julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Building Stock and Building Typology of Kigali, Rwanda
2019-07-21

This study uses very high-resolution Pléiades imagery for the densely built-up central part of the City of Kigali for the year 2015 in order to derive urban morphology data on building footprints, building archetypes and building heights. Aerial images of the study area from 2008–2009 were used in combination with the 2015 dataset to create a change monitoring dataset on a single building basis. A semi-automated approach was chosen which combined an object-based image analysis with an expert-based revision. The result is a geospatial dataset that detects 165,625 buildings for 2008–2009 and 211,458 for 2015. The dataset includes information on the type of changes between the two dates. Analysis of this geospatial dataset can be used for a range of research applications in economics and the social sciences, as well as a range of policy applications in urban planning and municipal finance administration.
Building Stock and Building Typology of Kigali, Rwanda
2019-07-21

Dynamically changing urban agglomerations in emerging countries in the Global South experience rapid changes in their urban extent and morphology, due to a growth of population and migration, as well as socioeconomic developments. It is important to have access to updated information on the qualitative and quantitative status of settlements, in order to monitor and inform the housing sector, spatial and infrastructure planning, municipal revenue collection and budgeting, and the supply of social services. Very high-resolution (VHR) multispectral satellite images are one important, cost effective, source of regular, updated, data on urban land-use and built-up areas. The authors acquired a Pléiades satellite image from August 2015 for the central part of the capital of Rwanda, Kigali. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) and expert-based post-classification were then applied to derive building footprints and building heights, and to assign all buildings to nine building archetypes. In a second step, building footprint data from aerial images of the same area in 2008-2009 were analysed, to identify the change of the building stock in the respective period. In total, 165,625 built entities have been detected for 2008-2009 and 211,458 for 2015; this entails a 27.7% increase in the number of buildings. The dataset presented is a completely revised version of a dataset that was used for a published report on the housing supply in Kigali in 2018.
ARCHES: A Randomized, Phase III Study of Androgen Deprivation Therapy With Enzalutamide or Placebo in Men With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
2019-07-22

PURPOSE Enzalutamide, a potent androgen-receptor inhibitor, has demonstrated significant benefits in metastatic and nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of enzalutamide in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). METHODS ARCHES (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02677896 ) is a multinational, double-blind, phase III trial, wherein 1,150 men with mHSPC were randomly assigned 1:1 to enzalutamide (160 mg/day) or placebo, plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), stratified by disease volume and prior docetaxel chemotherapy. The primary end point was radiographic progression-free survival. RESULTS As of October 14, 2018, the risk of radiographic progression or death was significantly reduced with enzalutamide plus ADT versus placebo plus ADT (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.50; P &lt; .001; median not reached v 19.0 months). Similar significant improvements in radiographic progression-free survival were reported in prespecified subgroups on the basis of disease volume and prior docetaxel therapy. Enzalutamide plus ADT significantly reduced the risk of prostate-specific antigen progression, initiation of new antineoplastic therapy, first symptomatic skeletal event, castration resistance, and reduced risk of pain progression. More men achieved an undetectable prostate-specific antigen level and/or an objective response with enzalutamide plus ADT ( P &lt; .001). Patients in both treatment groups reported a high baseline level of quality of life, which was maintained over time. Grade 3 or greater adverse events were reported in 24.3% of patients who received enzalutamide plus ADT versus 25.6% of patients who received placebo plus ADT, with no unexpected adverse events. CONCLUSION Enzalutamide with ADT significantly reduced the risk of metastatic progression or death over time versus placebo plus ADT in men with mHSPC, including those with low-volume disease and/or prior docetaxel, with a safety analysis that seems consistent with the safety profile of enzalutamide in previous clinical trials in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Difficulties in the description of Drell-Yan processes at moderate invariant mass and high transverse momentum
2019-07-22

