julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Dimethylcalcium
2018-01-12

The salt metathesis reaction between homoleptic calcium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [Ca{N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and "halide-free" methyllithium allowed for the isolation of X-ray-amorphous dimethylcalcium [CaMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> in good yields and purities. The formation of [CaMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> was proven by microanalysis and NMR/FTIR spectroscopic methods as well as a series of derivatization reactions. Despite slowly decomposing thf, [CaMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> could be crystallized from chilled thf solutions as the heptametallic adduct [(thf)<sub>10</sub>Ca<sub>7</sub>Me<sub>14</sub>]. Reaction of [CaMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> with CaI<sub>2</sub> in thf led to the dimeric complex [(thf)<sub>3</sub>Ca(Me)(I)]<sub>2</sub>, whereas in tetrahydropyran (thp) the trinuclear complex [(thp)<sub>5</sub>Ca<sub>3</sub>(Me)<sub>5</sub>(I)] was obtained, both representing the first crystallographically characterized heavy-Grignard compounds with methyl groups as the hydrocarbyl ligand. While protonolysis of [CaMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> with the superbulky proligand HTp<sup>tBu,Me</sup> in nonpolar solvents gave homoleptic (Tp<sup>tBu,Me</sup>)<sub>2</sub>Ca, reaction in donor solvents (thf, thp) afforded the monomeric complexes [(Tp<sup>tBu,Me</sup>)Ca(Me)(thf)] and [(Tp<sup>tBu,Me</sup>)Ca(Me)(thp)], which are the first examples bearing terminal Ca-CH<sub>3</sub> functionalities. Grignard-type nucleophilic methyl-group transfer to hexamethylacetone gave access to the dimeric alkoxide complexes [(thf)Ca(OCtBu<sub>2</sub>Me)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and [(tBu<sub>2</sub>CO)Ca(μ<sub>2</sub>-OCtBu<sub>2</sub>Me)<sub>3</sub>Ca(OCtBu<sub>2</sub>Me)]. Finally, addition of the Lewis acid GaMe<sub>3</sub> to [CaMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> led to the corresponding tetramethylgallate compound [Ca(GaMe<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub>.
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) reduces the intensity of pancreatic amyloid fibrils in human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) transgenic mice
2018-01-12

Abstract The formation of amyloid fibrils by human islet amyloid polypeptide protein (hIAPP) has been implicated in pancreas dysfunction and diabetes. However, efficient treatment options to reduce amyloid fibrils in vivo are still lacking. Therefore, we tested the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on fibril formation in vitro and in vivo . To determine the binding of hIAPP and EGCG, in vitro interaction studies were performed. To inhibit amyloid plaque formation in vivo , homozygous (tg/tg), hemizygous (wt/tg), and control mice (wt/wt) were treated with EGCG. EGCG bound to hIAPP in vitro and induced formation of amorphous aggregates instead of amyloid fibrils. Amyloid fibrils were detected in the pancreatic islets of tg/tg mice, which was associated with disrupted islet structure and diabetes. Although pancreatic amyloid fibrils could be detected in wt/tg mice, these animals were non-diabetic. EGCG application decreased amyloid fibril intensity in wt/tg mice, however it was ineffective in tg/tg animals. Our data indicate that EGCG inhibits amyloid fibril formation in vitro and reduces fibril intensity in non-diabetic wt/tg mice. These results demonstrate a possible in vivo effectiveness of EGCG on amyloid formation and suggest an early therapeutical application.
Higher prevalence of lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer in patients with diabetes
2018-01-12

