julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the geometry of the hot X-ray corona in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 with IXPE
2023-06-07

ABSTRACT We present an X-ray spectropolarimetric analysis of the bright Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. The source has been observed with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) for 700 ks, complemented with simultaneous XMM–Newton (50 ks) and NuSTAR (100 ks) pointings. A polarization degree Π = 4.9 ± 1.1 per cent and angle Ψ = 86° ± 7° east of north (68 per cent confidence level) are measured in the 2–8 keV energy range. The spectropolarimetric analysis shows that the polarization could be entirely due to reflection. Given the low reflection flux in the IXPE band, this requires, however, a reflection with a very large (&amp;gt;38 per cent) polarization degree. Assuming more reasonable values, a polarization degree of the hot corona ranging from ∼4 to ∼8 per cent is found. The observed polarization degree excludes a ‘spherical’ lamppost geometry for the corona, suggesting instead a slab-like geometry, possibly a wedge, as determined via Monte Carlo simulations. This is further confirmed by the X-ray polarization angle, which coincides with the direction of the extended radio emission in this source, supposed to match the disc axis. NGC 4151 is the first active galactic nucleus with an X-ray polarization measure for the corona, illustrating the capabilities of X-ray polarimetry and IXPE in unveiling its geometry.
Recommendations on the structure, personal, and organization of intensive care units
2023-06-07

Background Intensive care units (ICU) are central facilities of medical care in hospitals world-wide and pose a significant financial burden on the health care system. Objectives To provide guidance and recommendations for the requirements of (infra)structure, personal, and organization of intensive care units. Design and setting Development of recommendations based on a systematic literature search and a formal consensus process from a group of multidisciplinary and multiprofessional specialists from the German Interdisciplinary Association of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI). The grading of the recommendation follows the report from an American College of Chest Physicians Task Force. Results The recommendations cover the fields of a 3-staged level of intensive care units, a 3-staged level of care with respect to severity of illness, qualitative and quantitative requirements of physicians and nurses as well as staffing with physiotherapists, pharmacists, psychologists, palliative medicine and other specialists, all adapted to the 3 levels of ICUs. Furthermore, proposals concerning the equipment and the construction of ICUs are supplied. Conclusion This document provides a detailed framework for organizing and planning the operation and construction/renovation of ICUs.
First case of adult onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease with both typical radiological signs and NOTCH2NLC repeat expansions in a Caucasian individual
2023-06-07

Abstract Background and purpose Adult onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with a heterogeneous clinical presentation that can mimic stroke and various forms of dementia. To date, it has been described almost exclusively in Asian individuals. Methods This case presentation includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neurocranium, histology by skin biopsy, and long‐read genome sequencing. Results A 75‐year‐old Caucasian female presented with paroxysmal encephalopathy twice within a 14‐month period. Brain MRI revealed high‐intensity signals at the cerebral corticomedullary junction (diffusion‐weighted imaging) and the paravermal area (fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery), a typical distribution observed in adult onset NIID. The diagnosis was corroborated by skin biopsy, which demonstrated eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, and confirmed by long‐read genome sequencing, showing an expansion of the GGC repeat in exon 1 of NOTCH2NLC . Conclusions Our case proves adult onset NOTCH2NLC ‐GGC‐positive NIID with typical findings on MRI and histology in a Caucasian patient and underscores the need to consider this diagnosis in non‐Asian individuals.
Enhancing molecular visualization: Perceptual evaluation of line variables with application to uncertainty visualization
2023-06-07

Data are often subject to some degree of uncertainty, whether aleatory or epistemic. This applies both to experimental data acquired with sensors as well as to simulation data. Displaying these data and their uncertainty faithfully is crucial for gaining knowledge. Specifically, the effective communication of the uncertainty can influence the interpretation of the data and the user’s trust in the visualization. However, uncertainty-aware visualization has gotten little attention in molecular visualization. When using the established molecular representations, the physicochemical attributes of the molecular data usually already occupy the common visual channels like shape, size, and color. Consequently, to encode uncertainty information, we need to open up another channel by using feature lines. Even though various line variables have been proposed for uncertainty visualizations, they have so far been primarily used for two-dimensional data and there has been little perceptual evaluation. Thus, we conducted two perceptual studies to determine the suitability of the line variables blur, dashing, grayscale, sketchiness, and width for distinguishing several values in molecular visualizations. While our work was motivated by uncertainty visualization, our techniques and study results also apply to other types of scalar data.
Thermally Ultrarobust S = 1/2 Tetrazolinyl Radicals: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, Magnetism, and Nanoneedle Assemblies on Silicon Surface
2023-06-07

