julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Dissociating Long and Short-term Memory in Three-Month-Old Infants Using the Mismatch Response to Voice Stimuli
2018-01-30

Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) have been successfully used in adults as well as in newborns to discriminate recall of longer-term and shorter-term memories. Specifically the Mismatch Response (MMR) to deviant stimuli of an oddball paradigm is larger if the deviant stimuli are highly familiar (i.e., retrieved from long-term memory) than if they are unfamiliar, representing an immediate change to the standard stimuli kept in short-term memory. Here, we aimed to extend previous findings indicating a differential MMR to familiar and unfamiliar deviants in newborns (Beauchemin et al., 2011), to 3-month-old infants who are starting to interact more with their social surroundings supposedly based on forming more (social) long-term representations. Using a voice discrimination paradigm, each infant was repeatedly presented with the word "baby" (400 ms, interstimulus interval: 600 ms, 10 min overall duration) pronounced by three different female speakers. One voice that was unfamiliar to the infants served as the frequently presented "standard" stimulus, whereas another unfamiliar voice served as the "unfamiliar deviant" stimulus, and the voice of the infant's mother served as the "familiar deviant." Data collection was successful for 31 infants (mean age = 100 days). The MMR was determined by the difference between the ERP to standard stimuli and the ERP to the unfamiliar and familiar deviant, respectively. The MMR to the familiar deviant (mother's voice) was larger, i.e., more positive, than that to the unfamiliar deviant between 100 and 400 ms post-stimulus over the frontal and central cortex. However, a genuine MMR differentiating, as a positive deflection, between ERPs to familiar deviants and standard stimuli was only found in the 300-400 ms interval. On the other hand, a genuine MMR differentiating, as a negative deflection, between ERPs to unfamiliar deviants from ERPs to standard stimuli was revealed for the 200-300 ms post-stimulus interval. Overall results confirm a differential MMR response to unfamiliar and familiar deviants in 3-month-olds, with the earlier negative MMR to unfamiliar deviants likely reflecting change detection based on comparison processes in short-term memory, and the later positive MMR to familiar deviants reflecting subsequent long-term memory-based processing of stimulus relevance.
Motion regions are modulated by scene content
2018-01-30

Abstract Creating a stable perception of the world during pursuit eye movements is one of the everyday roles of visual system. Some motion regions have been shown to differentiate between motion in the external world from that generated by eye movements. However, in most circumstances, perceptual stability is consistently related to content: the surrounding scene is typically stable. However, no prior study has examined to which extent motion responsive regions are modulated by scene content, and whether there is an interaction between content and motion response. In the present study we used a factorial design that has previously been shown to reveal regional involvement in integrating efference copies of eye-movements with retinal motion to mediate perceptual stability and encode real-world motion. We then added scene content as a third factor, which allowed us to examine to which extent real-motion, retinal motion, and static responses were modulated by meaningful scenes versus their Fourier scrambled counterpart. We found that motion responses in human motion responsive regions V3A, V6, V5+/MT+ and cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) were all modulated by scene content. Depending on the region, these motion-content interactions differentially depended on whether motion was self-induced or not. V3A was the only motion responsive region that also showed responses to still scenes. Our results suggest that contrary to the two-pathway hypothesis, scene responses are not isolated to ventral regions, but also can be found in dorsal areas.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy
2018-01-31

Tamoxifen is biotransformed by CYP2D6 to 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and 4‐hydroxy N‐desmethyl tamoxifen (endoxifen), both with greater antiestrogenic potency than the parent drug. Patients with certain CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and patients who receive strong CYP2D6 inhibitors exhibit lower endoxifen concentrations and a higher risk of disease recurrence in some studies of tamoxifen adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer. We summarize evidence from the literature and provide therapeutic recommendations for tamoxifen based on CYP2D6 genotype.
Genome-wide analysis of PDX1 target genes in human pancreatic progenitors
2018-01-31

Our data provide stage-specific target genes of PDX1 during in vitro differentiation of stem cells into pancreatic progenitors that could be useful to identify pathways and molecular targets that predispose for diabetes. In addition, we show that T2DM-associated SNPs are enriched in active chromatin regions at the pancreatic progenitor stage, suggesting that the susceptibility to T2DM might originate from imperfect execution of a β-cell developmental program.
Differential determination of perceived stress in medical students and high-school graduates due to private and training-related stressors
2018-01-31

High-school graduates offer new, interesting information about students' fears and needs before they begin medical school. Medical students and high-school graduates need open, comprehensive information about possible stressors at the outset of and during medical education. Programmes geared toward improving resilience behaviour and teaching new, functional coping strategies are recommended.
The auditory cortex hosts network nodes influential for emotion processing: An fMRI study on music-evoked fear and joy
2018-01-31

