julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Blandford–Znajek mechanism in black holes in alternative theories of gravity
2016-09-29

\\n According to the Blandford–Znajek mechanism, black hole jets are powered by the rotational energy of the compact object. In this work, we consider the possibility that the metric around black holes may not be described by the Kerr solution and we study how this changes the Blandford–Znajek model. If the Blandford–Znajek mechanism is responsible for the formation of jets, the estimate of the jet power in combination with another measurement can test the nature of black hole candidates and constrain possible deviations from the Kerr solution. However, this approach might become competitive with respect to other techniques only when it will be possible to have measurements much more precise than those available today.\\n
Analysis of retinal function using chromatic pupillography in retinitis pigmentosa and the relationship to electrically evoked phosphene thresholds
2016-09-29

Abstract Purpose To analyse pupil responses to specific chromatic stimuli in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) to ascertain whether chromatic pupillography can be used as an objective marker for residual retinal function. To examine correlations between parameters of the pupil response and the perception threshold of electrically evoked phosphenes. Methods Chromatic pupillography was performed in 40 patients with advanced RP (visual acuity &lt; 0.02 or visual field ≤5°, non‐recordable ERG s) and 40 age‐matched healthy subjects. Pupil responses to full‐field red (605 nm) and blue (420 nm) stimuli of 28 lx corneal illumination were recorded and analysed for two stimulus durations (1 and 4 seconds). The perception threshold of phosphenes to transcorneal electrostimulation was ascertained and correlated to the pupil responses and visual acuity. Results Patients with RP showed significantly reduced pupil responses to red and blue stimuli compared with the controls. With red stimuli, pupillary escape could be observed; blue stimuli resulted in a well‐preserved postillumination pupil response. Phosphene thresholds were significantly increased in patients with RP and correlated with the parameters of the pupil response if all subjects were considered. Within the RP group alone, this relationship was less pronounced and statistically not significant. Conclusions Chromatic pupillography demonstrated a significant decrease in outer retinal photoreceptor responses but a persisting and disinhibited intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cell function in advanced RP . These phenomena may be useful as an objective marker for the efficacy of any interventional treatment for hereditary retinal diseases as well as for the selection of suitable patients for an electronic retinal implant.
How Nectar-Feeding Bats Localize their Food: Echolocation Behavior of Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Approaching Cactus Flowers
2016-09-29

Nectar-feeding bats show morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations for feeding on nectar. How they find and localize flowers is still poorly understood. While scent cues alone allow no precise localization of a floral target, the spatial properties of flower echoes are very precise and could play a major role, particularly at close range. The aim of this study is to understand the role of echolocation for classification and localization of flowers. We compared the approach behavior of Leptonycteris yerbabuenae to flowers of a columnar cactus, Pachycereus pringlei, to that to an acrylic hollow hemisphere that is acoustically conspicuous to bats, but has different acoustic properties and, contrary to the cactus flower, present no scent. For recording the flight and echolocation behaviour we used two infrared video cameras under stroboscopic illumination synchronized with ultrasound recordings. During search flights all individuals identified both targets as a possible food source and initiated an approach flight; however, they visited only the cactus flower. In experiments with the acrylic hemisphere bats aborted the approach at ca. 40-50 cm. In the last instant before the flower visit the bats emitted a long terminal group of 10-20 calls. This is the first report of this behaviour for a nectar-feeding bat. Our findings suggest that L. yerbabuenae use echolocation for classification and localization of cactus flowers and that the echo-acoustic characteristics of the flower guide the bats directly to the flower opening.
The SNARC Effect in Chinese Numerals: Do Visual Properties of Characters and Hand Signs Influence Number Processing?
2016-09-29

