julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
How to Study Alienation: Marx’s Four Relations
2023-02-28

Worker-centered research allows us to grasp workers as subjects with agency who have the capacity to act individually or collectively and resist their exploitation and oppression. In doing so, they can shape their world, social change and transformation, and thereby history. By humanizing workers and acknowledging their struggle and attempts to bring about change, we can contribute to an understanding of history that is dynamic rather than one that dismisses agency and presents itself as inevitable. To examine the world of work and workers in the platform economy, it is important first to establish an analytical framework grounded in a historical materialist and dialectical approach that contextualizes the political–economic, social and technological conditions in which labor and capital are situated. This chapter focuses therefore on the relations of alienation to shed light on the ways in which capitalism fragments and atomizes workers in their individuality and collectivity and inhibits their organization. Alienation provides part of the explanation of why workers may not organize, but an analytical framework that stops at this point risks falling into the traps of determinism and regarding alienation as all-encompassing. As Ollman states, "it is not enough to treat people as embodiments of social-economic functions" occupying idle, passive and submissive positions with no agency to affect the course of history (1987: 64). In Chapter 3 I bring agency back into the analysis to examine how workers struggle against capital despite their alienation and mobilize their power resources. Just as the relations of alienation come to express themselves differently in relation to the nature of the platform and of the work, so too does the organization of the platform in turn relate to the ways in which workers act and express their agency within their material contexts.
Instrumentalizing Technology: Digital Solidarity with and among MTurk Workers
2023-02-28

Just as not all Amazon warehouse workers are compliant and some may resist in different ways, so it is important not just to study the alienation of MTurk workers but also how they may organize. They too are exposed to different relative and general capitalist conditions that may affect their class consciousness – though it is a process that is complicated for MTurk workers. While the labor process can bring about the social organization of workers, the nature of the platform and the nature of the work rupture this very process. The division of labor, which both alienates and in contradictory fashion brings about their cooperation, is obstructed as spatially and temporally displaced web-based workers do not assemble or interact within a physical or same digital space on the platform. Second, the gig nature of the work ensures workers labor on each task isolated from one another, further atomizing them from their collective labor and from an understanding of the overall labor process. The social organization of workers is further inhibited by their geographical dispersal across the Global North and Global South with different class-based, gendered and racialized dimensions, exposing them to different political–economic conditions, industrial relations, labor histories and organization. Workers are not necessarily confronted with identical working realities and substantially differ in demographics from age and sex to educational background. Given, however, the general capitalist conditions, it can be assumed that MTurk workers are conscious of the precarious labor market, the international division and the reserve army of labor. When delving into the agency of MTurk workers, it is important to bear in mind that they do not labor outside of material conditions but are located within time and space. As one worker notes, "We are real people with real needs trying to make a living."
The Power of Amazon Workers and Platform Workers
2023-02-28

While platforms systematically organize work and workers in ways that alienate them, the different Amazon workforces demonstrate that such alienation, while it has implications for the larger fragmentation of workers, is not all-encompassing. In some cases, Amazon warehouse workers may indeed show no interest in collective organization, identify with Amazon and perceive the workplace surveillance as legitimate and labor organization in fact as illegitimate. Meanwhile, MTurk workers celebrate their flexibility and freedoms, some not even perceiving their labor as work at all. Yet if we analyze how these workers mobilize their power resources, these cases are among many contemporary examples that demonstrate that workers do claim their agency, dismissing the passive portrayals of what Taylor and Smith regarded as a "trained gorilla". Amazon warehouse workers and MTurk workers show that the formation of class consciousness and conducive material conditions are essential for workers to mobilize their different powers. I have only touched upon the complex process of class consciousness and solidarity, to which gender and race can be integral, forming and reforming differently through interacting general capitalist conditions. These include the intensification of exploitation, crises and unemployment – and relative conditions – such as the degree of socialization of the labor process, exposure to unions, labor history and personal experiences. The broad differences in these conditions make it difficult to generalize across the platform economy, both in terms of the different organizations of platforms but also in terms of the different material conditions that workers are confronted with. The realities of globally distributed workers of the same platform, let alone across different platforms, can strongly vary.
Historicizing Three Generations of Platforms
2023-02-28

