julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Smoothness of wave functions in thermal equilibrium
2005-11-01

We consider the thermal equilibrium distribution at inverse temperature β, or canonical ensemble, of the wave function Ψ of a quantum system. Since L2 spaces contain more nondifferentiable than differentiable functions, and since the thermal equilibrium distribution is very spread out, one might expect that Ψ has probability zero to be differentiable. However, we show that for relevant Hamiltonians the contrary is the case: with probability 1, Ψ is infinitely often differentiable and even analytic. We also show that with probability 1, Ψ lies in the domain of the Hamiltonian.
New challenges in biogeochemical gradient research
2005-11-01

At a recent workshop focusing on biogeochemical gradients predominantly in groundwater and sediments, 32 North American and German scientists discussed research needs in three areas including (1) redox and microbes; (2) contaminants, isotopes, and fluxes; and (3) instruments, monitoring, and modeling. The presentation topics at the workshop at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen in Germany ranged from new concepts for monitoring contaminant attenuation, microgradients, microbial and abiotic recycling of iron and arsenic, porous media characterization, modeling in marine and groundwater environments, and stable isotope as well as radioisotope techniques.
Virtual Kamikakushi: An Element of Folk Belief in Changing Times and Media.
2005-11-01

This paper looks at the way in which kamikakushi, a term from Japanese folk belief, is presented in different media, particularly the World Wide Web.The core definition of kamikakushi is the sudden and mysterious disappearance of individuals attributed to their abduction by some supernatural being.It becomes evident that not only more peripheral aspects vary, such as the identity of abductee and abducting being, but that presentations of kamikakushi also increasingly deviate from the core definition.Depending strongly on genre and context kamikakushi is explained as caused by supernatural beings, human villains, or people simply losing their way.
Image Quality and Diagnostic Accuracy of 16-Slice Multidetector Spiral Computed Tomography for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease in Elderly Patients
2005-11-01

Age has an impact on MSCT image quality but did not hamper diagnostic accuracy. Thus, MSCT is a noninvasive method to detect or rule out coronary artery disease independently of age. These retrospective data have to be confirmed in larger prospective trials.
Cutaneous melanoma: baseline and ongoing laboratory evaluation
2005-11-01

Numerous laboratory tests and imaging methods are available that can be used in patients who are diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. The downside risks related to testing are cost and patient anxiety. Therefore, it must be critically considered which examinations are useful and feasible. After a diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma, many physicians in Germany perform lymph node ultrasound to detect occult regional metastasis. Whole-body imaging techniques, except the physical examination, are unlikely to detect distant occult metastasis. In tumors that have an intermediate or high risk of recurrence (> 1 mm tumor thickness), baseline whole-body imaging may serve as a reference for ongoing evaluation. During follow-up care, physical examination alone is appropriate when there is a low risk for recurrence (up to 1-mm tumor thickness). In patients whose tumors are > 1 mm thickness, regular lymph node ultrasound examinations and determination of serum tumor marker S-100beta protein are commonly used by physicians in Germany. Whole-body imaging techniques are useful in patients who have locoregional and/or distant metastasis. For consideration of surgical resections in stage IV disease, more advanced examinations techniques such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography or whole body magnetic resonance imaging may be used. Early detection of limited disease using these methods may be helpful for patients who have locoregional metastases and for 10-20% of patients who have distant metastases and whose limited disease may be amenable to surgical resection.
Magnetic Responses to Vertical Migration of Fly Ash in Soil
2005-11-01

