julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Health-promoting effects of the citrus flavanone hesperidin
2015-02-12

Hesperidin, a member of the flavanone group of flavonoids, can be isolated in large amounts from the rinds of some citrus species. Considering the wide range of pharmacological activities and widespread application of hesperidin, this paper reviews preclinical and clinical trials of hesperidin and its related compounds, including their occurrence, pharmacokinetics, and some marketed products available. Preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated therapeutical effects of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin in various diseases, such as neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases and others, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and insulin-sensitizing properties.
Human Adenovirus 52 Uses Sialic Acid-containing Glycoproteins and the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor for Binding to Target Cells
2015-02-12

Most adenoviruses attach to host cells by means of the protruding fiber protein that binds to host cells via the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) protein. Human adenovirus type 52 (HAdV-52) is one of only three gastroenteritis-causing HAdVs that are equipped with two different fiber proteins, one long and one short. Here we show, by means of virion-cell binding and infection experiments, that HAdV-52 can also attach to host cells via CAR, but most of the binding depends on sialylated glycoproteins. Glycan microarray, flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance and ELISA analyses reveal that the terminal knob domain of the long fiber (52LFK) binds to CAR, and the knob domain of the short fiber (52SFK) binds to sialylated glycoproteins. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 52SFK in complex with 2-O-methylated sialic acid combined with functional studies of knob mutants revealed a new sialic acid binding site compared to other, known adenovirus:glycan interactions. Our findings shed light on adenovirus biology and may help to improve targeting of adenovirus-based vectors for gene therapy.
PROTOSTELLAR OUTFLOWS AND RADIATIVE FEEDBACK FROM MASSIVE STARS
2015-02-12

We carry out radiation hydrodynamical simulations of the formation of massive\\nstars in the super-Eddington regime including both their radiative feedback and\\nprotostellar outflows. The calculations start from a prestellar core of dusty\\ngas and continue until the star stops growing. The accretion ends when the\\nremnants of the core are ejected, mostly by the force of the direct stellar\\nradiation in the polar direction and elsewhere by the reradiated thermal\\ninfrared radiation. How long the accretion persists depends on whether the\\nprotostellar outflows are present. We set the mass outflow rate to 1% of the\\nstellar sink particle's accretion rate. The outflows open a bipolar cavity\\nextending to the core's outer edge, through which the thermal radiation readily\\nescapes. The radiative flux is funneled into the polar directions while the\\ncore's collapse proceeds near the equator. The outflow thus extends the\\n"flashlight effect", or anisotropic radiation field, found in previous studies\\nfrom the few hundred AU scale of the circumstellar disk up to the 0.1 parsec\\nscale of the core. The core's flashlight effect allows core gas to accrete on\\nthe disk for longer, in the same way that the disk's flashlight effect allows\\ndisk gas to accrete on the star for longer. Thus although the protostellar\\noutflows remove material near the core's poles, causing slower stellar growth\\nover the first few free-fall times, they also enable accretion to go on longer\\nin our calculations. The outflows ultimately lead to stars of somewhat higher\\nmass.\\n
Reinforcement learning for adaptive threshold control of restorative brain-computer interfaces: a Bayesian simulation
2015-02-12

Restorative brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are increasingly used to provide feedback of neuronal states in a bid to normalize pathological brain activity and achieve behavioral gains. However, patients and healthy subjects alike often show a large variability, or even inability, of brain self-regulation for BCI control, known as BCI illiteracy. Although current co-adaptive algorithms are powerful for assistive BCIs, their inherent class switching clashes with the operant conditioning goal of restorative BCIs. Moreover, due to the treatment rationale, the classifier of restorative BCIs usually has a constrained feature space, thus limiting the possibility of classifier adaptation. In this context, we applied a Bayesian model of neurofeedback and reinforcement learning for different threshold selection strategies to study the impact of threshold adaptation of a linear classifier on optimizing restorative BCIs. For each feedback iteration, we first determined the thresholds that result in minimal action entropy and maximal instructional efficiency. We then used the resulting vector for the simulation of continuous threshold adaptation. We could thus show that threshold adaptation can improve reinforcement learning, particularly in cases of BCI illiteracy. Finally, on the basis of information-theory, we provided an explanation for the achieved benefits of adaptive threshold setting.
Progression of Seed‐Induced Aβ Deposition within the Limbic Connectome
2015-02-12

