julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
High‐Capacity, Dendrite‐Free, and Ultrahigh‐Rate Lithium‐Metal Anodes Based on Monodisperse N‐Doped Hollow Carbon Nanospheres
2020-10-08

Abstract To unlock the great potential of lithium metal anodes for high‐performance batteries, a number of critical challenges must be addressed. The uncontrolled dendrite growth and volume changes during cycling (especially, at high rates) will lead to short lifespan, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and security risks of the batteries. Here it is reported that Li metal anodes, employing the monodisperse, lithiophilic, robust, and large‐cavity N‐doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NHCNSs) as the host, show remarkable performances—high areal capacity (10 mAh cm −2 ), high CE (up to 99.25% over 500 cycles), complete suppression of dendrite growth, dense packing of Li anode, and an extremely smooth electrode surface during repeated Li plating/stripping. In symmetric cells, a highly stable voltage hysteresis over a long cycling life &gt; 1200 h is achieved, and a low and stable voltage hysteresis can be realized even at an ultrahigh current density of 64 mA cm −2 . Furthermore, the NHCNSs‐based anodes, when paired with a LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode in full cells, give rise to highly improved rate capability (104 mAh g −1 at 10 C) and cycling stability (91.4% capacity retention for 200 cycles), enabling a promising candidate for the next‐generation high energy/power density batteries.
Religious Women
2020-10-08

Abstract This chapter explores how the identities of religious women in the late Middle Ages were projected and perceived. Beyond the life led by regular nuns, the Middle Ages saw the emergence of many different opportunities for women who wished to lead religious or ‘pious’ lives. The focus is on women who, in terms of Church law, belonged somewhere between the secular and the religious, but who thought of themselves as leading religious lives—in particular, secular canonesses and beguines. The example of Strasbourg is used to demonstrate the varieties of women’s religious communities existing at a given time (here the second half of the fifteenth century) in a single place. It argues that regional circumstances, along with the support of influential religious and secular personalities, shaped the various monastic landscapes and largely defined the religious identity of women’s communities.
Effects of face masks on acoustic analysis and speech perception: Implications for peri-pandemic protocols
2020-10-08

ABSTRACT Wearing face masks (alongside physical distancing) provides some protection against infection from COVID-19. Face masks can also change how we communicate and subsequently affect speech signal quality. Here we investigated how three face mask types (N95, surgical and cloth) affect acoustic analysis of speech and perceived intelligibility in healthy subjects. We compared speech produced with and without the different masks on acoustic measures of timing, frequency, perturbation and power spectral density. Speech clarity was also examined using a standardized intelligibility tool by blinded raters. Mask type impacted the power distribution in frequencies above 3kHz for both the N95 and surgical masks. Measures of timing and spectral tilt also differed across mask conditions. Cepstral and harmonics to noise ratios remained flat across mask type. No differences were observed across conditions for word or sentence intelligibility measures. Our data show that face masks change the speech signal, but some specific acoustic features remain largely unaffected (e.g., measures of voice quality) irrespective of mask type. Outcomes have bearing on how future speech studies are run when personal protective equipment is worn.
Infection control and outcome of staged reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the management of shoulder infections
2020-10-08

Staged RSA implantation was confirmed to be a reliable treatment option for primary, secondary, and periprosthetic infections of the shoulder. The infection control rate and infection-free survival rate are satisfactory. However, patients and surgeons must be aware of functional impairment even after successful treatment of infections.
Hyphenation as a compounding technique in English
2020-10-08

&lt;p&gt;Hyphenated compounds have largely been neglected in the studies of compounding, which have seldom analysed compounds in context. In this study, we argue that the hyphen use in compounds is strongly motivated. Hyphenation is used when words form a unit, which reduces the possibility of parsing them into separate units or other forms. The current study adopts a new perspective on contextual factors, namely, which part of speech (PoS) the compound as a whole belongs to and how people correctly parse a compound into a unit. This process can be observed and analysed by considering examples. This study therefore holds that hyphenation might have gradually become a compounding technique that differs from general compounding principles. To better understand hyphenated compounds and the motivation for using hyphenation, we conduct a quantitative investigation into their distribution frequency to explore how English hyphenated compounds have been used in over the last 200 years. Diachronic change in the frequency of the distribution for compounds has seldom been considered. This question is explored by using frequency data obtained from the three databases that contain hyphenated compounds. Diachronic analysis shows that the frequencies of tokens and types in hyphenated compounds have been increasing, and changes in both frequencies follow the S-curve model. Historical evidence shows that hyphenation in compounds, as an orthographic form, does not seem to disappear easily. Familiarity and economy, as suggested in the cognitive studies of compounding, cannot adequately explain this phenomenon. The three databases that we used provide cross-verification that suggests that hyphenation has evolved into a compounding technique. Language users probably unconsciously take advantage of the discriminative learning model to remind themselves that these combinations should be parsed differently. Thus the hyphenation compounding technique facilitates communication efficiency. Overall, this study significantly enhances our understanding of the nature of compounding, the motivations for using hyphenation, and its cognitive processing.&lt;/p&gt;
Influence of the Medial Malleolus Osteotomy on the Clinical Outcome of M-BMS + I/III Collagen Scaffold in Medial Talar Osteochondral Lesion (German Cartilage Register/Knorpelregister DGOU)
2020-10-08

