julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Peer Review #2 of "Spontaneous reoccurrence of “scooping”, a wild tool-use behaviour, in naïve chimpanzees (v0.2)"
2017-09-22

Modern human technological culture depends on social learning.A widespread assumption for chimpanzee tool-use cultures is that they, too, are dependent on social learning.However, we provide evidence to suggest that individual learning, rather than social learning, is the driver behind determining the form of these behaviours within and across individuals.Low-fidelity social learning instead merely facilitates the reinnovation of these behaviours, and thus helps homogenise the behaviour across chimpanzees, creating the population-wide patterns observed in the wild (what here we call "socially mediated serial reinnovations").This is the main prediction of the Zone of Latent Solutions (ZLS) hypothesis.This study directly tested the ZLS hypothesis on algae scooping, a wild chimpanzee tool-use behaviour.We provided naïve chimpanzees (n=14, Mage=31.33,SD=10.09) with ecologically relevant materials of the wild behaviour but, crucially, without revealing any information on the behavioural form required to accomplish this task.This study found that naïve chimpanzees expressed the same behavioural form as their wild counterparts, suggesting that, as the ZLS theory predicts, individual learning is the driver behind the frequency of this behavioural form.As more behaviours are being found to be within chimpanzee's ZLS, this hypothesis now provides a parsimonious explanation for chimpanzee tool cultures.
Peer Review #2 of "Spontaneous reoccurrence of “scooping”, a wild tool-use behaviour, in naïve chimpanzees (v0.1)"
2017-09-22

Modern human technological culture depends on social learning.A widespread assumption for chimpanzee tool-use cultures is that they, too, are dependent on social learning.However, we provide evidence to suggest that individual learning, rather than social learning, is the driver behind determining the form of these behaviours within and across individuals.Low-fidelity social learning instead merely facilitates the reinnovation of these behaviours, and thus helps homogenise the behaviour across chimpanzees, creating the population-wide patterns observed in the wild (what here we call "socially mediated serial reinnovations").This is the main prediction of the Zone of Latent Solutions (ZLS) hypothesis.This study directly tested the ZLS hypothesis on algae scooping, a wild chimpanzee tool-use behaviour.We provided naïve chimpanzees (n=14, Mage=31.33,SD=10.09) with ecologically relevant materials of the wild behaviour but, crucially, without revealing any information on the behavioural form required to accomplish this task.This study found that naïve chimpanzees expressed the same behavioural form as their wild counterparts, suggesting that, as the ZLS theory predicts, individual learning is the driver behind the frequency of this behavioural form.As more behaviours are being found to be within chimpanzee's ZLS, this hypothesis now provides a parsimonious explanation for chimpanzee tool cultures.
Hybrid ultrasound‐MRguidedHIFUtreatment method with 3Dmotion compensation
2017-09-24

Purpose Treatments using high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in the abdominal region remain challenging as a result of respiratory organ motion. A novel method is described here to achieve 3D motion‐compensated ultrasound (US) MR‐guided HIFU therapy using simultaneous ultrasound and MRI. Methods A truly hybrid US‐MR‐guided HIFU method was used to plan and control the treatment. Two‐dimensional ultrasound was used in real time to enable tracking of the motion in the coronal plane, whereas an MR pencil‐beam navigator was used to detect anterior–posterior motion. Prospective motion compensation of proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) thermometry and HIFU electronic beam steering were achieved. Results The 3D prospective motion‐corrected PRFS temperature maps showed reduced intrascan ghosting artifacts, a high signal‐to‐noise ratio, and low geometric distortion. The k‐space data yielded a consistent temperature‐dependent PRFS effect, matching the gold standard thermometry within approximately 1°C. The maximum in‐plane temperature elevation ex vivo was improved by a factor of 2. Baseline thermometry acquired in volunteers indicated reduction of residual motion, together with an accuracy/precision of near‐harmonic referenceless PRFS thermometry on the order of 0.5/1.0°C. Conclusions Hybrid US‐MR‐guided HIFU ablation with 3D motion compensation was demonstrated ex vivo together with a stable referenceless PRFS thermometry baseline in healthy volunteer liver acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 79:2511–2523, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
CO-releasing fumarate complexes show superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to dimethyl fumarate treatment
2017-09-24