Extract: Prostate cancer (PCa) and type 2 diabetes mellitus are under the most frequent diseases in men with a tremendous impact on morbidity and mortality (Giovannucci, et al. 2010). Incidence of many common types of cancer is known to be higher in diabetes (Giovannucci et al. 2010). However, studies reported that incidence of PCa is not increased in men with type 2 diabetes, some studies even found reduced prevalence (Kasper, et al. 2009). In contrast, PCa survival is markedly reduced in patients with coincident type 2 diabetes (Chen, et al. 2017). The underlying molecular mechanisms for shortened survival are still under ongoing debate and not fully understood. They might include altered insulin or IGF-1 signaling and enhanced androgen receptor activity. Of note, diabetes and PCa share numerous risk factors, most importantly the nonmodifiable risk factor age and the modifiable risk factor obesity (Giovannucci et al. 2010). Although PCa incidence is not elevated in obese men, patients with excess bodyweight are reported to display higher cancer-related mortality (Ma, et al. 2008). Carefully adjusted studies for these risk factors investigating the impact of diabetes on PCa outcomes and aggressiveness are sparse. To better understand why PCa related survival is shortened in men with concommittant diabetes, we evaluated the relation of diabetes with TNM-staging and an established PCa risk score (Mohler, et al. 2016), independent of age and body weight ...
The glucocorticoid antagonist mifepristone attenuates sound‐induced long‐term deficits in auditory nerve response and central auditory processing in female rats
2018-01-12

ABSTRACT Systemic corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for various hearing disorders for more than 30 yr. Accordingly, numerous studies have described glucocorticoids (GCs) and stressors to be protective in the auditory organ against damage associated with a variety of health conditions, including noise exposure. Conversely, stressors are also predictive risk factors for hearing disorders. How both of these contrasting stress actions are linked has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that higher corticosterone levels during acoustic trauma in female rats is highly correlated with a decline of auditory fiber responses in high‐frequency cochlear regions, and that hearing thresholds and the outer hair cell functions (distortion products of otoacoustic emissions) are left unaffected. Moreover, when GC receptor (GR) or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation was antagonized by mifepristone or spironolactone, respectively, GR, but not MR, inhibition significantly and permanently attenuated trauma‐induced effects on auditory fiber responses, including inner hair cell ribbon loss and related reductions of early and late auditory brainstem responses. These findings strongly imply that higher corticosterone stress levels profoundly impair auditory nerve processing, which may influence central auditory acuity. These changes are likely GR mediated as they are prevented by mifepristone.—Singer, W., Kasini, K., Manthey, M., Eckert, P., Armbruster, P., Vogt, M. A., Jaumann, M., Dotta, M., Yamahara, K., Harasztosi, C., Zimmermann, U., Knipper, M., Rüttiger, L. The glucocorticoid antagonist mifepristone attenuates sound‐induced long‐term deficits in auditory nerve response and central auditory processing in female rats. FASEB J. 32, 3005–3019 (2018). www.fasebj.org
Coherent properties of a tunable low-energy electron-matter-wave source
2018-01-12

A general challenge in various quantum experiments and applications is to\\ndevelop suitable sources for coherent particles. In particular, recent progress\\nin microscopy, interferometry, metrology, decoherence measurements and chip\\nbased applications rely on intensive, tunable, coherent sources for free low\\nenergy electron matter waves. In most cases, the electrons get field emitted\\nfrom a metal nanotip where its radius and geometry towards a counter electrode\\ndetermines the field distribution and the emission voltage. A higher emission\\nis often connected to faster electrons with smaller de Broglie wavelengths,\\nrequiring larger pattern magnification after matter wave diffraction or\\ninterferometry. This can be prevented with a well-known setup consisting of two\\ncounter electrodes that allow independent setting of the beam intensity and\\nvelocity. However, it needs to be tested if the coherent properties of such a\\nsource are preserved after the acceleration and deceleration of the electrons.\\nHere, we study the coherence of the beam in a biprism interferometer with a\\nsingle atom tip electron field emitter if the particle velocity and wavelength\\nvaries after emission. With a Wien filter measurement and a contrast\\ncorrelation analysis we demonstrate that the intensity of the source at a\\ncertain particle wavelength can be enhanced up to a factor of 33 without\\nchanging the transverse and longitudinal coherence of the electron beam. In\\naddition, the energy width of the single atom tip emitter was measured to be\\n377 meV, corresponding to a longitudinal coherence length of 82 nm. The design\\nhas potential applications in interferometry, microscopy and sensor technology\\n
Insulin and Estrogen Independently and Differentially Reduce Macronutrient Intake in Healthy Men
2018-01-12

