julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Biographical Articulation in Transition
2022-01-01

Abstract Biographical research approaches have been relevant for the analysis of transitions in the life course for a long time. From the beginning of a social science-based analysis of (auto-)biographical narratives, the “biography” as concept was oriented towards understanding the relationship between the development of individual identity against the background of collective phenomena as well as in their relevance for life histories. But biographical narrations are also connected to discourses and discursive orientation patterns. The concept of “articulation” in the sense of Stuart Hall allows for the building of a bridge between discourses and subject positions, in describing this as a suture between discourses and a subject. Based on the re-analysis of three narrative interviews which are linked to different biographical research projects, the article explains and illustrates three different modi of articulation linked to relevant biographical transitions. All three modi of articulation are examples that show the complexity and variety of social positioning and articulation in biographical turning points. At the end the article discusses the added value and the possibilities of this approach in understanding transitions in life courses from a biographical perspective.
A Natural History in Stone: Medusa’sUnruly Gaze on bardiglio grigio
2022-01-01

This essay deals with a little-known seventeenth-century painting on stone in the Palazzo Borromeo on the Isola Bella in Lake Maggiore. The painting, executed by an unknown artist, shows the Ovidian myth of Perseus transforming Atlas into a mountain by means of Medusa’s gaze. The artist employed the mineral support not primarily to visualize a poetics of transformation. Rather, he was exploiting highly specialized geological and mineralogical knowledge, in order to craft a historia naturalis. The essay will focus on how the artist explored the aesthetic qualities of the stone support, providing the viewer with insights about nature’s petrifying agency, the formation of fossils, and the phenomenon of “middle nature.”
Landscape and Earth in Early Modernity
2022-01-01

Early modern views of nature and the earth upended the depiction of land. Landscape emerged as a site of artistic exploration at a time when environments and ecologies were reshaped and transformed. This volume historicizes the contingency of an ever-changing elemental world, reframing and reimagining landscape as a mediating space in the interplay between the natural and the artificial, the real and the imaginary, the internal and the external. The lens of the “unruly” reveals the latent landscapes that undergirded their conception, the elemental resources that resurfaced from the bowels of the earth, the staged topographies that unsettled the boundaries between nature and technology, and the fragile ecologies that undermined the status quo of human environs. Landscape and Earth in Early Modernity: Picturing Unruly Nature argues for an art history attentive to the vicissitudes of circumstance and attributes the regrounding of representation during a transitional age to the unquiet landscape.
Conclusions
2022-01-01

The summary highlights the extent to which the articles collected here go beyond previous research on bishops and open up new perspectives: The contributions no longer only ask about the "hard power" of bishops. Instead, they focus on episcopal "soft power": they impressively show that bishops knew how to use books, pen and ink to manipulate ideas and convictions and to reframe discourses. A basis for this new approach is provided by the scans of medieval manuscripts, which are now made available by libraries in Europe in large numbers and excellent quality.
Micro-Indentation on Bovine and Human Cartilage with Phase-shifted Fiber Bragg Gratings in PM Fibers
2022-01-01

Stiffnesses of healthy and degenerated articular cartilages were investigated using micro-indentation based on phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings in PM fibers. Elasticities of superficial layers (&lt; 50 μm) were resolved with minimally detectable forces yielding micro-Newton scale.
Cassiodorus’ Variae in the 9th Century
2022-01-01