The SNARC effect refers to an association of numbers and spatial properties of responses that is commonly thought to be amodal and independent of stimulus notation. We tested for a horizontal SNARC effect using Arabic digits, simple-form Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs in participants from Mainland China. We found a horizontal SNARC effect in all notations. This is the first time that a horizontal SNARC effect has been demonstrated in Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs. We tested for the SNARC effect in two experiments (parity judgement and magnitude judgement). The parity judgement task yielded clear, consistent SNARC effects in all notations, whereas results were more mixed in magnitude judgement. Both Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs are represented non-symbolically for low numbers and symbolically for higher numbers, allowing us to contrast within the same notation the effects of heavily learned non-symbolic vs. symbolic representation on the processing of numbers. In addition to finding a horizontal SNARC effect, we also found a robust numerical distance effect in all notations. This is particularly interesting as it persisted when participants reported using purely visual features to solve the task, thereby suggesting that numbers were processed semantically even when the task could be solved without the semantic information.
Quantum-phase synchronization
2016-09-29

We study mechanisms that allow one to synchronize the quantum phase of two\\nqubits relative to a fixed basis. Starting from one qubit in a fixed reference\\nstate and the other in an unknown state, we find that contrary to the\\nimpossibility of perfect quantum cloning, the quantum-phase can be synchronized\\nperfectly through a joined unitary operation. When both qubits are initially in\\na pure unknown state, perfect quantum-phase synchronization through unitary\\noperations becomes impossible. In this situation we determine the maximum\\naverage quantum-phase synchronization fidelity, the distribution of relative\\nphases and fidelities, and identify optimal quantum circuits that achieve this\\nmaximum fidelity. A subset of these optimal quantum circuits enable perfect\\nquantum-phase synchronization for a class of unknown initial states restricted\\nto the equatorial plane of the Bloch sphere.\\n
Establishment of SPAST mutant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) patient
2016-09-29

Human skin fibroblasts were isolated from a 40-year-old hereditary spastic paraplegia patient carrying an intronic splice site mutation (c.1687+2T>A) in SPAST, leading to hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4). Fibroblasts were reprogrammed using episomal plasmids carrying hOCT4, hSOX2, hKLF4, hL-MYC and hLIN28. The generated transgene-free line iPS-SPG4-splice retained the specific mutation with no additional genomic aberrations, expressed pluripotency markers and was able to differentiate into cells of all germ layers in vitro. The generated iPS-SPG4-splice line might be a useful platform to study the pathomechanism of SPG4.
Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, 1. Fundamentals
2016-09-29

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Detection Principles 2.1. Electrochemical Sensors 2.1.1. Electrochemical Sensor Components and Processes 2.1.2. Potentiometric Sensors 2.1.2.1. Basic Functionality and Principle Structure 2.1.2.2. Ion-Selective Electrodes 2.1.2.3. Potentiometric Sensors for Neutral Analytes 2.1.2.4. Solid State Potentiometric Sensors 2.1.2.5. Application Related Aspects 2.1.3. Amperometric and Voltammetric Sensors 2.1.3.1. Voltammetric Sensors 2.1.3.2. Amperometric Sensors 2.2. Conductometric and Impedimetric Sensors 2.3. Chemically-Sensitized Field Effect Transistors 2.4. Thermal Conductivity and Calorimetric Sensors 2.5. Mass-Sensitive Devices 2.5.1. Introduction 2.5.2. Bulk Shear Mode Microbalances 2.5.3. Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) 2.5.3.1. Rayleigh Surface Acoustic Wave Devices 2.5.3.2. Shear Horizontal Acoustic Plate Mode 2.5.3.3. Flexural Plate Mode 2.5.4. Cantilevers 2.5.5. Gravimetric Sensor Readout 2.5.6. Sensor Manufacture 2.6. Optical Detection 2.6.1. Optical Principles 2.6.2. Fiber-Optical 2.6.3. Coupling Techniques 2.6.4. Refractometry 2.6.5. Reflectometry 2.6.6. Fluorescence and Bioluminescence 2.6.6.1. Principle of Luminescent Measurements 2.6.6.2. Types of Sensors 2.6.6.3. Functional Fluorescent Sensing 2.6.6.4. FRET-based Fluorescence Sensors 3. Recognition Structures 3.1. Polymers and Nanomaterials 3.1.1. Functionalized Polymers 3.1.2. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 3.1.3. Carbon Nanotubes 3.1.4. Graphene 3.2. Biomolecules 3.2.1. Antibodies 3.2.2. Peptides 3.2.3. Receptors 3.2.4. Cells and Membranes 3.2.5. Nucleic Acids 3.2.6. Aptamers, Affimers, Affibodies and Scaffolds 3.2.7. Enzymes 4. Data Handling 4.1. Data Acquisition 4.2. Analytical Parameters 4.2.1. Fundamentals 4.2.2. Calibration 4.2.3. Quality Assurance and Validation 4.3. Chemometrics
Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, 2. Applications
2016-09-29

