julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
An all-purpose metric for the exterior of any kind of rotating neutron star
2013-01-07

We have tested the appropriateness of two-soliton analytic metric to describe\\nthe exterior of all types of neutron stars, no matter what their equation of\\nstate or rotation rate is. The particular analytic solution of the vaccuum\\nEinstein equations proved quite adjustable to mimic the metric functions of all\\nnumerically constructed neutron-star models that we used as a testbed. The\\nneutron-star models covered a wide range of stiffness, with regard to the\\nequation of state of their interior, and all rotation rates up to the maximum\\npossible rotation rate allowed for each such star. Apart of the metric\\nfunctions themselves, we have compared the radius of the innermost stable\\ncircular orbit , the orbital frequency\\n of circular geodesics, and their epicyclic\\nfrequencies , as well as the change of the energy of\\ncircular orbits per logarithmic change of orbital frequency .\\nAll these quantities, calculated by means of the two-soliton analytic metric,\\nfitted with good accuracy the corresponding numerical ones as in previous\\nanalogous comparisons (although previous attempts were restricted to neutron\\nstar models with either high or low rotation rates). We believe that this\\nparticular analytic solution could be considered as an analytic faithful\\nrepresentation of the gravitation field of any rotating neutron star with such\\naccuracy, that one could explore the interior structure of a neutron star by\\nusing this space-time to interpret observations of astrophysical processes that\\ntake place around it.\\n
Applying the user-centred design to evaluation of Brain-Computer Interface controlled applications
2013-01-07

In recent years different applications have been linked to BCI control and tested by severely motor impaired users in the field.An effort has been made to apply objective and standardised evaluation metrics to foster a user-centred design process in the development of BCI controlled applications.The user-centred design appears appropriate to bridge the reliability and translational gap faced by BCI research that aims at providing people in need with an optimally adapted assistive BCI driven technology.
One goal, different strategies – molecular and cellular approaches for the treatment of inherited skin fragility disorders
2013-01-07

Abstract Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin and mucosa. There is no cure or effective treatment for these potentially severe and fatal diseases. Over the past few years, several reports have proposed different molecular strategies as new therapeutic options for the management of EB. From classical vector‐based gene therapy to cell‐based strategies such as systemic application of bone marrow stem cells or local application of fibroblasts, a broad range of molecular approaches have been explored. This array also includes novel methods, such as protein replacement therapy, gene silencing and the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (i PC s). In this review, we summarize current concepts of how inherited blistering diseases might be treated in the future and discuss the opportunities, promises, concerns and risks of these innovative approaches.
Morphology of the carpal region in some rodents with special emphasis on hystricognaths
2013-01-07

Abstract We examined the morphology of the wrist (carpal region) skeleton using histological serial sections and cleared and stained forelimbs of representatives of three rodent clades: ‘ H ystricomorpha’ ( C aviomorpha: C tenomys opimus , C . talarum , C uniculus taczanowskii , E rethizon dorsatum , G alea sp., L agostomus maximus , S palacopus cyanus ; P hiomorpha: F ukomys mechowii , H eliophobius argenteocinereus, H ystrix cristata, H . africaeaustralis ; C tenodactylids ( C tenodactylus gundi )), ‘ M yomorpha’ ( A rvicola amphibius , O ndatra zibethicus , M eriones unguiculatus , M yodes glareolus , S palax sp.) and ‘ S ciuromorpha’ ( E liomys quercinus , G lis glis , M armota marmota ). We describe the arrangement of the carpal bones and identify several variable traits, some of which represent convergent evolution. One element, the O s posthamatum, lies in the carpal region and has not been recorded before. We interpret this bone as a putative autapomorphy of H ystricognathi but not of ‘ H ystricomorpha’.
An Active Transmit/Receive NMR Magnetometer for Field Monitoring in Ultra High Field MRI Scanners
2013-01-07

