julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The current clinical approach to feeding and eating disorders aimed to increase personalization of management
2025-01-15

Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are a heterogeneous grouping of disorders at the mind‐body interface, with typical onset from childhood into emerging adulthood. They occur along a spectrum of disordered eating and compensatory weight management behaviors, and from low to high body weight. Psychiatric comorbidities are the norm. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, first‐line treatments for FEDs are mainly psychological and/or nutrition‐focused, with medications playing a minor adjunctive role. Patients, carers and clinicians all have identified personalization of treatment as a priority. Yet, for all FEDs, the evidence base supporting this personalization is limited. Importantly, disordered eating and related behaviors can have serious physical consequences and may put the patient's life at risk. In these cases, immediate safety and risk management considerations may at least for a period need to be prioritized over other efforts at personalization of care. This paper systematically reviews several key domains that may be relevant to the characterization of the individual patient with a FED aimed at personalization of management. These domains include symptom profile, clinical subtypes, severity, clinical staging, physical complications and consequences, antecedent and concomitant psychiatric conditions, social functioning and quality of life, neurocognition, social cognition and emotion, dysfunctional cognitive schemata, personality traits, family history, early environmental exposures, recent environmental exposures, stigma, and protective factors. Where possible, validated assessment measures for use in clinical practice are identified. The limitations of the current evidence are pointed out, and possible directions for future research are highlighted. These also include novel and emerging approaches aimed at providing more fine‐grained and sophisticated ways to personalize treatment of FEDs, such as those that utilize neurobiological markers. We additionally outline remote measurement technologies designed to delineate patients’ illness and recovery trajectories and facilitate development of novel intervention approaches.
Visual cognition in multimodal large language models
2025-01-15

Abstract A chief goal of artificial intelligence is to build machines that think like people. Yet it has been argued that deep neural network architectures fail to accomplish this. Researchers have asserted these models’ limitations in the domains of causal reasoning, intuitive physics and intuitive psychology. Yet recent advancements, namely the rise of large language models, particularly those designed for visual processing, have rekindled interest in the potential to emulate human-like cognitive abilities. This paper evaluates the current state of vision-based large language models in the domains of intuitive physics, causal reasoning and intuitive psychology. Through a series of controlled experiments, we investigate the extent to which these modern models grasp complex physical interactions, causal relationships and intuitive understanding of others’ preferences. Our findings reveal that, while some of these models demonstrate a notable proficiency in processing and interpreting visual data, they still fall short of human capabilities in these areas. Our results emphasize the need for integrating more robust mechanisms for understanding causality, physical dynamics and social cognition into modern-day, vision-based language models, and point out the importance of cognitively inspired benchmarks.
Continental influx and pervasive matrilocality in Iron Age Britain
2025-01-15

Abstract Roman writers found the relative empowerment of Celtic women remarkable 1 . In southern Britain, the Late Iron Age Durotriges tribe often buried women with substantial grave goods 2 . Here we analyse 57 ancient genomes from Durotrigian burial sites and find an extended kin group centred around a single maternal lineage, with unrelated (presumably inward migrating) burials being predominantly male. Such a matrilocal pattern is undescribed in European prehistory, but when we compare mitochondrial haplotype variation among European archaeological sites spanning six millennia, British Iron Age cemeteries stand out as having marked reductions in diversity driven by the presence of dominant matrilines. Patterns of haplotype sharing reveal that British Iron Age populations form fine-grained geographical clusters with southern links extending across the channel to the continent. Indeed, whereas most of Britain shows majority genomic continuity from the Early Bronze Age to the Iron Age, this is markedly reduced in a southern coastal core region with persistent cross-channel cultural exchange 3 . This southern core has evidence of population influx in the Middle Bronze Age but also during the Iron Age. This is asynchronous with the rest of the island and points towards a staged, geographically granular absorption of continental influence, possibly including the acquisition of Celtic languages.
Promoting healthy digital device usage: recommendations for youth and parents
2025-01-15

Young people’s usage of digital devices is currently a central topic of interest for researchers, clinicians and the general public, particularly with regards to the impact of social media on adolescents’ mental health. Notably, the duration of screen time is not the primary determinant of mental health outcomes1,2. Rather, the “quality” of an individual’s device usage patterns, experiences and interactions online, and how they correlate with other lifestyle variables (e.g., sedentary time and sleep) appears to matter most1,3,4. &lt;br/&gt;Other than avoiding the more clear-cut “online harms” (e.g., addictive behaviours, cyberbullying, and online blackmail or exploitation), there is a lack of consensus on how youth can improve the “quality” of their online time. This is in part because the details of what constitutes “healthy” device usage are unclear, and likely differ with regards to sociodemographic factors1. Here we sought to produce a simplified set of recommended actions to promote adolescents’ healthy digital device usage. &lt;br/&gt;We assembled a multidisciplinary team of individuals with expertise across child and adolescent mental health, social media research, behaviour change interventions, and public health. We then identified and reviewed recently published guideline/recommendation articles, online resources and reports from independent think tanks – particularly those that included feedback from young people themselves. We checked these resources for directly actionable advice, rather than general principles on healthy usage patterns. We then considered the recommended actions from such documents alongside the underlying scientific evidence and the team’s experience, in order to put forward the top three tips for healthy device usage in adolescents. We also produced a further set of recommendations for parents who wish to implement such changes in their family units. &lt;br/&gt;
Advances in the Classification of Aggressive B-cell Lymphomas
2025-01-15

