julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Time use, mobility and expenditure: an innovative survey design for understanding individuals’ trade-off processes
2018-12-28

A large amount of information is required to model the complex trade-off processes between travel activities, non-travel activities and budget assignment at the individual level. This paper describes the development of a new survey design, which incorporates components of travel surveys, time use surveys and consumer expenditure surveys in an integrated format, which is expected to deliver a richer data set allowing deeper insights into individuals’ activity and consumption patterns. The survey procedure and the incentives paid, which were necessary to obtain acceptable response rates, are also described. Results from two pilot studies using a trip-based and an activity-based diary format are presented. The paper examines to which extent the diaries have been capable of collecting the required data with high quality and response rates. The innovative “Mobility–Activity–Expenditure-Diary” is introduced and results of the main survey using this design are presented. Travel behaviour and non-travel activities were reported at high quality. Expenditures would require longer observation periods (and preferably not only telephone but also personal support in the survey process) to reduce unsystematic variations and to better capture individuals’ long term equilibrium.
Inception in visual cortex: in vivo-silico loops reveal most exciting images
2018-12-28

Much of our knowledge about sensory processing in the brain is based on quasi-linear models and the stimuli that optimally drive them. However, sensory information processing is nonlinear, even in primary sensory areas, and optimizing sensory input is difficult due to the high-dimensional input space. We developed inception loops, a closed-loop experimental paradigm that combines in vivo recordings with in silico nonlinear response modeling to identify the Most Exciting Images (MEIs) for neurons in mouse V1. When presented back to the brain, MEIs indeed drove their target cells significantly better than the best stimuli identified by linear models. The MEIs exhibited complex spatial features that deviated from the textbook ideal of V1 as a bank of Gabor filters. Inception loops represent a widely applicable new approach to dissect the neural mechanisms of sensation.
Digitalization in Africa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Technology, Development, and Justice
2018-12-30

Digitalization transforms our everyday life, our way of communication and information, as well as our relationship to other people.Especially in African countries, digitalization is still under development and poses on the one hand risks, challenges, and difficulties, on the other hand opportunities, chances, and, and perspectives for users, providers, and politics.High hopes for development lie on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and their potential benefits for the Global South.From the ethical point of view, questions of power relations, neo-colonialism, and (gender) equality have to be addressed and considered in the broad discussions.In this context, it is important to structure and systematize the complex discourse on digitalization.Therefore, the following contextual levels will be addressed in this paper: Realities of digitalization in Africa; information access and the (gender) digital divide; stakeholders, power relations, and politics; and ethical questions about digitalization in Africa.This paper summarizes the results and our own reflections, thoughts, and ethical considerations of the conference "Digitalization in Africa:
Inflectional morphology with linear mappings
2018-12-31

Abstract This methodological study provides a step-by-step introduction to a computational implementation of word and paradigm morphology using linear mappings between vector spaces for form and meaning. Taking as starting point the linear regression model, the main concepts underlying linear mappings are introduced and illustrated with R code. It is then shown how vector spaces can be set up for Latin verb conjugations, using 672 inflected variants of two verbs each from the four main conjugation classes. It turns out that mappings from form to meaning (comprehension), and from meaning to form (production) can be carried out loss-free. This study concludes with a demonstration that when the graph of triphones, the units that underlie the form space, is mapped onto a 2-dimensional space with a self-organising algorithm from physics (graphopt), morphological functions show topological clustering, even though morphemic units do not play any role whatsoever in the model. It follows, first, that evidence for morphemes emerging from experimental studies using, for instance, fMRI, to localize morphemes in the brain, does not guarantee the existence of morphemes in the brain, and second, that potential topological organization of morphological form in the cortex may depend to a high degree on the morphological system of a language.
Anaphylatoxin Receptor C3aR Contributes to Platelet Function, Thrombus Formation and In Vivo Haemostasis
2018-12-31