Objective Osteochondral lesions of the talus are common injuries, with one of the leading treatment options being the M-BMS (matrix-augmented bone marrow stimulation) + I/III collagen scaffold. Osteotomy of the medial malleolus is not unusual but presents the risk of malunion or irritation by hardware. The aim of the study was to analyze data from the German Cartilage Society (Knorpelregister DGOU) to evaluate the influence of medial malleolar osteotomy on clinical results of M-BMS + I/III collagen scaffold. Design The ankle module of the Cartilage Register includes a total of 718 patients, while 45 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients were treated with an M-BMS + I/III collagen scaffold of the medial talus, 30 without and 15 with an osteotomy of the medial malleolus. The follow-up evaluations included FAAM (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), FAOS (Foot and Ankle Outcome Score), and VAS (visual analogue scale). Results Forty-five patients (22 male, 23 female) aged between 18 and 69 years (mean: 34 years) were included in this study. Between preoperative and 12 months postoperative, we noted a significant improvement in FAAM-ADL (Activity of Daily Living) ( P = 0.004) as well as FAOS-Pain ( P = 0.001), FAOS-Stiffness ( P = 0.047), FAOS-ADL ( P = 0.002), FAOS-Sport ( P = 0.001), and FAOS Quality of Life ( P = 0.009). There was no significant difference between patients who underwent an osteotomy or not. Conclusion The results show a significant improvement in patients’ outcome scores following a M-BMS + I/III collagen scaffold. No statistical difference was noted among those undergoing medial malleolar osteotomy.
Investigating charm and beauty production and elliptic flow with leptons in Pb—Pb with ALICE
2020-10-08

Measurements of leptons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in nucleus-nucleus collisions can help provide an insight into the interaction of heavy quarks with the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Both electrons and muons can be used for this purpose. Measurements in Pb-Pb collisions at with ALICE show that both beauty and charm quarks interact strongly with the deconfined medium, showing suppression with respect to proton-proton collisions at high momenta and significant elliptic flow. The measurements can constrain the theoretical models and shed light on the mass dependence of the interactions.
The STUDIO UV astronomy mission: a step towards a european ballon observatory
2020-10-08

For most astronomical measurements, observations in the ultraviolet (UV) at wavelengths below ~320 nm are not possible from the ground because of atmospheric extinction by the atmosphere. Early on, observers started using stratospheric balloons as relatively flexible and affordable means to access ultraviolet wavelengths, thus overcoming most atmospheric limitations. Balloons offer a flexible and affordable alternative to space telescopes, with short development times and comparably good observing conditions in many wavelength ranges. Yet, the entry burden to use balloon-borne telescopes is high, with research groups typically having to shoulder part of the infrastructure development as well. Aiming to ease access to balloon-based observations, we present the concept of a community-accessible balloon-based observatory, the European Stratospheric Balloon Observatory (ESBO). ESBO aims at complementing the current landscape of scientific ballooning activities by providing a service-centered infrastructure for broad astronomical use, performing regular flights and offering an operations concept that provides researchers with a similar proposal-based access to observation time as practiced on ground-based observatories. The STUDIO (Stratospheric Ultraviolet Demonstrator ofan Imaging Observatory) mission consists of the development and construction of a versatile prototype gondola (figure 1) and telescope (figure 2), which shall perform technology tests as well as deliver first scientific results from astronomical observations during its maiden flight planned for 2021. Its main optical payload includes a 50 cm aperture telescope to the back of which the Telescope Instruments Platform (TIP) will be attached. STUDIO is the prototype mission and the first objective of the research infrastructure project ESBO DS. Fig 1: Mechanical Gondola Structure &amp;#160; The TIP will include a primary instrument for the ultraviolet to cover a scientific wavelength interval from 180 nm to 330 nm, as well as visible instrument to cover a complementary spectrum up to 1000 nm. &amp;#160; Fig 2: Studio Telescope and Telescope Instrument platform &amp;#160; &amp;#160; Two science cases motivate the UV scientific part of STUDIO, namely: (1) The observations of exoplanets hosting stars and (2) UV observations of planetary atmospheres Technically the prototype will aim to:- Demonstrate the maturity of critical technologies (e.g. safe landing and recovery) - Demonstrate a next-generation UV instrument on the prototype - Ensure the availability of a prototype instrument for scientific use after the end of ESBO DS
Relative effects of climate and litter traits on decomposition change with time, climate and trait variability
2020-10-09