Five short soil profiles were sampled in a rice field nearby a fly ash storage of Meixi power plant in Anji, Zhejiang province, China. All of them were measured, and a typical profile T361 of 26 cm length is discussed in this paper. Magnetic measurements, element content and grain size analysis were carried out to understand the vertical migration of magnetic minerals and heavy metals in soil from fly ash, as well as the relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metals. Environmental magnetic measurement and thermomagnetic curves revealed that multidomain (MD) magnetite from fly ash is the dominant magnetic phase in the upper 14 cm, and the proportion of imperfect antiferromagnetic minerals to magnetite increases gradually in lower 12 cm. In middle of the profile, MD magnetite and fine imperfect antiferromagnetic phases coexist. Index cluster indicate that ferrimagnetic phases are mainly contained in coarse silt, whereas single domain particles are contained in fine silt. Strong correlation between mass-specific susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn were found. Fuzzy C-means cluster analysis (FCM), a multivariate statistics technology, integrating all the measured parameters, shows that fly ash accumulated and enriched on original unpolluted soil surface and then migrated into soil. The depths of accumulation, enrichment and migration are at 11cm, 14cm and 21cm respectively. Below 21cm, soil is unpolluted. Our work demonstrates that magnetic measurements can be used to delineate pollution of fly ash in the soil profile and to identify the migration depth and the depth of unpolluted soil with the help of multivariate statistics.
Purinoceptors are involved in the induction of an osmolyte permeability in malaria‐infected and oxidized human erythrocytes
2005-11-02

In human erythrocytes, infection by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum or oxidative stress induces a new organic osmolyte and anion permeability. To examine a role for autocrine purinoceptor signaling during this induction process, erythrocytic purinoceptor expression, and ATP release were determined. Furthermore, using pharmacological and genetic approaches the dependence on purinoceptor signaling of osmolyte permeability and Plasmodium development, both in vitro and in vivo, were assessed. Extracellular ATP did not induce an osmolyte permeability in non‐infected or non‐oxidized erythrocytes. ATP and other purinoceptor agonists increased the induction of osmolyte permeability during infection or oxidation as measured by isosmotic hemolysis and patch‐clamp recording. Purinoceptor antagonists and apyrase decreased the induced permeability. The observed pharmacology suggested the involvement of P2Y purinoceptors. Accordingly, human erythrocytes expressed P2Y 1 protein. Moreover, P2Y 1 deficient mouse erythrocytes exhibited a delayed appearance of the osmolyte permeability during P. berghei infection‐ or oxidation compared with wild‐type erythrocytes. Furthermore, the nonspecific purinoceptor antagonist suramin decreased in vitro growth and DNA/RNA amplification of P. falciparum in human erythrocytes and decreased in vivo growth of P. berghei . P. berghei developed slower in P2Y 1 ‐deficient mice in vivo compared with wild‐type animals. In conclusion, induction of the osmolyte permeability in Plasmodium ‐infected erythrocytes involves autocrine purinoceptor signaling.
Membranous expression and prognostic implications of epidermal growth factor receptor protein in human renal cell cancer.
2005-11-02

The observation that primary RCC specimens exhibit EGFR at higher levels when compared with benign renal parenchyma indicates its role in tumor development and progression. The availability of more refined prognostic factors would assist decision making in terms of the value of more aggressive treatment options for prognostically defined subgroups of patients. Additionally, if overexpression of EGFR identifies RCC with a more aggressive biological behavior, the latter receptor might serve as a novel target for a more effective therapeutical approach to RCC.
Enhancing surface free energy and hydrophilicity through chemical modification of microstructured titanium implant surfaces
2005-11-03

Abstract Roughness‐induced hydrophobicity, well‐known from natural plant surfaces and intensively studied toward superhydrophobic surfaces, has currently been identified on microstructured titanium implant surfaces. Studies indicate that microstructuring by sandblasting and acid etching (SLA) enhances the osteogenic properties of titanium. The undesired initial hydrophobicity, however, presumably decelerates primary interactions with the aqueous biosystem. To improve the initial wettability and to retain SLA microstructure, a novel surface modification was tested. This modification differs from SLA by its preparation after acid etching, which was done under protective gas conditions following liquid instead of dry storage. We hypothesized that this modification should have increased wettability due to the prevention of contaminations that occurs during air contact. The main outcome of dynamic wettability measurements was that the novel modification shows increased surface free energy (SFE) and increased hydrophilicity with initial water contact angles of 0° compared to 139.9° for SLA. This hydrophilization was kept even after any drying. Reduced hydrocarbon contaminations were identified to play a possible role in altered surface thermodynamics. Such surfaces aim to retain the hydrophilicity and natural high surface energy of the Ti dioxide surface until surgical implants' insertion and are compared in this in vitro study with structural surface variants of titanium to compare roughness and chemically induced wettability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Treatment of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation with a Synthetic Tryptophan Metabolite
2005-11-03

