julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Common Neuroprotective Effects of Endothelin Receptor A Blockade and Erythropoietin During Hypoxia-Associated Cell Injury. Perspectives of Combined Treatment
2006-01-01

In the last decade, numerous findings opened new perspectives for neuroprotection in the treatment of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke, neurotrauma, and Alzheimer's disease.The concept of neuroprotection includes a multitude of processes leading to the protection of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) against degeneration and death or/and compensation of the functional loss by generation of new functionally active cells.Over more than 10 years of investigations of the local endothelin (ET) system in the CNS have shown a stong involvment of this potent vasoconstrictor in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury.ET-1 was shown to be markedly up-regulated after ischemic brain injury [1,2].However, the literature data concerning the effects of ET-1 during ischemic damage are contradictory: Some of them show that the exogenous application of ET-1 can lead to an exacerbation of ischemic damage [3,4] and that the blockade of ETA/B-receptors (ETA/B-R) reduces the focal cerebral ischemic injury [5].In contrast, Ho et al. [6] demonstrated that ET-1 protects against ischemic injury and that up-regulation of astrocytic ET-1 expression is essential for the survival of astrocytes.ET-1-deprived astrocytes were more vulnerable to hypoxia and ischemia.Both ET receptor types (ETA-and ETB-R) appear to play an important role in the functions of different types of cells, CNS cells inclusively.ET-R subtypes can regulate the control of glutamate clearance[7], dopaminergic activity[8], and cell survival during different types of injury [9,12].During degenerative diseases of the brain, accompanied by decreased oxygen supply, disturbances of brain-specific homeostasis, and cell death, the renewal of cell populations may provide a balance between the functionally active and apoptotic cells.Despite numerous studies demonstrating the critical role of astrocytic apoptosis in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic disorders such as cerebral ischemia or Alzheimer's disease (for review see [10,11]), the mechanisms regulating the astrocytic survival and their capacity to counteract pathological situations are not well understood.
A quantitative approach to preposition-pronoun contraction in Polish
2006-01-01

This paper presents the current results of an ongoing research project on corpus distribution of prepositions and pronouns within Polish preposition-pronoun contractions. The goal of the project is to provide a quantitative description of Polish preposition-pronoun contractions taking into consideration morphosyntactic properties of their components. It is expected that the results will provide a basis for a revision of the traditionally assumed inflectional paradigms of Polish pronouns and, thus, for a possible remodeling of these paradigms. The results of corpus-based investigations of the distribution of prepositions within preposition-pronoun contractions can be used for grammar-theoretical and lexicographic purposes.
Primary Systemic Therapy in Breast Cancer
2006-01-01

Initially, only patients with inflammatory or inoperable locally advanced breast cancer were candidates for preoperative chemotherapy. The aim was to downstage tumors to make a surgical procedure feasible. Currently, preoperative therapy is administrated to an increasing number of patients. The monitoring of the treatment serves as an in vivo test. The prognosis of patients is the same as with adjuvant therapy. The rate of pathologically complete remission is increasing with more experience with the neoadjuvant treatment. New drugs contributed to the development of such treatment strategies.
Constraint-based computational semantics
2006-01-01

This paper compares two approaches to computational semantics, namely semantic unification in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars (LTAG) and Lexical Resource Semantics (LRS) in HPSG.There are striking similarities between the frameworks that make them comparable in many respects.We will exemplify the differences and similarities by looking at several phenomena.We will show, first of all, that many intuitions about the mechanisms of semantic computations can be implemented in similar ways in both frameworks.Secondly, we will identify some aspects in which the frameworks intrinsically differ due to more general differences between the approaches to formal grammar adopted by LTAG and HPSG.
Towards case-based parsing
2006-01-01

This paper presents an approach to the question whether it is possible to construct a parser based on ideas from case-based reasoning. Such a parser would employ a partial analysis of the input sentence to select a (nearly) complete syntax tree and then adapt this tree to the input sentence. The experiments performed on German data from the Tüba-D/Z treebank and the KaRoPars partial parser show that a wide range of levels of generality can be reached, depending on which types of information are used to determine the similarity between input sentence and training sentences. The results are such that it is possible to construct a case-based parser. The optimal setting out of those presented here need to be determined empirically.
Fast falsification based on symbolic bounded property checking
2006-01-01

Symbolic property verification is an increasingly popular debugging method based on Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs). The lack of optimization of the state space search is often responsible for the excessive growth of the BDDs. In this paper we present an accelerated symbolic property verification by means of a new guiding technique that automatically finds the set of interesting variables by exploiting the property and the transition relation of a design. Our property based state space guiding can substantially speed up the verification process. The heuristic picks up the interesting state or the input variables automatically and utilizes them in guiding the state space traversal. This guiding approach is a novel one as it is automatic, efficient and stable for fast falsification. Furthermore it does not degrade as much for full validation.
Don't negate imperatives! Imperatives and the semantics of negative markers
2006-01-01

