julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
71. ‘As close as possible to nature’: possibilities and constraints for organic aquaculture systems
2018-06-13

The Commission Regulation (EC) No 710/2009 is the central reference point for organic aquaculture production in the EU. Accordingly, production has to resemble nature 'as close as possible'. Hence, the regulation explicitly excluded recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) from organic certification. Yet no definition of the crucial normative criterion 'closeness to nature' is provided. For clarifying the term, we suggest to regard 'closeness to nature' being the outcome of a mixed ethical judgment: a multi-step procedure, which depends on descriptive premises as well as normative judgments. In order to obtain evidence of whether and how RAS may meet the criterion, it is necessary to consider ways on how 'closeness to nature' in (organic) aquaculture can be determined. This paper shall discuss three different perspectives. A first perspective can be assigned from nature conservation. There, concepts of naturalness and 'hemeroby' were developed to measure human impacts on ecosystems. In a second perspective, 'closeness to nature' in animal livestock is associated with indicators for animal welfare. The third perspective deals with existing approaches for 'natural' livestock farming, which were developed throughout the foundation of different organic farming associations. In particular, these approaches stress the importance of closed natural cycles and the resilience of natural systems. We will investigate different possibilities and constraints concerning the 'closeness to nature' criteria focusing on organic aquaculture in the EU. We first clarify the understanding of 'closeness to nature' resulting from a mixed ethical judgment. Then, the different approaches for defining grades of 'closeness to nature' will be contrasted, scrutinising possibilities as well as constraints regarding the application of these criteria. In conclusion, we argue that 'closeness to nature' as such cannot be sufficient to exclude RAS from organic certification completely.
The one constant: a causal effect of collective bargaining on employment growth? Evidence from German linked‐employer‐employee data
2018-06-13

Abstract A large number of articles have analysed ‘the one constant’ in the economic effects of trade unions, namely that collective bargaining reduces employment growth by 2–4% points per year. Evidence is, however, mostly related to Anglo‐Saxon countries. We investigate whether a different institutional setting might lead to a different outcome, making the constant a variable entity. Using linked‐employer‐employee data for Germany, we find a negative correlation between being covered by a sector‐wide bargaining agreement or firm‐level contract and employment growth of about 1% point per annum. However, the correlation between employment growth and collective bargaining is not robust to the use of panel methods. We conclude that the results of the literature using cross‐section data might be driven by selection.
Valence‐Tuned Lithium Titanate Nanopowder for High‐Rate Electrochemical Energy Storage
2018-06-13

Abstract The front cover artwork highlights work from the Robert Bosch GmbH and the INM–Leibniz Institute for New Materials (Germany). The image illustrates the effect of hydrogen annealing on lithium titanate: creating oxygen vacancies in the crystal structure not only makes the white powder become dark blue, but also electrically much more conductive. As a result, lithium titanate allows for ultrahigh charge and discharge rates of lithium‐ion batteries. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/batt.201700007 .
Recommendations for the packaging and containerizing of bioinformatics software
2018-06-14

<ns4:p>Software Containers are changing the way scientists and researchers develop, deploy and exchange scientific software. They allow labs of all sizes to easily install bioinformatics software, maintain multiple versions of the same software and combine tools into powerful analysis pipelines. However, containers and software packages should be produced under certain rules and standards in order to be reusable, compatible and easy to integrate into pipelines and analysis workflows. Here, we presented a set of recommendations developed by the BioContainers Community to produce standardized bioinformatics packages and containers. These recommendations provide practical guidelines to make bioinformatics software more discoverable, reusable and transparent. They are aimed to guide developers, organisations, journals and funders to increase the quality and sustainability of research software.</ns4:p>
On Bohmian Mechanics, Particle Creation, and Relativistic Space-Time: Happy 100th Birthday, David Bohm!
2018-06-14

The biggest and most lasting among David Bohm’s (1917–1992) many achievements is to have proposed a picture of reality that explains the empirical rules of quantum mechanics. This picture, known as pilot wave theory or Bohmian mechanics among other names, is still the simplest and most convincing explanation available. According to this theory, electrons are point particles in the literal sense and move along trajectories governed by Bohm’s equation of motion. In this paper, I describe some more recent developments and extensions of Bohmian mechanics, concerning in particular relativistic space-time and particle creation and annihilation.
Infrared and X-ray study of the Galactic SNR G15.9+0.2
2018-06-14

