julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging in Alcoholism: Ethanol and Brain Damage
2001-05-01

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The co‐chairs were Karl Mann and Ingrid Agartz. The presentations were (1) Neuropathological changes in alcohol‐related brain damage, by Clive Harper; (2) Regional brain volumes including the hippocampus and monoamine metabolites in alcohol dependence, by Ingrid Agartz, Susan Shoaf, Robert R, Rawlings, Reza Momenan, and Daniel W Hommer; (3) Diffusion tensor abnormalities in imaging of white matter alcoholism, by Adolf Pfefferbaum and Edith V. Sullivan; (4) Use of functional MRI to evaluate brain activity during alcohol cue exposure in alcoholics: Relationship to craving, by Raymond F. Anton, David J. Drobes, and Mark S. George; and (5) μ‐Opiate receptor availability in alcoholism: First results from a positron emission tomography study, by Karl Mann, Roland Bares, Hans‐Juergen Machulla, Goetz Mundle, Matthias Reimold, and Andreas Heinz.
The extraordinarily bright optical afterglow of GRB 991208 and its host galaxy
2001-05-01

Broad-band optical observations of the extraordinarily bright optical afterglow of the intense gamma-ray burst GRB 991208 started ~2.1 days after the event and continued until 4 Apr. 2000. The flux decay constant of the optical afterglow in the R-band is -2.30 ± 0.07 up to ~5 days, which is very likely due to the jet e ffect, and it is followed by a much steeper decay with constant -3.2 ± 0.2, the fastest one ever seen in a GRB optical afterglow. A negative detection in several all-sky films taken simultaneously with the event, that otherwise would have reached naked eye brightness, implies either a previous additional break prior to ~2 days after the occurrence of the GRB (as expected from the jet effect) or a maximum, as observed in GRB 970508. The existence of a se cond break might indicate a steepening in the electron spectrum or the superposition of two events, resembling GRB 000301C. Once the afterglow emission vanished, contribution of a bright underlying supernova was found on the basis of the late-time R-band measurements, but the light curve is not sufficiently well sampled to rule out a dust echo explanation. Our redshift determination of z = 0.706 indicates that GRB 991208 is at 3.7 Gpc (for H0= 60 km s-1 Mpc-1, Omega0= 1 and Lambda0= 0, implying an isotropic energy release of 1.1510 53 erg which may be relaxed by beaming by a factor &gt; 10 2. Precise astrometry indicates that the GRB coincides within 0.2 ” with the host galaxy, thus supporting a massive star origin. The absolute magnitude of the galaxy is MB = -18.2, well below the knee of the galaxy luminosity function and we derive a star-forming rate of ( 11.5 ± 7.1 ) M(.) yr-1, which is much larger than the present-day rate in our Galaxy. The quasi-simultaneous broad-band photometric spectral energy distribution of the afterglow was determined ~3.5 day after the burst (Dec. 12.0) implying a cooling frequency Vc below the optical band, i.e. supporting a jet model with p = -2.30 as the index of the power-law electron distribution.
Effect of Experimental Elevation of Free Fatty Acids on Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Carriers of the Pro12Ala Polymorphism of the Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ2 Gene
2001-05-01

