julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Topographic and Temporal Indices of Vowel Spectral Envelope Extraction in the Human Auditory Cortex
2000-09-01

Abstract The audirory-evoked neuromagnetic field elicited by single vowel formants and two-formant vowels was recorded under active listening conditions using a 37-channel magnetometer. There were three single formants with formant with a formant frequency of 200, 400, and 800 Hz, another single fromant with a fromant frequency of 2600 Hz, and three vowels that were constructed by linear superimposition of the high-onto one of the low-frequency formants. P50m and N100m latency values were inversely correlated with the formant frequency of single location was obtained along the postero-anterior axiz, which is orthogonal to the well-established latero-medial tonotopic gradient. Regardless of whether single formants or first formants of vowels were considered N100m sources were more anterior and sustained field sources wre more posterior for higher-frequency than for lower-frequency formants. The velocity of the apparent posterior-to-anterior movement across cortical sorface of N100m sources first reported by Rogers et al. [Rogers, R.L., Papanicolaou, A.C., Baumann, S.B., Saydjari,C., &amp; Eisenberg, H.M. (1990). Neuromagnetic evidence of a dynamic excitation pattern generating the N100 auditory response. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophy-siology,77,237-240] decreased as a function of latency. The amount of deceleration was positively correlated with formant frequency. responses to the vowels were superadditive, indicating that the processes elicited by the constituents of composite stumuli interact at one or more stages of the afferent auditory pathway. Such interaction may account for the absence of a lateral-to-medial tonotopic mapping of first formant frequency. The source topography found may reflect activity in auditory fields adjacent to AI with the strenght of the contribution varying with formant frequency. Altematively, it may reflect sharpness-of-tuning and inhbitory response-area asymmetry gradients along isofrequency stripes within AI. Either alternative may be interpreted in terms of a sprctral blurring mechanism that abstracts spectral envelope information form the details of spectral composition, an important step towards the formation of invariant phonetic percepts.
Experienced Ambivalence as a Moderator of the Consistency Between Attitudes and Behaviors
2000-09-01

Summary: Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that stronger degrees of ambivalence attenuate the attitude-behavior correspondence. We also tested the hypothesis that the weaker attitude-behavior correspondence at higher levels of ambivalence may be due to the lower temporal stability of highly ambivalent attitudes. To ensure that these hypotheses be adequately tested, both studies had a prospective design. After assessing their attitudes toward certain behaviors and ambivalence, participants recorded how often they performed these behaviors during the subsequent 14-day period. The investigated behaviors included everyday behaviors such as consuming fast food, preparing classes, and watching entertaining programs on TV. To assess attitudinal stability, attitudes were measured again after the 14-day period. As the results show, the expected moderating effect of experienced ambivalence on the attitude-behavior correspondence was obtained, however, only for a minority of the investigated behaviors. As predicted, experienced ambivalence was related to decreased attitudinal stability in each of these cases. A meta-analytic summary of the two studies revealed that, across different behaviors, a weak but reliable moderating effect of ambivalence on attitude stability and the correspondence between attitudes and behaviors exists.
Sex Differences of Carbohydrate‐Deficient Transferrin, γ‐Glutamyltransferase, and Mean Corpuscular Volume in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
2000-09-01

Background: Biological markers like carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT), γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are used widely to screen for alcoholism. Most research has focused on male alcoholics, and there are few studies on female patients. The results are inconsistent; in general, they show lower sensitivities for all markers for women. Methods: We compared the diagnostic value of CDT, GGT, and MCV in 126 alcohol‐dependent patients (91 men, 35 women) who entered an inpatient treatment program. For the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, we investigated a control group of 112 patients (64 men, 38 women) from the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Tübingen with no diagnosis of substance abuse or substance dependency. Results: Mean levels of CDT and MCV were significantly different in male and female patients. CDT showed higher test results in men (4.4% vs. 2.8%, p &lt; 0.05), whereas mean levels of MCV were higher in women (99.7 fl vs. 96.4 fl, p &lt; 0.01). The sensitivities of CDT and GGT were higher in men than in women (CDT: 76% vs. 54%, p &lt; 0.1; GGT: 68% vs. 43%, p &lt; 0.05), and the sensitivity of MCV was significantly higher in women (71% vs. 41%, p &lt; 0.01). The superiority of MCV in women also was supported by ROC analyses ( p &lt; 0.01). The combined use of markers showed satisfactory sensitivity rates of ≥80% not only in men but also in women. Yet, the specificity rates were partly below the recommended 90% for identifying alcohol abuse; therefore, these markers must be combined with caution. Conclusions: If combined, the biological markers CDT and GGT are useful diagnostic instruments for both alcohol‐dependent men and women. According to our results, the “forgotten” marker MCV is superior in women and is a marker of second choice in men. The combination GGT and MCV is the most cost‐effective choice for men and women.
Precision of the measurements of periprosthetic bone mineral density in hips with a custom-made femoral stem
2000-09-01

