julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and clinical features in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation carriers
2016-04-04

ABSTRACT Background Mutations in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) gene are the most common cause of inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). Nonmanifesting carriers of LRRK2 mutations are at high risk for developing PD. Information available on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in LRRK2 carriers remains preliminary. Objectives To measure CSF levels of α‐synuclein, β amyloid 1‐42 , total‐tau, and phospho‐tau 181 , in LRRK2‐ associated PD, idiopathic PD, nonmanifesting carriers, and first‐degree relatives of LRRK2‐ associated PD patients without the mutation (nonmanifesting noncarriers). To correlate the clinical features and the integrity of the nigrostriatal pathway assessed by neuroimaging with the CSF biomarkers. Methods 138 CSF samples provided by the Michael J. Fox Foundation LRRK2 Cohort Consortium were analyzed: 28 LRRK2‐ associated PD, 35 idiopathic PD, 41 nonmanifesting carriers, and 34 nonmanifesting noncarriers. All of the participants in the study were clinically assessed. Most of the participants underwent a dopamine transporter scan to assess the integrity of the nigrostriatal pathway. Results CSF levels of α‐synuclein were similar in LRRK2‐ associated PD, nonmanifesting carriers, and nonmanifesting noncarriers but significantly higher than in idiopathic PD ( P = .041). No differences were found in the concentrations of β amyloid 1‐42 , total‐tau, or phospho‐tau 181 among study groups. CSF alpha‐synuclein levels strongly correlated with total‐tau and phospo‐tau 181 levels in all groups. No significant correlation was found between the CSF biomarkers and the striatal binding ratios for (123)I‐FP‐CIT in nonmanifesting carriers. Conclusion The CSF protein profile differs in LRRK2‐ associated PD and idiopathic PD, suggesting that pathophysiological mechanisms different from IPD underlie LRRK2‐ associated PD. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers did not prove helpful in differentiating asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers from noncarriers. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A neural link between affective understanding and interpersonal attraction
2016-04-04

Significance Humans interacting with other humans must be able to understand their interaction partner’s affect and motivations, often without words. We examined whether people are attracted to others whose affective behavior they can easily understand. For this, we asked participants to watch different persons experiencing different emotions. We found the better a participant thought they could understand another person’s emotion the more they felt attracted toward that person. Importantly, these individual changes in interpersonal attraction were predicted by activity in the participant’s reward circuit, which in turn signaled how well the participant’s “neural vocabulary” was suited to decode the other’s behavior. This research elucidates neurobiological processes that might play an important role in the formation and success of human social relations.
Registered Reports for Student Research
2016-04-04

<p class="p1">The pre-registration of research via registered reports is a recent development in the field of psychology. The aim of pre-registration is to encourage research that presents sound hypotheses and methodology (Chambers, 2014) in order to counter undesirable but prevalent research practices such as cherry-picking and p-hacking. In this Letter from the Editors, we wish to echo calls for registered reports and outline how we, the Editors at the Journal of European Psychology Students (JEPS), plan to introduce registered reports for student research. We address the issues necessitating the introduction of registered reports and outline the approach needed for implementing this initiative in a student journal.
Alleged Approach-Avoidance Conflict for Food Stimuli in Binge Eating Disorder
2016-04-05

BED+ showed a deviant self-reported valuation of food as compared to BED-. The valuation process of the BED+ sample seems to be characterized by a motivational ambivalence. This ambivalence should be subject of further studies and may be of potential use for therapeutic interventions.
Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis D virus circulating in Southwestern Nigeria
2016-04-05

In conclusion, our study showed a high prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg carriers and the predominance of HDV genotype 1 infection in Nigerian HBV endemic region. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of HDV/HBV co-infection and circulating genotypes.
It’s either you or me! Impact of deviations on social exclusion and leaving
2016-04-05

When detecting deviations from group norms, observers often respond by attempting to exclude the deviates or by leaving the group. Despite the commonalities between these two impactful responses, they have rarely been addressed simultaneously. Therefore, three experiments investigated how deviant behavior in small groups relates to observers’ intentions to exclude the deviate from the in-group and to leave that group themselves. Exclusion intentions are evoked by severe deviations from core elements of the group norm, mediated by heightened identity subversion (Studies 1–3). Study 3 demonstrated that leaving becomes more likely when perceived situational control is low—here evoked by acceptance of the deviant behavior by other in-group members, suggesting that aggravating conditions must be present for this response. Observing deviations seems to trigger leaving and exclusion intentions, yet they result from two distinct processes. We discuss our results in relation to work on group schism and literature on social exclusion.
Classification of the static and asymptotically flat Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton spacetimes with a photon sphere
2016-04-05

