julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The institutionalization of training programs in project management in Germany – a typical pattern of the development of new professions?
2005-01-01

The development of training programs in project management and its institutions in Germany shows an unambiguous trend: quantitatively there is an increase of offers and demands as well as qualitatively an increasing systematization of the offered programs. The development resembles processes of the professionalisation of “new professions”. In reference to E. Freidson’s typology of training programs, existing programs can be characterized concisely: they show a proximity to the forms of institutionalization of the technicians, merged with some profession typic elements. From a normative point of view this can be understood as “deficits” to a full profession, the line of approach seems to be clear – that’s also the typical diagnosis of the occupational discourse. There are two possible routes for future development: expertisation or professionalisation. An expertisation in the sense of an increasing establishment of training programs in German academia is likely in a medium term. However, the analysis of the structural moments of the training programs shows clearly, that there is no quasi-automatic way to professionalisation. The understanding of the existing training programs in Germany is at odds with such a development. Central points thereby are: the basic technical perspective, a missing control of the formation of a professional habitus within training and the strong dependence on practical,
Scientific Contribution The medical theory of Richard Koch I: Theory of science and ethics
2005-01-01

Richard Koch first made his appearance in the 1920s with works published on the foundations of medicine. These publications describe the character of medicine as an action and the status of medicine within the theory of science. One of his conclusions is that medicine is not a science in the original sense of the word, but a practical discipline. It serves a practical purpose: to heal the sick. All medical knowledge is oriented towards this purpose, which also defines the physician's role. One kind of knowledge is diagnosis, which is strictly understood in relation to therapy, and is at the core of medical thinking. Diagnosis is not the assignment of a term of a species to a patient's disease: this would not do justice to the individuality of a clinical manifestation and would fail to provide a reason for individual therapy. Nevertheless, the terms assigned to diseases, although fictitious, are not useless, but assist in differentiating various phenomena. These conclusions carry ethical consequences. Because the task of helping the sick constitutes medicine, morals not only set ethical limits: medicine originates in a moral decision. If there are no diseases but only individual sick people, disease cannot be defined as an abnormality. The individual benefit to the patient must not necessarily be the complete restoration of health. With its object being incalculable, medicine cannot guarantee its own success. Here the physician has to develop principles that allow for the best possible response to the challenges faced in varying situations of conduct.
[Immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of systemic mastocytoses].
2005-01-01

The WHO has published an updated classification of mastocytosis and the criteria for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis (SM). These include one major criterion, compact mast cell (MC) infiltrates in extracutaneous tissues, and four minor criteria, i.e. cytomorphologic atypia with spindling of MC (>25 %), detection of the activating somatic c-kit mutation D816 V in MC, aberrant expression of CD2 and/or CD25 on MC, and an elevated serum tryptase level (>20 ng/ml). Systemic mastocytosis is diagnosed when the major plus one minor, or three minor criteria are fulfilled. In the present study, we have established methods for the detection of CD25 and the c-kit mutation D816V in paraffin-embedded bone marrow trephine biopsy specimen of 57 patients with various subtypes of mastocytoses and 239 controls. While MCs in almost all patients with SM (55/57) expressed CD25, only 2/239 of the control samples contained CD25-positive MCs. With newly designed molecular pathological methods, c-kit codon 816 mutations were detected by "peptide nucleic acid" (PNA)-mediated PCR-clamping and/or analysis of microdissected MC in 52/57 cases with SM. All cases with detectable c-kit mutations also contained CD25-positive MC. The c-kit mutation D816 V was also detected in microdissected cells of associated hematologic neoplasias in 6/15 cases. With the methods established for the investigation of paraffine-embedded tissues, the pathologist plays a central role in the diagnosis of SM.
El itinerario de Juan Quidort hacia la filosofía social
2005-01-01