We study the Drell-Yan cross section differential with respect to the transverse momentum of the produced lepton pair. We consider data with moderate invariant mass Q of the lepton pair, between 4.5 and 13.5 GeV, and similar (although slightly smaller) values of the transverse momentum qT. We approach the problem by deriving predictions based on standard collinear factorization, which are expected to be valid toward the high-qT end of the spectrum and to which any description of the spectrum at lower qT using transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions ultimately needs to be matched. We find that the collinear framework predicts cross sections that in most cases are significantly below available data at high qT. We discuss additional perturbative and possible nonperturbative effects that increase the predicted cross section, but not by a sufficient amount.
Detection and explanation of spatiotemporal patterns in Late Cenozoic palaeoclimate change relevant to Earth surface processes
2019-07-22

Abstract. Detecting and explaining differences between palaeoclimates can provide valuable insights for Earth scientists investigating processes that are affected by climate change over geologic time. In this study, we describe and explain spatiotemporal patterns in palaeoclimate change that are relevant to Earth surface scientists. We apply a combination of multivariate cluster and discriminant analysis techniques to a set of high-resolution palaeoclimate simulations. The simulations were conducted with the ECHAM5 climate model and consistent setup. A pre-industrial (PI) climate simulation serves as the control experiment, which is compared to a suite of simulations of Late Cenozoic climates, namely a Mid-Holocene (MH, approximately 6.5 ka), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, approximately 21 ka) and Pliocene (PLIO, approximately 3 Ma) climate. For each of the study regions (western South America, Europe, South Asia and southern Alaska), differences in climate are subjected to geographical clustering to identify dominant modes of climate change and their spatial extent for each time slice comparison (PI–MH, PI–LGM and PI–PLIO). The selection of climate variables for the cluster analysis is made on the basis of their relevance to Earth surface processes and includes 2 m air temperature, 2 m air temperature amplitude, consecutive freezing days, freeze–thaw days, maximum precipitation, consecutive wet days, consecutive dry days, zonal wind speed and meridional wind speed. We then apply a two-class multivariate discriminant analysis to simulation pairs PI–MH, PI–LGM and PI–PLIO to evaluate and explain the discriminability between climates within each of the anomaly clusters. Changes in ice cover create the most distinct and stable patterns of climate change, and create the best discriminability between climates in western Patagonia. The distinct nature of European palaeoclimates is statistically explained mostly by changes in 2 m air temperature (MH, LGM, PLIO), consecutive freezing days (LGM) and consecutive wet days (PLIO). These factors typically contribute 30 %–50 %, 10 %–40 % and 10 %–30 %, respectively, to climate discriminability. Finally, our results identify regions particularly prone to changes in precipitation-induced erosion and temperature-dependent physical weathering.
How To Improve the Dosing of Chemicals in High-Throughput in Vitro Mammalian Cell Assays
2019-07-22

Controlling the exposure of chemicals in <i>in vitro</i> mammalian cell assays is an important prerequisite for the application of <i>in vitro</i> methods in risk and hazard assessment of chemicals. Existing models require numerous physicochemical and system parameters to quantify the effective concentration in the assay. Synthesizing these studies, this article briefly communicates how the protein-rich supplement in the medium can be utilized to adjust constant and quantifiable exposure concentrations without the need for measurements and complex modeling. We present a simplified mass balance equation based on chemical properties and system parameters from openly accessible databases, which can be used to adjust the dose of chemicals in the exposure medium, leading to defined and stable freely dissolved concentrations (<i>C</i><sub>free</sub>). The proposed framework prevents experimental artifacts associated with the use of cosolvents and medium oversaturation and enables the conversion of <i>in vitro</i> effect data to freely dissolved effect concentrations (EC<sub>free</sub>), which can directly be applied in quantitative <i>in vitro</i> to <i>in vivo</i> extrapolation models and compared to other exposure scenarios.
Helical Self‐Assembly of Optically Active Glycoconjugated Phthalocyanine J‐Aggregates
2019-07-22

