julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The Theoretical Framework and Realistic Direction of Das Kapital
2021-01-01

This paper combs the creation, publication, dissemination, and internal logical system structure of Das Kapital.It is proposed that the logical starting point of understanding Das Kapital is to understand the motivation of Marx's research on economic problems, and the logical framework is to grasp the basic principles and overall structure of the four volumes of Das Kapital.To study Das Kapital, we should tightly integrate the reality of China's economic development and give full play to the practical guiding role of theory.This article explains the contemporary value of Das Kapital from three aspects: first, the regularity of Das Kapital provides important enlightenment for understanding contemporary capitalism and building China's socialist economy; second, Das Kapital is an important ideological source of Xi Jinping's new socialist economic thought with China's characteristics in the new era; third, Das Kapital is a socialist political economy with China's characteristics.
Vandalism in the system of statutory evaluation: a comparative analysis of the Russian and German legislation
2021-01-01

The article presents an experience of comparing the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and of the Federal Republic of Germany (Strafgesetzbuch), aimed at protecting social interaction and public order from vandalism. The purpose of the given comparison was an attempt to form a holistic treatment of the phenomenon of vandalism from the point of view of statutory evaluation. To make the comparison, a comparative legal analysis of the relevant norms was selected as a tool. As a result, the authors have identified the similarities and differences in the structure of legal norms, in the terminology, the existence of related norms protecting against encroachment on public order – those similar to antivandal measures, the specificity of public relations, as well as personal property rights. The prospect of further research on the legal status of vandalism in different countries has been outlined.
Extraction of Dwellings of Displaced Persons from VHR Radar Imagery – A Review on Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
2021-01-01

While many studies exist to identify buildings from optical satellite images, radar-based approaches are still lacking in humanitarian contexts. This article outlines the main challenges related to scattering mechanisms returning from huts, tents, informal dwellings, and their natural surroundings, but also from geometric distortions caused by the side-looking radar aperture. An outlook summarizes how these limitations can be overcome by image enhancement or multi-image composites, but also by advanced methods on building extraction, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This article aims to stimulate scientific debate and to lay a foundation for the development of new methods.
Fuelling Earliest Life — Volatile Organic Compounds in 3.5 GA Old Fluid Inclusions
2021-01-01

Summary It is widely accepted that small organic molecules played a central role in the emergence of life on Earth. As yet, however, there has been no conclusive evidence for the existence of the discussed relevant candidate molecules on early Earth. Here we report on indigenous, biologically-relevant organic molecules in 3.5 Ga old barite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Dresser Formation in Western Australia. We characterized the organic inventories by combining fluid inclusion petrography, stable isotope analysis and different GC-MS techniques. Our study establishes a primary origin of the fluid inclusions. They contain CO2, H2S and H2O, minor amounts of COS, CS2, N2, and CH4 as well as various oxygen and/or sulfur containing organic molecules. Notably, most of the identified compounds could have served as substrate for purported ancestral sulphur and methanogenic metabolisms. Perhaps most remarkably, the fluid inclusions also contain the stable building blocks of methyl thioacetate which is a potential key-agent in the emergence of life. Thus, our study provides the first robust evidence for the existence of such organic compounds on the early Earth and strongly supports the idea that microbial life in the 3.5 Ga old Dresser Formation was linked to hydrothermal seepage.
Demonstrating the Impact of the Adsorbate Orientation on the Charge Transfer at Organic–Metal Interfaces
2021-01-01

