julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Conformational Epitope
2016-03-13

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Combinatorial Library
2016-03-13

Biomolecular screening is now a crucial component of the drug discovery process, and this glossary will be of use to practitioners in the field of screening and to those who interact with the screening community. The glossary contains definitions related to various aspects of the screening process such as assay types, data handling, and relevant technologies. Many of the terms used in this discipline are not covered by existing glossaries, and where they are, the definitions are often not appropriate for this field. Where appropriate, this document provides new or modified definitions to better reflect the new context. The field of biomolecular screening is multidisciplinary in nature, and this glossary, containing authoritative definitions, will be useful not only for regular practitioners, but also for those who make use of data generated during the screening process.
Radial Immunodiffusion
2016-03-13

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
CD40 Ligand (CD40L)
2016-03-13

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF)
2016-03-13

Biomolecular screening is now a crucial component of the drug discovery process, and this glossary will be of use to practitioners in the field of screening and to those who interact with the screening community. The glossary contains definitions related to various aspects of the screening process such as assay types, data handling, and relevant technologies. Many of the terms used in this discipline are not covered by existing glossaries, and where they are, the definitions are often not appropriate for this field. Where appropriate, this document provides new or modified definitions to better reflect the new context. The field of biomolecular screening is multidisciplinary in nature, and this glossary, containing authoritative definitions, will be useful not only for regular practitioners, but also for those who make use of data generated during the screening process.
Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA)
2016-03-13

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Average
2016-03-13

Biomolecular screening is now a crucial component of the drug discovery process, and this glossary will be of use to practitioners in the field of screening and to those who interact with the screening community. The glossary contains definitions related to various aspects of the screening process such as assay types, data handling, and relevant technologies. Many of the terms used in this discipline are not covered by existing glossaries, and where they are, the definitions are often not appropriate for this field. Where appropriate, this document provides new or modified definitions to better reflect the new context. The field of biomolecular screening is multidisciplinary in nature, and this glossary, containing authoritative definitions, will be useful not only for regular practitioners, but also for those who make use of data generated during the screening process.
Langerhans Cell
2016-03-13

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)
2016-03-13

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Operator constraints for twist-3 functions and Lorentz invariance properties of twist-3 observables
2016-03-14

We investigate the behavior under Lorentz transformations of perturbative coefficient functions in a collinear twist-3 formalism relevant for high-energy observables including transverse polarization of hadrons. We argue that those perturbative coefficient functions can, &lt;i&gt;a priori&lt;/i&gt;, acquire quite different yet Lorentz-invariant forms in various frames. This somewhat surprising difference can be traced back to a general dependence of the perturbative coefficient functions on light cone vectors which are introduced by the twist-3 factorization formulas and which are frame-dependent. One can remove this spurious frame dependence by invoking so-called Lorentz invariance relations (LIRs) between twist-3 parton correlation functions. Some of those relations for twist-3 distribution functions were discussed in the literature before. In this paper we derive the corresponding LIRs for twist-3 fragmentation functions. We explicitly demonstrate that these LIRs remove the light cone vector dependence by considering transverse spin observables in the single-inclusive production of hadrons in lepton-nucleon collisions, lN→hX. Furthermore, with the LIRs in hand, we also show that twist-3 observables in general can be written solely in terms of three-parton correlation functions.
Simulation of falling rain for robustness testing of video-based surround sensing systems
2016-03-14

Recently, optical sensors have become a standard item in modern cars, raising questions with respect to the necessary testing under various ambient effects. In order to achieve a high test coverage of vision-based surround sensing systems, a lot of different environmental conditions need to be tested. Unfortunately, it is by far too time-consuming to build test sets of all relevant environmental conditions by recording real video data. This paper presents a novel approach for ambient-aware virtual prototyping and robustness testing. We propose a method to significantly reduce the needed on-road recordings being used for design and validation of vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and fully automated driving. Our approach facilitates the generation of comparable test sets by using largely reduced amounts of real on-road recordings and applying computer-generated variations of falling rain to it in a comprehensive virtual prototyping environment. In combination with the simulation of camera properties, which influence the visual effects of falling rain to a great extent, we are able to generate different rain scenarios under a wide variety of parameters. Our approach has been applied to an automotive lane detection system using a series of multiple rain scenarios. We have explored, how falling rain can influence such a system and how such behavior can be detected using simulated rain scenarios.
Demonstrative pejoratives
2016-03-14

