julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Support Drinking Water Supply in Refugee/IDP Camps
2015-01-01

Supplying the population of a refugee or internally displaced persons (IDP) camp with sufficient drinking water is a key concern of humanitarian organisations. This requires information on the geological and hydrogeological situation at the camp site, which is often missing or not available within a reasonable timeframe. Depending on outcrop situation and geological complexity, remote sensing can contribute to a rapid hydrogeological assessment, and greatly reduce the required fieldwork. In the context of the project EO4HumEn (Earth Observation based services to support humanitarian operations: monitoring population and natural resources in refugee/IDP camps, funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG, ASAP 9, Nr. 840081), a team of hydrogeologists and GIS experts supported by MÃ©decins Sans FrontiÃ ̈res (MSF) Austria developed a workflow to extract hydrogeological information from easily accessible remote sensing data in a series of short-term desk studies. This paper provides a condensed, structured protocol on how to produce hydrogeological reconnaissance maps for humanitarian purposes using remote sensing data and GIS. In simple geological settings, these maps can be sufficient to plan and conduct drillings. In more complex situations, fieldwork remains indispensable, but can be guided towards the most suitable locations.
SPAK and OSR1 Sensitivity of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter EAAT3
2015-01-01

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background/Aims:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Kinases involved in the regulation of epithelial transport include SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1). SPAK and OSR1 are both regulated by WNK (with-no-K(Lys)) kinases. The present study explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 influence the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3, which accomplishes glutamate and aspartate transport in kidney, intestine and brain. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; cRNA encoding EAAT3 was injected into &lt;i&gt;Xenopus laevis&lt;/i&gt; oocytes with or without additional injection of cRNA encoding wild-type SPAK, constitutively active &lt;sup&gt;T233E&lt;/sup&gt;SPAK, WNK insensitive &lt;sup&gt;T233A&lt;/sup&gt;SPAK, catalytically inactive &lt;sup&gt;D212A&lt;/sup&gt;SPAK, wild-type OSR1, constitutively active &lt;sup&gt;T185E&lt;/sup&gt;OSR1, WNK insensitive &lt;sup&gt;T185A&lt;/sup&gt;OSR1 and catalytically inactive &lt;sup&gt;D164A&lt;/sup&gt;OSR1. Glutamate-induced current was taken as measure of electrogenic glutamate transport and was quantified utilizing dual electrode voltage clamp. Furthermore, Ussing chamber was employed to determine glutamate transport in the intestine from gene-targeted mice carrying WNK insensitive SPAK &lt;i&gt;(spak&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;tg/tg&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; and from corresponding wild-type mice &lt;i&gt;(spak&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+/+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; EAAT3 activity was significantly decreased by wild-type SPAK and &lt;sup&gt;T233E&lt;/sup&gt;SPAK, but not by &lt;sup&gt;T233A&lt;/sup&gt;SPAK and &lt;sup&gt;D212A&lt;/sup&gt;SPAK. SPAK decreased maximal transport rate without affecting significantly affinity of the carrier. Similarly, EAAT3 activity was significantly downregulated by wild-type OSR1 and &lt;sup&gt;T185E&lt;/sup&gt;OSR1, but not by &lt;sup&gt;T185A&lt;/sup&gt;OSR1 and &lt;sup&gt;D164A&lt;/sup&gt;OSR1. Again OSR1 decreased maximal transport rate without affecting significantly affinity of the carrier. Intestinal electrogenic glutamate transport was significantly lower in &lt;i&gt;spak&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+/+&lt;/sup&gt; than in &lt;i&gt;spak&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;tg/tg&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; mice. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Both, SPAK and OSR1 are negative regulators of EAAT3 activity.
Enterococcus faeciumMediastinitis Complicated by DisseminatedCandida parapsilosisInfection after Congenital Heart Surgery in a 4-Week-Old Baby
2015-01-01