We consider the problem for the classification of static and asymptotically\\nflat Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton spacetimes with a photon sphere. It is first\\nproven that the photon spheres in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity have\\nconstant mean and constant scalar curvature. Then we derive some relations\\nbetween the mean curvature and the physical characteristics of the photon\\nspheres. Using further the symmetries of the dimensionally reduced\\nEinstein-Maxwell-dilaton field equations we show that the lapse function, the\\nelectrostatic potential and the dilaton field are functionally dependent in the\\npresence of a photon sphere. Using all this we prove the main classification\\ntheorem by explicitly constructing all Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton solutions\\npossessing a non-extremal photon sphere.\\n
MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease (S19.001)
2016-04-05

Objective To present the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson9s disease. Background Although several diagnostic criteria for Parkinson9s disease have been proposed, none have been officially adopted by an official Parkinson society. Moreover, the commonest-used criteria, the UK brain bank, were created more than 25 years ago. In recognition of the lack of standard criteria, the MDS initiated a task force to design new diagnostic criteria for clinical Parkinson9s disease. Methods/Results The MDS-PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research, but may also be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise. Although motor abnormalities remain central, there is increasing recognition of non-motor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the MDS-PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core disease feature, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor and/or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies upon three categories of diagnostic features; absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: Clinically-established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity), and Probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity). Conclusion The MDS criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances. Disclosure: Dr. Postuma has received personal compensation for activities with Roche Diagnostics Corporation and Biotie Therapies. Dr. Berg has received research support from Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), the German Parkinson Association and Novartis GmbH.
Behavioural pharmacology of glutamate in the basal ganglia
2016-04-05

In Parkinson's disease the dopaminergic inhibition - mediated by DA2 receptors in the triatum - is reduced. Therefore glutamatergic excitation predominates in the antero-dorsal striatum. In turn the glutamatergic neurons of the subthalamic nucleus become disinhibited. Antagonists of the NMDAsubtype of glutamate receptor injected locally into the glutamatergically innervated nuclei or competitive and non-competitive NMDA-antagonista administered systemically, counteract parkinsonian symptom in animals.
On attempts at solvolytic generation of aryl cations
2016-04-05

The solvolysis of phenyl triflate (3), phenyl nonaflate (4), o-methylphenyl nonaflate (5), o-cyclopropylphenyl nonaflate (6), o-methoxyphenyl triflate (7), 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl triflate (S), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl triflate (9), 33- dimethoxyphenyl triflate (lo), 3,5-dicyclopropylphenyl triflate (11), 3,5-di(2-methylcyclopropyl)phenyl triflate (12), 2,4,6-tricyclopropylphenyltr iflate (13), and 2,4,6-triisopropylphenytlr iflate (14) were examined in great detail under a wide variety of conditions. In highly polar nonnucleophilic solvents no reaction was observed and the unreacted triflates were recovered quantitatively. In the presence of nucleophiles or nucleophilic solvents the sole products observed were the corresponding phenols. Careful labeling and product studies showed that these phenols arose by nucleophilic attack on sulfur and S-0 bond cleavage. We have not been able to find any evidence for aryl cation intermediates.
Clinical Features of CNS-Autoimmunity after Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (P2.107)
2016-04-05

