julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Formation of Anionic Zerovalent Group 10 Complexes as Highly Reactive Intermediates
2015-03-02

The in situ generated CNC pincer lithium complex [Li(bimca)] (2) (bimca = bis(3-methylimidazolin-2-ylidene)carbazolide) reacts with M = Pt(0), Pd(0), and Ni(0) precursors under formal oxidative addition to (bimca)hydrido M(II) complexes 3. This unusual reaction involves proton abstraction that can derive from various sources including the ligand itself. Mechanistic considerations are given. The respective [M(bmica)Cl] complexes 4 have been prepared from the hydrido complexes 3 and subjected to reduction in order to identify a proposed zerovalent anionic [M(bimca)]− complex. In the case of M = Pt, only the (bimca)hydrido Pt(II) complex is observed, whereas, for [Pd(bimca)Cl], a dimeric Pd(0) complex [Pd2(bimca)2]K2 (6) bearing an anionic carbazole moiety is formed in the solid state. NMR DOSY experiments show that, in solution, this dimer dissociates to the monomeric anionic complex [Pd(bimca)]− (5b). We conclude that such anionic zerovalent complexes are plausible intermediates in the synthesis of group 10 metal(II) complexes from the respective metal(0) species with anionic CNC ligands.
The Red‐Fluorescing Marine Fish Tripterygion delaisi can Perceive its Own Red Fluorescent Colour
2015-03-02

Abstract Many marine fishes show conspicuous red fluorescent body patterns. Recent work suggests that red fluorescence may be used as a visual colour cue in these species. Very few studies, however, have as yet been able to demonstrate that red fluorescent fish can actually perceive their own fluorescence. This is the first study to our knowledge in which a red fluorescent fish is trained to assess whether it can recognize red fluorescence. We used the triplefin Tripterygion delaisi , a species with conspicuous red fluorescent eye rings. Training and testing involved repeated binary choices between grey and red fluorescence cues. The training and testing were carried out under broad spectral illumination. The final testing phase involved cyan light illumination, mimicking natural ambient light at depth. When testing all nine combinations of three grey brightness levels against three red fluorescence brightness levels, individuals made significantly more correct choices than the random expectation under broad as well as cyan illumination. Under cyan illumination, fish trained on red chose the correct cue more often compared to fish trained on grey. An analysis of the effect of the brightness levels suggests that fish did indeed make their choices based on chromatic more than achromatic cues: The three grey levels did not affect the proportion of correct choices. We conclude that T. delaisi can perceive and respond to levels of fluorescence that are similar to its own. We also discuss the difficulties that can arise from using a binary choice design on a fish with a cryptobenthic lifestyle. We argue in favour of using sequential choice designs in future studies of T. delaisi .
Evidence for the Formation of Anionic Zerovalent Group 10 Complexes as Highly Reactive Intermediates
2015-03-02

The in situ generated CNC pincer lithium complex [Li(bimca)] (2) (bimca = bis(3-methylimidazolin-2-ylidene)carbazolide) reacts with M = Pt(0), Pd(0), and Ni(0) precursors under formal oxidative addition to (bimca)hydrido M(II) complexes 3. This unusual reaction involves proton abstraction that can derive from various sources including the ligand itself. Mechanistic considerations are given. The respective [M(bmica)Cl] complexes 4 have been prepared from the hydrido complexes 3 and subjected to reduction in order to identify a proposed zerovalent anionic [M(bimca)]− complex. In the case of M = Pt, only the (bimca)hydrido Pt(II) complex is observed, whereas, for [Pd(bimca)Cl], a dimeric Pd(0) complex [Pd2(bimca)2]K2 (6) bearing an anionic carbazole moiety is formed in the solid state. NMR DOSY experiments show that, in solution, this dimer dissociates to the monomeric anionic complex [Pd(bimca)]− (5b). We conclude that such anionic zerovalent complexes are plausible intermediates in the synthesis of group 1...
Combination of a multimode antenna and TIAMO for traveling‐wave imaging at 9.4 Tesla
2015-03-02

Purpose To investigate the performance of a multimode antenna combined with time‐interleaved acquisition of modes (TIAMO) for improved 1 H image homogeneity as compared to conventional traveling‐wave imaging in the human brain at 9.4 Tesla (T). Methods An adjustable three‐port antenna was built to stimulate the propagation of three basic waveguide modes within a 9.4 T scanner bore. For TIAMO, two time‐interleaved acquisitions using different linear combinations of these modes were optimized to achieve a homogeneous rooted sum‐of‐squares combination of their patterns ( ). The antenna's transmit and receive performance, as well as local specific absorption rate, were analyzed using experiments and numerical simulations. Results The optimized TIAMO combination was superior to radiofrequency shimming. Across the entire brain, it improved the homogeneity of the excitation field by a factor of two and its maximum‐to‐minimum ratio by almost a factor of five as compared to the circularly polarized mode. The two‐fold increase in “virtual” receive channels enhanced the parallel imaging performance and enabled the use of higher acceleration factors. Conclusion Despite the limited number of channels, a remote three‐port antenna combined with TIAMO represents an easily implementable setup to achieve void‐free 1 H images from the entire brain at 9.4 T, which can be used for anatomical localization and B 0 shimming. Magn Reson Med 75:452–462, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ice flow models and glacial erosion over multiple glacial–interglacial cycles
2015-03-02

