julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Baryons in a soft-wall AdS-Schwarzschild approach at low temperature
2019-06-25

Recently we derived a soft-wall AdS-Schwarzschild approach at small\\ntemperatures for the description of hadrons with integer spin and adjustable\\nnumber of constituents (mesons, tetraquarks, dibaryons, etc.). In the present\\npaper we extend our formalism to states with half-integer spin (baryons,\\npentaquarks, etc.), presenting analytical results for the temperature\\ndependence of their masses and form factors.\\n
Art facing science: Artistic heuristics for face detection
2019-06-25

Automatic Area Of Interest (AOI) demarcation of facial regions is not yet commonplace in applied eye-tracking research, partially because automatic AOI labeling is prone to error. Most previous eye-tracking studies relied on manual frame-by-frame labeling of facial AOIs. We present a fully automatic approach for facial AOI labeling (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth) and gaze registration within those AOIs, based on modern computer vision techniques combined with heuristics drawn from art. We discuss details in computing gaze analytics, provide proof-of-concept, and a short validation against what we consider ground truth. Relative dwell time over expected AOIs exceeded 98% showing efficacy of the approach.
Nerve Ultrasonography as an Additive Tool to Clinical Examination and Electrodiagnostics in Sporadic Mononeuritis – Imaging is the Key
2019-06-25

Abstract Purpose Sporadic mononeuropathies without trauma or compression are challenging to diagnose. Nerve ultrasound has recently proven its usefulness in the diagnosis of traumatic neuropathies, tumors and polyneuropathies. However, its role in mononeuropathies currently remains unclear. We describe ultrasonography follow-up results in 12 patients with suggested spontaneous, monophasic mononeuritis without signs of generalization. Materials and Methods Nerve conduction studies (NCS), ultrasonography of the affected nerves and the contralateral side, laboratory analysis, and if possible magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected nerves were established in all patients at onset. In one patient, additive nerve biopsy was performed. In all patients, ultrasonography was repeated after immunotherapy. Results An infectious pathogen of neuritis was not found in any patient. All but one patient showed predominant axonal nerve damage in NCS, whereas ultrasonography and MRI revealed fascicular and/or overall cross-sectional area (CSA) enlargement or T2 hyperintensity of the affected nerve segments, suggesting an inflammatory background of the neuropathy. Most patients showed significant clinical amelioration of symptoms under treatment (75.0 %) and consequently a decrease in CSA/fascicle enlargement over time (77.8 %). Conclusion Ultrasonography and MRI of the nerves revealed enlargement in patients with mononeuropathy of axonal NCS pattern of unknown origin. Ultrasonography can facilitate the therapeutic decision for immunotherapy. Next to nerve trauma, nerve tumors and nerve entrapments, ultrasonography reliably shows nerve enlargement in the case of inflammation and therefore could further enrich neurophysiology. Nerve imaging might serve as a follow-up tool by observing a decrease in nerve enlargement and improved function.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7-Chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitors
2019-06-25

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) represents a relevant drug target for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer’s disease. We herein report on the optimization of a novel class of GSK-3β inhibitors based on the tofacitinib-derived screen hit 3-((3R,4R)-3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile (1). We synthesized a series of 19 novel 7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based derivatives and studied their structure–activity relationships with focus on the cyanoacetyl piperidine moiety. We unveiled the crucial role of the nitrile group and its importance for the activity of this compound series. A successful rigidization approach afforded 3-(3aRS,7aSR)-(1-(7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-6-yl)-propanenitrile (24), which displayed an IC50 value of 130 nM on GSK-3β and was further characterized by its metabolic stability. Finally, we disclosed the putative binding modes of the most potent inhibitors within the ATP binding site of GSK-3β by 1 μs molecular dynamics simulations.
Crowdsourcing and Minority Languages: The Case of Galician Inflected Infinitives1
2019-06-25