Inflammatory autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and multiple sclerosis are characterized by the aberrant induction of interleukin (IL-) 12 and IL-23-producing type I dendritic cells (DC), resulting in pathogenic Th1/Th17 cell responses. We previously showed that the small molecule dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is able to improve inflammatory diseases by exerting potent immune modulatory activities. DMF treatment results in the generation of type II dendritic cells (DC) which then induce an anti-inflammatory Th2 response. In addition, carbon monoxide (CO) is an emerging therapeutic agent for various conditions characterized by a hyperactivated immune system. We therefore reasoned to chemically combine fumaric acid and CO in a single molecule and synthesized CO-releasing molecules linked to methyl fumarate (FumET-CORMs). Treatment of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) with FumET-CORMs substantially increased ROS levels in a fashion similar to DMF treatment alone. In addition, we analyzed the effects on the HO-1 and STAT1 signaling pathways by Western Blot analysis and ELISA. These experiments revealed that treatment with FumET-CORMs resulted in the induction of HO-1 and inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation. This subsequently led to reduced IL-23 and IL-12 levels in culture supernatants. FumET-CORMs exhibited a substantially improved anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the clinically used drug DMF. Importantly, the inhibitory effects on HO-1 and STAT1 signaling were stronger and occurred at lower concentrations. Therefore, our data confirm the concept that combining fumaric acid with CO-releasing molecules is a highly effective therapeutic option by transforming proinflammatory dendritic cells into a type II phenotype. In summary, FumET-CORMs have great potential, e.g. for the treatment of psoriasis or other inflammatory conditions of the skin.
Kinesin rotates unidirectionally and generates torque while walking on microtubules
2017-09-25

Significance Given the importance of cytoskeletal motor proteins, we asked whether translational motors rotate while walking along their tracks. Using an optical tweezers-based approach, we simultaneously measured translation, force, rotation, and torque of a kinesin motor with molecular resolution. We found that the gait followed a rotary stepping mechanism that generates torque and spins cargo. Thus, during walking, the motor “tail (and organelle) will tend to wind up like the rubber band of a toy airplane,” as Joe Howard hypothesized in 1996. To determine the overall motor efficiency, our measurements also point to the importance of accounting for rotational work. Apart from other cytoskeletal motors, the technique may be applied to molecular machines such as DNA motors and rotary engines like the ATP synthase.
Parameter estimation of gravitational wave echoes from exotic compact objects
2017-09-25

Relativistic ultracompact objects without an event horizon may be able to\\nform in nature and merge as binary systems, mimicking the coalescence of\\nordinary black holes. The postmerger phase of such processes presents\\ncharacteristic signatures, which appear as repeated pulses within the emitted\\ngravitational waveform, i.e., echoes with variable amplitudes and frequencies.\\nFuture detections of these signals can shed new light on the existence of\\nhorizonless geometries, and provide new information on the nature of gravity in\\na genuine strong-field regime. In this work we analyze phenomenological\\ntemplates used to characterize echolike structures produced by exotic compact\\nobjects, and we investigate for the first time the ability of current and\\nfuture interferometers to constrain their parameters. Using different models\\nwith an increasing level of accuracy, we determine the features that can be\\nmeasured with the largest precision, and we span the parameter space to find\\nthe most favorable configurations to be detected. Our analysis shows that\\ncurrent detectors may already be able to extract all the parameters of the\\nechoes with good accuracy, and that multiple interferometers can measure\\nfrequencies and damping factors of the signals at the level of percent.\\n
Covariant variational approach to Yang-Mills theory: Thermodynamics
2017-09-25

The thermodynamics of Yang-Mills theory in the covariant variational\\napproach is studied by relating the free action density in the background of a\\nnon-trivial Polyakov loop to the pressure of the gluon plasma. The correct\\nsubtraction of the vacuum contribution in the free action density is argued\\nfor. The Poisson resummed expression for the pressure can be evaluated\\nanalytically in limiting cases, and shows the correct Stefan-Boltzmann limit at\\n , while the limit is afflicted by artifacts due to\\nmassless modes in the confined phase. Several remedies to remove these\\nartifacts are discussed. Using the numerical solutions for the ghost and\\ngluon propagators in the covariant variational approach as input, the pressure,\\nenergy density and interaction strength are calculated and compared to lattice\\ndata.\\n
The Incidence of Chromosomal Aberrations in Prenatally Diagnosed Isolated Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
2017-09-25

Abstract Purpose To establish the prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in fetuses with an apparently isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) on prenatal ultrasound. Materials &amp; Methods This was a retrospective study of complete isolated ACC at the time of ultrasound evaluation with respect to karyotype information. Within this group, a subgroup with non-malformation minor abnormalities, such as a single umbilical artery (SUA), polyhydramnios or fetal growth restriction (FGR), was investigated. Results Complete ACC was diagnosed in 343 cases. Of them, 143 (41.6 %) were isolated, with 16 fetuses showing additional minor findings. In 76.2 % (109/143) karyotyping was performed. Additional array CGH analysis was performed in 7.7 % (11/143). Chromosomal aberrations were found in 4.6 % (5/109) overall, in 3.1 % (3/98) of those without any additional sonographic findings (all represented mosaic trisomy 8) and in 18.2 % (2/11) of those with minor abnormalities. The prevalence of pathogenic submicroscopic copy number variant (CNV) was 9 % (1/11). Conclusion Fetal karyotyping is recommended in ACC, as trisomy 8 mosaicism should be considered despite otherwise unremarkable ultrasound. The role of novel techniques such as array CGH and its implication has to be explored in prospective studies.
Dephosphorylation of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase contributes to inhibition of bone growth by fibroblast growth factor
2017-09-25

