julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
0818 Actigraphy Sleep Assessment In Early Infancy: Associations With Socioeconomic Factors Over Ages One To Six Months
2019-04-01

Maturation of sleep/wake patterns across early childhood is linked with brain and physical development. An improved understanding of factors associated with sleep/wake development during early infancy may help elucidate the origins of chronic diseases and provide insight into normative sleep patterns. Actigraphy is a popular objective sleep assessment method due to its ease of data collection in natural home environments, but has not been widely used in infants. The aim of this analysis was to characterize sleep/wake patterns using actigraphy and evaluate the association of demographic/socioeconomic factors with changes in 24-hour and nocturnal sleep duration between one and six months of age. As part of the ongoing Rise & SHINE (Sleep Health in Infancy & Early Childhood) study, a Massachusetts-based birth cohort that examines sleep patterns and growth in early life, full-term healthy singletons wore an actigraph on their ankle for 3-7 days at approximately one month and six months of age. At each visit, the parents completed concurrent sleep diaries and a subset of questions from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Outcomes were changes in nocturnal sleep (7pm-8am) between six and one month of age. The sample includes the first 181 infants (20 Black, 30 Asian, 77 White, 52 Hispanic, 2 multi-racial/other). Of these 44(24%) were offspring of mothers with less than Bachelor degree education and 69(38%) were from households with low income. Nocturnal sleep duration increased from 444.6(95%CI: 433.8,455.3) to 512.0(95%CI: 501.5,522.5) minutes between ages one and six months (P<0.001). Increase in nocturnal sleep duration was 67.3 minutes less in infants with low maternal education (16.5±97.6 vs. 83.8±89.4, P<0.001), and 45.3 minutes less in infants with low family household income (39.4±100.0 vs. 84.7±89.0, P=0.002). Actigraphy estimated an average increase of 67.4 minutes of nocturnal sleep from one to six months of age. However, sleep duration, potentially reflecting decreased nocturnal sleep consolidation, increased less over six months in infants from low socioeconomic households, suggesting that early environmental factors may impact sleep neurodevelopment. NIDDK fund (R01 DK107972)
PO 8261 CYTOCHROME P450 (CYP2B6*6C.516G>T) VARIANTS IN CONGOLESE INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV AND TB MONO AND DUAL INFECTIONS
2019-04-01

Background The inter-individual genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), involved in the metabolism of many drugs, partly modulates drug response and toxicity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP2B6 for example, G516T have been implicated in high- and sub-therapeutic plasma concentration of the current antimalarial, HIV and TB first-line drugs in various geographical regions and thus undermines effective disease management. At present, there is no data on the frequency of CYP2B6 c.516G&gt;T among the Congolese population, despite a significant number of people undergoing antimalarial, HIV and TB treatment that relies on CYP2B6-based drug clearance or activation. Methods A total of 418 patients with HIV-1 mono-infection, HIV-1 +TB coinfection and P. falciparum infection were genotyped for CYP2B6 c.516G&gt;T polymorphism using PCR-RFLP. The frequencies of the alleles as well as the genotypes (GG, GT and TT) were determined. Results The frequency of CYP2B6 c.516G&gt;T polymorphism was 69% and frequency of G and T alleles were 45% and 55%, respectively. 17.0% (49/288) of participants were GG (extensive metaboliser), 55.2% (159/288) of participants were GT (intermediate metaboliser) and 27.8% (80/288) of participants were TT (poor metabolisers). Conclusion This study highlights CYP2B6 c.G516T polymorphism as a potential determinant of drug response and toxicity among the Congolese population, particularly those undergoing antiretroviral, malaria and tuberculosis treatment within the current first-line drug policy framework.
PO 8524 MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF THE NOROVIRUS STRAINS RESPONSIBLE FOR ACUTE DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD HOSPITALISED IN BRAZZAVILLE
2019-04-01

