julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Kant's concept of health as an interaction of mind and body
2024-01-01

This paper examines Kant's concept of the health under four aspects. Part 1: Kant speaks of health primarily in terms of common sense (gesunder Menschenverstand) and healthy reason (gesunde Vernunft). The concept of health is therefore mainly an epistemological concept. Part 2: Health then stands in the context of disease. For Kant, disease is always linked to a lack of cognitive capacity. Kant’s thoughts on disease and health can be found above all in his late writings "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View" (1798) and "The Conflict of the Faculties" (1798). The early work "Essay on the Maladies of the Head" (1764) and a speech on "On Philosophers‘ Medicine of the Body" (1786) should also be included. Since health is primarily in the context of cognition, mental illnesses are at the centre of Kant's work. Part 3: Kant repeatedly presents his own state of health as an example. When Kant wrote his own "dietetics" in response to Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland's "Macrobiotics or The Art of Prolonging Human Life", it becomes clear that the attainment of physical health is also linked to mental health. After all, we can speak of psychosomatics. Part 4: For Kant, the preservation of health is also the task of the government. This political dimension of health is evident in Kant’s writings. This discovery of psychosomatics is part of a medical-historical context that originated with Kant, among others, and which has not yet been sufficiently researched
Mitigating vulnerabilities with social media: A cross‐national study of European disaster managers' practices
2024-01-02

Abstract In this article, we provide an overview of the ways in which disaster managers in eight European countries use social media to mitigate people's vulnerability to hazards. Our document analysis and 95 expert interviews in Germany, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Finland, Norway, and Estonia revealed six distinct institutional social media practices that may reduce disaster vulnerability: sharing educational guidelines, informing and warning the public, identifying citizens' concerns, identifying missing persons, sharing guidelines during disaster, and organizing volunteers. We discuss how these practices could affect people's ability to access, understand, and react adequately to information about risks and hazards. Our findings can be used to improve guidelines for official crisis communication on social media and demonstrate the value of using social media in disaster risk reduction.
The generic Middle Stone Age: fact or fiction?
2024-01-02

Recent decades have seen a surge of interest in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) as it constitutes the archaeological background to the early evolution of Homo sapiens. Research primacy has been given to rare regional and temporal signatures of MSA technological diversity and material culture, typically in open grassland or sparse savanna regions. These include, for example, the Still Bay, Howiesons Poort, Lupemban and Aterian, all of which can be seen as specific variants of the MSA. Archaeological assemblages apparently lacking distinctive features have received little attention in their own right. Such occurrences can be subsumed under the informal term of a more 'generic' MSA. The marginalisation of this material culture is problematic as it dominates the MSA record. The apparent continuity and commonality of generic MSA elements over large spatial and temporal scales also raise manifold questions about the early evolution of our species. As such, a 'generic' MSA might be perceived as the common technological and material substrate of early Homo sapiens behaviour and culture. At the same time, we lack quantitative studies that justify subsuming close to 300,000 years of material culture into a single category. This special issue of Azania is based on a symposium at the Sixteenth Congress of the PanAfrican Archaeological Association of Prehistory and Related Studies in Zanzibar (Tanzania) that brought together researchers working in different African regions to scrutinise apparently 'non-specific' MSA lithic assemblages across time and space, evaluating their commonality and relevance on different chronological and geographical scales. The six articles in this issue span comparative quantitative studies within and across regions, methodological and theoretical advances to reach these goals and the integration of palaeoecological data. A common interest lies in understanding but also testing the validity of using a 'generic' MSA and the general relevance of more specific or generic technological assemblages in the wider framework of modern human cultural and biological evolution.
Don’t Test After Lunch: The Relationship Between Disengagement and the Time of Day That Low-Stakes Testing Occurs
2024-01-02

When student achievement is assessed, we seek to elicit a student's maximum performance – a goal requiring the assumption that the student is fully engaged. Otherwise, to the extent that disengagement occurs, test performance is likely to suffer. Effectively managing test-taking disengagement requires an understanding of the testing conditions under which disengagement is more likely. This study investigated the association between disengagement and the time-of-day testing occurred for a widely used low-stakes, computer-adaptive achievement test in grades 2–8. Disengagement was measured using two indicators: response time effort (RTE) and performance decline. Results showed clear evidence for a time-of-day effect for RTE, with the prevalence of students exhibiting low RTE (<.90) tripling during the school day in Math, and nearly doubling in Reading. In contrast, the prevalence of significant performance decline showed little change across time of day. Reasons for differences in results for the two disengagement indicators are discussed.
Improving motivation and treatment uptake behaviors of patients with eating disorders using patient narrative videos: study protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial
2024-01-02