Complement is an essential part of our innate immune system, which is important for the host defence reaction against infectious intruders, but also participates in processes and mechanisms beyond the immune response such as synapse maturation, clearance of immune complexes, tissue remodelling after injury or angiogenesis.[1] [2] [3] During vascular and tissue injury, initiation of the complement cascade is triggered in close spatiotemporal proximity to platelet activation and thrombosis.[4] [5] [6] Beyond their classical role as thrombosis-mediating cells, platelets were recently implicated in tissue remodelling processes such as apoptosis.[7] [8] Furthermore, platelets contribute to the immediate inflammatory response after vascular injury and trigger atherosclerosis by promoting vascular inflammation.[9] At late stages of atherosclerotic diseases, for example, stroke or myocardial infarction, platelets are central for atherothrombosis and ultimately mediate formation of a vessel occluding thrombus with subsequent tissue ischaemia and organ damage.[10] [11] Whether complement receptors influence platelet activation and thrombus formation is not extensively characterized, so far. It was reported before, that C3b, which is generated after the cleavage of C3 by C3 convertases, can activate platelets and thereby may mediate thrombosis formation.[5] A role of the anaphylatoxin C3a—the other cleavage product of C3—which propagates its inflammatory reactions via its cognate receptor C3aR,[12] has not been studied sufficiently. Interestingly, normal human haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and lineage-expanded haematopoietic precursors express functional C3aR.[13]
What does constituent priming mean in the investigation of compound processing?
2018-12-31

Abstract Most dictionary definitions for the term compound word characterize it as a word that itself contains two or more words. Thus, a compound word such as goldfish is composed of the constituent words gold and fish . In this report, we present evidence that compound words such as goldfish might not contain the words gold and fish , but rather positionally bound compound constituents (e.g., gold- and -fish ) that are distinct and often in competition with their whole word counterparts. This conceptualization has significant methodological consequences: it calls into question the assumption that, in a traditional visual constituent priming paradigm, the participant can be said to be presented with constituents as primes. We claim that they are not presented with constituents. Rather, they are presented with competing free-standing words. We present evidence for the processing of Hebrew compound words that supports this perspective by revealing that, counter-intuitively, prime constituent frequency has an attenuating effect on constituent priming. We relate our findings to previous findings in the study of German compound processing to show that the effect that we report is fundamentally morphological rather than positional or visual in nature. In contrast to German in which compounds are always head-final morphologically, Hebrew compounds are always head initial. In addition, whereas German compounds are written as single words, Hebrew compounds are always written with spaces between constituents. Thus, the commonality of patterning across German and Hebrew is independent of visual form and constituent ordering, revealing, as we claim, core features of the constituent priming paradigm and compound processing.
Realizing 2-groups as Galois groups following Shafarevich and Serre
2018-12-31

Let [math] be a finite [math] -group for some prime [math] , say of order [math] . For odd [math] the inverse problem of Galois theory for [math] has been solved through the (classical) work of Scholz and Reichardt, and Serre has shown that their method leads to fields of realization where at most [math] rational primes are (tamely) ramified. The approach by Shafarevich, for arbitrary [math] , has turned out to be quite delicate in the case [math] . In this paper we treat this exceptional case in the spirit of Serre’s result, bounding the number of ramified primes at least by an integral polynomial in the rank of [math] , the polynomial depending on the [math] -class of [math] .
Analyzing the Time Course of Pupillometric Data
2019-01-01

This article provides a tutorial for analyzing pupillometric data. Pupil dilation has become increasingly popular in psychological and psycholinguistic research as a measure to trace language processing. However, there is no general consensus about procedures to analyze the data, with most studies analyzing extracted features from the pupil dilation data instead of analyzing the pupil dilation trajectories directly. Recent studies have started to apply nonlinear regression and other methods to analyze the pupil dilation trajectories directly, utilizing all available information in the continuously measured signal. This article applies a nonlinear regression analysis, generalized additive mixed modeling, and illustrates how to analyze the full-time course of the pupil dilation signal. The regression analysis is particularly suited for analyzing pupil dilation in the fields of psychological and psycholinguistic research because generalized additive mixed models can include complex nonlinear interactions for investigating the effects of properties of stimuli (e.g., formant frequency) or participants (e.g., working memory score) on the pupil dilation signal. To account for the variation due to participants and items, nonlinear random effects can be included. However, one of the challenges for analyzing time series data is dealing with the autocorrelation in the residuals, which is rather extreme for the pupillary signal. On the basis of simulations, we explain potential causes of this extreme autocorrelation, and on the basis of the experimental data, we show how to reduce their adverse effects, allowing a much more coherent interpretation of pupillary data than possible with feature-based techniques.
The Discriminative Lexicon: A Unified Computational Model for the Lexicon and Lexical Processing in Comprehension and Production Grounded Not in (De)Composition but in Linear Discriminative Learning
2019-01-01