Abstract Four galactoconjugated zinc(II) phthalocyanines (Pcs) have been prepared and fully characterized. The carbohydrate‐containing phthalonitrile precursors of the Pcs were synthesized through a copper‐catalysed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The Pcs show a remarkable aggregation behaviour in solution, depending on the nature of the solvent, the temperature and the substitution position on the phthalocyanine. Solvent‐dependent CD‐spectroscopy experiments show that these Pcs aggregate as chiral helices in solution. Crystal structure data of a phthalocyanine bearing two carbohydrate units substantiate the properties shown by CD spectroscopy. Furthermore, the 1,2,3‐triazole moieties of the Pcs play a decisive role in the formation of supramolecular aggregates. The glycoconjugated zinc(II) phthalocyanines described here show molar extinction coefficients ε max &gt;10 5 M −1 cm −1 and absorption maxima λ max &gt;680 nm, which make them attractive photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT).
Association of Online Learning Behavior and Learning Outcomes for Medical Students: Large-Scale Usage Data Analysis
2019-07-22

Background Digital learning environments have become very common in the training of medical professionals, and students often use such platforms for exam preparation. Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are a common format in medical exams and are used by students to prepare for said exams. Objective We aimed to examine whether particular learning activities contributed more strongly than others to users’ exam performance. Methods We analyzed data from users of an online platform that provides learning materials for medical students in preparation for their final exams. We analyzed whether the number of learning cards viewed and the number of MCQs taken were positively related to learning outcomes. We also examined whether viewing learning cards or answering MCQs was more effective. Finally, we tested whether taking individual notes predicted learning outcomes, and whether taking notes had an effect after controlling for the effects of learning cards and MCQs. Our analyses from the online platform Amboss are based on user activity data, which supplied the number of learning cards studied and test questions answered. We also included the number of notes from each of those 23,633 users who had studied at least 200 learning cards and had answered at least 1000 test exam questions in the 180 days before their state exam. The activity data for this analysis was collected retrospectively, using Amboss archival usage data from April 2014 to April 2017. Learning outcomes were measured using the final state exam scores that were calculated by using the answers voluntarily entered by the participants. Results We found correlations between the number of cards studied (r=.22; P&lt;.001) and the number of test questions that had been answered (r=.23; P&lt;.001) with the percentage of correct answers in the learners’ medical exams. The number of test questions answered still yielded a significant effect, even after controlling for the number of learning cards studied using a hierarchical regression analysis (β=.14; P&lt;.001; ΔR2=.017; P&lt;.001). We found a negative interaction between the number of learning cards and MCQs, indicating that users with high scores for learning cards and MCQs had the highest exam scores. Those 8040 participants who had taken at least one note had a higher percentage of correct answers (80.94%; SD=7.44) than those who had not taken any notes (78.73%; SD=7.80; t23631=20.95; P&lt;.001). In a stepwise regression, the number of notes the participants had taken predicted the percentage of correct answers over and above the effect of the number of learning cards studied and of the number of test questions entered in step one (β=.06; P&lt;.001; ΔR2=.004; P&lt;.001). Conclusions These results show that online learning platforms are particularly helpful whenever learners engage in active elaboration in learning material, such as by answering MCQs or taking notes.
Multi-time formulation of particle creation and annihilation via interior-boundary conditions
2019-07-22

