julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Classification of Smoking Behaviours—From Social Environment to the Prefrontal Cortex
2025-08-01

ABSTRACT The pronounced heterogeneity in smoking trajectories—ranging from occasional or heavy use to successful quitting —highlights substantial interindividual variation within the smoking population. Machine learning is particularly well suited to capture these complex patterns that may be challenging for traditional inferential statistics to uncover. In this study, we applied machine learning to data from a population‐based cohort to identify multimodal markers that distinguish smokers from never smokers at baseline and predict long‐term cessation success at a 10‐year follow‐up. We employed 10 times repeated nested cross‐validation (10 outer folds, 5 inner folds) to analyse baseline data (T1) from 707 smokers—including 222 heavy smokers (FTND ≥ 4)—and 864 never smokers for smoking status classification. At the 10‐year follow‐up (T2), we further classified 60 successful quitters (≥ 1 year abstinent) versus 81 non‐quitters. Feature importance was assessed using averaged SHAP values derived from test set predictions. Classification models achieved the following performance, expressed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC; mean ± SD): smokers versus never smokers, 0.85 ± 0.03; heavy smokers versus never smokers, 0.92 ± 0.03; and quitters versus non‐quitters, 0.68 ± 0.13. SHAP analysis identified markers of frontal functioning, cognitive control and smoking behaviour within the social environment among the most influential predictors of both smoking status and cessation success. In conclusion, our machine learning analyses support a multifactorial model of smoking behaviour and cessation success, which may inform nuanced risk stratification to advance the development of personalized cessation strategies.
Brain imaging screening in metastatic breast cancer: patients’ and physicians’ perspectives
2025-08-01

These results underline the willingness of patients to know more about the prospects of BM development, in contrast to the lack of routine discussion of this topic by physicians. Further investigation is warranted to demonstrate the clinical utility of routine BIS.
Pollinator‐Promoting Interventions in European Urban Habitats—A Synthesis
2025-08-01

ABSTRACT Pollinators receive considerable interest due to their fundamental role in ecosystem functioning and human well‐being. Unlike farmlands, studies of urban pollinator‐promoting interventions are scarce and have not been synthesised, hampering policy implementation. To fill this gap, we compared pollinator‐promoting interventions (treatment) with conventionally managed (control) sites regarding vegetation, floral resources, and pollinators. Our synthesis investigated 1051 sampling sites with different interventions (abandonment, extensive mowing, flower sowing, and combined practices) and habitats (parks, grasslands, road verges, private and public gardens) from 28 European datasets at pooled‐ and study‐levels. Urban pollinator‐promoting interventions generally benefited plants and pollinators with taxon, intervention, habitat, and spatio‐temporal specific differences. Pooled analyses showed mostly positive and never negative treatment effects, while study‐level details described primarily positive and neutral but rarely negative effects. Bumblebees and butterflies benefited most from the interventions. Some effects were stronger for interventions involving flower sowing, interventions occurring in road verges, and interventions located in Northwestern Europe. Although regulations, guidelines, and monitoring are improving, knowledge gaps remain for some pollinator taxa (e.g., beetles), regions (e.g., Mediterranean), and novel interventions (e.g., for ground‐nesting insects). Further collaborative studies from around the world could help cities bring people, plants, and pollinators together by creating resilient, multi‐functional urban spaces.
Dominance of DENV‐1 and Flavivirus Serological Cross‐Reactivity During the 2016 Dengue Outbreak in Vietnam
2025-08-01

ABSTRACT Flaviviruses such as dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pose a major health burden in Vietnam, where overlapping clinical features and serological cross‐reactivity complicate accurate diagnosis and outbreak control. This study aimed to investigate circulating DENV serotypes and assess serological cross‐reactivity with other flaviviruses during the 2016 dengue outbreak in central Vietnam. Aretrospective study was conducted on 146 hospitalized dengue patients during the 2016 outbreak in Binh Dinh province. Laboratory diagnosis included NS1antigen testing, ELISA (IgM/IgG), and real‐time RT‐PCR for DENV serotyping. IgM and IgG cross‐reactivity with five flaviviruses, including DENV, ZIKV, JEV, West Nile virus (WNV), and tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and onealphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), was evaluated using ELISA. DENV‐1 positive samples were further analysed by sequencing the capsid‐premembrane (CprM) gene. DENV‐1 was the predominant serotype (86%), with all sequenced strains clustering within genotype I. Secondary infections were more frequent (64%) than primary infections (36%) and were associated with a significantly higher median age ( p = 0.003) and elevated hs‐CRP levels ( p = 0.029). Strong IgG cross‐reactivity was observed among flaviviruses, particularly DENV, JEV, WNV, and TBEV ( r &gt; 0.85), while ZIKV and CHIKV showed low seropositivity. Incontrast, IgM responses demonstrated greater virus specificity. Ten PCR‐negative cases showed broad serological reactivity, suggesting possible misdiagnosis or late‐stage infection. Our findings reveal that DENV‐1 genotype I was the predominant serotype during the 2016 outbreak in central Vietnam. Extensive IgG cross‐reactivity among flaviviruses hinders serological diagnosis, highlighting the need for integrated molecular surveillance to ensure accurate outbreak response.
Orf virus-based vectors induce potent germinal center B cell, Tfh cell, and CD8+ T cell responses
2025-08-01