Our aim was to determine the precision of the measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the proximal femur before and after implantation of an uncemented implant, with particular regard to the significance of retro- and prospective studies. We examined 60 patients to determine the difference in preoperative BMD between osteoarthritic and healthy hips. The results showed a preoperative BMD of the affected hip which was lower by a mean of 4% and by a maximum of 9% compared with the opposite side. In addition, measurements were made in the operated hip before and at ten days after operation to determine the effect of the implantation of an uncemented custom-made femoral stem. The mean increase in the BMD was 8% and the maximum was 24%. Previous retrospective studies have reported a marked loss of BMD on the operated side. The precision of double measurements using a special foot jig showed a modified coefficient of variation of 0.6% for the non-operated side in 15 patients and of 0.6% for the operated femur in 20 patients. The effect of rotation on the precision of the measurements after implantation of an uncemented femoral stem was determined in ten explanted femora and for the operated side in ten patients at 10 degrees rotation and in 20 patients at 30 degrees rotation. Rotation within 30 degrees influenced the precision in studies in vivo and in vitro by a mean of 3% and in single cases in up to 60%. Precise prediction of the degree of loss of BMD is thus only possible in prospective cross-sectional measurements, since the effect of the difference in preoperative BMD, as well as the apparent increase in BMD after implantation of an uncemented stem, is not known from retrospective studies. The DEXA method is a reliable procedure for determining periprosthetic BMD when positioning and rotation are strictly controlled.
Critical currents of small Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x intrinsic Josephson junction stacks in external magnetic fields
2000-09-01

We present a study of the critical currents of small sized intrinsic Josephson junction stacks in external magnetic fields applied parallel to the layers. The stacks consisting of 5--12 junctions were realized as mesa structures patterned on top of single crystals. Lateral mesa dimensions ranged from to For the largest structures a complex magnetic field dependence of the critical currents was found. With decreasing mesa dimensions the critical currents systematically approached a Fraunhofer-type magnetic field dependence. Measurements agree well with the results of numerical calculations using coupled sine-Gordon equations.
Activity patterns of human somatosensory cortex adapt dynamically to stimulus properties
2000-09-01

Long-term synchronous tactile stimulation of two sites of the body results in integrated, overlapping cortical representations whereas asynchronous stimulation leads to segregated representations. To investigate the cortical capacity to adapt dynamically to stimulation properties 22 subjects were stimulated at digits 1, 3 and 5 of both hands in either random or fixed order. Changes in the functional organization of the somatosensory cortex were inferred by neuromagnetic source analysis based on somatosensory evoked magnetic fields. Compared to the stimulation in random sequence, the stimulation in fixed order revealed a reduction in distance between the cortical representation of D1 and D3. We conclude that the pattern of activation in the somatosensory cortex adapts dynamically to the spatio-temporal characteristics of the stimuli.
Experimental determination of the mechanical impedance of atomic force microscopy cantilevers in fluids up to 70 kHz
2000-09-01

The high-frequency dynamical response of cantilevers used in atomic force microscopy (AFM) to an external force is important for applications such as dynamic AFM modes and dynamic mechanical measurements on biological tissues. In this paper we present a novel method for experimentally determining the mechanical driving-point impedance of an AFM cantilever up to frequencies of at least 70 kHz. A frequency-independent, point force was achieved by applying an electric field between the cantilever and a sharpened steel electrode positioned near (10 μm) the tip of the cantilever. The velocity of the cantilever in response to the force was measured with a laser interferometer. The method was tested in air and in tetrachloromethane (CCl4), a nonpolar, nondissociating fluid. The results agree with theoretical predictions. In addition, the mechanical impedance of a cantilever near a flat surface was measured.
Acoustic flow perception in cf-bats: Extraction of parameters
2000-09-01

The narrow-band portions of the echolocation pulses seen in cf-bats are a hypothetical substrate for target localization. This localization could be based on estimates of echo envelope amplitude and carrier frequency together with their derivatives. Evaluation of these parameters is referred to as “acoustic flow” in loose analogy to optic flow. It is assessed whether the requirements for this task may be reconciled with known principles of auditory function. For the evaluation of a single echo, this seems to be the case: auditory filter shapes provide sufficient frequency resolution; at the same time envelopes are preserved well and some noise removal is achieved. Nevertheless, should bats not be endowed with additional capabilities for noise removal, analysis of acoustic flow would be limited to favorable signal-to-noise ratios. Multiple, temporally overlapping echoes are probable in any realistic echolocation scenario. In this case, additional auditory processing steps have to be postulated, which allow simultaneous estimation of multiple carrier frequencies and reduction of demodulation distortions.
Microbiological, Microstructure, and Material Science Examinations of Reprocessed Combitubes® After Multiple Reuse
2000-09-01