Background Acute gastroenteritis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years old worldwide. Viruses are the most common responsible agent and norovirus is second after rotavirus. There is no published data on the occurrence of this agent in Brazzaville. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of norovirus infection andto evaluate the risk factors in hospitalised children in Brazzaville, Congo. Methods From June 2012 to June 2013, stool samples were collected from children under five years old hospitalised with acute gastroenteritis at Makelekele hospital. Rotavirus and adenovirus infections were already characterised in this population. A total of 545 samples were tested for GI and GII norovirus infections using nested duplex reverse-transcription–polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. The positive samples will be sequenced and analysed to determine the corresponding genotype. Results The GI and GII norovirus infection were found in 148 samples (27, 14%) in this study. Males (28, 85%) were more infected than females (25%) but the difference was not significant. Norovirus infection was detected only in children under 24 months with a higher prevalence in the age group of 7–12 months (p value=0,048). The norovirus infection was detected throughout the year, but it peaked during the dry season (August-September). Dual infection of rotavirus and norovirus was detected in 65 cases (11, 9%), rotavirus-adenovirus in 8 cases (1, 5%), norovirus-adenovirus in 4 cases (0, 73%). Triple infection was detected in 3 cases (0, 55%). Conclusion This study suggests that norovirus infection is the second cause of gastroenteritis after rotavirus in the study area. However, further surveillance investigations need to be pursued in other sentinel sites of the country.
PO 8503 EPIDEMIOLOGY, CO-INFECTIONS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN LIVING IN LAMBARÉNÉ, GABON
2019-04-01

Background Schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent parasitic infection in Central Africa, where co-endemicity with other parasitic infections is common, and schistosomiasis outcomes can be affected by those other infections. Therefore, proper schistosomiasis control needs epidemiological data accounting for co-infections, too. In this present study, our objective was to determine the epidemiological situation around schistosomiasis in Lambaréné. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children living in Lambaréné. Urine filtration exam was performed for the detection of Schistosoma eggs. Kato-Katz and stool culture (Coproculture and Harada-Mori) techniques were used for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths. Detection of Plasmodium spp. and blood microfilariae was performed applying light microscopy. Risk factors for schistosomiasis and factors associated with schistosomiasis were investigated; haematology parameters evaluated. Results A total of 614 school children with available schistosomiasis status were included in the analysis. Mean age was 10.9 (SD=2.7) years, with a 0.95 boy-to-girl sex ratio. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was 26%. No risk factors except human-water contact were associated with schistosomiasis. Only Trichuris trichiura co-infection was associated with an increased odd (aOR=2.3, p -value=0.048) to be infected with schistosomiasis. Full blood counts showed a decrease of haemoglobin level and increase of WBC and platelet levels among the schistosoma-infected children. Haematuria was found associated with schistosomiasis (aOR=14.5, p -value&lt;0.001) and was suitable to predict the disease. Conclusion The prevalence of schistosomiasis is moderate in Lambaréné where human-water contact remains the main risk factor and praziquantel is available for treatment. Trichuriasis is associated with increased risk to be infected. Children with schistosomiasis exhibit a distinct full blood count profile and haematuria is found to be more suitable to predict infection. However, it is desirable to implement comprehensive approaches beyond chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control in this area as recommended by WHO.
PO 8444 CHARACTERISATION OF PATHOGENS CAUSING DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN LAMBARÉNÉ, GABON
2019-04-01