G15.9+0.2 is a Galactic shell-type supernova remnant (SNR), which was\\ndetected in radio and has been confirmed in X-rays based on Chandra\\nobservations. An X-ray point source CXOUJ181852.0-150213 has been detected and\\nsuggested to be an associated neutron star. In a recent study, we have\\nconfirmed the source to be a central compact object (CCO). We have studied the\\nSNR using high-resolution X-ray data taken with Chandra in combination with\\ninfrared (IR) data in order to understand its emission and to derive its\\nphysical parameters. This will also help to constrain, e.g., the age of the CCO\\nand the environment in which it was born. The spectral analysis of the X-ray\\nemission using the new Chandra data and the comparison to the IR data have\\nshown that the SNR is relatively young with an age of a few thousand years and\\nthat its emission is dominated by that of shocked interstellar medium (ISM).\\nHowever, the analysis of the spectrum of the bright eastern shell shows that\\nthere is an additional emission component with enhanced abundances of {\\\\alpha}\\nelements and Fe, suggesting ejecta emission. The multi-wavelength emission is\\nconsistent with SNR G15.9+0.2 expanding in an ISM with a density gradient,\\nwhile there is also colder material located in front of the SNR, which absorbs\\nits thermal X-ray emission in the softer bands.\\n
Compactness of neutron stars and Tolman VII solutions in scalar-tensor gravity
2018-06-14

We systematically examine the compactness of neutron stars as Tolman VII\\nsolutions in scalar-tensor theory of gravity. As a result, when the coupling\\nconstant is confined to values provided by astronomical observations we show\\nthat the maximum compactness of neutron stars in general relativity is higher\\nthan that in scalar-tensor gravity. In addition, we show that although\\nultra-compact stars, with radius smaller than the Regge-Wheeler potential peak,\\ncan exist in general relativity (e.g., Tolman VII solution), their scalarized\\ncounterparts cannot {be constructed} even in the limiting case of uniform\\ndensity stars.\\n
Front Cover: Valence‐Tuned Lithium Titanate Nanopowder for High‐Rate Electrochemical Energy Storage (Batteries & Supercaps 1/2018)
2018-06-14

The Front Cover illustrates the effect of hydrogen annealing on lithium titanate: creating oxygen vacancies in the crystal structure not only makes the white powder become dark blue, but also electrically much more conductive. As a result, lithium titanate allows for ultrahigh charge and discharge rates of lithium-ion batteries. More information can be found in the Article by M. Widmaier et al. (DOI: 10.1002/batt.201700007).
Objective Sleep Characteristics and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adolescents
2018-06-15

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shorter sleep duration is associated with childhood obesity. Few studies measure sleep quantity and quality objectively or examine cardiometabolic biomarkers other than obesity. METHODS: This cross-sectional study of 829 adolescents derived sleep duration, efficiency and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from &amp;gt;5 days of wrist actigraphy recording for &amp;gt;10 hours/day. The main outcome was a metabolic risk score (mean of 5 sex-specific z-scores for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol scaled inversely, and log-transformed triglycerides and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), for which higher scores indicate greater metabolic risk. Secondary outcomes included score components and dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry fat mass. We measured socioeconomic status, race and/or ethnicity, pubertal status, and obesity-related behaviors (television-viewing and fast food and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption) using questionnaires. RESULTS: The sample was 51.5% girls; mean (SD) age 13.2 (0.9) years, median (interquartile range) sleep duration was 441.1 (54.8) minutes per day and sleep efficiency was 84.0% (6.3). Longer sleep duration was associated with lower metabolic risk scores (−0.11 points; 95% CI: −0.19 to −0.02, per interquartile range). Associations with sleep efficiency were similar and persisted after adjustment for BMI z score and physical activity, television-viewing, and diet quality. Longer sleep duration and greater sleep efficiency were also favorably associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: Longer sleep duration and higher sleep efficiency were associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic profile in early adolescence, independent of other obesity-related behaviors. These results support the need to assess the role of sleep quantity and quality interventions as strategies for improving cardiovascular risk profiles of adolescents.
Migration of planets in circumbinary discs
2018-06-15