Sound is a potent elicitor of emotions. Auditory core, belt and parabelt regions have anatomical connections to a large array of limbic and paralimbic structures which are involved in the generation of affective activity. However, little is known about the functional role of auditory cortical regions in emotion processing. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and music stimuli that evoke joy or fear, our study reveals that anterior and posterior regions of auditory association cortex have emotion-characteristic functional connectivity with limbic/paralimbic (insula, cingulate cortex, and striatum), somatosensory, visual, motor-related, and attentional structures. We found that these regions have remarkably high emotion-characteristic eigenvector centrality, revealing that they have influential positions within emotion-processing brain networks with "small-world" properties. By contrast, primary auditory fields showed surprisingly strong emotion-characteristic functional connectivity with intra-auditory regions. Our findings demonstrate that the auditory cortex hosts regions that are influential within networks underlying the affective processing of auditory information. We anticipate our results to incite research specifying the role of the auditory cortex-and sensory systems in general-in emotion processing, beyond the traditional view that sensory cortices have merely perceptual functions.
Low-density, radiatively inefficient rotating-accretion flow on to a black hole
2018-01-31

We study low-density axisymmetric accretion flows onto black holes (BHs) with two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations, adopting the -viscosity prescription. When the gas angular momentum is low enough to form a rotationally supported disk within the Bondi radius ( ), we find a global steady accretion solution. The solution consists of a rotational equilibrium distribution at , where the density follows , surrounding a geometrically thick and optically thin accretion disk at the centrifugal radius, where thermal energy generated by viscosity is transported via strong convection. Physical properties of the inner solution agree with those expected in convection-dominated accretion flows (CDAF; ). In the inner CDAF solution, the gas inflow rate decreases towards the center due to convection ( ), and the net accretion rate (including both inflows and outflows) is strongly suppressed by several orders of magnitude from the Bondi accretion rate The net accretion rate depends on the viscous strength, following . This solution holds for low accretion rates of having minimal radiation cooling, where is the Eddington rate. In a hot plasma at the bottom ( ), thermal conduction would dominate the convective energy flux. Since suppression of the accretion by convection ceases, the final BH feeding rate is found to be . This rate is as low as inferred for SgrA and the nuclear BHs in M31 and M87, and can explain the low luminosities in these sources, without invoking any feedback mechanism.
Optimization, evaluation and calibration of a cross-strip DOI detector
2018-01-31

This study depicts the evaluation of a SiPM detector with depth of interaction (DOI) capability via a dual-sided readout that is suitable for high-resolution positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging. Two different 12 × 12 pixelated LSO scintillator arrays with a crystal pitch of 1.60 mm are examined. One array is 20 mm-long with a crystal separation by the specular reflector Vikuiti enhanced specular reflector (ESR), and the other one is 18 mm-long and separated by the diffuse reflector Lumirror E60 (E60). An improvement in energy resolution from 22.6% to 15.5% for the scintillator array with the E60 reflector is achieved by taking a nonlinear light collection correction into account. The results are FWHM energy resolutions of 14.0% and 15.5%, average FWHM DOI resolutions of 2.96 mm and 1.83 mm, and FWHM coincidence resolving times of 1.09 ns and 1.48 ns for the scintillator array with the ESR and that with the E60 reflector, respectively. The measured DOI signal ratios need to be assigned to an interaction depth inside the scintillator crystal. A linear and a nonlinear method, using the intrinsic scintillator radiation from lutetium, are implemented for an easy to apply calibration and are compared to the conventional method, which exploits a setup with an externally collimated radiation beam. The deviation between the DOI functions of the linear or nonlinear method and the conventional method is determined. The resulting average of differences in DOI positions is 0.67 mm and 0.45 mm for the nonlinear calibration method for the scintillator array with the ESR and with the E60 reflector, respectively; Whereas the linear calibration method results in 0.51 mm and 0.32 mm for the scintillator array with the ESR and the E60 reflector, respectively; and is, due to its simplicity, also applicable in assembled detector systems.
Novel event classification based on spectral analysis of scintillation waveforms in Double Chooz
2018-01-31