Results from a crowdsourced audio questionnaire show that inflected infinitives in Galician are acceptable in a broad range of contexts, different from those described for European Portuguese. Crucially, inflected infinitives with referential subjects are widely accepted only inside strong islands in Galician (complements of nouns, adjunct clauses). They are widely rejected in non-islands, notably in the complements of epistemic/factive verbs, in contrast with Portuguese and older varieties of Galician (Gondar, 1978; Raposo, 1987). Statistical analysis shows, however, that, in the complements of epistemic/factive (and desiderative) verbs, inflected infinitives are significantly more acceptable in instances of control, whether partial or exhaustive. In fact, there is no significant difference between these two types of control in Galician, unlike in Portuguese, where inflection is generally better in instances of partial control and is not acceptable in instances of exhaustive local subject control (Modesto, 2010; Sheehan, 2018a). We propose an analysis of this pattern in terms of phase theory. The inflectional domain of non-finite clauses remains visible to the thematic domain of the next clause up, according to the less strict version of the Phase Impenetrability Condition (Chomsky, 2001), allowing control to take place. Pronouns/or pronominal inflections in the inflectional domain of visible non-finite clauses therefore get controlled. In islands, however, material in the inflectional domain remains free/referential. Despite this basic pattern, the data are characterized by substantial interspeaker variation. Statistical analysis shows that gender, urban/rural birthplace and mother tongue are all significant factors in this variation, while age and region of birth are not. Most notably, urban-born male bilinguals with Spanish as their mother tongue consistently rate all sentences higher on the Likert scale. Overall, the results show that crowdsourcing can lead to empirically robust syntactic descriptions of minority languages which are likely to be subject to substantial sociolinguistic variation and where judgments from a single social group may be misrepresentative of the general picture. The study also highlights, however, the challenges associated with using crowdsourced audio-questionnaires of this kind and the need for statistical analysis of results to control for substantial amounts of variation.
Substructures in the Keplerian disc around the O-type (proto-)star G17.64+0.16
2019-06-26

We present the highest angular resolution (∼20 × 15 mas–44 × 33 au) Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) observations that are currently possible of the proto-O-star G17.64+0.16 in Band 6. The Cycle 5 observations with baselines out to 16 km probe scales &lt; 50 au and reveal the rotating disc around G17.64+0.16, a massive forming O-type star. The disc has a ring-like enhancement in the dust emission that is especially visible as arc structures to the north and south. The Keplerian kinematics are most prominently seen in the vibrationally excited water line, H 2 O 5 5, 0 −6 4, 3 ν 2 = 1 ( E u = 3461.9 K). The mass of the central source found by modelling the Keplerian rotation is consistent with 45 ± 10 M ⊙ . The H30 α (231.9 GHz) radio-recombination line and the SiO (5-4) molecular line were detected at up to the ∼10 σ level. The estimated disc mass is 0.6 − 2.6 M ⊙ under the optically thin assumption. Analysis of the Toomre Q parameter in the optically thin regime indicates that the disc stability is highly dependent on temperature. The disc currently appears stable for temperatures &gt; 150 K; this does not preclude that the substructures formed earlier through disc fragmentation.
Guidelines for Selection of Internal Standard-Based Normalization Strategies in Untargeted Lipidomic Profiling by LC-HR-MS/MS
2019-06-26

Due to variation in instrument response caused by various sources of errors throughout an analytical assay, data normalization plays an indispensable role in untargeted LC-MS profiling, yet limited accepted guidelines on this topic exist. In this work, a systematic comparison of several normalization techniques, mainly focusing on internal standard-based approaches, has been performed to derive some general recommendations. For generation of untargeted lipidomic data, a comprehensive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-quadrupole time of flight (QTOF)-MS/MS method was utilized. To monitor instrument stability and evaluate normalization performance, quality control (QC) samples, prepared from aliquots of all experimental samples, were embedded in the sequence. Stable isotope labeled standards, representing differing lipid classes, were spiked to each sample as internal standards for postacquisition normalization. Various metrics were used to compare distinct normalization strategies, with reduction of variation in QC samples being the critical requirement for acceptance of successful normalization. The comparison of intragroup coefficients of variation (CVs), median absolute deviations (MADs), and variance enables simple selection of the best performance of normalization with improved and coherent results. Furthermore, the importance for normalization in critical data sets, showing only minor effects between groups with high variation and outliers, is pointed out. Apart from normalization, also, influences of used raw data types are demonstrated. In addition, effects of various factors throughout the processing workflow were investigated and optimized. Eventually, implementation of quality control samples, even if not required for normalization, provided a useful basis for assessing data quality. Due to lack of consensus for selecting optimum normalization, suggestions for validating data integrity are given.
Does Austerity Pay Off?
2019-06-26

We investigate empirically how fiscal shocks—unanticipated and exogenous changes of government consumption growth—affect the sovereign default premium. For this purpose, we assemble a new data set for 38 emerging and developed economies. It contains approximately 3,000 observations for the sovereign default premium and three alternative measures of fiscal shocks. We condition our estimates on whether shocks are positive or negative and initial conditions in terms of fiscal stress. An increase of government consumption barely affects the default premium. A reduction raises the premium if fiscal stress is severe but decreases it if initial conditions are benign.
Comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2019-06-26