Results indicate that, in an acute setting, estrogen does not interact with central nervous insulin signaling in the control of eating behavior in healthy men. Insulin and estradiol rather exert independent inhibiting effects on macronutrient intake.
HESS J1741−302: a hidden accelerator in the Galactic plane
2018-01-12

The H.E.S.S. Collaboration has discovered a new very high energy (VHE, E &gt; 0.1 TeV) γ -ray source, HESS J1741−302, located in the Galactic plane. Despite several attempts to constrain its nature, no plausible counterpart has been found so far at X-ray and MeV/GeV γ -ray energies, and the source remains unidentified. An analysis of 145-h of observations of HESS J1741−302 at VHEs has revealed a steady and relatively weak TeV source (~1% of the Crab Nebula flux), with a spectral index of Γ = 2.3 ± 0.2 stat ± 0.2 sys , extending to energies up to 10 TeV without any clear signature of a cut-off. In a hadronic scenario, such a spectrum implies an object with particle acceleration up to energies of several hundred TeV. Contrary to most H.E.S.S. unidentified sources, the angular size of HESS J1741−302 is compatible with the H.E.S.S. point spread function at VHEs, with an extension constrained to be below 0.068° at a 99% confidence level. The γ -ray emission detected by H.E.S.S. can be explained both within a hadronic scenario, due to collisions of protons with energies of hundreds of TeV with dense molecular clouds, and in a leptonic scenario, as a relic pulsar wind nebula, possibly powered by the middle-aged (20 kyr) pulsar PSR B1737−30. A binary scenario, related to the compact radio source 1LC 358.266+0.038 found to be spatially coincident with the best fit position of HESS J1741−302, is also envisaged.
VBSCan Split 2017 Workshop Summary
2018-01-12

This document summarises the talks and discussions happened during the VBSCan Split17 workshop, the first general meeting of the VBSCan COST Action network. This collaboration is aiming at a consistent and coordinated study of vector-boson scattering from the phenomenological and experimental point of view, for the best exploitation of the data that will be delivered by existing and future particle colliders.
Pacing and perceived exertion in endurance performance in exercise therapy and health sports
2018-01-15

When humans are physically active for an extended period of time, they regulate their physical performance in order to achieve the intended goal of that activity with an individually adequate effort. This permanent conscious or subconscious proportioning of energetic reserves towards an endpoint is termed as "pacing". While pacing has primarily attracted notice in endurance sports competition, it also plays a vital role in other contexts of physical activity, such as locomotion or transport, work, leisure, and prevention and rehabilitation. The current paper outlines some of the fundamentals of pacing and aims to stimulate a debate by highlighting the potential and limitations of a stronger consideration of pacing in exercise therapy and health sports from a biomedical and psychosocial perspective. Endurance training that focuses on the learning of pacing and the perception of exertion may improve the control competence as one component of physical-activity-related health competence. In terms of client orientation, this would strengthen participants' autonomy in exercise configuration, and it might positively influence well-being, self-responsibility, compliance, and long-term training effects. In fact, professional societies see scope for defined target groups in cardiac prevention and rehabilitation to self-regulate their training intensity based on perceived exertion. However, the training effects and the risks of self-regulation have yet to be investigated more carefully in subjects who are not experienced with exercise. Further research is also needed on the mechanisms of perception of physiological strain and effort, as well as on approaches for optimal support of the learning of pacing to achieve control competence.
Stability of association betweenArabidopsis thalianaandPseudomonaspathogens over evolutionary time scales
2018-01-15

Summary Crop disease outbreaks are often associated with clonal expansions of single pathogenic lineages. To determine whether similar boom-and-bust scenarios hold for wild plant pathogens, we carried out a multi-year multi-site survey of Pseudomonas in the natural host Arabidopsis thaliana. The most common Pseudomonas lineage corresponded to a pathogenic clade present in all sites. Sequencing of 1,524 Pseudomonas genomes revealed this lineage to have diversified approximately 300,000 years ago, containing dozens of genetically distinct pathogenic sublineages. These sublineages have expanded in parallel within the same populations and are differentiated both at the level of gene content and disease phenotype. Such coexistence of diverse sublineages indicates that in contrast to crop systems, no single strain has been able to overtake these A. thaliana populations in the recent past. Our results suggest that the selective pressures acting on a plant pathogen in wild hosts may be more complex than those in agricultural systems.
Story Link Detection In Turkish Corpus
2018-01-15