Interior-boundary conditions (IBCs) have been suggested as a possibility to circumvent the problem of ultraviolet divergences in quantum field theories. In the IBC approach, particle creation and annihilation is described with the help of linear conditions that relate the wave functions of two sectors of Fock space: [Formula: see text] at an interior point [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at a boundary point [Formula: see text], typically a collision configuration. Here, we extend IBCs to the relativistic case. To do this, we make use of Dirac’s concept of multi-time wave functions, i.e. wave functions [Formula: see text] depending on [Formula: see text] space-time coordinates [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] particles. This provides the manifestly covariant particle-position representation that is required in the IBC approach. In order to obtain rigorous results, we construct a model for Dirac particles in 1+1 dimensions that can create or annihilate each other when they meet. Our main results are an existence and uniqueness theorem for that model, and the identification of a class of IBCs ensuring local probability conservation on all Cauchy surfaces. Furthermore, we explain how these IBCs relate to the usual formulation with creation and annihilation operators. The Lorentz invariance is discussed and it is found that, apart from a constant matrix (which is required to transform in a certain way), the model is manifestly Lorentz invariant. This makes it clear that the IBC approach can be made compatible with relativity.
Impaired cognitive self-awareness mediates the association between alexithymia and excitation/inhibition balance in the pgACC
2019-07-22

Abstract Background Previous research showed that automatic emotion regulation is associated with activation of subcortical areas and subsequent feedforward processes to cortical areas. In contrast, cognitive awareness of emotions is mediated by negative feedback from cortical to subcortical areas. Pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) is essential in the modulation of both affect and alexithymia. We considered the interplay between these two mechanisms in the pgACC and their relationship with alexithymia. Method In 68 healthy participants (30 women, age = 26.15 ± 4.22) we tested associations of emotion processing and alexithymia with excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance represented as glutamate (Glu)/GABA in the pgACC measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 7 T. Results Alexithymia was positively correlated with the Glu/GABA ratio ( N = 41, p = 0.0393). Further, cognitive self-awareness showed an association with Glu/GABA ( N = 52, p = 0.003), which was driven by a correlation with GABA. In contrast, emotion regulation was only correlated with glutamate levels in the pgACC ( N = 49, p = 0.008). Conclusion Our results corroborate the importance of the pgACC as a mediating region of alexithymia, reflected in an altered E/I balance. Furthermore, we could specify that this altered balance is linked to a GABA-related modulation of cognitive self-awareness of emotions.
GLOBAL QUANTIFICATION AND INVENTORY DEMAND FOR SILVER IN CHINA
2019-07-22

ABSTRACT This article provides an initial (partial) estimate of silver quantities held within China around mid-18 th century, utilising archival evidence related to wealth confiscations. Better future estimates for overall Chinese silver holdings could also facilitate more accurate estimation of Chinese silver (legal plus illegal) imports. Similar analyses for other world regions could eventually yield estimates for global silver stock holdings, useful in turn for improving global silver mining and trade flow estimates. Extensive contraband silver mining and silver trade are known to have escaped official recordation, by definition. If methodologies suggested herein prove successful, then parallel non-silver-trade-good estimates could follow. Current exclusive focus upon production and trade flows should be reevaluated in the context of linkages with accumulations of goods (wealth components). Economic history could someday provide a prominent stage for the historical study of wealth holdings, thereby furnishing context for increasing wealth concentrations observable worldwide today.
Unidentified Fermi Objects in the view of H.E.S.S. - Possible Dark Matter Clumps
2019-07-22

There is strong evidence about the existence of unknown dark matter in the Universe. Many different theories about this dark matter exist, but most probably it is made of a new kind of fundamental particle that has to be massive, stable, electrically neutral, and having only weak interaction with standard matter (weakly interacting massive particles). In principle, those particles could produce gamma rays by their annihilation or decay. Therefore, a Gamma-ray signal from a dark matter origin would provide one of the clearest and most concluding evidences for dark matter. High resolution cosmological N-body simulations have shown that dark matter subhalos in the Milky Way halo may developed in the Universe. Those subhalos could pop-up in gamma-ray surveys as unidentified sources. In this paper we present H.E.S.S. observations of unidentified sources selected from Fermi-LAT catalogs. These sources fulfill main features which would characterize a dark matter subhalo, namely, having no obvious counterpart at other wavelengths and being steady hard sources.
Nematic and gas-liquid transitions for sticky rods on square and cubic lattices
2019-07-22