Reprocessing (repeated cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization) and reuse of single-use medical devices has been performed safely with some devices. The aim of our study was to analyze whether reprocessing of the Combitubes® (Kendall-Sheridan, Argyll, NY) airway device, used for emergency endotracheal intubation and difficult airway management, is possible and can be performed appropriately and safely. Microbiological, microstructure, and material science examinations were performed with unused, as well as multiple reused and reprocessed Combitubes®. The reprocessing procedure consisted of a cleaning, a disinfection, a final inspection, and a sterilization. Microbiological examinations of multiple reused and reprocessed Combitubes® found no test organisms in quantitative cultures. A microbial reduction between four and five log levels compared with nonreprocessed tubes was found. Microstructure analysis for the examination of topographical alterations and changes in the chemical composition of the surface demonstrated nonsignificant alterations between new and reprocessed medical devices. In material science examinations, cuff burst pressures were not different between unused and multiple reprocessed Combitubes®. The results of all examinations proved that the decontamination process is adequately effective, and that no significant superficial alterations are generated by the multiple reuse and reprocessing of the Combitubes®. To assure uniformly good results, a quality management system must be established and only validated methods should be used. Implications Reprocessing of single-use medical devices offers the opportunity of significant savings and is already performed with some devices. Microbiological, microstructure, and material science examinations proved that reprocessing of multiple reused CombitubesTM (Kendall-Sheridan, Argyll, NY), mainly used for emergency airway management, is possible and safe.
Microbiological, Microstructure, and Material Science Examinations of Reprocessed Combitubes® After Multiple Reuse
2000-09-01

Reprocessing of single-use medical devices offers the opportunity of significant savings and is already performed with some devices. Microbiological, microstructure, and material science examinations proved that reprocessing of multiple reused Combitubes (Kendall-Sheridan, Argyll, NY), mainly used for emergency airway management, is possible and safe.
Synthesis and properties of some 2,3‐disubstituted 6‐fluoro‐7‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)quinoxalines
2000-09-01

Abstract The 2,3‐disubstituted 6‐fluoro‐7‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)‐quinoxalines ( 3–11 ) were synthesized for bioassay via reaction of 1.2‐diamino‐4‐fluoro‐5‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)benzene (2) with the appropriate 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds. However, none of the tested compounds 3–11 showed significant in vitro activ ity against E. coli ATCC11229, S. aureus ATCC6538 and C.albicans SATCC10231.
Effects of evaluative (in-)consistency and perceived self-efficacy on attitude formation *This research was supported by Grant Jo 182/2 from the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)”. The present experiments were conducted in partial fullfilment of the first author's requirements for a doctoral degree at the University of Tübingen, under the direction of the other two authors. We would like to thank Jörg Conzelmann, Denis Fischer, Anja Rüther, Mechthild Weber, and Felix Weichholt for carrying out the experiments, Diana Raysz, and several anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
2000-09-01

In accordance with dual-process theories of attitude change, we predict that attitude judgments about unfamiliar objects are affected by the evaluative inconsistency of relevant attributes. Drawing upon self-efficacy theory, we further predict that individuals' perceived self-efficacy moderates the effect of inconsistency on attitude latencies: Individuals with high perceived self-efficacy in regard to systematic processing are expected to persist in their judgmental process and to show deliberative processing when information is inconsistent but not when it is consistently positive or consistently negative. Evaluatively consistent information should lead to an elimination of or even a reversal of this difference between high- and low-efficacy individuals. The results of two experiments are supportive of these hypotheses.
‘EDUCATION AFTER AUSCHWITZ”— PERSPECTIVES FROM GERMANY
2000-09-01

Abstract This article reports on questions of “education after Auschwitz” in Germany. It focuses on the open questions that addressing the Shoah in education raises—vis‐a‐vis the sequence of generations after 1945, political issues, moral philosophy, and Christian‐Jewish relationships. The point is not to spread skepticism or to discourage educators, but to point out the challenges which an “education after Auschwitz” must address.
Simultaneous bilateral mismatch response to right- but not leftward sound lateralization
2000-09-01

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to compare mismatch responses between hemispheres to changes in sound-source direction. Sixteen adults listened passively to two types of complex non-language sounds presented in separate blocks with midline standards and right- and left-lateralized deviants. Mismatch dipole amplitudes were larger contra- than ipsilaterally to the deviants. Both hemispheres processed right deviants simultaneously, whereas to left deviants, the left dipole peaked 20 ms later than the right dipole. A second experiment using the same standards but midline spectral deviants showed no interhemispheric differences. Here mismatch latencies were about 60 ms longer than in the location mismatch experiment. This suggested both fast, contralaterally dominant location mismatch responses and facilitated detection of auditory spatial deviance in the right hemifield.
THE EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN (OSAGEAN) AMMONOIDDZHAPRAKOCERAS(CEPHALOPODA) FROM UTAH
2000-09-01