The discriminative lexicon is introduced as a mathematical and computational model of the mental lexicon. This novel theory is inspired by word and paradigm morphology but operationalizes the concept of proportional analogy using the mathematics of linear algebra. It embraces the discriminative perspective on language, rejecting the idea that words’ meanings are compositional in the sense of Frege and Russell and arguing instead that the relation between form and meaning is fundamentally discriminative. The discriminative lexicon also incorporates the insight from machine learning that end‐to‐end modeling is much more effective than working with a cascade of models targeting individual subtasks. The computational engine at the heart of the discriminative lexicon is linear discriminative learning: simple linear networks are used for mapping form onto meaning and meaning onto form, without requiring the hierarchies of post‐Bloomfieldian ‘hidden’ constructs such as phonemes, morphemes, and stems. We show that this novel model meets the criteria of accuracy (it properly recognizes words and produces words correctly), productivity (the model is remarkably successful in understanding and producing novel complex words), and predictivity (it correctly predicts a wide array of experimental phenomena in lexical processing). The discriminative lexicon does not make use of static representations that are stored in memory and that have to be accessed in comprehension and production. It replaces static representations by states of the cognitive system that arise dynamically as a consequence of external or internal stimuli. The discriminative lexicon brings together visual and auditory comprehension as well as speech production into an integrated dynamic system of coupled linear networks.
Dynamics of proteins in solution
2019-01-01

Abstract The dynamics of proteins in solution includes a variety of processes, such as backbone and side-chain fluctuations, interdomain motions, as well as global rotational and translational (i.e. center of mass) diffusion. Since protein dynamics is related to protein function and essential transport processes, a detailed mechanistic understanding and monitoring of protein dynamics in solution is highly desirable. The hierarchical character of protein dynamics requires experimental tools addressing a broad range of time- and length scales. We discuss how different techniques contribute to a comprehensive picture of protein dynamics, and focus in particular on results from neutron spectroscopy. We outline the underlying principles and review available instrumentation as well as related analysis frameworks.
Power-to-protein: converting renewable electric power and carbon dioxide into single cell protein with a two-stage bioprocess
2019-01-01

To prevent an environmental collapse while feeding a population of 10 billion people, dilute nitrogen in waste streams as a nitrogen source and carbon dioxide as a carbon source should be converted into edible protein as part of the circular economy.
Strong circularly polarized luminescence of an octahedral chromium(iii) complex
2019-01-01

The chiral spin–flip luminophore [Cr(ddpd)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>can be resolved into enantiopure material by chiral HPLC. The pure enantiomers display strong CPL activity for the corresponding near-IR phosphorescence.
Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy with low-dose cisplatin and doxorubicin (PIPAC C/D) in patients with gastric cancer and peritoneal metastasis: a phase II study
2019-01-01

Background: Efficacy of second-line systemic chemotherapy in recurrent gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis (RGCPM) is limited. We assessed the feasibility, safety and possible efficacy of pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) in patients with RGCPM after ⩾1 line of palliative intravenous chemotherapy. Methods: In this open-label, single-arm, monocentric phase II ICH-GCP clinical trial, patients were scheduled for three courses of PIPAC with cisplatin 7.5 mg/m 2 and doxorubicin 1.5 mg/m 2 (PIPAC C/D) every 6 weeks. Patients with bowel obstruction or extraperitoneal metastasis were ineligible. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit rate (CBR) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors based on clinical records. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), median time to progression (TTP), peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), histological regression and ascites volume. Safety and tolerability were assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4, quality of life (QoL) by EORTC-QLQ30 questionnaire. Results: A total of 25 patients were enrolled and available for the analysis of the primary endpoint. Of those 25 patients, 10 (40%) had a radiological complete, partial response or stable disease. Median OS [intention to treat (ITT)] was 6.7 months, median TTP was 2.7 months. Complete or major regression on histology were observed in 9/25 patients (36%, ITT) or 6/6 [100%, per protocol (PP)] patients. There were no suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions, no treatment-related deaths, no CTCAE grade 4 toxicity and three (12%) grade 3 toxicities. Changes in the QLQ-C30 scores during PIPAC C/D therapy were small and not significant. Conclusions: PIPAC C/D was well tolerated and active in patients with RGCPM. Survival was encouraging. Randomized controlled trials should now be designed in this indication.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibition in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Diabetes Mellitus
2019-01-01