We present a miniaturized active nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetometer consisting of a susceptibility matched field probe and a PCB based RF transceiver.Thanks to its transmit-receive (TX/RX) capabilities, the system can be used to monitor the spatio-temporal field evolution during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and thereby allows for a correction of gradient field imperfections to improve image quality.The magnetometer can be tuned for magnetic fields ranging from 7 T to 15.5 T and achieves a resolution of 14.8 nT measured in a 9.4 T whole body scanner.
Decoding the anatomical network of spatial attention
2013-01-08

The study of stroke patients with modern lesion-symptom analysis techniques has yielded valuable insights into the representation of spatial attention in the human brain. Here we introduce an approach—multivariate pattern analysis—that no longer assumes independent contributions of brain regions but rather quantifies the joint contribution of multiple brain regions in determining behavior. In a large sample of stroke patients, we found patterns of damage more predictive of spatial neglect than the best-performing single voxel. In addition, modeling multiple brain regions—those that are frequently damaged and, importantly, spared—provided more predictive information than modeling single regions. Interestingly, we also found that the superior temporal gyrus demonstrated a consistent ability to improve classifier performance when added to other regions, implying uniquely predictive information. In sharp contrast, classifier performance for both the angular gyrus and insular cortex was reliably enhanced by the addition of other brain regions, suggesting these regions lack independent predictive information for spatial neglect. Our findings highlight the utility of multivariate pattern analysis in lesion mapping, furnishing neuroscience with a modern approach for using lesion data to study human brain function.
Finite-element-based discretizations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with multiplicative random forcing
2013-01-08

Journal Article Finite-element-based discretizations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with multiplicative random forcing Get access Zdzislaw Brzeźniak, Zdzislaw Brzeźniak Department of Mathematics, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK, zb500@york.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Erich Carelli, Erich Carelli Mathematisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andreas Prohl Andreas Prohl * Mathematisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany *Corresponding author: carelli@na.uni-tuebingen.deprohl@na.uni-tuebingen.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 3, July 2013, Pages 771–824, https://doi.org/10.1093/imanum/drs032 Published: 08 January 2013 Article history Received: 20 October 2011 Revision received: 02 July 2012 Published: 08 January 2013
Fecal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter injuries
2013-01-08

Abstract Objective To determine obstetric variables associated with the long‐term prevalence of flatal and/or fecal incontinence among women who sustained obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Methods In a retrospective study of women who gave birth between January 1974 and December 1983 at the University Women's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany, women with OASIS (n = 460) were identified on the basis of chart review. Eligible women were recruited to participate in a telephone interview regarding symptoms and their retrospective preference about elective cesarean delivery. Results The records of 20 999 deliveries, including all modes of delivery, within the 10‐year study period were reviewed, and 99 women who sustained OASIS agreed to participate. The mean follow‐up was 27.5 ± 2.4 years. Among the participants, 39.4% reported fecal or flatal incontinence. Operative vaginal delivery (forceps and/or vacuum) was significantly associated with fecal but not flatal incontinence (odds ratio, 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–9.56, P = 0.026). Only 9% of women with flatal incontinence and 13% of women with fecal incontinence would have opted retrospectively for cesarean delivery. Conclusion Operative vaginal delivery was significantly associated with fecal but not flatal incontinence. No other obstetric variables tested were associated with the long‐term prevalence of fecal or flatal incontinence.
Physics and applications of positron beams in an integrated PET/MR
2013-01-08

In PET/MR systems having the PET component within the uniform magnetic field interior to the MR, positron beams can be injected into the PET field of view (FOV) from unshielded emission sources external to it, as a consequence of the action of the Lorentz force on the transverse components of the positron's velocity. Such beams may be as small as a few millimeters in diameter, but extend 50 cm or more axially without appreciable divergence. Larger beams form 'phantoms' of annihilations in air that can be easily imaged, and that are essentially free of γ-ray attenuation and scatter effects, providing a unique tool for characterizing PET systems and reconstruction algorithms. Thin targets intersecting these beams can produce intense annihilation sources having the thickness of a sheet of paper, which are very useful for high resolution measurements, and difficult to achieve with conventional sources. Targeted beams can provide other point, line and surface sources for various applications, all without the need to have radioactivity within the FOV. In this paper we discuss the physical characteristics of positron beams in air and present examples of their applications.
Effect of Wine Polyphenol Resveratrol on the Contractions Elicited Electrically or by Norepinephrine in the Rat Portal Vein
2013-01-08