Abstract An important early event in the pathogenesis of A lzheimer's disease ( AD ) is the aberrant polymerization and extracellular accumulation of amyloid‐β peptide ( A β). In young transgenic mice expressing the human A β‐precursor protein ( APP ), deposits of A β can be induced by the inoculation of minute amounts of brain extract containing A β aggregates (“ A β seeds”), indicative of a prion‐like seeding phenomenon. Moreover, focal intracerebral injection of A β seeds can induce deposits not only in the immediate vicinity of the injection site, but, with time, also in distal regions of the brain. However, it remains uncertain whether the spatial progression of A β deposits occurs via nonsystematic diffusion from the injection site to proximal regions or via directed transit along neuroanatomical pathways. To address this question, we analyzed the spatiotemporal emergence of A β deposits in two different APP ‐transgenic mouse models that had been previously inoculated with A β seeds into the hippocampal formation. The results revealed a specific, neuroanatomically constrained pattern of induced A β deposits in structures corresponding to the limbic connectome, supporting the hypothesis that neuronal pathways act as conduits for the movement of proteopathic agents among brain regions, thereby facilitating the progression of disease.
International medical students – a survey of perceived challenges and established support services at medical faculties
2015-02-12

Introduction: Medical students with a non-German background face several challenges during their studies. Besides support given by foreign student offices further specific projects for international students have been developed and are offered by medical faculties. However, so far, neither a systematic survey of the faculties’ perceived problems nor of the offered support exists. Method: All study deaneries of medical faculties in Germany were contacted between April and October 2013 and asked for their participation in a telephone interview. Interview partners were asked about 1.) The percentage of non-German students at the medical faculty; 2.) The perceived difficulties and problems of foreign students; 3.) The offers for non-German students; and 4.) The specification of further possibilities of support. Given information was noted, frequencies counted and results interpreted via frequency analysis. Results: Only 39% of the medical faculties could give detailed information about the percentage of non-German students. They reported an average share of 3.9% of students with an EU migration background and 4.9% with a non-EU background. Most frequently cited offers are student conducted tutorials, language courses and tandem-programs. The most frequently reported problem by far is the perceived lack of language skills of foreign students at the beginning of their studies. Suggested solutions are mainly the development of tutorials and the improvement of German medical terminology. Discussion: Offers of support provided by medical faculties for foreign students vary greatly in type and extent. Support offered is seen to be insufficient in coping with the needs of the international students in many cases. Hence, a better coverage of international students as well as further research efforts to the specific needs and the effectiveness of applied interventions seem to be essential.
Multiparametric analysis of bone marrow in cancer patients using simultaneous PET/MR imaging: Correlation of fat fraction, diffusivity, metabolic activity, and anthropometric data
2015-02-12

Background To analyze the regional composition of bone marrow (BM) in correlation with metabolic activity and diffusivity using simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI. Methods Retrospective analysis of 18F‐FDG‐PET/MR scans of 110 patients was performed. A three‐dimensional gradient‐echo sequence with Dixon‐based fat–water separation was used for fat quantification. Dixon images, diffusion‐weighted images (DWI) and 18F‐FDG‐PET were co‐registered. Mean values of fat fraction (FF), standardized uptake value (SUV), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of BM were measured in different anatomical regions. Correlation of FF, SUV, and ADC and association of BM fat content and metabolic activity with anthropometric data was analyzed (Pearson). BM fat content and metabolic activity was compared in patients with and without chemotherapy (t‐test). Results Regional differences in BM were found with highest fat content (93 ± 8%) and lowest ADC (0.22 ± 0.18 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s) in the peripheral skeleton and highest SUV in the spine (1.77 ± 0.6). There was a significant inverse correlation between FF and SUV (r = −0.73; P &lt; 0.0001) and a significant inverse correlation between FF and ADC (r = −0.62; P &lt; 0.0001). In patients with chemotherapy, a tendency to higher fat content and lower metabolic activity was observed in the proximal skeleton, although no statistical significance was reached. Conclusion BM shows distinct regional variations in FF, SUV, and ADC. The inverse correlation of FF and SUV in BM suggests that BM adipose tissue does not have a comparable high metabolic activity as brown adipose tissue. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1048–1056.
Interplay of threshold resummation and hadron mass corrections in deep inelastic processes
2015-02-12