Using grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the phase diagram of hard rods of length L with additional contact (sticky) attractions on square and cubic lattices. The phase diagram shows a competition between gas-liquid and ordering transitions (which are of demixing type on the square lattice for L≥7 and of nematic type on the cubic lattice for L≥5). On the square lattice, increasing attractions initially lead to a stabilization of the isotropic phase. On the cubic lattice, the nematic transition remains of weak first order upon increasing the attractions. In the vicinity of the gas-liquid transition, the coexistence gap of the nematic transition quickly widens. These features are different from nematic transitions in the continuum.
Multiwavelength observation of MAXI J1820+070 with MAGIC, VERITAS and H.E.S.S.
2019-07-22

MAXI J1820+070 is a new low-mass microquasar hosting a black hole recently discovered in X-rays by the MAXI instrument. It is the counterpart of ASASSN-18ey, discovered in optical a few days before by ASAS-SN. This source underwent a major outburst in 2018, during which it completed the typical "q-shaped" path in the hardness-intensity diagram. MAGIC, VERITAS and H.E.S.S. gamma-ray telescopes observed the sky position of MAXI J1820+070 for a total of more than 90 hours in 2018. In addition, some observations were carried out using MAGIC Central Pixel - a dedicated central pixel capable of detecting fast optical signals (10 kHz sampling rate, peak sensitivity in the U-band). This contribution presents the methods used to search for transient optical and very high energy gamma-ray emission from MAXI J1820+070, as well as the latest results in these energy ranges.
Towards enhanced databases for High Energy Physics
2019-07-22

The accumulation of a large amount of new experimental data at an impressive rate at present and future collider experiments has led to important questions concerning data storage and organization, their public access and usability, as well as their efficient usage in order to discriminate between different theories. For the last fourty years, the HEPData database has been the reference database for the worldwide community of elementary particle physicists, from DIS to fixed-target and collider experts. Using as a basis a dump of HEPData, we discuss possible paths to enhance the capabilities of databases for High Energy Physics. Our starting point is the reorganization of the data in a different scheme, which allows for the application of OLAP techniques to automatically extract information at a multidimensional level, answering to complex queries. The feedback of the DIS community is important for understanding specific needs, aiming at a more effective storage, extraction and presentation of the data and information of their interest.
Searches for counterparts of gravitational waves at very high energies with H.E.S.S.
2019-07-22

The recent milestones in multi-messenger astronomy have opened new ways to study the Unverse. The unprecedented gravitational wave (GW) follow-up campaigns established the power that the combination of different messengers has to identify and study the nature and evolution of astrophysical phenomena. Here we focus on the search for high-energy gamma ray emission as electromagnetic counterpart of compact binary coalescences with the H.E.S.S. Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). In this contribution, the optimized strategies developed specifically for the prompt follow-up of gravitational wave events with H.E.S.S are presented. As illustration, the successful observation campaigns up to this time will be described, including the ones during Observation Run O2 on the binary black hole (BH-BH) merger GW170814 and the binary neutron star (NS-NS) merger GW170817, and an update on recent events occurring during O3. Results of these searches are presented and the constraints that prompt observations can put on very-high-energy, non-thermal emission, are briefly discussed. Finally, an outlook on further improvements for the gravitational waves follow-up program with H.E.S.S. will be provided.
On Cheeger and Sobolev differentials in metric measure spaces
2019-07-22

Recently Gigli developed a Sobolev calculus on non-smooth spaces using module theory. In this paper it is shown that his theory fits nicely into the theory of differentiability spaces initiated by Cheeger, Keith and others. A relaxation procedure for -valued subadditive functionals is presented and a relationship between the module generated by a functional and the one generated by its relaxation is given. In the framework of differentiability spaces, which includes so called PI- and -spaces, the Lipschitz module is pointwise finite dimensional. A general renorming theorem together with the characterization above shows that the Sobolev spaces of such spaces are reflexive.