julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The apical plasma membrane of chitin-synthesising epithelia
2012-07-01

Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth. It is produced at the apical side of epidermal, tracheal, fore- and hindgut epithelial cells in insects as a central component of the protective and supporting extracellular cuticle. Chitin is also an important constituent of the midgut peritrophic matrix that encases the food supporting its digestion and protects the epithelium against invasion by possibly ingested pathogens. The enzyme producing chitin is a glycosyltransferase that resides in the apical plasma membrane forming a pore to extrude the chains of chitin into the extracellular space. The apical plasma membrane is not only a platform for chitin synthases but, probably through its shape and equipment with distinct factors, also plays an important role in orienting and organising chitin fibres. Here, I review findings on the cellular and molecular constitution of the apical plasma membrane of chitin producing epithelia mainly focussing on work done in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
Through the Looking Glass: Two Approaches to Visualizing Linguistic Syntax Trees
2012-07-01

Linguists have domain specific diagrams for syntactic structures, as well as expectations about the "look and feel" of the diagrams. However, these diagrams have received relatively little attention in the information visualization field. In this paper we present two approaches to applying InfoVis techniques to these diagrams to make them interactive and effective in a computer-driven research environment. Results from each approach will influence the further development of the other.
O4‐06‐04: Immunization targeting a minor plaque constituent clears Aβ and rescues behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model
2012-07-01

Anti-human-Aβ immunotherapy has been shown to clear brain Aβ plaques in b-amyloid depositing mouse models and in human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. While immunotherapy targeting a minor constituent of peripheral amyloidoses has been shown to result in a broad amyloid clearance, targeting a minor brain plaque constituent leading to b-amyloid clearance has not been demonstrated. We showed that murine Aβ accumulates in multiple human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse lines, representing ∼2-8% of the total Aβ in the brain. We also determined that murine Aβ co-localizes and interacts with the human Aβ by co-immunolabeling of and co-immunoprecipitation from brain tissue. Given that endogenous murine Aβ is a minor b-amyloid plaque component in these mouse models, we undertook an anti-murine-Aβ passive immunization by intraperitoneal injection for eight weeks in Tg2576 mice to determine whether this immunotherapy reduces brain plaque pathology while improving performance in behavioral assays in these mice. This immunization resulted in the clearance of more than one-half of the b-amyloid plaque pathology - including both the endogenous murine Aβ and the human Aβ components - following two months of treatment. The immunized mice additionally showed improvements in two behavioral assays, odor habituation and nesting behavior. Given the interactions we showed between the two Aβ species, our results argue that anti-murine-Aβ immunization clears human Aβ with murine Aβ as a complex while improving behavioral deficits which suggests that this immunization strategy may effectively clear oligomeric Aβ. We conclude that passive anti-murine-Aβ immunization clears Aβ plaque pathology - including the major human Aβ component - and decreases behavioral deficits, arguing that targeting minor, endogenous brain plaque constituents can be beneficial, broadening the range of plaque-associated targets for AD therapeutics.
Encoding Three Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) States in the IP Header Using a Single Diffserv Codepoint (DSCP)
2012-07-01

The objective of Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) is to protect the quality of service (QoS) of inelastic flows within a Diffserv domain.The overall rate of PCN-traffic is metered on every link in the PCNdomain, and PCN-packets are appropriately marked when certain configured rates are exceeded.Egress nodes pass information about these PCN-marks to Decision Points that then decide whether to admit or block new flow requests or to terminate some already admitted flows during serious pre-congestion.This document specifies how PCN-marks are to be encoded into the IP header by reusing the Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) codepoints within a PCN-domain.The PCN wire protocol for non-IP protocol headers will need to be defined elsewhere.Nonetheless, this document clarifies the PCN encoding for MPLS in an informational appendix.The encoding for IP provides for up to three different PCN marking states using a single Diffserv codepoint (DSCP): not-marked (NM), threshold-marked (ThM), and excess-traffic-marked (ETM).Hence, it is called the 3-in-1 PCN encoding.This document obsoletes RFC 5696.
Overview of Pre-Congestion Notification Encoding
2012-07-01

The objective of Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) is to protect the quality of service (QoS) of inelastic flows within a Diffserv domain.On every link in the PCN-domain, the overall rate of PCN-traffic is metered, and PCN-packets are appropriately marked when certain configured rates are exceeded.Egress nodes provide decision points with information about the PCN-marks of PCN-packets that allows them to take decisions about whether to admit or block a new flow request, and to terminate some already admitted flows during serious pre-congestion.The PCN working group explored a number of approaches for encoding this pre-congestion information into the IP header.This document provides details of those approaches along with an explanation of the constraints that apply to any solution.
Requirements for Signaling of Pre-Congestion Information in a Diffserv Domain
2012-07-01

Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) is a means for protecting quality of service for inelastic traffic admitted to a Diffserv domain.The overall PCN architecture is described in RFC 5559.This memo describes the requirements for the signaling applied within the PCNdomain: (1) PCN-feedback-information is carried from the PCN-egressnode to the Decision Point; (2) the Decision Point may ask the PCNingress-node to measure, and report back, the rate of sent PCNtraffic between that PCN-ingress-node and PCN-egress-node.The Decision Point may be either collocated with the PCN-ingress-node or a centralized node (in the first case, (2) is not required).The signaling requirements pertain in particular to two edge behaviors, Controlled Load (CL) and Single Marking (SM).
P1‐028: Disequilibrium of APOE levels between serum and cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's patients
2012-07-01

especially in early disease stages.In late stages of AD Abeta and tauprotein levels have become static and are therefore unsuitable to reflect ongoing dynamic processes of AD-related neurodegeneration, such as glia cell-related pathobiology.But, it is well established that amyloid plaques are associated with activated astrocytes.Thus, astrocyte-derived proteins like glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B that are detectable in CSF might serve as markers of pathophysiological events especially in advanced AD. Methods: For a sample of 68 human CSF aliquots commercially available ELISA were used for the quantitative analysis of GFAP (IBL-International, Hamburg, Germany) and S100B (IBL).We included AD patients, healthy and disease controls.First we correlated standard biomarkers (abeta and tau-protein) and glia-derived proteins, furthermore we compared biomarker levels of controls and AD patients at different disease stages.Results: When calculating the correlation coefficient (Spearman) we found a significant correlation of t-tau and GFAP (r 1⁄4 0.261, P <0.05).In contrast, no correlation of S100B and t-Tau levels was detected.Comparing groups of patients at different disease stages, we found that for both markers, S100B and GFAP the average concentrations are highest in AD-patients with moderate dementia at presumably advanced disease stages.Conclusions: Astrocyte-derived proteins like GFAP and S100B can be reliably detected in CSF and might serve as markers for late pathophysiological events in the course of the disease.Additional measurement of astroglial biomarkers might allow an improved pathobiological staging of AD.
P3‐152: Cognitive decline as a quadratic function of free tri‐iodothyronine levels in Alzheimer's disease
2012-07-01

Both hypo- and hyperthyroidism appear to be risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3), and free thyroxine (T4) may influence the rate of cognitive decline of patients with this illness. In 70 patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD), the rate of cognitive decline was correlated with the levels of TSH, free T3 and free T4. Rate of cognitive decline in the patients with AD was assessed by the difference of the MMSE score at onset of cognitive decline (estimated as 30) and the MMSE score at the time point of the measurement of TSH, free T3 and free T4 divided by the time of disease duration (month since onset of cognitive decline). Onset of cognitive deterioration was obtained by inquiry of the patients or their relatives. A quadratic correlation between the rate of cognitive decline and the levels of free T3 was found in the AD patients (P < 0.01), but not between the rate of cognitive decline and the levels of TSH or free T4 (both P > 0.2). The results of the present study suggest a more rapid cognitive decline in AD patients with both high and low free T3 levels. This could be due to a propagation of amyloid-pathology or vascular risk factors by low concentration of T3 in the brain or conversely increased neuronal stress by high concentration of T3 in the brain. Our data suggest a close monitoring of thyroid function in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Exciton-plasmon coupling: Good or Bad?
2012-07-01

In this paper, the interaction of quantum emitters with plasmonic nanostructures and the resulting enhancement is studied. Special focus is placed on emitters with less than unity quantum efficiency, such as luminescent systems, and the effect the intrinsic losses have on fluorescence quenching in the extreme near field of metallic structures. With the example of a luminescent organic semiconductor film, we show that quenching plays only a minor role for weak emitters and explain the extraordinarily large enhancement of such a system in the extreme near field of a plasmonic structure. This framework will allow the development and optimization of applications in the field of ultra-sensitive single-molecule spectroscopy and imaging.
Mirror neurons encode the subjective value of an observed action
2012-07-02

Objects grasped by an agent have a value not only for the acting agent, but also for an individual observing the grasping act. The value that the observer attributes to the object that is grasped can be pivotal for selecting a possible behavioral response. Mirror neurons in area F5 of the monkey premotor cortex have been suggested to play a crucial role in the understanding of action goals. However, it has not been addressed if these neurons are also involved in representing the value of the grasped object. Here we report that observation-related neuronal responses of F5 mirror neurons are indeed modulated by the value that the monkey associates with the grasped object. These findings suggest that during action observation F5 mirror neurons have access to key information needed to shape the behavioral responses of the observer.
The Archaeology of Money
2012-07-02