Abstract Background Patients with eating disorders (ED) typically report delays between the onset of symptoms and engagement with treatment services. Personal barriers including stigma, shame, and guilt, as well as the availability of social support may influence patients’ decisions to engage with treatment services. Patient narratives are personalized stories discussing the illness and recovery of previously affected persons. Such narratives can reduce self-stigma and provide current patients with hope for their own recovery. Method This pilot study will examine the effects of patient narrative videos on the treatment motivation and uptake of treatment services for patients with ED. Three narrative videos were developed from the perspectives of (a) a former patient with an ED, (b) an ED specialist, and (c) the same former patient discussing a somatic condition unrelated to ED. Patients will be randomized into three video viewing and one treatment-as-usual group. Effects on treatment motivation will be assessed using the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA-S) immediately after viewing the videos, as well as one-week and three-month follow-ups. Treatment uptake will be assessed during follow-up using a questionnaire listing possible treatment interactions. A post-intervention questionnaire and semi-structured interviews will be used to assess the feasibility and acceptability of patient narrative videos for this population. Discussion There is an urgent need to encourage patients with ED to engage with specialized treatments as soon as possible. Patient narratives may be a pivotal approach to implementing cost effective and easy to disseminate early intervention programs to future patients with ED.
Relevance of different prognostic scores in primary CNS lymphoma in the era of intensified treatment regimens: A retrospective, multicenter analysis of 174 patients
2024-01-02

Abstract Objectives Treatment intensification (including consolidative high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation [HDT‐ASCT]) significantly improved outcome in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients. Methods We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of newly diagnosed PCNSL patients, treated with intensified treatment regimens. The following scores were evaluated in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS): Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG), and three‐factor (3F) prognostic score. Further, all scores were comparatively investigated for model quality and concordance. Results Altogether, 174 PCNSL patients were included. One hundred and five patients (60.3%) underwent HDT‐ASCT. Two‐year OS and 2‐year PFS for the entire population were 73.3% and 48.5%, respectively. The MSKCC ( p = .003) and 3F score ( p &lt; .001), but not the IELSG score ( p = .06), had the discriminatory power to identify different risk groups for OS. In regard to concordance, the 3F score (C‐index [0.71]) outperformed both the MSKCC (C‐index [0.64]) and IELSG (C‐index [0.53]) score. Moreover, the superiority of the 3F score was shown for PFS, successfully stratifying patients in three risk groups, which also resulted in the highest C‐index (0.66). Conclusion The comparative analysis of established PCNSL risk scores affirm the clinical utility of the 3F score stratifying the widest prognostic spectrum among PCNSL patients treated with intensified treatment approaches.
Distinguishing between daily behaviors and evolved functional adaptations in fossil hominins
2024-01-02

In the introductory chapter of this edited volume, I argue that paleoanthropological research on hominin behavioral evolution tends to overlook the conceptual distinction between a species’ basic anatomical capacity to carry out a certain physical task (e.g., the ability to climb), its evolved biomechanical efficiency in performing that activity (e.g., arboreal climbing efficiency), and each individual’s habitual physical activities (e.g., frequency and intensity of climbing throughout life). Using a few key examples from the literature, I posit that the lack of this theoretical distinction can compromise the integrity of paleoanthropological hypotheses and interpretations surrounding hominin biocultural evolution. Lastly, this chapter encourages future evolutionary studies to always strive to address all three behavioral components (capacity, evolved efficiency, and habitual behavior), relying on appropriate methods (and morphological traits) for each of them.
Development of Highly Potent and Selective FGFR4 Inhibitors Based on SNAr Electrophiles
2024-01-02

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 (FGFR4) is thought to be a driver in several cancer types, most notably in hepatocellular carcinoma. One way to achieve high potency and isoform-selectivity for FGFR4 is to covalently target a rare cysteine (C552) in the hinge region of its kinase domain that is not present in other FGFR family members (FGFR1-3). Typically, this cysteine is addressed via classical acrylamide electrophiles. Here, we demonstrate that non-canonical covalent “warheads” based on nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) chemistry can be employed in a rational manner to generate highly potent and (isoform )selective FGFR4 inhibitors with a low intrinsic reactivity. Our key compounds showed low- to subnanomolar potency, efficient covalent inactivation, and excellent selectivity over other FGFRs as well as kinases with an equivalent cysteine and a representative subset of the kinome. Moreover, these compounds achieved low nanomolar potencies in cellular assays and demonstrated good microsomal stability highlighting the potential of SNAr-based approaches in covalent inhibitor design.
Ape knapping then and now: Limited social learning of sharp stone-tool making and use in naïve non-human apes
2024-01-02