Languages cross-linguistically differ with respect to whether they accept or ban True Negative Imperatives (TNIs). In this paper I show that this ban follows from three generally accepted assumptions: (i) the fact that the operator that encodes the illocutionary force of an imperative universally takes scope from C°; (ii) the fact that this operator may not be operated on by a negative operator and (iii) the Head Movement Constraint (an instance of Relativized Minimality). In my paper I argue that languages differ too with respect to both the syntactic status (head/phrasal) and the semantic value (negative/non-negative) of their negative markers. Given these difference across languages and the analysis of TNIs based on the three above mentioned assumptions, two typological generalisations can be predicted: (i) every language with an overt negative marker X° that is semantically negative bans TNIs; and (ii) every language that bans TNIs exhibits an overt negative marker X°. I demonstrate in my paper that both typological predictions are born out.&#x0D;
Nano Sized Powder Additives of SiC and Diamond to MgB2 as Artificially Inductor of Pinning Force for the Dense Samples Obtained by High Pressure Technologies
2006-01-01

The nano‐powder additives of SiC (11nm) and diamond (6 nm) were mixed with Mg and amorphous B powders in the production route of MgB2 bulk and wires samples. Special attention was paid to the precursor powders with the respect to chemical purity, grain morphology and secondary phases. Commercially available MgB2 powders (ex‐situ technology) and also mixtures of MgH2 and amorphous B powders (in‐situ technology) were applied as the starting precursors. Electron microscopy was used extensively for the characterization of these powders applying both SEM and TEM analysis. Superconducting bulks and wires samples have been produced, by hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing and hydrostatic extrusion processes. High grain refinement and density in the final wire samples have been achieved by the severe plastic deformation (reduction over 99.98%) with the use of the cumulative (multi‐step) hydrostatic extrusion. Superconducting properties of these samples were measured, with particular attention paid to the Jc(B) characteristics. Critical currents at lower and higher magnetic fields depended sensitively on the amount of the additives and grain refinement. TEM imaging and electron spectroscopic imaging were used to evaluate the size and distribution of the both of additives within the microstructure. The strain field of the additives resulted from the misfit in thermal expansion coefficient between the additives and the MgB2 matrix was imaged in bright and dark field TEM and is particularly important for the flux‐pinning properties of these materials. Influence of such synthesis parameters as pressure, temperature and time on the superconducting properties and the morphology of the products were examined and obtained results were compared. This allowed to choose the optimal conditions for the improvement of the bulk MgB2 characteristics of the wire samples.
Autoimmune Neuromuscular Conduction Disorders
2006-01-01

This chapter contains section titled: Abstract Background and objectives Materials and methods Myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Neuromyotonia (peripheral nerve hyperexcitability)/Isaacs syndrome
Dealing with Temporal Change in Product Documentation for Manufacturing
2006-01-01

Product documentation for manufacturing is sub-ject to temporal change: Exchange of parts by successor models, shift from in-house production to external procurement, or assembly line recon-figuration are just a few examples. In this pa-per we show how DaimlerChrysler AG manages configuration for manufacturing of their Mercedes lines. Furthermore, we identify typical situations of change, their representation on the product doc-umentation level, and how to keep the documen-tation consistent over time. We then develop two verification methods for computing the induced change at the parts level. Finally, we show how our methods can be applied to handle model year change and production relocation. 1
Synthesis and Solid-State Structure of 5-Methyl-2-(4-nitroimidazol-1-yl)thiazole
2006-01-01

The title compound, C7H6N4O2S, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group Cc, with cell constants a = 3.9122(9)Å, b = 19.949(10)Å, c = 11.323(3)Å, β = 99.47(3)°, and Z = 4. The regioselective formation of this compound might be the result of steric and electronic considerations.
Long-standing Intraspinal Glass Fragments Causing Subsequent Radiculopathy After Dorsal Stabilization-Case Report-
2006-01-01

A 37-year-old female presented with a history of lumbar intraspinal glass fragments due to an accident in childhood. The patient developed progressive right convexity thoracolumbar scoliosis during puberty. Twenty-eight years after the accident, horizontalization of this deformity was performed by dorsal stabilization. Postoperatively the patient complained of acute L-5 radiculopathy. Radiological examination detected multiple glass fragments intra- and extradurally around the L3-4 levels with compression of the dural sac. Microsurgical removal of the extra- and intradural glass fragments led to complete relief of the radicular pain. Foreign bodies can become symptomatic due to changes in the status of the spine, especially during growth in young patients.
Metastatic Breast Cancer – Highlights at ASCO 2006
2006-01-01

