julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia
2014-04-21

Significance Current consensus indicates that modern humans originated from an ancestral African population between ∼100–200 ka. The ensuing dispersal pattern is controversial, yet has important implications for the demographic history and genetic/phenotypic structure of extant human populations. We test for the first time to our knowledge the spatiotemporal dimensions of competing out-of-Africa dispersal models, analyzing in parallel genomic and craniometric data. Our results support an initial dispersal into Asia by a southern route beginning as early as ∼130 ka and a later dispersal into northern Eurasia by ∼50 ka. Our findings indicate that African Pleistocene population structure may account for observed plesiomorphic genetic/phenotypic patterns in extant Australians and Melanesians. They point to an earlier out-of-Africa dispersal than previously hypothesized.
Combined intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion tensor imaging of renal diffusion and flow anisotropy
2014-04-21

Purpose We used a combined intravoxel incoherent motion–diffusion tensor imaging (IVIM‐DTI) methodology to distinguish structural from flow effects on renal diffusion anisotropy. Methods Eight volunteers were examined with IVIM‐DTI at 3T with 20 diffusion directions and 10 b ‐values. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) from DTI analysis were calculated for low ( b ≤ 200 s/mm 2 ), high ( b &gt; 200 s/mm 2 ), and full b ‐value ranges. IVIM‐parameters perfusion‐fraction f P , pseudo‐diffusivity D p , and tissue‐diffusivity D t were first calculated independently on a voxelwise basis for all directions. After estimating a fixed isotropic f p from these data, global anisotropies of D t and D p in the cortex and medulla were determined in a constrained cylindrical description and visualized using polar plots and cosine scatterplots. Results For all b ‐value ranges, medullary FA was significantly higher than that of the cortex. The corticomedullary difference was smaller for the high b ‐value range. Significantly higher f p and D t were determined for the cortex and showed a significantly higher directional variance in the medulla. Polar plot analysis displayed nearly isotropic D p and D t in the cortex and anisotropy in the medulla. Conclusion Both flow and microstructure apparently contribute to the medullary diffusion anisotropy. The described novel method may be useful in separating decreased tubular flow from irreversible structural tubular damage, for example, in diabetic nephropathy or during allograft rejection. Magn Reson Med 73:1526–1532, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nasal bone length, prenasal thickness, prenasal thickness‐to‐nasal bone length ratio and prefrontal space ratio in second‐ and third‐trimester fetuses with Down syndrome
2014-04-21

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate nasal bone length ( NBL ), prenasal thickness ( PT ), prenasal thickness‐to‐nasal bone length ( PT‐NBL ) ratio and prefrontal space ratio ( PFSR ) as markers for Down syndrome in the second and third trimesters. Methods NBL , PT , PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR were measured retrospectively in stored two‐dimensional images or three‐dimensional volumes (corrected to the mid‐sagittal plane) of fetuses with Down syndrome, which were retrieved from the digital databases of participating units. Measurements were performed on the stored images and volumes by two experienced operators, and the values obtained were compared to our previously reported normal ranges for euploid fetuses in order to assess the detection rates for Down syndrome. Results A total of 159 fetuses with Down syndrome were included in the analysis, six of which were excluded because of inadequate available images. Median maternal age was 36.0 years and median gestational age was 23 + 1 weeks. NBL and PT were correlated with gestational age ( P &lt; 0.001), but the PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR were not. Mean NBL , PT , PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR were 4.42 mm, 5.56 mm, 1.26 and 0.34, respectively. The nasal bone was absent in 23 (15.4%) cases. As a marker for Down syndrome, the PT‐NBL ratio yielded the highest detection rate (86.2%), followed by PFSR (79.7%), PT (63.4%) and NBL (61.9%). All markers were abnormal in 33.6% of cases, whilst all were normal in 4.7%. At least one of the four markers was abnormal in 95.3%, and either the PT‐NBL ratio or PFSR was abnormal in 93.8%. Detection rates were not related to gestational age. Conclusions The PT‐NBL ratio and PFSR are robust second‐ and third‐trimester markers for Down syndrome. Both provide high detection rates and are easy to use, as the cut‐off for normality is constant throughout gestation. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.
Towards higher accuracy and better frequency response with standard multi-hole probes in turbulence measurement with remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)
2014-04-22

