julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Are Minority Opinions Shared Less?
2021-12-01

Abstract. Product evaluation portals on the web that collect product ratings provide an excellent opportunity to observe opinion sharing in a natural setting. Evidence across different paradigms shows that minority opinions are shared less than majority opinions. This article reports a study testing whether this effect holds on product evaluation portals. We tracked the ratings of N = 76 products at 12 measurement points. We predicted that the higher (lower) the mean initial rating of a product, the more positive (negative) the newly contributed ratings will differ from this baseline – as an indication of the preferred sharing of majority compared to minority opinions. We found, however, that newly added ratings were on average less extreme than earlier ratings. These results can either be interpreted as regression to the mean or evidence for the preferred sharing of minority opinions.
Classifying the Unknown: Identification of Insects by Deep Zero-shot Bayesian Learning
2021-12-01

Abstract Insects represent a large majority of biodiversity on Earth, yet so few species are described. Describing new species typicallyrequires specific taxonomic expertise to identify morphological characters that distinguish it from other known species andDNA-based methods have aided in providing additional evidence of separate species. Machine learning (ML) provides apowerful method in identifying new species given its analytical processing is more sensitive to subtle physical differencesin images humans may not process. Existing ML algorithms are limited by image repositories that only contain describedspecies, leaving out the possibility of identifying new species. We develop a Bayesian deep learning method for zero-shotclassification of species. The proposed approach forms a Bayesian hierarchy of species around corresponding genera anduses deep embeddings of images and DNA barcodes to identify insects to the lowest taxonomic level possible. To demonstratethis proof of concept, we use a database of 32,848 insect images from 1,040 described species split into training and test datawherein the test data includes 243 species not present in the training data. Our results demonstrate that using DNA sequencesand images together, known insects can be classified with 96.66% accuracy while unknown (to the database) insects have anaccuracy of 81.39% in identifying the correct genus. The proposed deep zero-shot Bayesian model demonstrates a powerfulnew approach that can be used for the gargantuan task of identifying new insect species.
A data‐driven disease progression model of fluid biomarkers in genetic FTD
2021-12-01

Abstract Background Several fluid biomarkers for genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have been proposed, including those reflecting neuroaxonal loss (neurofilament light chain (NfL) and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNfH)), synapse dysfunction (neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2)), gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) and complement activation (C3b, C1q). Determining the sequence in which biomarkers become abnormal over the course of disease could facilitate disease staging in FTD and enable us to identify mutation carriers with prodromal or early‐stage FTD, which is especially important as pharmaceutical interventions emerge. We aimed to model the sequence of biomarker abnormalities in presymptomatic and symptomatic genetic FTD using cross‐sectional data from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI). Method 276 presymptomatic and 142 symptomatic carriers of mutations in GRN, C9orf72 or MAPT , as well as 247 non‐carriers, were selected from the GENFI cohort based on availability of one or more of the aforementioned biomarkers. Nine presymptomatic carriers developed symptoms within 18 months of data collection (‘converters’). Sequences of biomarker abnormalities were modelled for the entire group using discriminative event‐based modelling (DEBM) and for each genetic subgroup using co‐initialized DEBM. These models estimate probabilistic biomarker abnormalities in a data‐driven way and do not rely on prior diagnostic information or biomarker cut‐off points. We estimated individual disease severity scores based on the position of subjects along the disease progression timeline through cross‐validation. Result Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NPTX2 was the first detectable abnormal biomarker, followed by blood and CSF NfL, blood GFAP, blood pNfH and finally CSF C1q and C3b (Fig. 1). Biomarker orderings did not differ significantly between genetic subgroups. Estimated disease severity scores (Fig. 2) could distinguish symptomatic from presymptomatic carriers and non‐carriers with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 and 0.90 respectively. The AUC to distinguish converters from non‐converting presymptomatic carriers was 0.85. Conclusion In our data‐driven disease progression models of genetic FTD, NPTX2 and NfL were the first biomarkers to become abnormal. Further research should focus on their utility as candidate selection tools for pharmaceutical trials. Estimating disease stages using DEBM could enable us to identify presymptomatic carriers approaching symptom onset and track the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Lifelong music practice as reserve factor: Associations with cognition and brain structure in older adults
2021-12-01

