julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Gene on Maternal Phenylketonuria Outcome
2003-12-01

Objective. The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent maternal and offspring phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) genotypes in conjunction with maternal IQ and dietary control during pregnancy are related to cognitive development in offspring of women with phenylketonuria (PKU). Methods. PAH gene mutations were determined in 196 maternal PKU subjects and their offspring. The women were grouped according to PAH genotype, which predicts the metabolic phenotype (severe PKU, mild PKU, and mild hyperphenylalaninemia [MHP]). IQ was determined in both the mothers (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised at &amp;gt;18 years) and their children (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised at ≥6–7 years of age). Results. According to PAH genotypes, 62% of the women exhibited severe PKU, 19% exhibited mild PKU, and 19% exhibited MHP. Maternal IQ increased, and the assigned phenylalanine (Phe) levels decreased with decreasing severity of PAH genotype. In offspring of mild maternal PKU, multiple regression analysis showed offspring IQ to be significantly related to maternal IQ but not to Phe exposure during pregnancy, which was &amp;lt;750 μmol/L in all cases of mild PKU. In offspring of mothers with severe PKU and average Phe exposure during pregnancy of 360 to 750 μmol/L, multiple regression analysis revealed both maternal IQ and Phe exposure to be significant predictors of offspring IQ. When average Phe exposure was &amp;lt;360 μmol/L, cognitive development was normal (mean IQ: 105), whereas an average Phe exposure of &amp;gt;750 μmol/L severely depressed offspring IQ (mean IQ: 56) in this group regardless of maternal IQ. It could not be documented that the offspring PAH genotype affects cognitive development. Conclusion. Female individuals with severe PKU should be offered a diet for a lifetime. If good metabolic control is established, then women with PKU will have children with IQ scores that are not influenced by their disease.
Genetic evidence of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus dispersal sources and sinks in the Alps
2003-12-01

The aim of our study was to identify fine‐scale genetic population structure of capercaillie Tetra urogallus populations in the Bavarian Alps, Germany. We studied five local populations and estimated genetic variation using 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers. We found no differences in the number of alleles per locus or the degree of heterozygosity between pairs of populations, but significant genetic variation among all populations. We detected significant genetic differentiation for pairs of populations separated by distances as short as 10 km. Genetically detected effective population sizes agreed with field data for relative population densities. Populations of peripheral study areas bordering the dairy‐farming lowlands tended to show sink characteristics with immigration exceeding emigration. Our study confirmed that microsatellites have the potential to detect dispersal sources and sinks at a local scale and the results of studies like ours may help to develop improved, effective conservation plans for capercaillie.
Scavenging and Processing of Whale Meat and Blubber by Later Stone Age People of the Geelbek Dunes, Western Cape Province, South Africa
2003-12-01

Although it has been postulated that the scavenging of beached whales played an important role in the subsistence strategy of Later Stone Age people in southern Africa, there exists limited material evidence to support this hypothesis. At the locality Pottery in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, new analysis has demonstrated a clear association between 34 pieces of whale barnacle (Coronula diadema) and a roasting platform consisting of burned calcrete. This relationship confirms that LSA people scavenged whales from the shores of southern Africa, while processing the meat and rendering the blubber at inland locations.
What You Think is What You Get: Comparative Evaluations of Close Relationships
2003-12-01

Three studies tested the hypothesis that focus of comparison moderates the influence of comparison standards on relationship satisfaction. Participants were asked to evaluate either their current relationships or their alternative relationships relative to an external comparison standard: a romantic stereotype (Study 1) or others’ relationships (Studies 2 and 3). Consistent with the focusing hypothesis, the results show that people are more satisfied when they assimilate their relationship outcomes to a high standard or when they contrast them away from a low standard. Satisfaction, however, also increases when alternative relation-ships are contrasted away from a high standard or when they are assimilated to a low standard of comparison. Perceived quality of alternatives partially mediated the impact of focus of comparison on satisfaction. This finding is consistent with interdependence theory’s distinction between a comparison level and a comparison level for alternative relationships, which are not completely independent from each other.
On Rüdenberg’s Integral Approximations and Their Unrestricted and Combined Use in Crystal Orbital Theories of Hartree-Fock Type
2003-12-01