Abstract. This study deals with the problem of turbulence measurement with small remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). It shows how multi-hole probes (MHPs) can be used to measure fluctuating parts of the airflow in flight up to 20 Hz. Accurate measurement of the transient wind in the outdoor environment is needed for the estimation of the 3-D wind vector as well as turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum, water vapour, etc. In comparison to an established MHP system, experiments were done to show how developments of the system setup can improve data quality. The study includes a re-evaluation of the pneumatic tubing setup, the conversion from pressures to airspeed, the pressure transducers, and the data acquisition system. In each of these fields, the steps that were taken lead to significant improvements. A spectral analysis of airspeed data obtained in flight tests shows the capability of the system to measure atmospheric turbulence up to the desired frequency range.
OnabotulinumtoxinA 100U provides significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms in patients with urinary incontinence regardless of the number of anticholinergic therapies used or reason for inadequate management of overactive bladder
2014-04-22

In patients with symptoms of OAB who were inadequately managed by one or more anticholinergics, onabotulinumtoxinA 100U provided significant and similar treatment benefit and safety profile regardless of the number of prior anticholinergics used or reason for inadequate management of OAB. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00910845, NCT00910520.
Antiviral activity of Ladania067, an extract from wild black currant leaves against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo
2014-04-22

Influenza, a respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses, still represents a major threat to humans and several animal species. Besides vaccination, only two classes of drugs are available for antiviral treatment against this pathogen. Thus, there is a strong need for new effective antivirals against influenza viruses. Here, we tested Ladania067, an extract from the leaves of the wild black currant (Ribes nigrum folium) for potential antiviral activity against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. In the range of 0-1 mg/ml the extract showed no cytotoxic effect on three cell lines and a CC50 of 0.5 ± 0.3 mg/ml, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, the extract did not influence the proliferative status of human lymphocytes. In contrast, Ladania067 was highly effective (EC50 value: 49.3 ± 1.1 ng/ml) against the human pandemic influenza virus strain A/Regensburg/D6/09 (H1N1). The extract exhibited an antiviral effect when the virus was pre-incubated prior to infection or when added directly after infection. No antiviral effect was found when infected cells were treated 2, 4, or 8 h after infection, indicating that Ladania067 blocks a very early step in the virus infection cycle. In the mouse infection model we were able to demonstrate that an intranasal application of 500 μg Ladania067 inhibits progeny virus titers in the lung up to 85% after 24 h. We conclude that the extract from the leaves of the wild black currant may be a promising source for the identification of new molecules with antiviral functions against influenza virus.
Totally Intracorporeal Replacement of the Ureter Using Whole-Mount Ileum
2014-04-22

Ileal ureter is a suitable treatment option for patients with long ureteral strictures. Minimally invasive techniques have been shown to be as safe as open technique and superior in terms of postoperative recovery. We report the first case of laparoscopic totally intracorporeal replacement of ureter using whole-mount ileum in a patient with right-sided long ureteral stricture. The operative time was 150 minutes, and there were no complications. We have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic intracorporeal ileal ureter with possible advantage of shorter operative time compared with the robotic-assisted technique reported recently.
Cortical and fibre tract interrelations in conduction aphasia
2014-04-22

Background: The syndrome of conduction aphasia is an umbrella term to label clinically heterogeneous language disorders that all include a deficit of repetition due to impaired immediate memory or, in some patients, impaired speech production. The present article reviews the currently available literature on conduction aphasia. It covers aspects of the history of conduction aphasia as a fascicular disconnection syndrome and the objections to this view and discusses the proposed subtypes of this syndrome and the underlying cortical and white matter lesions.Aims: The primary objectives of this article are to critically review the influence of historical concepts on recent approaches to optimise existing theoretical synergies. In addition, the article seeks to advance our understanding of the first steps of verbal auditory processing in individuals with normal and impaired language skills.Main Contribution: We present first indications for an involvement of the left hemisphere in both short- and long-term integration of auditory information derived by examining patients with (conduction) aphasia.Conclusions: Conduction aphasia may result from left hemisphere cortical lesions or from a disconnection of critical bundles of axons (fibre tract). The exact course of the fibre tract connections and the cortical regions involved in conduction aphasia remains controversial.
Corticostriatal Coordination through Coherent Phase-Amplitude Coupling
2014-04-23

The corticostriatal axis is the main input stage of the basal ganglia and is crucial for their role in motor behavior. Synchronized oscillations might mediate interactions between cortex and striatum during behavior, yet direct evidence remains sparse. Here, we show that, during motor behavior, low- and high-frequency oscillations jointly couple cortex and striatum via cross-frequency interactions. We investigated neuronal oscillations along the corticostriatal axis in rats during rest and treadmill running. We found prominent theta and gamma oscillations in cortex and striatum, the peak frequencies of which scaled with motor demand. Theta and gamma oscillations were functionally coupled through phase-amplitude coupling. Furthermore, theta oscillations were phase coupled between structures. Together, local phase-amplitude coupling and corticostriatal theta phase coupling mediated the temporal correlation of gamma bursts between the cortex and striatum. The coordination of fast oscillations through coherent phase-amplitude coupling may be a general mechanism to regulate neuronal interactions along the corticostriatal axis and beyond.
International study on inter-reader variability for circulating tumor cells in breast cancer
2014-04-23