Charge-transfer processes at molecule–metal interfaces play a key role in tuning the charge injection properties in organic-based devices and thus, ultimately, the device performance. Here, the metal’s work function and the adsorbate’s electron affinity are the key factors that govern the electron transfer at the organic/metal interface. In our combined experimental and theoretical work, we demonstrate that the adsorbate’s orientation may also be decisive for the charge transfer. By thermal cycloreversion of diheptacene isomers, we manage to produce highly oriented monolayers of the rodlike, electron-acceptor molecule heptacene on a Cu(110) surface with molecules oriented either along or perpendicular to the close-packed metal rows. This is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images as well as by angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS). By utilizing photoemission tomography momentum maps, we show that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is fully occupied and also, the LUMO + 1 gets significantly filled when heptacene is oriented along the Cu rows. Conversely, for perpendicularly aligned heptacene, the molecular energy levels are shifted significantly toward the Fermi energy, preventing charge transfer to the LUMO + 1. These findings are fully confirmed by our density functional calculations and demonstrate the possibility to tune the charge transfer and level alignment at organic–metal interfaces through the adjustable molecular alignment.
Reciprocal Student–Teacher Feedback: Effects on Perceived Quality of Cooperation and Teacher Health
2021-01-01

Abstract High lesson quality in schools is, in addition to other factors, the result of good cooperation between teachers and students. The long history of research on offer-use models of lesson quality and student–teacher relationships documents this interaction. Feedback focused on expressing the quality of cooperation can lead to higher quality of cooperation. The fact that feedback is reciprocal, from teacher to student and vice versa, helps to avoid effects of perceived injustice and rejections of feedback which otherwise are severe obstacles to the efficient use of feedback. High-frequency applications of feedback allow for the timely detection of (positive and negative) critical fluctuations of cooperation between individuals and groups and for the monitoring of processes of adaptation, as shown in other areas of applied psychology. This chapter describes the theoretical parameters of such a feedback method for students and teachers, and outlines results of an empirical study on the effects of the reciprocal method on (1) perceived quality of cooperation and (2) teacher health. Results show that, subsequent to a three-month period of reciprocal feedback, the quality of cooperation as perceived by both students and their teachers increases significantly and teacher health scores improve significantly. Reciprocal feedback techniques should be considered in teacher education and teacher training as a way to help teachers to initiate processes of improvement of lesson quality.
Gombrowicz in Transnational Context: Translation, Affect, and Politics. Ed. Silvia G. Dapía. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2019. xvi, 282 pp. Bibliography. Index. $160.00, hard bound.
2021-01-01

Gombrowicz in Transnational Context: Translation, Affect, and Politics. Ed. Silvia G. Dapía. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2019. xvi, 282 pp. Bibliography. Index. $160.00, hard bound. - Volume 80 Issue 2
Liedkultur des 17. Jahrhunderts als Übersetzungskultur
2021-01-01

Zusammenfassung In our paper we analyse translations of Italian and French songs into German from the late sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. The methods of translation employed range from a narrow focus on the words and music of the original song to free variation. Analysing the bimedial relationship of words and music is the principal focus of our study. We ask: What consequences does a translation have for the text-sound relationship? In the first part of the study, we develop a heuristic methodology that describes this phenomenon while taking into account the cultural context of each translation. In the second part, we put this model to the test by examining a prominent song collection: Heinrich Albert’s Arien oder Melodeyen (Königsberg, 1638–1650), which contains a large number of as yet unidentified French and Italian originals. Two case studies on the translation of an Air de Cour and an Italian aria, as well as reflections on the digital accessibility of song translation, conclude the paper.
Hierarchical Planning in Multilayered State-Action Networks
2021-01-01

The ability to decompose large tasks into smaller subtasks allows humans to solve complex problems step-by-step.To transfer this ability to an automated system, we propose a spiking neural network inspired by the neurobiological mechanics of spatial cognition to represent space on multiple levels of abstraction.As behavioral experiments suggest that humans integrate spatial knowledge in a graph of places, neurons in the state-action network encode locations while connections between them represent transition actions.In a series of simulation experiments, the influence of hierarchy on planning speed and on the resulting route choice in comparison to single-level models is investigated.We find that the model chooses biased subgoals in line with experiments on human navigation.
On the Question of the Hierarchy of Legal Orders: Three Examples from Early Carolingian Frisia
2021-01-01