Background . Cardiac surgery offers multiple treatment options for children with congenital heart defects. However, infectious complications still remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Mediastinitis is a detrimental complication in children undergoing cardiac surgery. The risk of mediastinitis after delayed sternal closure is up to 10%. Case Presentation . We report a case of Enterococcus faecium mediastinitis in a 4-week-old female baby on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after Norwood procedure. Although repeated antibiotic irrigation, debridement, and aggressive antibiotic treatment were started early, the pulmonary situation deteriorated. Candida parapsilosis was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage after pulmonary hemorrhage. Disseminated C. parapsilosis infection with pulmonary involvement was treated with liposomal amphotericin B. Subsequently, inflammatory markers increased again and eventually C. parapsilosis was isolated from the central venous catheter. Conclusion . Children undergoing delayed sternal closure have a higher risk of mediastinitis. Therefore, antibiotic prophylaxis, for example, for soft tissue infection seems justified. However, long-term antibiotic treatment is a risk factor for fungal superinfection. Antifungal treatment of disseminated C. parapsilosis infection may fail in PICU patients with nonbiological material in place due to capacity of this species to form biofilms on medical devices. Immediate removal of central venous catheters and other nonbiological material is life-saving in these patients.
Update on Uveitis Management
2015-01-01

Uveitis management has made a dramatic progress in the last decade with the development of new drugs as well as the change in the approach to the patients. There are several new drugs available including biologics, recombinant monoclonal antibodies against interleukins including IL-17, IL-l, and IL-6, and anti-TNF-α and T-cell inhibitors such as fusion proteins. In addition, there has been a shift in the drug administration with the preference of local administration of therapy by using intravitreal injection or iontophoresis. The widespread use of anti-VegF agents has brought a change in the management strategies of inflammatory choroidal neovascular membranes as well as uveitic macular edema. The availability of newer imaging techniques including fundus autofluorescence (FAF) for imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium and enhanced depth imaging of the choroid by OCT too has influenced the management of uveitis by titrating the therapy for each patient.
Resonances at COSY — the dibaryon issue
2015-01-01

The cooler synchrotron COSY at the research center Jülich has been dedicated to the investigation of nucleon-nucleon collisions. Together with appropriate detector setups it has been particularly well suited for the search of resonances in the baryonbaryon system. Hence it is of no surprise that the observation of the first non-trivial dibaryon resonance has been established at this machine. A review on this issue is given - including the quest for dibaryons in nuclear matter.
Education, Innovation and Growth in Quality-Ladder Models of North-North Trade
2015-01-01

This paper extends and surveys some basic quality-ladder models of education, innovation and trade in order to explain the dynamics of technological change and aggregate growth in developed countries. We analyze how the stochastic processes of innovation and export adaptation are affected by asymmetric factor endowments, transport costs, and barriers to entry in foreign markets. We show that the country-specific innovation rates are permanently increasing in the effectiveness of education and the countries’ relative endowment with labor. Trade liberalization leads to a temporary increase in the innovation rates but to a permanent increase in the rates of export adaptation.
Units in segmentation: a computational investigation
2015-01-01

This study investigates the use of syllables and phone(me)s in computational models of segmentation in early language acquisition. We present results of experiments with both syllables and phonemes as the basic unit using a standard state-of-theart segmentation model. We evaluate the model output based on both wordand morpheme-segmented gold standards on child-directed speech corpora from two typologically different languages. Our results do not indicate a clear advantage for one unit or the other. We argue that the computational advantage for the syllable suggested in earlier research may be an artifact of the particular language and/or segmentation strategy used in these studies.
Investment Arbitration, Investment Treaty Interpretation, and Democracy
2015-01-01

It has become a widespread concern in recent years that there exist frictions between international investment law and arbitration and democratic governance. In particular, investor-state tribunals can issue awards that may reverse, de iure or de facto, decisions by democratically legitimated and democratically accountable domestic decision-makers that are deemed pivotal, by those decision-makers, for the pursuit of the public interest of their constituency. The pressure on domestic and regional decision-makers to find responses to such frictions, through treaty-drafting or otherwise, has increased considerably in recent years and arguably has led to a shift in the official policy of traditional proponents of the established system of international investment law and arbitration. This paper explores the potential and the pitfalls of democracy as an argumentative topos informing our view on investment arbitration and the interpretation of International Investment Agreements (IIAs), with a specific focus on the allocation of interpretive authority among the Contracting Parties, the investor-state and the state-state tribunals.
FDG μPET Fails to Detect a Disease-Specific Phenotype in Rats Transgenic for Huntington's Disease – A 15 Months Follow-up Study
2015-01-01