Abstract Introduction Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been studied in breast cancer with the CellSearch® system. Given the low CTC counts in non-metastatic breast cancer, it is important to evaluate the inter-reader agreement. Methods CellSearch® images (N = 272) of either CTCs or white blood cells or artifacts from 109 non-metastatic (M0) and 22 metastatic (M1) breast cancer patients from reported studies were sent to 22 readers from 15 academic laboratories and 8 readers from two Veridex laboratories. Each image was scored as No CTC vs CTC HER2- vs CTC HER2+. The 8 Veridex readers were summarized to a Veridex Consensus (VC) to compare each academic reader using % agreement and kappa (κ) statistics. Agreement was compared according to disease stage and CTC counts using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results For CTC definition (No CTC vs CTC), the median agreement between academic readers and VC was 92% (range 69 to 97%) with a median κ of 0.83 (range 0.37 to 0.93). Lower agreement was observed in images from M0 (median 91%, range 70 to 96%) compared to M1 (median 98%, range 64 to 100%) patients ( P &lt; 0.001) and from M0 and &lt;3CTCs (median 87%, range 66 to 95%) compared to M0 and ≥3CTCs samples (median 95%, range 77 to 99%), ( P &lt; 0.001). For CTC HER2 expression (HER2- vs HER2+), the median agreement was 87% (range 51 to 95%) with a median κ of 0.74 (range 0.25 to 0.90). Conclusions The inter-reader agreement for CTC definition was high. Reduced agreement was observed in M0 patients with low CTC counts. Continuous training and independent image review are required.
Tautomeric Properties and Gas-Phase Structure of Acetylacetone
2014-04-23

The tautomeric and structural properties of acetylacetone, CH3C(O)CH2C(O)CH3, have been studied by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP and MP2 approximation with different basis sets up to aug-cc-pVTZ). The analysis of GED intensities resulted in the presence of 100(3)% of the enol tautomer at 300(5) K and 64(5)% of the enol at 671(7) K. The enol tautomer possesses Cs symmetry with a planar ring and strongly asymmetric hydrogen bond. The diketo form possesses C2 symmetry. The experimental geometric parameters of both tautomeric forms are reproduced very closely by B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ and MP2/cc-pVTZ methods.
Interface between FePc and Ni(111): Influence of Graphene Buffer Layers
2014-04-23

The alteration of the electronic interface properties of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) on Ni(111) by graphene interlayers is studied using both photoemission techniques (XPS and UPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Both XPS and XAS clearly indicate a charge transfer from Ni(111) to the Fe ion of FePc. In contrast to CoPc, this charge transfer can be completely suppressed by the introduction of a graphene buffer layer between FePc and Ni(111). Further UPS measurements indicate that the interfacial charge transfer include also the FePc macrocycle. Surprisingly, for FePc and CoPc the energy level alignment after the formation of the interface dipoles is rather unaffected by both the introduction of a graphene buffer layer and charge transfer processes between the central metal atom of the Pc and the substrates.
Influence of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Right Angular Gyrus on Brain Activity during Rest
2014-04-23

Although numerous studies examined resting-state networks (RSN) in the human brain, so far little is known about how activity within RSN might be modulated by non-invasive brain stimulation applied over parietal cortex. Investigating changes in RSN in response to parietal cortex stimulation might tell us more about how non-invasive techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulate intrinsic brain activity, and further elaborate our understanding of how the resting brain responds to external stimulation. Here we examined how activity within the canonical RSN changed in response to anodal tDCS applied over the right angular gyrus (AG). We hypothesized that changes in resting-state activity can be induced by a single tDCS session and detected with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Significant differences between two fMRI sessions (pre-tDCS and post-tDCS) were found in several RSN, including the cerebellar, medial visual, sensorimotor, right frontoparietal, and executive control RSN as well as the default mode and the task positive network. The present results revealed decreased and increased RSN activity following tDCS. Decreased RSN activity following tDCS was found in bilateral primary and secondary visual areas, and in the right putamen. Increased RSN activity following tDCS was widely distributed across the brain, covering thalamic, frontal, parietal and occipital regions. From these exploratory results we conclude that a single session of anodal tDCS over the right AG is sufficient to induce large-scale changes in resting-state activity. These changes were localized in sensory and cognitive areas, covering regions close to and distant from the stimulation site.
Analyzing average and conditional effects with multigroup multilevel structural equation models
2014-04-23

