ~55 ks X-ray observation of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG–06–30–15 made with the XMM-Newton EPIC/pn detector in the energy range 0.3–10 keV. We identify a total modulation of ~16% in the light curve and find a ≃3670 s quasi-period using Lomb-Scargle periodogram (LSP) and weighted wavelet Z -transform (WWZ) techniques. Our analyses of eight light curves of MCG–06–30–15, indicated the possible presence of an oscillation during one of them. The LSP indicates a statistically significant (≃3σ) QPO detection. A WWZ analysis shows that the signal at this possible roughly 3670 s period is present, and rather persistent, throughout the observation; however, a signal around 8735 s is more persistent. We briefly discuss models that can produce X-ray QPOs with such periods in narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies, as both other claimed QPO detections in this class of AGN had very similar periods.
β-Defensin 1 Is Prominent in the Liver and Induced During Cholestasis by Bilirubin and Bile Acids via Farnesoid X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor
2018-07-27

hBD-1 is prominently expressed in hepatocytes. It is induced during cholestasis through bilirubin and BAs, mediated by CAR and especially FXR. Reduction by TXN activates hBD-1 to a potential key player in innate antimicrobial defense of the liver.
Incidence and characteristics of thick second primary melanomas: a study of the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry
2018-07-27

Abstract Background Fast‐growing melanomas are thought to be responsible for the stable incidence of thick melanomas. It has been suggested that campaigns for early diagnosis are unlikely to have a major impact on prognosis as rapid vertical growth rather than diagnostic delay is the major determinant for thick melanomas. Objective We investigated the impact of follow‐up examinations on the incidence of thick second primary melanomas ( SPM s) and analysed their clinic‐pathologic characteristics. Methods We analysed a single‐centre cohort of 2253 patients of the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry with prospectively documented follow‐up examinations. Results Primary tumour and patient characteristics were well balanced between patients with and without SPM s except for age (median 61 years, interquartile range [ IQR ] 51–67 vs. 56 years, IQR 43–67; P = 0.005). Metachronous SPM s occurred in 107 patients (4.7% of total) were thinner than the respective first primary melanoma ( FPM ) (median Breslow thickness of invasive melanomas 0.40 mm, IQR 0.28–0.75 vs. 0.80 mm, IQR 0.50–2.00; P &lt; 0.001) and less often ulcerated (0.9% vs. 15.0%; P &lt; 0.001). Melanomas &gt;2.00 mm occurred in 2.8% of SPM s as compared to 23.4% of FPM s ( P &lt; 0.001). Thick SPM s (&gt;1.00 mm; 14.0%) despite close‐meshed follow‐up examinations were frequently associated with atypical clinical presentation and uncommon histopathologic subtypes. One‐third (5/15) of thick SPM s were clinically misdiagnosed as non‐melanocytic lesions, most of them as basal cell carcinomas ( n = 4). Conclusions Regular total body skin examinations enable a highly efficient detection of early‐stage melanomas and reduction of thick melanomas as compared to first primary melanomas. Our data indicate that fast‐growing melanomas without opportunity of early detection are rare and cannot explain the stable incidence of thick melanomas. This highlights the importance of close‐meshed total body skin examinations in patient groups that are at high risk of first or multiple primary melanomas.
Functional analyses of Pericentrin and Syne-2 interaction in ciliogenesis
2018-07-27

ABSTRACT Pericentrin (Pcnt) is a multifunctional scaffold protein and mutations in the human PCNT gene are associated with several diseases, including ciliopathies. Pcnt plays a crucial role in ciliary development in olfactory receptor neurons, but its function in the photoreceptor-connecting cilium is unknown. We downregulated Pcnt in the retina ex vivo and in vivo via a virus-based RNA interference approach to study Pcnt function in photoreceptors. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of Pcnt impaired the development of the connecting cilium and the outer segment of photoreceptors, and caused a nuclear migration defect. In protein interaction screens, we found that the outer nuclear membrane protein Syne-2 (also known as Nesprin-2) is an interaction partner of Pcnt in photoreceptors. Syne-2 is important for positioning murine photoreceptor cell nuclei and for centrosomal migration during early ciliogenesis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Syne-2 in cell culture led to an overexpression and mislocalization of Pcnt and to ciliogenesis defects. Our findings suggest that the Pcnt–Syne-2 complex is important for ciliogenesis and outer segment formation during retinal development and plays a role in nuclear migration.
Chondrocyte death after mechanically overloading degenerated human intervertebral disk explants is associated with a structurally impaired pericellular matrix
2018-07-27

