julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Highly sensitive and specific in situ hybridization assay for quantification of SOX11 mRNA in mantle cell lymphoma reveals association of TP53 mutations with negative and low SOX11 expression
2019-07-11

SOX11 is a valuable marker to identify biologically and clinically relevant groups of mantle cell lymphoma such as cyclin D1 negative and leukemic non-nodal mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). We aimed to establish a sensitive in situ hybridization analysis of SOX11 mRNA allowing its quantification within the histopathological context and compare it with immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, TP53 status was correlated with SOX11 mRNA levels. Sixty-six cases were investigated; 58 conventional mantle cell lymphomas (cMCL), including six cyclin D1 negative (46 classic, 12 blas-toid) and eight leukemic non-nodal mantle cell lymphomas (nnMCL). RNAscope was used for the in situ hybridization and the results scored as 0 to 4. MCL cases with SOX11 positivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were positive by RNA in situ hybridization (RNAscope) but with different scores. RT-qPCR showed a good correlation with the median of the grouped scores but had a wide variation in individual cases. The SOX11 negative leukemic non-nodal mantle cell lymphomas were also negative by RNAscope. TP53 was mutated in 13/63 (21%) cases, including 5/7 (71%) leukemic non-nodal and 8/56 (14%) cMCL. Interestingly, of the TP53 mutated cases, nine were in the RNAscope negative/low SOX11 group (9/15; 60%) and four in the high SOX11 group (4/36; 11%) (P=0.0007). In conclusion, RNAscope is a reliable method to evaluate SOX11 mRNA levels. This study demonstrates the broad range of SOX11 mRNA levels in MCL. An important finding is the significant correlation of TP53 mutations with negative/low SOX11 mRNA level both in leukemic nnMCL and cMCL.
Effects of guanylurea, the transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, on the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)
2019-07-11

Background Guanylurea is the main transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, which is one of the most prescribed pharmaceuticals worldwide. Due to the high rate of microbial degradation of metformin in sewage treatment plants, guanylurea occurs in higher concentrations in surface waters than its parent compound and could therefore affect aquatic wildlife. In this context, data for fish are scarce up to now which made us investigate the health of brown trout ( Salmo trutta f. fario ) in response to guanylurea. Methods In two experiments, eggs plus developing larvae and juvenile brown trout were exposed to three different concentrations of guanylurea (10, 100 and 1,000 μg/L) and, as a negative control, filtered tap water without this compound. Low internal concentrations were determined. The investigated parameters were mortality, length, weight, condition factor, tissue integrity of the liver and kidney, levels of stress proteins and lipid peroxides, as well as behavioural and developmental endpoints. It was found that guanylurea did not significantly change any of these parameters in the tested concentration range. Results In conclusion, these results do not give rise to concern that guanylurea could negatively affect the health or the development of brown trout under field conditions. Nevertheless, more studies focusing on further parameters and other species are highly needed for a more profound environmental risk assessment of guanylurea.
What Goes On in Strangers’ Minds? How Reading Children’s Books Affects Emotional Development
2019-07-11

Based on recent studies in developmental psychology and cognitive narratology, this article shows the impact of Theory of Mind on children’s understanding and apprehension of other people’s thoughts and beliefs presented in fictional texts. With a special focus on the depiction of emotions in two children’s novels, Erich Kästner’s Emil and the Detectives (1929) and Anne Cassidy’s Looking for JJ (2004), it is argued that the representation of the main characters’ states of mind demands specific capacities on behalf of the reader, encompassing mind reading and acquisition of higher levels of empathy, thus fostering children’s comprehension of fictional characters’ life conditions.
Negative Numbers are not yet Automatically Associated with Space in 6th Graders
2019-07-11

The metaphor of the mental number line accounts for numerous empirical effects of spatial-numerical associations. In the present study, we aimed at investigating directional spatial-numerical associations reflected by SNARC-like digit-direction and sign-direction congruency effects as well as the sign-digit compatibility effect when 6th graders performed magnitude comparisons of multi-symbol numbers (i.e., positive and negative numbers). As spatial-numerical associations were associated with sensorimotor experiences, we used whole-body and finger tapping responses to manipulate the extent of motor responses. We only observed a SNARC-like digit-direction congruency effect, but neither a sign-direction congruency nor a sign-digit compatibility effect. This indicates that 6th graders may already have developed spatial-numerical associations for absolute number magnitude, but not yet for polarity signs. Furthermore, not observing a sign-digit compatibility effect seemed to suggest that 6th graders may not yet process multi-symbol numbers in the same parallel componential way as adults do. We argue that while 6th graders are able to process negative numbers, they are not yet automatically associated with space or integrated in the place-value structure of the Arabic number system like multi-digit numbers are at this age.
Peer Review #1 of "Effects of guanylurea, the transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, on the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) (v0.1)"
2019-07-11

