julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test
2022-07-01

Abstract Stable hydrogen isotope ratios ( δ 2 H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information ( δ 2 H n value). To measure δ 2 H n values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ 2 H n values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ 2 H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements ( n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ 2 H n values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ 2 H n values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
Distinct glycerophospholipids potentiate Gsα-activated adenylyl cyclase activity
2022-07-01

Nine mammalian adenylyl cyclases (AC) are pseudoheterodimers with two hexahelical membrane domains, which are isoform-specifically conserved. Previously we proposed that these membrane domains are orphan receptors (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13098; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109538). Lipids extracted from fetal bovine serum at pH 1 inhibited several mAC activities. Guided by a lipidomic analysis we tested glycerophospholipids as potential ligands. Contrary to expectations we surprisingly discovered that 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidic acid (SDPA) potentiated Gsα-activated activity of human AC isoform 3 seven-fold. The specificity of fatty acyl esters at glycerol positions 1 and 2 was rather stringent. 1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylserine and 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine significantly potentiated several Gsα-activated mAC isoforms to different extents. SDPA appears not interact with forskolin activation of AC isoform 3. SDPA enhanced Gsα-activated AC activities in membranes from mouse brain cortex. The action of SDPA was reversible. Unexpectedly, SDPA did not affect cAMP generation in HEK293 cells stimulated by isoproterenol, PGE<sub>2</sub> and adenosine, virtually excluding a role as an extracellular ligand and, instead, suggesting an intracellular role. In summary, we discovered a new dimension of intracellular AC regulation by chemically defined glycerophospholipids.
Productivity and semantic transparency: An exploration of word formation in Mandarin Chinese
2022-07-01

We used word embeddings to study the relation between productivity and semantic transparency.We compiled a dataset with around 2700 two-syllable compounds that shared position-specificconstituents (henceforth pivots), and some 1100 suffixed words. For each pivot andsuffix, we calculated measures of productivity as well as measures of semantic transparency.For compounds, productivity (P) was negatively correlated with the number of types (V ) andwith the semantic similarity between non-pivot constituents and their compounds. Conversely,greater semantic similarity of the pivot with either the compound or the non-pivot constituentpredicted higher degrees of productivity. Visualization with t-SNE revealed clustering of suffixedwords’ embeddings, but no by-pivot clustering for compounds, except for a minority ofpivots whose regions in semantic space did not contain intruding unrelated compounds. Asubset of these pivots were found to realize a fixed shift in semantic space from base word tocompound, a property that also emerged for several suffixes. For these pivots, no correlationbetween P and V was present. Thus, Mandarin compounds appear to realize, at one extreme,motivated but unsystematic concept formation (where other pivots could just as well have beenused), and at the other extreme, systematic suffix-like semantics.
Impact of OCT scan-patterns in identifying morphological features of lamellar macular holes and macular pseudoholes
2022-07-01

AIM: To evaluate the impact of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan patterns on the detection of the features associated with lamellar macular hole (LMH) and macular pseudohole (MPH). METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive eyes with LMH (n=41) and MPH (n=59) having at least three of the following OCT features, which include mandatory criteria for the diagnosis of LMH and MPH: Epiretinal membrane, epiretinal proliferation, verticalization, intraretinal cystoid spaces, foveoschisis, irregular foveal contour, foveal cavity with undermined edges, and ellipsoid line disruption. Primary outcome measurement was the detection frequency of the features in three different OCT scan patterns: 1) volume scan; 2) six radial scans (R6); and 3) vertical and horizontal radial scans (R2). RESULTS: Of the total eight features, the maximal detection frequency was found as 4.45±1.45, 4.35±1.47, and 3.70±1.59, by the volume, R6 and R2, respectively. R2 was inferior to the other patterns in detection of the total features (P&lt;0.001), whereas R6 and volume patterns were found comparable (P=0.312). CONCLUSION: The physician should be aware that the selection of the OCT-scan pattern may influence the detection of mandatory morphological criteria for the diagnosis of LMH and MPH.
Linear Combinatorial Semi-Bandit with Causally Related Rewards
2022-07-01

