julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The non-transcranial TMS-evoked potential is an inherent source of ambiguity in TMS-EEG studies
2018-06-04

Abstract Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) excites populations of neurons in the stimulated cortex, and the resulting activation may spread to connected brain regions. The distributed cortical response can be recorded with electroencephalography (EEG). Since TMS also stimulates peripheral sensory and motor axons and generates a loud “click” sound, the TMS-evoked EEG potential (TEP) not only reflects neural activity induced by transcranial neuronal excitation but also neural activity reflecting somatosensory and auditory processing. In 17 healthy young individuals, we systematically assessed the contribution of multisensory peripheral stimulation to TEPs using a TMS-compatible EEG system. Real TMS was delivered with a figure-of-eight coil over the left para-median posterior parietal cortex or superior frontal gyrus with the coil being oriented perpendicularly or in parallel to the target gyrus. We also recorded the EEG responses evoked by sham stimulation over the posterior parietal and superior frontal cortex, mimicking the auditory and somatosensory sensations evoked by real TMS. We applied state-of-the-art procedures to attenuate somatosensory and auditory confounds during real TMS, including the placement of a foam layer underneath the coil and auditory noise masking. Despite these precautions, the temporal and spatial features of the cortical potentials evoked by real TMS at the prefrontal and parietal site closely resembled the cortical potentials evoked by realistic sham TMS, both for early and late TEP components. Our findings stress the need to include a peripheral multisensory control stimulation in the study design to enable a dissociation between truly transcranial and non-transcranial components of TEPs.
Nonlinear plasmonic behavior of nanohole arrays in thin gold films for imaging lipids
2018-06-04

We demonstrate linear and nonlinear plasmonic behaviors of periodic nanohole arrays in thin gold (Au) films with varying periodicities. As expected, the linear optical transmission spectra of the nanohole arrays show a red-shift of the resonance wavelength and Wood's anomaly with increasing hole spacing. The optical transmission and electric near-field intensity distribution of the nanohole arrays are simulated using the finite element method. The nonlinear plasmonic behavior of the nanohole arrays is studied by using picosecond pulsed excitation at near-infrared wavelengths. The characteristic nonlinear signals indicating two-photon excited luminescence (TPEL), sum frequency generation, second harmonic generation, and four-wave mixing (FWM) are observed. A maximum FWM/TPEL signal intensity ratio is achieved for nanohole arrays with a periodicity of 500 nm. Furthermore, the significant FWM signal intensity and contrast compared to the background were harnessed to demonstrate the ability of surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering to visualize low concentrations of lipids deposited on the nanohole array with a periodicity of 500 nm.
An Open, Object‐Based Framework for Generating Anisotropy in Sedimentary Subsurface Models
2018-06-04

Abstract The spatial distribution of hydraulic properties in the subsurface controls groundwater flow and solute transport. However, many approaches to modeling these distributions do not produce geologically realistic results and/or do not model the anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity caused by bedding structures in sedimentary deposits. We have developed a flexible object‐based package for simulating hydraulic properties in the subsurface—the Hydrogeological Virtual Realities (HyVR) simulation package. This implements a hierarchical modeling framework that takes into account geological rules about stratigraphic bounding surfaces and the geometry of specific sedimentary structures to generate realistic aquifer models, including full hydraulic‐conductivity tensors. The HyVR simulation package can create outputs suitable for standard groundwater modeling tools (e.g., MODFLOW), is written in Python, an open‐source programming language, and is openly available at an online repository. This paper presents an overview of the underlying modeling principles and computational methods, as well as an example simulation based on the Macrodispersion Experiment site in Columbus, Mississippi. Our simulation package can currently simulate porous media that mimic geological conceptual models in fluvial depositional environments, and that include fine‐scale heterogeneity in distributed hydraulic parameter fields. The simulation results allow qualitative geological conceptual models to be converted into digital subsurface models that can be used in quantitative numerical flow‐and‐transport simulations, with the aim of improving our understanding of the influence of geological realism on groundwater flow and solute transport.
Visual modelling supports the potential for prey detection by means of diurnal active photolocation in a small cryptobenthic fish
2018-06-04