Ape knapping experiments complement human knapping experiments as a source of behavioral data to build hypotheses about the learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of knapping skills in extinct hominins. In addition, ape knapping experiments provide information regarding the stone-related behaviors that could have preceded the systematic production and use of sharp stones in our lineage. In this chapter, we review previous ape knapping experiments with a focus on those that tested apes‘ abilities to socially learn from human demonstrators. Two studies, investigating one orangutan and one bonobo, concluded that both apes could socially learn sharp stone tool-making and use from human demonstrations. These results were interpreted as evidence of the reliance of early hominins on social learning to acquire knapping skills. However, alternative explanations exist. We provide novel data from two experiments investigating the abilities of the two previously untested great ape species (chimpanzees and gorillas) to learn knapping from human demonstrations. Contrary to the previous studies, the chimpanzees and gorillas in our experiments did not acquire sharp stone tool-making or use socially from human demonstrations. However, the apes we tested frequently manipulated the testing materials and two chimpanzees engaged in two events of lithic percussion involving an active hammer (although these actions did not lead to flake detachment). Our results suggest that the observation of human demonstrations is insufficient for the tested apes to acquire knapping abilities. This disparity in results between studies is unlikely to be explained by species differences in tool-use proficiency but rather by the particular rearing background of the previously tested individuals. We discuss how our previous results on both the individual and social learning abilities of unenculturated, untrained orangutans compare to our new results on gorillas and chimpanzees. In addition, we comment on the general implications of ape knapping experiments for understanding the likely origin and maintenance of knapping skills in pre-modern hominins.
Training data for the shared task Ideology and Power Identification in Parliamentary Debates (2024)
2024-01-02

This dataset contains a selection of speeches from ParlaMint corpora (version 4.0) as the training set for the shared task on "Ideology and Power Identification in Parliamentary Debates" in CLEF 2024. All files are tab-separated text files with the following fields: "id" is a unique (arbitrary) ID for each text. "speaker" is a unique (arbitrary) ID for each speaker. There may be multiple speeches from the same speaker. "sex" is the (binary/biological) sex of the speaker. This information is collected from varying sources (typically data published by the respective parliament), and in some cases it may be unspecified or unknown. "text" is the transcribed text of the parliamentary speech. Real examples may include line breaks, and other special sequences escaped or quoted. "text_en" is an automatic English translation of the corresponding text. This field may be empty (obviously) for speeches in English, but the translations may be missing for a small number of non-English speeches as well. "label" is the binary/numeric label. For political orientation, 0 is left and 1 is right. For power identification 0 indicates coalition (or governing party) and 1 indicates opposition. File names indicate the task and the parliament. We provide data from the following national and regional parliaments. Austria (at) Bosnia and Herzegovina (ba) Belgium (be) Bulgaria (bg) Czechia (cz) Denmark (dk) Estonia (ee) [only political orientation] Spain (es) Catalonia (es-ct) Galicia (es-ga) Basque Country (es-pv) [only power] Finland (fi) France (fr) Great Britain (gb) Greece (gr) Croatia (hr) Hungary (hu) Iceland (is) [only political orientation] Italy (it) Latvia (lv) The Netherlands (nl) Norway (no) [only political orientation] Poland (pl) Portugal (pt) Serbia (rs) Sweden (se) [only political orientation] Slovenia (si) Turkey (tr) Ukraine (ua) The number of training instances and the class imbalance differs for each training set. We do not provide a fixed validation split. Please see the shared task website for further description of the data set and the sampling process.
AN EX VIVO STUDY INVESTIGATING THE DEGENERATIVE IMPACT OF MMPS-2, -3, AND -7 ON THE BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PERICELLULAR MATRIX IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
2024-01-02