Background.Guanylurea is the main transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin which belongs to the top prescribed pharmaceuticals worldwide.Due to a high rate of microbial degradation of metformin in sewage treatment plants, guanylurea occurs in higher concentrations in surface waters than its parent compound and could therefore affect aquatic wildlife.In this context, data for fish are scarce up to now which made us investigate the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) in response to guanylurea. Methods.In two experiments, eggs plus the developing larvae and juvenile brown trout were exposed to three different concentrations of guanylurea (10, 100, 1000 μg/L) and, as a negative control, filtered tap water without this compound.Low internal concentrations were determined.The investigated parameters were mortality, length, weight, condition factor, tissue integrity of liver and kidney, levels of stress proteins and lipid peroxides, as well as behavioural and developmental endpoints.It was shown that guanylurea did not significantly change any of these parameters in the tested concentration range. Results.In conclusion, these results do not give rise to concern that guanylurea could negatively affect the health or the development of brown trout also under field conditions.Nevertheless, more studies focusing on further parameters and other species are highly needed for a profound environmental risk assessment of guanylurea.
Peer Review #1 of "Effects of guanylurea, the transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, on the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) (v0.2)"
2019-07-11

Background.Guanylurea is the main transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin which belongs to the top prescribed pharmaceuticals worldwide.Due to a high rate of microbial degradation of metformin in sewage treatment plants, guanylurea occurs in higher concentrations in surface waters than its parent compound and could therefore affect aquatic wildlife.In this context, data for fish are scarce up to now which made us investigate the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) in response to guanylurea. Methods.In two experiments, eggs plus the developing larvae and juvenile brown trout were exposed to three different concentrations of guanylurea (10, 100, 1000 μg/L) and, as a negative control, filtered tap water without this compound.Low internal concentrations were determined.The investigated parameters were mortality, length, weight, condition factor, tissue integrity of liver and kidney, levels of stress proteins and lipid peroxides, as well as behavioural and developmental endpoints.It was shown that guanylurea did not significantly change any of these parameters in the tested concentration range. Results.In conclusion, these results do not give rise to concern that guanylurea could negatively affect the health or the development of brown trout also under field conditions.Nevertheless, more studies focusing on further parameters and other species are highly needed for a profound environmental risk assessment of guanylurea.
Peer Review #2 of "Effects of guanylurea, the transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, on the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) (v0.1)"
2019-07-11

Background.Guanylurea is the main transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin which belongs to the top prescribed pharmaceuticals worldwide.Due to a high rate of microbial degradation of metformin in sewage treatment plants, guanylurea occurs in higher concentrations in surface waters than its parent compound and could therefore affect aquatic wildlife.In this context, data for fish are scarce up to now which made us investigate the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) in response to guanylurea. Methods.In two experiments, eggs plus the developing larvae and juvenile brown trout were exposed to three different concentrations of guanylurea (10, 100, 1000 μg/L) and, as a negative control, filtered tap water without this compound.Low internal concentrations were determined.The investigated parameters were mortality, length, weight, condition factor, tissue integrity of liver and kidney, levels of stress proteins and lipid peroxides, as well as behavioural and developmental endpoints.It was shown that guanylurea did not significantly change any of these parameters in the tested concentration range. Results.In conclusion, these results do not give rise to concern that guanylurea could negatively affect the health or the development of brown trout also under field conditions.Nevertheless, more studies focusing on further parameters and other species are highly needed for a profound environmental risk assessment of guanylurea.
Adapt or die—Response of large herbivores to environmental changes in Europe during the Holocene
2019-07-12

Abstract Climate warming and human landscape transformation during the Holocene resulted in environmental changes for wild animals. The last remnants of the European Pleistocene megafauna that survived into the Holocene were particularly vulnerable to changes in habitat. To track the response of habitat use and foraging of large herbivores to natural and anthropogenic changes in environmental conditions during the Holocene, we investigated carbon ( δ 13 C) and nitrogen ( δ 15 N) stable isotope composition in bone collagen of moose ( Alces alces ), European bison ( Bison bonasus ) and aurochs ( Bos primigenius ) in Central and Eastern Europe. We found strong variations in isotope compositions in the studied species throughout the Holocene and diverse responses to changing environmental conditions. All three species showed significant changes in their δ 13 C values reflecting a shift of foraging habitats from more open in the Early and pre‐Neolithic Holocene to more forest during the Neolithic and Late Holocene. This shift was strongest in European bison, suggesting higher plasticity, more limited in moose, and the least in aurochs. Significant increases of δ 15 N values in European bison and moose are evidence of a diet change towards more grazing, but may also reflect increased nitrogen in soils following deglaciation and global temperature increases. Among the factors explaining the observed isotope variations were time (age of samples), longitude and elevation in European bison, and time, longitude and forest cover in aurochs. None of the analysed factors explained isotope variations in moose. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of natural (forest expansion) and anthropogenic (deforestation and human pressure) changes on the foraging ecology of large herbivores, with forests playing a major role as a refugial habitat since the Neolithic, particularly for European bison and aurochs. We propose that high flexibility in foraging strategy was the key for survival of large herbivores in the changing environmental conditions of the Holocene.
Role of the Vermal Cerebellum in Visually Guided Eye Movements and Visual Motion Perception
2019-07-12