A type VI collagen-rich pericellular matrix (PCM) encloses both intervertebral disk (IVD) and articular cartilage chondrocytes. In the latter, the PCM protects the chondrocytes from mechanical overload, whereas tissue degeneration is associated with PCM destruction. As little is known about the IVD PCM, we investigated chondrocyte survival after mechanical overload as well as PCM structural integrity as a function of clinical tissue degeneration. The hypothesis was that IVD degeneration may affect PCM integrity and overload-related chondrocyte survival. Cylindrical human IVD explants from patients undergoing surgical procedures for lumbar disk degeneration, disk prolapse, or spinal trauma were generated and scored. Mechanical overload was applied by single uniaxial 50% compression followed by immediate release, and the explants were live-dead stained (n = 20 explants). Type VI collagen, the major PCM component, was fluorescent stained and the extent was determined, in which individual cells were enclosed by a recognizable PCM; this was termed PCM fraction. More than 50% of chondrocytes in all degenerative IVD explants displayed <25% PCM fraction and a lower PCM fraction correlated with higher cell numbers (p < 0.001), suggesting a PCM structural impairment in IVD degeneration that is associated with chondrocyte clustering. Mechanical overload-induced significantly increased cell death (p = 0.005), and the PCM fraction was significantly lower in overload-induced cell death than in live cells (p = 0.042), suggesting that a fully present PCM has a protective role in mechanical overload. Collectively, human IVD degeneration is associated with a structural impairment of the PCM, which may promote cell death under mechanical overload.
Application of Different Turbulence Models Simulating Wind Flow in Complex Terrain: A Case Study for the WindForS Test Site
2018-07-27

A model for the simulation of wind flow in complex terrain is presented based on the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. For the description of turbulence, the standard k-ε, the renormalization group (RNG) k-ε, and a Reynolds stress turbulence model are applied. Additional terms are implemented in the momentum equations to describe stratification of the Earth’s atmosphere and to account for the Coriolis forces driven by the Earth’s rotation, as well as for the drag force due to forested canopy. Furthermore, turbulence production and dissipation terms are added to the turbulence equations for the two-equation, as well as for the Reynolds stress models, in order to capture different types of land use. The approaches for the turbulence models are verified by means of a homogeneous canopy test case with flat terrain and constant forest height. The validation of the models is performed by investigating the WindForS wind test site. The simulation results are compared with five-hole probe velocity measurements using multipurpose airborne sensor carrier (MASC) systems (unmanned small research aircraft)—UAV at different locations for the main wind regime. Additionally, Reynolds stresses measured with sonic anemometers at a meteorological wind mast at different heights are compared with simulation results using the Reynolds stress turbulence model.
Twittering Pupae of Papilionid and Nymphalid Butterflies (Lepidoptera): Novel Structures and Sounds
2018-07-27

Pupae of numerous Papilionidae and Nymphalidae produce twitter sounds when wriggling in response to mechanical stimulation. The structural basis comprises distinct pairs of sound-producing organs (SPOs) located at intersegmental membranes of the abdomen. They differ-as the twitters do-in sampled taxa of Papilioninae, Epicaliini, and Heliconiini. The opposing sculptured cuticular sound plates (SPs) of each SPO appear structurally the same but are actually mirror-images of each other. Results suggest that sounds are not generated by stridulation (friction of a file and a scraper) but when these inversely sculptured and interlocking surfaces separate during pupal wriggling, representing a stick-slip mechanism. Twitter sounds comprise series of short broadband pulses with the main energy in the frequency range 3-13 kHz; they can be heard by humans but extend into ultrasonic frequencies up to 100 kHz.
Twitter and sports journalism in Germany: Application and networks during the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics
2018-07-27

Professions in the communication realm are affected by Twitter&rsquo;s rapidity, agenda setting, and myriad utilization possibilities. This study addresses potentials of Twitter for journalists in the sport context and assessed journalists&rsquo; Twitter activity, as well as journalists&rsquo; Twitter networks and their change in the course of the 2014 Winter Olympics. The sample was composed of the accounts of 30 sports journalists who were accredited officially, and who reported their journalistic profession in their individual Twitter profile. Results indicated a considerably higher usage in the context of a major sports event, journalists favoring personal communication instead of retweeting or replying. Regarding percentages of tweets retweeted or favorited, users rated the journalists&rsquo; tweets worthwhile above-average. Networks shifted towards the event itself as well as relevant national winter sports federations and athletes. Key words: Sports journalism, Twitter, social media, networks, Olympic Games. &nbsp
A novel maize gene,glossy6involved in epicuticular wax deposition and drought tolerance
2018-07-27