The transcription of many genes involved in lipid metabolism is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-γ2 gene has been associated with reduced transcriptional activity in vitro and increased insulin sensitivity in vivo. Although PPAR-γ has been demonstrated in human β-cells, it is unknown whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism plays a role in insulin secretion. Moreover, it is also unknown if and how the effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity is modulated by the presence of this polymorphism. We therefore performed hyperglycemic clamps (8 mmol/l, 140 min, 5 g arginine bolus at min 120) in 10 healthy subjects with the (X/Ala) polymorphism and in 10 subjects without the polymorphism (Pro/Pro) basally and after 5 h infusion of Intralipid plus heparin. FFA concentrations increased from 473 ± 61 μmol/l to 1,732 ± 163 μmol/l in the Pro/Pro and from 372 ± 46 μmol/l to 1,630 ± 96 μmol/l in the X/Ala group (P = 0.68). Basally, neither insulin sensitivity nor insulin secretion were significantly different between the two groups. During infusion of Intralipid, first-phase insulin secretion remained unchanged in both groups (P = 0.21). In the Pro/Pro group, second-phase insulin secretion remained unchanged (444 ± 67 vs. 471 ± 93 pmol/min) and the response to arginine increased from 5,007 ± 41 to 6,072 ± 732 pmol/min. In contrast, in the X/Ala group, there was a decrease of both second-phase insulin secretion (533 ± 58 to 427 ± 48 pmol/min, P = 0.02 vs. Pro/Pro) and in the response to arginine (from 7,518 ± 1,306 to 6,458 ± 1,040 pmol/min, P = 0.014 vs. Pro/Pro). The insulin sensitivity index decreased comparably in Pro/Pro and X/Ala (to 71 ± 8 vs. 74 ± 9% of basal, P = 0.8). In conclusion, these results provide evidence that the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-γ2 gene might be involved in a differential regulation of insulin secretion in response to increased FFAs in humans.
Ultrastructure of the taste buds in the blind cave fish Astyanax jordani (“Anoptichthys”) and the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus (Teleostei, Characidae)
2001-05-01

Abstract This study describes the ultrastructure of the taste buds of the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus and of the blind cave fish Astyanax jordani ( = Anoptichthys ) (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae). In Astyanax and Anoptichthys , taste buds occur in the epithelia of the lips, oral cavity, and, in Anoptichthys , lower jaw. Both possess three types of taste buds: type I (elevated), type II (slightly elevated), and type III taste buds (not elevated or sunken). The taste buds are up to 60 μm high and up to 35 μm wide. The taste bud's sensory epithelium consists of 100–130 elongated cells: light cells, dense‐cored‐vesicles (dcv) ‐cells, dark cells, and degenerating cells. The dcv‐cells are rich in dense‐cored vesicles and are described for the first time in a teleostean taste bud. At the taste bud's base, there lie two to three basal cells. The basal cells of type I and type II taste buds have microvillus (spine)‐like processes, in contrast to those of type III taste buds. The taste bud's nerve fiber plexus is situated between the bases of the elongated taste bud cells and the basal cells. Afferent synapses occur between dcv‐cells and basal cells (presynaptic sides) and axons (postsynaptic side). Indistinct synapses occur between light cells and dark cells (presynaptic sides) and axons (postsynaptic side). The nerve fiber plexes of Anoptichthys type II and type III taste buds contain significantly more axon profiles than those of Astyanax . This may be associated with a compensatory improvement of the sense of taste in the blind, cave‐dwelling fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:428–444, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic reaction after concentric and eccentric endurance-exercise of the knee and ankle
2001-05-01

It remains uncertain whether the lower metabolic stress might be useful during the training process. A greater scope of training and increased number of training stimuli might be applied in primarily eccentric forms of exercise.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: An International Perspective
2001-05-01

This article represents the proceedings of a workshop at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were Kenneth R. Warren and Faye J. Calhoun. The presentations were (1) Epidemiological research on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the United States, by Philip A. May; (2) An overview of fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, by Denis L. Viljoen and Ting-Kai Li; (3) Diagnostic perspectives of fetal alcohol and tobacco syndromes, by Harumi Tanaka; (4) FAS among pupils of special boarding schools and orphanages in Moscow, Russia, by Galina S. Marinicheva and Luther K. Robinson; and (5) Research on FAS and FAE in Germany: Update and perspectives, by Goetz Mundle.
ERP correlates of associative learning
2001-05-01

We examined changes of event‐related potentials (ERPs) while participants learned stimulus‐to‐stimulus relations in an S1‐S2 task. The design allowed for separating processes of associative learning from nonspecific effects. Participants had to respond to S2 by a left or right key‐press dependent on S2 identity (letter W or M ). Preparation for S2 could be improved by using the associative information given by S1. The S1 was an arrow pointing to the left or right. In combination with its color, arrow direction was informative about location and identity of S2, but participants were not informed about the relevance of color. Arrows in two of the colors were fully predictive for the S2 whereas the third color gave no valid information. This third stimulus controlled for habituation and procedural learning. Six blocks with 200 trials each and all three S1 colors in random order were presented. Behavioral and ERP differences in each block between “learning” and control trials were used to identify processes of associative learning. Several effects of associative learning were identified indicating the involvement of specific stages of information processing: a continuous increase of P3 amplitude evoked by S1 was accompanied by a decrease of P3 evoked by S2. These changes reflected the modifications of stimulus weights for response selection and the strengthened association between the two stimulus complexes in the time course of learning. The related motor preparation benefited from learning too, expressed in a decrease of CNV amplitude and an increase of LRP amplitude. Finally a decrease of N1 amplitude evoked by S2 indicated the reduced need to allocate spatial attention to the S2 location according to the learned meaning of S1.
Hall state quantization in a rotating frame
2001-05-01

