julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
RESERVOIR ARCHITECTURE IN A TERMINAL ALLUVIAL PLAIN: AN OUTCROP ANALOGUE STUDY (UPPER TRIASSIC, SOUTHERN GERMANY) PART 1: SEDIMENTOLOGY AND PETROPHYSICS
2002-01-01

This outcrop analogue study investigates Triassic fluvial sandstones (Stubensandstein Formation) deposited on a terminal alluvial plain under semi‐arid to sub‐humid climatic conditions in the land‐locked South German Keuper Basin. The Stubensandstein may serve as an analogue for reservoir units in comparable continental basins. Data came from studies of (i) 13 large sandpits: in total, these have wall faces that cover over 80,500 sq.m, while single wall faces are to 480m wide and 50m high; (ii) three subsurface welllog clusters (comprising up to 20 boreholes), and four single wells. In this paper, two representative outcrops in proximal and distal palaeogeographic positions are discussed in detail. This study combines the results of the following methodologies: Sedimentological analysis: Fourteen lithofacies types and nine types of architectural element were identified. Exposed sandpit walls allowed distinct styles of alluvial architecture to be mapped, ranging from proximal to distal end members. Channel geometries change from ribbon‐like to sheet‐like, and lateral accretions change their lithofacies make up from sandy to muddy. Ground penetrating radar: 2km of radar lines were recorded, and buried architectural elements were traced behind sandpit faces revealing their 3D geometries. Petrophysics: A total of 1,860 permeability, 1,360 porosity and 4,500 gamma‐ray measurements were made in order to characterize fluid‐flow units. Porosity and permeability data show characteristic trends and distributions within the architectural elements. Lithofacies types can be grouped into four petrophysical rock types which show differences in poro‐perm values and frequency distributions which are related to depositional energy. The average permeability of sandbodies decreases by two orders of magnitudes from about 700md to 1md along palaeogeographic proximal to distal trends. Based on these data five types of fluid flow units with characteristic features were distinguished. Data derived from the outcrop studies concerning sandbody dimensions and geometry, reservoir architecture and interconnectedness, poro‐perm trends and fluid‐flow units may be useful for subsurface reservoir characterization and modelling in similar settings. Part 2 of this paper will focus on the larger‐scale cyclicity, and provide depositional, palaeoclimatic and reservoir models.
Prestin, the Motor Protein of Outer Hair Cells
2002-01-01

Prestin is a gene recently cloned from mammalian cochlear outer hair cells (OHC) using a single cell type, outer minus inner hair cell, specific suppressive subtractive hybridization procedure. The localization and gene expression profile of the prestin protein fits the pattern of OHC’s development of electromotility. When prestin is abundantly expressed in normally nonmotile kidney cells, nonlinear capacitance and motility that are normally only seen in OHCs can be recorded. Furthermore, both nonlinear capacitance and motility can be reduced by salicylate, a well-known inhibitor of electromotility. These data suggest that prestin is the motor protein of OHCs. Amino acid sequence and gene structure analysis indicate that prestin is the fifth member of a newly discovered anion transport family (SLC26) that includes PDS, DRA and DTDST, which are chloride-iodide transporters, Cl&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;/HCO&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; exchangers or sulfate transporters. Prestin shares overall structure similarity with this anion transporter family. Recently, intracellular anions (chloride or bicarbonate) were found to be essential for OHC electromotility and prestin’s function.
Down-regulation of <i>TFF</i> Expression in Gastrointestinal Cell Lines by Cytokines and Nuclear Factors
2002-01-01

Down-regulation of intestinal trefoil factor TFF3 due to transcriptional repression by IL1beta through NF-kappaB as well as by IL6 through C/EBPbeta activation in vitro may reflect the situation in vivo and may contribute to ulceration and decreased wound healing during inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, IL1 and IL6 over-expression in chronic gastritis may lead to mucosal damage and gastric carcinogenesis through transcriptional repression of TFF1 and TFF2.
NPC1: Complete genomic sequence, mutation analysis, and characterization of haplotypes
2002-01-01