The analysis based on Rüdenberg’s well-known letter of 1951, which has been outlined for molecules in a preceding contribution, now will be transfered to translational periodic systems in one, two, or three dimensions. Again, when applied unrestrictedly to “Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals” representations (LCAO) of both “Unrestricted” and “Restricted Hartree-Fock” pictures (UHF and RHF), Rüdenberg’s integral approximations of Mulliken type lead to a thorough interpretation of “Extended Hückel” crystal orbital theories (EHT). Moreover, Rüdenberg’s ideas provide us with “Unrestricted and Combined” extensions (U&amp;C) of the widely-used approximation schemes “Zero Differential Overlap” (ZDO) and “Neglect of Diatomic Differential Overlap” (NDDO). An improved variant of EHT is also presented. Corresponding “Restricted and Combined” concepts (R&amp;C), which overcome some shortcomings inherent in Rüdenberg’s original recipes, will be sketched.
Creating firms for a new century: Determinants of firm creation around 1900
2003-12-01

A rapidly growing literature in industrial economics and regional economics uses data sets of individual firms or regional firm creation rates to answer the central question: what makes entrepreneurs? Which factors encourage some people to set up their own business and create jobs, and what prevents potential entrepreneurs from doing so? This contribution explores the determinants of regional differences in firm creation rates by using a new data set of 4,036 individual firms from Southwest Germany around 1900. Agglomeration effects and earlier firm creations stimulate current firm creation. In addition, a small and medium firm environment allows the formation of specific human capital — another favourable factor for a dynamic firm creation process in some regions.
Voluntary Disclosure of Nonproprietary Information: A Complete Equilibrium Characterization
2003-12-01

The so‐called disclosure principle is a ‘puzzle’ in the accounting literature: Game theoretic models of financial markets show that in equilibrium firms should disclose all their private information. Yet, the result is not convincing. Researchers have therefore built sophisticated models in order to demonstrate for which reasons the disclosure principle might fail. This note shows that even in the original model there are multiple equilibria. In those equilibria good types disclose and bad types do not. The commonly known full disclosure equilibrium is a limit point of the equilibrium set.
Paleopathological Features of the Cervical Spine in the Early Middle Ages: Natural History of Degenerative Diseases
2003-12-01

Abstract OBJECTIVE Trauma and degenerative joint disease are the most common pathological conditions observed in archaeological skeletal remains. We describe the prevalence of different types of cervical bone diseases observed in the early Middle Ages (6th to 8th centuries AD). METHODS Human skeletons were excavated from Germanic row graves in southwestern Germany. One hundred ninety-six cervical spines thus obtained were examined for bone disease. The degenerative changes were classified into Grades 1 (marginal osteophytes), 2 (uneven joint surfaces), and 3 (osseous ankylosis). Cervical spinal canal stenosis was defined as anteroposterior diameters of &amp;lt;11 mm and intervertebral foraminal stenosis as &amp;lt;3.0 mm in the smallest diameter. RESULTS Of the skeletons, 27.5% demonstrated degenerative changes of the cervical spine. The mean age of the skeletons at the time of death was 33.4 years, compared with 43.7 years for those with degenerative disease. Degenerative changes of the vertebral bodies (usually Grades 1 and 2) were most common in the C5–C6 (12.4%, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and C6–C7 (15.3%, P &amp;lt; 0.05) segments. The medial (6.1%) and lateral (0.6%) atlantoaxial joints were rarely involved in degenerative disease. The facet joints from C3–C4 to C6–C7 demonstrated degenerative changes (usually Grades 1 and 2) in 8.0 to 11.8% of cases. The C2–C3 facet joints were significantly involved in degenerative disease in 19.7% of cases (P &amp;lt; 0.05), one-fourth of which demonstrated osseous ankylosis. We observed cervical spinal canal stenosis in 5 skeletons (2.6%) and osseous intervertebral foraminal stenoses in 12 (6.1%). Isolated cases of other pathological processes, i.e., spondylitis ankylopoietica, occipitalization of the atlas and axis, and an odontoid fracture with pseudoarthrosis, were also recorded. CONCLUSION In the early Middle Ages, the prevalence of degenerative cervical spine disease was the same as that observed today. The C2–C3 facet joints demonstrated high rates of degenerative disease.
On the Fermi and Gamow-Teller strength distributions in medium-heavy mass nuclei
2003-12-01