We investigated the effects of resveratrol on rat portal vein (RPV) contractility without endothelium. Contractions were produced by electrical field stimulation of perivascular nerves (EFS), norepinephrine (NE), adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), high K + solution and by calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) in Ca 2+ ‐free and high K + , Ca 2+ ‐free solution. The EFS‐evoked contractions were more sensitive to resveratrol and to NS1619‐selective openers of big calcium‐sensitive (BK Ca ) channels, than NE‐evoked contractions. Effects of resveratrol on the ATP‐evoked contractions were weak. Blockers of BK Ca channels partly inhibited the effect of resveratrol only in EFS‐contracted preparations. Western blotting showed that RPV expressed K Ca 1.1 protein. Inhibitors of ATP‐ and voltage‐sensitive K + channels did not modify the effects of resveratrol. None of the antagonists of K + channels affected the resveratrol inhibition of NE‐evoked contractions and effect of high concentrations of resveratrol on the EFS‐evoked contractions. Resveratrol more potently inhibited CaCl 2 than potassium chloride contractions of RPV. Thus, BK Ca channels partly mediate the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the neurogenic contractions of RPV. The smooth muscle Ca 2+ channels and/or Ca 2+ mobilizing through cells might be involved in the effects of resveratrol on the contractility of RPV. Our results are important for better understanding the impact of resveratrol on the portal circulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Spironolactone ameliorates PIT1-dependent vascular osteoinduction in klotho-hypomorphic mice
2013-01-09

Klotho is a potent regulator of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] formation and calcium-phosphate metabolism. Klotho-hypomorphic mice (kl/kl mice) suffer from severe growth deficits, rapid aging, hyperphosphatemia, hyperaldosteronism, and extensive vascular and soft tissue calcification. Sequelae of klotho deficiency are similar to those of end-stage renal disease. We show here that the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone reduced vascular and soft tissue calcification and increased the life span of kl/kl mice, without significant effects on 1,25(OH)2D3, FGF23, calcium, and phosphate plasma concentrations. Spironolactone also reduced the expression of osteoinductive Pit1 and Tnfa mRNA, osteogenic transcription factors, and alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) in calcified tissues of kl/kl mice. In human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs), aldosterone dose-dependently increased PIT1 mRNA expression, an effect paralleled by increased expression of osteogenic transcription factors and enhanced ALP activity. The effects of aldosterone were reversed by both spironolactone treatment and PIT1 silencing and were mitigated by FGF23 cotreatment in HAoSMCs. In conclusion, aldosterone contributes to vascular and soft tissue calcification, an effect due, at least in part, to stimulation of spironolactone-sensitive, PIT1-dependent osteoinductive signaling.
Parietal Cortex Mediates Conscious Perception of Illusory Gestalt
2013-01-09

Grouping local elements into a holistic percept, also known as spatial binding, is crucial for meaningful perception. Previous studies have shown that neurons in early visual areas V1 and V2 can signal complex grouping-related information, such as illusory contours or object-border ownerships. However, relatively little is known about higher-level processes contributing to these signals and mediating global Gestalt perception. We used a novel bistable motion illusion that induced alternating and mutually exclusive vivid conscious experiences of either dynamic illusory contours forming a global Gestalt or moving ungrouped local elements while the visual stimulation remained the same. fMRI in healthy human volunteers revealed that activity fluctuations in two sites of the parietal cortex, the superior parietal lobe and the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), correlated specifically with the perception of the grouped illusory Gestalt as opposed to perception of ungrouped local elements. We then disturbed activity at these two sites in the same participants using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS over aIPS led to a selective shortening of the duration of the global Gestalt percept, with no effect on that of local elements. The results suggest that aIPS activity is directly involved in the process of spatial binding during effortless viewing in the healthy brain. Conscious perception of global Gestalt is therefore associated with aIPS function, similar to attention and perceptual selection.
C–H Bond Activation and Isoprene Polymerization by Rare-Earth-Metal Tetramethylaluminate Complexes Bearing Formamidinato N-Ancillary Ligands
2013-01-09