The article examines the evidence from sources about the legal orders in historical Frisia, the territory of the modern Netherlands, in the Carolingian era — from 777 to 806. During the Charlemagne’s reign, these territories completely entered the Frankish Realm and were christianized. Therefore, the idea of the hierarchy of legal orders on these lands at the turn of the 8th and the 9th century provides an important evidence for the dynamic processes, going in the legal consciousness of the early medieval society. The sources include the private charters of Liudger, abbot of the monastery Werden an der Ruhr, preserved in the cartulary of the 9th century and in royal diplomas. In the three-parted study are being sequentially examined the charters of land donations to the monastery and the diplomas of Charlemagne, the main attention is focused on the charters of 793 and 802, as well as the diploma of 777. The author makes a conclusion about coexistence of various legal orders in the early Carolingian Frisia: based on personal, informal relations between the donor of the land and its recipient, supported by arguments from public law relations. This order is typical for actions within a local community. The legal order brought into this local world by the royal power through the sovereign&amp;apos;s messengers and counts becomes impersonal, uses the concepts of legality and prevails over a larger territory, no longer in micro-, but in mesospaces. Finally, the royal power, in its appeal to counts and other judges of large districts, maintains a public-legal and formal relationship and operates in large macrospaces.
Halogens in serpentinised-troctolites (Atlantis Massif): implications for the role of serpentinization in volatile subduction budgets
2021-01-01

The Atlantis Massif is an example of an oceanic core complex on the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge.The lithologies recovered from IODP Hole 1309D are dominated by gabbros and troctolites (>45 vol.% olivine) considered representative of the primitive lithologies expected in lower oceanic crust elsewhere.Previous work has shown that the troctolites are variably serpentinised and formed reactive, permeable fluid pathways in the lower crust.Samples of serpentinised-troctolite (n = 11) from Hole 1309D mostly have 20-40 ppm F, 200-2000 ppm Cl, 0.3-5 ppm Br, 2-10 ppb I.The combined data define a mixing trend in Br/Cl-I/Cl space between end-members representing seawater and pristine crust (similar to MORB).In contrast, most gabbroic samples (n = 11) have a similar range of F concentrations but much lower concentrations of 20-200 ppm Cl together with variable Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios intermediate of pristine crust and amphibole, which preferentially excludes Br and I relative to Cl.The range of Br/Cl and I/Cl in the serpentinised-troctolites confirms that serpentine-minerals can preserve seawater-like Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios.In contrast, forearc-and ophiolitic-serpentinites commonly have very high Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios overlapping sediment pore waters.Arc lavas have variable I/Cl and Br/Cl ratios overlapping the range of serpentinised-troctolites and significantly lower than typical of forearc-serpentinites 1 .The new data are therefore consistent with seafloor-and/or slab-bend-serpentinites (and not forearc-serpentinites) as major sources of Cl in subduction zones.Subduction of serpentinites formed from seawater (with low I/Cl ratios) could also explain a suggested decrease in mantle I/Cl over Earth history 1 .The high concentration of Cl in serpentinised-troctolites and the expected presence of troctolites in lower oceanic crust elsewhere imply that serpentinisation of lower crustal lithologies, as well as the lithospheric mantle, should be included in volatile subduction budgets.Including serpentinised-troctolites from the lower crust in subduction budgets helps explain the presence of seawater-derived volatiles (H 2 O, halogens, noble gases) in the Earth's mantle.1 -Kendrick, Danyushevsky, Falloon, Woodhead, Arculus, Ireland, 2020.SW Pacific arc and backarc lavas and the role of slab-bend serpentinites in the global halogen cycle.EPSL 530, 115921.
Association between iron (Fe) and particulate organic matter (POM): sorption and redox buffering
2021-01-01

