julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Self-assembled quasi-hexagonal arrays of gold nanoparticles with small gaps for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
2018-07-12

The fabrication and optical characterization of self-assembled arrangements of rough gold nanoparticles with a high area coverage and narrow gaps for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are reported. A combination of micellar nanolithography and electroless deposition (ED) enables the tuning of the spacing and size of the noble metal nanoparticles. Long-range ordered quasi-hexagonal arrays of gold nanoparticles on silicon substrates with a variation of the particle sizes from about 20 nm to 120 nm are demonstrated. By increasing the particle sizes for the homogeneously spaced particles, a large number of narrow gaps is created, which together with the rough surface of the particles induces a high density of intense hotspots. This makes the surfaces interesting for future applications in near-field-enhanced bio-analytics of molecules. SERS was demonstrated by measuring Raman spectra of 4-MBA on the gold nanoparticles. It was verified that a smaller inter-particle distance leads to an increased SERS signal.
The value of universally available raw NMR data for transparency, reproducibility, and integrity in natural product research
2018-07-13

With contributions from the global natural product (NP) research community, and continuing the Raw Data Initiative, this review collects a comprehensive demonstration of the immense scientific value of disseminating raw nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, independently of, and in parallel with, classical publishing outlets.
Intention to donate via social network sites (SNSs)
2018-07-13

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in the external factors influencing intention to donate via social network sites (SNSs), and the online donation knowledge and awareness effect on the willingness to donate via SNS in the future between Malaysian and South Korean users. Design/methodology/approach In total, 288 samples’ data obtained from online survey using the snowball technique were analyzed through using cross-tabulation with χ 2 tests and multiple regression analysis. Findings The results show that there is no significant difference between those countries regarding the online donation knowledge and awareness. However, the online donation knowledge and awareness significantly affect the willingness to donate via SNSs for South Korean, but not for Malaysian. As for Malaysian, the results reveal that only SNS features factor does significantly influence the attitude toward online donations. As for South Korean, the charity project and internet technology features factor significantly influence the attitude toward online donations. The attitude toward online donations of both countries influences on their intention to donate via SNS. Research limitations/implications The sample was gathered from certain regions in Malaysia and South Korea, and had slightly unbalanced characteristics (i.e. age), limiting the generalizability to the general population of both countries. Practical implications The findings suggest that non-profit organizations should consider the culture context in planning their future SNS donation program and focus on how to deal with the internet issues (e.g. trust, security), SNS features and charity project. As for Malaysian, promoting the internet and online donation awareness should be the priority before engaging in SNS donation program. Originality/value Whilst research on culture context in donation area is plentiful, the area of SNS donation remains underexplored. This paper offers an in-depth understanding of what influences SNS donation related to the identified culture context.
A Generic Mechanism for Perceptual Organization in the Parietal Cortex
2018-07-13

Our visual system's ability to group visual elements into meaningful entities and to separate them from others is referred to as scene segmentation. Visual motion often provides a powerful cue for this process as parallax or coherence can inform the visual system about scene or object structure. Here we tested the hypothesis that scene segmentation by motion cues relies on a common neural substrate in the parietal cortex. We used fMRI and a set of three entirely distinct motion stimuli to examine scene segmentation in the human brain. The stimuli covered a wide range of high-level processes, including perceptual grouping, transparent motion, and depth perception. All stimuli were perceptually bistable such that percepts alternated every few seconds while the physical stimulation remained constant. The perceptual states were asymmetric, in that one reflected the default (nonsegmented) interpretation, and the other the non-default (segmented) interpretation. We confirmed behaviorally that upon stimulus presentation, the default percept was always perceived first, before perceptual alternations ensued. Imaging results showed that across all stimulus classes perceptual scene-segmentation was associated with an increase of activity in the posterior parietal cortex together with a decrease of neural signal in the early visual cortex. This pattern of activation is compatible with predictive coding models of visual perception, and suggests that parietal cortex hosts a generic mechanism for scene segmentation.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Making sense of cluttered visual scenes is crucial for everyday perception. An important cue to scene segmentation is visual motion: slight movements of scene elements give away which elements belong to the foreground or background or to the same object. We used three distinct stimuli that engage visual scene segmentation mechanisms based on motion. They involved perceptual grouping, transparent motion, and depth perception. Brain activity associated with all three mechanisms converged in the same parietal region with concurrent deactivation of early visual areas. The results suggest that posterior parietal cortex is a hub involved in structuring visual scenes based on different motion cues, and that feedback modulates early cortical processing in accord with predictive coding theory.
Oxidative coupling of cycloalkanones with 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazinone coordinated to Pd(II)
2018-07-13