The cerebellar cortex is a crystal-like structure consisting of an almost endless repetition of a canonical microcircuit that applies the same computational principle to different inputs. The output of this transformation is broadcasted to extracerebellar structures by way of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Visually guided eye movements are accommodated by different parts of the cerebellum. This review primarily discusses the role of the oculomotor part of the vermal cerebellum [the oculomotor vermis (OMV)] in the control of visually guided saccades and smooth-pursuit eye movements. Both types of eye movements require the mapping of retinal information onto motor vectors, a transformation that is optimized by the OMV, considering information on past performance. Unlike the role of the OMV in the guidance of eye movements, the contribution of the adjoining vermal cortex to visual motion perception is nonmotor and involves a cerebellar influence on information processing in the cerebral cortex.
A set of Arabidopsis genes involved in the accommodation of the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis
2019-07-12

The intracellular accommodation structures formed by plant cells to host arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and biotrophic hyphal pathogens are cytologically similar. Therefore we investigated whether these interactions build on an overlapping genetic framework. In legumes, the malectin-like domain leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase SYMRK, the cation channel POLLUX and members of the nuclear pore NUP107-160 subcomplex are essential for symbiotic signal transduction and arbuscular mycorrhiza development. We identified members of these three groups in Arabidopsis thaliana and explored their impact on the interaction with the oomycete downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). We report that mutations in the corresponding genes reduced the reproductive success of Hpa as determined by sporangiophore and spore counts. We discovered that a developmental transition of haustorial shape occurred significantly earlier and at higher frequency in the mutants. Analysis of the multiplication of extracellular bacterial pathogens, Hpa-induced cell death or callose accumulation, as well as Hpa- or flg22-induced defence marker gene expression, did not reveal any traces of constitutive or exacerbated defence responses. These findings point towards an overlap between the plant genetic toolboxes involved in the interaction with biotrophic intracellular hyphal symbionts and pathogens in terms of the gene families involved.
Dilemma of Gonial Angle in Sex Determination
2019-07-12

Background and Aim The determination of sex from human remains has a crucial role in forensic anthropology. It has been known that the mandible has several useful traits for sex determination. The gonial angle, which is one of them, has been evaluated by forensic practitioners to identify sexual dimorphism with morphologic and metrical analyses. However, there are opposing approaches on the sexual dimorphism of the gonial angle in the literature, which contradict each other. There are also some other studies asserting that it cannot be employed in sex determination. The purpose of this study is first to figure out the reason for this dilemma and then establish the significance of the gonial angle in sex determination in a white sample. Methods Computed tomography scans were obtained from 300 adults (150 males and 150 females), which were divided into 3 age groups (20–39, 40–59, 60–80 years). The gonial angle, which is formed by 2 lines: (1) between the most posterior point of the mandibular condyle and the gonion and (2) between the most inferior point of the mandibular symphysis and gonion, was measured on computed tomography scans. In order to observe differences among the 3 age groups, the collected data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance followed by a least significant difference post hoc test. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare sex differences in each age group. Discussion It is suggested that the probable reason of this dilemma is the unsubtle samples of the researches. Categorizing the sample into age groups with statistically sufficient number makes the data more valuable in terms of examining the differences related to sexual dimorphism. This study also reported that males showed slightly smaller gonial angle values than those of females in all age groups. No statistically significant difference was observed in the gonial anthropometric values for middle age groups (20–39 and 40–59 years), whereas it shows statistically sexual dimorphism for senior adult group (60–80 years). However, the results revealed that the gonial angle is not a particularly good indicator to identify the sex from the cranium and should not be used as a sole criterion.
Dehydrative Coupling of Benzylic Alcohols Catalyzed by Brønsted Acid/Lewis Base
2019-07-12