An isospin-selfconsistent approach based on the Continuum-Random-Phase-Approximation (CRPA) is applied to describe the Fermi and Gamow-Teller strength distributions within a wide excitation-energy interval. To take into account nucleon pairing in open-shell nuclei, we formulate an isospin-selfconsistent version of the proton-neutron-quasiparticle-CRPA (pn-QCRPA) approach by incorporating the BCS model into the CRPA method. The isospin and configurational splittings of the Gamow-Teller giant resonance are analyzed in single-open-shell nuclei. The calculation results obtained for Bi, Nb, and Sb isotopes are compared with available experimental data.
Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften der Komplexe [(Me2PhP)3Cl2Re≡N‐IrCl2(C5Me5)], [(Me2PhP)3Cl2Re≡N‐IrCl(COD)], [PPh4][O3Os≡N‐IrCl2(C5Me5)] und [PPh4][O3Os≡N‐IrCl(COD)] mit Nitridobrücken Re≡N‐Ir und Os≡N‐Ir
2003-12-01

Abstract Die heteronuklearen Zweikernkomplexe [(Me 2 PhP) 3 Cl 2 Re≡N‐IrCl 2 (C 5 Me 5 )] ( 1 ), [(Me 2 PhP) 3 Cl 2 Re≡N‐IrCl(COD)] ( 2 ), [PPh 4 ][O 3 Os≡N‐IrCl 2 (C 5 Me 5 )] ( 3 ) und [PPh 4 ][O 3 Os≡N‐IrCl(COD)] ( 4 ) entstehen bei der Reaktion der Nitridokomplexe [ReNCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 ] und [OsO 3 N] — mit den Iridiumverbindungen [IrCl 2 (C 5 Me 5 )] 2 und [IrCl(COD)] 2 in Benzonitril. 1 kristallisiert in Form roter Kristalle der Zusammensetzung 1 ·C 6 H 5 CN mit der monoklinen Raumgruppe P2 1 /c und a = 1264, 7(2); b = 1945, 3(2); c = 1835, 4(1) pm, β = 90, 35(1)°, Z = 4. Im Zweikernkomplex ist das Komplexfragment [IrCl 2 (C 5 Me 5 )] über eine asymmetrische Nitridobrücke Re≡N‐Ir mit dem Nitridokomplex [ReNCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 ] verknüpft. Die Nitridobrücke ist durch einen Bindungswinkel Re‐N‐Ir von 179, 4(2)° und Abstände Re‐N = 170, 9(4) pm und Ir‐N = 203, 3(4) pm charakterisiert. 2 bildet rotbraune, trikline Kristalle mit der Raumgruppe P1 ̄ und a = 1076, 6(2); b = 1373, 2(2); c = 1452, 4(1) pm; α = 107, 513(8); β = 101, 843(9); γ = 110, 04(1)°, Z = 2. Die Nitridobrücke zum Komplexfragment [IrCl(COD)] weist einen Bindungswinkel Re‐N‐Ir von 173, 8(4)° und Abstände Re‐N = 170, 4(8) pm und Ir‐N = 196, 2(8) pm auf. 3 kristallisiert als monokline rote Kristalle in der Raumgruppe P2 1 /n und a = 1449, 9(2); b = 906, 74(4); c = 2628, 9(5) pm; β = 103, 50(1)°, Z = 4. Die Nitridobrücke Os≡N‐Ir ist mit einem Bindungswinkel von 165, 0(3)° leicht abgewinkelt. Die Abstände betragen Os‐N = 168, 3(5) pm und Ir‐N = 201, 9(5) pm. 4 ergibt dunkelbraune orthorhombische Kristalle mit der Raumgruppe P2 1 2 1 2 1 und a = 704, 35(2); b = 1228, 17(6); c = 3442, 0(4) pm; Z = 4. Die Abstände in der schwach abgewinkelten Nitridobrücke (Os‐N‐Ir = 161, 8(4)°) betragen Os‐N = 169, 3(7) pm und Ir‐N = 197, 8(7) pm.
Troy in clearer perspective
2003-12-01