Open-shell organic molecules, including <i>S</i> = 1/2 radicals, may provide enhanced properties for several emerging technologies; however, relatively few synthesized to date possess robust thermal stability and processability. We report the synthesis of <i>S</i> = 1/2 biphenylene-fused tetrazolinyl radicals <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>. Both radicals possess near-perfect planar structures based on their X-ray structures and density-functional theory (DFT) computations. Radical <b>1</b> possesses outstanding thermal stability as indicated by the onset of decomposition at 269 °C, based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data. Both radicals possess very low oxidation potentials <0 V (vs. SCE) and their electrochemical energy gaps, <i>E</i><sub>cell</sub> ≈ 0.9 eV, are rather low. Magnetic properties of polycrystalline <b>1</b> are characterized by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry revealing a one-dimensional <i>S</i> = 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with exchange coupling constant <i>J</i>'/<i>k</i> ≈ -22.0 K. Radical <b>1</b> in toluene glass possesses a long electron spin coherence time, <i>T</i><sub>m</sub> ≈ 7 μs in the 40-80 K temperature range, a property advantageous for potential applications as a molecular spin qubit. Radical <b>1</b> is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) forming assemblies of intact radicals on a silicon substrate, as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the radical molecules form nanoneedles on the substrate. The nanoneedles are stable for at least 64 hours under air as monitored by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of the thicker assemblies, prepared by UHV evaporation, indicate radical decay according to first-order kinetics with a long half-life of 50 ± 4 days at ambient conditions.
Impact of Routinely Performed Optical Coherence Tomography Examinations on Quality of Life in Patients with Retinal Diseases—Results from the ALBATROS Data Collection
2023-06-07

The use of OCT to monitor intravitreal treatment varies in clinical practice and is not always mandatory. The ALBATROS data collection aimed to clarify the impact of routinely implemented OCT on clinical outcomes and its impact on vision-related quality of life (VRQoL). Methods: An observational cohort study included patients with retinal diseases starting an intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in Germany. Treatment followed clinical practice except mandatory OCT examination during the 12-month observation period. VRQoL was assessed by NEI VFQ-25 and compared with respect to OCT examinations and number of intravitreal injections in the different diseases (nAMD, DME, BRVO, CRVO). Results: 1478 patients (74.5 ± 10.9 years, 54.9% female) were included in the analysis. Patients had neovascular AMD (65.2%), DME (18.4%), BRVO (9.5%), or CRVO (6.9%). 8.8 ± 2.6 OCT examinations and 6.1 ± 3.2 intravitreal injections were performed within 12 months. VRQoL differed between indications at baseline, with substantially lower values for neovascular AMD and CRVO. After twelve months, an increase in visual acuity and visual functional scale was observed for nAMD, DME, and BRVO, while in DME only, there was an association between number of OCT examinations and VRQoL. Conclusion: Intravitreal treatment was able to maintain VRQoL over twelve months in a real-world setting. Regular OCT examinations were associated with higher gain in VRQoL in DME patients after 12 months.
Nonlinear Variability Observed with Insight-HXMT in MAXI J1820+070 and MAXI J1535-571
2023-06-07

Abstract We present the timing analysis of the nonlinear variability in two black hole low mass X-ray binaries MAXI J1820+070 and MAXI J1535-571 by using the bicoherence, a measure of phase coupling at different Fourier frequencies. We found different patterns, e.g., “cross” and “hypotenuse,” for LFQPOs in different outburst states. When they can be clearly distinguished, bicoherence patterns are similar over a wide energy range of 1–100 keV. It is intriguing that in some type-C QPOs we found the patterns that are normally observed in type-B QPOs. On the contrary, the “hypotenuse” pattern, a characteristic of type-C QPOs, was detected in a type-B QPO. This suggests that different types of QPOs may originate from similar underlying mechanisms. In addition, we speculate that the nonlinear variability may be a promising approach to disentangle distinct QPO models which assume different interactions between the broadband noise and QPO components.
Effective temperatures of classical Cepheids from line-depth ratios in the H-band
2023-06-07