Recombinant Orf virus (rORFV) vectors have proven safe and immunogenic in human clinical trials but the cellular correlates of antibody induction by this parapoxviral platform remain ill-defined. To characterize antigen-specific B cell responses at the cellular level, we performed adoptive transfer experiments with monoclonal B cells specific for the glycoproteins of either vesicular stomatitis virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Immunizations of mice with rORFV delivering these glycoproteins stimulated antigen-specific B cells to engage in germinal center (GC) reactions and to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells. These responses could be recalled upon homologous rORFV boost. Moreover, rORFV induced antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell responses including T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. These responses contracted over time but re-expanded upon vaccine re-administration. Pre-existing rORFV-specific anti-vector immunity interfered with CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses to rORFV-vectored antigen, whereas CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell and B cell responses were unaffected. rORFV-induced immune responses were comparable with those elicited by recombinant adenovirus- and modified vaccinia Ankara virus-based vectors, and they conferred protection against viral challenge. This study characterizes rORFV as a versatile inducer of protective GC B cell, Tfh cell, and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses, which can be augmented by homologous booster vaccination.
Assessing decision thresholds in primary school students using signal detection theory: validating an adapted version of the beads task
2025-08-01

The decision threshold describes the minimum probability a person needs to be certain enough to make a decision. Lower decision thresholds lead people to jump to conclusions and are associated with superstitious and conspiracy-related beliefs. To shed light on the role of the decision threshold in the development of these phenomena, it is crucial to study decision thresholds at an early age. However, current measures of decision thresholds have only been administered in adult samples and are based on subjective probability estimates. The current study validates a new instrument that was adapted to measure the decision thresholds of children and is based on the objective probability values of a situation by using a signal detection analytical approach. We assessed decision thresholds in a sample of N = 299 children from an extracurricular enrichment program for talented primary school students. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that the new measurement instrument has high sensitivity. Furthermore, its construct validity was supported by positive associations with children's performance in the original beads task, a measure of confirmation bias, age, grade level, and math performance. However, no associations were found with a measure of alternation bias, epistemic certainty beliefs, self-concept in data-related tasks, general self-efficacy, or gender. This study introduces a new instrument for measuring the decision threshold in children using objective probability values and gives insights into decision-making processes and their implications for cognitive biases and related constructs.
Atypical lymphoproliferations associated with germline genetic variants: a report of the 2024 EA4HP/SH lymphoma workshop
2025-08-01

Abstract Session 2 of the 2024 European Association for Haematopathology/Society for Hematopathology lymphoma workshop was dedicated to atypical lymphoproliferations in association with germline genetic variants. The first group of cases were lymphoproliferations occurring in the context of primary immunodeficiencies (PID), a heterogeneous group of diseases with increasing incidence and number of different diseases due to better recognition. The workshop contained a spectrum of different PIDs and associated lymphoproliferations with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia and common variable immune deficiency being the most common. Both children and adults were affected, and the diagnosis of an underlying PID often required a high index of suspicion and correlation with clinical presentation and immunological/ infectious workup. Recognition of a PID allows specific treatment and can influence the interpretation of lymphoproliferations occurring in this context. The spectrum of lymphoproliferations ranged from reactive to overt lymphoma, both EBV-positive and -negative. In a subset of cases, it was very difficult or impossible to establish the boundary between reactive and neoplastic in the context of a PID. The second group represented a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferations in the context of mutations in germline haematopoietic malignancy risk genes, without associated immunodeficiency. It was often difficult to determine if the genetic defect and the lymphoproliferation were causally related or coincidental, especially if the patient was also treated for non-lymphoid conditions. This is a rapidly evolving field in which future studies are expected to shed more light on the relationship between germline mutations and lymphoid malignancy.
NRAC controls CD36-mediated fatty acid uptake in adipocytes and lipid clearance in vivo
2025-08-01