Objective: To evaluate clinical and diagnostic features in patients with CNS-autoimmuniy (CNSA) that developed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (aBMT). Background: CNSA is a rare complication of aBMT. This diagnosis is considered in the absence of manifestations of GvHD when other differential diagnoses have been excluded. Methods: Case records at the University of Tbingen between 2001 and 2015 were screened to identify patients with CNSA after aBMT. Clinical and demographic features, brain imaging, laboratory findings, treatment effects and long-term neurological outcomes were assessed. Results: 10.431 patients had the diagnosis medication induced neutropenia (ICD10 D70.1), graft versus host disease (T86.0) or malignant disease oft the hematopoietic or lymphoid system (C81-C96). Of these, 61 patients had in addition the diagnosis inflammatory CNS disease (ICD10 G04.8) or demyelinating diseases of the CNS (G35.0 G37.9). Case records of these patients were further reviewed and 9 patients were identified that developed CNSA after aBMT. The average time interval from aBMT until onset of CNSA was 3.5 years. 5 patients had acute myeloid leukemia, 4 had optic neuritis, 6 myelitis and 6 demyelinating polyneuropathy. CSF findings involved elevated protein concentration and lymphocytic pleocytosis (55[percnt]). Oligoclonal bands (OB) were detected in 22[percnt] and Aquaporin-4-antibodies (AQP4-Ab) were consistently absent. The diagnostic criteria of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders were fulfilled in 3 patients. Immunomodulatory therapies, including IVIG, Cyclophosphamid, Rituximab, PLEX, showed marginal responses. A chronic disease-course with persisting neurological deficits was prevalent (88[percnt]). Conclusions: CNSA is a rare complication of aBMT, usually manifesting as optic neuritis, myelitis and demyelinating polyneuropathy. CSF findings include lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein and rarely intrathecal antibody production. CNSA after aBMT poorly responds to steroid therapy and often results in persistent neurological deficits. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment may thus be advantageous.
Novel Multiple Sclerosis Genetic Risk Factors Are Involved in Epigenetic Regulation (S37.006)
2016-04-05

Objective: To further unravel the genetic contribution to disease susceptibility in Multiple Sclerosis by analyzing a population with limited substructure. Background: The known genetic variants affecting susceptibility of Multiple Sclerosis account for about 25 [percnt] of disease heritability. Methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis susceptibility in two German cohorts with overall 4.888 cases and 10.395 controls. Results: The MHC locus and 15 non-MHC loci, of whom 5 have not been established so far, reached genome-wide significance. Two of the novel variants replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort of 2.093 cases and 2.880 controls. The five novel loci map to the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, ERG, DLEU1, and SHMT1. The first four novel genes play important roles in immune cell regulation and intersect with epigenetic pathways. SHMT1 catalyzes the transfer of a carbon unit in the folate cycle, a reaction required for regulation of methylation homeostasis, important for establishment and maintenance of epigenetic signatures. Conclusions: Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited substructure allowed identification of associations not found in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts, and thus provides new clues to the pathogenesis of MS.
Altered Objective Exertion Tolerance in MS Patients Treated with Fingolimod: A Prospective, Longitudinal Ergospirometry Study (P2.071)
2016-04-05

Objective: prospectively and longitudinally assessing objective and subjective physical exertion, oxygen-uptake, lactate-levels, resting- and exercise-heart-rate, blood-pressure, cardiac output and MSFC in RRMS-patients taking Fingolimod 0,5mg/d. Background: Bradycardia was shown to occur within 6h after Fingolimod-intake, normalizing within 3months (Kappos 2006). However, it remained yet to be assessed, whether, for how long and to what extent heart-rate reductions occur under physical exercise, and whether this affects the patient's subjective exercise-tolerance. Methods: For 160days, 12patients (6F, 6M), aged 20-53years, athletic/nonathletic, median EDSS:2.0, were examined using impedance-cardiography, Holter-EKG, serum-lactate-measurements, spiroergometry 24h-RR and RPR-scale. Visits V1+V2 took place predose, V3-7 postdose at days 3,10,28,70,150. Results: Heartrate-reduction of 16[percnt], and compensatory rise in cardiac ejection-volume of 13[percnt], resulting in a significantly reduced cardiac output of 5[percnt] at V3 with a significant downward-trend in cardiac output at rest till V7was found. Lactate levels showed significant reduction till V3 (p=0,022), V5 (0,029) and V7 (p=0,016). Ergometer-performance in watts was significantly reduced till V3 (p=0,004), and V7( p = 0,011). We found a downward-trend (p=0,000). Maximal exercise-heartrate was significantly reduced (p=0,000). Down-trends were significant for the AUC under heartrate- and maximum heartrate curves (p=0,000). Minimal exercise-heartrate was significantly reduced (p=0,000) between V1 and V3, V4, between V3 and V5, V7. A downward-trend was nonsignificant. The AUC for heartrate, measuring adrenergic response to physical exercise, was reduced (p=0,000) between V1 and V3, V5, V6, V7. Resting systolic and diastolic bloodpressure showed a significant upward-trend (p=0,035, 0,010 resp.) RPE-Data and oxygen-consumption remained unchanged. Fingolimod significantly reduced exercise-heart-rate up to 5months after firstdose, compared to predose-baseline. Another new finding is a constant and significant increase of minimum Holter heartrate throughout study-duration. During exercise and bradycardia, physical performance and maximum lactate decreased. Conclusions: Fingolimod objectively reduces physical performance, but patients subjectively feel unaffected. Bradycardia seems to occur preferentially in physically active patients.
MDS Research Criteria for Prodromal Pakrinson's Disease (I1.011)
2016-04-05