We derive electromagnetomotive force fields for charged particles moving in a rotating Hall sample, satisfying a twofold U(1) gauge invariance principle. It is then argued that the phase coherence property of quantization of the line integral of total collective particle momentum into multiples of Planck's quantum of action is solely responsible for quantization in the Hall state. As a consequence, the height of the Hall quantization steps should remain invariant in a rapidly rotating Hall probe. Quantum Hall particle conductivities do not depend on charge and mass of the electron, and are quantized in units of the inverse of Planck's action quantum.
Coherent and incoherent π0 photoproduction from the deuteron
2001-05-01

Differential cross-sections for the reactions d(gamma,pi (o))d and d(gamma,pi (o))pn have been measured at MAMI with the TAPS detector setup in the energy range 140 MeV &lt; E-&lt;gamma&gt; &lt; 306 MeV. By use of the Glasgow tagging spectrometer an 0.8 MeV energy resolution for photons incident on the target was achieved. The &lt;pi&gt;(o) missing energy resolution was sufficient for a reliable separation of coherent and incoherent channels. The data for the break-up channel exhibit very strong final state interaction effects, whereas the observed angular dependence of the inclusive process d(gamma, pi (o))X is in quantitative agreement with predictions for a quasi-free process. The observed absolute d(gamma, pi (o))X cross-sections, on, the other hand, are significantly smaller than predicted by the quasi-free process for E-gamma greater than or similar to 250 MeV. Associating this failure with the pi (o) photoproduction on the neutron would suggest that its cross-section is up to 25% below the presently believed value.
Immunological consolidation of ovarian carcinoma recurrences with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody ACA125: immune responses and survival in palliative treatment. See The biology behind: K. A. Foon and M. Bhattacharya-Chatterjee, Are solid tumor anti-idiotype vaccines ready for prime time? Clin. Cancer Res., 7:1112-1115, 2001.
2001-05-01

The aim of the present study was to assess whether the induction of specific immune responses by vaccination with the murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody ACA125, which imitates the tumor-associated antigen CA125, has a positive influence on the survival of patients with recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Forty-two patients with platinum-pretreated recurrences were included in a clinical Phase I/II trial of consolidation in third-line therapy. Patients initially received four immunizations with 2 mg of alum-precipitated anti-idiotype ACA125 every 2 weeks and then monthly applications. No serious allergic reactions could be detected within a maximal control period of 56 months. Hyperimmune sera of 27 of 42 patients (64.2%) showed increased concentrations of human antimouse antibodies. Specific anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies as a marker for induced immunity were detected in 28 of 42 patients (66.7%). The survival of the whole ACA125-treated collective of patients after a mean of 12.6 antibody applications was 14.9 +/- 12.9 months. The survival of patients with a positive immune response was 19.9 +/- 13.1 months in contrast with 5.3 +/- 4.3 months in those patients without detectable anti-CA125 immunity (P < 0.0001). According to these results, vaccination with a suitable anti-idiotypic antibody offers an effective way to induce specific immunity against a primarily nonimmunogenic tumor antigen such as CA125 and is associated with a positive impact on the survival of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer with few side effects, which warrants a Phase III trial for ovarian cancer patients after primary therapy.
Pharmacological Relapse Prevention in Alcohol Dependence: From Animal Models to Clinical Trials
2001-05-01