We discuss hadron mass corrections and threshold resummation for deep-inelastic scattering lN--&gt;l'X and semi-inclusive annihilation e&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; → hX processes, and provide a prescription how to consistently combine these two corrections respecting all kinematic thresholds. We find an interesting interplay between threshold resummation and target mass corrections for deep-inelastic scattering at large values of Bjorken x&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;. In semi-inclusive annihilation, on the contrary, the two considered corrections are relevant in different kinematic regions and do not affect each other. A detailed analysis is nonetheless of interest in the light of recent high precision data from BaBar and Belle on pion and kaon production, with which we compare our calculations. For both deep inelastic scattering and single inclusive annihilation, the size of the combined corrections compared to the precision of world data is shown to be large. Therefore, we conclude that these theoretical corrections are relevant for global QCD fits in order to extract precise parton distributions at large Bjorken x&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;, and fragmentation functions over the whole kinematic range.
The multi-modality cardiac imaging approach to the Athlete's heart: an expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging
2015-02-13

The term 'athlete's heart' refers to a clinical picture characterized by a slow heart rate and enlargement of the heart. A multi-modality imaging approach to the athlete's heart aims to differentiate physiological changes due to intensive training in the athlete's heart from serious cardiac diseases with similar morphological features. Imaging assessment of the athlete's heart should begin with a thorough echocardiographic examination.Left ventricular (LV) wall thickness by echocardiography can contribute to the distinction between athlete's LV hypertrophy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). LV end-diastolic diameter becomes larger (>55 mm) than the normal limits only in end-stage HCM patients when the LV ejection fraction is <50%. Patients with HCM also show early impairment of LV diastolic function, whereas athletes have normal diastolic function.When echocardiography cannot provide a clear differential diagnosis, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging should be performed.With CMR, accurate morphological and functional assessment can be made. Tissue characterization by late gadolinium enhancement may show a distinctive, non-ischaemic pattern in HCM and a variety of other myocardial conditions such as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis. The work-up of athletes with suspected coronary artery disease should start with an exercise ECG. In athletes with inconclusive exercise ECG results, exercise stress echocardiography should be considered. Nuclear cardiology techniques, coronary cardiac tomography (CCT) and/or CMR may be performed in selected cases. Owing to radiation exposure and the young age of most athletes, the use of CCT and nuclear cardiology techniques should be restricted to athletes with unclear stress echocardiography or CMR.
Yersinia enterocolitica exploits different pathways to accomplish adhesion and toxin injection into host cells
2015-02-13

The current paradigm suggests that Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) adheres to host cells via the outer membrane proteins Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) or invasin (Inv) to facilitate injection of Yops by the type III secretion system. In this process Inv binds directly to β1 integrins of host cells while YadA may bind indirectly via extracellular matrix proteins to β1 integrins. Here we challenged this paradigm and investigated the requirements for Yop injection. We demonstrate that Inv- but not YadA-mediated adhesion depends on β1 integrin binding and activation, and that tight adhesion is a prerequisite for Yop injection. By means of novel transgenic cell lines, shRNA approaches and RGD peptides, we found that YadA, in contrast to Inv, may use a broad host cell receptor repertoire for host cell adhesion. In the absence of β1 integrins, YadA mediates Yop injection by interaction with αV integrins in cooperation with yet unknown cofactors expressed by epithelial cells, but not fibroblasts. Electron microscopic and flow chamber studies revealed that a defined intimate contact area between Ye and host cells resulting in adhesion forces resisting shear stress is required for Yop injection. Thus, the indirect binding of YadA to a broad extracellular matrix (ECM) binding host cell receptor repertoire of different cell types makes YadA a versatile tool to ensure Yop injection. In conclusion, given the differential expression of the outer membrane proteins Inv and YadA in the course of Ye infection and differential expression of integrins by various host cell populations, the data demonstrate that Ye is flexibly armed to accomplish Yop injection in different host cell types, a central event in its immune evasion strategy.
A review of detrusor overactivity and the overactive bladder after radical prostate cancer treatment
2015-02-13

There are various forms of treatment for prostate cancer. In addition to oncologic outcomes, physicians, and increasingly patients, are focusing on functional and adverse outcomes. Symptoms of overactive bladder ( OAB ), including urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence, can occur regardless of treatment modality. This article examines the prevalence, pathophysiology and options for treating OAB after radical prostate cancer treatment. OAB seems to be more common and severe after radiation therapy than after surgical therapy and even persisted longer with complications, suggesting an advantage for surgery over radiotherapy. Because OAB that occurs after radical prostate surgery or radiotherapy can be difficult to treat, it is important that patients are made aware of the potential development of OAB during counselling before decisions regarding treatment choice are made. To ensure a successful outcome of both treatments, it is imperative that clinicians and non‐specialists enquire about and document pretreatment urinary symptoms and carefully evaluate post‐treatment symptoms.
Monitoring Primary Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment with Mode of Action-Specific in Vitro Biotests
2015-02-13