Aggressive B-cell lymphomas are a biologically and clinically very heterogeneous group of tumors that may be related to different stages of B-cell differentiation development. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of these tumors with a focus on the practical approach to the diagnosis of these entities. We analyze the defining characteristics of the different subtypes of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, including nodal and extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, virus-associated lymphomas, terminally differentiated B-cell lymphomas, high-grade B-cell lymphomas, and Burkitt lymphoma. This review particularly explores the integration of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic data that refine diagnostic accuracy and prognostic stratification, underscoring the necessity for a standardized approach in clinical practice. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to enhance the understanding of aggressive B-cell lymphomas within the context of the evolving classification system, paving the way for future research and clinical advancements.
Single-cell analysis identifies the CNP/GC-B/cGMP axis as marker and regulator of modulated VSMCs in atherosclerosis
2025-01-15

Abstract A balanced activity of cGMP signaling contributes to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can generate cGMP via three ligand-activated guanylyl cyclases, the NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase, the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-activated GC-A, and the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-stimulated GC-B. Here, we study natriuretic peptide signaling in murine VSMCs and atherosclerotic lesions. Correlative profiling of pathway activity and VSMC phenotype at the single-cell level shows that phenotypic modulation of contractile VSMCs to chondrocyte-like plaque cells during atherogenesis is associated with a switch from ANP/GC‐A to CNP/GC‐B signaling. Silencing of the CNP/GC-B axis in VSMCs results in an increase of chondrocyte-like plaque cells. These findings indicate that the CNP/GC-B/cGMP pathway is a marker and atheroprotective regulator of modulated VSMCs, limiting their transition to chondrocyte-like cells. Overall, this study highlights the plasticity of cGMP signaling in VSMCs and suggests analogies between CNP-dependent remodeling of bone and blood vessels.
A Cognitive Interpretation is not at Odds with Equal Odds: A Latent Variable Investigation of Creative Thinking
2025-01-15

A fundamental question in creativity research is whether chance models of creativity align with the idea that cognitive ability can explain individual differences in creative cognition. Using two datasets ( N Dataset1 = 462 and N Dataset2 = 331) we extended previous work on the equal odds baseline (i.e., a chance model of creativity) by using a latent variable analytic approach to model latent residual factors rectified for fluency. We compared three measurement models: the EOB latent variable model, a residualized model, and a ratio score model, examining their reliability and associations with cognitive abilities (i.e., fluid intelligence and working memory capacity). We found that when a chance model of creativity is deemed to be an appropriate fit for a given dataset, as evidenced by Dataset 2 in our study, a cognitive interpretation of originality factor η is warranted (i.e., around 21% of variance can be explained by working memory capacity). Our work, thus, refines discussions about the compatibility of chance models with cognitive explanations of creative cognition.
Oxygenation and intestinal perfusion and its association with perturbations of the early life gut microbiota composition of children with congenital heart disease
2025-01-15

Background Early life gut microbiota is known to shape the immune system and has a crucial role in immune homeostasis. Only little is known about composition and dynamics of the intestinal microbiota in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) and potential influencing factors. Methods We evaluated the intestinal microbial composition of neonates with CHD ( n = 13) compared to healthy controls (HC, n = 30). Fecal samples were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics. Different approaches of statistical modeling were applied to assess the impact of influencing factors on variation in species composition. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the microbial composition of neonates with CHD was used to detect associations of distinct clusters with intestinal tissue oxygenation and perfusion parameters, obtained by the “oxygen to see” (O2C) method. Results Overall, neonates with CHD showed an intestinal core microbiota dominated by the genera Enterococcus (27%) and Staphylococcus (20%). Furthermore, a lower abundance of the genera Bacteroides (8% vs. 14%), Parabacteroides (1% vs. 3%), Bifidobacterium (4% vs. 12%), and Escherichia (8% vs. 23%) was observed in CHD compared to HCs. CHD patients that were born by vaginal delivery showed a lower fraction of the genera Bacteroides (15% vs. 21%) and Bifidobacterium (7% vs. 22%) compared to HCs and in those born by cesarean section, these genera were not found at all. In infants with CHD, we found a significant impact of oxygen saturation (SpO2) on relative abundances of the intestinal core microbiota by multivariate analysis of variance ( F [8,2] = 24.9, p = 0.04). Statistical modeling suggested a large proportional shift from a microbiota dominated by the genus Streptococcus (50%) in conditions with low SpO2 towards the genus Enterococcus (61%) in conditions with high SpO2. We identified three distinct compositional microbial clusters, corresponding neonates differed significantly in intestinal blood flow and global gut perfusion. Conclusion Early life differences in gut microbiota of CHD neonates versus HCs are possibly linked to oxygen levels. Delivery method may affect microbiota stability. However, further studies are needed to assess the effect of potential interventions including probiotics or fecal transplants on early life microbiota perturbations in neonates with CHD.
Design, Synthesis, and Unprecedented Interactions of Covalent Dipeptide-Based Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Its Variants Displaying Potent Antiviral Activity
2025-01-15