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition has been shown to reduce cardiovascular mortality and preserve kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney transplant recipients with diabetes demonstrate increased risk and accelerated progression of micro- and macrovascular complications and may specifically benefit from SGLT2 inhibition. However, potential concerns of SGLT2 inhibition include volume depletion and urinary tract infections. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; We report data on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in a case series of ten patients with diabetes after kidney transplantation in order to analyze efficacy, safety, and the effect on renal function. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Patients with a stable allograft function and no history of recurrent urinary tract infections were eligible. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin was given as add-on to preexisting antidiabetic treatment with initial dose reduction of the latter. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Median estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline was 57 mL/min/1.73 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and remained stable throughout the follow-up of 12.0 (5.3–12.0) months. Median HbA&lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; decreased from 7.3 to 7.1%. The rate of urinary tract infections and other side effects was low. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; SGLT2 inhibition is feasible and well tolerated in selected kidney transplant recipients with diabetes. Whether SGLT2 inhibition is able to reduce cardiovascular mortality and improve allograft survival in these patients has to be addressed in further studies.
The yin and yang of imaging tumor associated macrophages with PET and MRI
2019-01-01

Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) are key players in the cancer microenvironment. Molecular imaging modalities such as MRI and PET can be used to track and monitor TAM dynamics in tumors non-invasively, based on specific uptake and quantification of MRI-detectable nanoparticles or PET-detectable radiotracers. Particular molecular signatures can be leveraged to target anti-inflammatory TAM, which support tumor growth, and pro-inflammatory TAM, which suppress tumor growth. In addition, TAM-directed imaging probes can be designed to include immune modulating properties, thereby leading to combined diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) effects. In this review, we will discuss the complementary role of TAM-directed radiotracers and iron oxide nanoparticles for monitoring cancer immunotherapies with PET and MRI technologies. In addition, we will outline how TAM-directed imaging and therapy is interdependent and can be connected towards improved clinical outcomes.
Colonial rule, Christianity and socio-cultural (dis)continuities among the Sumi Naga
2019-01-01

In this paper, I explore contemporary identity construction processes among the Sumi of Nagaland, Northeast India by analysing the continuities and discontinuities in socio-cultural custom that have been effected by a number of agents of social change in the course of the twentieth century. With a particular focus on the history and contemporary significance of Baptist Christianity among the Sumi, the paper demonstrates that even though Christian conversions have entailed certain discontinuities in the socio-cultural traditions of this community, a number of continuities have persisted and come to shape the ways in which contemporary Sumi identity is being reconstituted. The paper argues that as a result, Christianity should not be viewed merely as a major agent of socio-cultural change among the Sumi but as an intrinsic part of their contemporary identity and a vital constitutive part of a ‘new tradition’ that is currently in the making: one, which is creatively embedding Christianity within a solid substratum of cultural reproduction. In so doing, the paper opens up new ways in which we can think about the effects and legacies of missionary activity in Northeast India.
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers and migrants: a 20-year GeoSentinel Surveillance Network analysis
2019-01-01

Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) may be emerging among international travellers and migrants. Limited data exist on mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in travellers. We describe the epidemiology of travel-associated CL and MCL among international travellers and immigrants over a 20-year period through descriptive analysis of GeoSentinel data. Methods Demographic and travel-related data on returned international travellers diagnosed with CL or MCL at a GeoSentinel Surveillance Network site between 1 September 1997 and 31 August 2017 were analysed. Results A total of 955 returned travellers or migrants were diagnosed with travel-acquired CL (n = 916) or MCL during the study period, of whom 10% (n = 97) were migrants. For the 858 non-migrant travellers, common source countries were Bolivia (n = 156, 18.2%) and Costa Rica (n = 97, 11.3%), while for migrants, they were Syria (n = 34, 35%) and Afghanistan (n = 22, 22.7%). A total of 99 travellers (10%) acquired their disease on trips of ≤ 2 weeks. Of 274 cases for which species identification was available, Leishmania Viannia braziliensis was the most well-represented strain (n = 117, 42.7%), followed by L. major (n = 40, 14.6%) and L. V. panamensis (n = 38, 13.9%). Forty cases of MCL occurred, most commonly in tourists (n = 29, 72.5%) and from Bolivia (n = 18, 45%). A total of 10% of MCL cases were acquired in the Old World. Conclusions Among GeoSentinel reporting sites, CL is predominantly a disease of tourists travelling mostly to countries in Central and South America such as Bolivia where risk of acquiring L. V. braziliensis and subsequent MCL is high. The finding that some travellers acquired leishmaniasis on trips of short duration challenges the common notion that CL is a disease of prolonged travel. Migrants from areas of conflict and political instability, such as Afghanistan and Syria, were well represented, suggesting that as mass migration of refugees continues, CL will be increasingly encountered in intake countries.