ABSTRACT The technique of line depth ratios (LDRs) is one of the methods to determine the effective temperature of a star. They are crucial in the spectroscopic studies of variable stars like Cepheids since no simultaneous photometry is usually available. A good number of LDR-temperature relations are already available in the optical domain; here we want to expand the number of relations available in the near-infrared (NIR) in order to fully exploit the capabilities of current and upcoming NIR spectrographs. We used 115 simultaneous spectroscopic observations in the optical and the NIR for six Cepheids and optical LDRs to find new pairs of lines sensitive to temperature and to calibrate LDR-temperature relations in the NIR spectral range. We have derived 87 temperature calibrations valid in the [4800–6500] K range of temperatures. The typical uncertainty for a given relation is 60–70 K, and combining many of them provides a final precision within 30–50 K. We found a discrepancy between temperatures derived from optical or NIR LDR for pulsations phases close to φ ≈0.0 and we discuss the possible causes for these differences. LDRs in the NIR will allow us to spectroscopically investigate highly reddened Cepheids in the Galactic centre or in the far side of the disc.
The introduction of an invasive weed was not followed by the introduction of ethnobotanical knowledge: a review on the ethnobotany of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae)
2023-06-07

Invasive plants are known for their impacts to ecosystems and societies, but their potential cultural use tend to be unexplored. One important mechanism of plant invasion is the use of “allelochemicals” or “novel weapons”: chemical defenses which are new to their invaded habitats and that confer them competitive advantages. However, these chemicals are precisely what confers them ethnobotanical and medicinal properties. We reviewed the literature assessing the biogeography of the cultural uses of the model invasive plant yellow-starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis L.; Asteraceae), and assessed the extent to which the introduction of a weed native to Eurasia into several non-native world regions was paralleled by the spread of cultural uses from its native range. We found that the species was rich in pharmaceutically active compounds and that the species had been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, as raw material, and as food. However, ethnobotanical uses were reported almost exclusively in its native range, with no uses described for the non-native range, apart from honey production in California, Argentina, and Australia. Our study exemplifies how, when plant introductions are not paralleled synchronously by significant human migrations, cultural adoption can be extremely slow, even within the native range of the species. Invasive species can provide real-time insights into the cultural processes by which humans learn to use plants. This case study highlights how biological invasions and cultural expansions can be subjected to different constraints.
Plant geographic distribution influences chemical defenses in native and introducedPlantago lanceolatapopulations
2023-06-07

Abstract Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis . We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata . When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata , were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.
Crossing Boundaries: Autoethnography of Subjective Experiences During Meditation
2023-06-07

In this autoethnographic quadrologue, the authors aim to show how meditation experiences defy verbalization in a qualitative research setting. This leads to the insight that an autoethnographic approach may be a much better fit for such an experience, where complex and inexpressible things can be found. This is especially the case since autoethnographic texts include and immerse the reader in the experience. Even though in the case of meditation this can hardly be achieved, this quadrologue aims at conveying some of the struggles and peculiarities of meditation practice. It focuses on the research process leading to the decision to employ an autoethnography paradigm. Thus, the focus of this article is the differentiation of autoethnography from other methodological approaches and the conscious decision in favour of this method, which is rather unusual in German-speaking countries. The authors develop the thesis that both the meditation experience and the decision to employ an autoethnographic paradigm led to the experience of “wandering off the beaten track” and crossing the boundaries of what is usually done in society and social science respectively.
The fabric of Torre d'en Galmés, Menorca, Spain
2023-06-07

Abstract The term fabric has a variety of meanings, particularly in geology and archaeology. In the former case, it can encapsulate the three‐dimensional arrangement of particles and voids, including organizational aspects such as bedding. In archaeology, it can also refer to positions of sites on a landscape or the structure and geometry of, say, buildings within a site; it can also refer to the infillings within individual structures. In this study, we illustrate the concept of fabric with the site of Torre d'en Galmés on the Spanish Island of Menorca to show that in fact fabrics exist at a variety of scales from the geological fabric of the Island, down to the fabrics of the sedimentary infills between and within buildings and spaces. We show that by examining the fabrics at different scales on Menorca, we can gain a more complete and integrative understanding of the geoarchaeology at this location, rather than simply investigating individual aspects as is more typical in geoarchaeology and archaeology.
A Year of Destruction and the Future of Ukrainian Democracy: Ethical Analysis of the Russian War of Aggression against Ukraine Twelve Months after the 2022 Invasion
2023-06-07

У статті розглянуто моральні конфлікти і дилеми, пов’язані з російським вторгненням в Україну та реакцією Заходу на нього, з особливим акцентом на теперішніх дебатах щодо постачання зброї, а також на теоріях великих держав і відповідальності. З етичної точки зору висвітлено також гіпотетичні результати війни, як і дебати про мирні переговори та врегулювання, спекулятивні положення про перемир’я, питання примирення й агентурної діяльності, моральні імперативи у світлі поточних подій, зокрема нещодавнього китайського плану та розвитку демократії в усьому світі. У статті підкреслено унікальну роль України як вирішального демократичного діяча з довгостроковою відповідальністю.
Peer Review #2 of "The introduction of an invasive weed was not followed by the introduction of ethnobotanical knowledge: a review on the ethnobotany of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) (v0.1)"
2023-06-07