The biogeochemical cycles of iron and carbon are tightly coupled in soils and sediments.A large fraction (20-40%) of soil organic carbon (in the form of natural organic matter (NOM)) is hypothesized to be protected from microbial decomposition and subsequent release as CO 2 by association with iron (Fe) species.This association may be in the form of sorption or coprecipitation with iron (Fe)-bearing minerals or complexation with dissolved Fe.Additionally, association with organic carbon may protect the reduced form of iron (Fe(II)) from oxidation to Fe(III), resulting in higher concentrations of Fe(II) in oxic systems than thermodynamically predicted.This interaction between Fe and NOM controls the stability of terrestrial organic carbon, bioavailability of Fe(II) and Fe(III), and pollutant reduction coupled to Fe(II).While interactions between Fe and dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been studied extensively, Feparticulate organic matter (POM) interfacial processes are largely unknown.This knowledge gap is critical given that the majority of organic carbon is in particulate form and POM is composed of chemical functional groups that are different from those in DOM.This project investigates reactions between iron (Fe(II) and Fe(III)) with particulate organic matter (POM).To discern whether the reactivity of these Fe-POM phases is dependent upon the functional group composition within POM, we conducted experiments using peat POM sourced from bogs and IHSS peat POM sourced from marshes.We first synthesized Fe-POM phases via different formation pathways and determined the Fe content and speciation.We then exposed these phases to alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions that are representative of subsurface environments.Over the course of redox cycles, we quantified Fe speciation and release and determined the mineralogy of the reaction products.The results of this work provide insight into the stability of Fe-OM phases in the environment, ultimately improving our understanding of organic carbon and iron biogeochemical cycling.
Mo isotope systematics of the Solander and Little Solander adakitic rocks
2021-01-01

The Mo stable isotopic system is a promising tool to trace and characterize recycled crustal components in the mantle [e.g., 1,2,3].However, reaching its full potential will require a better understanding of the processes driving Mo isotope fractionation at subduction zones.In particular, the behavior of Mo isotopes during eclogite melting remains unclear.In order to shed light on this topic, we measured the Mo isotopic composition (δ 98/95 Mo) of adakitic rocks from the Solander and Little Solander Islands, inferred to derive from an eclogite melt-bearing mantle source [4].The sample set is ideal to assess pure eclogite melt signals as no subducted sediment component has been detected in the source [4].Furthermore, the magmas appear unaffected by crustal assimilation and the effect of other crustal-depth magmatic processes can be assessed via samples of different degree of differentiation.We show that significant δ 98/95 Mo variations exist among the samples, with values ranging from -0.39‰ to +0.47‰ (relative to NIST SRM3134).These variations are inferred to result from magmatic differentiation with at least two different processes involved.Amphibole fractionation is thought to play a significant role, driving magma signatures toward heavy δ 98/95 Mo.Conversely, another mechanism, possibly fluid exsolution, drove magma compositions toward lighter values, as recorded by the δ 98/95 Mo of samples with MgO < 2.5 wt.%.The most primitive rocks (MgO = 4.1-5.8wt.%) show the lightest compositions of the sample set.These values are significantly lighter than the depleted mantle [2] and require δ 98/95 Mo < -0.4‰ for the eclogite melts added to the mantle wedge.These findings provide important constraints for the modelling of Mo isotope partitionning during slab melting, and therefore the δ 98/95 Mo of the associated residual slabs and arc crust.
Molybdenum isotope systematics at the Tonga subduction zone: The role of the metasomatized forearc mantle
2021-01-01