In this transgenic rat model of HD FDG-μPET imaging does not detect significant alterations at the ages investigated. Further investigations are warranted employing other age groups and alternative imaging biomarkers for neuronal degeneration, respectively.
Port-Site Metastasis after Laparoscopic Surgery with Rapid Second Recurrence in Early Stage Endometrial Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
2015-01-01

Introduction: Port site metastases have been reported with laparoscopic surgery. The mechanism of action is unknown. Theories include tumor tracking, spillage, pneumoperitoneum, and immune factors. Methods: We report on a case of aggressive port site metastases and intra-abdominal recurrence after an uncomplicated laparoscopic hysterectomy for a grade 2, minimally invasive endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. The world literature on port site metastases in gynecological cancer is reviewed. Results: Port site metastases have two distinct presentations. In the first pattern, the metastases are isolated to the laparoscopic port sites. In the second pattern, port site metastases are associated with widespread intra-abdominal recurrence. Conclusion: Port site metastases are rare but occur with laparoscopic surgery. Meticulous attention to surgical technique including the use of specimen bags to isolate tissue and prevent spillage should be performed. Data registries should be instituted to track the incidence and outcomes of port site metastases.
Membrane recycling at the infranuclear pole of the outer hair cell
2015-01-01

Rapid endocytic activity of outer hair cells (OHCs) in the guinea-pig cochlea has been already studied using the fluorescent membrane marker FM1-43. It was demonstrated that vesicles were endocytosed at the apical pole of OHCs and transcytosed to the basolateral membrane and through a central strand towards the nucleus. The significance of endocytic activity in the infranuclear region is still not clear. Therefore, in this study endocytic activity at the synaptic pole of OHCs was investigated. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize dye uptake of OHCs isolated from the guinea-pig cochlea. Signal intensity changes were quantified in the apical and basal poles relative to the signal at the membrane. Data showed no significant difference in fluorescent signal intensity changes between the opposite poles of the OHC. These results suggest that endocytic activities in both the basal and the apical poles contribute equally to the membrane recycling of OHCs.
Sparing radical cystectomy – How much is enough?
2015-01-01

Radical cystectomy in females is increasingly being followed by orthotopic urinary diversion. This is particularly true when it comes to young patients. Wisahi et al. [1] from Egypt describe a small series of such patients with Bilharziosis associated bladder cancer. The results presented match well with those presented in other series [2–4]. Nerve-sparing radical cystectomy has been shown to be the most important determinant for subsequent neobladder function and sexual quality of life. Preservation of the uterus as proposed herein allows for very extensive nerve sparing. Moreover, dorsal stability is provided for the neobladder, which is also considered helpful in preventing obstruction. However, even with this approach still 3 women require CIC in this group. One may argue that other unknown factors could also be influential. Neobladder type itself does not appear as important as the actual radical cystectomy. Several groups have shown this before [2–4]. More importantly the authors have shown excellent sexual function. In very young women even pregnancy may be feasible. Leaving the uterus behind nevertheless is a risk factor for any later instrumentation to the internal genitalia. Injury to the neobladder is inadvertent if no urologist is part of the surgery team in such cases [5]. Overall survival was excellent in this group of women with two-thirds of them living more than 10 years. Aggressive early surgery may thus be warranted even in very young women affected by invasive bladder cancer. In developing countries such as Egypt or India clinicians are frequently challenged with young bladder cancer patients requiring radical cystectomy. The article published in this issue of the journal is particularly relevant to them.
Transverse Mixing in Heterogeneous Aquifers
2015-01-01