The main protease (M<sup>pro</sup>) of SARS-CoV-2 is a key drug target for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of small-molecule peptidomimetics with various cysteine-reactive electrophiles. Several compounds were identified as potent SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitors, including compounds <b>8n</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0752 μM), <b>8p</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0887 μM), <b>8r</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0199 μM), <b>10a</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0376 μM), <b>10c</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0177 μM), and <b>10f</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0130 μM). Most of them additionally inhibited cathepsin L and were also active against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV M<sup>pro</sup>. In Calu-3 cells, several inhibitors, including <b>8r</b>, <b>10a</b>, and <b>10c</b>, displayed high antiviral activity in the nanomolar range without showing cellular toxicity. The cocrystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> in complex with <b>8p</b> revealed covalent binding to the enzyme's catalytic residue Cys145 and showed specific, unprecedented interactions within the substrate binding pocket. Compounds <b>10c</b> and especially <b>8n</b> were effective against a panel of naturally occurring nirmatrelvir-resistant mutants, particularly E166V, and showed metabolic stability and additional favorable pharmacokinetic properties, making it a suitable candidate for further preclinical development.
Electroweak W+W+ production in association with three jets at NLO QCD matched with parton shower
2025-01-15

A bstract We present a next-to-leading order QCD calculation for the electroweak production of a pair of same-sign weak gauge bosons in association with three jets in the region dominated by vector-boson scattering, and its matching with parton-shower programs according to the POWHEG formalism. Our calculation allows for an accurate description of jet observables crucial for the optimization of experimental analyses of vector boson scattering processes. We find QCD corrections and parton-shower effects moderate in size for inclusive quantities and distributions of the tagging jets. A larger impact of these corrections is observed for subleading jets.
Evaluation of a Deep Learning Denoising Algorithm for Dose Reduction in Whole-Body Photon-Counting CT Imaging: A Cadaveric Study
2025-01-15

The DL denoising algorithm maintains image quality in PCCT imaging while enabling up to a 75% reduction in radiation dose. This approach offers a promising method for reducing radiation exposure in clinical PCCT without compromising diagnostic quality.
Association of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance with activation of circulating innate lymphoid cells in women after gestational diabetes mellitus
2025-01-15

Abstract Introduction Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk of developing prediabetes or type 2 diabetes later in life. Recent studies have highlighted the regulation and function of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in metabolic homeostasis. However, the multifactorial impact of both overweight/obesity and GDM on the immunological profile of circulating ILCs and the progression to prediabetes are not yet fully elucidated. Methods Blood samples from 42 women with a history of insulin-treated GDM (GDMi), 33 women with a history of GDM without insulin treatment during pregnancy (GDM), and 45 women after a normoglycemic pregnancy (Ctrl) participating in the ongoing observational PPSDiab study were analyzed by flow cytometry for markers of ILC subsets at the baseline visit (3-16 months postpartum; Visit 1) and 5 years postpartum (58-66 months postpartum; Visit 3). Results During the first 5 years postpartum, 18 women of the GDMi group (42.8%), 10 women of the GDM group (30.3%), and 8 participants of the Ctrl group (17.8%) developed prediabetes, respectively. Total circulating type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) and NK cell numbers as well as percent HLA-DR + ILC1s were increased in GDMi versus GDM and Ctrl women both at the baseline visit and the 5-year follow-up. Although ILC subsets at Visit 1 could not predict the progression from GDM to prediabetes, ILC2 frequency was associated with insulin sensitivity index (ISI), whereas percent HLA-DR + ILC1s were inversely correlated. Moreover, circulating leukocytes and total NK cells were associated with waist circumference and fat mass both at Visit 1 and Visit 3. Discussion Our findings introduce human ILCs as a potential therapeutic target deserving further exploration. Trial registration Study ID 300-11.
The orientational structure of a model patchy particle fluid: Simulations, integral equations, density functional theory, and machine learning
2025-01-16