Money is one of the most timeless, all-pervading, and arbitrary inventions in human history. Its ubiquity in time and space offers great scope for comparative archaeological research into its varying material manifestations. This article takes a broad approach, ranging from Old World prehistory to twentieth-century ethnography. First, the development of archaeological approaches to coinage and money is outlined. Subsequent sections explore research into the use of objects as currencies in prehistory; the origins of coined money; archaeological sites illustrating the adoption and functions of coinage in and around the classical Mediterranean; and the study of coins as archaeological artifacts in the more recent past and in non-European contexts. Finally, we suggest some potential ways forward, employing comparative archaeological study to enhance our understanding of the complexity of functions performed by monetary objects, both in the past and in the present.
Effect of the symmetry energy on the location of the inner edge of the neutron star crust
2012-07-02

The symmetry energy effects on the location of the inner edge of neutron star crusts are studied. Three phenomenological models are employed in order to check the accuracy of the well known parabolic approximation of the equation of state for asymmetric nuclear matter in the determination of the transition density and transition pressure . The results corroborate the statement that the error due to the assumption that a priori the equation of state is parabolic may introduce a large error in the determination of related properties of a neutron star as the crustal fraction of the moment of inertia and the critical frequency of rotating neutron stars.
Principal component based covariate shift adaption to reduce non-stationarity in a MEG-based brain-computer interface
2012-07-02

One of the biggest problems in today’s BCI research is the non-stationarity of the recorded signals. This non-stationarity can cause the BCI performance to deteriorate over time or drop significantly when transferring data from one session to another. To reduce the effect of non-stationaries, we propose a new method for covariate shift adaption that is based on Principal Component Analysis to extract non-stationaries and alleviate them. We show the proposed method to significantly increase BCI performance for an MEG-based BCI in an offline analysis as well as an online experiment with 10 subjects. We also show the method to be superior to other covariate shift adaption methods and present examples of identified non-stationaries to show the effect of the proposed method.
Market Liberalization, Regulatory Uncertainty, and Firm Investment
2012-07-02

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of regulatory uncertainty regarding labor costs on investment in a liberalized market. We distinguish between the external investment margin (market entry) and the internal investment margin (technology), and establish that regulatory uncertainty affects these margins differently, encouraging market entry, but discouraging technological investment. As a consequence, the impact of regulatory uncertainty on competition in liberalized markets is a combination of these two countervailing forces.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of A pooled analysis of infections, malignancy, and mortality in infliximab- and immunomodulator-treated adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
2012-07-02

On the basis of the unmet need for patients intolerant of or unresponsive to standard therapy, several antagonists of the proinfl ammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been developed, including adalimumab, etanercept, infl iximab, and certolizumab pegol.Although TNF antagonist therapy is generally well tolerated by patients with IBD, a unique spectrum of safety issues related to blocking TNF, including life-threatening and opportunistic infection, malignancy, and mortality, must be considered.While researchers have attempted to obtain consensus on the relationship between TNF antagonist therapy and
Supramodal numerosity selectivity of neurons in primate prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices
2012-07-03

Numerosity, the number of elements in a set, is a most abstract quantitative category. As such, it is independent of the sensory modality of its elements, i.e., supramodal. Because neuronal numerosity selectivity had never been compared directly across different sensory modalities, it remained elusive if and where single neurons encode numerosity irrespective of the items’ modality. Here, monkeys were trained to discriminate both the number of auditory sounds and visual items within the same session. While the monkeys performed this task, the activity of neurons was recorded in the lateral prefrontal cortex and ventral intraparietal sulcus, structures critically involved in numerical cognition. Groups of neurons in both areas encoded either the number of auditory pulses, visual items, or both. The finding of neurons responding to numerosity irrespective of the sensory modality supports the idea of a nonverbal, supramodal neuronal code of numerical quantity in the primate brain.
Factor Structure and Item Analysis of the Yale Food Addiction Scale in Obese Candidates for Bariatric Surgery
2012-07-03

Abstract Converging research suggests phenomenological and neurobiological similarities between excessive food consumption and addictive behaviour in substance dependence. Recently, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) has been proposed for the assessment of addictive eating behaviour. The German version of the YFAS was administered to obese individuals seeking bariatric surgery ( N = 96). Factor structure, internal consistency, and item statistics were analysed. Forty participants (41.70%) received a food addiction diagnosis. The one‐factorial structure of the YFAS, which has been found in non‐clinical samples, could be confirmed. All but three items had factor loadings &gt;.50. Internal consistency was α = .82. Item analysis revealed that items related to unsuccessful attempts to cut down and consumption despite physical and emotional problems were endorsed by the majority of participants. Findings support the use of the YFAS in clinical populations, while applicability of some items differs between clinical and non‐clinical samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Wetting behavior of dental implants.
2012-07-03