Abstract Dichloro[3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazinone]Pd(II) undergoes oxidative C–C coupling reaction with cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone at 110°C to yield the respective Pd complexes, chloro[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxycyclopent-1-enyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1 H )-one]palladium(II) ( 3 ) and chloro[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxycyclohex-1-enyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazin-6(1 H )-one]palladium(II) ( 4 ). The structures of both complexes are supported by spectral data and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The molecules 3 and 4 stack to form tunnel structures, whilst the geometry around the palladium ion is square planar.
Integrity testing of a smooth surface resin sealant around orthodontic brackets using a new Fluorescence-aided Identification Technique (FIT)
2018-07-13

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the integrity of a fluorescing resin-based sealant placed around orthodontic brackets using the Fluorescence-aided Identification Technique (FIT). Materials and Methods: Standard brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of 17 extracted sound permanent premolar crowns sealed with ProSeal®. Specimens were thermocycled (20,000 cycles, 5–55°C), and toothbrushing was simulated using an electric toothbrush and artificial aqueous toothpaste slurry. Changes in the sealed area were measured after one, two, three, and four alternating thermocycling-brushing cycles simulating 2 years of wear. Digital images were captured applying FIT (405 nm) using a digital camera–equipped stereomicroscope. ImageJ was used to measure sealant integrity and loss. Results: There was a time-dependent decrease in sealed areas by between 21% and 100% (mean 54%). The sealant lost its integrity immediately after the first cycle, and unfilled areas were observed in all samples. Conclusions: The analyzed sealant lost its integrity over time. Using the proposed FIT, sealed surfaces were easily verified and quantified.
A machine learning approach for probing the unconscious: evidence for unconscious lie detection being more accurate
2018-07-13

This paper demonstrates a machine learning approach to the analysis of reaction times and shows how this approach can be used to probe different cognitive processes on a single-trial level. The probing method allows to measure how a stimulus is perceived, and when combined with priming, it allows to probe unconscious processes. The method is demonstrated on a publicly available dataset of a lie detection experiment, which provides evidence for unconscious lie detection being more accurate than conscious lie detection. It is further shown how this method can be used to predict human behavior, as a participant can be unconsciously probed to predict how the participant will respond consciously to a stimulus in the future.
SYT1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder: a case series
2018-07-14

Baker, Gordon et al. present the first international case series describing the neurodevelopmental disorder associated with Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) de novo missense mutations. Key features include movement abnormalities, severe intellectual disability, and hallmark EEG alterations. Expression of patients’ SYT1 mutations in mouse neurons disturbs presynaptic vesicle dynamics in a mutation-specific manner.
Dimethyl fumarate‐induced IL‐17lowIFN‐γlowIL‐4+ Th cells protect mice from severe encephalomyelitis
2018-07-14

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) promotes an IL-17A<sup>low</sup> IFN-γ<sup>low</sup> IL-4<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell phenotype. Adoptive transfer of in vitro DMF-treated myelin peptide-reactive IL-17A<sup>low</sup> IFN-γ<sup>low</sup> IL-4<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells prior to immunization for EAE reduces the severity of encephalomyelitis. This beneficial effect of transferred DMF-treated CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells requires an early in vivo recall.
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation (DRGS) forthe Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain: ASingle-Center Study with Long-Term ProspectiveResults in 62 Cases
2018-07-15

Background: Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) treats discrete, localized areas of neuropathic pain. But there are no long-term results available so far. Objectives: We studied the long-term outcome of DRGS used in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Study Design: A prospective, longitudinal single center investigation. Setting: Academic medical center in Germany. Methods: Patients (age &gt;18 years) with chronic neuropathic pain in the hands, back, legs, knees and feet were prospectively examined. After a successful test-trial (duration of 3-14 days, pain decrease &gt; 50%), a permanent generator was implanted. The patients were re-examined after 1 year, 2 years and 3 years. We used the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Pain Disability Index (PDI), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for our assessments. Results: We included 62 consecutive patients (27 females, 35 males, mean age 56.8 years, with an age range from 28 to 82 years, 62/51 to permanent conversion) during the time period from March 2012 until March 2016. Fifty-one patients had a successful test-trial and a generator was implanted subsequently. Results after 3 years: the VAS dropped from Mdn = 8 to Mdn = 4 (P = 0.0001). The PDI decreased from Mdn = 45 to Mdn = 23 (P = 0.003). The PCS decreased from Mdn = 34 to Mdn = 21 (P = 0.001). The BPI dropped from Mdn = 73 to Mdn = 30 (P = 0.003). The BDI decreased from Mdn = 36 to Mdn = 21 (P = 0.010). Fourteen patients showed complications (27.4%). Limitations: This study is limited by the small number of patients in the single groups of the different pain locations. Conclusion: DRGS may be an effective long-term method of treating discrete, localized areas of chronic neuropathic pain. We would recommend DRGS for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain in such areas. Key words: Knee pain, foot pain, hand pain, groin pain, neuromodulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, chronic neuropathic pain, paresthesia mapping
Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
2018-07-16