SUMMARY Epicuticular waxes, long-chain hydrocarbon compounds, form the outermost layer of plant surfaces in most terrestrial plants. The presence of epicuticular waxes protects plants from water loss and other environmental stresses. Cloning and characterization of genes involved in the regulation, biosynthesis, and extracellular transport of epicuticular waxes on to the surface of epidermal cells have revealed the molecular basis of epicuticular wax accumulation. However, intracellular trafficking of synthesized waxes to the plasma membrane for cellular secretion is poorly understood. Here, we characterized a maize glossy ( gl6 ) mutant that exhibited decreased epicuticular wax load, increased cuticle permeability, and reduced seedling drought tolerance relative to wild type. We combined an RNA-sequencing based mapping approach (BSR-Seq) and chromosome walking to identify the gl6 candidate gene, which was confirmed via the analysis of multiple independent mutant alleles. The gl6 gene represents a novel maize glossy gene containing a conserved, but uncharacterized domain. Functional characterization suggests that the GL6 protein may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of epicuticular waxes, opening a door to elucidating the poorly understood process by which epicuticular wax is transported from its site of biosynthesis to the plasma membrane. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Plant surface waxes provide an essential protective barrier for terrestrial plants. Understanding the composition and physiological functions of surface waxes, as well as the molecular basis underlying wax accumulation on plant surfaces provides opportunities for the genetic optimization of this protective layer. Genetic studies have identified genes involved in wax biosynthesis, extracellular transport, as well as spatial and temporal regulation of wax accumulation. In this study, a maize mutant, gl6 was characterized that exhibited reduced wax load on plant surfaces, increased water losses, and reduced seedling drought tolerance compared to wild type controls. The gl6 gene is a novel gene harboring a conserved domain with an unknown function. Quantification and microscopic observation of wax accumulation as well as subcellular localization of the GL6 protein provided evidence that gl6 may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of waxes, opening a door for studying this necessary yet poorly understood process for wax loading on plant surfaces.
Out of Africa by spontaneous migration waves
2018-07-27

Abstract Hominin evolution is characterized by progressive regional differentiation, as well as migration waves, leading to anatomically modern humans that are assumed to have emerged in Africa and spread over the whole world. Why or whether Africa was the source region of modern humans and what caused their spread remains subject of ongoing debate. We present a spatially explicit, stochastic numerical model that includes ongoing mutations, demic diffusion, assortative mating and migration waves. Diffusion and assortative mating alone result in a structured population with relatively homogeneous regions bound by sharp clines. The addition of migration waves results in a power-law distribution of wave areas: for every large wave, many more small waves are expected to occur. This suggests that one or more out-of-Africa migrations would probably have been accompanied by numerous smaller migration waves across the world. The migration waves are considered “spontaneous”, as the current model excludes environmental or other factors. Large waves preferentially emanate from the central areas of large, compact inhabited areas. During the Pleistocene, Africa was the largest such area most of the time, making Africa the statistically most likely origin of anatomically modern humans, without a need to invoke additional environmental or ecological drivers.
SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO PHOSPHIDO AND ARSENIDO DERIVATIVES OF THE GROUP 13 METALS ALUMINUM, GALLIUM, AND INDIUM, TRIS(TERT‐BUTYL)GALLIUM AND ITS REACTIONS WITH AMMONIA, AND THE ALUMINUM(I) SPECIES PENTAMETHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL ALUMINUM TETRAMER
2018-07-27

This chapter features the preparation of group 13–15 complexes of the organo-substituted group 13 metals aluminum, gallium, and indium, as well as different routes to the organoaluminum species {Al(η5-C5Me5)}4. Phosphido (R2P-) and arsenido (R2As-) derivatives of the heavier group 13 elements aluminum, gallium, and indium have been of interest for their potential as precursors to semiconductors such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP). The chapter describes the syntheses of aluminum(I) organo derivative pentamethylcyclopentadienyl aluminum(I), {Al(η5-C5Me5)}4. The ammonia complex of tri-tert-butylgallane is a colorless crystalline solid with a melting point of 42–46 °C. The (AlCp*)4 tetramer is obtained by reacting freshly prepared (Cp*AlCl2)2 with a small excess of potassium in toluene under reflux. The chapter concludes with the synthesis of tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum as its toluene adduct. This was effected in a simple manner via the reaction of trimethylaluminum with commercially-available B(C6F5)3.
A Manuscript Description in Kraków of the ‘Trivulzio Museum’ in Milan
2018-07-27