The fate of Cassiodorus’ Variae during the Early Middle Ages is largely unknown, since the manuscript tradition begins with the eleventh century, and long quotations taken from them are attested only from that period. However, words or expressions reminiscent of the Variae occur more than once in Charlemagne’s letters to Byzantium, in the works of Paschasius, and in the Donation of Constantine. The author of the epistles sent by Charlemagne’s to the East Roman emperor was aware of the ideological context of Variae 1.1, and the same is true for the Donation of Constantine. At the same time, Paschasius used Cassiodorus as a source of elegant words and expressions, thereby treating him like a classical author. It is impossible to ascertain whether Carolingian writers had access to all books of the Variae, or only to a substantial selection of letters (similar for instance to the manuscript containing the Epistolae Austrasicae), but there is a high degree of likelihood that they knew quite a few epistles of Cassiodorus, and were able to appreciate the political messages conveyed by them.
TAMOXIFEN ADJUVANT INTERFERERS STUDY (TAIS STUDY): AN EXPLORATIVE ANALYSIS OF (Z)- ENDOXIFEN AND EARLY RECURRENCE OF BREAST CANCER IN A PROSPECTIVE BRAZILIAN STUDY
2022-01-01

Objective: Adherence to treatment and use of co-medication, molecular factors such as CYP2D6 genotype affect tamoxifen metabolism with consequences for early breast cancer (BC) prognosis. CYP2D6 polymorphisms have been promoted as potential biomarkers, yet they only partially explain the variability of plasma (Z)-endoxifen concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether plasma (Z)-endoxifen levels predicted early BC events (recurrence or death) within 5 years in patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen treatment. The secondary aim was to evaluate whether (Z)-endoxifen levels were associated with clinical, pathological, and phenotypic CYP2D6 metabolism variables. Methods: In a prospective study on 149 tamoxifen-treated early-stage BC patients from Brazil followed up for 5 years, we investigated the association between the active tamoxifen metabolite (Z)-endoxifen at 3 months and event-free survival (EFS) adjusted for clinicopathological factors. We apply this approach to patients from a Brazilian prospective cohort (Tamoxifen Adjuvant Interferers Study) Results: In all, 25 (16.8%) patients had recurred or died at a median follow-up of 52.3 months. When we applied a putative 15 nM threshold used in previous independent studies, (Z)-endoxifen levels below the threshold showed an association with shorter EFS in an univariate analysis (p=0.045) and after adjustment for stage (HR 2.52; 95%CI 1.13–5.65; p=0.024). However, modeling of plasma concentrations with splines instead of dichotomization did not verify a significant association with EFS (univariate analysis: p=0.158; adjusted for stage: p=0.117). Hence, in this small exploratory study, the link between impaired tamoxifen metabolism and early BC recurrence could not be unanimously demonstrated. This inconsistency justifies larger modeling studies backed up by mechanistic pharmacodynamic analyses to shed new light on this suspected association and the stipulation of an appropriate predictive (Z)-endoxifen threshold. Conclusion: As expected, significant associations with CYP2D6 metabolism phenotypes were detected. In individual and grouped (PM+IM vs. NM+UM) comparisons, PM and IM phenotypes had lower median (Z)-endoxifen levels (7.7 and 16.3 nM, respectively) than patients with NM or UM phenotypes (27.6 and 38.0 nM, respectively; p &lt;0.001). Using a putative clinical threshold concentration of 15 nM, low plasma (Z)-endoxifen levels were associated with a higher rate of early recurrence or death events during follow-up.
Informed consent and algorithmic discrimination – is giving away your data the new vulnerable?
2022-01-02

This paper discusses various forms and sources of algorithmic discrimination. In particular, we explore the connection between – at first glance – 'voluntary' sharing or selling of one's data on the one hand and potential risks of automated decision-making based on big data and artificial intelligence on the other. We argue that the implementation of algorithm-driven profiling or decision-making mechanisms will, in many cases, disproportionately disadvantage certain vulnerable groups that are already disadvantaged by many existing datafication practices. We call into question the voluntariness of these mechanisms, especially for certain vulnerable groups, and claim that members of such groups are oftentimes more likely to give away their data. If these existing datafication practices exacerbate prior disadvantages, they 'compound historical injustices' (Hellman, 2018) and thereby constitute forms of morally wrong discrimination. To make matters worse, they are even more prone to further algorithmic discriminations based on the additional data collected from them.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - opportunities for personalized treatment and drug development
2022-01-02

Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a highly prevalent liver disorder whose rise in prevalence is closely connected to the growing rates of obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Importantly, kinetics and likelihood of NAFLD onset and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis differs considerably between individuals. In recent years, the understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis has increased substantially and a multitude of factors, genetic predispositions, molecular signatures or NAFLD-related liver injury and comorbidities have been identified.Areas Covered This article summarizes inter-individual differences in NAFLD, including genetic variations, epigenetic and metabolic alterations and differences in the microbiome. We also discuss how these features might be leveraged for treatment personalization.Expert opinion The complexity and heterogeneity of NAFLD provides considerable challenges for drug developers and has resulted in numerous costly project failures. We expect that increased knowledge and appreciation of patient-specific factors will facilitate better patient stratification and identification of those individuals that benefit most from a given therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, we anticipate that pathophysiologically relevant in vivo and ex vivo disease models as well as large-scale chemogenomic projects hold promise to drastically improve NAFLD drug development to complement lifestyle and surgical interventions with pharmacological approaches.
Talmudic Torment: Late Antique Jewish Texts on Pain and Suffering Between Medicine, Martyrdom, andAskesis
2022-01-02

According to recent studies, pain can be conceptualised both as a bodily sensation and as a complex sociocultural phenomenon shaped by experience, expectations, and presumptions. This article analyses descriptions of agonising intestinal and inflammatory ailments with their various sensual and socio-religious implications as specific rabbinic expressions of and reactions to broader ancient understandings of pain. The study of two talmudic narratives explores a complex network of late antique Jewish ideas about pain, especially connected to bodily swellings and bowel disease, in which religious, legal, ethical, cognitive, and medical aspects intertwine. I submit that the depiction of eminent rabbinic scholars as "suffering selves" fits well into the broader cultures of pain in the Graeco-Roman Mediterranean and the ancient Near East. In these traditions, the always mediated (re)presentations of pain and experiences of suffering were often torn between fascination and aversion. Up to a certain point, the rabbis shared a cultural matrix and ideas on illness and agony with their contemporaries, especially religious experts like Christian authors, monastics, and ascetics. Therefore, these stories about self-afflicted pain and suffering were possibly formed as alternative Jewish answers reacting to and interacting with Graeco-Roman "cultures of pain" as well as emerging Jewish and Christian conceptions of martyrdom, asceticism, and the suffering self in late antiquity. Through a comparison with earlier texts, this article examines how this rabbinic counter-discourse feeds on and appropriates but also rejects Graeco-Roman and early Christian traditions about the punitive, refining, ascetic, and sanctifying purposes of bodily suffering and abdominal agony.
Apologetic Arguments in Ṣāliḥ ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Jaʿfarī’s Kitāb al-radd ʿalā al-Naṣārā
2022-01-02

Medieval Muslim scholars wrote substantial apologetic and polemical treatises to present and defend the truth of their religion and to invite people of different faiths to Islam. These texts belong to the so-called radd (‘refutation’) literature. It is still interesting today in so far as many radd authors avoided rhetorical polemics and sought serious rational arguments that provide deep insights in the dogmatic differences and peculiarities of various religions. An outstanding, because strongly argumentational, example is Kitāb al-radd ʿalā al-Naṣārā (‘Book of refutation of the Christians’) by Ṣāliḥ ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Jaʿfarī (d. 668/1270). This article introduces al-Jaʿfarī’s life and work, outlines methodological premises for a critical analysis of radd arguments, gives an overview of al-Jaʿfarī’s most important arguments and an example of the analysis of such arguments, and indicates what the examination of these old texts can contribute to today’s interreligious discourses.
Mapping the human praxis network: an investigation of white matter disconnection in limb apraxia of gesture production
2022-01-04