Abstract. Mountain topography is constructed through a variety of interacting processes. Over glaciological timescales, even simple representations of glacial-flow physics can reproduce many of the distinctive features formed through glacial erosion. However, detailed comparisons at orogen time and length scales hold potential for quantifying the influence of glacial physics in landscape evolution models. We present a comparison using two different numerical models for glacial flow over single and multiple glaciations, within a modified version of the ICE-Cascade landscape evolution model. This model calculates not only glaciological processes but also hillslope and fluvial erosion and sediment transport, isostasy, and temporally and spatially variable orographic precipitation. We compare the predicted erosion patterns using a modified SIA as well as a nested, 3-D Stokes flow model calculated using COMSOL Multiphysics. Both glacial-flow models predict different patterns in time-averaged erosion rates. However, these results are sensitive to the climate and the ice temperature. For warmer climates with more sliding, the higher-order model yields erosion rates that vary spatially and by almost an order of magnitude from those of the SIA model. As the erosion influences the basal topography and the ice deformation affects the ice thickness and extent, the higher-order glacial model can lead to variations in total ice-covered area that are greater than 30% those of the SIA model, again with larger differences for temperate ice. Over multiple glaciations and long timescales, these results suggest that higher-order glacial physics should be considered, particularly in temperate, mountainous settings.
Intraoperative model based identification of tissue properties based on multimodal and multiscale measurements
2015-03-02

Besides the many advantages minimally invasive surgery offers, the surgeon suffers from the loss of information, visual and mechanical (haptic feedback). The latter is an important tool, which helps the surgeon to localize tissue abnormalities (benign vs. malign tissue). We are aiming to generate a reliable constitutive FE model of the organ describing its mechanical properties by employing multiple elastographic measurement techniques at different scales (cell, tissue, and organ). A silicon phantom has been generated for the purpose of testing the transfer of information (delivery and processing of data). The stress-strain curve was recorded and embedded in the FE Model (Arruda-Boyce). A 2D displacement map was experimentally obtained from the phantom, which was in good agreement with the FE simulation.
The Fall of a Dogma? Unexpected High T-Cell Memory Response toStaphylococcus aureusin Humans
2015-03-03

The large number of S. aureus antigen-reactive memory T-lymphocytes is likely to influence the course of S. aureus infection. To enable rational vaccine design, the naturally acquired human T-cell memory needs to be explored at high priority.
Sec14-nodulin proteins and the patterning of phosphoinositide landmarks for developmental control of membrane morphogenesis
2015-03-04

Polarized membrane morphogenesis is a fundamental activity of eukaryotic cells. This process is essential for the biology of cells and tissues, and its execution demands exquisite temporal coordination of functionally diverse membrane signaling reactions with high spatial resolution. Moreover, mechanisms must exist to establish and preserve such organization in the face of randomizing forces that would diffuse it. Here we identify the conserved AtSfh1 Sec14-nodulin protein as a novel effector of phosphoinositide signaling in the extreme polarized membrane growth program exhibited by growing Arabidopsis root hairs. The data are consistent with Sec14-nodulin proteins controlling the lateral organization of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P 2 ) landmarks for polarized membrane morphogenesis in plants. This patterning activity requires both the PtdIns(4,5)P 2 binding and homo-oligomerization activities of the AtSfh1 nodulin domain and is an essential aspect of the polarity signaling program in root hairs. Finally, the data suggest a general principle for how the phosphoinositide signaling landscape is physically bit mapped so that eukaryotic cells are able to convert a membrane surface into a high-definition lipid-signaling screen.
Glycan Engagement Dictates Hydrocephalus Induction by Serotype 1 Reovirus
2015-03-04