Niemann-Pick type C disease (NP-C) is a rare, autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder. At least 96% of all NP-C patients link to NPC1 which encodes for a lysosomally-targeted protein. We describe the complete genomic sequence of 57,052 kb corresponding to the transcribed region of human NPC1 including several exonic and intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Sequencing of all exons, splice sites, and the promoter region of NPC1 in 12 unrelated Caucasian NP-C patients revealed nine novel and four known most likely disease-causing mutations. Ten unique mutations found only once in 24 disease alleles were observed in patients being compound heterozygous for two different mutations. Two of the three missense mutations identified more than once were observed in a total of four patients homozygous for the respective mutation along with homozygosity for the underlying haplotype. The patients were offspring of most likely nonconsanguineous couples. Based upon genotyping exonic SNPs c.2572A>G (I858V; g.45020A>G) and c.2793C>T (N931N; g.45686C>T) and segregation analysis we characterized the haplotype of all 24 NPC1 alleles and of 138 alleles of healthy Caucasian control subjects. All four permutations between the two SNPs were identified in the control alleles: 2572A-2793C (50%), 2572G-2793T (41%), 2572G-2793C (5%), and 2572A-2793T (4%). These data are suggestive for an ancestral intragenic recombination within a genomic fragment of <666 bp. While 17 of 24 NP-C alleles (71%) shared haplotype 2572G-2793T, this haplotype accounted for only 41% in the controls (p=0.007; 2-sided Fisher exact test) suggesting the possibility of an influence of the haplotypic background on expression of missense mutations in NPC1.
Novel direct access to enantiomerization barriers from peak profiles in enantioselective dynamic chromatography: Enantiomerization of dialkyl‐1,3‐allenedicarboxylates
2002-01-01

Abstract The axially chiral allenes dimethyl‐1,3‐allenedicarboxylate 1 and diethyl‐1,3‐allenedicarboxylate 2 show characteristic plateau formation during enantioselective GC separation on the chiral stationary liquid phase Chirasil‐β‐Dex. The elution profiles, obtained from temperature‐dependent dynamic GC (DGC) experiments ( 1 : 100–140°C; 2 : 110–150°C) were evaluated with the recently derived approximation function (AF) to yield the enantiomerization rate constant directly k 1 . These values were compared with those obtained by computer‐aided simulation with ChromWin. The Eyring activation parameters of the experimental interconversion profiles were determined to be: Δ G # (298.15 K) = 103.6 ± 0.9 kJ mol −1 , Δ H # = 44.7 ± 0.4 kJ mol −1 , Δ S # = −198 ± 7 J K 1 mol −1 for dimethyl‐1,3‐allenedicarboxylate 1 , and Δ G # (298.15 K) = 103.5 ± 1.1 kJ mol −1 , Δ H # = 44.7 ± 0.5 kJ mol −1 , Δ S # = −197 ± 9 J K −1 mol −1 for diethyl‐1,3‐allenedicarboxylate 2 . The approximation function (AF) presented here allows the fast determination of rate constants k 1 and activation barriers of enantiomerization Δ G # from chromatographic parameters without extensive computer simulation. Chirality 14:465–470, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance of microstructural processes and their effect on microstructural development: insights from numerical modelling of dynamic recrystallization
2002-01-01

Abstract The influence of the dominance of different processes on the microstructural development of a quartzite was investigated using the numerical model ‘ELLE’. Dynamic recrystallization of a polycrystalline aggregate was simulated by the concurrent operation of viscous deformation, lattice rotation, subgrain formation, rotational recrystallization, nucleation of new grains from strongly strained grains and recovery. The different observed microstructural characteristics depend on the relative rates at which grain boundary migration, subgrain formation, recrystallization by rotation and nucleation affect the microstructure. Observed sizes of recrystallized grains are significantly influenced by these different relative rates of processes. These rates are determined by parameters that mainly depend on temperature, fluid absence or presence, shear stress and strain rate. Therefore, the specific conditions at which deformation took place have to be taken into account if recrystallized grain sizes are used for palaeopiezometry. Comparison and combination of our results with experimental data and observations in natural examples provide the possibility of interpreting microstructures quantitatively in terms of temperature and shear strain rate.
Clonidine injections into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala block acquisition and expression of fear‐potentiated startle
2002-01-01