Context. Young circumstellar disks are the birthplaces of planets. Their study is of prime interest to understand the physical and chemical conditions under which planet formation takes place. Only very few detections of planet candidates within these disks exist, and most of them are currently suspected to be disk features. Aims. In this context, the transition disk around the young star PDS 70 is of particular interest, due to its large gap identified in previous observations, indicative of ongoing planet formation. We aim to search for the presence of an embedded young planet and search for disk structures that may be the result of disk–planet interactions and other evolutionary processes. Methods. We analyse new and archival near-infrared images of the transition disk PDS 70 obtained with the VLT/SPHERE, VLT/NaCo, and Gemini/NICI instruments in polarimetric differential imaging and angular differential imaging modes. Results. We detect a point source within the gap of the disk at about 195 mas (~22 au) projected separation. The detection is confirmed at five different epochs, in three filter bands and using different instruments. The astrometry results in an object of bound nature, with high significance. The comparison of the measured magnitudes and colours to evolutionary tracks suggests that the detection is a companion of planetary mass. The luminosity of the detected object is consistent with that of an L-type dwarf, but its IR colours are redder, possibly indicating the presence of warm surrounding material. Further, we confirm the detection of a large gap of ~54 au in size within the disk in our scattered light images, and detect a signal from an inner disk component. We find that its spatial extent is very likely smaller than ~17 au in radius, and its position angle is consistent with that of the outer disk. The images of the outer disk show evidence of a complex azimuthal brightness distribution which is different at different wavelengths and may in part be explained by Rayleigh scattering from very small grains. Conclusions. The detection of a young protoplanet within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70 opens the door to a so far observationally unexplored parameter space of planetary formation and evolution. Future observations of this system at different wavelengths and continuing astrometry will allow us to test theoretical predictions regarding planet–disk interactions, planetary atmospheres, and evolutionary models.
Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ISOBAR)—The Hailuoto 2017 Campaign
2018-07-16

The aim of the research project “Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ISOBAR)” is to substantially increase the understanding of the stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) through a combination of well-established and innovative observation methods as well as by models of different complexity. During three weeks in February 2017, a first field campaign was carried out over the sea ice of the Bothnian Bay in the vicinity of the Finnish island of Hailuoto. Observations were based on ground-based eddy-covariance (EC), automatic weather stations (AWS) and remote-sensing instrumentation as well as more than 150 flight missions by several different Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) during mostly stable and very stable boundary layer conditions. The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and above could be resolved at a very high vertical resolution, especially close to the ground, by combining surface-based measurements with UAV observations, i.e., multicopter and fixed-wing profiles up to 200 m agl and 1800 m agl, respectively. Repeated multicopter profiles provided detailed information on the evolution of the SBL, in addition to the continuous SODAR and LIDAR wind measurements. The paper describes the campaign and the potential of the collected data set for future SBL research and focuses on both the UAV operations and the benefits of complementing established measurement methods by UAV measurements to enable SBL observations at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
The importance of body image disturbances for the outcome of outpatient psychotherapy in patients with anorexia nervosa: Results of the ANTOP‐study
2018-07-16

Abstract This study investigates the role of body image self‐appraisal in predicting the outcomes of outpatient psychotherapy in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Multiple linear regression analyses and a path‐analysis model were applied to test the study hypotheses that body image at baseline predicts treatment outcomes of outpatient psychotherapy in patients with AN at follow‐up measurement. The analyses were conducted as secondary analyses in a subgroup ( n = 148) of the anorexia nervosa treatment of outpatient‐cohort (ANTOP‐study) ( N = 242) of patients with AN. The results show that Negative Evaluation of the Body at baseline predicts perceived stress during psychotherapy, which in turn predicts depressive symptoms at the end of therapy which in turn predicts the outcomes body mass index and EDI‐2 sum score at 12 months follow‐up. The results underline the importance of body image disturbance in the course of AN and call for body image as a central target of psychotherapeutic interventions in patients with AN.
Evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling from both wells in a φ Josephson junction
2018-07-16