Abstract Adipose tissue is a central organiser of systemic lipid homeostasis and a pharmacological target in obesity, orchestrating cellular responses to environmental cues. Nutritionally regulated adipose and cardiac enriched protein (NRAC) is a small adipocyte-specific transmembrane protein with unknown function. Here, we show that Nrac directly interacts with scavenger receptor CD36 via its first transmembrane domain. Forming a complex with CD36 and caveolin-1 under low extracellular fatty acid (FA) concentrations, NRAC modulates CD36-dependent fatty acid uptake in adipocytes. Upon increase in extracellular FA levels, NRAC is ubiquitinated and internalised, leading to CD36’s dissociation from caveolin-1 and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This results in increased fatty acid uptake into fat cells, adipocyte hypertrophy, increased fat mass and elevated lipid clearance from the blood in chow-diet-fed mice. Finally, human NRAC expression and the intronic SNP rs12878589 are associated with body fat distribution and obesity. Together, these findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism by which adipocytes sense and respond to extracellular fatty acid availability to fine-tune lipid uptake and storage at cellular and organismal level.
Galvanic vestibular stimulation alters the sense of upright
2025-08-01

Abstract Given the vestibular system’s important role in the perception of upright, we investigated the possible effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on the perception of one’s own upright body orientation in relation to gravity, the so-called ‘Subjective Postural Vertical (SPV)’. Two groups of healthy participants with an average age of 25.4 years and 64.5 years respectively, each consisting of 28 healthy participants, sat (blindfolded) on a tilting chair. The subjects’ feeling of being upright was tested under three different conditions of GVS: right-sided anodal stimulation, left-sided anodal stimulation, and sham stimulation. Our findings revealed that right-sided anodal GVS significantly altered the SPV in both age groups, whereas left-sided anodal GVS did not. The observed effect of GVS on perceived upright body posture was numerically small (up to 0.87° on average) and not due to a loss of sensitivity to the perception of body verticality. The unexpected asymmetry of the behavioral effects of GVS could be related to the known right hemispheric asymmetry of cortical activation in vestibular projection areas, which would need to be further clarified in future studies.
Sensorineural hearing loss in anti-interleukin-1 treated CAPS patients: risk factors and real-life barriers—an observational study
2025-08-01

Abstract Objective To identify modifiable risk factors associated with progression of hearing impairment from a longitudinal cohort of anti-IL-1-treated children and adults with Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) and explore real-life barriers to optimal long-term management. Methods A single-centre, longitudinal study included consecutive paediatric and adult anti-IL-1-treated CAPS patients with sensorineural hearing loss between 2006 and 2024. Data collected encompassed demographics, disease characteristics, genotype, treatment regimens and hearing assessments using 4PTA, HF-PTA. Primary outcome was WHO grade of hearing impairment at last follow-up. Factors associated with hearing impairment and real-life barriers mandating therapy escalation were identified. Results The study included 36 patients; 20 males, 16 females, median age at CAPS disease onset and hearing loss diagnosis was 11.8 and 40 years, respectively. Most patients (83%) exhibited moderate CAPS phenotype, carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic NLRP3 variants (78%). Hearing loss was present in 83% at baseline and 88% at last follow-up with HF-PTA-sensitivity of 100%. Patients diagnosed in adulthood, those with a late treatment start, and/or with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants demonstrated higher WHO grades of hearing impairment. Ten patients required therapy escalation due to progressive hearing loss, eight of whom carried pathogenic mutations. Early progression was primarily driven by disease activity, while late progression was predominantly influenced by non-compliance. Over time, 86% maintained stable hearing, 8% showed improvement and 6% experienced worsening. Conclusion Early diagnosis, timely intervention and a refined Treat-to-Target approach are vital for hearing in lifelong CAPS management. Precision care and continuous monitoring are key to improving long-term outcomes.
Violation of Bell inequality with unentangled photons
2025-08-01

Violation of local realism via Bell inequality—a profound and counterintuitive manifestation of quantum theory that conflicts with the prediction of local realism—is viewed to be intimately linked with quantum entanglement. Experimental demonstrations of such a phenomenon using quantum entangled states are among the landmark experiments of modern physics and paved the way for quantum technology. Here, we report the violation of the Bell inequality that cannot be described by quantum entanglement in the system but arises from quantum indistinguishability by path identity, shown by the multiphoton frustrated interference. By analyzing the measurement of four-photon frustrated interference within the standard Bell-test formalism, we find a violation of Bell inequality by more than four SDs. Our work establishes a connection between quantum correlation and quantum indistinguishability, providing insights into the fundamental origin of the counterintuitive characteristics observed in quantum physics.
Entorhinal cortex signals dimensions of past experience that can be generalised in a novel environment
2025-08-01