Active sensing has been well documented in animals that use echolocation and electrolocation. Active photolocation, or active sensing using light, has received much less attention, and only in bioluminescent nocturnal species. However, evidence has suggested the diurnal triplefin Tripterygion delaisi uses controlled iris radiance, termed ocular sparks, for prey detection. While this form of diurnal active photolocation was behaviourally described, a study exploring the physical process would provide compelling support for this mechanism. In this paper, we investigate the conditions under which diurnal active photolocation could assist T. delaisi in detecting potential prey. In the field, we sampled gammarids (genus Cheirocratus) and characterized the spectral properties of their eyes, which possess strong directional reflectors. In the laboratory, we quantified ocular sparks size and their angle-dependent radiance. Combined with environmental light measurements and known properties of the visual system of T. delaisi, we modeled diurnal active photolocation under various scenarios. Our results corroborate that diurnal active photolocation should help T. delaisi detect gammarids at distances relevant to foraging, 4.5 cm under favourable conditions and up to 2.5 cm under average conditions. Because ocular sparks are widespread across fish species, diurnal active photolocation for micro-prey may be a common predation strategy.
Restricted Power - Computational Complexity Results for Strategic Defense Games
2018-06-04

We study the game Greedy Spiders, a two-player strategic defense game, on planar graphs and show PSPACE-completeness for the problem of deciding whether one player has a winning strategy for a given instance of the game. We also generalize our results in metatheorems, which consider a large set of strategic defense games. We achieve more detailed complexity results by restricting the possible strategies of one of the players, which leads us to Sigma^p_2- and Pi^p_2-hardness results.
Technical innovations and socio-economic behaviours in Upper Solutrean. New data on heat treatment in southwestern France
2018-06-04

The heat treatment of siliceous rocks is an intentional process that alters the mechanical properties of the material. It is now recognized that this process improves at least the knap-ping ability of siliceous rocks and the sharpness of artefacts. The use of this process during the Solutrean techno-complex is attested from the 1960-70s with the discovery of fragments of heat-treated laurel leaves in the collections of Laugerie Haute and Placard (Bordes 1969, Collins 1974, Inizan et al. 1976). Evidences of intentional heat treatment were later detected in the Solutrean of Iberian facies (Tiffagom 1998,2006). The Upper Solutrean (23.5-23 ky cal BP) is also characterized by the systematization of another technical process: the pressure retouch technique. These two technological innovations appeared in parallel with the development of a very specific hunting implements. In this context, a heat treatment phase is a significant process. It takes place in otherwise complex operating procedures which are already heavily invested economically and technically, and introduces an additional degree of risk. The management of heat treatment thus oscillates between a benefit of the mechanical properties of the material and a high risk of failure in case of poor process control. At this time our knowledge of heat treatment remains scattered concerning the heating environment and its place in the solutrean technical system. We want to restart the research work on this issue in order to improve our understanding of the socioeconomic organisation upper solutrean groups. It's also necessary to question the sociocultural conditions that allowed the adoption and generalization of these innovations. The abandonment of these technologies in Badegoulian is associated with a probable economic and social restructuring of the nomadic groups. My previous work has produced initial results and food for thought on lithics systems and heat treatment, as well as on the organisation and social composition of Solutrean groups. My thesis combines techno-economic analyses of lithic industries, macroscopic observations of heat treatment, experiments and physico-chemical analyses. One of the objectives is therefore to carry out a more global work on the heat treatment of siliceous rocks in south-western France at the dawn of the Last Glacial Maximum. We intend to present some of the data and results collected so far.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The preprophase band-associated kinesin-14 OsKCH2 is a processive minus-end-directed microtubule motor.
2018-06-04

In animals and fungi, cytoplasmic dynein is a processive minus-end-directed motor that plays dominant roles in various intracellular processes.In contrast, land plants lack cytoplasmic dynein but contain many minus-end-directed kinesin-14s.No plant kinesin-14 is known to produce processive motility as a homodimer.OsKCH2 is a plant-specific kinesin-14 with an N-terminal actin-binding domain and a central motor domain flanked by two predicted coiledcoils (CC1 and CC2).Here, we show that OsKCH2 specifically decorates preprophase band microtubules in vivo and transports actin filaments along microtubules in vitro.Importantly, OsKCH2 exhibits processive minus-end-directed motility on single microtubules as individual homodimers.We find that CC1, but not CC2, forms the coiled-coil to enable OsKCH2 dimerization.Instead, our results reveal that removing CC2 renders OsKCH2 a nonprocessive motor.Collectively, these results show that land plants have evolved unconventional kinesin-14 homodimers with inherent minus-end-directed processivity that may function to compensate for the loss of cytoplasmic dynein.
How Placebo Needles Differ From Placebo Pills?
2018-06-05