We study -Nb Josephson junctions (JJs) with a phase-discontinuity created by a pair of current injectors attached to one of the Nb electrodes. For the Josephson potential energy as a function of the average phase across the JJ has the form of a -periodic double-well potential. Thus, the device behaves as a JJ with degenerate ground state phases (the value of depends on the system parameters). Experimentally, the existence of two wells of the potential is confirmed by the observation of two different critical currents , corresponding to the escape from different wells. We investigate the escape of the Josephson phase from both wells by collecting statistics of the switching currents. The histogram of switching current exhibits two peaks corresponding to . The dependence of the width and of each peak on the bath temperature indicates the transition from thermal activation to macroscopic quantum tunneling (MQT) at as decreases. We argue that the observed saturation value of and below is indeed related to quantum tunneling rather than to parasitic noise in the system, as the histogram width can be reduced by tuning the value of away from . The comparison of the experimental escape rate with theoretical predictions further confirms MQT of the phase from both wells.
Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn’s Disease
2018-07-16

A recent randomized study of whipworm <i>Trichuris suis</i> ova (TSO) in ileal Crohn's disease failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit compared to placebo after 12 weeks. Nonetheless, it has recently been shown that the spontaneous small intestinal inflammatory changes in <i>Nod2<sup>-/-</sup></i> (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) mice could be substantially ameliorated when these mice were colonized by <i>Trichuris muris.</i> Those and complementary epidemiologic findings in humans lead to the hypothesis that helminths may be advantageous only in patients carrying defective <i>NOD2</i> variants. Thus, 207 participants of the TSO trial were retrospectively genotyped for six functional <i>NOD2</i> genetic variants to evaluate whether the treatment outcome differed in patients carrying <i>NOD2</i> variants. We observed no significant association of the <i>NOD2</i> variants or their haplotypes with clinical outcome after TSO treatment.
Theological War Theories
2018-07-16

This paper gives an overview of how war theories in Christianity changed during the different periods of western Christianity from the late antiquity to modern times. The basic thesis is that, in contrast to the relationship between war and cult in ancient religions of the old Orient, Greece, and Rome, Christian war theories had not only one, but two functions to fulfill. On the one hand, the Christian religion had to cope with the inheritance of their traditional role models: priests and prophets had to support military force and to secure the victory by divine aid. Bellum iustum in this sense was the cult that pleased the Goddesses/God and ensured their/his backing. On the other hand, bellum iustum in early Christian theology, and ever since, was a problem of peace, restriction of power, and ethically-based self control. After the conversion of Constantine to Christianity, Christian emperors, kings, and princes were inclined to emphasize the first target of Christian religion, while the theologians still had to interpret the moral restrictions on warfare devised by St Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Francisco de Vitoria, and the philosophers of the Early modern international law. These competing expectations concerning the relationship of Christianity and warfare led to many ambiguities, all too oftenprecluding a substantial contributionofChristian religion toamore peaceful world.
Effect ofBDNFVal66Met on disease markers in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease
2018-07-17

Objective Previous studies suggest that the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphism may influence symptom onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent cross‐sectional findings suggest that Met66 may influence clinical expression in dominantly inherited AD (DIAD) through its effects on tau. However, it remains unclear whether carriage of Met66 in DIAD results in faster increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau and ptau 181 , and whether these increases are associated with accelerated brain volume loss and memory decline. Methods A total of 211 subjects (101 mutation noncarriers, 110 mutation carriers), who were cognitively normal, as defined by a Clinical Dementia Rating global score of 0, completed assessments of cognitive function, neuroimaging, and CSF sampling over 3.5 years as part of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network. Results In mutation carriers, Met66 carriers showed faster memory decline (4×), hippocampal volume loss (16×), and CSF tau and ptau 181 increases (6×) than Val66 homozygotes. BDNF did not influence rates of cortical β‐amyloid accumulation or change in CSF Aβ 42 levels in mutation carriers. In mutation noncarriers, BDNF genotype had no effect on change in cognition, brain volume, cortical β‐amyloid accumulation, or change in any CSF measures of tau, ptau 181 , and CSF Aβ 42 . Interpretation As in sporadic AD, the deleterious effects of β‐amyloid on cognitive function, brain volume loss, and CSF tau in DIAD mutation carriers are less in Val66 homozygotes. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism should be considered as a potential moderator of clinical trial outcomes in current treatment and prevention trials in DIAD and sporadic AD. Ann Neurol 2018;84:424–435