Abstract Climate and litter quality drive litter decomposition, but there is currently little consensus on their relative importance, likely because studies differ in the duration, the climatic gradients and variability in litter‐trait values. Understanding these drivers is important because they determine the direct and indirect (via vegetation composition) effects of climate change on decomposition and thereby on carbon and nutrient cycling. We studied how microclimate (soil moisture and temperature) and litter traits interactively affect litter mass loss, by using a reciprocal litter translocation experiment along a large climatic gradient in Chile. We followed decomposition for 2 years and used 30 plant species with a wide spectrum of functional‐trait values. Litter traits had a strong impact on litter decomposition across the gradient, while an increase in decomposition with soil moisture was observed only in the wettest climates. Overall, soil moisture increased considerably in importance, relative to trait effects, at later decomposition stages, from c . 15% of the importance of traits after 3 and 6 months to c . 110% after 24 months. Moreover, analysing subsets of the 30 species showed that trait effects on litter decomposition gained in importance when including a greater variation in trait values. Synthesis . The relative effects of litter traits and climate on decomposition depend on the ranges in climate and litter traits considered and change with time. Our study emphasizes the critical role of representative ranges in climate and functional trait values for understanding the drivers of litter decomposition and for improving predictions of climate‐change effects on this important ecosystem process.
The History of Carbohydrates in Type I Allergy
2020-10-09

Although first described decades ago, the relevance of carbohydrate specific antibodies as mediators of type I allergy had not been recognized until recently. Previously, allergen specific IgE antibodies binding to carbohydrate epitopes were considered to demonstrate a clinically irrelevant cross-reactivity. However, this changed following the discovery of type I allergies specifically mediated by oligosaccharide structures. Especially the emerging understanding of red meat allergy characterized by IgE directed to the oligosaccharide alpha-gal showed that carbohydrate-mediated reactions can result in life threatening systemic anaphylaxis which in contrast to former assumptions proves a high clinical relevance of some carbohydrate allergens. Within the scope of this review article, we illustrate the historical development of carbohydrate-allergen-research, reaching from only diagnostically relevant crossreactive-carbohydrate-determinants to clinically important antigens mediating type I allergy. Focusing on clinical and immunological features of the alpha-gal syndrome, we highlight the discovery of oligosaccharides as potentially highly immunogenic antigens and mediators of type I allergy, report what is known about the route of sensitization and the immunological mechanisms involved in sensitization and elicitation phase of allergic responses as well as currently available diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Finally, we briefly report on carbohydrates being involved in type I allergies different from alpha-gal.
The impact of live broadcasting on stadium attendance reconsidered: some evidence from 3rd division football in Germany
2020-10-09

Research Question If a sports competition is broadcasted live, consumers may opt for substituting gate attendance with watching that game live on TV (or online). This might be worrisome for teams, particularly those in lower divisions, whose game day revenues typically exceed broadcasting revenues. So far, however, the literature testing this claim empirically is inconclusive. We examine whether (at least parts of) this confusion might be traced back to shortcomings in the econometric modelling process.Research Methods We use attendance data for 1,138 games in German third division football from the 2015/16 to 2017/18 seasons and compare results for our demand equations between ordinary least squares (OLS) and endogenous treatment regressions (ETR). ETRs explicitly account for any selection bias, that is, the broadcasters' preference to select the most attractive games for live broadcasting (which are expected to also attract comparably larger gate attendances).Results and Findings While OLS models reveal a significant positive impact of live broadcasts on gate attendance, this effect reverses when estimating ETRs. Even though there is suggestive evidence for postponing ticket demand to some extent to later games, the overall negative effect remains robust and large.Implications Our findings highlight the relevance of controlling for the selection bias when analysing the impact of live broadcasting on stadium attendance. From a managerial point of view, our findings suggest that increasing the number of games broadcasted live in German third division football might not be advisable, since additional broadcasting revenues may not exceed predicted losses in ticket revenues.
Identity and provenance of neighbors, genotype-specific traits and abiotic stress affect intraspecific interactions in the annual legumeMedicago truncatula
2020-10-09