Abstract Background Regular music practice is suggested to be protective against age‐related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 1 . This study investigated associations between music making during the entire life, late‐life cognitive performance and gray matter (GM) structure in the DZNE‐Longitudinal Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Study (DELCODE, DRKS‐ID: DRKS00007966). Method Cognitively unimpaired participants (age: ≥60 years including normal controls, participants with subjective cognitive decline, and first‐degree relatives of AD patients) were included in this study. Frequency of music practice over lifetime was self‐reported by each participant using the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ 2 ). A group with regular lifelong music practice (n=72) was identified and compared to a control group (n=72) that did not practice any music during life. The control group was selected to match for age, sex, education, crystallized intelligence, socioeconomic status and diagnostic group. Multivariate analyses included group comparisons on late‐life cognition using composite scores 3 , GM volumes in the entire cortex and in combined posterior AD regions (adjusted for TIV) and interaction effects. Result Lifelong music practice was associated with better late‐life performance in global cognition (Fig. 1, left side), working memory, and executive function ( p’s &lt; 0.05). A similar effect was not seen for episodic memory. No significant direct associations were found between lifelong music practice and GM volumes in the cortex and within AD regions. Global cognition (Fig. 1, right side), working memory, and executive functions were enhanced in those individuals with both lifelong music practice and greater cortical GM volume ( p’s &lt; 0.05). Conclusion Regular music making over life may help preserve late‐life cognitive performance in executive function and working memory, mirroring existing findings 4 . This cognitive benefit appears to be related to superior ability to recruit brain resources, rather than greater brain reserve per se. Music practice could represent an enrichment strategy that may to a certain degree provide cognitive reserve in older age. References: (1) Verghese J, et al. N Engl J Med 2003. (2) Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Psychol Med 2007. (3) Wolfsgruber S, et al. Neurology 2020. (4) Mansens D, et al. Aging &amp; Mental Health 2018.
Local Law for Singular Values of Oscillatory Matrices
2021-12-01

Abstract We continue the study of spectra of oscillatory random matrices with fully dependent rows. Motivated by the -dimensional skew-shift dynamics from ergodic theory, we introduce the random matrices where is a collection of i.i.d. random variables and is a fixed integer. We prove that as the distribution of singular values converges to the local Marchenko–Pastur law up to scales for an explicit , as long as . Our approach provides a novel mechanism—deterministic oscillatory cancellations—for universal spectral laws. The proof blends techniques from random matrix theory, harmonic analysis, and analytic number theory such as strong estimates on the number of solutions to Diophantine equations in the form of Vinogradov’s main conjecture, proved by Bourgain–Demeter–Guth.
Differential synaptic marker involvement in the different genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia
2021-12-01

Abstract Background Approximately a third of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is genetic with mutations in three genes accounting for the majority of the inheritance: C9orf72, GRN and MAPT . Synaptic dysfunction is a common mechanism in all of them and the use of fluid biomarkers could be helpful to improve the diagnostic accuracy and useful as a readout of cellular dysfunction within therapeutic trials. Method A total of 193 cerebrospinal fluid samples from the GENetic FTD Initiative including 77 presymptomatic (31 C9orf72 , 23 GRN , 23 MAPT ), 55 symptomatic mutation carriers (26 C9orf72 , 17 GRN , 12 MAPT ) and 61 mutation‐negative controls were measured using a microflow LC PRM‐MS set‐up targeting 15 synaptic proteins: 14‐3‐3 proteins (eta, zeta/delta and epsilon), AP‐2 complex subunit beta, beta‐synuclein, gamma‐synuclein, complexin‐2, neurogranin, neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR), neuronal pentraxin 1 (NPTX1), neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2), phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein 1 (PEBP‐1), rab GDP dissociation inhibitor α (rab GDIα), syntaxin‐1B and syntaxin‐7. Mutation carrier groups were compared to each other and to controls using a bootstrapped linear regression model, adjusting for age and sex. Result Eight proteins were increased only in symptomatic MAPT mutation carriers (compared with controls) and not in symptomatic C9orf72 or GRN mutation carriers: 14‐3‐3‐eta, beta‐synuclein, gamma‐synuclein, neurogranin, PEBP‐1, rab GDIα, syntaxin‐1B and syntaxin‐7. In contrast, NPTX1 and NPTX2 were affected in all three genetic groups (decreased compared to controls), with NPTXR being affected in C9orf72 and GRN mutation carriers only (decreased compared to controls). No changes were seen in presymptomatic mutation carriers in these proteins. Figure 1 contains p‐values for all significant changes. Conclusion Differential involvement of synaptic markers is seen in the genetic forms of FTD, with impairment particularly in those with MAPT mutations, with only the neuronal pentraxins affected in GRN and C9orf72 mutation carriers. Further work is needed to explore correlations with clinical and imaging biomarkers, whether there are changes in the late presymptomatic period, and how these markers change over time.
Cosmic activation of Cresst’s CaWO4 crystals
2021-12-01

