julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Titanium(IV) Surface Complexes Bearing Chelating Catecholato Ligands for Enhanced Band-Gap Reduction
2023-01-03

Protonolysis reactions between dimethylamido titanium(IV) catecholate [Ti(CAT)(NMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and neopentanol or tris(<i>tert</i>-butoxy)silanol gave catecholato-bridged dimers [(Ti(CAT)(OCH<sub>2</sub><i>t</i>Bu)<sub>2</sub>)(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)]<sub>2</sub> and [Ti(CAT){OSi(O<i>t</i>Bu)<sub>3</sub>}<sub>2</sub>(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Analogous reactions using the dimeric dimethylamido titanium(IV) (3,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl)catecholate [Ti(CAT<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>-3,6)(NMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> yielded the monomeric Ti(CAT<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>-3,6)(OCH<sub>2</sub><i>t</i>Bu)<sub>2</sub>(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and Ti(CAT<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>-3,6)[OSi(O<i>t</i>Bu)<sub>3</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. The neopentoxide complex Ti(CAT<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>-3,6)(OCH<sub>2</sub><i>t</i>Bu)<sub>2</sub>(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> engaged in further protonolysis reactions with Si-OH groups and was consequentially used for grafting onto mesoporous silica KIT-6. Upon immobilization, the surface complex [Ti(CAT<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>-3,6)(OCH<sub>2</sub><i>t</i>Bu)<sub>2</sub>(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]@[KIT-6] retained the bidentate chelating geometry of the catecholato ligand. This convergent grafting strategy was compared with a sequential and an aqueous approach, which gave either a mixture of bidentate chelating species with a bipodally anchored Ti(IV) center along with other physisorbed surface species or not clearly identifiable surface species. Extension of the convergent and aqueous approaches to anatase mesoporous titania (m-TiO<sub>2</sub>) enabled optical and electronic investigations of the corresponding surface species, revealing that the band-gap reduction is more pronounced for the bidentate chelating species (convergent approach) than for that obtained via the aqueous approach. The applied methods include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and solid-state UV/vis spectroscopy. The energy-level alignment for the surface species from the aqueous approach, calculated from experimental data, accounts for the well-known type II excitation mechanism, whereas the findings indicate a distinct excitation mechanism for the bidentate chelating surface species of the material [Ti(CAT<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>-3,6)(OCH<sub>2</sub><i>t</i>Bu)<sub>2</sub>(HNMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]@[m-TiO<sub>2</sub>].
Fat Grafts Show Higher Hypoxia, Angiogenesis, Adipocyte Proliferation, and Macrophage Infiltration than Flaps in a Pilot Mouse Study
2023-01-03

Background: Over 137,000 breast reconstructions are performed annually by American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) members. Vascularized flaps and avascular lipofilling each account for over 33,000 autologous reconstructions. Although clinical and experimental observations suggest biologic differences with diverging effects on locoregional tumor control, comparative animal models are lacking. The authors standardized existing techniques in immunocompetent mice, laying the foundation for in vivo models of autologous breast reconstruction combinable with orthotopic tumor implantations. Methods: Twenty-five groin flaps and 39 fat grafts were transferred in female BALB/c-mice. Adipocytes were tracked via Hoechst-Calcein-DiI staining ( n = 2 per group), and postoperative volume retentions were compared via magnetic resonance imaging ( n = 3 per group) on days 1, 11, 21, and 31. Proliferation indices, microvessel densities, tissue hypoxia, and macrophage infiltrates were compared via Ki67, CD31, pimonidazole, and hematoxylin-eosin staining on days 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 ( n = 4 per group). Results: Viable adipocytes were present in both groups. Graft volumes plateaued at 42.7 ± 1.2% versus 81.8 ± 4.0% of flaps ( P &lt; 0.001). Initially, grafts contained more hypoxic cells (day 5: 15.192 ± 1.249 versus 1.157 ± 192; P &lt; 0.001), followed by higher proliferation (day 15: 25.2 ± 1.0% versus 0.0 ± 0.0%; P &lt; 0.001), higher microvessel numbers (day 30: 307.0 ± 13.2 versus 178.0 ± 10.6; P &lt; 0.001), and more pronounced macrophage infiltrates (graded 3 versus 2; P &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: This comparative murine pilot study of vascularized flaps versus avascular lipofilling suggests differences in volume retention, proliferation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and inflammation. Clinical Relevance Statement: The biological differences of fat grafting versus flap transfer are not fully understood because no single comparative experimental model has been established to date. The authors present the first comparative small animal model of both techniques, which will allow the gaining of deeper insights into their biological effects.
Phytoplankton diversity and chemotaxonomy in contrasting North Pacific ecosystems
2023-01-03