Local catabolism of the amino acid tryptophan (Trp) by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is considered an important mechanism of regulating T cell immunity. We show that IDO transcription was increased when myelin-specific T cells were stimulated with tolerogenic altered self-peptides. Catabolites of Trp suppressed proliferation of myelin-specific T cells and inhibited production of proinflammatory T helper–1 (T H 1) cytokines. N -(3,4,-Dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (3,4-DAA), an orally active synthetic derivative of the Trp metabolite anthranilic acid, reversed paralysis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Trp catabolites and their derivatives offer a new strategy for treating T H 1-mediated autoimmune diseases such as MS.
Rigorous integral screening for electron correlation methods
2005-11-03

We derive rigorous multipole-based integral estimates (MBIE) in order to account for the distance dependence occurring in atomic-orbital (AO) formulations of electron correlation theory, where our focus is on AO-MP2 theory within a Laplace scheme. We find for the exact transformed integral products an extremely early onset of a linear-scaling behavior and a very small number of significant products. To preselect the significant integral products we adapt our MBIE method as rigorous upper bound. In this way it is possible to exploit the favorable scaling behavior observed and to reduce the scaling of estimated products asymptotically to linear, without sacrificing accuracy or reliability. By separating Coulomb- and exchange-type contractions only half-transformed integrals need to be computed. Furthermore, our scheme of rigorously preselecting transformed integral products via MBIE seems to offer particularly interesting perspectives for a direct formation of half- or fully transformed integrals by using multipole expansions and auxiliary basis sets.
Retinal degeneration associated with RDH12 mutations results from decreased 11- cis retinal synthesis due to disruption of the visual cycle
2005-11-03

Retinoid dehydrogenases/reductases catalyze key oxidation-reduction reactions in the visual cycle that converts vitamin A to 11-cis retinal, the chromophore of the rod and cone photoreceptors. It has recently been shown that mutations in RDH12, encoding a retinol dehydrogenase, result in severe and early-onset autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy (arRD). In a cohort of 1011 individuals diagnosed with arRD, we have now identified 20 different disease-associated RDH12 mutations, of which 16 are novel, in a total of 22 individuals (2.2%). Haplotype analysis suggested a founder mutation for each of the three common mutations: p.L99I, p.T155I and c.806_810delCCCTG. Patients typically presented with early disease that affected the function of both rods and cones and progressed to legal blindness in early adulthood. Eleven of the missense variants identified in our study exhibited profound loss of catalytic activity when expressed in transiently transfected COS-7 cells and assayed for ability to convert all-trans retinal to all-trans retinol. Loss-of-function appeared to result from decreased protein stability, as expression levels were significantly reduced. For the p.T49M variant, differing activity profiles were associated with each of the alleles of the common p.R161Q RDH12 polymorphism, suggesting that genetic background may act as a modifier of mutation effect. A locus (LCA3) for Leber congenital amaurosis, a severe, early-onset form of arRD, maps close to RDH12 on chromosome 14q24. Haplotype analysis in the family in which LCA3 was mapped excluded RDH12 as the LCA3 gene and thus suggests the presence of a novel arRD gene in this region.
Multipole-based integral estimates for the rigorous description of distance dependence in two-electron integrals
2005-11-03