Abstract The CRESST experiment searches for dark matter induced nuclear recoils inside CaWO 4 based cryogenic calorimeters at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. To identify reliably a potential signal, a precise understanding of its background budget is crucial. An important background category could be “cosmogenics”: radionuclides produced via interactions with cosmic rays, mainly during the crystal production at surface facilities. Albeit CaWO 4 is a well-established calorimetric material, no systematic study of its susceptibility for cosmic activation existed so far. In this contribution, we will first report the exposure profile of CRESST’s in-house grown TUM93 crystal to cosmic rays. Then we will identify the most prominent cosmogenics via AcTIVIA calculations. Afterwards we discuss the expected background spectrum based on Geant4 simulations and compare it to measurements.
Long-term Prescription? Digital Surveillance is Here to Stay
2021-12-01

An emerging literature has shown concerns about the impact of thepandemic on the proliferation of digital surveillance. Contributing to thesedebates, in this paper we demonstrate how the pandemic facilitates digitalsurveillance in three ways: (1) By shifting everyday communication to digitalmeans it contributes to the generation of extensive amounts of datasusceptible to surveillance. (2) It motivates the development of new digitalsurveillance tools. (3) The pandemic serves as a perfect justification forgovernments to prolong digital surveillance. We provide empiricalanecdotes for these three effects by examining reports by the Global DigitalPolicy Incubator at Stanford University. Building on our argument, weconclude that we might be on the verge of a dangerous normalization ofdigital surveillance. Thus, we call on scholars to consider the full effects ofpublic health crises on politics and suggest scrutinizing sources of digitaldata and the complex relationships between the state, corporate actors,and the sub-contractors behind digital surveillance.
Fetal Profile Markers for the Detection of Robin Sequence in Fetuses with Retrognathia
2021-12-01

Abstract Objective To determine whether the prefrontal space ratio (PSFR), inferior facial (IFA) and maxilla-nasion-mandible angle (MNM), and the fetal profile line (FPL) are helpful in identifying fetuses with Robin sequence (RS) in cases with isolated retrognathia, and thus better predict the likelihood of immediate need for postnatal respiratory support. Methods This was a retrospective matched case-control study of fetuses/infants with isolated retrognathia with or without RS receiving pre- and postnatal treatment at the University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany between 2008 and 2020. The PFSR, IFA, MNM, and FPL were measured in affected and normal fetuses according to standardized protocols. Cases were stratified into isolated retrognathia and RS. Results 21 (n=7 isolated retrognathia, n=14 RS) affected fetuses and 252 normal fetuses were included. Their median gestational age at ultrasound examination was 23.6 and 24.1 weeks, respectively. In fetuses with isolated retrognathia and RS, the PSFR, IFA, and FPL were significantly different from the normal population. At a false-positive rate of 5%, the detection rate was 76.2% for the PFSR, 85.7% for the IFA, and 90.5% for both parameters combined. However, all parameters failed to distinguish between isolated retrognathia and RS. Conclusion PSFR and IFA are simple markers for identifying retrognathia prenatally. However, they are not helpful for the detection of RS in fetuses with isolated retrognathia. Therefore, delivery should take place in a center experienced with RS and potentially life-threatening airway obstruction immediately after birth.
Memorability analysis for diagnostic photographs in cognitive assessment: Linking behavioral performance with biomarker status
2021-12-01

Abstract Background Recent work has found that memorability, an intrinsic image property predictive of memory, shows consistency across healthy controls (HC), subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Looking at memorability pattern differences between groups, certain images in which HC outperform MCI or SCD individuals can also better predict group membership with a reduced number of images. A key question is whether these diagnostic images reflect a strong link between behavioral performance and biomarker status. Method Behavioral and biomarker data was collected from 232 participants (64 HC, 99 SCD, 48 MCI, 21 AD) from the DZNE Longitudinal Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (DELCODE) study. Participants were tested for recognition of images from a pool of 835 scene images. Aβ42, total tau, phospho‐tau, Aβ42/Aβ40, and Aβ42/phospho‐tau were collected as biomarkers. We computed linear models predicting corrected recognition with each biomarker as a separate regressor. Using hold‐out cross‐validation (80% training) across 1000 iterations, we also identified three subsets of 50 images in which performance differences between HC and MCI were the highest (“top subset”), lowest (“bottom subset”), or close to zero (“middle subset”). We tested these subsets on the remaining 20% test data, by correlating each biomarker and the average hit rate for that image subset, and comparing their performance with independent t‐tests. Result All five biomarkers significantly predicted corrected recognition (p&lt;10 ‐5 ) in the linear models (Table 1). For all biomarkers, the correlation coefficients acquired from the top subsets were significantly larger than those acquired from the middle subsets or bottom subsets (Fig. 1). In contrast, the middle and bottom subsets showed small differences that were inconsistent across biomarkers. Conclusion Our results reveal that images with larger memorability differences between HC and patient groups provide stronger links between behavioral performance and biomarker status. These images are more indicative of neuropathologic changes relevant to AD and are thus more diagnostic. Future study may provide more evidence with functional imaging data.
Proof‐theoretic semantics of natural deduction based on inversion
2021-12-01