Background Phytoplankton is the base of majority of ocean ecosystems. It is responsible for half of the global primary production, and different phytoplankton taxa have a unique role in global biogeochemical cycles. In addition, phytoplankton abundance and diversity are highly susceptible to climate induced changes, hence monitoring of phytoplankton and its diversity is important and necessary. Methods Water samples for phytoplankton and photosynthetic pigment analyses were collected in boreal winter 2017, along transect in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) and the California Current System (CCS). Phytoplankton community was analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy and photosynthetic pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography. To describe distinct ecosystems, monthly average satellite data of MODIS Aqua Sea Surface temperature and Chlorophyll a concentration, as well as Apparent Visible Wavelength were used. Results A total of 207 taxa have been determined, mostly comprised of coccolithophores (35.5%), diatoms (25.2%) and dinoflagellates (19.5%) while cryptophytes, phytoflagellates and silicoflagellates were included in the group “others” (19.8%). Phytoplankton spatial distribution was distinct, indicating variable planktonic dispersal rates and specific adaptation to ecosystems. Dinoflagellates, and nano-scale coccolithophores dominated NPSG, while micro-scale diatoms, and cryptophytes prevailed in CCS. A clear split between CCS and NPSG is evident in dendogram visualising LINKTREE constrained binary divisive clustering analysis done on phytoplankton counts and pigment concentrations. Of all pigments determined, alloxanthin, zeaxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll b and lutein have highest correlation to phytoplankton counts. Conclusion Combining chemotaxonomy and microscopy is an optimal method to determine phytoplankton diversity on a large-scale transect. Distinct communities between the two contrasting ecosystems of North Pacific reveal phytoplankton groups specific adaptations to trophic state, and support the hypothesis of shift from micro- to nano-scale taxa due to sea surface temperatures rising, favoring stratification and oligotrophic conditions.
Co-cultures of iPSC-derived Mammary-like Organoids and Patient-derived Microtumors Model Invasive Behavior of Breast Cancer ex vivo
2023-01-03

Abstract Background Tumor-adjacent benign mammary epithelium and myoepithelium can play a pivotal role in tumor growth and progression. We investigated the invasive behavior of patient-derived microtumors and breast cancer cell line-derived spheroids in co-culture with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mammary-like organoids in an autologous and allogenic manner. This co-culture systems enables a better understanding of the tumor-promoting function of the benign mammary (myo-) epithelium in different types of breast cancers. Methods Using three-dimensional co-culture settings of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mammary-like organoids and patient-derived microtumors or cancer cell line-derived spheroids, we investigated tumor growth and invasiveness of the cancers by using imaging-based analysis. Levels of Fibronectin and Metalloproteinase-2 in co-cultures and respective mono-cultures were measured using multiplexed Luminex assay. Results We observed significant increases in growth and invasiveness of invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type patient-derived microtumors in co-culture with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mammary-like organoids. We identified upregulations of the prognostic markers Fibronectin and Metalloproteinase-2 in all co-cultures compared to respective mono-cultures of mammary-like organoids, patient-derived microtumors and cell line-derived spheroids. Conclusions These findings indicate a tumor-promoting role of the tumor-adjacent mammary (myo-) epithelium dependent on the tumor composition and tumor stage. Our results highlight the importance of breast tumor models that closely resemble the heterogenous composition of primary breast tumors.
Evaluation of the contour of edentulous jaw sections in the transversal plane and the buccolingual vertical-level disparity in CBCT and panoramic radiography images: a retrospective comparative study
2023-01-03