Several contributions regarding metastatic breast cancer at this year's annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were dealing with further optimizing the treatment of HER2-positive patients. Other contributions were concentrating on the improvement of classical treatments, such as chemotherapy or supportive therapies. In a randomized phase III study with anthracyline- and taxane-pretreated HER2-positive patients progressing on trastuzumab (Herceptin®), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib in combination with capecitabine was superior to capecitabine alone. A randomized phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) showed that paclitaxel/ capecitabine was as effective as epirubicin/paclitaxel and equally well tolerated in the first-line setting in highrisk metastatic breast cancer patients. In a randomized phase II study in patients with bone metastases, the humanized antibody denosumab proved to be equal to intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. Denosumab was well tolerated, and none of the patients developed antidenosumab antibodies.
1013. Comparison of VP22 Intercellular Spreading in Live Versus Fixed Cells
2006-01-01

The property of the HSV-1 tegument protein VP22 of intercellular trafficking makes it a promising tool to overcome low transduction efficiencies in gene therapy. Over the last decade this distinctive ability of VP22 has been a prominent object of numerous investigations. However, recent reports not only proclaim (i) that VP22 cannot facilitate intercellular spreading, but (ii) that trafficking of VP22 fusion proteins results from artefacts of cell fixation only. To unravel this situation and to provide direct evidence for the presence or absence of VP22 mediated intercellular trafficking we generated an adenoviral vector with a dual expression cassette for VP22-GFP and DsRed both being under the control of distinct hCMV-promoters. Using this new vector type we were able to investigate not only the extent of VP22 mediated intercellular spreading by live fluorescence microscopy and FACS, but also onone and the same cells whether or not fixation (e.g., with paraformaldehyde) does influence VP22 mediated intercellular spreading. Our results clearly demonstrate that VP22-GFP can spread from less than 4% primary transduced cells to more than 70% cells of a cellular monolayer and that fixation with paraformaldehyde has no influence on VP22 mediated spreading. Thereby, we confirm the unique ability of VP22 mediated intercellular trafficking.
Identification and characterisation of localisation signals in ataxin-3, the affected protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
2006-01-01

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG stretch in the MJD1 gene encoding a polyglutamine repeat in the respective ataxin-3 protein. SCA3 therefore belongs to the group of the so called polyglutamine diseases.
Latent Semantic Clustering of German Verbs with Treebank Data
2006-01-01

Treebank data have been utilized as data sources for a wide range of tasks in computational linguistics, including statistical parsing, anaphora resolution, induction of valence lexica, etc. More recently, researchers have experimented with extracting semantic information from syntactically annotated data. Here, treebank data
How simulation can contribute to make health care an High Reliability Organisation undertaking.
2006-01-01

Patient Safety and its systems perspective have become one of the top issues in health care in the last years. No diagnosis has ever been so much neglected as the diagnosis “error in healthcare”. Systematic approaches to patient safety and the introduction of simulators went parallel, at least in anesthesia, were the concept of CRM-oriented, video-assisted team training started. In the beginning the assumption was, that simulation would increase the performance of individuals and teams. Now there are possibilities where simulation could have a much wider influence on the health care system and contribute to transform the health care industry into a High Reliability Organisation. There are 7 levels, where simulation can and should have an influence on patient safety: 1) Simulation and the Personal perspective 2) Simulation and the Team perspective 3) Simulation and the Department perspective 4) Simulation and the Organisational perspective 5) Simulation and the Safety Culture perspective 6) Simulation and the Ergonomics and Equipment perspective 7) Simulation and the Research and Development perspective. A special focus could be a) simulation and its bilateral connection with modern incident reporting systems, b) the use of the debriefing/facilitation techniques for learning from everyday cases in the real world (every case is a learning case) and c) the use of simulation for retrospective and prospective error analysis and counter measure development.
[Molecular pathological analysis of neoplastic mast cells with regard to the actual WHO classification of mast cell neoplasias].
2006-01-01