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were Jobst August-Ludwig Boening and Otto Michel Lesch. The presentations were (1) Pharmacological validation of a new animal model of alcoholism, by Rainer Spanagel; (2) Persisting loss of control as main criterion for alcohol addiction in rats and mice, by Jochen Wolffgramm; (3) Role of NMDA receptor subunits associated with protein kinase C in the prevention of alcohol dependence, by Minoru Narita; (4) Long-term follow up of continued naltrexone treatment, by David Sinclair; (5) Pharmacological treatment trials with dopaminergic and serotonergic substances: Myths or facts? by Gerhard A. Wiesbeck; and (6) Methodology and behavioral therapy of the U.S. acamprosate study, by Barbara J. Mason.
Cadherins and Integrins in Renal Cell Carcinoma an Immunohistochemical Study
2001-05-01

Aims and Background The aim of this study was to determine the expression of cadherins and integrins in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and their relationship with tumor morphology and TNM status. Methods Cadherin and integrin expression was investigated using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, applying antibodies to E-, N-, P- and VE-cadherin and to α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4 , α 5 , α 6 and α v integrin subunits. Correlation of semiquantitatively scored adhesion molecule levels with histopathological parameters (cytology, growth pattern, nuclear grade) and TNM status was performed for 24 RCCs (17 clear cell, 3 granular, 3 spindle cell and 1 chromophobe cell type according to the WHO classification). Results E-cadherin and N-cadherin were present in most cases (88% and 67%, respectively) and were usually coex-pressed. T3 RCCs displayed higher E-cadherin and N-cadherin levels than T1/T2 tumors regardless of tumor grade, suggesting that impairment of their function might exist without actual loss from tumor cells. P-cadherin was found focally in two RCCs only, while VE-cadherin was present on stromal vessel endothelium in five tumors, showing no differences with regard to cell type, growth pattern, tumor grade or TNM status. All integrins were present in the studied RCCs (ranging from 12% for α 5 to 79% for α 3 ), including those that are normally absent from adult kidney tissue (α 4 and α 5 ). Tumors of higher grade showed increased α v and decreased α 6 levels, while RCCs with metastases less often showed diffuse α 3 presence and never expressed α 5 integrin. Conclusions Our results suggest that the level of expression of N-cadherin and some integrins (most notably α 3 , α 6 , and α 5 ) is associated with the capacity of RCC for local and distant spread, regardless of tumor grade.
Technical results of falloposcopy for infertility diagnosis in a large multicentre study*
2001-05-01

Despite increasing evidence of its potential clinical value, falloposcopy has not yet found widespread use. In a large prospective international multicentre study we investigated the hypothesis that limited technical reproducibility may be of crucial significance in this regard. From 1994 to 1998, data on 367 patients with 639 tubes were recorded from 18 centres (median number of falloposcopies 22). Falloposcopy was performed using hysteroscopic ostium access, coaxial tubal cannulation and retrograde visualization under laparoscopic control. The procedure was successful in 69.6% of the tubes. Failures occurred in 6.1% during hysteroscopy, in 10.6% during the cannulation step and in 16.4% during visualization. While predominantly intracavitary pathology or thick endometrium were found to interfere with hysteroscopic ostium access, technical insufficiencies resulting in catheter damage or vision disturbing light reflexions were identified to be responsible for most cannulation and visualization failures, confirming the importance of these factors. The number of patients who received a complete falloposcopic evaluation did not exceed 57%. Additionally, 23.7% of patients may have profited from unilateral success depending on the individual indication. As a consequence of these technically limited results it was concluded that the method currently qualifies for selected indications rather than for routine clinical application.
Rod-/L-cone and rod-/M-cone interactions in electroretinograms at different temporal frequencies
2001-05-01

We recorded electroretinograms (ERGs) under stimulus conditions that only modulated one cone type: either the L- or the M-cones. In these conditions the rods were also modulated. We measured the ERG responses at different temporal frequencies. A simple model that assumes that the first harmonic components of the responses are the result of a vector addition of rod- and cone-driven ERG responses can explain the data satisfactorily for temporal frequencies at and above 6 Hz. From fits of the model to the data, estimates of the gains and phases of the rod- and cone-driven responses can be obtained. At 6 Hz, the fundamental responses originate exclusively in the rods. The gains of the cone-driven responses are substantial at the other temporal frequencies, are maximal at 12 or 18 Hz, and then decrease with increasing temporal frequencies. The gains of the rod-driven responses decrease more steeply with increasing temporal frequencies than the cone gains. Furthermore, the rod and cone phases decrease approximately linearly with temporal frequency, suggesting that they are mainly determined by a response delay. The response delay in the rod-driven ERGs is larger than in the cone-driven ERGs.
Dopamine D2‐like receptors and amino acid‐induced glomerular hyperfiltration in humans
2001-05-01