Abstract Purpose This study investigates whether edentulous jaw sections in the planned implant position exhibit jaw contours funnel-shaped or exhibit pronounced retraction of the jaw (unusual jaw contours) in the transversal plane of the three-dimensional (3D) images, not visible in two-dimensional (2D) images. Methods A total of 335 patients with an edentulous section of the jaw that required dental implants were selected. Anonymised radiologic patients’ data were collected, comprising cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the edentulous jaw sections. In the first stage, unusual jaw contours were examined, including funnel-shaped or pronounced retraction of the jaw and hypodense regions with an undercut and/or bone deficit. In the second stage, the variation in the height of the alveolar ridge between the lingual and buccal contour in the edentulous jaw sections was assessed. Results The CBCT images of an unusual jaw contour were observed in 8 cases (2.4%) in the maxilla on the left and 10 cases (3%) in the maxilla on the right. In the mandible, a jaw contour deviates in 39 cases (12.1%) on the left side and 39 cases (12.1%) on the right side. A height difference was detected in the upper jaw in 307 cases and the lower jaw in 265 cases. The discrepancy was 2.09 mm (± 2.25 mm) in the maxilla and 3.97 mm (± 3.45 mm) in the mandible. Conclusions The CBCT scan provides useful information to avoid complications in the preoperative planning phase and surgical planning in implant dentistry. Graphical Abstract
The Role of Learning in Complex Problem Solving using MicroDYN
2023-01-03

It is still an open question which cognitive and non-cognitive personality traits are useful for describing and explaining behavior and performance in complex problems. During complex problem solving (CPS), problem solvers have to interact with the task in a way in which learning ability might be beneficial for successful task completion. By investigating the relationship between learning ability and CPS, while accounting for interactions between complex system characteristics and person characteristics, this paper aims to understand the role of learning processes in CPS more closely. In a sample of N = 241 participants, we performed a preregistered analysis to investigate the relationship between knowledge acquisition performance in a CPS test (MicroDYN) and learning test performance (ADAFI) with a multilevel modelling approach across 10 CPS systems with various characteristics. In line with our expectations, we replicated previous findings on a relationship between learning test and MicroDYN performance and found this relationship to be more pronounced in systems with (vs. without) autonomous changes. Further system and person characteristics also showed effects as expected, with better performance in systems with lower complexity, with more experience with the task, and with more strategic exploration behaviour. Our results provide further evidence for the notion that learning is an important component for the successful completion of CPS tasks.
Peer Review #2 of "Phytoplankton diversity and chemotaxonomy in contrasting North Pacific ecosystems (v0.2)"
2023-01-03

Background.Phytoplankton is the base of majority of ocean ecosystems.It is responsible for half of the global primary production, and different phytoplankton taxa have a unique role in global biogeochemical cycles.In addition, phytoplankton abundance and diversity are highly susceptible to climate induced changes, hence monitoring of phytoplankton and its diversity is important and necessary. Methods.Water samples for phytoplankton and photosynthetic pigment analyses were collected in boreal winter 2017, along transect in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) and the California Current System (CCS).Phytoplankton community was analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy and photosynthetic pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography.To describe distinct ecosystems, monthly average satellite data of MODIS Aqua Sea Surface temperature and Chlorophyll a concentration, as well as Apparent Visible Wavelength were used.Results.A total of 207 taxa have been determined, mostly comprised of coccolithophores (35.5%), diatoms (25.2%) and dinoflagellates (19.5%) while cryptophytes, phytoflagellates and silicoflagellates were included in the group ''others'' (19.8%).Phytoplankton spatial distribution was distinct, indicating variable planktonic dispersal rates and specific adaptation to ecosystems.Dinoflagellates, and nano-scale coccolithophores dominated NPSG, while micro-scale diatoms, and cryptophytes prevailed in CCS.A clear split between CCS and NPSG is evident in dendogram visualising LINKTREE constrained binary divisive clustering analysis done on phytoplankton counts and pigment concentrations.Of all pigments determined, alloxanthin, zeaxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll b and lutein have highest correlation to phytoplankton counts. Conclusion.Combining chemotaxonomy and microscopy is an optimal method to determine phytoplankton diversity on a large-scale transect.Distinct communities between the two contrasting ecosystems of North Pacific reveal phytoplankton groups specific adaptations to trophic state, and support the hypothesis of shift from micro-to nano-scale taxa due to sea surface temperatures rising, favoring stratification and oligotrophic conditions.
Peer Review #2 of "Phytoplankton diversity and chemotaxonomy in contrasting North Pacific ecosystems (v0.1)"
2023-01-03