We derive multipole-based integral estimates (MBIE) as rigorous and tight upper bounds to four-center two-electron integrals in order to account for the 1∕R distance decay between the charge distributions, which is missing in the Schwarz screening commonly used in ab initio methods. Our screening criteria are valid for all angular momenta and can be formulated for any order of multipoles. We have found the expansion limited to dipoles to be sufficiently tight for estimating the integrals in Hartree-Fock and density-functional theories, while the screening effort is negligible. For, e.g., a DNA fragment with 1052 atoms and 10 674 basis functions (6–31G*) the exchange part is faster by a factor of 2.1 as compared to the Schwarz screening both within our linear exchange scheme, whereas a smaller factor of 1.3 is gained for the Coulomb part within the continuous fast multipole method. Most importantly, our new MBIE screening is perfectly suited to exploit the strong distance decay of electron-correlation effects of at least 1∕R4 in atomic-orbital-based formulations of correlation methods.
Influence of Carriage of Hemoglobin AS and the Fcγ Receptor IIa–R131Allele on Levels of Immunoglobulin G2 Antibodies toPlasmodium falciparumMerozoite Antigens in Gabonese Children
2005-11-03

The higher rate of invasion of RBCs in the presence of multiple strains may indicate that several invasion pathways are solicited simultaneously, and the longer persistence of ring forms in RBCs from the subjects with hemoglobin AS might reflect a slower multiplication phase, leading to a longer circulation and enhanced phagocytosis of these nonpathogenic parasite forms. This may contribute to the protection against P. falciparum malaria observed in children with hemoglobin AS.
Magnetic susceptibility effects on the accuracy of MR temperature monitoring by the proton resonance frequency method
2005-11-03

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the error of MR temperature assessment based on the temperature‐dependent Larmor frequency shift of water protons, which can result from susceptibility effects caused by the radiofrequency (RF) applicator. Materials and Methods Local frequency shifts due to RF applicator displacements were simulated numerically by means of a three‐dimensional elementary dipole model. Experimental examinations using a water tank phantom equipped with a high‐precision screw thread were applied to examine temperature and movement effects for five commercially available, MR‐compatible RF applicators. Measurements were performed at 1.5 Tesla. Results For single‐needle electrodes perpendicular to the external field, a distortion of 0.1 ppm and 0.2 ppm was recorded at a distance of 17.5 mm and 12.5 mm, respectively, to the needle shaft. Cluster applicators and umbrella‐shaped applicators caused distortions of 0.1 ppm up to distances of 36 mm. Sinusoidal dependence on applicator orientation was found with the highest values for perpendicular orientation and the lowest values for orientation parallel to the magnetic field. With a single electrode oriented perpendicular to the field at a distance of 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm, a needle displacement of 5 mm led to an error in temperature measurement of 16.3°C and 7.5°C, respectively. Conclusion In MR temperature measurement, displacement of the RF applicator by patient movement or breathing leads to significant errors that have to be taken into account when PRF temperature maps are used to monitor tumor ablation in the presence of paramagnetic applicators. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bell's jump process in discrete time
2005-11-03

The jump process introduced by J. S. Bell in 1986, for defining a quantum field theory without observers, presupposes that space is discrete whereas time is continuous. In this letter, our interest is to find an analogous process in discrete time. We argue that a genuine analog does not exist, but provide examples of processes in discrete time that could be used as a replacement.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteases of Candida albicans Target Proteins Necessary for Both Cellular Processes and Host-Pathogen Interactions
2005-11-04