Traditional cross‐coupling reactions show some disadvantages like the use of organohalides or the production of stoichiometric amounts of waste. The dehydrative homo‐ or heterocoupling of alcohols therefore arises as an interesting approach for a highly atom‐economical formation of carbon–carbon bonds, since water is produced as the only by‐product. We herein report a simple and direct, metal‐free protocol for the synthesis of olefins by applying catalytic amounts of a sulfonic acid and triphenylphosphane under air. A variety of olefins could be synthesized from benzylic alcohols under relatively mild conditions. Additionally, dehydrative hydroarylation of benzylic alcohols with electron‐rich arenes was possible by using only Brønsted acid under otherwise same reaction conditions. We could show that phosphane additives are essential to overcome oligomerization as main side reaction by the occupancy of the reactive carbocation intermediate.
Classification of low-luminosity stellar X-ray sources in the field of the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy
2019-07-12

\\nAims. A previous study of the X-ray luminosity function of the X-ray sources in the Draco dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy field indicates the presence of a population of unknown X-ray sources in the soft energy range of 0.5–2 keV. In 2015, there were twenty-six further deep XMM-Newton observations of Draco dSph, providing an opportunity for a new study of the as yet unclassified sources.\\nMethods. We applied the classification criteria presented in our previous multi-wavelength study of the X-ray sources of the Draco dSph to the sources detected in the combined 2009 and 2015 XMM-Newton data set. These criteria are based on X-ray studies and properties of the optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared counterparts and allows us to distinguish background active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and galaxies from other types of X-ray sources. In this work we performed X-ray spectral and timing analyses for fifteen sources in the field of Draco dSph with stellar counterparts.\\nResults. We present the classification of X-ray sources, for which the counterpart is identified as a stellar object based on our criteria from multi-wavelength data. We identify three new symbiotic stars in the Draco dSph with X-ray luminosities between ∼3.5 × 1034 erg s−1 and 5.5 × 1034 erg s−1. The X-ray spectral analysis shows that two of the classified symbiotic stars are β-type. This is the first identification of this class of symbiotic stars in a nearby galaxy. Eight sources are classified as Galactic M dwarfs in the field of the Draco dSph. These M dwarfs are between ∼140 and 800 pc distant, with X-ray luminosities are between 1028 and 1029 erg s−1 and logarithmic ratios of X-ray to bolometric luminosity, , between −3.4 and −2.1. The multiple observations allowed us to investigate flare activity of the M dwarfs. For 5 M dwarfs flare(s) are observed with a significance of &gt; 3σ level of confidence. Moreover, we classified three foreground sources, located at distances of the order of ∼1–3 kpc in the field of the Draco dSph. Based on both the X-ray luminosities of these foreground sources (&gt; 1030 erg s−1) and their optical counterparts (late type G or K stars), these X-ray sources are classified as candidates of contact binary systems.\\nConclusions. Our study of X-ray sources of the Draco dSph shows that accreting white dwarfs are the most promising X-ray population of dSphs, which is in line with theoretical expectations. The number of Galactic M dwarfs detected at our X-ray sensitivity limit is consistent with the expectation based on the space density of M dwarfs.\\n
Subjective evaluation of natural high‐saturated images on a wide gamut display
2019-07-13

Abstract In previous studies of image evaluation using wide color gamut displays, it is unclear to what degree people prefer the chroma‐varying images, especially the images that are more saturated than the most preferred image. Here, we present a study using a wide color gamut display, which measured viewers' most preferred level of image chroma (experiment 1) and their subjective evaluation of images that were less or more saturated than the previously most preferred one (experiment 2). The results showed that (a) the subjects' preferences for the original or for more saturated images depended on the images' original chroma and (b) the subjective evaluation of the images, that is, Valence and Arousal, did not deteriorate when the chroma of images increased more than the most preferred level. Such results indicate that the increase of the image chroma in wider color gamut displays can have a substantial influence on the impression images have on viewers.
Collapse and rescue of evolutionary food webs under global warming
2019-07-13

Abstract Global warming is severely impacting ecosystems and threatening ecosystem services as well as human well-being. While some species face extinction risk, several studies suggest the possibility that fast evolution may allow species to adapt and survive in spite of environmental changes. We assess how such evolutionary rescue extends to multitrophic communities and whether evolution systematically preserves biodiversity under global warming. More precisely, we expose simulated trophic networks of co-evolving consumers to warming under different evolutionary scenarios, which allows us to assess the effect of evolution on diversity maintenance. We also investigate how the evolution of body mass and feeding preference affects coexistence within a simplified consumer-resource module. Our simulations predict that the long-term diversity loss triggered by warming is considerably higher in scenarios where evolution is slowed down or switched off completely, indicating that eco-evolutionary feedback indeed helps to preserve biodiversity. However, even with fast evolution, food webs still experience vast disruptions in their structure and functioning. Reversing warming may thus not be sufficient to restore previous structures. Our findings highlight how the interaction between evolutionary rescue and changes in trophic structures constrains ecosystem responses to warming with important implications for conservation and management policies.