Abstract Left hemispheric cerebral stroke can cause apraxia, a motor cognitive disorder characterized by deficits of higher-order motor skills such as the failure to accurately produce meaningful gestures. This disorder provides unique insights into the anatomical and cognitive architecture of the human praxis system. The present study aimed to map the structural brain network that is damaged in apraxia. We assessed the ability to perform meaningful gestures with the hand in 101 patients with chronic left hemisphere stroke. Structural white matter fibre damage was directly assessed by diffusion tensor imaging and fractional anisotropy mapping. We used multivariate topographical inference on tract-based fractional anisotropy topographies to identify white matter disconnection associated with apraxia. We found relevant pathological white matter alterations in a densely connected fronto-temporo-parietal network of short and long association fibres. Hence, the findings suggest that heterogeneous topographical results in previous lesion mapping studies might not only result from differences in study design, but also from the general methodological limitations of univariate topographical mapping in uncovering the structural praxis network. A striking role of middle and superior temporal lobe disconnection, including temporo-temporal short association fibres, was found, suggesting strong involvement of the temporal lobe in the praxis network. Further, the results stressed the importance of subcortical disconnections for the emergence of apractic symptoms. Our study provides a fine-grain view into the structural connectivity of the human praxis network and suggests a potential value of disconnection measures in the clinical prediction of behavioural post-stroke outcome.
Playing the Blame Game with Robots
2022-01-04

Recent research shows - somewhat astonishingly - that people are willing to ascribe moral blame to AI-driven systems when they cause harm [1]-[4]. In this paper, we explore the moral-psychological underpinnings of these findings. Our hypothesis was that the reason why people ascribe moral blame to AI systems is that they consider them capable of entertaining inculpating mental states (what is called mens rea in the law). To explore this hypothesis, we created a scenario in which an AI system runs a risk of poisoning people by using a novel type of fertilizer. Manipulating the computational (or quasi-cognitive) abilities of the AI system in a between-subjects design, we tested whether people's willingness to ascribe knowledge of a substantial risk of harm (i.e., recklessness) and blame to the AI system. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ascription of recklessness and blame to the AI system would influence the perceived blameworthiness of the system's user (or owner). In an experiment with 347 participants, we found (i) that people are willing to ascribe blame to AI systems in contexts of recklessness, (ii) that blame ascriptions depend strongly on the willingness to attribute recklessness and (iii) that the latter, in turn, depends on the perceived "cognitive" capacities of the system. Furthermore, our results suggest (iv) that the higher the computational sophistication of the AI system, the more blame is shifted from the human user to the AI system.
Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Dual-Pathway Inhibition with or without Clopidogrel versus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Atherosclerotic Disease
2022-01-04

Abstract Aim Inhibition of thrombin-mediated signaling processes using a vascular dose of rivaroxaban in adjunct to antiplatelet therapy, known as dual-pathway inhibition (DPI), reduces atherothrombotic events in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease. However, there are limited data on the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of this strategy and how it compares to standard dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Methods and Results This investigation was conducted in selected cohorts of patients (n = 40) with stable atherosclerotic disease—enrolled within a larger prospective, open-label, parallel-group PD study—who were treated with either aspirin plus clopidogrel (DAPT), aspirin plus rivaroxaban 2.5 mg/bid (DPI), or DAPT plus rivaroxaban 2.5 mg/bid. Multiple PD assays providing a comprehensive assessment of markers of thrombosis were used. PD endpoints included platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity measured by light transmittance aggregometry (LTA) following stimuli with CATF (collagen-related peptide + adenosine diphosphate [ADP] + tissue factor [TF]), markers of P2Y12 reactivity, markers of platelet aggregation using LTA following several stimuli (arachidonic acid, ADP, collagen, TF, and thrombin receptor-activating peptide [TRAP]), thrombin generation, and thrombus formation. There was no difference in platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity between groups. Rivaroxaban significantly reduced thrombin generation and was associated with a trend toward reduced TF-induced platelet aggregation. Clopidogrel-based treatments reduced markers of P2Y12 signaling and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation. There were no differences between groups on markers of cyclooxygenase-1-mediated activity. Conclusion Compared with DAPT, DPI does not result in any differences in platelet-mediated global thrombogenicity, but reduces thrombin generation. These PD observations suggest that modulating thrombin generation—by means of factor Xa inhibition—in adjunct to antiplatelet therapy provides effective antithrombotic effects, supporting the efficacy and safety findings of a DPI strategy observed in clinical trials.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study on the Precipitation Behaviors of Laser-Welded Ferritic Stainless Steels and Their Implications on Intergranular Corrosion Resistance
2022-01-04