Intracellular and secreted proteases fulfill multiple functions in microorganisms. In pathogenic microorganisms extracellular proteases may be adapted to interactions with host cells. Here we describe two cell surface-associated aspartic proteases, Sap9 and Sap10, which have structural similarities to yapsins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are produced by the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Sap9 and Sap10 are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and located in the cell membrane or the cell wall. Both proteases are glycosylated, cleave at dibasic or basic processing sites similar to yapsins and Kex2-like proteases, and have functions in cell surface integrity and cell separation during budding. Overexpression of SAP9 in mutants lacking KEX2 or SAP10, or of SAP10 in mutants lacking KEX2 or SAP9, only partially restored these phenotypes, suggesting distinct target proteins of fungal origin for each of the three proteases. In addition, deletion of SAP9 and SAP10 modified the adhesion properties of C. albicans to epithelial cells and caused attenuated epithelial cell damage during experimental oral infection suggesting a unique role for these proteases in both cellular processes and host-pathogen interactions.
Germ cell lineage differentiation in non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours
2005-11-04

Abstract Human germ cell tumours (GCTs) have long fascinated investigators for a number of reasons. Being pluripotential tumours, they can differentiate into both extra‐embryonic and embryonic (somatic) tissues. However, it has never been shown convincingly that, in humans, these tumours are truly totipotent and can also give rise to the germ lineage, the third major differentiation lineage occurring early during embryonic life. Using a number of newly available, distinct, immunohistochemical markers, such as OCT3/4, VASA and TSPY, the occurrence of germ cells was investigated in a number of germ cell tumours. Development of germ cells was identified in three independent non‐seminomas, including two pure yolk sac tumours and one mixed tumour composed of yolk sac tumour and immature teratoma. Our finding indicates a previously unknown totipotent potential of human GCTs and raises the question of whether, under certain culture conditions, primordial germ cells could be derived from human GCT cell lines. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of ICAM-1 in human venous endothelial cells by small interfering RNAs
2005-11-05

This is the first report that ICAM-1 expression can be effectively silenced by siRNAs on endothelial cells from human saphenous veins. This new technology may render novel therapeutic concepts to reduce early graft failure by protecting venous bypass grafts against early intra- or postoperative leukocyte infiltration.
Artistic reality
2005-11-07

The goal of augmented reality is to provide the user with a view of the surroundings enriched by virtual objects. Practically all augmented reality systems rely on standard real-time rendering methods for displaying graphical objects. Although such conventional computer graphics algorithms are fast, they often fail to produce sufficiently realistic renderings. Therefore, virtual models can easily be distinguished from the real environment. We have recently proposed a novel approach for generating augmented reality images [4]. Our method is based on the idea of applying stylization techniques for adapting the visual realism of both the camera image and the virtual graphical objects. Since both the camera image and the virtual objects are stylized in a corresponding way, they appear very similar. Here, we present a new method for the stylization of augmented reality images. This approach generates a painterly brush stroke rendering. The resulting stylized augmented reality video frames look similar to paintings created in the pointillism style. We describe the implementation of the camera image filter and the non-photorealistic rendererfor virtual objects. These components have been newly designed or adapted for this purpose. They are fast enough for generating augmented reality images in near real-time (more than 14 frames per second).
Quantum backreaction in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates
2005-11-08

For many physical systems which can be approximated by a classical background field plus small (linearized) quantum fluctuations, a fundamental question concerns the correct description of the backreaction of the quantum fluctuations onto the dynamics of the classical background. We investigate this problem for the example of dilute atomic/molecular Bose-Einstein condensates, for which the microscopic dynamical behavior is under control. It turns out that the effective-action technique does not yield the correct result in general and that the knowledge of the pseudo-energy-momentum tensor is not sufficient to describe quantum backreaction.
Scalar nonet quarkonia and the scalar glueball: Mixing and decays in an effective chiral approach
2005-11-09

We study the strong and electromagnetic decay properties of scalar mesons above 1 GeV within a chiral approach. The scalar-isoscalar states are treated as mixed states of quarkonia and glueball configurations. A fit to the experimental mass and decay rates listed by the Particle Data group is performed to extract phenomenological constraints on the nature of the scalar resonances and to the issue of the glueball decays. A comparison to other experimental results and to other theoretical approaches in the scalar meson sector is discussed.