Abstract Numerous studies of aversive learning with different animal models have shown that the noradrenergic system has an important role in the acquisition, consolidation and expression of aversive learning. We used intracerebral clonidine injections to investigate the role of the noradrenergic amygdaloid system in the fear‐potentiated startle paradigm. Clonidine is a noradrenergic α 2 ‐receptor agonist which can decrease noradrenergic transmission by stimulating presynaptic α 2 ‐receptors. Rats received injections of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 nmol clonidine into the lateral amygdala (i) before fear‐conditioning, (ii) immediately after fear‐conditioning, (iii) before testing and (iv) before both fear‐conditioning and the testing of conditioned fear. Clonidine injections blocked the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. The effect on acquisition was not caused by state‐dependency or possible side‐effects of clonidine on consolidation. Given that clonidine decreases amygdaloid noradrenaline release, these results show a crucial role of noradrenergic transmission within the amygdala in classical fear‐conditioning. Surprisingly, both the acquisition and the expression of conditioned fear were blocked after amygdaloid injections of clonidine, suggesting that amygdaloid noradrenaline is necessary to induce both unconditioned and conditioned fear.
A web-based instructional platform for constraint-based grammar formalisms and parsing
2002-01-01

We propose the creation of a web-based training framework comprising a set of topics that revolve around the use of feature structures as the core data structure in linguistic theory, its formal foundations, and its use in syntactic processing.
The Cerebellum at Birth in Therian Mammals, with Special Reference to Rodents
2002-01-01

The stage of cerebellar development at birth was assessed in 23 species of placental mammals. Serial histological sections were examined and five stages in the differentiation of the cerebellar cortical layers were defined. A wide diversity of conditions at birth was found. The available evidence (after parsimony reconstruction) suggests that the last common ancestor of placentals was born with an altricial cerebellum in which the molecular layer was just present between the external granular layer and the prospective Purkinje cell layer. Some placental species have an even more altricial cerebellum at birth (e.g., &lt;i&gt;Muscardinus avellanarius, Sorex araneus&lt;/i&gt;), with &lt;i&gt;Mesocricetus auratus&lt;/i&gt; as the most altricial species among the taxa studied. In the newborn &lt;i&gt;M. auratus&lt;/i&gt; a cerebellar anlage was present with only a loose accumulation of cells located at the dorsal cerebellar anlage above the ventricular neuroepithelial layer. The five species of caviomorph rodents examined here are relatively precocial as far as the cerebellum is concerned. The only other rodent species that has a similarly advanced state was the murid &lt;i&gt;Acomys &lt;/i&gt;sp. Most of the life history variables examined were not strongly correlated with the cerebellar stage at birth if at all. However, a significant positive correlation (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.67) was observed between the cerebellar stage at birth and the gestation length and a significant negative correlation (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.31) was observed between cerebellar stage and the average litter size. The weak correlation may be due to sampling among different distantly related clades. The most mature cerebella at birth still had an external granular layer, indicating that the mossy fiber-granule cell connectivity is not yet fully developed and further indicating that this connectivity may depend on external experience to fully mature. All species that have their eyes open at birth also have the most mature cerebelli. The growth of the cortical layers was also studied in a postnatal ontogenetic series of the marsupial &lt;i&gt;Monodelphis domestica&lt;/i&gt;. As is the case with placentals, the most advanced stage of cerebellar development coincides with the opening of the eyes.
Biosynthetic Capacities of Actinomysetes. No.27. Endophenazines A-D, New Phenazine Antibiotics from the Athropod Associated Endosymbiont Streptomyces anulatus. II. Structure Elucidation.
2002-01-01

A detailed screening of the secondary metabolite pattern produced by different athropod associated strains of the species Streptomyces anulatus resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of the endophenazines A-D (2, 4-6). The structures were assigned by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. 4 represents a chromophoric system based on a phenazin-7-one, 5 and 6 are new 5,10-dihydrophenazine derivatives.
Direct adsorption of low‐density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a) from whole blood: Results of the first clinical long‐term multicenter study using DALI apheresis
2002-01-01