Because acupuncture treatment is defined by the process of needles penetrating the body, placebo needles were originally developed with non-penetrating mechanisms. However, whether placebo needles are valid controls in acupuncture research is subject of an ongoing debate. The present review provides an overview of the characteristics of placebo needles and how they differ from placebo pills in two aspects: (1) physiological response and (2) blinding efficacy. We argue that placebo needles elicit physiological responses similar to real acupuncture and therefore provide similar clinical efficacy. We also demonstrate that this efficacy is further supported by ineffective blinding (even in acupuncture-naïve patients) which may lead to opposite guesses that will further enhances efficacy, as compared to no-treatment, e.g., with waiting list controls. Additionally, the manner in which placebo needles can exhibit therapeutic effects relative to placebo pills include enhanced touch sensations, direct stimulation of the somatosensory system and activation of multiple brain systems. We finally discuss alternative control strategies for the placebo effects in acupuncture therapy.
Differential Diagnosis of Viral-Induced Anterior Uveitis
2018-06-05

Diagnosis of uveitis is often challenging, but can be easy in typical viral-induced anterior uveitis (VIAU). Associated symptoms and signs are an important source of information. Certain classical clinical features such as keratic precipitates (KPs) distribution, iris atrophy, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and unilaterality are commonly used to support the diagnosis of VIAU. However, many etiologies of anterior uveitis may to a certain extent mimic VIAU, especially the ones with unilateral granulomatous KPs and elevated IOP. This review begins with how the clinician can differentiate viral from nonviral anterior uveitis, and subsequently focuses on the key features which may aid in differentiating among the different viruses that cause VIAU.
The art of pervasive eye tracking
2018-06-05

Pervasive mobile eye tracking provides a rich data source to investigate human natural behavior, providing a high degree of ecological validity in natural environments. However, challenges and limitations intrinsic to unconstrained mobile eye tracking makes its development and usage to some extent an art. Nonetheless, researchers are pushing the boundaries of this technology to help assess museum visitors' attention not only between the exhibited works, but also within particular pieces, providing significantly more detailed insights than traditional timing-and-tracking or external observer approaches. In this paper, we present in detail the eye tracking system developed for a large scale fully-unconstrained study in the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, providing useful information for eye-tracking system designers. Furthermore, the study is described, and we report on usability and real-time performance metrics. Our results suggest that, although the system is comfortable enough, further eye tracker improvements are necessary to make it less conspicuous. Additionally, real-time accuracy already suffices for simple applications such as audio guides for the majority of users even in the absence of eye-tracker slippage compensation.
Long Wavelength Excitation of Europium Luminescence in Extended, Carboline-Based Cryptates
2018-06-05

Two new β-carboline-based tris(biaryl) europium cryptates are introduced. The extended antenna moiety incorporated into the cryptand frameworks enables the sensitization of europium emission with excitation wavelengths well above 450 nm. In aqueous solution, the cryptates show great complex stability, luminescence lifetimes around 0.5 ms, and absolute quantum yields of ca. 3%. In addition, the europium luminescence shows a well-defined pH-dependence in the physiologically interesting pH range 7-9.
Brain-Area Specific White Matter Hyperintensities: Associations to Falls in Parkinson’s Disease
2018-06-05

Background: Falls are common among people with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and are suggested to be associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) of the brain. Objective: To investigate the contribution of brain area-specific WMH to the risk of falls in IPD. Methods: In fifty participants with IPD, occurrence and severity of WMH in specific brain areas were determined using Scheltens (without lateralization) and Age-related white matter changes (ARWMC) (with lateralization) scores. Falls were evaluated with the fall item of the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS). Correlations between area-specific WMH and falls were tested with stepwise backward regression and multivariate regression analyses. Results: In this cohort of participants with IPD, left temporal WMH were associated with occurrence of falls. Frontal WMH of both hemispheres showed tendencies towards significance for the association with falls. Conclusion: According to our study, WMH in the left temporal area are significantly associated with falls in IPD. Potential reasons for this association could be deficits in memory, navigation, orientation, auditory processing, and fear conditioning, which are all associated with pathologies of the left temporal lobe.
The Ecology and Evolution of Alien Plants
2018-06-06

We review the state of the art of alien plant research with emphasis on conceptual advances and knowledge gains on general patterns and drivers, biotic interactions, and evolution. Major advances include the identification of different invasion stages and invasiveness dimensions (geographic range, habitat specificity, local abundance) and the identification of appropriate comparators while accounting for propagule pressure and year of introduction. Developments in phylogenetic and functional trait research bear great promise for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Global patterns are emerging with propagule pressure, disturbance, increased resource availability, and climate matching as major invasion drivers, but species characteristics also play a role. Biotic interactions with resident communities shape invasion outcomes, with major roles for species diversity, enemies, novel weapons, and mutualists. Mounting evidence has been found for rapid evolution of invasive aliens and evolutionary responses of natives, but a mechanistic understanding requires tighter integration of molecular and phenotypic approaches. We hope the open questions identified in this review will stimulate further research on the ecology and evolution of alien plants.
Fragmentation and disk formation during high-mass star formation
2018-06-06