In a sequential decision-making problem, having a structural dependency amongst the reward distributions associated with the arms makes it challenging to identify a subset of alternatives that guarantees the optimal collective outcome. Thus, besides individual actions' reward, learning the causal relations is essential to improve the decision-making strategy. To solve the two-fold learning problem described above, we develop the 'combinatorial semi-bandit framework with causally related rewards', where we model the causal relations by a directed graph in a stationary structural equation model. The nodal observation in the graph signal comprises the corresponding base arm's instantaneous reward and an additional term resulting from the causal influences of other base arms' rewards. The objective is to maximize the long-term average payoff, which is a linear function of the base arms' rewards and depends strongly on the network topology. To achieve this objective, we propose a policy that determines the causal relations by learning the network's topology and simultaneously exploits this knowledge to optimize the decision-making process. We establish a sublinear regret bound for the proposed algorithm. Numerical experiments using synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method compared to several benchmarks.
Intracellular carbon storage by microorganisms is an overlooked pathway of biomass growth
2022-07-01

Abstract The concept of microbial biomass growth is central to microbial carbon (C) cycling and ecosystem nutrient turnover. Growth is usually assumed to occur by cellular replication, despite microorganisms’ capacity to increase biomass by synthesizing storage compounds. Here we examined whether C storage in triacylglycerides (TAGs) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) contribute significantly to microbial biomass growth, under contrasting conditions of C availability and complementary nutrient supply. Together these compounds accounted for 19.1 ± 1.7% to 46.4 ± 8.0% of extractable soil microbial biomass, and revealed up to 279 ± 72% more biomass growth than observed by a DNA-based method alone. Even under C limitation, storage represented an additional 16 – 96% incorporation of added C into microbial biomass. These findings encourage greater recognition of storage synthesis and degradation as key pathways of biomass change and as mechanisms underlying resistance and resilience of microbial communities.
Heavy Tails and the Shape of Modified Numerals
2022-07-01

Abstract The pattern of implicatures of the modified numeral “more than n ” depends on the roundness of n . Cummins et al. (2012) present experimental evidence for the relation between roundness and implicature patterns and propose a pragmatic account of the phenomenon. More recently, Hesse and Benz (2020) present more extensive evidence showing that implicatures also depend on the magnitude of n and propose a novel explanation based on the approximate number system (Dehaene, 1999). Despite the wealth of experimental data, no formal account has yet been proposed to characterize the full posterior distribution over numbers of a listener after hearing “more than n .” We develop one such account within the Rational Speech Act framework, quantitatively reconstructing the pragmatic reasoning of a rational listener. We argue that world knowledge about the distribution of the true quantity has a substantial impact on the information conveyed by the modified numeral. We show that our pragmatic account in combination with a heavy‐tailed model of the participants' prior correctly predicts various features of the experimental data from Hesse and Benz (2020).
Beyond evidentiality, the case of Ladakhi inok &amp; siblings [HL Archive 13]
2022-07-01

The crosslinguistic concept of evidentiality, discriminating between direct and indirect knowledge, does not account for the Tibetic system, where the domain of direct is split up between external direct knowledge, based on immediate sense perception, and internal direct knowledge, based on acquaintance, control/ volition, responsibility, and/ or authority or engagement.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With the so-called ‘factual’ auxiliary red, several Tibetic languages also differentiate assertions, which are said to be neutral with respect to evidentiality. Ladakhi does not seem to have a corresponding counterpart. However, many instances of red can be directly translated by the compound auxiliary inok of the Central Ladakhi dialects and its siblings ɦinak, ɦindak, ɦinɖak, and intsuk elsewhere. The opposite, however, is not true. inok &amp;amp; Cie. do not present events neutrally, but express a speaker’s attitude towards the content and the addressee and, logivally, express the expected attitude of the addressee in questions. This attitude may vary considerably according to the context and socio-pragmatic contstraints. The Ladakhi auxiliaries inok &amp;amp; Cie. may thus shed light on the perhaps not so neutral character of the auxiliary red and, more generally, on how ‘evidential’ the ‘evidential’ systems in Tibetic languages and those influenced by them actually are.
How to Optimize Rosacea Treatment for Better Patient Outcomes: An Opinion Piece.
2022-07-01