The treatise De regia potestate et papali by John of Paris is considered the most influential work on political theory written during the conflict between Philip the Fair and pope Boniface VIII. This importance stands out against John's earlier silence on political matters, when he taught philosophy and theology at the University of Paris. Why did John of Paris shift his focus to political philosophy? According to established opinion, the treatise was written in 1303 and was aimed to refute the papalist position of Gilles of Rome and the bull Unam Sanctam. This article, however, shows that John was the first theologian to intervene in the conflict and that, in turn, Gilles of Rome and the pope responded to the claims of the royal party. The first draft, written before April 1302, was used by Pierre Flote at the first National Assembly in Paris in order to buttress the royal claim to sovereignty. As a reward, John obtained the long-awaited chair of theology at the University of Paris in 1304
Internationally Cross-Listed Stock Prices During Overlapping Trading Hours: Price Discovery and Exchange Rate Effects
2005-01-01

We analyze exchange rates along with equity quotes for 3 German firms from New York (NYSE) and Frankfurt (XETRA) during overlapping trading hours to see where price discovery occurs and how stock prices adjust to an exchange rate shock. Findings include: (a) the exchange rate is exogenous with respect to the stock prices; (b) exchange rate innovations are more important in understanding the evolution of NYSE prices than XETRA prices; and (c) most (but not all) of the fundamental or random walk component of firm value is determined in Frankfurt.
Changes in extracellular space size and geometry in APP23 transgenic mice: A model of Alzheimer's disease
2005-01-03

Diffusion parameters of the extracellular space (ECS) are changed in many brain pathologies, disturbing synaptic as well as extrasynaptic “volume” transmission, which is based on the diffusion of neuroactive substances in the ECS. Amyloid deposition, neuronal loss, and disturbed synaptic transmission are considered to be the main causes of Alzheimer's disease dementia. We studied diffusion parameters in the cerebral cortex of transgenic APP23 mice, which develop a pathology similar to Alzheimer's disease. The real-time tetramethylammonium (TMA) method and diffusion-weighted MRI were used to measure the ECS volume fraction (α = ECS volume/total tissue volume) and the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of TMA (ADC TMA ), diffusing exclusively in the ECS and of water (ADC W ). Measurements were performed in vivo in 6-, 8-, and 17- to 25-month-old hemizygous APP23 male and female mice and age-matched controls. In all 6- to 8-month-old APP23 mice, the mean ECS volume fraction, ADC TMA , and ADC W were not significantly different from age-matched controls (α = 0.20 ± 0.01; ADC TMA , 580 ± 16 μm 2 ·s -1 ; ADC W , 618 ± 19 μm 2 ·s -1 ). Aging in 17- to 25-month-old controls was accompanied by a decrease in ECS volume fraction and ADC W , significantly greater in females than in males, but no changes in ADC TMA . ECS volume fraction increased (0.22 ± 0.01) and ADC TMA decreased (560 ± 7 μm 2 ·s -1 ) in aged APP23 mice. The impaired navigation observed in these animals in the Morris water maze correlated with their plaque load, which was twice as high in females (20%) as in males (10%) and may, together with changed ECS diffusion properties, account for the impaired extrasynaptic transmission and spatial cognition observed in old transgenic females.
Development of prognostic factors and survival in cutaneous melanoma over 25 years
2005-01-03

Abstract BACKGROUND Recent studies revealed that incidence rates of cutaneous melanoma (CM) were leveling off predominantly among younger people and patterns suggested birth‐cohort effects. The current study analyzed the development of prognostic factors and survival in incident CM over 25 years. METHODS All 45,483 patients with incident CM diagnosed between 1976 and 2000 recorded by the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry were considered. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to judge time trends. Trends of survival rates were tested with the multivariate Cox model. RESULTS Median tumor thickness decreased from 1.81 mm in 1976 to 0.53 mm in 2000 ( P &lt; 0.0001). The percentages of in situ and level II CM increased, respectively ( P &lt; 0.0001). The percentage of ulcerated CM decreased ( P &lt; 0.0001). The percentage of superficial spreading melanoma increased, whereas the percentage of nodular melanoma decreased ( P &lt; 0.0001). These time trends were all significant in the strata of gender, however, male patients presented in general with more advanced disease. Between 1976 and 2000, the average patient got older ( P &lt; 0.0001). The percentage of patients diagnosed with the primary tumor alone increased ( P &lt; 0.0001). Across the 25 years of observation, adjusted survival rates did not increase for females ( P = 0.1561) but they increased for males ( P &lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated a strong trend towards prognostically more favorable CM most likely due to earlier diagnosis. Men and older people should be the focus of health promotion activities as they presented with more advanced disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke
2005-01-05