The historical development of technology has never been neutral or inevitable. As all other developments, it too is bound to its context. It is helpful therefore to grasp the platform economy as evolving in relation to the political–economic, social and technological conditions. Before delving into the world of workers, I historicize and contextualize three different generations of platforms. I begin with tracing the first generation of platforms during the dot-com era in the 1990s, evolving from the creation and wider dissemination of the Internet. Following the dot-com bubble burst in 2000, technological conditions resulted in a user-friendlier Internet while political–economic conditions pushed a second generation platforms to search for a new source of financial capital. As changes in the wider conditions also bring about changes in the platform economy, I finally delve into third generation platforms that erupted after the 2006–8 economic crisis. This chapter ultimately demonstrates that each kind of platform, with its own way of organizing workers, has organically developed in relation to the wider conditions within capitalist temporality.
Hodgkin-Huxley simulation summarizing statistics for mouse motor cortex
2023-02-28

&lt;p&gt;Synthetic data set&nbsp;of&nbsp;model paramater vectors and corresponding simulation summarizing statistics derived from a Hodgkin-Huxley-based model reproducing electrophysiological data in mouse motor cortex.&lt;/p&gt;
The IXPE View of GRB 221009A
2023-03-01

Abstract We present the IXPE observation of GRB 221009A, which includes upper limits on the linear polarization degree of both prompt and afterglow emission in the soft X-ray energy band. GRB 221009A is an exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) that reached Earth on 2022 October 9 after traveling through the dust of the Milky Way. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) pointed at GRB 221009A on October 11 to observe, for the first time, the 2–8 keV X-ray polarization of a GRB afterglow. We set an upper limit to the polarization degree of the afterglow emission of 13.8% at a 99% confidence level. This result provides constraints on the jet opening angle and the viewing angle of the GRB, or alternatively, other properties of the emission region. Additionally, IXPE captured halo-rings of dust-scattered photons that are echoes of the GRB prompt emission. The 99% confidence level upper limit to the prompt polarization degree depends on the background model assumption, and it ranges between ∼55% and ∼82%. This single IXPE pointing provides both the first assessment of X-ray polarization of a GRB afterglow and the first GRB study with polarization observations of both the prompt and afterglow phases.
H.E.S.S. Follow-up Observations of GRB 221009A
2023-03-01

Abstract GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected. To probe the very-high-energy (VHE; &gt;100 GeV) emission, the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) began observations 53 hr after the triggering event, when the brightness of the moonlight no longer precluded observations. We derive differential and integral upper limits using H.E.S.S. data from the third, fourth, and ninth nights after the initial GRB detection, after applying atmospheric corrections. The combined observations yield an integral energy flux upper limit of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>UL</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>95</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>9.7</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mi>erg</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>cm</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> above E thr = 650 GeV. The constraints derived from the H.E.S.S. observations complement the available multiwavelength data. The radio to X-ray data are consistent with synchrotron emission from a single electron population, with the peak in the spectral energy distribution occurring above the X-ray band. Compared to the VHE-bright GRB 190829A, the upper limits for GRB 221009A imply a smaller gamma-ray to X-ray flux ratio in the afterglow. Even in the absence of a detection, the H.E.S.S. upper limits thus contribute to the multiwavelength picture of GRB 221009A, effectively ruling out an IC-dominated scenario.
X-Ray Polarimetry Reveals the Magnetic-field Topology on Sub-parsec Scales in Tycho’s Supernova Remnant
2023-03-01

Abstract Supernova remnants are commonly considered to produce most of the Galactic cosmic rays via diffusive shock acceleration. However, many questions regarding the physical conditions at shock fronts, such as the magnetic-field morphology close to the particle acceleration sites, remain open. Here we report the detection of a localized polarization signal from some synchrotron X-ray emitting regions of Tycho’s supernova remnant made by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. The derived degree of polarization of the X-ray synchrotron emission is 9% ± 2% averaged over the whole remnant, and 12% ± 2% at the rim, higher than the value of polarization of 7%–8% observed in the radio band. In the west region, the degree of polarization is 23% ± 4%. The degree of X-ray polarization in Tycho is higher than for Cassiopeia A, suggesting a more ordered magnetic field or a larger maximum turbulence scale. The measured tangential direction of polarization corresponds to the radial magnetic field, and is consistent with that observed in the radio band. These results are compatible with the expectation of turbulence produced by an anisotropic cascade of a radial magnetic field near the shock, where we derive a magnetic-field amplification factor of 3.4 ± 0.3. The fact that this value is significantly smaller than those expected from acceleration models is indicative of highly anisotropic magnetic-field turbulence, or that the emitting electrons either favor regions of lower turbulence, or accumulate close to where the orientation of the magnetic field is preferentially radially oriented due to hydrodynamical instabilities.
Biomarker-guided intervention to prevent acute kidney injury after major surgery (BigpAK-2 trial): study protocol for an international, prospective, randomised controlled multicentre trial
2023-03-01