Story Link Detection (SLD) is known as a sub-task of Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT). SLD aims to specify whether two randomly selected stories discuss the same topic or not. This sub-task drew special attention within the TDT research community as many tasks in TDT are thought to be solved automatically once SLD performs as expected. In this study, performance tests were carried out on the BilCol-2005 Turkish news corpus composed of approximately 209,000 news items using vector space model (VSM) and relevance model (RM) methods with respect to varied index term counts. Accordingly, best results obtained were as follows: the VSM method performed best with 30 terms (F-measure=0.2970) while RM method did with 4 terms (F-measure=0.1910). Furthermore, the combination of two methods using the AND and OR functions increased the precision ratio by 7.9% and recall ratio by 1.2%, respectively, indicating that retrieval performance of SLD algorithms can be increased to some extent by employing both VSM and RM models.
MAFA missense mutation causes familial insulinomatosis and diabetes mellitus
2018-01-16

Significance We report a disease-causing mutation in the β-cell–enriched MAFA transcription factor. Strikingly, the missense p.Ser64Phe MAFA mutation was associated with either of two distinct phenotypes, multiple insulin-producing neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas—a condition known as insulinomatosis—or diabetes mellitus, recapitulating the physiological properties of MAFA both as an oncogene and as a key islet β-cell transcription factor. The implication of MAFA in these human phenotypes will provide insights into how this transcription factor regulates human β-cell activity as well as into the mechanisms of Maf-induced tumorigenesis.
Parallel dual-task processing and task-shielding in older and younger adults: Behavioral and diffusion model results
2018-01-16

The results point to an aspect of cognition that seems not to show age-related deteriorations, similar to, for example, n-2 repetition costs in task-switching situations. Certain response selection-related aspects of task processing are processed in parallel to the same degree in younger and older adults, and both age groups are similarly able to shield Task 1 processing from interfering Task 2 processing in a dual-task situation.
P851 Oral delivery of Human β-defensin 2 is reversibly increasing microbiome diversity and is effective in the treatment of experimental colitis
2018-01-16

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterised by complex deficiencies of the mucosal antimicrobial barrier. Different epithelial secreted antimicrobial peptides protect the surface and regulate the gut luminal microbial community while ensuring a beneficial homeostasis. Disrupting this balance by an excessive or dysregulated immune response also results in a so-called "dysbiosis" but cause and consequence is still unclear. Independent of this causality debate, a decreased complexity and diversity of the gut microbiota are common features of chronic inflammation in IBD. The aim of this study was to translate these changes in disease understanding into a clear therapeutic approach. In detail, we tested the human host defence endogenous antimicrobial defensin in terms of (A) microbiome modulation and (B) therapeutic efficacy in experimental colitis. Mice were treated orally with a dose of 1.2 mg/kg per day for one week. Alterations in bacterial composition were analysed by next-generation sequencing on day 0, day 7 and day 14. Based on these results we tested the bacteriocidal and static effect of hBD2 on different commensal species using MIC in vitro. In a second approach, we tested oral administration of hBD2 in an experimental induced DSS colitis mouse model, compared with the standard therapy with prednisolone. Analysing the gut microbiome, a significant increase of diversity was observed during hBD2 treatment. Of note, these changes shift backwards after stopping the application. Hypothesis-driven MIC experiments were consistent with deep sequencing results of overall analysis. Testing the same dose in an experimental colitis model, the treatment resulted in a significantly lower weight loss (p < 0.05) and a strongly improved disease activity index (p < 0.001). Furthermore hBD2 reduced mucosal damage (p < 0.001). In this setting, the oral administration of hBD2 significantly improved the health in DSS colitis model. It seems that this effect is dependent on the ability of hBD2 to modulate the microbiome towards homeostasis.HBD2 shows promising effect in experimental DSS colitis model. The results and the better effect than prednisolone support a therapeutic application as a drug for IBD. These findings suggest the possibility of hBD2 be used alone or in combination with anti-inflammatory substances in microbiome associated diseases.
Once Bitten, Less Shy? The Influence of Prior Misappropriation Experience on R&D Collaboration
2018-01-16