The bimetallic formamidinate complexes Ln(Form)(AlMe4)2 (Ln = Y, Form (ArNCHNAr) = EtForm (Ar = 2,6-Et2C6H3), MesForm (Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2), DippForm (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), tBuForm (Ar = 2-tBuC6H4); Ln = La, Form = DippForm, tBuForm) were obtained in high yield by protonolysis reactions between formamidines (FormH) and homolepticrare-earth-metal tetramethylaluminates Ln(AlMe4)3. Y(Form)(AlMe4)2 (Form = EtForm, DippForm) were also prepared by treatment of Y(Form)[N(SiHMe2)2]2(thf) with trimethylaluminum after the former were prepared by the protonolysis of Y[N(SiHMe2)2]3(thf)2 complexes with EtFormH or DippFormH. The monomeric six-coordinate complexes Ln(Form)(AlMe4)2 (Ln = Y, Form = EtForm, MesForm, DippForm, tBuForm; Ln = La, Form = DippForm, tBuForm) show similar molecular structures with distorted-octahedral geometry and bidentate (N,N′) Form and AlMe4 ligands. The complex [La(EtFormAlMe3)(AlMe4)2](C7H8)1.5 from a protonolysis reaction between La(AlMe4)3 and EtFormH has the EtForm ligand adopting a configuration in which one nitrogen and one aryl substituent are coordinated to the eight-coordinate lanthanum center in an η1(N):η6(arene) manner. From the reaction of La(AlMe4)3 with MesFormH, C–H bond activation of an o-methyl group of the mesityl moiety occurred, yielding [La{η1(N):η6(Ar)-Me2CH2FormAlMe3}(AlMe3)(AlMe4)][La(Me2CH2FormAlMe3)(AlMe3)(AlMe4)](C6H14)1.5 (Me2CH2Form = MesForm-H(o-Me)), in which two linkage isomers of Me2CH2Form were observed. Investigations were carried out on the compounds [Ln(Form)(AlMe4)2] (Ln = Y, La; Form = EtForm, DippForm) as precatalysts activated by [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] or [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] in isoprene polymerization. While the lanthanum complexes showed narrower molecular weight distributions (PDI < 1.2), a stereodirecting role was evidenced for the cocatalysts (trityl borate, maximum 87% trans-1,4-selectivity; anilinium borate, maximum 82% cis-1,4-selectivity).
Integrated Carbon and Chlorine Isotope Modeling: Applications to Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Dechlorination
2013-01-09

We propose a self-consistent method to predict the evolution of carbon and chlorine isotope ratios during degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The method treats explicitly the cleavage of isotopically different C-Cl bonds and thus considers, simultaneously, combined carbon-chlorine isotopologues. To illustrate the proposed modeling approach we focus on the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes. We compare our method with the currently available approach, in which carbon and chlorine isotopologues are treated separately. The new approach provides an accurate description of dual-isotope effects regardless of the extent of the isotope fractionation and physical characteristics of the experimental system. We successfully applied the new approach to published experimental results on dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes both in well-mixed systems and in situations where mass-transfer limitations control the overall rate of biodegradation. The advantages of our self-consistent dual isotope modeling approach proved to be most evident when isotope fractionation factors of carbon and chlorine differed significantly and for systems with mass-transfer limitations, where both physical and (bio)chemical transformation processes affect the observed isotopic values.
16th IHIW: Immunogenetics of Aging
2013-01-09