The intergranular corrosion susceptibility of ferritic stainless-steel weldments is strongly dependent on chromium carbide precipitation phenomena. Hence, stabilization is widely used to mitigate the aforementioned precipitation. In contrast, stabilization has proved ineffective to fully prevent intergranular corrosion due to segregation of unreacted chromium during solid-state heat-treatments. To analyze the precipitation behavior of 17 wt.-% chromium ferritic stainless steels during laser welding, sheets of unstabilized and titanium-stabilized ferritic stainless steels were welded in a butt joint configuration and characterized with special consideration of precipitation behavior by means of transmission electron microscopy. While unstabilized ferritic stainless steels exhibit pronounced chromium precipitate formation at grain boundaries, titanium-stabilization leads to titanium precipitates without adjacent chromium segregation. However, corrosion tests reveal three distinctive corrosion mechanisms within the investigated ferritic stainless steels based on their inherent precipitation behaviors. In light of the precipitation formation, it is evident that immersion in sulfuric acid media leads to the dissolution of either grain boundaries or the grain boundary vicinity. As a result, the residual mechanical strength of the joint is substantially degraded.
Three-Year Changes in Visual Function in the Placebo Group of a Randomized Double-Blind International Multicenter Safety Study: Analysis of Electroretinography, Perimetry, Color Vision, and Visual Acuity in Individuals With Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris
2022-01-04

A longitudinal correction factor for age-related change in visual function may be useful in future trials to determine whether an observed deterioration in visual function is related to intervention or to aging.
The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm
2022-01-05

The periderm acts as armor protecting the plant's inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stress. It forms during the radial thickening of plant organs such as stems and roots and replaces the function of primary protective tissues such as the epidermis and the endodermis. A wound periderm also forms to heal and protect injured tissues. The periderm comprises a meristematic tissue called the phellogen, or cork cambium, and its derivatives: the lignosuberized phellem and the phelloderm. Research on the periderm has mainly focused on the chemical composition of the phellem due to its relevance as a raw material for industrial processes. Today, there is increasing interest in the regulatory network underlying periderm development as a novel breeding trait to improve plant resilience and to sequester CO 2 . Here, we discuss our current understanding of periderm formation, focusing on aspects of periderm evolution, mechanisms of periderm ontogenesis, regulatory networks underlying phellogen initiation and cork differentiation, and future challenges of periderm research.
Informational Steady States and Conditional Entropy Production in Continuously Monitored Systems
2022-01-05

We put forth a unifying formalism for the description of the thermodynamics\\nof continuously monitored systems, where measurements are only performed on the\\nenvironment connected to a system. We show, in particular, that the conditional\\nand unconditional entropy production, which quantify the degree of\\nirreversibility of the open system's dynamics, are related to each other by the\\nHolevo quantity. This, in turn, can be further split into an information gain\\nrate and loss rate, which provide conditions for the existence of informational\\nsteady-states (ISSs), i.e. stationary states of a conditional dynamics that are\\nmaintained owing to the unbroken acquisition of information. We illustrate the\\napplicability of our framework through several examples.\\n
“Liking” as an early and editable draft of long-run affective value
2022-01-05

Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of “liking” and “wanting” pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we “want” something that we do not “like,” or “like” something but be unwilling to exert effort to acquire it? Here, we suggest a framework for answering these questions through the medium of reinforcement learning. We consider “liking” to provide immediate, but preliminary and ultimately cancellable, information about the true, long-run worth of a good. Such initial estimates, viewed through the lens of what is known as potential-based shaping, help solve the temporally complex learning problems faced by animals.