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTMonitoring Primary Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment with Mode of Action-Specific in Vitro BiotestsRita Triebskorn*†‡, Kristin Berg§, Ina Ebert∥, Manfred Frey⊥, Dirk Jungmann§, Jörg Oehlmann#, Matthias Oetken#, Frank Sacher¶, Marco Scheurer¶, Hannah Schmieg†, Simon Schwarz†, and Heinz-R. Köhler†View Author Information† Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany‡ Steinbeis Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstr. 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany§ GWT-Technical University Dresden, Blasewitzer Str. 43, D-01307 Dresden, Germany∥ Federal Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany⊥ Steinbeis Innovation Center Cell Culture Technology, Schulzenstr. 4, D-68259 Mannheim, Germany# Aquatic Ecotoxicology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany¶ DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany*Phone: +49 7071 297 8892; e-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 5, 2594–2595Publication Date (Web):February 13, 2015Publication History Received2 December 2014Published online13 February 2015Published inissue 3 March 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b00162https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00162newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1797Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Assays,Fluorescence,Pharmaceuticals,Receptors,Steroids Get e-Alerts
The Evaluation of Tools Used to Predict the Impact of Missense Variants Is Hindered by Two Types of Circularity
2015-02-14

Prioritizing missense variants for further experimental investigation is a key challenge in current sequencing studies for exploring complex and Mendelian diseases. A large number of in silico tools have been employed for the task of pathogenicity prediction, including PolyPhen-2, SIFT, FatHMM, MutationTaster-2, MutationAssessor, Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion, LRT, phyloP, and GERP++, as well as optimized methods of combining tool scores, such as Condel and Logit. Due to the wealth of these methods, an important practical question to answer is which of these tools generalize best, that is, correctly predict the pathogenic character of new variants. We here demonstrate in a study of 10 tools on five datasets that such a comparative evaluation of these tools is hindered by two types of circularity: they arise due to (1) the same variants or (2) different variants from the same protein occurring both in the datasets used for training and for evaluation of these tools, which may lead to overly optimistic results. We show that comparative evaluations of predictors that do not address these types of circularity may erroneously conclude that circularity confounded tools are most accurate among all tools, and may even outperform optimized combinations of tools.
Estimating cognitive load during self-regulation of brain activity and neurofeedback with therapeutic brain-computer interfaces
2015-02-16

Neurofeedback (NFB) training with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is currently being studied in a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions in an aim to reduce disorder-specific symptoms. For this purpose, a range of classification algorithms has been explored to identify different brain states. These neural states, e.g., self-regulated brain activity vs. rest, are separated by setting a threshold parameter. Measures such as the maximum classification accuracy (CA) have been introduced to evaluate the performance of these algorithms. Interestingly enough, precisely these measures are often used to estimate the subject's ability to perform brain self-regulation. This is surprising, given that the goal of improving the tool that differentiates between brain states is different from the aim of optimizing NFB for the subject performing brain self-regulation. For the latter, knowledge about mental resources and work load is essential in order to adapt the difficulty of the intervention accordingly. In this context, we apply an analytical method and provide empirical data to determine the zone of proximal development (ZPD) as a measure of a subject's cognitive resources and the instructional efficacy of NFB. This approach is based on a reconsideration of item-response theory (IRT) and cognitive load theory for instructional design, and combines them with the CA curve to provide a measure of BCI performance.
3D Cultivation Techniques for Primary Human Hepatocytes
2015-02-16

One of the main challenges in drug development is the prediction of in vivo toxicity based on in vitro data. The standard cultivation system for primary human hepatocytes is based on monolayer cultures, even if it is known that these conditions result in a loss of hepatocyte morphology and of liver-specific functions, such as drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. As it has been demonstrated that hepatocytes embedded between two sheets of collagen maintain their function, various hydrogels and scaffolds for the 3D cultivation of hepatocytes have been developed. To further improve or maintain hepatic functions, 3D cultivation has been combined with perfusion. In this manuscript, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of different 3D microfluidic devices. For most systems that are currently available, the main issues are the requirement of large cell numbers, the low throughput, and expensive equipment, which render these devices unattractive for research and the drug-developing industry. A higher acceptance of these devices could be achieved by their simplification and their compatibility with high-throughput, as both aspects are of major importance for a user-friendly device.