Conventionally, multilevel analysis of covariance (ML-ANCOVA) has been the recommended approach for analyzing treatment effects in quasi-experimental multilevel designs with treatment application at the cluster-level. In this paper, we introduce the generalized ML-ANCOVA with linear effect functions that identifies average and conditional treatment effects in the presence of treatment-covariate interactions. We show how the generalized ML-ANCOVA model can be estimated with multigroup multilevel structural equation models that offer considerable advantages compared to traditional ML-ANCOVA. The proposed model takes into account measurement error in the covariates, sampling error in contextual covariates, treatment-covariate interactions, and stochastic predictors. We illustrate the implementation of ML-ANCOVA with an example from educational effectiveness research where we estimate average and conditional effects of early transition to secondary schooling on reading comprehension.
On the Temporal Interpretation of Present Participles in German
2014-04-23

The goal of this article is to investigate the temporal properties of German present participles, occurring prenominally and in secondary predication, in an event semantic approach. Empirically, the study relies in part on the corpus-based descriptions of prenominal participles presented in Lübbe & Rapp (2011). I will argue that—according to Keshet’s (2008),Intersective Predicate Generalization—present participles are always temporally dependent on their sister constituent. If they occur in secondary predication, this sister constituent is the main clause VP; if they occur prenominally, it is the modified noun. The temporal relation with the noun / the main clause predicate is simultaneity (cf. Kusumoto 1999, 2005), but this simultaneity relation can be altered by temporal adverbials like gestern ‘yesterday’ and früher ‘formerly’. The article will also consider whether there is a grammatically determined temporal relation between a prenominal present participle and the main clause. I will argue that prenominal present participles are dependent on the main clause predicate only if the participle is embedded in a DP with a non-presuppositional (= indefinite) determiner. Non-presuppositional determiners create intersective temporal interpretations: they lexically fix the interpretation of their NP complement (including attributes) as being simultaneous with the main clause predicate. Presuppositional determiners, in contrast, do not fix such a relation, that is the temporal interpretation of the NP complement (including attributes) is semantically free and guided by pragmatic principles (cf. Musan 1997, 1999, Tonhauser 2012). There are, however, some apparent counterexamples to the temporal dependency of (syntactically or lexically given) intersective structures (cf. Kusumoto 1999; Tonhauser 2012). I will show that the intersective interpretation can be maintained if we assume that these examples involve a specific kind of noun, label nouns. These are personal nouns referring to situations that can be used to characterize an individual even when the situation is already over (Mörder ‘murderer’, Flüchtling ‘fugitive’). The article is structured as follows: I begin by presenting the relevant data in section 1. Then, in section 2, I present an event semantic account of present participle phrases in different positions. Section 3 examines the role the determiner plays in the interpretation of prenominal participles, and section 4 focuses on cases with a definite determiner. Section 5 looks at some examples which seem to be problematic for the interpretation of intersective structures and introduces the concept of label nouns. Finally, section 6 examines the combination of temporal adverbials with present participles.
Absolute Proteome and Phosphoproteome Dynamics during the Cell Cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission Yeast)
2014-04-24

To quantify cell cycle-dependent fluctuations on a proteome-wide scale, we performed integrative analysis of the proteome and phosphoproteome during the four major phases of the cell cycle in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In highly synchronized cells, we identified 3753 proteins and 3682 phosphorylation events and relatively quantified 65% of the data across all phases. Quantitative changes during the cell cycle were infrequent and weak in the proteome but prominent in the phosphoproteome. Protein phosphorylation peaked in mitosis, where the median phosphorylation site occupancy was 44%, about 2-fold higher than in other phases. We measured copy numbers of 3178 proteins, which together with phosphorylation site stoichiometry enabled us to estimate the absolute amount of protein-bound phosphate, as well as its change across the cell cycle. Our results indicate that 23% of the average intracellular ATP is utilized by protein kinases to phosphorylate their substrates to drive regulatory processes during cell division. Accordingly, we observe that phosphate transporters and phosphate-metabolizing enzymes are phosphorylated and therefore likely to be regulated in mitosis.
A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in Coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots
2014-04-24

Malaria transmission is spatially heterogeneous. This reduces the efficacy of control strategies, but focusing control strategies on clusters or ‘hotspots’ of transmission may be highly effective. Among 1500 homesteads in coastal Kenya we calculated (a) the fraction of febrile children with positive malaria smears per homestead, and (b) the mean age of children with malaria per homestead. These two measures were inversely correlated, indicating that children in homesteads at higher transmission acquire immunity more rapidly. This inverse correlation increased gradually with increasing spatial scale of analysis, and hotspots of febrile malaria were identified at every scale. We found hotspots within hotspots, down to the level of an individual homestead. Febrile malaria hotspots were temporally unstable, but 4 km radius hotspots could be targeted for 1 month following 1 month periods of surveillance.