Context. High-mass stars form in clusters, but neither the early fragmentation processes nor the detailed physical processes leading to the most massive stars are well understood. Aims. We aim to understand the fragmentation, as well as the disk formation, outflow generation, and chemical processes during high-mass star formation on spatial scales of individual cores. Methods. Using the IRAM Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) in combination with the 30 m telescope, we have observed in the IRAM large program CORE the 1.37 mm continuum and spectral line emission at high angular resolution (~0.4′′) for a sample of 20 well-known high-mass star-forming regions with distances below 5.5 kpc and luminosities larger than 10 4 L ⊙ . Results. We present the overall survey scope, the selected sample, the observational setup, and the main goals of CORE. Scientifically, we concentrated on the mm continuum emission on scales on the order of 1000 AU. We detect strong mm continuum emission from all regions, mostly due to the emission from cold dust. The fragmentation properties of the sample are diverse. We see extremes where some regions are dominated by a single high-mass core whereas others fragment into as many as 20 cores. A minimum-spanning-tree analysis finds fragmentation at scales on the order of the thermal Jeans length or smaller suggesting that turbulent fragmentation is less important than thermal gravitational fragmentation. The diversity of highly fragmented vs. singular regions can be explained by varying initial density structures and/or different initial magnetic field strengths. Conclusions. A large sample of high-mass star-forming regions at high spatial resolution allows us to study the fragmentation properties of young cluster-forming regions. The smallest observed separations between cores are found around the angular resolution limit which indicates that further fragmentation likely takes place on even smaller spatial scales. The CORE project with its numerous spectral line detections will address a diverse set of important physical and chemical questions in the field of high-mass star formation.
Imaging Peptide and Protein Chirality via Amino Acid Analysis by Chiral × Chiral Two-Dimensional Correlation Liquid Chromatography
2018-06-06

The present contribution illustrates the utilization of a chiral × chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) setup with tert-butylcarbamoyl quinine chiral stationary phase (CSP) in the first dimension (<sup>1</sup>D) and tert-butylcarbamoyl quinidine CSP in the second dimension (<sup>2</sup>D) to analyze FMOC-derivatized d and l amino acids from peptide hydrolysates. Hereby, in the <sup>1</sup>D and <sup>2</sup>D chiral separation dimensions factors such as selector and immobilization chemistry of the CSPs, mobile phase, temperature, column hardware dimensions, stationary phase supports, particle type and packing were identical. Orthogonality between <sup>1</sup>D and <sup>2</sup>D CSPs was solely based on their stereochemistry, i.e. their opposite configurations in two chiral centers of the selector molecules, which results in inversion of enantiomer elution orders in the two dimensions. Using Coreshell CSPs for fast chromatography allowed <sup>2</sup>D-flow rates which were 60 times faster than the <sup>1</sup>D-flow rates to enable online comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography (LC × LC). Due to very similar chemoselectivity, yet opposite elution orders of corresponding enantiomers in <sup>1</sup>D and <sup>2</sup>D, characteristic 2D-elution patterns for achiral and chiral components can be generated. Peaks of achiral components and impurities are lined up on the diagonal line in the 2D separation space (contour plot) and thereby removed from the chromatographic space of the target enantiomers avoiding overlaps with potential interferences. Corresponding enantiomers provide cross peaks on the 2D chromatogram. Moreover, enantioselectivity of both single CSPs is combined to result in an enhanced overall 2D enantioselectivity. The concept is illustrated for the therapeutic peptides gramicidin and bacitracin. Since all amino acids give a consistent elution order as FMOC-derivatives, all enantiomers of the same configuration are either above or below the diagonal line allowing straightforward imaging of the configuration of the amino acids in peptides by the 2D chromatogram.
Electromagnetic fields of slowly rotating magnetized compact stars in conformal gravity
2018-06-06

The exact analytical solutions for vacuum electromagnetic fields of slowly rotating magnetized compact stars in conformal gravity have been studied. Taking the realistic dipolar magnetic field configuration for the star, analytical solutions of the Maxwell equations for the near zone magnetic and the electric fields exterior to a slowly rotating magnetized relativistic star in conformal gravity are obtained. In addition, the dipolar electromagnetic radiation and energy losses from the rotating magnetized compact star in conformal gravity have been studied. With the aim to find observational constraints on the parameter of conformal gravity, the theoretical results for the electromagnetic radiation from the rotating magnetized relativistic star in conformal gravity have been combined with the precise observational data on the radio pulsars periods slow down and it is estimated that the upper limit i.e. the maximum value of the parameter of conformal gravity is less than ( ).