Abstract Was late Troy VI a large Anatolian palatial city, a hub for trade, a commercial metropolis or even the centre of a Bronze Age federation of cities ( hanse ), as the present excavator of Hisarlik, M. Korfmann, has claimed in numerous publications? Several German archaeologists and historians have maintained the opposite and declared Korfmann's view of Troy as unfounded and a fiction. In a recent article in Anatolian Studies (2002: 75–109) D.F. Easton, J.D. Hawkins, and A.G. and E.S. Sherratt state that they share the opinion of the excavator. In reality, they do not defend the above mentioned views, but offer a more restrained description of the role of Troy VI in the Late Bronze Age. Their arguments, though, can be shown to be untenable due to insufficient evidence. Thus, a thorough criticism of Korfmann's statements remains fully justified.
MARTINGALE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF INCREMENT PROCESSES IN A LOCALLY COMPACT GROUP
2003-12-01

Martingale characterizations and the related martingale problem are studied for processes with independent (not necessarily stationary) increments in an arbitrary locally compact group. In the special case of a compact Lie group, a Lévy-type characterization is given in terms of a faithful finite dimensional representation of the group and its tensor square. For the proofs noncommutative Fourier theory is applied for the convolution hemigroups associated with the increment processes.
Family trees of continuous-time birth-and-death processes
2003-12-01

We consider a stochastic graph generated by a continuous-time birth-and-death process with exponentially distributed waiting times. The vertices are the living particles, directed edges go from mothers to daughters. The size and the structure of the connected components are investigated. Furthermore, the number of connected components is determined.
Differential in vivo and in vitro expression of ED-B+ fibronectin in adult human hematopoiesis
2003-12-01

Fibronectin in general is involved in adhesion and maturation of the erythroid lineage, in megakaryopoiesis and in the differentiation of human multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, little information exists about the expression of the oncofetal fibronectin isoform containing the ED-B domain (ED-B+ fn) in adult human hematopoiesis. The study was aimed to analyze the ED-B+ fn expression in normal human bone marrow cells by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The in vivo results were compared to ED-B+ fn expression in human long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC), cytokine supported expansion cultures of CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) and in leukemic cell lines with megakaryocytic characteristics (K562, CMK). ED-B+ fn protein was immunocytochemically demonstrated in normal bone marrow megakaryocytes as well as in megakaryocytic progenitor/precursor cells generated ex vivo from PBPC but we failed to detect ED-B+ fn mRNA. It was strongly expressed in LTBMC (RNA and protein). Analysis of human bone marrow mononuclear cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy revealed only cytoplasmic ED-B+ fn. The SCF/TPO induced megakaryocytic differentiation of ED-B+ fn negative CMK cells is associated with an increase of large megakaryocytes followed by an intracellular accumulation of ED-B+ fn mRNA and protein. We conclude that in normal human hematopoiesis ED-B+ fn protein expression and intracellular accumulation is restricted to differentiation of megakaryocytes. Low-abundant synthesis, intracellular accumulation and failure of membrane exposure might be due to a function during early events of wound healing (formation of a platelet-rich provisional extracellular matrix).
[Calibration of a room air gas monitor with certified reference gases].
2003-12-01

Photo-acoustic infrared spectrometry is considered to be the gold standard for on-line measurement of anesthetic waste gas in room air. For maintenance of the precision of the measurements, the manufacturer recommends calibration of the gas monitor monitor every 3-12 months. We investigated whether the use of reference gases with analysis certificate could serve as a feasible alternative to commercial recalibration. We connected a multi-gas monitor type1302 (Bruel & Kjaer, Naerum, Denmark) to compressed air bottles containing reference gases with analysis certificate. Using a T-piece with a flow-meter, we avoided the entry of room air during the calibration phase. Highly purified nitrogen was used for zero calibration. The reference concentrations for desflurane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane ranged from 41.6-51.1 ml/m(3) (ppm) in synthetic air. Since there is an overlap of the infrared absorption spectra of volatile anesthetics with alcohol used in operating rooms, we performed a cross-compensation with iso-propanol (107.0 ppm). A two-point calibration was performed for N(2)O (96.2 and 979.0 ppm), followed by cross-compensation with CO(2). Nafion tubes were used in order to avoid erroneous measurements due to molecular relaxation phenomena. The deviation of the measurement values ranged initially from 0-2.0% and increased to up to 4.9% after 18 months. For N(2)O, the corresponding values were 4.2% and 2.7%, respectively. Thus, our calibration procedure using certified reference gases yielded precise measurements with low deterioration over 18 months. It seems to be advantageous that the precision can be determined whenever deemed necessary. This allows for an individual decision, when the gas monitor needs to be calibrated again. The costs for reference gases and working time as well as logistic aspects such as storage and expiration dates must be individually balanced against the costs for commercial recalibration.
P-091 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Clinical characteristics of patients at high risk for arrhythmia recurrences
2003-12-01