Cross-linguistically an affinity to pejoration has been repeatedly observed for demonstrative reference to human beings. Concentrating on German demonstratives I propose to conceive the pejoration effect here as an interplay of semantic and pragmatic factors. These factors are (i) core demonstrative meaning of directing attention to referents physically or mentally accessible to both the speaker and the hearer, (ii) an expressive meaning component (in the sense of Potts 2007) of the speaker’s claim of cognitive proximity between him and the hearer, as well as (iii) general pragmatic politeness principles. In this context a pragmatic analysis of pejoration crucially involving speakers and their intentions as well as relations between speakers and hearers is argued for.
Timing Ability of Corporate and Financial Issuers: Evidence from the German Market
2016-03-14

This paper examines the timing ability of listed German firms with their equity and debt capital market activities between 01/2001 and 06/2013. Given the assertion that firms try to time the market, the key question of this paper is whether managers are able to time equity and debt capital market activities and how timing translates into gains or losses for their shareholders. To capture this timing effect, we introduce timing costs which measure the percentage loss impact on the activity volume compared to the optimal date within a given time span. Financial firms, which are expected to have superior know-how due to a higher proximity of (parts of) their business to capital markets, remarkably demonstrate inferior performance for equity and debt issuance activities. With respect to equity buybacks, however, that are not driven by regulation and capital requirements, financial firms are able to outperform corporate firms. Likewise, firms that are more active on capital markets than others exhibit an inferior performance on timing for equity and bond issuances, while the performance is superior for equity buybacks.
Vascular Risk Factors and Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease
2016-03-15

Vascular risk factors have been associated with cognitive deficits and incident dementia in the general population, but their role on cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unclear. The present study addresses the single and cumulative effect of vascular risk factors on cognition in PD patients, taking clinical confounders into account. Standardized neuropsychological assessment was performed in 238 consecutive PD patients. We evaluated the association of single and cumulative vascular risk factors (smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and heart disease), with the diagnosis of PD normal cognition (PDNC, n = 94), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n = 111), and dementia (PDD, n = 33). The association between single neuropsychological tests and vascular risk factors was evaluated with covariance analyses adjusted for age at onset, educational levels, gender, disease duration, and motor performance. Age, educational levels, disease duration, and motor function were significantly different between PDNC, PD-MCI, and PDD. Heart disease was the only vascular factor significantly more prevalent in PDD compared with PDNC in adjusted analyses. Performance of tests assessing executive and attention functions were significantly worse in patients with hypertension, heart disease, and/or diabetes (p < 0.05). Heart disease is associated with dementia in PD, suggesting a potential window of intervention. Vascular risk factors act especially on attention and executive functions in PD. Vascular risk stratification may be useful in order to identify PD patients with a greater risk of developing dementia. These findings need to be verified in longitudinal studies.
Fluorescence characterisation and visual ecology of pseudocheilinid wrasses
2016-03-15

Combining the emission characteristics of fluorescence body colouration and the spectral sensitivity data of retinal cells suggests that the visual system of C. solorensis is sensitive to pseudocheilinid fluorescence.
A phosphotyrosine switch regulates organic cation transporters
2016-03-16

Abstract Membrane transporters are key determinants of therapeutic outcomes. They regulate systemic and cellular drug levels influencing efficacy as well as toxicities. Here we report a unique phosphorylation-dependent interaction between drug transporters and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which has uncovered widespread phosphotyrosine-mediated regulation of drug transporters. We initially found that organic cation transporters (OCTs), uptake carriers of metformin and oxaliplatin, were inhibited by several clinically used TKIs. Mechanistic studies showed that these TKIs inhibit the Src family kinase Yes1, which was found to be essential for OCT2 tyrosine phosphorylation and function. Yes1 inhibition in vivo diminished OCT2 activity, significantly mitigating oxaliplatin-induced acute sensory neuropathy. Along with OCT2, other SLC-family drug transporters are potentially part of an extensive ‘transporter-phosphoproteome’ with unique susceptibility to TKIs. On the basis of these findings we propose that TKIs, an important and rapidly expanding class of therapeutics, can functionally modulate pharmacologically important proteins by inhibiting protein kinases essential for their post-translational regulation.
Ascending aortic elongation and the risk of dissection
2016-03-16