Abstract Direct adsorption of lipoproteins (DALI) is the first low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐apheresis technique by which atherogenic LDL and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) can be selectively removed from whole blood without plasma separation. The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy, selectivity and safety of long‐term DALI apheresis. Sixty‐three hypercholesterolemic coronary patients were treated by weekly DALI sessions. Initial LDL‐cholesterol (C) plasma levels averaged 238 ± 87 mg/dl (range 130–681 mg/dl). On average, 34 sessions (1–45) were performed processing 1.5 patient blood volumes. The primary aim was to acutely reduce LDL‐C by ≥60% per session. To this end, three different adsorber sizes could be employed, i.e., DALI 500, 750, and 1,000, which were used in 4, 73, and 23% of the 2,156 sessions, respectively. On average, 7,387 ml of blood were processed in 116 min per session. This resulted in the following mean acute changes: LDL‐C 198 → 63 mg/dl (−69%), Lp(a) 86 → 32 mg/dl (−64%), triglycerides 185 → 136 mg/dl (−27%). HDL‐C (−11%) and fibrinogen (−15%) were not significantly influenced. The mean long‐term reduction of LDL‐C was 42% compared to baseline while HDL‐C slightly increased in the long run (+4%). The selectivity of LDL removal was good as recoveries of albumin, immunoglobulins, and other proteins exceeded 85%. Ninety‐five percent of 2,156 sessions were completely uneventful. The most frequent adverse effects were hypotension (1.2% of sessions) and paresthesia (1.1%), which were probably due to citrate anticoagulation. Access problems had to be overcome in 1.5%, adsorber and hardware problems in 0.5% of the sessions. In this multicenter long‐term study, DALI apheresis proved to be an efficient, safe, and easy procedure for extracorporeal LDL and Lp(a) elimination. J. Clin. Apheresis 17:161–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence analysis of the GP, NP, VP40 and VP24 genes of Ebola virus isolated from deceased, surviving and asymptomatically infected individuals during the 1996 outbreak in Gabon: comparative studies and phylogenetic characterization
2002-01-01

The aims of this study were to determine if the clinical outcome of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is associated with virus genetic structure and to document the genetic changes in the Gabon strains of EBOV by sequencing the GP, NP, VP40 and VP24 genes from deceased and surviving symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. GP and NP sequences were identical in the three groups of patients and only one silent substitution occurred in the VP40 and VP24 genes in asymptomatic individuals. A strain from an asymptomatic individual had a reverse substitution to the Gabon-94 sequence, indicating that minor virus variants may cocirculate during an outbreak. These results suggest that the different clinical outcomes of EBOV infection do not result from virus mutations. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Gabon-96 belonged to the Zaire subtype of EBOV and revealed that synonymous substitution rates were higher than nonsynonymous substitution rates in the GP, VP40 and VP24 genes. In contrast, nonsynonymous substitutions predominated over synonymous substitutions in the NP gene of the two Gabon strains, pointing to divergent evolution of these strains and to selective pressures on this gene.
The origin of fibrous veins: constraints from geochemistry
2002-01-01

Abstract Several recent studies have suggested that antitaxial fibrous veins may form without fracturing, and not by the commonly invoked crack-seal mechanism. It has also been suggested that such veins would derive their nutrients locally by diffusional transport. This hypothesis was tested on carbonaceous shale-hosted antitaxial fibrous calcite veins from Oppaminda Creek in the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. Apart from their fibrous texture, these veins lack the classical features of crack-seal veins, such as wallrock-parallel inclusion bands. Diffusional transport of locally derived calcite cannot explain all major and trace element data of the veins and their adjacent wallrock and indicate that part of the calcite was transported over distances of at least &gt;decimetres, probably ≫100m. Sr isotopic fingerprinting shows that an external fluid that carried radiogenic Sr must have percolated through the system. Fluid flow was pervasive as there is no evidence that this fluid preferentially percolated through the veins. Our data support the view that antitaxial fibrous veins of the type found at Oppaminda Creek grew in the absence of fractures, but show that such veins do not necessarily indicate local diffusional transport. Our data confirm a recently postulated basin-wide fluid flow event around 586 Ma that is probably related to copper mineralization in the area.
A Novel Vestibular Approach for Gene Transfer into the Inner Ear
2002-01-01