Abstract The article presents a full proof‐theoretic semantics for natural deduction based on an extended inversion principle: the elimination rule for an operator q may invert the introduction rule for q, but also vice versa, the introduction rule for a connective q may invert the elimination rule for q. Such an inversion—extending Prawitz' concept of inversion—gives the following theorem: Inversion for two rules of operator q (intro rule, elim rule) exists iff a reduction of a maximum formula for q exists. The inversion theorem is specified to two logics, Lambek calculus (LC) and intuitionistic linear logic (ILL), with four propositional connectives: two multiplicatives (implication and conjunction) and two additives (conjunction and disjunction), with two quantifiers and two modals. LC is defined by using elimination rules by composition. ILL is defined by using usual general elimination rules. Elimination rules by composition are an exciting alternative to general elimination rules; in some cases, they do not need permutations.
Different by Culture
2021-12-01

Abstract. This article suggests that the term “culture” can explain the heterogeneity of age(ing) in nursing homes as well as (dis-)similarities opposed to organizational parameters (e.g., size, location, ownership). It introduces an analytical tool for the systematic analysis of culture which encompasses 15 thematic dimensions grouping as conceptualizations of age(ing), social relationships, and care. Two nursing homes from an explorative project in Bavarian nursing homes are used for illustrating the tool’s possible applications: systematic description, explanation, and comparisons of locally effective cultures; determining ambivalences’ manifestations and sources. The article ends with a discussion of underlying implications of the findings for theory and praxis and the benefits and weaknesses of this study, connected with the hope to broaden the perception of nursing homes which are more than organizations designed to house older people safely; they are also culturally shaped places of social life.
Brian Patrick McGuire, Bernard of Clairvaux. An Inner Life. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press Services 2020
2021-12-01

Article Brian Patrick McGuire, Bernard of Clairvaux. An Inner Life. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press Services 2020 was published on December 1, 2021 in the journal Historische Zeitschrift (volume 313, issue 3).
La fuerza de la sangre cervantina en el espejo de una novela de Kleist
2021-12-01

In 1808, the German author Heinrich von Kleist published the novella The Marquise of O. , which bears an obvious resemblance to The Force of Blood from Cervantes’s Exemplary Novels . In both cases, the female protagonist marries a man after being raped by him. At first sight, Kleist’s text seems to testify to a degree of progress in female emancipation because the victim has doubts about accepting the rapist as her husband. Other aspects of his novella are less conducive to proving such a progress. Kleist stresses the pressures of family honour more than Cervantes does, and he does not restrict himself merely to qualifying rape as a sin or crime. He also hints at the possibility of an unconscious yielding to bodily needs, questioning thus the power of reason to govern sexual desires.
Editor Profile: Karl Forchhammer
2021-12-01

In this special interview series, we profile members of The FEBS Journal editorial board to highlight their research focus, perspectives on the journal and future directions in their field. Since 2007, Karl Forchhammer is the director of the Department of Microbiology/Organismic Interactions in the University of Tübingen. He has served as an editorial board member of The FEBS Journal since 2008.
Francisco Salgado de Somoza: The Letrado between the Authority of the Church and the State
2021-12-01

The article outlines the life of Francisco Salgado de Somoza (1591-1665) and those works of his in which he argued in favor of privileges of the Spanish monarchy as regards the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the Holy See: The right of Spanish courts to assume cases of clerics if these claimed to have been unfairly treated by ecclesiastical authority («recursus ab abusu») and the retention of papal letters by the royal council, respectively.
Life as ground—Variations on a theme: Comments on Karen Ng's Hegel's concept of life
2021-12-01

Abstract In this discussion, I take up Karen Ng's central claim that according to Hegel, the ground of the intelligibility of the world and of the objectivity of our judgment is life . I unpack this claim by considering different interpretive variations of it, all of which find textual support in Ngs book. I offer criticism of the various interpretive variations, with the overall aim of working toward gaining a clearer understanding of what precisely is implied by the idea of life as ground, and how that idea might be defended against potential objections.