The benefits of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) are well known for ischemic cardiomyopathy, but there are no studies demonstrating such benefits in chagas disease.The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of this intervention in that population regarding hospital admission for arhythmic events.
Crystal structure of nonafluoro-{N-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-phenyl}-1-butanesulfonamide, C16H10F9N3O3S
2003-12-01

Abstract C 16 H 10 F 9 N 3 O 3 S, triclinic, P 1̅ (No. 2), a = 5.4635(2) Å, b = 10.266(1) Å, c = 17.645(2) Å, α = 105.731(6)°, β = 93.187(5)°, γ = 97.036(7)°, V = 941.3 Å 3 , Z = 2, R gt (F) = 0.048, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.134, T = 213 K.
Crystal structure of nonafluoro-{N-[(E)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-phenyl}-1-butanesulfonamide, C16H10F9N3O3S
2003-12-01

Abstract C 16 H 10 F 9 N 3 O 3 S, monoclinic, P 12 1 / c 1 (No. 14), a = 5.6549(3) Å, b = 12.2550(9) Å, c = 27.170(6) Å, β = 90.446(8)°, V = 1882.8 Å 3 , Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.088, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.261, T = 213 K.
Intensification of cataleptic response in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced neurodegeneration of substantia nigra is not dependent on the degree of dopamine depletion
2003-12-04

Abstract An intensification of catalepsy has been observed upon repeated testing in rats with permanent neurodegeneration of substantia nigra. Here, the question is addressed whether the rate of development of intensification of catalepsy upon repeated testing in the same context is dependent on dopamine level in the basal ganglia. Rats were lesioned with 2 μg or 6 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine in the median forebrain bundle to produce dopamine depletion in substantia nigra in two different proportions. Both groups were exposed to catalepsy tests for 7 successive days in the same context, and the context was changed on day 8. On day 9 the catalepsy test was repeated with the old context. After the completion of the behavioral experiments, various regions of basal ganglia were analyzed for dopamine and its metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3‐methyl tyronine, and homovanillic acid. Lesions with 6 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine produced strong dopamine depletion (78%) and akinetic response in the catalepsy test on day 1. Repeated exposure of this group to the catalepsy tests in the same context produced intensification of cataleptic response. Changing the context on day 8 reduced catalepsy. Performing the experiments again with the old context on day 9 produced an intensified response. Lesions with 2 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine produced partial dopamine depletion (46%) without any motor disturbances. However, repeated exposure and context changes produced a similar pattern of catalepsy as in the 6 μg lesioned animals. These results indicate that the rate of building up of intensification of catalepsy is not dependent on the degree of dopamine depletion. It signifies the importance of context in the expression and augmentation of parkinsonian symptoms during the course of the disease to subjects with subthreshold dopaminergic neurodegeneration that could not produce motor disturbances alone. Prevention of context‐dependent intensification of catalepsy could be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 51:213–218, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactive cloth simulation in virtual environments
2003-12-08

Current cloth simulation systems have become powerful enough to be used interactively, and applications relevant to textile industries like virtually tailoring real garments seem to be possible in the near future. We show that interactive cloth simulation can be improved by virtual reality techniques. We present the Virtual Dressmaker, an application for interactive assembly and physically based interactive simulation of cloth. In particular, the system allows us to select and drag parts of the clothes during the simulation. The proposed application consists of a VR-interface client that provides nearly live-size stereo projection combined with 6DOF interaction and a server for physically based cloth simulation. In order to verify the usability of our approach, we elaborate on usability studies, which show that our application allows fast, easy, and precise interaction compared to interaction with a traditional 3D-desktop application based on 2D input devices.