Abstract Objective To study the effectiveness and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) commonly used in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Methods People with JME were identified from a large database of individuals with epilepsy, which includes detailed retrospective information on AED use. We assessed secular changes in AED use and calculated rates of response (12‐month seizure freedom) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for the five most common AEDs. Retention was modeled with a Cox proportional hazards model. We compared valproate use between males and females. Results We included 305 people with 688 AED trials of valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and topiramate. Valproate and carbamazepine were most often prescribed as the first AED. The response rate to valproate was highest among the five AEDs (42.7%), and significantly higher than response rates for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate; the difference to the response rate to levetiracetam (37.1%) was not significant. The rates of ADRs were highest for topiramate (45.5%) and valproate (37.5%). Commonest ADRs included weight change, lethargy, and tremor. In the Cox proportional hazards model, later start year (1.10 [1.08‐1.13], P &lt; 0.001) and female sex (1.41 [1.07‐1.85], P = 0.02) were associated with shorter trial duration. Valproate was associated with the longest treatment duration; trials with carbamazepine and topiramate were significantly shorter (HR [CI]: 3.29 [2.15‐5.02], P &lt; 0.001 and 1.93 [1.31‐2.86], P &lt; 0.001). The relative frequency of valproate trials shows a decreasing trend since 2003 while there is an increasing trend for levetiracetam. Fewer females than males received valproate (76.2% vs 92.6%, P = 0.001). Significance In people with JME, valproate is an effective AED; levetiracetam emerged as an alternative. Valproate is now contraindicated in women of childbearing potential without special precautions. With appropriate selection and safeguards in place, valproate should remain available as a therapy, including as an alternative for women of childbearing potential whose seizures are resistant to other treatments.
High Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Positivity Among Domestic Pigs and Risk of HEV Infection of Individuals Occupationally Exposed to Pigs and Pork Meat in Hanoi, Vietnam
2019-06-26

Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can occur through consumption of undercooked pork meat or exposure to animal feces. Because there are scarce data only in developing countries, we assessed whether pigs might be a potential source of human HEV infections in Vietnam. In addition, we determined anti-HEV seroprevalences in the general population and in individuals professionally exposed to pigs and pork meat. Methods The study took place in Hanoi, Vietnam. Liver tissues from domestic pigs (n = 210) and serum samples obtained from individuals occupationally exposed to pigs and pork meat (n = 283) and from unexposed healthy controls (n = 168) were screened for HEV-ribonucleic acid (RNA) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The exposed group was divided into pork meat vendors (n = 81), pig farmers (n = 96), and slaughterers (n = 106). Serum samples were subjected to HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The HEV genotypes were assessed by direct sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses. Results Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence was higher among persons occupationally exposed to pigs/pork meat compared with unexposed individuals (anti-HEV IgM 11% vs 6%, P = .07; anti-HEV IgG 53% vs 31%, P &amp;lt; .0001). Positivity of anti-HEV IgG among slaughterhouse staff was 66%, followed by 51% in pig-farmers and 38% in pork meat vendors (P = .00073). A similar trend was observed for IgM positivity. Of the pig liver tissues, 26 of 210 (12.4%) were positive for HEV-RNA and assessed to be HEV genotype 3. Conclusions Hepatitis E virus circulates in domestic pigs in Hanoi and constitutes a permanent zoonotic disease risk. The high HEV seroprevalence among occupationally exposed individuals indicates an associated risk of HEV infection.
Eye‐tracking study on the effects of happiness and sadness on body dissatisfaction and selective visual attention during mirror exposure in bulimia nervosa
2019-06-26

Abstract Objective Abundant research points to the central role of body image disturbances in the occurrence of eating disorders (ED). While emotional arousal has been identified as a trigger for binge eating in bulimia nervosa (BN), empirical knowledge on the influence of emotions on body image in individuals with BN is scarce. The present study sought to experimentally examine effects of a positive and negative emotion induction on body dissatisfaction and selective attention towards negatively valenced body parts among people with BN. Method In a randomized‐controlled cross‐over design, happiness and sadness were induced by film clips one‐week apart in women with BN ( n = 23) and non‐ED controls ( n = 26). After the emotion induction, participants looked at their body in a full‐length mirror, while their attentional allocation was recorded with the help of a mobile eye tracker. Participants repeatedly rated their momentary body dissatisfaction. Results Induction of happiness led to a significant decrease in self‐reported body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, attentional bias (higher gaze duration and frequency) towards the most disliked body part relative to the most liked body part was significantly greater in the sadness than happiness condition in BN. No significant effects of emotion induction on gaze duration and gaze frequency during mirror exposure were found for controls. Discussion In line with assumptions of current models on ED, findings support the notion that emotional state influences the body image of patients with BN.
Prospective target assessment and multimodal prediction of survival for personalized and risk-adapted treatment strategies in multiple myeloma in the GMMG-MM5 multicenter trial
2019-06-26

Prospective assessment and reporting of targets and risk by GEP-R in clinical routine are feasible in ≥ 80% of patients within the first cycle of induction chemotherapy, simultaneously allowing superior survival prediction.
Observational study on the influence of averaging time on oximetry results in infants and children
2019-06-26