Aortic diameter might not be an optimal parameter to predict dissection. Most aortas dissect at diameters below 55 mm. Both the TAD and preTAD aortas were elongated compared with the healthy controls. Thus, aortic elongation may play a role in the pathogenesis of and may be a risk factor for TAD.
<i>PLA2G6</i> Mutations Related to Distinct Phenotypes: A New Case with Early-onset Parkinsonism
2016-03-16

<strong>Background:</strong> <em>PLA2G6</em>-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by three distinct phenotypes: infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy (atypical NAD), and <em>PLA2G6</em>-related dystonia–parkinsonism. <strong>Methods:</strong> A consanguineous index case from Turkey was diagnosed with early-onset Parkinsonism at the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine. She and her unaffected brother were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. <strong>Results:</strong> In this report, we describe a 33-year-old index case with parental consanguinity and early-onset Parkinsonism. Whole-genome sequencing of this individual revealed that a homozygous p.R747W mutation in <em>PLA2G6</em> segregates with the disease in this family <strong>Discussion:</strong> This result supports the importance of prioritizing this gene in mutational analysis of autosomal recessive Parkinsonism, and confirms the clinical heterogeneity of PLAN.
Targeting the protein backbone with aryl halides: systematic comparison of halogen bonding and pi...pi interactions using N-methylacetamide
2016-03-16

The ubiquitous amide moiety of the protein backbone is an essential interaction partner in any binding site. Using quantum mechanical calculations, we evaluate how to target this moiety through halogen bonding. In contrast to previously employed atom-centric spherical scans, we make use of planar scans to additionally account for the delocalised π-electrons of the amide. The scans showed that perpendicular interaction geometries are moderately strong while favouring the carbonyl oxygen atom at lower distances. Gradually moving to a parallel arrangement results in a transition from σ-hole interactions toward π⋯π and dipolar interactions and higher interaction energies.
Presupposition Projection in Online Processing
2016-03-17

Journal Article Presupposition Projection in Online Processing Get access Florian Schwarz, Florian Schwarz University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics, 619 Williams Hall, 255 S. 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305, USA E-mail: florians@ling.upenn.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sonja Tiemann Sonja Tiemann Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Nauklerstrasse 35,72074 Tbingen, Germany E-mail: sonjatiemann@gmx.net Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Semantics, Volume 34, Issue 1, February 2017, Pages 61–106, https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffw005 Published: 17 March 2016 Article history Received: 30 April 2014 Revision received: 05 February 2016 Accepted: 08 February 2016 Published: 17 March 2016
Emotional responses to irony and emoticons in written language: Evidence from EDA and facial EMG
2016-03-17

Abstract While the basic nature of irony is saying one thing and communicating the opposite, it may also serve additional social and emotional functions, such as projecting humor or anger. Emoticons often accompany irony in computer‐mediated communication, and have been suggested to increase enjoyment of communication. In the current study, we aimed to examine online emotional responses to ironic versus literal comments, and the influence of emoticons on this process. Participants read stories with a final comment that was either ironic or literal, praising or critical, and with or without an emoticon. We used psychophysiological measures to capture immediate emotional responses: electrodermal activity to directly measure arousal and facial electromyography to detect muscle movements indicative of emotional expressions. Results showed higher arousal, reduced frowning, and enhanced smiling for messages with rather than without an emoticon, suggesting that emoticons increase positive emotions. A tendency toward less negative responses (i.e., reduced frowning and enhanced smiling) for ironic than literal criticism, and less positive responses (i.e., enhanced frowning and reduced smiling) for ironic than literal praise suggests that irony weakens the emotional impact of a message. The present findings indicate the utility of a psychophysiological approach in studying online emotional responses to written language.