An early nineteenth-century manuscript is preserved in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków. This document in Italian, entitled ‘Breve Descrizione del Museo Trivulzio’, describes the contents of a collection of an aristocratic family in Milan, as seen shortly after the death of its builder – Don Carlo Trivulzio (1715-1789). The author compares it to a published text in French by Aubin-Louis Millin, and publishes up-to-date descriptions of the engraved gems evoked in the manuscript. Thanks to various sources, five of those seven cameos and intaglios can also be illustrated together for the first time.
First core properties: from low- to high-mass star formation
2018-07-28

Aims. In this study, the main goal is to understand the molecular cloud core collapse through the stages of first and second hydrostatic core formation. We investigate the properties of Larsons first and second cores following the evolution of the molecular cloud core until the formation of Larson’s cores. We expand these collapse studies for the first time to span a wide range of initial cloud masses from 0.5 to 100 M ⊙ . Methods. Understanding the complexity of the numerous physical processes involved in the very early stages of star formation requires detailed thermodynamical modelling in terms of radiation transport and phase transitions. For this we used a realistic gas equation of state via a density- and temperature-dependent adiabatic index and mean molecular weight to model the phase transitions. We used a grey treatment of radiative transfer coupled with hydrodynamics to simulate Larsons collapse in spherical symmetry. Results. We reveal a dependence of a variety of first core properties on the initial cloud mass. The first core radius and mass increase from the low-mass to intermediate-mass regime and decrease from the intermediate-mass to high-mass regime. The lifetime of first cores strongly decreases towards the intermediate- and high-mass regimes. Conclusions. Our studies show the presence of a transition region in the intermediate-mass regime. Low-mass protostars tend to evolve through two distinct stages of formation that are related to the first and second hydrostatic cores. In contrast, in the high-mass star formation regime, collapsing cloud cores rapidly evolve through the first collapse phase and essentially immediately form Larson’s second cores.
Comparison of prospective head motion correction with NMR field probes and an optical tracking system
2018-07-29

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare prospective head motion correction and motion tracking abilities of two tracking systems: Active NMR field probes and a Moiré phase tracking camera system using an optical marker. Methods Both tracking systems were used simultaneously on human subjects. The prospective head motion correction was compared in an MP2RAGE and a gradient echo sequence. In addition, the motion tracking trajectories for three subjects were compared against each other and their correlation and deviations were analyzed. Results With both tracking systems motion artifacts were visibly reduced. The precision of the field probe system was on the order of 50 μm for translations and 0.03° for rotations while the camera's was approximately 5 μm and 0.007°. The comparison of the measured trajectories showed close correlation and an average absolute deviation below 500 μm and 0.5°. Conclusion This study presents the first in vivo comparison between NMR field probes and Moiré phase tracking. For the gradient echo images, the field probes had a similar motion correction performance as the optical tracking system. For the MP2RAGE measurement, however, the camera yielded better results. Still, both tracking systems substantially decreased image artifacts in the presence of subject motion. Thus, the motion tracking modality should be chosen according to the specific requirements of the experiment while considering the desired image resolution, refresh rate, and head coil constraints.
Microbial anaerobic Fe(II) oxidation – Ecology, mechanisms and environmental implications
2018-07-30

Summary Iron is the most abundant redox‐active metal in the Earth's crust. The one electron transfer between the two most common redox states, Fe(II) and Fe(III), plays a role in a huge range of environmental processes from mineral formation and dissolution to contaminant remediation and global biogeochemical cycling. It has been appreciated for more than a century that microorganisms can harness the energy of this Fe redox transformation for their metabolic benefit. However, this is most widely understood for anaerobic Fe(III)‐reducing or aerobic and microaerophilic Fe(II)‐oxidizing bacteria. Only in the past few decades have we come to appreciate that bacteria also play a role in the anaerobic oxidation of ferrous iron, Fe(II), and thus can act to form Fe(III) minerals in anoxic settings. Since this discovery, our understanding of the ecology of these organisms, their mechanisms of Fe(II) oxidation and their role in environmental processes has been increasing rapidly. In this article, we bring these new discoveries together to review the current knowledge on these environmentally important bacteria, and reveal knowledge gaps for future research.