Stroke is a leading cause of adult motor disability. Despite recent progress, recovery of motor function after stroke is usually incomplete. This double blind, Sham-controlled, crossover study was designed to test the hypothesis that non-invasive stimulation of the motor cortex could improve motor function in the paretic hand of patients with chronic stroke. Hand function was measured using the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTT), a widely used, well validated test for functional motor assessment that reflects activities of daily living. JTT measured in the paretic hand improved significantly with non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), but not with Sham, an effect that outlasted the stimulation period, was present in every single patient tested and that correlated with an increment in motor cortical excitability within the affected hemisphere, expressed as increased recruitment curves (RC) and reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition. These results document a beneficial effect of non-invasive cortical stimulation on a set of hand functions that mimic activities of daily living in the paretic hand of patients with chronic stroke, and suggest that this interventional strategy in combination with customary rehabilitative treatments may play an adjuvant role in neurorehabilitation.
The pupillary response of cephalopods
2005-01-05

SUMMARY This paper provides the first detailed description of the time courses of light-evoked pupillary constriction for two species of cephalopods, Sepia officinalis (a cuttlefish) and Eledone cirrhosa (an octopus). The responses are much faster than hitherto reported, full contraction in Sepia taking less than 1 s, indicating it is among the most rapid pupillary responses in the animal kingdom. We also describe the dependence of the degree of pupil constriction on the level of ambient illumination and show considerable variability between animals. Furthermore, both Sepia and Eledone lack a consensual light-evoked pupil response. Pupil dilation following darkness in Sepia is shown to be very variable, often occurring within a second but at other times taking considerably longer. This may be the result of extensive light-independent variations in pupil diameter in low levels of illumination.
Structure Determination of Partially Deuterated Carotenoids from Intrinsically Labeled Vegetables by HPLC-MS and 1H NMR
2005-01-05

The structures of biosynthetic deuterated carotenoids in labeled vegetables were investigated: (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-beta-carotene from spinach, and (all-E)-beta-carotene and (all-E)-alpha-carotene from carrots. The vegetables were grown hydroponically using a nutrient solution enriched with deuterium oxide (D(2)O) and were extracted using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). Deuterium enrichment in the carotenoid molecules was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). (all-E)-Lutein and (all-E)-beta-carotene in spinach showed partial deuteration from (2)H(1) to (2)H(12), with the abundance maximum at (2)H(5). (all-E)-beta-Carotene and (all-E)-alpha-carotene from carrots showed partial deuteration from (2)H(1) to (2)H(17), with the abundance maximum at (2)H(11). The (1)H NMR spectra of the four deuterated carotenoids showed additional signals for all methyl groups and decreased signal intensity for the olefinic protons and the methylene protons in the ring. These differences are due to isotopic effects and are based on the substitution of protons by deuterium atoms. The deuteration was distributed randomly throughout the carotenoid molecules.
Chemical Inhibitors when Timing Is Critical: A Pharmacological Concept for the Maturation of T Cell Contacts
2005-01-07

Abstract Cellular signal transduction proceeds through a complex network of molecular interactions and enzymatic activities. The timing of these molecular events is critical for the propagation of a signal and the generation of a specific cellular response. To define the timing of signalling events, we introduce the combination of high‐resolution confocal microscopy with the application of small‐molecule inhibitors at various stages of signal transduction in T cells. Inhibitors of Src‐family tyrosine kinases and actin dynamics were employed to dissect the role of the lymphocyte‐specific tyrosine kinase Lck in the formation and maintenance of T cell receptor/CD3‐dependent contacts. Anti‐CD3ε‐coated coverslips served as a highly defined stimulus. The kinetics of the recruitment of the yellow fluorescent protein‐tagged signalling protein ZAP‐70 were detected by high‐resolution confocal microscopy. The analysis revealed that at 5 min after receptor engagement, Lck activity was required for maintenance of contacts. In contrast, after 20 min of receptor engagement, the contacts were Lck‐independent. The relevance of the timing of inhibitor application provides a pharmacological concept for the maturation of T cell–substrate contacts.
MANTLE XENOLITHS FROM HARRAT UWAYRID (SAUDI ARABIA): METASOMATIC PHENOMENA, THERMAL HISTORY AND LI-BE-B CHARACTERISTICS
2005-01-07