Introduction Previous studies demonstrated that the implementation of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline-based bundle, consisting of different supportive measures in patients at high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI), might reduce rate and severity of AKI after surgery. However, the effects of the care bundle in broader population of patients undergoing surgery require confirmation. Methods and analysis The BigpAK-2 trial is an international, randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. The trial aims to enrol 1302 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the intensive care or high dependency unit and are at high-risk for postoperative AKI as identified by urinary biomarkers (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2*insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 (TIMP-2)*IGFBP7)). Eligible patients will be randomised to receive either standard of care (control) or a KDIGO-based AKI care bundle (intervention). The primary endpoint is the incidence of moderate or severe AKI (stage 2 or 3) within 72 hours after surgery, according to the KDIGO 2012 criteria. Secondary endpoints include adherence to the KDIGO care bundle, occurrence and severity of any stage of AKI, change in biomarker values during 12 hours after initial measurement of (TIMP-2)*(IGFBP7), number of free days of mechanical ventilation and vasopressors, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), duration of RRT, renal recovery, 30-day and 60-day mortality, intensive care unit length-of-stay and hospital length-of-stay and major adverse kidney events. An add-on study will investigate blood and urine samples from recruited patients for immunological functions and kidney damage. Ethics and dissemination The BigpAK-2 trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Münster and subsequently by the corresponding Ethics Committee of the participating sites. A study amendment was approved subsequently. In the UK, the trial was adopted as an NIHR portfolio study. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and will guide patient care and further research. Trial registration number NCT04647396 .
Is a black hole shadow a reliable test of the no-hair theorem?
2023-03-01

Capturing the image of the shadow cast by the event horizon of an illuminated black hole is, at the most basic level, an experiment of extreme light deflection in a strongly curved spacetime. As such, the properties of an imaged shadow can be used to probe the general relativistic Kerr nature of astrophysical black holes. As an example of this prospect, it is commonly asserted that a shadow can test the validity of the theory's famous ``no hair theorem'' for the black hole's mass and spin multipole moments. In this paper, we assess this statement by calculating the shadow's equatorial radius in spacetimes with an arbitrary multipolar structure and within a slow rotation approximation. We find that when moments higher than the quadrupole are taken into account, the shadow acquires a high degree of degeneracy as a function of the deviation from the Kerr multipole moments. The results of our analysis suggest that dark objects with strongly non-Kerr multipolar structure could nevertheless produce a Kerr-like shadow with its characteristic quasicircular shape.
Attitudes Toward Engagement in Citizen Science Increase Self-Related, Ecology-Related, and Motivation-Related Outcomes in an Urban Wildlife Project
2023-03-01

Abstract Citizen science projects are crucial for engaging citizens in conservation efforts. Although attitudes toward engagement in citizen science were mostly considered an outcome of citizen science participation, citizens may also have a certain attitude toward engagement in citizen science when starting with a citizen science project. Moreover, there is a lack of citizen science studies that consider changes over longer periods of time. Therefore, in this research, we present two-wave data from four field studies of a citizen science project about urban wildlife ecology using cross-lagged panel analyses. We investigated the influence of attitudes toward engagement in citizen science on self-related, ecology-related, and motivation-related outcomes. We found that positive attitudes toward engagement in citizen science at the beginning of the project had positive influences on the participants’ psychological ownership and pride in their participation, their attitudes toward and enthusiasm about wildlife, and their internal and external motivation 2 months later. We discuss the implications for citizen science research and practice.
Estimating Groundwater Recharge in Fully Integrated pde‐Based Hydrological Models
2023-03-01