Summary Ageing is a process characterised by progressive loss of function in multiple different organ systems, such as the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Current data showing that ageing processes may be associated with alterations in the immune system suggest that some of the genetic determinants of senescence might be polymorphic genes that regulate immune responses. The ‘Immunogenetics of Aging’ programme was a component introduced in the 14th I nternational HLA and I mmunogenetics W orkshop ( IHIWS ) and developed further within the 15th and 16th. The aim of this component was to determine the contribution of immune genes to successful ageing and an increased capacity to reach the extreme limits of lifespan. Within the 16th IHIWS , new populations were included, and the number of samples analysed was increased. Analysis was focused on innate immunity genes ( KIR and MBL 2) and their correlation with CMV serostatus. Collaborative studies suggested that both activating and inhibitory KIR and functionally relevant MBL 2 haplotypes are important factors for control of CMV infection in the elderly and therefore for chronic low‐grade inflammation. Results showed that these genes might be predictive biomarkers in ageing and longevity. Prevalence of MBL 2 haplotypes determining absence of the protein ( LYPB , LYQC and HYPD ) was observed in elderly people with a higher CMV antibody titre. The high CMV titre was also associated with a decreased frequency of the activatory KIR 2 DS 5 and A 1 B 10 haplotypes in elderly. Due to the role of KIR and low or deficient MBL haplotypes in viral infections, these genetic markers could be considered as indicators of a need for CMV prophylaxis at younger age and therefore increased probability of longer lifespan.
Napping to renew learning capacity: enhanced encoding after stimulation of sleep slow oscillations
2013-01-10

Abstract As well as consolidating memory, sleep has been proposed to serve a second important function for memory, i.e. to free capacities for the learning of new information during succeeding wakefulness. The slow wave activity ( SWA ) that is a hallmark of slow wave sleep could be involved in both functions. Here, we aimed to demonstrate a causative role for SWA in enhancing the capacity for encoding of information during subsequent wakefulness, using transcranial slow oscillation stimulation ( tSOS ) oscillating at 0.75 Hz to induce SWA in healthy humans during an afternoon nap. Encoding following the nap was tested for hippocampus‐dependent declarative materials (pictures, word pairs, and word lists) and procedural skills (finger sequence tapping). As compared with a sham stimulation control condition, tSOS during the nap enhanced SWA and significantly improved subsequent encoding on all three declarative tasks (picture recognition, cued recall of word pairs, and free recall of word lists), whereas procedural finger sequence tapping skill was not affected. Our results indicate that sleep SWA enhances the capacity for encoding of declarative materials, possibly by down‐scaling hippocampal synaptic networks that were potentiated towards saturation during the preceding period of wakefulness.
Differential effect of glucose ingestion on the neural processing of food stimuli in lean and overweight adults
2013-01-10

Eating behavior is crucial in the development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. To further investigate its regulation, we studied the effects of glucose versus water ingestion on the neural processing of visual high and low caloric food cues in 12 lean and 12 overweight subjects by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found body weight to substantially impact the brain's response to visual food cues after glucose versus water ingestion. Specifically, there was a significant interaction between body weight, condition (water versus glucose), and caloric content of food cues. Although overweight subjects showed a generalized reduced response to food objects in the fusiform gyrus and precuneus, the lean group showed a differential pattern to high versus low caloric foods depending on glucose versus water ingestion. Furthermore, we observed plasma insulin and glucose associated effects. The hypothalamic response to high caloric food cues negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose 30 min after glucose ingestion, while especially brain regions in the prefrontal cortex showed a significant negative relationship with increases in plasma insulin 120 min after glucose ingestion. We conclude that the postprandial neural processing of food cues is highly influenced by body weight especially in visual areas, potentially altering visual attention to food. Furthermore, our results underline that insulin markedly influences prefrontal activity to high caloric food cues after a meal, indicating that postprandial hormones may be potential players in modulating executive control. Hum Brain Mapp 35:918–928, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.