Mantle xenoliths investigated within this study are from Harrat Uwayrid, a mid Miocene to Recent volcanic field in the northwestern part of the Arabian plate. The Red Sea region offers the chance to study the formation of a new embryonic ocean, where continental rifting begins to convert into seafloor spreading. Volcanic activity related to the opening of the Red Sea started about 32 Ma B.P. and continued to recent time. Seafloor spreading in the Red Sea Region approximately commenced at 5 Ma B.P. All investigated xenoliths can be divided into spinel-peridotites (lherzolites, harzburgites, wehrlites) and spinel-pyroxenites (clino- and orthopyroxenites, websterites) and furthermore subdivided into four groups by their XCr [=Cr/(Cr+Al)] content of spinel. Some of these rocks contain additional pargasites in textural equilibrium with the other faces. In addition, most of the xenoliths show also different secondary phases (pargasite, olivine, clinopyroxene, apatite) as result of metasomatic overprints with fluids or melts. One websterite contains Ba-rich minerals like Ba-phlogopite (BaO: 11-13 wt%), Ba-pargasite (BaO: 0.8 wt%) and celsian (BaO: 30-33 wt%). Temperatures and pressures of the samples are in the range of 800 to 1100 °C (2-pyroxene-thermometer; Brey and Kohler 1990) and pressures vary between 10 and 20 kbar (Ca-in-Ol-barometer; Kohler and Brey 1990). Within the thermo barometric data of well-equilibrated xenoliths it was possible to construct a continental model geotherm (heat flow: 80-90 mW/m2) for the mantle beneath Harrat Uwayrid, which is in good accordance to other volcanic fields in this region (McGuire 1987, 1988; Al-Mishwat and Nasir 2004). The elevated heat flow is due to a young heating event of the lithospheric mantle in the north, which has not reached the surface so far. Also it can be suggested that the lithosphere in this region is attenuated. Li, Be and B were studied using the SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry, university of Heidelberg). Our results show that the partitioning of Li, Be and B is independent of temperature and pressure. But it appears associated with the kind and degree of metasomatic overprint and xenolith composition. Especially clino- and orthopyroxene of some spllherzolites show a decrease in their Li content from core to rim because of metasomatic reaction with a Li-depleted melt. Be and B display no zoning at all, because of slower diffusion rates. Partitioning of Li, Be and B in cpx vs. ol, opx vs. ol and cpx vs. opx follows a linear trend for all types of xenoliths. Deviation from this trend could be caused by a supply or removal of Li, Be and B without re-equilibration. Li and B are both fluid and melt mobile, Be is nearly immobile in fluids but mobile in melts. Hence fluid-influenced xenoliths are enriched in Li and B, but not in Be. This makes Li, Be and B excellent tracers to detect the kind of metasomatic agents.
High specificity generally characterizes mycorrhizal association in rare lady's slipper orchids, genus Cypripedium
2005-01-10