Liquid scintillators are a common choice for neutrino physics experiments, but their capabilities to perform background rejection by scintillation pulse shape discrimination is generally limited in large detectors. This paper describes a novel approach for a pulse shape based event classification developed in the context of the Double Chooz reactor antineutrino experiment. Unlike previous implementations, this method uses the Fourier power spectra of the scintillation pulse shapes to obtain event-wise information. A classification variable built from spectral information was able to achieve an unprecedented performance, despite the lack of optimization at the detector design level. Several examples of event classification are provided, ranging from differentiation between the detector volumes and an efficient rejection of instrumental light noise, to some sensitivity to the particle type, such as stopping muons, ortho-positronium formation, alpha particles as well as electrons and positrons. In combination with other techniques the method is expected to allow for a versatile and more efficient background rejection in the future, especially if detector optimization is taken into account at the design level.
Computational Study of the Isomerization Reactions of Borirane
2018-01-31

Borirane is isoelectronic to the cyclopropyl cation, but is stable toward electrocyclic ring opening to 2-bora-propa-1,3-diyl A, the boron analogue of the allyl cation. A computational investigation using density functional theory (B3LYP) in combination with highly correlated electronic structure theory methods of the coupled-cluster [CCSD(T)] and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) type in conjunction with basis sets of up to quadruple-ζ quality reveal that formation of A is endothermic by roughly 15 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup> and that A collapses almost without barrier (0.2 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>) to borirane. The vinylborane isomer B is more stable than borirane and its formation is associated with a barrier of 36-38 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>. Methyl methylideneborane E, only slightly less stable than B, can only be accessed by pathways involving barriers of at least 60 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>.
The effect of speaker gender and talker proficiency on the realization of Taiwan Min /dz/ among young speakers
2018-01-31

This study examined how speaker gender and talker proficiency affected realization of Taiwan Min /dz/ among young speakers of the 漳 Chiang and Mix dialect. Ten males and seven females with adequate proficiency were recruited to perform a paragraph reading task. Five major variant categories were observed, including dental sibilant, dental nonsibilant, velar obstruent, lateral, and retroflex. Gender played a role in some variant choices. Males used dental sibilants and retroflexes more often than females, while females used liquids more often than males. Dental nonsibilants and velar obstruents showed more complex distributions involving both gender and speaker dialect. Impact of talker proficiency was also found. High-level speakers generally used velar obstruents and retroflexes more often, and dental nonsibilants less often, than their mid-level counterparts. Dental sibilants and liquids showed distributions that were less straightforward and involved intricate interactions among gender, proficiency, and speaker dialect. Despite the range of variant choices, talkers were rather conservative, and most limited their choices to only a couple of variants for /dz/ realization. Males generally showed high intra- and inter-syllabic consistency regardless of their proficiency levels, while females showed a proficiency split. High-level females had high intra-syllabic consistency but low inter-syllabic consistency, while mid-level females had low intra- and inter-syllabic consistency. This study thus demonstrated that talkers' realization of the variable Min /dz/ is a complex interaction among speaker gender, dialect, and proficiency.
Testing General Relativity with the Reflection Spectrum of the Supermassive Black Hole in 1H0707-495
2018-02-01

Recently, we have extended the x-ray reflection model relxill to test the spacetime metric in the strong gravitational field of astrophysical black holes. In the present Letter, we employ this extended model to analyze XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and Swift data of the supermassive black hole in 1H0707-495 and test deviations from a Kerr metric parametrized by the Johannsen deformation parameter α_{13}. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the spacetime metric around the black hole in 1H0707-495 is described by the Kerr solution.
Effects of incidental emotions on moral dilemma judgments: An analysis using the CNI model.
2018-02-01

Effects of incidental emotions on moral dilemma judgments have garnered interest because they demonstrate the context-dependent nature of moral decision-making. Six experiments (N = 727) investigated the effects of incidental happiness, sadness, and anger on responses in moral dilemmas that pit the consequences of a given action for the greater good (i.e., utilitarianism) against the consistency of that action with moral norms (i.e., deontology). Using the CNI model of moral decision-making, we further tested whether the three kinds of emotions shape moral dilemma judgments by influencing (a) sensitivity to consequences, (b) sensitivity to moral norms, or (c) general preference for inaction versus action regardless of consequences and moral norms (or some combination of the three). Incidental happiness reduced sensitivity to moral norms without affecting sensitivity to consequences or general preference for inaction versus action. Incidental sadness and incidental anger did not show any significant effects on moral dilemma judgments. The findings suggest a central role of moral norms in the contribution of emotional responses to moral dilemma judgments, requiring refinements of dominant theoretical accounts and supporting the value of formal modeling approaches in providing more nuanced insights into the determinants of moral dilemma judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
The Use of Force in International Law before World War I: On Imperial Ordering and the Ontology of the Nation-State
2018-02-01