ABSTRACT Receptors expressed on the host cell surface adhere viruses to target cells and serve as determinants of viral tropism. Several viruses bind cell surface glycans to facilitate entry, but the contribution of specific glycan moieties to viral disease is incompletely understood. Reovirus provides a tractable experimental model for studies of viral neuropathogenesis. In newborn mice, serotype 1 (T1) reovirus causes hydrocephalus, whereas serotype 3 (T3) reovirus causes encephalitis. T1 and T3 reoviruses engage distinct glycans, suggesting that glycan-binding capacity contributes to these differences in pathogenesis. Using structure-guided mutagenesis, we engineered a mutant T1 reovirus incapable of binding the T1 reovirus-specific glycan receptor, GM2. The mutant virus induced substantially less hydrocephalus than wild-type virus, an effect phenocopied by wild-type virus infection of GM2-deficient mice. In comparison to wild-type virus, yields of mutant virus were diminished in cultured ependymal cells, the cell type that lines the brain ventricles. These findings suggest that GM2 engagement targets reovirus to ependymal cells in mice and illuminate the function of glycan engagement in reovirus serotype-dependent disease. IMPORTANCE Receptor utilization strongly influences viral disease, often dictating host range and target cell selection. Different reovirus serotypes bind to different glycans, but a precise function for these molecules in pathogenesis is unknown. We used type 1 (T1) reovirus deficient in binding the GM2 glycan and mice lacking GM2 to pinpoint a role for glycan engagement in hydrocephalus caused by T1 reovirus. This work indicates that engagement of a specific glycan can lead to infection of specific cells in the host and consequent disease at that site. Since reovirus is being developed as a vaccine vector and oncolytic agent, understanding reovirus-glycan interactions may allow manipulation of reovirus glycan-binding properties for therapeutic applications.
How space-number associations may be created in preliterate children: six distinct mechanisms
2015-03-05

The directionality of space-number association (SNA) is shaped by cultural experiences. It usually follows the culturally dominant reading direction. Smaller numbers are generally associated with the starting side for reading (left side in Western cultures), while larger numbers are associated with the right endpoint side. However, SNAs consistent with cultural reading directions are present before children can actually read and write. Therefore, these SNAs cannot only be shaped by the direction of childrenâs own reading/writing behavior. We propose six distinct processes â one biological and five cultural/educational â underlying directional SNAs before formal reading acquisition: (i) Brain lateralization, (ii) Monitoring adult reading behavior, (iii) Pretend reading and writing, and rudimentary reading and writing skills, (iv) Dominant attentional directional preferences in a society, not directly related to reading direction, (v) Direct spatial-numerical learning, (vi) Other spatial-directional processes independent of reading direction. In this mini-review, we will differentiate between these processes, elaborate when in development they might emerge, discuss how they may create the SNAs observed in preliterate children and propose how they can be studied in the future.
Targeted Ablation of the Pde6h Gene in Mice Reveals Cross-species Differences in Cone and Rod Phototransduction Protein Isoform Inventory
2015-03-05

Phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) is a multisubunit enzyme that plays a key role in the visual transduction cascade in rod and cone photoreceptors. Each type of photoreceptor utilizes discrete catalytic and inhibitory PDE6 subunits to fulfill its physiological tasks, i.e. the degradation of cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate at specifically tuned rates and kinetics. Recently, the human PDE6H gene was identified as a novel locus for autosomal recessive (incomplete) color blindness. However, the three different classes of cones were not affected to the same extent. Short wave cone function was more preserved than middle and long wave cone function indicating that some basic regulation of the PDE6 multisubunit enzyme was maintained albeit by a unknown mechanism. To study normal and disease-related functions of cone Pde6h in vivo, we generated Pde6h knock-out (Pde6h(-/-)) mice. Expression of PDE6H in murine eyes was restricted to both outer segments and synaptic terminals of short and long/middle cone photoreceptors, whereas Pde6h(-/-) retinae remained PDE6H-negative. Combined in vivo assessment of retinal morphology with histomorphological analyses revealed a normal overall integrity of the retinal organization and an unaltered distribution of the different cone photoreceptor subtypes upon Pde6h ablation. In contrast to human patients, our electroretinographic examinations of Pde6h(-/-) mice suggest no defects in cone/rod-driven retinal signaling and therefore preserved visual functions. To this end, we were able to demonstrate the presence of rod PDE6G in cones indicating functional substitution of PDE6. The disparities between human and murine phenotypes caused by mutant Pde6h/PDE6H suggest species-to-species differences in the vulnerability of biochemical and neurosensory pathways of the visual signal transduction system.
Differential influences of unilateral tDCS over the intraparietal cortex on numerical cognition
2015-03-05

Recent neuro-imaging research identified the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) to be a key area associated with number processing. However, causal structure-function relationships are hard to evaluate from neuro-imaging techniques such as fMRI. Nevertheless, brain stimulation methods like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) allow for investigating the functional relevance of the IPS for number processing. Following up on a study using bilateral bi-cephalic tDCS over the IPS, the current study aimed at evaluating the differential lateralized functional contributions of the left and right IPS to number processing using unilateral bi-cephalic tDCS over either the left or right IPS. Results indicated a right lateralization for the processing of the place-value structure of the Arabic number system. Importantly, the processing of number magnitude information was not affected by unilateral IPS corroborating the assumption that number magnitude is processed in the bilateral IPS. Taken together, these data suggest that even though number magnitude is represented bilaterally, the left and right IPS seem to contribute differentially to numerical cognition with respect to the processing of specific other aspects of numerical information.
Microscopic brain structure revisited in genetic epilepsy
2015-03-05