Background.Phytoplankton is the base of majority of ocean ecosystems.It is responsible for half of the global primary production, and different phytoplankton taxa have a unique role in global biogeochemical cycles.In addition, phytoplankton abundance and diversity are highly susceptible to climate induced changes, hence monitoring of phytoplankton and its diversity is important and necessary. Methods.Water samples for phytoplankton and photosynthetic pigment analyses were collected in boreal winter 2017, along transect in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) and the California Current System (CCS).Phytoplankton community was analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy and photosynthetic pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography.To describe distinct ecosystems, monthly average satellite data of MODIS Aqua Sea Surface temperature and Chlorophyll a concentration, as well as Apparent Visible Wavelength were used.Results.A total of 207 taxa have been determined, mostly comprised of coccolithophores (35.5%), diatoms (25.2%) and dinoflagellates (19.5%) while cryptophytes, phytoflagellates and silicoflagellates were included in the group ''others'' (19.8%).Phytoplankton spatial distribution was distinct, indicating variable planktonic dispersal rates and specific adaptation to ecosystems.Dinoflagellates, and nano-scale coccolithophores dominated NPSG, while micro-scale diatoms, and cryptophytes prevailed in CCS.A clear split between CCS and NPSG is evident in dendogram visualising LINKTREE constrained binary divisive clustering analysis done on phytoplankton counts and pigment concentrations.Of all pigments determined, alloxanthin, zeaxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll b and lutein have highest correlation to phytoplankton counts. Conclusion.Combining chemotaxonomy and microscopy is an optimal method to determine phytoplankton diversity on a large-scale transect.Distinct communities between the two contrasting ecosystems of North Pacific reveal phytoplankton groups specific adaptations to trophic state, and support the hypothesis of shift from micro-to nano-scale taxa due to sea surface temperatures rising, favoring stratification and oligotrophic conditions.
Formalising social representation to explain psychiatric symptoms
2023-01-04

Recent work in social cognition has moved beyond a focus on how people process social rewards to examine how healthy people represent other agents and how this is altered in psychiatric disorders. However, formal modelling of social representation has not kept pace with these changes, impeding our understanding of how core aspects of social cognition function, and fail, in psychopathology. Here, we suggest that belief-based computational models provide a basis for an integrated sociocognitive approach to psychiatry, with the potential to address important but unexamined pathologies of social representation, such as maladaptive schemas and illusory social agents.
The precuneus as a central node in declarative memory retrieval
2023-01-04

Abstract Both, the hippocampal formation and the neocortex are contributing to declarative memory, but their functional specialization remains unclear. We investigated the differential contribution of both memory systems during free recall of word lists. In total, 21 women and 17 men studied the same list but with the help of different encoding associations. Participants associated the words either sequentially with the previous word on the list, with spatial locations on a well-known path, or with unique autobiographical events. After intensive rehearsal, subjects recalled the words during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Common activity to all three types of encoding associations was identified in the posterior parietal cortex, in particular in the precuneus. Additionally, when associating spatial or autobiographical material, retrosplenial cortex activity was elicited during word list recall, while hippocampal activity emerged only for autobiographically associated words. These findings support a general, critical function of the precuneus in episodic memory storage and retrieval. The encoding-retrieval repetitions during learning seem to have accelerated hippocampus-independence and lead to direct neocortical integration in the sequentially associated and spatially associated word list tasks. During recall of words associated with autobiographical memories, the hippocampus might add spatiotemporal information supporting detailed scenic and contextual memories.
Forbidden emission lines in protostellar outflows and jets with MUSE
2023-01-04