Aims In rodents, blockade of dopamine D 2 ‐like receptors abolishes both the physiological increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) induced by amino acids and the pathological hyperfiltration in experimental diabetes mellitus. This study addressed the contribution of dopamine D 2 ‐like receptors to changes in renal haemodynamics after amino acid infusion in humans. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers participated in this double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over study. GFR and renal blood flow (RPF) were assessed by renal clearance of inulin and p ‐aminohippuric acid (PAH), respectively. Following infusion of 0.45% saline at baseline, an electrolyte‐balanced solution of mixed amino acids (10%) was infused. Prior to the experiments, the subjects received orally either placebo, or sulpiride (10 mg kg −1 ), a centrally and peripherally acting D 2 ‐like receptor antagonist, or domperidone (1 mg kg −1 ) which affects only peripheral D 2 ‐like receptors. Results In the placebo series, amino acid infusion significantly increased GFR and RPF by up to 15.8 ± 5.3% and 14.4 ± 6.1%, respectively, while mean blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged. Pretreatment with domperidone only marginally altered the renal response to amino acids (maximal increase by 13.2 ± 5.6 and 11.9 ± 4.0% in GFR and RPF, respectively), while sulpiride completely abolished the renal haemodynamic changes induced by amino acids. Total and fractional urinary sodium excretion as well as urinary osmolality were similar at baseline and increased in response to amino acids, to the same extent, in all series. No changes in renal dopamine excretion occurred. Conclusion The results indicate that in man dopamine D 2 ‐like receptors are involved in the renal haemodynamic response to amino acid infusion. Whether dopamine D 2 ‐like receptor blockade diminishes glomerular hyperfiltration in pathological states requires clinical investigations.
Individual cathepsins degrade immune complexes internalized by antigen-presenting cells via Fcγ receptors
2001-05-01

We have analyzed the intracellular degradation of an immune complex after its FcgammaR-mediated uptake in antigen-presenting cells (APC). Mice that lack the cathepsins (Cat) S, L, B and D allowed us to assess the direct contribution of these individual proteases to the processing events observed. CatS and CatB mediate the bulk of degradation of the Ig-125I-labeled F(ab')2 immune complex delivered via FcgammaR, while CatL and CatD are dispensable. CatS and CatB are involved in independent processing pathways and can substitute in part for each other's absence. The combined ablation of both proteases reduces the rate of degradation observed by > 80 %. CatB is required for the generation of F(ab')23, a predominant degradation intermediate smaller by approximately 3 kDa than the 125I-labeled F(ab')2 itself. In addition, absence of CatB in vivo significantly affects the activity pattern of the remaining cysteine proteases. Thus, we conclude that CatB is a key enzyme for the proper degradation of an immune complex taken up by FcgammaR and for the control of protease activity in the endocytic pathway of APC.
Pharmacological Relapse Prevention in Alcohol Dependence: From Animal Models to Clinical Trials
2001-05-01

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were Jobst August‐Ludwig Boening and Otto Michel Lesch. The presentations were (1) Pharmacological validation of a new animal model of alcoholism, by Rainer Spanagel; (2) Persisting loss of control as main criterion for alcohol addiction in rats and mice, by Jochen Wolffgramm; (3) Role of NMDA receptor subunits associated with protein kinase C in the prevention of alcohol dependence, by Minoru Narita; (4) Long‐term follow up of continued naltrexone treatment, by David Sinclair; (5) Pharmacological treatment trials with dopaminergic and serotonergic substances: Myths or facts? by Gerhard A. Wiesbeck; and (6) Methodology and behavioral therapy of the U.S. acamprosate study, by Barbara J. Mason.