We investigate the orientational properties of a homogeneous and inhomogeneous tetrahedral four-patch fluid (Bol–Kern–Frenkel model). Using integral equations, either (i) HNC or (ii) a modified HNC scheme with a simulation input, the full orientational dependence of pair and direct correlation functions is determined. Density functionals for the inhomogeneous problem are constructed via two different methods. The first, molecular density functional theory, utilizes the full direct correlation function and an isotropic hard-sphere bridge functional. The second method, a machine learning approach, uses a decomposition of the functional into an isotropic reference part and a mean-field orientational part, where both parts are improved by machine learning techniques. A comparison with the simulation data at hard walls and around hard tracers shows a similar performance of the two functionals. Machine learning strategies are discussed to eliminate residual differences, with the goal of obtaining machine-learning enhanced functionals for the general anisotropic fluid.
Consequential Implication and the Implicative Conditional
2025-01-16

This paper compares two logical conditionals which are strengthenings of the strict conditional and avoid the paradoxes of strict implication. The logics of both may be viewed as extensions of KT, and the two conditionals are interdefinable in KT. The implicative conditional requires that its antecedent and consequent be both contingent. The consequential conditional may be viewed as a weakening of the implicative conditional, insofar as it also admits the case in which the antecedent and the consequent are strictly equivalent (either both necessary or both impossible). The two conditionals share a number of properties, among them Transitivity, Contraposition, Aristotle’s Thesis, Weak Boethius’ Thesis and Aristotle’s Second Thesis. They also share some restricted principles such as Possibilistic Monotonicity, Possibilistic Simplification and Possibilistic Right Weakening. They differ in relation to Identity, which is validated by consequential implication, while the implicative conditional only validates the restricted principle of Possibilistic Identity. The relations between the two conditionals are represented by two Aristotelian cubes of opposition, one involving the contrariety between If A, then B and If A, then ¬B, according to Weak Boethius’ Thesis, and the other the contrariety between If A, then B and If ¬A, then B, according to Aristotle’s Second Thesis. We also explore the relations between the two logical conditionals and natural language conditionals, emphasizing the dependence of the latter on the context, and the need to distinguish natural language conditionals which may be viewed as consequential or implicative, on one side, and concessive and some other types of conditionals, on the other.
The effectiveness of real‐life cognitive and physical interventions on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults: A systematic review of the effects of education and training duration
2025-01-16

Abstract Physical and cognitive interventions are deemed the primary methods of improving cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is still debated. This systematic review, synthesised findings from the literature on four different types of interventions: physical activities, cognitive training, cognitive stimulation and a combined intervention. We searched six databases for each intervention category. Findings demonstrated that 65% of the studies across all intervention groups reported improvement in the experimental group following the intervention. Furthermore, memory, executive and global cognitive functions were the most reported improvements post‐intervention. Additionally, participants with higher education benefited more from cognitive training (an intervention that targets a specific cognitive domain), while those with lower education gained more following cognitive stimulation (an intervention that targets general domains). Lastly, in sub‐types of physical activity, cognitive stimulation and combined category, longer durations (more than 20 sessions) were associated with significant cognitive improvements. Conversely, in cognitive training, having less than 20 sessions led to significant results. Findings indicated an interaction of education and intervention duration with significant outcomes post‐intervention. In conclusion, this review demonstrated the importance of intervention type, duration and education in understanding cognitive improvement post‐intervention.
An Anionic Mesoionic Carbene (anMIC) and its Transformation to Metallo MIC‐Boranes: Synthesis and Properties
2025-01-16

Abstract Neutral mesoionic carbenes (MICs) based on a 1,2,3‐triazole core have had a strong impact on various branches of chemistry such as homogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photochemistry/photophysics. We present here the first general synthesis of anionic mesoionic carbenes (anMICs, 2 ) based on a 1,2,3‐triazole core and a borate backbone. The free anMIC is stable in solution under an inert atmosphere at low temperatures, and can be stored for several weeks. Analysis of donor properties shows that these anMICs are extremely strong σ‐donors, bypassing the donor properties of strong donors such as MICs, NHCs, anionic NHCs and N‐heterocyclic olefins. The room temperature conversion of the free anMICs leads to three equally interesting compound classes: an amide‐coordinated borane based on a MIC‐borane backbone ( 2BR 3 ), a polymeric triazolide ( 1Li ) and an amide‐coordinated metallo‐MIC‐borane. The metallo‐MIC‐borane ( 3Li ) is an interesting precursor for the synthesis of further amide‐coordinated MIC‐borane compounds. Quantum chemical calculations have been used to elucidate the mechanism of transformation of the anMICs. We thus introduce three new categories of mesoionic compounds here with potential for different branches of chemistry and beyond.