Background Diarrhoeal disease remains the second leading cause of death in children under five years, being associated with about 525,000 deaths every year. The most common pathogens worldwide are Shigella spp/EIEC, rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, ST-ETEC and Cryptosporidium spp. Public health interventions rely on estimates of pathogen-specific burden for prioritisation. Sadly, comprehensive data on the aetiology of diarrhoea in children is lacking for Gabon. This study aimed to identify the spectrum of pathogens found in Lambaréné, Gabon and provide baseline data on their prevalence, needed for implementation of effective control measures. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Albert Schweitzer and Georges Rawiri Regional hospitals in Lambaréné from February 2017 to February 2018. A consecutive sample of children under 5 year old with diarrhoea or a history of diarrhoea within the previous three days were prospectively studied. A single stool sample was collected from each study participant and processed using commercial rapid immunoassays to detect antigens of rotavirus, adenovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. Multiplex PCR was used for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia and Cyclospora cayetanensis detection, and characterisation of E. coli strains. Results Out of 188 participants who provided stool samples, one or more pathogens could be detected in 34.6% of the cases. The most prevalent parasites were Giardia lamblia (14.9%), Cryptosporidium spp. (11.7%), and Cyclospora cayetanensis (2.7%). Enteric viruses also were identified in these children: 10.6% and 1.6% of rotavirus and adenovirus, respectively. Multiple pathogens were detected in 5.3% of samples. Conclusion This analysis of the causes of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in our setting showed three main pathogens: Giardia lamblia , Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus. Our study confirms major agents of acute diarrhoeal diseases in children, highlights research needs ( Cryptosporidium ) and supports the introduction of new tools such as the implementation of the rotavirus vaccine in the national immunisation programme.
OC 8721 WANECAM II – A CLINICAL TRIAL PROGRAMME TO ASSESS SAFETY, EFFICACY AND TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING PROPERTIES OF A NEW ANTIMALARIAL KAF156 (GANAPLACIDE) IN UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA
2019-04-01

Background Despite major progress in the past decade, malaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. West and Central Africa account for nearly 2/3 of the burden currently attributable to falciparum malaria. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) are a cornerstone of our strategy for controlling and eventually eliminating malaria. However, reduced responsiveness/resistance to artemisinin derivatives and to ACTs, an increasing problem in South-East Asia is a major concern. It is of utmost importance to develop new antimalarial drugs from novel chemical classes that can replace ACTs. KAF156, an imidazolepiperazine, is a leading candidate in the antimalarial drug development pipeline. Combination of KAF156 with a Solid Dispersion Formulation of lumefantrine (LUM-SDF) is expected to be fast acting, fully curative, improve patient adherence and can potentially reduce malaria transmission. Methods WANECAM II proposes to advance the clinical development of KAF156 through clinical trials in adults and children, with integrated capacity building and infrastructure development activities. The trial programme will be undertaken in the context of networking, team-building, leadership development and community engagement schemes that will involve intra-European, European-African and intra-African collaborative activities. WANECAM II will accelerate the clinical study of children less than 2 years of age which are the key target for new antimalarial treatments. Results By the end of the project, the results are expected to contribute to the registration of KAF156/LUM-SDF through stringent regulatory health authorities, increase biomedical research capacity in the consortium and effectively promote networking among the respective teams. A new clinical research team in Niger, a grossly underrepresented country in the African research landscape, will be developed and further increase capacity and infrastructure in the consortium. Conclusion Providing a new antimalarial drug combination that does not contain an artemisinin derivative and is effective against resistant P. falciparum strains as well as gametocytes and that is likely to be taken in 3 or fewer single doses will be a major advance in the field. The new combination of KAF156 with LUM-SDF is expected to provide such major advance upon successful conclusion of the WANECAM II project.
PO 8449 SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM INFECTION INCREASES THE NUMBER OF MALARIA EPISODES IN CHILDREN LIVING IN RURAL AREAS AROUND LAMBARéNé, GABON
2019-04-01