Abstract Groundwater recharge is the main forcing of regional groundwater flow. In traditional partial‐differential‐equation ( pde )‐based models that treat aquifers as separate compartments, groundwater recharge needs to be defined as a boundary condition or it is a coupling condition to other compartments. Integrated models that treat the vadose and phreatic zones as a continuum allow for a more sophisticated calculation of subsurface fluxes, as feedbacks between both zones are captured. However, they do not contain an explicit groundwater‐recharge term so it needs to be estimated by post‐processing. Groundwater recharge consists of changes in groundwater storage and of the flux crossing the water table, which can be calculated based on hydraulic gradients. We introduce a method to evaluate the change of groundwater storage by a time‐cumulative water balance over the depth section of water table fluctuations, avoiding the use of a specific yield. We demonstrate the approach first by a simple 1‐D vertical model that does not allow for lateral outflow and illustrates the ambiguity of computing groundwater recharge by different methods. We then apply the approach to a 3‐D model with a complex topography and subsurface structure. The latter example shows that groundwater recharge is highly variable in space and time with notable differences between regional and local estimates. Local heterogeneity of topography or subsurface properties results in complex redistribution patterns of groundwater. In fully integrated models, river‐groundwater exchange flow may severely bias the estimate of groundwater recharge. We, therefore, advise masking out groundwater recharge at river locations.
X-Ray Spectral Correlations in a Sample of Low-mass Black Hole X-Ray Binaries in the Hard State
2023-03-01

Abstract The power-law emission and reflection component provide valuable insights into the accretion process around a black hole. In this work, thanks to the broadband spectra coverage of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, we study the spectral properties for a sample of low-mass black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs). We find that there is a positive correlation between the photon index Γ and the reflection fraction R (the ratio of the coronal intensity that illuminates the disk to the coronal intensity that reaches the observer), consistent with previous studies, but except for MAXI J1820+070. It is quite interesting that this source also deviates from the well-known “V”-shaped correlation between the photon index Γ and the X-ray luminosity <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , when it is in the bright hard state. More specifically, the Λ-shaped correlation between Γ and log L X is observed, as the luminosity decreases by a factor of 3 in a narrow range from ∼10 38 to 10 37.5 erg s −1 . Furthermore, we discover a strong positive correlation between R and the X-ray luminosity for BHXRBs in the hard state, which puts a constraint on the disk-corona coupling and the evolution.
Reprise fragments in English and Hungarian: Further support for an in-situ Q-equivalence approach to clausal ellipsis
2023-03-01

We present a comparative analysis of English and Hungarian reprise fragments. We argue that reprise fragments should be afforded the same theoretical treatment as standard (i.e. nonreprise) fragments. Assuming that standard fragmentary answers and questions are remnants of an ellipsis operation that applies to a clause, this entails that reprise fragments are also remnants of clausal ellipsis. We show that the prevailing approach to standard fragments, which assumes that the remnant of ellipsis always undergoes movement (Merchant 2001, 2004), cannot be plausibly extended to explain the crosslinguistic reprise-fragment data. We argue that a theory is required that restricts antecedents to interrogatives and that allows—but crucially does not require—movement of the remnant. Under this account, the differences observed between English and Hungarian reprise and standard fragments follow from independent syntactic differences in how standard and reprise questions are formed in these languages. We therefore provide new evidence to support theories of ellipsis identity that state that only questions make for suitable antecedents for clausal ellipsis (so-called Q-equivalence approaches) and to support sententialist analyses of clausal ellipsis that permit ellipsis to occur around designated constituents (so-called in-situ approaches).*
Foggy connections, cloudy frontiers: On the (non-)adaptation of lexical structures
2023-03-01

While research on possible adaptive processes in language history has recently centered mostly on phonological variables, here, I return the focus on the lexicon in two different ways. First, I take up the familiar theme of the responsiveness of language structure to the local conditions at different elevations of the earth’s surface by exploring further the idea that language communities at high altitudes may tend not to distinguish lexically, as, e.g., English does, between “cloud” and “fog.” Analyses of a global dataset of languages as well as in-depth study of the languages of the Central Andes are consistent in showing a wide spread of colexification of “cloud” and “fog” across elevations, whereas distinguishing languages tend more to be spoken at lower elevations. Statistically, there is global support for the idea that colexification is triggered by high elevation, but a closer look, in particular at the Andean dataset, paints a more nuanced picture. Concretely, it shows that in some language families, there are consistent preferences for either colexifying or distinguishing between “cloud” and “fog.” In particular, the behavior of the large Quechuan family, which ranges across high- and low-elevation environments but still is consistently colexifying, shows no evidence for adaptive processes within language families. This result is open to various interpretations and explanations, for they suggest lineage-specific preferences for or against colexification that run counter to global trends. It is also at odds with the notions of “efficient communication” and “communicative need” as far as they relate to lexical categories and bars mechanistic or deterministic views on the processes in which the categories of languages are molded.