The tensiometric method was used to compare wettability of dental implants. A range from fully wettable/superhydrophilic to virtually unwettable/hydrophobic was observed on the implant surfaces examined.
The apical plasma membrane of chitin‐synthesizing epithelia
2012-07-03

Abstract Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth. It is produced at the apical side of epidermal, tracheal, fore‐, and hindgut epithelial cells in insects as a central component of the protective and supporting extracellular cuticle. Chitin is also an important constituent of the midgut peritrophic matrix that encases the food supporting its digestion and protects the epithelium against invasion by possibly ingested pathogens. The enzyme producing chitin is a glycosyltransferase that resides in the apical plasma membrane forming a pore to extrude the chains of chitin into the extracellular space. The apical plasma membrane is not only a platform for chitin synthases but, probably through its shape and equipment with distinct factors, also plays an important role in orienting and organizing chitin fibers. Here, I review findings on the cellular and molecular constitution of the apical plasma membrane of chitin‐producing epithelia mainly focusing on work done in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster .
Predictors for visual dysfunction in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas – implications for neurosurgical management
2012-07-03

Summary Background Despite ample experience with surgical treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, objective data defining the risk for visual compromise depending on the suprasellar extension in pituitary adenomas are sparse. Design and patients We measured the suprasellar extension of 98 newly diagnosed suprasellar nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas on sagittal and coronal magnetic resonance images using reference lines for the skull base level. In addition, the position of the optic chiasm in relation to the suprasellar adenoma was assessed. The findings were correlated with the degree of visual dysfunction and with the type of visual field defects ( VFD ). Results Seventy per cent of the patients suffered from VFD . The most frequent perimetric findings were bilateral (81·2%) or unilateral (10·1%) temporal hemifield defects. For the coronal view, a suprasellar extension of 12 mm was a practicable cut‐off value for emergence of visual disturbances (87·0% sensitivity, 72·4% specificity). For the sagittal view, 8‐mm suprasellar extension was a suitable cut‐off for appearance of chiasma syndrome (87·0% sensitivity, 75·9% specificity). In five of seven cases without a chiasma syndrome despite a suprasellar extension &gt;12 (coronal) and 8 mm (sagittal), the optic chiasm was found in an anterior position. No correlation was found between the position of the chiasm (i.e. anterior, superior or posterior) and the type of VFD ( P = 0·647). A highly significant correlation was found between the decline of visual acuity and the suprasellar adenoma extension ( P &lt; 0·0001). Conclusion Cut‐off values possess a high sensitivity and specificity for imminent visual disturbances and are helpful for clinical decision‐making. A delayed emergence of visual dysfunction may be observed with an anterior position of the optic chiasm.
Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry-Level Data
2012-07-03

Abstract Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970-2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry-specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross-sectional heterogeneity is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high- and low-skilled workers have become more volatile relative to the volatility of capital incomes. Fourth, the volatility of labor income relative to the volatility of capital income declines in the labor share. Trade openness has no clear-cut impact.
Firm Productivity and the Foreign‐Market Entry Decision
2012-07-04

We use Japanese firm‐level data to examine how a firm’s productivity affects its foreign‐market entry strategy. The firm faces a choice between exporting and foreign direct investment (FDI). In the case of FDI, the firm has two options: greenfield investment or acquisition of an existing plant (M&amp;A). If it selects greenfield investment, it has two ownership choices: whole ownership or a joint venture with a local company. Controlling for industry‐ and country‐specific characteristics, we find that the more productive a firm is, the more likely it is to choose FDI rather than exporting and greenfield investment rather than M&amp;A.
Histogram Analysis of Renal Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Data Reveals Differences Between Volunteers and Patients With Mild Chronic Kidney Disease
2012-07-04

Moderate renal dysfunction is associated with a significant change in the distribution of cortical perfusion values and a reduction of blood perfusion for both the parenchyma and the cortex. The preliminary results reported in this study suggest the importance of a regional assessment of renal perfusion. Histogram analysis of ASL data may help to detect chronic kidney disorders and to monitor their progression in a clinical setting.
Impact of risk factors for prolonged operative time in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
2012-07-04

The risk for prolonged operative times in LC can be assessed on the basis of patients' characteristics. Assessment of these factors not only helps to optimize the individual outcome for each patient but also improves the decision process toward operative training for junior surgeons.