Abstract Activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 3 and inactivating mutations in the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase cause similar forms of dwarfism, but how these two signaling systems interact to regulate bone growth is poorly understood. Here, by use of a mouse model in which NPR2 cannot be dephosphorylated, we show that bone elongation is opposed when NPR2 is dephosphorylated and thus produces less cyclic GMP. By developing an in vivo imaging system to measure cyclic GMP levels in intact tibia, we show that FGF-induced dephosphorylation of NPR2 decreases its guanylyl cyclase activity in growth plate chondrocytes in living bone. Thus FGF signaling lowers cyclic GMP in the growth plate, which counteracts bone elongation. These results define a new component of the signaling network by which activating mutations in the FGF receptor inhibit bone growth.
Dense and Scalable Reconstruction from Unstructured Videos with Occlusions
2017-09-25

Depth-map-based multi-view stereo algorithms typically recover textureless surfaces by assuming smoothness per view, so they require processing different views to solve occlusions. Moreover, the highly redundant viewpoints of videos make exhaustive calculation of depth maps unfeasible for large scenes. This paper achieves dense and scalable reconstruction from videos by adaptively selecting a minimum subset of views from the unstructured camera paths, that are most beneficial for incremental occlusion handling and coverage improvement. Furthermore, we simplify and optimize each set of locally consistent points as the points accumulated from a cluster of previously processed views. By combining content-aware view selection and clustering, as well as cluster-wise point merging, our approach can reduce both computational and memory costs while producing accurate, concise, and dense 3D points, even for homogeneous areas. The superior efficiency and point-level fashion of our operations facilitate 3D modeling at large scales.
The Relevance of Grain Dissection for Grain Size Reduction in Polar Ice: Insights from Numerical Models and Ice Core Microstructure Analysis
2017-09-26

The flow of ice depends on the properties of the aggregate of individual ice crystals, such as grain size or lattice orientation distributions. Therefore, an understanding of the processes controlling ice micro-dynamics is needed to ultimately develop a physically based macroscopic ice flow law. We investigated the relevance of the process of grain dissection as a grain-size-modifying process in natural ice. For that purpose, we performed numerical multi-process microstructure modelling and analysed microstructure and crystallographic orientation maps from natural deep ice-core samples from the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) project. Full crystallographic orientations measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) have been used together with c-axis orientations using an optical technique (Fabric Analyser). Grain dissection is a feature of strain-induced grain boundary migration. During grain dissection, grain boundaries bulge into a neighbouring grain in an area of high dislocation energy and merge with the opposite grain boundary. This splits the high dislocation-energy grain into two parts, effectively decreasing the local grain size. Currently, grain size reduction in ice is thought to be achieved by either the progressive transformation from dislocation walls into new high-angle grain boundaries, called subgrain rotation or polygonisation, or bulging nucleation that is assisted by subgrain rotation. Both our time-resolved numerical modelling and NEEM ice core samples show that grain dissection is a common mechanism during ice deformation and can provide an efficient process to reduce grain sizes and counter-act dynamic grain-growth in addition to polygonisation or bulging nucleation. Thus, our results show that solely strain-induced boundary migration, in absence of subgrain rotation, can reduce grain sizes in polar ice, in particular if strain energy gradients are high. We describe the microstructural characteristics that can be used to identify grain dissection in natural microstructures.
One Label or Two? Linguistic Influences on the Similarity Judgment of Objects between English and Japanese Speakers
2017-09-26

Recent findings have re-examined the linguistic influence on cognition and perception, while identifying evidence that supports the Whorfian hypothesis. We examine how English and Japanese speakers perceive similarity of pairs of objects, by using two sets of stimuli: one in which two distinct linguistic categories apply to respective object images in English, but only one linguistic category applies in Japanese; and another in which two distinct linguistic categories apply to respective object images in Japanese, but only one applies in English. We conducted four studies and tested different groups of participants in each of them. In Study 1, we asked participants to name the two objects before engaging in the similarity judgment task. Here, we expected a strong linguistic effect. In Study 2, we asked participants to engage in the same task without naming, where we assumed that the condition is close enough to our daily visual information processing where language is not necessarily prompted. We further explored whether the language still influences the similarity perception by asking participants to engage in the same task basing on the visual similarity (Study 3) and the functional similarity (Study 4). The results overall indicated that English and Japanese speakers perceived the two objects to be more similar when they were in the same linguistic categories than when they were in different linguistic categories in their respective languages. Implications for research testing the Whorfian hypothesis and the requirement for methodological development beyond behavioral measures are discussed.
BN Doping and the Photochemistry of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons: Photocyclization of Hexaphenyl Benzene and Hexaphenyl Borazine
2017-09-26