Firms often face the challenge of collaborating for innovation and protecting themselves from misappropriation. Given this tension, we investigate the relationship between prior misappropriation of protected and unprotected intellectual property (IP) and R&D collaboration. We combine more than 600 firm observations from the German Community Innovation Survey with patent data and qualitative interview data. Our results consistently point to (1) less subsequent R&D collaboration after being copied (misappropriation of unprotected IP) and (2) more subsequent R&D collaboration after being infringed (misappropriation of protected IP) in the following three years. Moreover, we find indication that firms that are copied start to collaborate more during the subsequent period (four to six years later). Our study adds to a better understanding of the tension between appropriating innovation rents and remaining open to R&D collaboration. Further, we provide insights on how firms strategically leverage previous misappropriation experience to create value.
Streamlined sensory motor communication through cortical reciprocal connectivity in a visually guided eye movement task
2018-01-17

Abstract Cortical computation is distributed across multiple areas of the cortex by networks of reciprocal connectivity. However, how such connectivity contributes to the communication between the connected areas is not clear. In this study, we examine the communication between sensory and motor cortices. We develop an eye movement task in mice and combine it with optogenetic suppression and two-photon calcium imaging techniques. We identify a small region in the secondary motor cortex (MO s ) that controls eye movements and reciprocally connects with a rostrolateral part of the higher visual areas (V RL/A/AL ). These two regions encode both motor signals and visual information; however, the information flow between the regions depends on the direction of the connectivity: motor information is conveyed preferentially from the MO s to the V RL/A/AL , and sensory information is transferred primarily in the opposite direction. We propose that reciprocal connectivity streamlines information flow, enhancing the computational capacity of a distributed network.
Food specific inhibitory control under negative mood in binge‐eating disorder: Evidence from a multimethod approach*
2018-01-17

Abstract Objective Inhibitory control has been discussed as a developmental and maintenance factor in binge‐eating disorder (BED). The current study is the first aimed at investigating inhibitory control in a negative mood condition on a psychophysiological and behavioral level in BED with a combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking (ET). Method We conducted a combined EEG and ET study with overweight individuals with BED (BED+, n = 24, mean age = 31, mean BMI = 35 kg/m 2 ) and without BED (BED–, n = 23, mean age = 28, mean BMI = 35 kg/m 2 ) and a normal‐weight (NWC, n = 26, mean age 28, mean BMI = 22 kg/m 2 ) control group. We assessed self‐report data regarding impulsivity and emotion regulation as well as the processing of food stimuli under negative mood in an antisaccade task. Main outcome variables comprise event‐related potentials (ERP) regarding conflict processing (N2) and performance monitoring (error‐related negativity [ERN/Ne]) assessed by EEG and inhibitory control (errors in the first and second saccade) assessed by ET. Results BED+ patients reported increased impulsivity and higher emotion regulation difficulties compared with the other groups. The eye tracking data revealed impaired inhibitory control in BED+ compared with both control groups. Further, we found preliminary evidence from EEG recordings that conflict processing might be less thorough in the BED+ sample as well as in the NWC sample. In the BED+ sample this might be connected to the inhibitory control deficits on behavioral level. While the BED− sample showed increased conflict processing latencies (N2 latencies), which might indicate a compensation mechanism, the BED+ sample did not show such a mechanism. Performance monitoring (ERN/Ne latencies and amplitudes) was not impaired in the BED+ sample compared with both control samples. Discussion Participants with BED reported higher impulsivity and lower emotion regulation capacities. The combined investigation of electrocortical processes and behavior contributes to an advanced understanding of behavioral and electrocortical processes underlying inhibitory control in BED. Inhibitory control and negative mood, probably amplified by emotion regulation deficits, should be addressed further in the investigation and treatment of BED.