Abstract Aim Oximetry values are influenced by the averaging time (AT) used. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different ATs on number, duration, mean single event and total integral of desaturations in preterm infants and children to convert between parameters obtained with different ATs. Methods In a prospective observational study, 49 children underwent sleep laboratory‐based polysomnography and 15 preterm infants were studied in the intensive care unit. Their raw red‐to‐infrared‐saturation‐data were reprocessed using seven different ATs (3–16 seconds). Desaturation thresholds were &lt;80% (infants) and &lt;90% (children), conversion formulas and their median percentage errors were calculated. Results We found a linear relationship between the logarithms of the ATs and those of the desaturation parameters, leading to a conversion formula with different exponents. Based on this relationship, the number of desaturations decreased from AT = 3s to AT = 16s by factor 0.28 (children) and 0.18 (infants); total oxygen saturation integral decreased by factor 0.72 (children) and 0.48 (infants). The desaturation duration increased by factor 1.89 (children) and 3.34 (infants). Conclusion The number and total integral decreased, but the duration and mean single event integral increased with increasing AT. These changes were stronger in infants. Conversion formulas may facilitate comparisons between studies using different averaging times.
Active perinatal care of preterm infants in the German Neonatal Network
2019-06-27

Objective To determine if survival rates of preterm infants receiving active perinatal care improve over time. Design The German Neonatal Network is a cohort study of preterm infants with birth weight &lt;1500 g. All eligible infants receiving active perinatal care are registered. We analysed data of patients discharged between 2011 and 2016. Setting 43 German level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Patients 8222 preterm infants with a gestational age between 22/0 and 28/6 weeks who received active perinatal care. Interventions Participating NICUs were grouped according to their specific survival rate from 2011 to 2013 to high (percentile &gt;P75), intermediate (P25–P75) and low (&lt;P25) survival. We compared these survival rates with data in 2014–2016. Main outcome measures Death by any cause before discharge. Results Total survival increased from 85.8% in 2011–2013 to 87.4% in 2014–2016. This increase was due to reduced mortality of NICUs with low survival rates in 2011–2013. Survival increased in these centres from 53% to 64% in the 22–24 weeks strata and from 73% to 84% in the 25–26 weeks strata. Conclusions Our data support previous reports that active perinatal care of very immature infants improves outcomes at the border of viability and survival rates at higher gestational ages. The high total number of surviving infants below 24 weeks of gestation challenges national recommendations exclusively referring to gestational age as the single criterion for providing active care. However, more data are needed before recommendations for parental counselling should be reconsidered. Trial registration Approval by the local institutional review board for research in human subjects of the University of Lübeck (file number 08–022) and by the local ethic committees of all participating centres has been given.
A multicenter, matched case‐control analysis comparing burden‐of‐illness in Dravet syndrome to refractory epilepsy and seizure remission in patients and caregivers in Germany
2019-06-27

Abstract Objective To compare direct and indirect costs and quality of life (QoL) of pediatric and adult patients with Dravet syndrome ( DS ), with drug‐resistant epilepsy ( DRE ) and in seizure remission ( SR ), and their caregivers, in Germany. Methods Questionnaire responses from 93 DS patients and their caregivers were matched by age and gender with responses from 93 DRE and 93 SR patients collected in independent studies, and were compared across main components of QoL, direct costs (patient visits, medication use, care level, medical equipment, and ancillary treatments), and indirect costs (quitting job, reduced working hours, missed days). Results Mean total direct costs were highest for DS patients (€4864 [median €3564] vs €3049 [median €1506] for DRE [excluding outliers], P = 0.01; and €1007 [median €311], P &lt; 0.001 for SR ). Total lost productivity over 3 months was highest among caregivers of pediatric DS (€4757, median €2841), compared with those of DRE (€1541, P &lt; 0.001; median €0) and SR patients (€891, P &lt; 0.001; median €0). The proportions of caregivers in employment were similar across groups (62% DS , 63% DRE , and 63% SR ) but DS caregivers were more likely to experience changes to their working situation, such as quitting their job (40% DS vs 16% DRE and 9% SR , P &lt; 0.001 in both comparisons). KINDL scores were significantly lower for DS patients (62 vs 74 and 72, P &lt; 0.001 in both comparisons), and lower than for the average German population (77). Pediatric caregiver EQ ‐5D scores across all cohorts were comparable with population norms, but more DS caregivers experienced moderate to severe depressive symptoms (24% vs 11% and 5%). Mean Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ‐ II ) score was significantly higher in DS caregivers than either of the other groups ( P &lt; 0.001). Significance This first comparative study of Dravet syndrome to difficult‐to‐treat epilepsy and to epilepsy patients in seizure remission emphasizes the excess burden of DS in components of QoL and direct costs. The caregivers of DS patients have a greater impairment of their working lives (indirect costs) and increased depression symptoms.