Boron-nitrogen doping of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) materials can be used to tune their electronic properties while preserving the structural characteristics of pure hydrocarbons. Many multicycle PAHs can be synthesized photochemically; in contrast, very little is known about the photochemistry of their BN-doped counterparts. We present results of fs, ns, and μs time-resolved spectroscopic studies on the photoinduced dynamics of hexaphenyl benzene and hexaphenyl borazine in order to examine how BN doping alters photochemical C-C bond formation via 6π electrocyclization as well as the stability of resulting cyclized structures. Ultrafast measurements reveal photoinduced behaviors reflecting differences in excited-state decay pathways for the two molecules, with hexaphenyl borazine relaxing from its excited state with a rate that is 2 orders of magnitude faster than that of hexaphenyl benzene (3.0 vs 428 ps). Tetraphenyl dihydrotriphenylene generated from hexaphenyl benzene is observed to reopen with a ∼2 μs lifetime controlled by entropic stabilization of the cyclized structure; in contrast, photoinduced dynamics appear to be complete within 100 ps after excitation of hexaphenyl borazine. This significant difference in photochemical dynamics is reflected in the cyclodehydrogentation yields obtained for the two reactants (25 vs 0% for hexaphenyl benzene and borazine, respectively). Quantum-chemical computations predict that BN doping gives rise to energetic destabilization and increased singlet diradical character in cyclized structures. These findings indicate that the polarized BN bonds of the borazine core adversely impact photochemical bond formation relative to analogous hydrocarbons.
Preserved Expert Object Recognition in a Case of Visual Hemiagnosia
2017-09-26

We examined a stroke patient (HWS) with a unilateral lesion of the right medial ventral visual stream, involving the right fusiform and parahippocampal gyri. In a number of object recognition tests with lateralized presentations of target stimuli, HWS showed significant symptoms of hemiagnosia with contralesional recognition deficits for everyday objects. We further explored the patient's capacities of visual expertise that were acquired before the current perceptual impairment became effective. We confronted him with objects he was an expert for already before stroke onset and compared this performance with the recognition of familiar everyday objects. HWS was able to identify significantly more of the specific (“expert”) than of the everyday objects on the affected contralesional side. This observation of better expert object recognition in visual hemiagnosia allows for several interpretations. The results may be caused by enhanced information processing for expert objects in the ventral system in the affected or the intact hemisphere. Expert knowledge could trigger top–down mechanisms supporting object recognition despite of impaired basic functions of object processing. More importantly, the current work demonstrates that top–down mechanisms of visual expertise influence object recognition at an early stage, probably before visual object information propagates to modules of higher object recognition. Because HWS showed a lesion to the fusiform gyrus and spared capacities of expert object recognition, the current study emphasizes possible contributions of areas outside the ventral stream to visual expertise.
Dementia with Lewy bodies
2017-09-26

One of the core clinical criteria of Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are fluctuations of cognition. Underlying processes may be rather functional than neurodegenerative, reflected by, for example, factors present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to identify in-vitro neuronal network activity (ivNNA) changes of CSF from DLB patients compared with patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and controls. Primary neuronal mouse cultures were grown on microelectrode arrays to record ivNNA when exposed to respective CSF samples. If exposed to CSF of DLB patients, ivNNA showed a reduced spike rate and burst rate compared with CSF of PD patients and controls. Our data are suggestive of the presence of functional factors in the CSF of DLB patients that differentiate network activity from PD patients and controls. Future studies should evaluate whether this pilot observation might be related to fluctuations of cognition in DLB.
Name Conditioning in Event-Related Brain Potentials
2017-09-26

Abstract Four experiments are reported in which two harmonic tones (CS+ and CS-) were paired with a participant’s own name (SON) and different names (DN), respectively. A third tone was not paired with any other stimulus and served as a standard (frequent stimulus) in a three-stimuli oddball paradigm. The larger posterior positivity (P3) to SON than DN, found in previous studies, was replicated in all experiments. Conditioning of the P3 response was albeit observed in two similar experiments (1 and 3), but the obtained effects were weak and not identical in the two experiments. Only Experiment 4, where the number of CS/UCS pairings and the Stimulus-Onset Asynchrony between CS and UCS were increased, showed clear CS+/CS- differences both in time and time-frequency domains. Surprisingly, differential responses to CS+ and CS- were also obtained in Experiment 2, although SON and DN in that experiment were masked and never consciously recognized as meaning words (recognition rate 0/63 participants). The results are discussed in the context of other ERP conditioning experiments and, particularly, the studies of non-conscious effect on ERP. Several further experiments are suggested to replicate and extend the present findings and to remove the remaining methodological limitations.