Aims. The discovery of planets in close orbits around binary stars raises questions about their formation. It is believed that these planets formed in the outer regions of the disc and then migrated through planet-disc interaction to their current location. Considering five different systems (Kepler-16, -34, -35, -38, and -413) we model planet migration through the disc, with special focus on the final orbital elements of the planets. We investigate how the final orbital parameters are influenced by the disc and planet masses. Methods. Using two-dimensional, locally isothermal, and viscous hydrodynamical simulations, we first model the disc dynamics for all five systems, followed by a study of the migration properties of embedded planets with different masses. To strengthen our results, we apply two grid-based hydrodynamical codes using different numerics ( PLUTO and FARGO3D ). Results. For all systems, we find that the discs become eccentric and precess slowly. We confirm the bifurcation feature in the precession period – gap-size diagram for different binary mass ratios. The Kepler-16, -35, -38, and -413 systems lie on the lower branch and Kepler-34 on the upper one. For systems with small binary eccentricity, we find a new non-monotonic, loop-like feature. In all systems, the planets migrate to the inner edge of the disc cavity. Depending on the planet-disc mass ratio, we observe one of two different regimes. Massive planets can significantly alter the disc structure by compressing and circularising the inner cavity and they remain on nearly circular orbits. Lower-mass planets are strongly influenced by the disc, their eccentricity is excited to high values, and their orbits are aligned with the inner disc in a state of apsidal corotation. In our simulations, the final locations of the planets are typically too large with respect to the observations because of the large inner gaps of the discs. The migrating planets in the most eccentric discs (around Kepler-34 and -413) show the largest final eccentricity in agreement with the observations.
Phenotype Variations Caused by Mutations in theRP1L1Gene in a Large Mainly German Cohort
2018-06-15

OCMD phenotype showed consistent clinical findings including classical microstructural changes on SD-OCT. An important hallmark of RP1L1-related OCMD is the dominant family history with reduced penetrance. Furthermore, novel mutations in association with arRP were identified, outlining the complexity of the protein.
Unexpected Benefits of Aging for Favorable Responses to PD-1 Blockade in Melanoma?
2018-06-15

Abstract Immunosenescence might be expected to reduce the efficacy of checkpoint blockade, which depends on a functionally intact immune system. However, it seems that older patients with melanoma may respond better to anti-PD-1 treatment than younger patients, possibly due to their having fewer regulatory T cells relative to CD8+ T cells within tumor deposits. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5193–4. ©2018 AACR. See related article by Kugel et al., p. 5347
Nature vs. nurture and the flexibility of gender stereotypes: Counterstereotypical information can both diminish and enhance ingroup stereotyping
2018-06-15

The present studies explore how activating concepts pertaining to the origins of interindividual differences affect the processing of stereotypical and counterstereotypical information. The concepts, i.e., nature and nurture, are both assumed to evoke similar stereotypical expectations although nurture implies greater flexibility. The studies show that stereotypical information enhances whereas counterstereotypical information diminishes stereotyping when nurture is activated. In contrast, counterstereotypical evidence challenges what activated nature would suggest and perceivers primed with nature evince stronger stereotyping when they encounter counterstereotypical information. The results also show that priming nature leads perceivers to attribute stereotype conformity to internal causes whereas nurture accredits conformity to situational constraints. Stereotype flexibility is associated with the subjective ease with which perceivers can both imagine counterstereotypical and mentally undo stereotypical evidence.
European ornamental garden flora as an invasion debt under climate change
2018-06-16

Abstract Most naturalised and invasive alien plant species were originally introduced to regions for horticultural purposes. However, many regions now face an invasion debt from ornamental alien species, which have not yet naturalised. In this regard, climate change represents a threat as it may lower the barriers to naturalisation for some ornamental alien species. Identifying those species is extremely important for anticipating impending invasions. To identify predictors of naturalisation, we modelled the effects of climate, nursery availability and species characteristics on the current European naturalisation success of 2,073 ornamental aliens commonly planted in European gardens. We then used the resulting model together with climate projections for 2050 to forecast future naturalisation risks for the 1,583 species not yet naturalised in Europe. We found that non‐European naturalised range size, climatic suitability, propagule pressure, having a dioecious sexual system and plant height jointly explained current naturalisation success in Europe. By 2050, naturalisation probability projections increased by more than 0.1 for 41 species, and only decreased by more than 0.1 for one species. Policy implications . Using predictions based on our integrated model of alien ornamental naturalisation success, we identified species with high future naturalisation risk and species with high projected increases in naturalisation potential in Europe under climate change. This species list allows for prioritisation of monitoring and regulation of ornamental plants to mitigate the invasion debt.
Chemistry and microbiology of the Critical Zone along a steep climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera
2018-06-18