Transverse mixing by local-scale dispersion plays a pivotal role in mixing-controlled reactions of continuously injected compounds and controls the length of steady-state plumes. In two-dimensional heterogeneous media, high-permeability inclusions cause a net enhancement of transverse mixing because the effect of reducing the transverse diffusion lengths in such inclusions prevails over the effect of reduced diffusion time. A simple scaling law for effective transverse mixing in two-dimensional domains could be derived by transferring the steady-state transport equation into streamline-coordinates. The net enhancement factor does not depend on scale. Closed-form expressions for effective mixing and its uncertainty could be derived for uniform-in-the-mean velocity in a multi-Gaussian log-conductivity field with isotropic, exponential covariance function. These expressions could be used to estimate the uncertainty of steady-state concentrations and reactive-plume lengths. The picture is more complex in three-dimensional domains where spatially variable orientation of anisotropy can lead to twisting streamlines. Macroscopically helical flow can lead to an enhancement of transverse mixing by about an order of magnitude more than the flow-focusing effects in two-dimensional flows.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond – New Insights 2015
2015-01-01

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) were introduced for type 2 diabetes therapy nearly 10 years ago, among them shortacting compounds on the basis of the GLP-1-like peptide exendin-4 (exenatide and lixisenatide) and a long-acting GLP-1 RA based on the human GLP-1 sequence (liraglutide). Recently, two novel long-acting GLP-1 RAs on the basis of human GLP-1 sequence, for once-weekly application, have been approved for therapy of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, liraglutide has been approved for treatment of obesity at a higher dose than that used for diabetes therapy. This mini-review gives a short overview of the novel long-acting GLP-1 RAs albiglutide and dulaglutide and also reviews the studies of liraglutide in treatment of obesity leading to its approval for this use. These studies were largely presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in fall 2014.
Generalized TMDs
2015-01-01

Generalized transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions (GTMDs) encode the most general parton structure of hadrons. In this contribution, which is largely based on a recent publication, 1 we focus on two twist-2 GTMDs which are denoted by F 1,4 and G 1,1 in parts of the literature. As already shown previously, both GTMDs have a close relation to orbital angular momentum of partons inside a hadron. However, recently even the mere existence of F 1,4 and G 1,1 has been doubted. We explain why this claim does not hold. We support our model-independent considerations by calculating the GTMDs in two spectator models and in perturbative QCD. For the model results we also explicitly check the relation to the orbital angular momentum of partons inside hadrons.
Reading African Complexities Today: Generic Folding in Gaile Parkin's <em>Baking Cakes in Kigali</em>
2015-01-01

This article examines a recent, internationally acclaimed popular novel from&#13;\\nAfrica, Gaile Parkin’s Baking Cakes in Kigali (2009), to explore the ways the&#13;\\ncustomary cultural demarcation between “highbrow” and “lowbrow” literature,&#13;\\nbetween entertainment and critique, can be blurred so as to enable&#13;\\nmore efficacious interventions, whether conceptually or pedagogically, into&#13;\\nthe complexities of contemporary African societies. The article begins&#13;\\nby interrogating the immensely suggestive paradigm of “entanglement”&#13;\\n(Mbembe and Nuttall) with a view to proposing more adequate images of&#13;\\nsociopolitical complexity via the notion of “folding” (Deleuze and others). It&#13;\\nthen offers examples of such modified paradigms by looking at the generic&#13;\\nambiguity of Parkin’s novel, matched by the complex strategies it brings to&#13;\\nbear on such fraught and intractable issues as FGM. The article suggests that&#13;\\nthis fusion of lightweight and serious, popular and conceptually challenging,&#13;\\nis both an index of contemporary sociopolitical complexity in Africa&#13;\\nand the site of the text’s purchase on that very complexity.
Idea non vincit: Warburg and the Crisis of Liberal Modernity
2015-01-01

Four reasons suggest themselves why this study of aviation discourse and its links with war, fascism and modernity should begin with the art historian and cultural theorist Aby Warburg. First, Warburg deserves attention from the point of view of theory and methodology; he sets an example for a "cultural history" that escapes interdisciplinary "border guards."1
Pomalidomide – An Appraisal of Its Clinical Development and Role in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
2015-01-01