There are usually no structural changes detectable on an individual MRI scan of a patient with idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsy (IGE/GGE) or simple febrile seizures. This observation is also used as a diagnostic criterion for this type of epilepsy, and more broadly also for other types of genetic epilepsies.1 However, slight morphologic changes can be detected as group effects in comparison to normal controls, using, for example, postmortem histologic investigations2 and in vivo MRI scans of human brains.3,4 In this issue of Neurology ®, Wimmer et al.5 add a new aspect to this long-term ongoing discussion by reporting changes in the number of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in different cortical layers in a mouse model of genetic epilepsy.
Platelets in Inflammation and Atherogenesis
2015-03-06

Platelets contribute to processes beyond thrombus formation and may play a so far underestimated role as an immune cell in various circumstances. This review outlines immune functions of platelets in host defense, but also how they may contribute to mechanisms of infectious diseases. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction of platelets with other immune cells. Furthermore, this article outlines the features of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory vascular disease highlighting the role of platelet crosstalk with cellular and soluble factors involved in atheroprogression. Understanding, how platelets influence these processes of vascular remodeling will shed light on their role for tissue homeostasis beyond intravascular thrombosis. Finally, translational implications of platelet-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis are discussed.
Dynamical vertex approximation in its parquet implementation: Application to Hubbard nanorings
2015-03-06

We have implemented the dynamical vertex approximation (D A) in its\\nfull parquet-based version to include spatial correlations on all length scales\\nand in {\\\\sl all} scattering channels. The algorithm is applied to study the\\nelectronic self-energies and the spectral properties of finite-size\\none-dimensional Hubbard models with periodic boundary conditions (nanoscopic\\nHubbard rings). From a methodological point of view, our calculations and their\\ncomparison to the results obtained within dynamical mean-field theory, plain\\nparquet approximation, and the exact numerical solution, allow us to evaluate\\nthe performance of the D A algorithm in the most challenging situation\\nof low dimensions. From a physical perspective, our results unveil how\\nnon-local correlations affect the spectral properties of nanoscopic systems of\\nvarious sizes in different regimes of interaction strength.\\n
Human Placenta-Derived CD146-Positive Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Display a Distinct Osteogenic Differentiation Potential
2015-03-06

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can be differentiated in vitro into a variety of cell types, including adipocytes or osteoblasts. Our recent studies indicated that a high expression of CD146 on MSCs from bone marrow correlates with their robust osteogenic differentiation potential. We therefore investigated if expression of CD146 on MSCs from the placenta correlates with a similar osteogenic differentiation potential. The MSCs were isolated specifically from the endometrial and fetal parts of human term placenta and expanded in separate cultures and compared with MSCs from bone marrow as controls. The expression of cell surface antigens was investigated by flow cytometry. Differentiation of MSCs was documented by cytochemistry and analysis of typical lineage marker genes. CD146-positive MSCs were separated from CD146-negative cells by magnet-assisted cell sorts (MACS). We report that the expression of CD146 is associated with a higher osteogenic differentiation potential in human placenta-derived MSCs (pMSCs) and the CD146(pos) pMSCs generated a mineralized extracellular matrix, whereas the CD146(neg) pMSCs failed to do so. In contrast, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of pMSCs was not different in CD146(pos) compared with CD146(neg) pMSCs. Upon enrichment of pMSCs by MACS, the CD146(neg) and CD146(pos) populations maintained their expression levels for this antigen for several passages in vitro. We conclude that CD146(pos) pMSCs either respond to osteogenic stimuli more vividly or, alternatively, CD146(pos) pMSCs present a pMSC subset that is predetermined to differentiate into osteoblasts.
Anterior insular cortex regulation in autism spectrum disorders
2015-03-06

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) comprise a heterogeneous set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by dramatic impairments of interpersonal behavior, communication, and empathy. Recent neuroimaging studies suggested that ASD are disorders characterized by widespread abnormalities involving distributed brain network, though clear evidence of differences in large-scale brain network interactions underlying the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of ASD are still lacking. Consistent findings of anterior insula cortex hypoactivation and dysconnectivity during tasks related to emotional and social processing indicates its dysfunctional role in ASD. In parallel, increasing evidence showed that successful control of anterior insula activity can be attained using real-time fMRI paradigms. More importantly, successful regulation of this region was associated with changes in behavior and brain connectivity in both healthy individuals and psychiatric patients. Building on these results we here propose and discuss the use of real-time fMRI neurofeedback in ASD aiming at improving emotional and social behavior.