From north to south, denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides are similar to 10 t km(-2) yr(-1) at the arid Pan de Aziicar site, similar to 20 t km(2) yr(-1) at the semi-arid site of Santa Gracia, -60 t km(-2) yr(-1) at the Mediterranean climate site of La Campana, and similar to 30 t km(-2) yr(-1) at the humid site of Nahuelbuta. A and B horizons increase in thickness and elemental depletion or enrichment increases from north (similar to 26 degrees S) to south (similar to 38 degrees S) in these horizons. Differences in the degree of chemical weathering, quantified by the chemical depletion fraction (CDF), are significant only between the arid and sparsely vegetated site and the other three sites. Differences in the CDF between the sites, and elemental depletion within the sites are sometimes smaller than the variations induced by the bedrock heterogeneity. Microbial abundances (bacteria and archaea) in saprolite substantially increase from the arid to the semi-arid sites. With this study, we provide a comprehensive dataset characterizing the Critical Zone geochemistry in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. This dataset confirms climatic controls on weathering and denudation rates and provides prerequisites to quantify the role of biota in future studies.
Boundaryless Careers or Career Boundaries? The Impact of Language Barriers on Academic Careers in International Business Schools
2018-06-18

Following the globalization of higher management education and the view of academics as autonomous professionals, academic careers in business schools are deemed to typify the boundaryless careers of the 21st century. We scrutinize the validity of this assumption, focusing on the language barriers internationally mobile management scholars are facing. Based on qualitative interviews with foreign faculty working at leading business schools in Finland, Japan, Spain, and the United States, we investigate how careers in different national academic systems are bounded by the dual challenge to speak both English and the local language. In revealing different degrees of linguistic challenges across national academic systems, we contribute to career research by presenting language barriers as an impediment to global careers in business schools and by establishing "knowing where" as a previously neglected career competency. Our study also maps the process of academic "Englishization," shows that different career antecedents are influenced by different types of language barriers, and suggests a classification scheme for national academic systems according to their "linguistic difficulty level" for foreigners. On this basis, we develop important practical recommendations for internationally mobile management scholars and business schools aiming to attract international faculty.
A comprehensive study of high-energy gamma-ray and radio emission from Cyg X-3
2018-06-18

We study high-energy -rays observed from Cyg X-3 by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and the 15-GHz emission observed by the Ryle Telescope and the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. We measure the -ray spectrum averaged over strong flares much more accurately than before, and find it well modelled by Compton scattering of stellar radiation by relativistic electrons with the power law index of 3.5 and a low-energy cutoff at the Lorentz factor of . We find a weaker spectrum in the soft spectral state, but only upper limits in the hard and intermediate states. We measure strong orbital modulation during the flaring state, well modelled by anisotropic Compton scattering of blackbody photons from the donor by jet relativistic electrons. We discover a weaker orbital modulation of the 15 GHz radio emission, which is well modelled by free-free absorption by the stellar wind. We then study cross-correlations between radio, -ray and X-ray emissions. We find the cross-correlation between the radio and -ray emissions peaks at a lag less than 1 d, while we detect a distinct radio lag of 50 d with respect to the soft X-rays in the soft spectral state.
A Web-Based Survey Assessing the Attitudes of Health Care Professionals in Germany Toward the Use of Telemedicine in Pregnancy Monitoring: Cross-Sectional Study
2018-06-18

Our study reveals an ambivalent attitude toward the use of telemedicine among health care professionals in obstetrics in Germany at the moment. Efforts to promote the use of telemedicine should focus on nurses and midwives because these groups are the most skeptical. By contrast, particularly young physicians recognize the potential of apps in patient care and would like to use such technology in pregnancy monitoring.
Young children fail to generate an additive ratchet effect in an open-ended construction task
2018-06-18

The ratchet effect-the gradual accumulation of changes within a cultural trait beyond a level that individuals can achieve on their own-arguably rests on two key cognitive abilities: high-fidelity social learning and innovation. Researchers have started to simulate the ratchet effect in the laboratory to identify its underlying social learning mechanisms, but studies on the developmental origins of the ratchet effect remain sparse. We used the transmission chain method and a tower construction task that had previously been used with adults to investigate whether "generations" of children between 4 and 6 years were able to make a technological product that individual children could not yet achieve. 21 children in a baseline and 80 children in transmission chains (each consisting of 10 successive children) were asked to build something as tall as possible from plasticine and sticks. Children in the chains were presented with the constructions of the two preceding generations (endstate demonstration). Results showed that tower heights did not increase across the chains nor were they different from the height of baseline towers, demonstrating a lack of improvement in tower height. However, we found evidence for cultural lineages, i.e., construction styles: towers within chains were more similar to each other than to towers from different chains. Possible explanations for the findings and directions for future research are suggested.