Molybdenum isotopes have emerged as novel tracers of metal recycling in subduction zones.Open questions remain as to what extent different subducted lithologies, such as oceanic crust and marine sediments, contribute to the Mo isotope signature of arc magmas and hence exert different controls on the terrestrial Mo cycle.To address this, we investigate the Mo isotope signature of input to output at the Tonga subduction zone: basalts and basaltic andesites from different Tongan islands together with pelagic sediments and altered oceanic crust (AOC) samples at DSDP site 595/596 on the subducting Pacific plate.These are complemented by Mo isotope analyses of exhumed subducted sediments and AOC from the Western Alps and Alpine Corsica, which allow to study the fate of Mo with progressive subduction to eclogite facies conditions.Manganese oxides control Mo concentration and Mo isotope signature in studied pelagic sediments.Their subducted equivalents, pelagic Mn-rich metapelites, display extremely low Mo content and low δ 98/95 Mo indicating prominent loss of isotopically heavy Mo already in the forearc.Also, Mo signatures in mafic eclogites are within the range of AOC, yet extending towards lower δ 98/95 Mo.This is likely due to isotope fractionation during fluid-related Mo mobilization and incorporation of light Mo into residual rutile.Our data thus document prominent loss of isotopically heavy Mo upon early subduction metamorphism.Moreover, when prograde rutile crystallizes, it fixes the largest fraction of Mo in subducting rocks.Consequently, it is very unlikely that slab dehydration processes at subarc depths can account for the observed positive covariations of Mo/Ce and δ 98/95 Mo with fluid indices, such as Pb/Ce and Ba/Th, in Tongan arc lavas.We suggest that Mo systematics in Tongan arc lavas are the result of fluid-induced Mo mobilization and forearc mantle serpentinization during early stages of subduction.Subsequent mechanical transport and devolatiziation of this metasomatized forearc mantle material at subarc regions is a plausible alternative recycling process.This is supported by positive covariations of Mo/Ce and δ 98/95 Mo with other fluid mobile elements that are commonly enriched in the metasomatized forearc mantle, such as As, Sb and Cs.
Exploring the selenium isotope record in the Archean mantle
2021-01-01

Selenium (Se) isotopes have arisen as a promising tool to address the Earth's volatile origin and evolution.In a recent study, we reported the selenium isotope composition of post-Archean mantle peridotites and discussed their role in providing a Bulk Silicate Earth signature [1].To better understand the Earth's mantle volatile evolution, we explore the Se isotope record in the Archean mantle.Preliminary data of mantle peridotites from the Kaapvaal Craton (3.3-3.5 Ga) in South Africa show larger Se isotope variations than the average post-Archean mantle peridotites.Therefore, it is intriguing to envisage a scenario where the observed isotopic variability might indicate ubiquitous pre-late veneer mantle domains that escaped complete equilibration with the late accreted chondritic materials, as previously invoked in other studies (e.g., [2], [3]).However, a firm assessment of secondary, non-magmatic processes like volatile-escape during emplacement and even supergene weathering is necessary before such conclusions can be drawn.For a broader picture, we will further include komatiites from the 3.5 Ga Komati formation of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) and the 2.7 Ga Abitibi Greenstone belt (Canada) in this investigation.
Improving quantification of iron-associated organic carbon in organic-rich soils
2021-01-01

Reactive iron (Fe) minerals can act as an important trap for organic carbon (OC) by coprecipitation and sorption and can therefore protect the associated OC against decomposition [1].In organic-rich permafrost soils approximately 20% of OC has been found associated with Fe in oxic soil layers [2,3].Upon transition to reducing conditions due to permafrost thaw, however, Feassociated OC is released by microbial Fe(III)-reduction and dissolution of minerals.This carbon may then become available for microbial degradation [3].The susceptibility of the rusty carbon sink to changing redox conditions and its importance for understanding the fate of OC under changing climate demonstrates a need for accurate quantification of Fe-associated OC, which so far is determined by extraction with dithionite.However, many different variations of dithionite extraction methods exist, mostly optimised for soils and marine sediments, with variations in parameters such as solid-to-solution ratio, dithionite concentration or ratio of dithionite to sample, temperature, pH (use of buffer or unbuffered extraction), extraction time, rinsing steps, etc.. Differences in extraction methods may lead to different extraction efficiencies and therefore concentrations of Fe-associated OC may not be comparable across studies.Here we compare the extraction of reducible Fe from peat mixed with ferrihydrite and synthetic Fe-OC coprecipitates in different ratios while varying dithionite concentration, extraction time, and rinsing methods in a citratebicarbonate buffered and non-buffered extractant.We test the necessary reducing power of dithionite to extract the target Fe fraction, the potential limits of Fe reduction and define the optimum extraction time.Furthermore, we evaluate the chemical modification of OC in a carbon-rich sample by the extractant and assess the potential to use a carbon-free extractant solution to be able to analyse both DOC in the extract and in the remaining solid.An improved extraction method for Fe-associated OC will contribute to a better understanding of Fe-associated OC in organic-rich soils and its accessibility for microbial degradation.