Invasive plants are known for their impacts to ecosystems and societies, but their potential cultural use tend to be unexplored.One important mechanism of plant invasion is the use of "allelochemicals" or "novel weapons": chemical defenses which are new to their invaded habitats and that confer them competitive advantages.However, these chemicals are precisely what confers them ethnobotanical and medicinal properties.We reviewed the literature assessing the biogeography of the cultural uses of the model invasive plant yellow-starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.; Asteraceae), and assessed the extent to which the introduction of a weed native to Eurasia into several non-native world regions was paralleled by the spread of cultural uses from its native range.We found that the species was rich in pharmaceutically active compounds and that the species had been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, as raw material, and as food.However, ethnobotanical uses were reported almost exclusively in its native range, with no uses described for the non-native range, apart from honey production in California, Argentina, and Australia.Our study exemplifies how, when plant introductions are not paralleled synchronously by significant human migrations, cultural adoption can be extremely slow, even within the native range of the species.Invasive species can provide real-time insights into the cultural processes by which humans learn to use plants.This case study highlights how biological invasions and cultural expansions can be subjected to different constraints.
NINCO (Out-Of-Distribution detection dataset for ImageNet)
2023-06-07

The <strong>NINCO</strong> (<strong>N</strong>o <strong>I</strong>mageNet <strong>C</strong>lass <strong>O</strong>bjects) dataset is introduced in the ICML 2023 paper<strong> </strong>In or Out? Fixing ImageNet Out-of-Distribution Detection Evaluation. The images in this dataset are free from objects that belong to any of the 1000 classes of ImageNet-1K (ILSVRC2012), which makes NINCO suitable for evaluating out-of-distribution detection on ImageNet-1K . The NINCO main dataset consists of 64 OOD classes with a total of 5879 samples. These OOD classes were selected to have no categorical overlap with any classes of ImageNet-1K. Each sample was inspected individually by the authors to not contain ID objects. Besides NINCO, included are (in the same .tar.gz file) <strong>truly OOD versions of 11 popular OOD datasets</strong> with in total 2715 OOD samples. Further included are <strong>17 OOD unit-tests</strong>, with 400 samples each. Code for loading and evaluating on each of the three datasets is provided at <strong>https://github.com/j-cb/NINCO.</strong> When using <strong>NINCO</strong>, please consider citing (besides the bibtex given below) the following data sources that were used to create NINCO: Hendrycks et al.: ”Scaling out-of-distribution detection for real-world settings”, ICML, 2022. Bossard et al.: ”Food-101 – mining discriminative components with random forests”, ECCV 2014. Zhou et al.: ”Places: A 10 million image database for scene recognition”, IEEE PAMI 2017. Huang et al.: ”Mos: Towards scaling out-of-distribution detection for large semantic space”, CVPR 2021. Li et al.: ”Caltech 101 (1.0)”, 2022. Ismail et al.: ”MYNursingHome: A fully-labelled image dataset for indoor object classification.”, Data in Brief (V. 32) 2020. The iNaturalist project: https://www.inaturalist.org/ When using <strong>NINCO_popular_datasets_subsamples</strong>, additionally to the above, please consider citing: Cimpoi et al.: ”Describing textures in the wild”, CVPR 2014. Hendrycks et al.: ”Natural adversarial examples”, CVPR 2021. Wang et al.: ”Vim: Out-of-distribution with virtual-logit matching”, CVPR 2022. Bendale et al.: ”Towards Open Set Deep Networks”, CVPR 2016. Vaze et al.: ”Open-set Recognition: a Good Closed-set Classifier is All You Need?”, ICLR 2022. Wang et al.: ”Partial and Asymmetric Contrastive Learning for Out-of-Distribution Detection in Long-Tailed Recognition.” ICML, 2022. Galil et al.: “A framework for benchmarking Class-out-of-distribution detection and its application to ImageNet”, ICLR 2023.<br> For citing our paper, we would appreciate using the following bibtex entry (this will be updated once the ICML 2023 proceedings are public): <br> @inproceedings{<br> bitterwolf2023ninco,<br> title={In or Out? Fixing ImageNet Out-of-Distribution Detection Evaluation},<br> author={Julian Bitterwolf and Maximilian Mueller and Matthias Hein},<br> booktitle={ICML},<br> year={2023},<br> url={https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/bitterwolf23a.html}<br> }