Rosacea is a chronic disease requiring long-term management. However, it is often treated according to package label instructions, which reflect the conditions of a Phase III study rather than a chronic disease. Furthermore, due to a lack of clinical data or guidelines on long-term treatment, many clinicians choose to discontinue treatment once success has been reached, rather than continuing with maintenance therapy. As experienced practicing dermatologists and investigators in the field, in this article we address the current evidence gaps in rosacea management and provide practical advice to clinicians on how optimal outcomes can be achieved and maintained in patients with rosacea in real-world practice, based on our own experience and the available clinical data.
The impact of positive social reinforcement on time-to-attrition from the Diabetes Prevention Program in college students at high risk for Type II Diabetes: a study protocol for a phase 3, multicenter, cluster randomized trial
2022-07-01

Introduction: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in young adults has increased considerably in the pastdecade. Evidence shows that lifestyle modification programs such as the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) areeffective in improving health behaviors and lowering the risk of diabetes. DPP follow-up studies have found that a lackof retention can reduce the effectiveness of such programs. Adding a positive social reinforcement platform is a novelstrategy to provide educational resources to facilitate lifestyle changes. However, evidence regarding the effect ofpositive social reinforcement as a theory-based strategy to prolong retention within the DPP is limited. The current studyprotocol aims to evaluate the efficacy of the online Prevent Diabetes® Program, including a Positive Inter@ctiOn forumon time-to-attrition from the DPP among college students at high risk for T2DM.Methods: This study protocol is a phase 3, multicenter, double-blinded, cluster-randomized, superiority, controlled trialconducted in West Virginia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Four hundred eigclthty college students will be centrallyrandomized in a cluster-wise 1:1 ratio to the online Prevent Diabetes® Program integrated with the Positive Inter@ctiOnforum or to the online Prevent Diabetes® Program alone for 12 months. The primary outcome is time-to-attrition fromthe DPP.Discussion: Successful completion of the study will provide valuable information on whether implementing theory-basedhealth behavior strategies can improve the retention of participants in the online DPP and contribute to enhancing DPPeffectiveness.
Pfarrliche Vermögensorganisation zwischen Kirche und Staat: Kirchenpflegen (Kirchenfabriken) in Württemberg im 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert
2022-07-01

Abstract The Administration of Ecclesiastical Goods between State and Church: Fabricae Ecclesiae in Wuerttemberg in the 19th and 20th centuries . Since the Middle Ages, fabricae ecclesiae served to finance the erection and the maintenance of churches. The Church claimed to freely administer these goods, even if lay men often served as administrators. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg took over control of these goods and ordered the state municipality, assisted by local clerics, to govern them. In 1887, the king of Wuerttemberg started a process to separate ecclesiastical from secular goods. After WWI, the fabricae ecclesiae in Wuerttemberg were administered entirely by the Catholic Church. This contribution analyses this evolution from three perspectives, namely universal canon law, state law in Wuerttemberg, and particular canon law. It thereby highlights the tension between self-administration and state control of ecclesiastical goods, especially in the 19th century, and points to the fact that even the Catholic Church was part of the secular ruler’s authority over the church.
Diversity by Design? Balancing the Inclusion and Protection of Users in an Online Social Platform
2022-07-01