Summary Accounting for intraspecific variation may improve our understanding of species coexistence. However, our knowledge of what factors maintain intraspecific variation is limited. We predicted that 1) a plant grows larger when with non-kin (i.e. different genotypes) than kin (i.e. same genotype) neighbors, 2) abiotic stress alters the outcome of kin vs. non-kin interactions, 3) genetic identity of plants affects composition of soil microbiome. We set up mini-communities of Medicago truncatula , where focal genotypes were grown together with two kin or two non-kin neighbors from different origins. We analyzed how origin, identity of interacting genotypes and abiotic stress affected growth and fruit production. We also analyzed the composition of soil microbial communities. Focal plants grew larger in non-kin than in kin mini-communities. This pattern was stronger in low level of abiotic stress and when interacting genotypes were from similar origins. However, genotypic variation in growth and response to competition had a stronger effect on growth than mini-community type. Plant genotype identity did not affect soil microbiome. We find that intraspecific variation is affected by genotype-specific traits and abiotic stress. Geographic, rather than genetic, distance among interacting genotypes affects the outcome of intraspecific interactions.
Sensitivity of Water Balance in the Qaidam Basin to the Mid-Pliocene Climate
2020-10-09

The Qaidam Basin (QB) in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau held a mega-lake system during the Pliocene. Today, the lower elevations in the basin are hyperarid. To understand the mechanisms behind this system change, we applied the Weather Research and Forecasting model for dynamical downscaling of ECHAM5 global climate simulations for present-day (PD) and mid-Pliocene (PLIO) conditions. In PLIO, the annual water balance (∆S) of the QB is higher than that in PD, resulting from a stronger moisture influx across the western border in winter, spring, and autumn and a weaker moisture outflux across the eastern border in summer. The atmospheric water transport across both borders is influenced by the mid-latitude westerlies throughout the year. The jet stream over the QB is stronger in PLIO in winter, spring, and autumn, causing stronger moisture input at the basin’s western border in these seasons. In summer, the jet strength over the QB decreases in PLIO. Meanwhile, the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensifies and migrates to the Northwest, transporting moisture into the QB. Thus, the weaker moisture output through the eastern border in summer is a combined result of weakened jet strength and the strengthening of the EASM. Therefore, the differences in ∆S between PLIO and PD are coupled with changes in the mid-latitude westerlies and the EASM. Given that the mid-Pliocene climate is an analog of the projected warm climate of the near future, our study contributes to a better understanding of the impacts of climate change in Central Asia.
Criteria for effective fallow field eco schemes for farmland birds during non-breeding
2020-10-09

Abstract Farmland eco schemes implemented under the current Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union are often considered ineffective in halting farmland bird declines. Fallow fields, often seeded with dedicated seed mixtures, rate among the more beneficial eco scheme types. Yet, the CAP currently defines no minimum criteria for fallow fields to qualify as eco scheme, likely jeopardizing their potential biodiversity benefits. We investigated the attractiveness of four fallow field types established under CAP eco schemes and dedicated bird conservation programs in Southern Germany. Our 2-year surveys on &gt; 100 fields focused on the non-breeding season, where food limitation can become particularly problematic. We modelled bird incidences also in response to vegetation structure and adjacent landscape features to derive minimum criteria for effective fallow field eco schemes. Fallow field types varied only mildly in overall species richness but showed striking differences in the attracted species. Finches in particular tended to preferentially visit 1-year fallow fields, while buntings tended towards 2-year and older field types. 1-year CAP fallows, however, are typically removed before mid-winter, and thus potentially act as a trap to farmland birds and other wildlife. The investigated species consistently preferred larger fallow fields with a more differentiated vegetation structure. Placement close to woods and hedgerows positively affected birds inhabiting woodland ecotones, while classic farmland species showed higher incidences on fallow fields embedded in open landscapes. ‘ Policy implications’ Our findings call for the ongoing CAP revisions to specify minimum requirements that qualify fallow fields as eco schemes. These should include an at least biennial cycle, a diversification of seed mixtures, standards for fallow field size, and criteria for their placement in the landscape matrix.
Protease Inhibitory Effect of Natural Polyphenolic Compounds on SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Study
2020-10-10

The current pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a severe challenge for human health and the world economy. There is an urgent need for development of drugs that can manage this pandemic, as it has already infected 19 million people and led to the death of around 711,277 people worldwide. At this time, in-silico studies are providing lots of preliminary data about potential drugs, which can be a great help in further in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Here, we have selected three polyphenolic compounds, mangiferin, glucogallin, and phlorizin. These compounds are isolated from different natural sources but share structural similarities and have been reported for their antiviral activity. The objective of this study is to analyze and predict the anti-protease activity of these compounds on SARS-CoV-2main protease (Mpro) and TMPRSS2 protein. Both the viral protein and the host protein play an important role in the viral life cycle, such as post-translational modification and viral spike protein priming. This study has been performed by molecular docking of the compounds using PyRx with AutoDock Vina on the two aforementioned targets chosen for this study, i.e., SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and TMPRSS2. The compounds showed good binding affinity and are further analyzed by (Molecular dynamic) MD and Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area MM-PBSA study. The MD-simulation study has predicted that these natural compounds will have a great impact on the stabilization of the binding cavity of the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters also show that these compounds are expected to have good solubility and absorption properties. Further predictions for these compounds also showed no involvement in drug-drug interaction and no toxicity.