Background In sub-Saharan Africa, Plasmodium spp. infection prevalence very often overlaps with helminth infections, particularly with schistosomiasis which is reported to be the second parasitic infection after malaria in terms of prevalence. Interaction between both infections has been reported earlier. Schistosomiasis is typically a chronic disease, whereas malaria occurs in episodes, particularly in children. In this study, we assessed the effect of Schistosoma haematobium infection on clinical malaria among children. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted from June 2016 to February 2018. Volunteers without any known chronic condition were included. Thick blood smear (TBS) was performed monthly at participants’ homes. For any medical concern including malaria-like symptoms and visible haematuria, participants were invited to come to CERMEL for diagnosis and treatment. Light microscopy was performed to detect malaria parasites and Schistosoma eggs, using TBS and urine filtration technique, respectively. Over the study course, participants found to be infected were treated accordingly. Schistosomiasis status was determined at the end of the follow-up. Results Among the 351 volunteers included in the study, schistosomiasis status was available for 260. Mean age was 12.3 year (SD 4.6) with a 0.96 women-to-men sex ratio. Of those, 112/260 (43.1%) [37.0%–49.3%] participants were positive for S. haematobium , and a total of 132 (51%) children developed 230 malaria attacks. Those with schistosomiasis had a 1.5:1 [1.1–2.0] risk to develop malaria compared to their uninfected counterparts. The mean number of malaria episodes per child over the study course was higher among children with schistosomiasis compared to those without (2.03 vs 1.57, p-value=0.015). Conclusion S. haematobium infection was associated with increased susceptibility to develop malaria (by increasing the risk to develop a malaria episode) and, consequently, a higher malaria incidence.
GENE-06. DISTINCT MOLECULAR SUBGROUPS OF TUMORS OF THE PINEAL REGION CORRELATE WITH CLINICAL PARAMETERS AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS
2019-04-01

Tumors arising in the pineal region comprise a spectrum of different entities with distinct clinical and histopathological characteristics. Pineocytoma (PC), pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) and papillary tumors of the pineal region (PTPR) mainly occur in adult patients and are low to moderately aggressive neoplasms (WHO °I-III). In contrast, pineoblastoma (PB) are high-grade (WHO °IV) malignancies primarily affecting children and adolescents. Especially for patients with unresectable or metastatic disease or at very young age survival outcomes remain poor despite aggressive multimodal treatment regimen. To date, no therapeutically actionable molecular targets have been identified. A subset of PB occur in patients with cancer predisposition syndromes including DICER1 and RB1 germline mutations, the latter in the context of trilateral retinoblastoma (TLRB). We analyzed a cohort of ~230 pineal tumors of different histologies using genome-wide DNA methylation profiling and copy-number analysis, as well as gene panel sequencing, miRNA sequencing and gene expression profiling. Unsupervised clustering based on DNA methylation profiles revealed clear separation of known histopathological entities (PC, PTPR, PPTID) and, furthermore, distinction of subclasses within these groups. Interestingly, several biologically discrete subgroups emerged within the group of histologically diagnosed PBs or pineal primitive embryonal tumors/PNETs, which displayed distinct clinical associations (e.g. age distribution). RB1 alterations were recurrent in a small subgroup (PB_RB) including TLRBs as well as sporadic PB cases (~60%) showing similarities with retinoblastoma. About 45% of cases in the largest PB subgroup (PB_B) harbored alterations within the miRNA processing pathway (affecting DROSHA, DGCR8 or DICER1) suggesting a central role of altered miRNA biogenesis in the development of this group which showed evidence for global reduction of mature miRNA by miRNA-Seq. With this study, we provide a foundation for further clinical, molecular and functional characterization of PB subgroups.
PO 8563 UNCOMMONLY HIGH AND SYMPTOMATICPLASMODIUM FALCIPARUMINFECTIONS IN GABONESE ADULTS
2019-04-01

Background Malaria remains a public health issue particularly in sub-Saharan Africa with special features of seriousness in young children and pregnant women. Older children and adults reported to have acquired a semi-immune status and therefore show low parasitaemia and less pronounced symptoms if any. We aim to explore parasitaemia and symptoms in adolescents and adults with malaria compared to younger children in the Lambaréné area. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in CERMEL for a month in 2018. Adults and children were screened for malaria at health facilities in Lambaréné and Fougamou and their respective surrounding villages in the central region of Gabon. Malaria infection was determined either by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or by thick blood smear (TBS). Body temperature, history of fever, age, sex, haemoglobin level, and location were collected. Results From 09 January to 09 February 2018, a total of 596 patients were screened and 280 (47%) belonged to the adult population. Plasmodium falciparum infection in adults was diagnosed based on the detection of P. falciparum in thick blood films. Prevalence among the adults was 56% (n=141); 34% of adult patients had a parasite count between 1015–116,079 pf/μl. Fever was found in 31% of adults and several symptoms were reported by the same patient. Vomiting, loss of appetite, and fatigue were significantly more present in the adult population than in children. Conclusion This study shows a high rate of Plasmodium falciparum infection in adults associated to clinical symptoms and high level of parasitaemia. Adults seem to become an at-risk population, suggesting that malaria programmes should consider including adults in the implementation of a malaria prevention programme.
Reduced ABR response and sound-evoked/resting-state BOLD fMRI connectivity in tinnitus
2019-04-01