Objective: To describe research criteria and probability methodology for the diagnosis of prodromal Parkinson's disease. Background: As efforts to design disease-modifying therapy against Parkinson' disease advance, it is becoming increasingly recognized that earlier recognition and treatment are key to effective treatment. Prodromal Parkinson's disease refers to the stage wherein early symptoms or signs of Parkinson's neurodegeneration are present, but clinical diagnosis based on fully-evolved motor parkinsonism is not yet possible. So far, there is no systematic method to identify patients with prodromal PD. Methods/Results: The criteria estimate the probability that an individual patient has prodromal PD. Probable prodromal PD is defined as >80[percnt] certainty of neurodegeneration being present. Probability is estimated using a Bayesian naive classifier. In this methodology, a prior probability of prodromal disease is delineated based upon age. Then, diagnostic information is added, expressed as likelihood ratios. This diagnostic information combines estimates of background risk (from environmental risk factors and genetic findings) and results of diagnostic marker testing. In order to be included, diagnostic markers had to have prospective evidence documenting ability to predict clinical PD. They include motor and non-motor clinical symptoms, clinical signs, and ancillary diagnostic tests. Once all diagnostic information is collected, likelihood ratios are multiplied by each other to calculate a combined likelihood ratio. From this and the baseline probability, an individual's final probability of prodromal PD is calculated. Conclusions: The new MDS prodromal PD criteria represent a first step in the formal delineation of early stages of PD. Their methodology is new; no previous neurologic diagnostic criteria have used data to calculate actual risk for an individual patient. These criteria provide a means to identify early PD patients for disease-modifying neuroprotective trials.
MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease (I1.010)
2016-04-05

Objective To present the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease. Background Although several diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease have been proposed, none have been officially adopted by an official Parkinson society. Moreover, the commonest-used criteria, the UK brain bank, were created more than 25 years ago. In recognition of the lack of standard criteria, the MDS initiated a task force to design new diagnostic criteria for clinical Parkinson's disease. Methods/Results The MDS-PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research, but may also be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise. Although motor abnormalities remain central, there is increasing recognition of non-motor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the MDS-PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core disease feature, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor and/or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies upon three categories of diagnostic features; absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: Clinically-established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity), and Probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity). Conclusion The MDS criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances.
Conceptualising and researching the professionalisation of Religious Education teachers: historical and international perspectives
2016-04-06

Current discussions on Religious Education (RE), both in Germany and England, focus on the quality of teaching and the professionality of teachers, but neglect the historical and institutional process of professionalization upon which conceptions of teaching quality and teacher professionality hinge. This article seeks to provide definitional clarity by differentiating between individual and collective professionalization; exploring teacher professionalization in general and in the special case of RE; and operationalizing the concept of RE teacher professionalization for the purposes of planned historical and international comparative research. A three-fold conceptualization of professionalization is proposed, consisting of the following inter-related levels: (1) initial and continuing professional development; (2) professional self-organization and professional politics; and (3) professional knowledge. The breadth, complexity and significance of the historical and institutional processes associated with the professionalization of RE teachers at each of these levels is described and discussed. It is argued that further historical and international comparative research on these lines would contribute a broader and deeper understanding of the presuppositions of RE teacher professionality beyond current debates.
EBV-negative aggressive B-cell lymphomas of donor origin after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a report of three cases
2016-04-06

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) develop as a consequence of iatrogenic immunosuppression, and the majority is associated with EBV. PTLD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) are rare. Most cases are donor-derived, reflecting immune reconstitution by malignant transformed donor cells, and are EBV-positive. We report three unusual cases of aggressive EBV-negative PTLD of monomorphic type after allo-HCT. All cases were of donor origin and arose with long latency, 4-12 years after HCT. The patients had a history of severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) resulting in prolonged immunosuppression before the diagnosis of lymphoma. In one case, the temporal evolution of the malignant clone was analyzed by clone-specific PCR targeting the immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement. A tumor-specific product was already detected 3 years before lymphoma development. This indicates that chronic antigenic stimulation and reduced immune surveillance, may promote the outgrowth of premalignant donor-derived clones after acquisition of additional genetic alterations.