&lt;p&gt;The unreflected promotion of diversity as a value in social interactions &mdash; including in technology-mediated ones &mdash; risks emphasizing the benefits of inclusion without recognizing the potential harm of failing to protect vulnerable individuals or account for the empowerment of marginalized groups. Adopting the position that technology is never value-neutral, we seek to answer the question of how technology-mediated social platforms can accommodate diversity by design by balancing the often tension-ridden principles of protection and inclusion. In this paper, we present our research program, developed strategy for diversity aware content moderation, as well as first analyses and results. Building on approaches from scenario analysis and Value Sensitive Design, we identify key arguments for a &ldquo;diversity by design&rdquo;-agenda. Furthermore, we discuss how these arguments can be operationalized and implemented and provide a critical reflection on the limits of the proposed approach.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This is the accepted paper &quot;Diversity by Design?: Balancing the Inclusion and Protection of Users in an Online Social Platform&quot; presented at AIES &#39;22: Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, July 2022 Pages 324&ndash;334. Originally published by ACM under DOI: 10.1145/3514094.3534149: https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3514094.3534149&lt;/p&gt;
Facts and attitudes: on the so-called ‘factual’ markers of the modern Tibetic languages [HL ARCHIVE 14]
2022-07-01

The evidential or egophoric systems of various modern Tibetic languages are described as containing a ‘factual’ copula and a complex ‘factual’ existential, in opposition to the egophoric copula yin and the egophoric existential linking verb yod, e.g., Central and East Tibetan red and yod.red. Other descriptive terms are ‘assertive’ or ‘statemental’. These two markers are also described as being ‘neutral’, falling thus outside the ‘evidential’ system. In my opinion, the terms ‘actual’ and ‘neutral’ are not very well defined. They are used as cover terms for various functions, such as referring to generic facts and shared or shareable knowledge, as indicating inferences and assumptions, even as describing mere hypothetical situations, as expressing or highlightening the speaker’s non-involvement, or for other socio-pragmatic strategies. The terminological choice poses quite some problems, both with respect to the crosslinguistic use of ‘factual’ in the sense of realis mood (as opposed to various irrealis moods) and with respect to the position of the respective marker inside or outside the Tibetic evidential or egophoric system. Part of the problem may be connected also with the current understanding of the Tibetic evidential or egophoric systems.
Krause’s Ethics as a Precursor to Capability Theory
2022-07-02

There are striking parallels between current capability theories and the moral philosophy of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832). This article reconstructs central arguments of Krause’s ethics and correlates them with passages from the works of Martha Nussbaum, showing that such similarities extend not only to what, substantially, is being professed in either philosophy but also, procedurally, to the question of how the respective moral conclusions are reached. As Krause correlates responsibility with capability, the article begins with an examination of Krause’s idea of human — as compared to animal — freedom and their respective normative implications. Next, the argument is extended to the social responsibilities of personal freedom, before widening the scope to the cosmopolitan plane. The paper then briefly examines historical links between Krause and current capability theorists, before concluding.
Transnational dimensions in digital activism and protest
2022-07-03

This themed issue provides an international perspective on transnational processes in digital activism and protest. Against wider claims that social movements and citizen activism are shifting from the logic of spatial organization to networked flows, this themed issue foregrounds the interplay between the global and local in networked public spheres. Recent transnational movements such as #MeToo or Black Lives Matter yield the importance of interweaving digital communication, pre-existing activist collectives, and citizen activation on a seemingly global scale. In this Introduction, we ask how political causes circulate globally, what role digital technologies play, and ultimately, what “transnational” means for seemingly universal causes, global collective identity, and activist practice. After providing an overview of the different theoretical insights that an interdisciplinary approach to digital activism can provide, we outline a conceptual framework for approaching the transnational as an entanglement of flows, hierarchies, and agencies.
Optical Properties of Perovskite‐Organic Multiple Quantum Wells
2022-07-03

Abstract A comprehensive study of the optical properties of CsPbBr 3 perovskite multiple quantum wells (MQW) with organic barrier layers is presented. Quantum confinement is observed by a blue‐shift in absorption and emission spectra with decreasing well width and agrees well with simulations of the confinement energies. A large increase of emission intensity with thinner layers is observed, with a photoluminescence quantum yield up to 32 times higher than that of bulk layers. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) measurements show very low thresholds down to 7.3 μJ cm −2 for a perovskite thickness of 8.7 nm, significantly lower than previously observed for CsPbBr 3 thin‐films. With their increased photoluminescence efficiency and low ASE thresholds, MQW structures with CsPbBr 3 are excellent candidates for high‐efficiency perovskite‐based LEDs and lasers.