Abstract No two situations are identical. They can be similar in some aspects but different in others. This poses a key challenge when attempting to generalise our experience from one situation to another. How do we distinguish the aspects that transfer across situations from those that do not? One hypothesis is that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) meets this challenge by forming factorised representations that allow for increased neural similarity between events that share generalisable features. We tested this hypothesis in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Forty people were trained to report behavioural sequences based on an underlying graph structure. People then made decisions in a new environment where some, but not all graph transitions from the previous structure could be generalised. Behavioural results showed that participants distinguished the generalisable transition information. Accuracy was significantly higher in blocks in which sequence transitions were shared across environments, than those in which transitions differed. This boost in accuracy was especially pronounced during early exposure to the novel environment. Throughout this early phase, neural patterns in the entorhinal cortex (EC) showed a corresponding differentiation of the generalisable aspects. Neural patterns representing starting locations in familiar and novel environments were significantly more similar in the EC on trials where sequences could be generalised from prior experience, compared to trials with new sequential transitions. This signalling was associated with improved performance when prior sequence knowledge could be reused. Our results suggest that during early exposure to novel environments, the EC may signal dimensions of past experience that can be generalised.
Diversity of Resilin incidence in the insect leg
2025-08-01

Abstract Insect movements rely on membranous elastic types of cuticle that bridge hard and tanned types, which serve as an exoskeleton. A prominent, polymerous protein of membranous cuticles is Resilin, known for its flexibility and elasticity. In the articulated legs, including the coxa, the trochanter, the femur, the tibia and the tarsi, Resilin incidences in or at the joints of these podomers have been identified in various species such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the desert locust Schistocerca grigaria . A systematic, comparative work on Resilin identification in insect legs is missing. Here, using a microscopic intensity subtraction method, we identified Resilin incidences in the legs of 29 species belonging to the major insect orders. This method relies on the classical identification of Resilin based on Dityrosine (DT) bonds between Resilin monomers, Pro-Resilin, that emit blue light when illuminated with UV light. By subtracting the background intensity counts per pixel (counts) of a common blue filter from the counts obtained by a specific filter for the DT spectrum in insects (microscopic intensity subtraction method, MISM), we both confirm the presence of known Resilin locations and identify new incidences in the podomers such as a coxa-trochanter signal. Together, we find that Resilin distribution in insect legs is highly diverse with no incidence common to all species tested. This underlines that the use of Resilin follows a rapid and optimizing evolutionary adaptation. Our data pave the path for studies of the comparative function of Resilin in insect legs.
Cell-type specific gating of gene regulatory modules as a hallmark of early immune responses in Arabidopsis leaves
2025-08-01

Abstract In plants, many cell types contribute to immunity, but what division of labor exists among cell types when immunity is activated? We compared, at single-cell resolution, the response of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells during pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity (PTI/ETI), sampled at 3 and 5 hours after infection with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Core defense modules were broadly shared across cell clusters, but their activation varied in timing and intensity, with key immune receptors also showing cell type–specific expression dynamics. We identified distinct mesophyll cell populations based on their resilience patterns: after the initial response, some cells continue to express defense genes at high levels during both PTI and ETI, while others quickly reinitiate growth-related gene expression programs, but only during PTI. Gene regulatory network inference revealed WRKY-regulated modules enriched in cells sensing effectors, while SA biosynthesis regulators were activated in complementary clusters. Finally, we used the cue1 -6 mutant to demonstrate that core immune responses are robust despite altered leaf architecture. In addition, we uncovered cryptic defense pathways, including sucrose-responsive modules, in this mutant. By capturing early immune responses at high resolution, our study reveals cell type–specific coordination of plant immunity and provides a framework for decoding immune signaling networks.
Manifesting a future to come: The spectral performativity of digital twinning
2025-08-01

This article examines digital twinning as a media technology and performative practice, focusing on its post-digital ambiguities. To show why and to what extent the concept of spectrality is particularly well suited for discussing the post-digital mediality of twinning, this article proceeds in two steps. First, it reviews research on twin metaphors and the uncanny in cybernetics and digital media. This provides a contextualization of digital twinning within a media theoretical tradition. Second, the figure of the specter is revisited in an interpretation of Derrida’s Specters of Marx that focuses on the aspects of its corporeality, temporality, immateriality, and performativity. As a result, digital twinning is reconceptualized as a performative practice that enables the spectral materialization of many potential behaviors. As such, it destabilizes traditional notions of temporality, participates in the process of commodification and bears responsibility for a democracy to come.