The precise neurophysiological basis of chronic tinnitus, which affects 10 – 15% of the population, remains unknown and is controversial at many levels. It is an open question whether phantom sound perception results from increased central neural gain or rather a lack of central neural gain, a crucial aspect for future therapeutic intervention strategies for tinnitus. We studied normal to mild hearing-impaired participants with and without tinnitus, excluding the co-occurrences of hyperacusis. We used different audiological tests, fMRI measurements (during rest and with audiological stimuli) and cortisol analysis in body fluids. For the audiological test, we clinically exam the ears, did tympanometry and acoustic reflex measurements, performed pure tone and speech audiometry to determine the hearing threshold, scored tinnitus with a questionnaire and did ABR measurements. A 3-Tesla scanner (Siemens Skyra) was used for fMRI acquisition. Besides, resting state measurements for functional connectivity, different auditory stimuli (music and frequency-modulated chirp sounds) were used for task-evoked measurements.
Evidence for otic adult stem cells in the human postmortem inner ear
2019-04-01

Lost sensory hair cells of the adult mammalian auditory epithelium are not replaced, resulting in permanent hearing loss. It is generally accepted that the intrinsic regenerative capacity of the organ of Corti is lost during late embryonic development, when these cells undergo terminal mitosis. In the adult utricular sensory epithelium of mice self-renewing and sphere forming cells giving rise to hair cell-like cells in vitro and in vivo were described. Here we investigated the presence of native stem cells residing in the adult human utricle and organ of Corti.
Equation of state effects on the core-crust interface of slow rotating neutron stars
2019-04-01

We systematically study the symmetry energy effects of the transition density ntand the transition pressure Ptaround the crust-core interface of a neutron star in the framework of the dynamical and the thermodynamical method respectively. We employ both the parabolic approximation and the full expansion, for the definition of the symmetry energy. We use various theoretical nuclear models. Firstly we derive and present an approximation for the transition pressure Ptand crustal mass Mcrust. Secondly, we explore the effects of the Equation of State (EoS) on a few astrophysical applications which are sensitive to the values of ntand Pt. We found that the above quantities are sensitive mainly on the applied approximation for the symmetry energy (confirming previous results). Furthermore, an additional sensitivity also exists, depending on the used method (dynamical or thermodynamical). The above findings lead us to claim that the determination of the ntand Ptmust be reliable and accurate before they are used to constrain relevant neutron star properties.
Individual labor market effects of local public expenditures on sports
2019-04-01

By merging administrative data on public finances of all municipalities in Germany with individual data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we explore whether local public expenditures on sports facilities influences individual labor market outcomes. Our identification strategy follows a selection-on-observables approach and exploits the panel structure of the data covering 12 years between 2001 and 2012. The results of our matching estimations suggest that both women and men living in municipalities with high expenditure levels benefit, exhibiting approximately 7 percent of additional household net income on average. However, this income effect is fully captured by earning gains for men rather than women living in the household. Additional analysis suggests, that these gender differences, which can also be observed in terms of working time, hourly wage and employment status, appear plausible since women in the age cohort under consideration are less likely than men to engage in sports in general and in any of the publicly funded sports facilities in particular. Moreover, improved well-being and health are possible mechanisms that determine how the positive labor market effects for men may unfold.