Matrix metalloproteinase enzymes (MMPs) play a crucial role in the remodeling of articular cartilage, contributing also to osteoarthritis (OA) progression. The pericellular matrix (PCM) is a specialized space surrounding each chondrocyte, containing collagen type VI and perlecan. It acts as a transducer of biomechanical and biochemical signals for the chondrocyte. This study investigates the impact of MMP-2, -3, and -7 on the integrity and biomechanical characteristics of the PCM. Human articular cartilage explants (n=10 patients, ethical-nr.:674/2016BO2) were incubated with activated MMP-2, -3, or -7 as well as combinations of these enzymes. The structural degradative effect on the PCM was assessed by immunolabelling of the PCM's main components: collagen type VI and perlecan. Biomechanical properties of the PCM in form of the elastic moduli (EM) were determined by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), using a spherical cantilever tip (2.5μm). MMPs disrupted the PCM-integrity, resulting in altered collagen type VI and perlecan structure and dispersed pericellular arrangement. A total of 3600 AFM-measurements revealed that incubation with single MMPs resulted in decreased PCM stiffness (p&lt;0.001) when compared to the untreated group. The overall EM were reduced by ∼36% for all the 3 individual enzymes. The enzyme combinations altered the biomechanical properties at a comparable level (∼36%, p&lt;0.001), except for MMP-2/-7 (p=0.202). MMP-induced changes in the PCM composition have a significant impact on the biomechanical properties of the PCM, similar to those observed in early OA. Each individual MMP was shown to be highly capable of selectively degrading the PCM microenvironment. The combination of MMP-2 and -7 showed a lower potency in reducing the PCM stiffness, suggesting a possible interplay between the two enzymes. Our study showed that MMP-2, -3, and -7 play a direct role in the functional and structural remodeling of the PCM. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Tübingen (grant number.: 2650-0-0).
Fear and Self-Truth: Parrēsia in Augustine’s Doctrine of Emotions
2024-01-02

AbstractFear, as a kind of human emotion, has a close relation with the ancient Greek parrēsia since it can be rendered as "fearless speech." To investigate this concept, Foucault brings the obligation to truth and the practices of confession of early Christians in late antiquity into the spotlight, from which Augustine is, however, almost absent. The reason Foucault excludes Augustine from his study, which, on the other hand, highlights Augustine's particularity regarding the experience of parrēsia, is his attention to cordis affectus. This paper brings the perspective of emotion theory to bear on the study of Augustine's practice of confession. The study is divided into three parts: First, I analyse the relationship between the self-truth and God, the Truth itself, with Foucault's study of parrēsia of early Christianity, and draw attention to Augustine's concern with the inner emotions in confession. Second, considering Augustine's theory of emotions, I examine how fear relates to love and how fear functions in conversion through the power of the Holy Spirit. Finally, I explore how fear interacts with the disclosure and manifestation of the truth about the self in Augustine's own conversion described in Book VIII of the Confessions. The study concludes that Augustine's confession, a kind of parrēsia full of fear, is basically in line with the Christian experience of parrēsia in the ascetic tradition described by Foucault but that his focus on fear makes his practice of confession distinctive.Keywords: AugustineemotionfearFoucaultparrēsiaself-truth
Dynamics of a random Hopfield neural lattice model with adaptive synapses and delayed Hebbian learning
2024-01-02

UDC 517.9 A Dong–Hopfield neural lattice model with random external forcing and delayed response to the evolution of interconnection weights is developed and studied. The interconnection weights evolve according to the Hebbian learning rule with a decay term and contribute to changes in the states after a short delay. The lattice system is first reformulated as a coupled functional-ordinary differential equation system on an appropriate product space. Then the solution of the system is shown to exist and be unique. Furthermore it is shown that the system of equations generates a continuous random dynamical system. Finally, the existence of random attractors for the random dynamical system generated by the Dong–Hopfield model is established.
Kahneman in Quotes and Reflections
2024-01-02

In this retrospective honoring the exemplary psychologist Daniel Kahneman (1934–2024), the authors present a curated selection of quotes from the academic community reflecting on his ideas. These submissions, gathered from a wide range of scholars, highlight Kahneman’s contributions to fields spanning attention, judgment, decision-making, and well-being. From his exploration of cognitive biases to his groundbreaking work on prospect theory, Kahneman’s research revolutionized researchers’ understanding of human behavior and decision-making. Beyond his research, many quotes also emphasize Kahneman’s thoughts on what it means to be a behavioral scientist—focusing on a commitment to criticism, transparency, and adversarial collaboration; showcasing the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry across disciplinary divides; and highlighting his dedication to advancing the greater good. Together, these reflections paint a portrait of a visionary thinker whose theoretical and meta-scientific contributions have left an indelible mark on psychology and other social sciences.
The extracellular matrix as hallmark of cancer and metastasis: From biomechanics to therapeutic targets
2024-01-03

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell support during homeostasis and plays a critical role in cancer. Although research often concentrates on the tumor’s cellular aspect, attention is growing for the importance of the cancer-associated ECM. Biochemical and physical ECM signals affect tumor formation, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Examining the tumor microenvironment uncovers intricate ECM dysregulation and interactions with cancer and stromal cells. Anticancer therapies targeting ECM sensors and remodelers, including integrins and matrix metalloproteinases, and ECM-remodeling cells, have seen limited success. This review explores the ECM’s role in cancer and discusses potential therapeutic strategies for cell-ECM interactions.