Detection of activating c-kit mutation D816 V is one of five criteria for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis (SM). The aims of this study were to (I) establish molecular methods for the detection of these mutations in paraffin-embedded biopsies, (II) determine the frequency of these mutations in mastocytoses and control tissues, (III) determine the frequency of these mutations in laser-microdissected lesional and nonlesional mast cells (MC), and (IV) investigate these matutions as a marker for clonality in cases with SM and associated clonal hematologic non-mast cell lineage diseases (SM-AHNMD). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies of 48 patients with cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), 55 cases with various forms of SM, and 239 controls were investigated by PNA-mediated PCR-clamping. In addition, nested PCR amplified DNA of pooled microdissected single mast cells (MC) was investigated by melting point analysis. Activating c-kit mutation codon 816 mutations were detected in 38 % (18/48) of CM, in 91% (50/55) of SM, in 5 % (2/39) of MC hyperplasia and in none of 200 hematologic non-MC neoplasias. c-kit mutations were detected significantly more frequent in lesional MC as compared to non-lesional MC (p = 0,003). In 6/15 (40 %) cases with SM-AHNMD the same c-kit mutations were detected in microdissected MC and AHNMD cells. This study underlines the concept of the actual WHO classification of mastocytoses. By establishing methods for the detection of c-kit codon 816 mutations in paraffin-embedded tissues, the pathologist holds a central position in the diagnosis of systemic mastocytoses.
Chapter 6: Cellular Automata and Related Models
2006-01-01

In Chapters 2 and 3, we saw models that describe the state of a system in time (e.g., the number of individuals as a function of time). However, in some applications, space is important as well. In Chapter 4, we saw how PDEs can be used to describe systems that depend on both time and space. In this chapter, we consider another way to include spatial information in a mathematical model, namely, with cellular automata.
he Role of Single-Photon mission Computed Tomography/Computed omography in Benign and Malignant Bone Disease
2006-01-01

Radiological (plain radiographs, computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and nuclear medicine methods (bone scan, leukocyte scan) both provide unique information about the status of the skeleton. Both have typical strengths and weaknesses, which often lead to the sequential use of different procedures in daily routine. This use causes the unnecessary loss of time and sometimes money, if redundant information is obtained without establishing a final diagnosis. Recently, new devices for hybrid imaging (single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography [SPECT/CT], positron emission tomography/computed tomography [PET/CT]) were introduced, which allow for direct fusion of morphological (CT) and functional (SPECT, PET) data sets. With regard to skeletal abnormalities, this approach appears to be extremely useful because it combines the advantages of both techniques (high-resolution imaging of bone morphology and high sensitivity imaging of bone metabolism). By the accurate correlation of both, a new quality of bone imaging has now become accessible. Although researchers undertaking the initial studies exclusively used low-dose CT equipment, a new generation of SPECT/CT devices has emerged recently. By integrating high-resolution spiral CT, quality of bone imaging may improve once more. Ongoing prospective studies will have to show whether completely new diagnostic algorithms will come up for classification of bone disease as a consequence of this development. Besides, the role of ultrasonography and MRI for bone and soft-tissue imaging also will have to be re-evaluated. Looking at the final aim of all imaging techniques—to achieve correct diagnosis in a fast, noninvasive, comprehensive, and inexpensive way—we are now on the edge of a new era of multimodality imaging that will probably change the paths and structure of medicine in many ways. Presently, hybrid imaging using SPECT/CT has been proven to increase sensitivity and specificity of bone scintigraphy. This was mainly achieved by identifying benign bone conditions with increased bone turnover. Therefore, SPECT/CT should be applied whenever equivocal findings of planar bone imaging occur. It also helps to improve accuracy of leukocyte scanning to detect/exclude osteomyelitis and to define sites of inflammation. We therefore regard SPECT/CT as a valuable tool to optimize bone imaging, which might become even more important if new radiopharmaceuticals become available to image specific cell functions. Semin Nucl Med 36:286-294 © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Life conduct in modern times
2006-01-01

We read, but we are also read by others. Interferences of these readings. Forcing someone to read himself as he is read (slavehood). Forcing the others to read me as I read myself (conquest). 1 Simone
How semantics dictates the syntactic vocabulary
2006-01-01

In this paper I argue that the set of formal features that can head a functional projection is not given by UG but derived through L1 acquisition. I formulate a hypothesis that says that initially every functional category F is realised as a semantic feature [F]; whenever there is an overt doubling effect in the L1 input with respect to F, this semantic feature [F] is reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uF]. In the first part of the paper I provide a theoretical motivation for this hypothesis, in the second part I test this proposal for a case-study, namely the cross-linguistic distribution of Negative Concord (NC). I demonstrate that in NC languages negation has been reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uNEG], whereas in Double Negation languages this feature remains a semantic feature [NEG] (always interpreted as a negative operator), thus paving the way for an explanation of NC in terms of syntactic agreement. In the third part I discuss that the application of the hypothesis to the phenomenon of negation yields two predictions that can be tested empirically. First I demonstrate that negative markers X° can be available only in NC languages; second, independent change of the syntactic status of negative markers, can invoke a change with respect to the exhibition of NC in a particular language. Both predictions are proven to be correct. I finally argue what the consequences of the proposal presented in this paper are for both the syntactic structure of the clause and second for the way parameters are associated to lexical items.&#x0D;