Abstract Lady's slipper orchids ( Cypripedium spp.) are rare terrestrial plants that grow throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Like all orchids, they require mycorrhizal fungi for germination and seedling nutrition. The nutritional relationships of adult Cypripedium mycorrhizae are unclear; however, Cypripedium distribution may be limited by mycorrhizal specificity, whether this specificity occurs only during the seedling stage or carries on into adulthood. We attempted to identify the primary mycorrhizal symbionts for 100 Cypripedium plants, and successfully did so with two Cypripedium calceolus , 10 Cypripedium californicum , six Cypripedium candidum , 16 Cypripedium fasciculatum , two Cypripedium guttatum , 12 Cypripedium montanum , and 11 Cypripedium parviflorum plants from a total of 44 populations in Europe and North America, yielding fungal nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial large subunit sequence and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) data for 59 plants. Because orchid mycorrhizal fungi are typically observed without fruiting structures, we assessed fungal identity through direct PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of fungal genes from mycorrhizally colonized root tissue. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the great majority of Cypripedium mycorrhizal fungi are members of narrow clades within the fungal family Tulasnellaceae. Rarely occurring root endophytes include members of the Sebacinaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and the ascomycetous genus, Phialophora . C. californicum was the only orchid species with apparently low specificity, as it associated with tulasnelloid, ceratobasidioid, and sebacinoid fungi in roughly equal proportion. Our results add support to the growing literature showing that high specificity is not limited to nonphotosynthetic plants, but also occurs in photosynthetic ones.
Risk factors of incident melanocytic nevi: A longitudinal study in a cohort of 1,232 young German children
2005-01-11

Abstract The number of melanocytic nevi is the most important independent risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. Aim of our study was to add information to the controversial discussion on the role of chronic‐moderate and intermittent‐high sun exposure and sunburns for the development of melanocytic nevi by the use of a large longitudinal study. A longitudinal study with a 3‐year follow‐up was conducted in 1,232 young children 2–7 years of age attending 78 public nursery schools in Bochum and Stuttgart, Germany. Total body nevus counts, assessment of pigmentary features and nevus counts on arms of parents were carried out. Parents underwent a standardized interview concerning sun exposure, sunburns and sun‐protective behavior. Applying multiple linear regression analysis higher numbers of incident nevi were associated with host factors like light skin complexion (skin Type II vs. IV, p = 0.022) and freckling of the face ( p &lt; 0.001), with parental factors like nevus counts on mothers' ( p &lt; 0.001) and fathers' ( p = 0.004) arms and at least one parent being of German descent ( p = 0.006), and with environmental factors like intermittent‐high sun exposure during holidays ( p &lt; 0.001) and chronic‐moderate ultraviolet radiation at home ( p = 0.007). Sunburns were a significant risk factor for nevus development ( p = 0.005). Total cumulative sun exposure seems to be the crucial environmental risk factor for the development of nevi, whether the child is exposed to chronic‐moderate or intermittent‐high ultraviolet light doses. Public health education should focus primarily on avoiding sun exposure especially in children with fair skin and parents with high nevus counts. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stimulation of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine exposure by lead ions
2005-01-11

Pb + intoxication causes anemia that is partially due to a decreased life span of circulating erythrocytes. As shown recently, a Ca 2+ -sensitive erythrocyte scramblase is activated by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and/or energy depletion, leading to exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. Because macrophages are equipped with phosphatidylserine receptors, they bind, engulf, and degrade phosphatidylserine-exposing cells. The present experiments were performed to explore whether Pb + ions trigger phosphatidylserine exposure of erythrocytes. The phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated on the basis of annexin binding as determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Exposure to Pb + ions [≥0.1 μM Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ] significantly increased annexin binding. This effect was paralleled by erythrocyte shrinkage, which was apparent on the basis of the decrease in forward scatter in FACS analysis. The effect of Pb + ions on cell volume was virtually abolished, and the effect of Pb + ions on annexin binding was blunted after increase of extracellular K + concentration. Moreover, both effects of Pb + ions were partially prevented in the presence of clotrimazole (10 μM), an inhibitor of the Ca 2+ -sensitive K + channels in the erythrocyte cell membrane. Whole cell patch-clamp experiments disclosed a significant activation of a K + -selective conductance after Pb + ion exposure, an effect requiring higher (10 μM) concentrations, however. In conclusion, Pb + ions activate erythrocyte K + channels, leading to erythrocyte shrinkage, and also activate the erythrocyte scramblase, leading to phosphatidylserine exposure. The effect could well contribute to the reported decreased life span of circulating erythrocytes during Pb + intoxication.