The Mississippian ammonoid genus Dzhaprakoceras Popov, 1965, well known in the eastern hemisphere, is reported from the Delle Member of the Deseret Limestone at Flux and Lakeside Mountains, Tooele County, Utah. This is the first report of the genus in western North America. The ammonoids, D. gordoni n. sp. and D. djaprakense (Librovitch, 1927) occur with mehli—Lower texanus Zone conodonts indicating a middle Osagean (earliest Viséan) age.
Fluorescence imaging of frit effects in capillary separations
2000-09-01

The gradient of five dansylated amino acids in a capillary-based separation system commonly used in capillary liquid chromatography (LC) or capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was followed and examined in detail using a detection method based on laser-induced fluorescence imaging. The detection system consisted of an XeCl excimer laser and an image-intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescence intensity profiles along the capillary column were displayed and continuously updated on a computer screen. The detector system enabled the separation dynamics in the column to be monitored. The experiments were focused on the course of events, especially at interfaces. The processes occurring at the beginning of the reversed-phase packing material were studied as well as at the transition from stationary phase to the outlet frit and the open tubular area. Striking differences in signal intensity and separation efficiency were revealed depending on where on the column detection was performed. Furthermore, adsorption of the analytes on the frits was observed.
A note on the rate of convergence to equilibrium for Erlang's model in the subcritical case
2000-09-01

We derive some asymptotic results for the rate of convergence to equilibrium for the number of busy servers in an M / M / N / N queue with input rate λ N and service rate 1 for N → ∞ in the ‘subcritical’ case λ ∈]0, 1[. These results improve recent contributions of Fricker, Robert and Tibi.
[Positioning systems for endoscopic solo surgery].
2000-09-01

In our experience endoscopic Solo Surgery was found to be applicable to clinical practice. This will bring numerous advantages in terms of the precision of surgical procedures and savings in terms of time and human resources, with a consequent reduction of management costs. There is no doubt that this method represents a step forward in the application of technology to surgery.
Decreasing chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon
2000-09-01

Journal Article Decreasing chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon Get access Christian H. Brandts, Christian H. Brandts ∗ 1Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118, Lambaréné, Gabon2Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany ∗Address for correspondence: Christian H. Brandts, Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutler Street, Box 0128, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128, USA; phone +1 (415) 502 1865, fax +1 (415) 502 3179. cbrandts@cc.ucsf.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Walther H. Wernsdorfer, Walther H. Wernsdorfer 3Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter G. Kremsner Peter G. Kremsner 1Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118, Lambaréné, Gabon2Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 94, Issue 5, September-October 2000, Pages 554–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90084-1 Published: 01 September 2000 Article history Received: 04 January 2000 Revision received: 17 April 2000 Accepted: 02 May 2000 Published: 01 September 2000
Anti‐endotoxin antibodies in human milk: correlation with infection of the newborn
2000-09-01

A longitudinal study was performed to investigate the content of human colostrum and milk of antibodies against endotoxins of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella minnesota during the first 6 mo of lactation. The influence of the gestational age of the newborn and the prevalence of a systemic infection in the child on maternal antibody production were observed. Colostrum of mothers of term infants who had shown signs of systemic infection contained higher antibody concentrations compared to colostrum of mothers of healthy newborns. After the first week post partum, no difference in the milk's antibody content could be observed between these two groups. Antibody titres rose from 2 wk to 6 mo post partum ( p &lt; 0.001). Milk of mothers of preterm infants with signs of systemic infection contained higher antibody titres than milk of mothers of preterm infants without infection throughout the observation period. This difference reached statistical significance 3 wk after delivery ( p &lt; 0.05). The corrected endotoxin antibody levels against all tested antigens in milk of mothers of preterm infants with infection 6 mo post partum were 6 ± 3.5 times as high as 2 wk post partum. Conclusions : Breast milk contains anti‐endotoxin antibodies. The particularly high levels of anti‐endotoxin antibodies in cases of neonatal infection may present a special maternal protection for premature infants.
The Early Mississippian (Osagean) ammonoid Dzhaprakoceras (Cephalopoda) from Utah
2000-09-01

The Mississippian ammonoid genus Dzhaprakoceras Popov, 1965, well known in the eastern hemisphere, is reported from the Delle Member of the Deseret Limestone at Flux and Lakeside Mountains, Tooele County, Utah. This is the first report of the genus in western North America. The ammonoids, D. gordoni n. sp. and D. djaprakense (Librovitch, 1927) occur with mehli —Lower texanus Zone conodonts indicating a middle Osagean (earliest Viséan) age.