This contribution builds on the assumption that the largely unregulated employment of force practised by Europeans outside of central Europe in the last decades before World War I, between 1914 and 1918, for the first time developed its full destructive potential in a catastrophic war between industrialized Western countries. It focuses on justifications for war and intervention in the three decades before World War I, differentiating between order-related and ontological justifications. Both categories of reasons were used to justify violent measures in the context of Western imperialism and nationalism before the war, leading to an ever more permissive ius ad bellum regime. What was generally being treated as a unified regime of the use of force (ius ad bellum and in bello) was in fact a complex and increasingly unstable Western-dominated discursive practice differentiating between the objects of violence through various argumentative techniques. European and US international lawyers and politicians differentiated between the use of force between, first, the great powers (core); second, between themselves and other sovereign states in their respective strategic and economic zones of influence (semi-periphery) and, third, between violence and war vis-à-vis peoples living on territories that they did not recognize as independent sovereign states (periphery). This differentiation followed the projection of military and economic power in the context of Western imperialism. Only by taking these underlying discursive structures into account, the legal debates around aggression and extreme violence also during World War I and in Versailles can arguably be fully understood. Despite various attempts to ban or institutionalize interstate violence after 1919, both order-related and ontological justifications for the use of force remained an influential discursive structure of 20th century international law.
Long-term outcome of scleral-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with the knotless Z-suture technique
2018-02-01

Implantation of scleral-fixated PC IOLs using the knotless Z-suture was a safe technique resulting in good visual outcomes. The long-term success of the procedure was dependent on the material properties of the suture.
Chemical Sample Processing for Combined Selenium Isotope and Selenium‐Tellurium Elemental Investigation of the Earth's Igneous Reservoirs
2018-02-01

Abstract The redox‐sensitive, chalcophile, and volatile Se stable isotope system offers new perspectives to investigate the origin and evolution of terrestrial volatiles and the roles of magmatic and recycling processes in the development of the redox contrast between Earth's reservoirs. Selenium isotope systematics become more robust in a well‐constrained petrogenetic context as can be inferred from Se‐Te elemental signatures of sulfides and igneous rocks. In this study, we present a high‐yield chemical sample processing method that allows the determination of Se‐Te concentrations and Se isotope composition from the same sample digest of silicate rocks by hydride generation isotope dilution (ID) quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and double spike (DS) multicollector (MC)‐ICP‐MS, respectively. Our procedure yields ∼80% Se‐Te recoveries with quantitative separation of relevant interfering elements such as Ge and HG‐buffering metals. Replicate analyses of selected international reference materials yield uncertainties better than 0.11‰ (2 s.d.) on δ 82/76 Se and 3% (r.s.d.) on Se concentration for DS MC‐ICP‐MS determinations for as low as ∼10 ng sample Se. The precision of Se‐Te concentration measurements by ID ICP‐MS is better than 3% and 5% (r.s.d.) for total amounts of ∼0.5–1 ng Se and ∼0.2–0.5 ng Te, respectively. The basaltic reference materials have variable Se‐Te contents, but their δ 82/76 Se values are rather uniform (on average 0.23 ± 0.14‰; 2 s.d.) and different from the chondritic value. This altogether provides the methodology and potential to extend the limited data set of coupled Se isotope and Se‐Te elemental systematics of samples relevant to study the terrestrial igneous inventory.
Differential Exhumation Across the Longriba Fault System: Implications for the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
2018-02-01

Abstract The deformation processes at work across the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial. The interpretation of its tectonic history is often polarized between two deformation models: ductile flow in the lower crust and shortening and crustal thickening accommodated by brittle structures in the upper crust. Many geological investigations on this plateau margin focused on the Longmen Shan, at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin. However, the Longriba fault system (LFS) located 200 km northwest and parallel to the Longmen Shan structures provides an opportunity to understand the role of hinterland faults in eastern Tibet geodynamics. For this reason, we investigate the exhumation history of rocks across the LFS using (U‐Th)/He and fission track ages from apatite and zircon. Results show a significant contrast in cooling histories across the Maoergai fault, the southernmost fault of the LFS. South of the Maoergai fault, the bedrock records a rapid increase in exhumation rate since ~10–15 Ma. In contrast, the area north of the fault has experienced steady cooling since ~25–35 Ma. We attribute this cooling contrast to ~2 km of differential rock uplift across the Maoergai fault, providing the first evidence of activity of the LFS in the Late Cenozoic. Our results indicate that deformation of the eastern Tibetan margin has been partitioned into the LFS and the Longmen Shan over an ~200 km wide block, which should be incorporated in future studies on the region's deformation, and in both above‐mentioned deformation models.