The aim of gene transfer to the cochlea and vestibular organ is to protect the inner ear from different disorders. Although various vectors for gene delivery have been used with some success, there remains a need for a reliable transfer of genes into the inner ear without damaging cochlear function. Here, we have tested a novel application method for gene transfer into the rat inner ear in vivo using herpes simplex virus type-1(HSV-1)-based amplicon vectors. Our goal was to find an entry route into the inner ear that leaves its function intact. Besides other non-invasive and invasive application techniques, we applied the viral vector via injection through a small opening of the utriculus. Using this method, efficient β-galactosidase reporter gene expression was achieved in nearly all neurons in the vestibulum and cochlea, without functional hearing deficits. At the time point of maximal expression 5 days after injection, β-galactosidase activity was also observed in axonal fibres and synaptic endings close to inner and outer hair cells. Our results thus describe an efficient and reliable protocol for short-term expression of potential therapeutic genes in the neuronal compartment of the inner ear.
Bees collecting pollen from flowers with poricidal anthers in a south BrazilianAraucariaforest: a community study
2002-01-01

SUMMARYA community study of bees visiting flowers with poricidal anthers was made in the subtropical Araucaria forest region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Bees of 79 species, representing about 40% of the taxa occurring at the study site, were collected on 19 species of flowering plants with poricidal anthers of the families Melastomataceae and Solanaceae. The majority of flower visitors were able to buzz (sonicate) to release pollen. Buzzing is thought to be the only mode of pollen collection that results in pollination. No oligolectic bee-plant relation based on buzz pollination was detected. Most bees were not specialized to forage on plants with poricidal anthers. According to the abundance of visitors at specific flowers, three major groups of buzz pollinators could be distinguished; these were bumble bees, stingless bees of the genus Melipona and halictid bees. The pollen sources mainly exploited by them differ in flower structure, flowering syndrome and forest stratum. Therefore, the structure of the bee community seems to be closely related to the composition of the local vegetation. The extent to which bees of a species show preference for poricidal flowers, however, is more dependent on habitat than on plant taxa. The evolution of buzzing behaviour by female bees to maximize pollen harvest may have preceded the appearance of poricidal anthers and the syndrome of buzz pollination.
Spectral analysis of the sdO K 648, the exciting star of the planetary nebula Ps 1 in the globular cluster M 15 (NGC 7078)
2002-01-01

We present a spectral analysis of the sdO central star K 648 based on medium-resolution optical and high-resolution UV spectra. The photospheric parameters are determined by means of state-of-the-art NLTE model atmosphere techniques. We found Teff = 39 +/- 2 kK and log g = 3.9 +/- 0.2. The helium (He/H=0.08) and oxygen (O/H=0.001) abundances are about solar while carbon is enriched by a factor of 2.5 (C/H=0.001). Nitrogen (N/H = 10**(-6), [N/H] = -2.0) appears at a sub-solar value. However, these metal abundances are much higher than the cluster's metallicity M 15: [Fe/H] = -2.25). The surface composition appears to be a mixture of the original hydrogen-rich material and products of helium burning (3 alpha process) which have been mixed up to the surface. The abundances of He, C, and N are consistent with the nebular abundance, while O is considerably more abundant in the photosphere than in the nebula. From a comparison of its position in the log Teff - log g plane with evolutionary calculations a mass of 0.57 (+0.02, -0.01) Msun and a luminosity of 3810 +/- 1200 Lsun are deduced. Our spectroscopic distance d = 11.1 (+2.4, -2.9) kpc is in agreement with the distance of M 15 as determined by Alves et al. (2000). From the GHRS spectra we measure a radial velocity of vrad = -130 km/sec.
Equilibrium abundances in hot DA white dwarfs as derived from self-consistent diffusion models
2002-01-01

We present the first analysis of an EUV selected sample of hot DA white dwarfs using a new type of atmospheric models. These models take into account the interplay between gravitational settling and radiative acceleration to predict the chemical stratification from an equilibrium between the two forces while self-consistently solving for the atmospheric structure. In contrast to atmospheric models with the assumption of chemical homogeneity, the number of free parameters in the new models is reduced to the effective temperature and surface gravity alone. The overall good reproduction of observed EUV spectra reveals that these models are able to describe the physical conditions in hot DA white dwarf atmospheres correctly. A comparison with previous analyses highlights the improvements as well as the limits of our new models.