Pomalidomide is a distinct immunomodulatory agent with significant activity in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). The optimal treatment schedule in patients with RRMM who have received multiple lines of treatment, including bortezomib and lenalidomide, is 4 mg/day on days 1–21 of a 28-day cycle in combination with weekly low-dose dexamethasone. Improved responses and outcomes relative to traditional therapies continue to be confirmed in recently completed and ongoing trials. Pomalidomide exhibits direct tumoricidal, immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, which facilitate combination therapy with agents with complementary mechanisms of action, resulting in greater anti-myeloma effects than single-agent therapy or previous combination therapies. For example, in combination with proteasome inhibitors and traditional chemotherapeutic agents in doublet or triplet regimens, pomalidomide provides high rates of durable response, and represents an important new treatment option for patients with RRMM requiring effective new therapies. Additionally, pomalidomide maintains its efficacy and tolerability profile in difficult-to-treat patients, including the elderly, patients with poor cytogenetics and those with renal impairment. This review summarises the clinical development of pomalidomide and discusses this effective agent for the treatment of patients with RRMM in the context of current myeloma treatment options, as well as potential future directions to further improve patient outcomes.
Automated Comparison of Scanpaths in Dynamic Scenes
2015-01-01

According to the scanpath theory [6], the sequence of eye movements can give insights into the cognitive processes of visual perception. In this light, the comparison of scanpaths is of particular interest for many applications, e.g., driving [4], advertising, or activity recognition [1]. Although precise measurement devices and several approaches for the extraction of the visual scanpath in dynamic scenes exist, e.g. [7], the temporal and spatial comparison of scanpaths with their natural high variability remains challenging and laborious. Despite the variety of existing approaches, such as ScanMatch [2] or Multimatch [3], most scanpath studies are still limited to the comparison of time-integrated features, e.g. fixation duration or average saccade length. Due to the sequential nature of the scan pattern, such metrics are not sufficient to capture essential pattern characteristics of the viewing behavior. Recently, we proposed SubsMatch [5], a novel method for scanpath comparison in natural environments. In this work, we will demonstrate the performance of SubsMatch in comparison to the state-of-the-art when analyzing eye-tracking data derived from a driving scenario.
Effect of coupled channels of the multi-channel pion-pion scattering in two-pion transitions of the Υ mesons
2015-01-01

The effect of isoscalar S-wave processes [Formula: see text] is considered in the analysis of data (from the ARGUS, CLEO, CUSB, Crystal Ball, Belle, BABAR collaborations) on the bottomonia decays — [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]). It is shown that the dipion mass spectra of these decays are explained by the unified mechanism related to the contribution of the multichannel [Formula: see text] scattering in the final states of these reactions. Since in the analysis the multichannel [Formula: see text]-scattering amplitudes did not change in comparison with the ones in our combined analysis of data on the multichannel [Formula: see text] scattering and on the charmonia decays — [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (from the Crystal Ball, DM2, Mark II, Mark III, and BES II) — the results confirm all our earlier conclusions on the scalar mesons.
Contrast-Enhancing Lesions within the Spinal Chord Suggests Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) in a Patient with Natalizumab Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukencephalopathy (Natalizumab-PML)
2015-01-01

Background: Many patients with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) who are treated by plasma exchange (PLEX) develop an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which often leads to severe tissue destruction within the brain. While steroids can efficiently treat IRIS, they worsen PML and a reliable and prompt diagnosis of IRIS in natalizumab-PML patients is thus critical. Clinical presentation: We report on a patient with supratentorial manifestations of natalizumab-PML after PLEX and corresponding new gadolinium-enhancing lesions within the spinal cord, which were clinically corresponding to difficulties to urinate. Conclusion: Cerebral MRI supported the diagnosis of IRIS. Therefore, detection of contrast-enhancing lesions within the spinal cord may indicate IRIS in patients with natalizumab-PML.