Context . Forbidden emission lines in protoplanetary disks are a key diagnostic in studies of the evolution of the disk and the host star. They signal potential disk accretion or wind, outflow, or jet ejection processes of the material that affects the angular momentum transport of the disk as a result. Aims . We report spatially resolved emission lines, namely, [O I ] λλ 6300, 6363, [N II ] λλ 6548, 6583, H α , and [S II ] λλ 6716, 6730 that are believed to be associated with jets and magnetically driven winds in the inner disks, due to the proximity to the star, as suggested in previous works from the literature. With a resolution of 0.025 × 0.025 arcsec 2 , we aim to derive the position angle of the outflow/jet (PA outflow/jet ) that is connected with the inner disk. We then compare it with the position angle of the dust (PA dust ) obtained from previous constraints for the outer disk. We also carry out a simple analysis of the kinematics and width of the lines and we estimate the mass-loss rate based on the [O I ] λ 6300 line for five T Tauri stars. Methods . Observations were carried out with the optical integral field spectrograph of the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The instrument spatially resolves the forbidden lines, providing a unique capability to access the spatial extension of the outflows/jets that make the estimate of the PA outflow/jet possible from a geometrical point of view. Results . The forbidden emission lines analyzed here have their origin at the inner parts of the protoplanetary disk. From the maximum intensity emission along the outflow/jet in DL Tau, CI Tau, DS Tau, IP Tau, and IM Lup, we were able to reliably measure the PA outflow/jet for most of the identified lines. We found that our estimates agree with PA dust for most of the disks. These estimates depend on the signal-to-noise level and the collimation of the outflow (jet). The outflows/jets in CIDA 9, GO Tau, and GW Lup are too compact for a PA outflow/jet to be estimated. Based on our kinematics analysis, we confirm that DL Tau and CI Tau host a strong outflow/jet with line-of-sight velocities much greater than 100 km s −1 , whereas DS Tau, IP Tau, and IM Lup velocities are lower and their structures encompass low-velocity components to be more associated with winds. Our estimates for the mass-loss rate, Ṁ loss , range between (1.1–6.5) × 10 −7 –10 −8 M ⊙ yr −1 for the disk-outflow/jet systems analyzed here. Conclusions . The outflow/jet systems analyzed here are aligned within around 1° between the inner and outer disk. Further observations are needed to confirm a potential misalignment in IM Lup.
Natural Experiments: Missed Opportunities for Causal Inference in Psychology
2023-01-04

Knowledge about causal effects is essential for building useful theories and designing effective interventions. The preferred design for learning about causal effects are randomized experiments (i.e., studies in which the researchers randomly assign units to treatment and control conditions). However, randomized experiments are often unethical or unfeasible. On the other hand, observational studies are usually feasible but lack the random assignment that renders randomized experiments causally informative. Natural experiments can sometimes offer unique opportunities for dealing with this dilemma, allowing causal inference on the basis of events that are not controlled by the researcher but that nevertheless establish random or as-if random assignment to treatment and control conditions. Yet, psychological researchers have rarely exploited natural experiments so far. To remedy this shortage, we describe three main types of studies exploiting natural experiments (standard natural experiments, instrumental variable designs, and regression discontinuity designs) and provide examples from psychology and economics to illustrate how natural experiments can be harnessed. Natural experiments are challenging to find, provide information about only specific causal effects, and involve assumptions that are difficult to validate empirically. Nevertheless, we argue that natural experiments provide valuable causal inference opportunities that have not yet been sufficiently exploited by psychologists.