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Chemical Sensors 2.1. Gas Sensors 2.1.1. Humidity Sensors 2.1.1.1. General Considerations 2.1.1.2. Humidity Sensors Types 2.1.1.3. Humidity Sensors in Applications 2.1.2. Semiconducting Metal Oxides 2.1.2.1. History and Current Status 2.1.2.2. Operation Principle and Materials 2.1.2.3. Fabrication Technology 2.1.2.4. Electronic Circuitries for Signal Generation 2.1.2.5. Sensor Properties and Specifications 2.1.2.6. Fields of Application 2.1.2.7. Future Trends 2.2. Electronic Noses and Tongues 2.2.1. Applications 2.2.2. Issues of Concern 2.2.3. Outlook 3. Biochemical Sensors 3.1. Assays 3.1.1. Assay Types and Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) 3.1.2. Marker–Label Free 4. Gas Sensors 4.1. Fields of Application 4.1.1. Indoor Air Quality Control 4.1.2. Indoor Gas Sensors for Toxic and Explosive Gases 4.1.3. Breath Gas Analysis 4.1.4. Automotive 4.2. Process Control 4.2.1. Industrial Process Sensors 4.2.1.1. Process Analytical Technology 4.2.1.2. Sensor Market 4.2.1.3. Sensors for Plant Safety 4.2.1.4. Requirements for Industrial Process Sensors 4.2.2. Sensor Integration in Process Environment 4.2.2.1. Sampling Systems 4.2.2.2. Sensor Communication 4.2.2.3. Feedback and Feedforward Control Loops 4.2.3. Application: Process Control in the Production of Renewable Energy 4.2.3.1. Biogas 4.2.3.2. Process Analytics during Fermentation and Purification 4.2.3.3. Process Analytics of Downstream Processes 4.2.3.4. Monitoring Quality Parameters and Perspectives 4.3. Point of Care Diagnostics 4.3.1. Introduction to Special Requirements 4.3.2. Areas of Application 4.3.2.1. Ambulance and Home Care 4.3.2.2. Personalized Medicine 4.3.2.3. Infections 4.3.2.4. POCT and Telemedicine 4.3.3. Devices 4.3.3.1. Lateral Flow 4.3.3.2. Benchtop 4.3.3.3. Lab‐on‐Chip Platforms 4.3.4. Trends and Perspectives 4.4. Environmental and Food Analytics 4.4.1. Introduction 4.4.1.1. Water Analysis 4.4.1.2. Food 4.4.2. Trends and Perspectives 4.5. Sensors with Multiplexing Approaches: Microplates and Microarrays 4.6. Further Applications 4.6.1. Special Fluorescence Sensor Applications 4.6.1.1. Blood Monitoring 4.6.1.2. Pressure Sensitive Paints 4.6.2. Mass Sensitive Sensors 4.6.2.1. Gas Phase 4.6.2.2. Liquid Phase 4.6.2.3. Biosensors
Harnessing human ADAR2 for RNA repair – Recoding a PINK1 mutation rescues mitophagy
2016-09-30

Site-directed A-to-I RNA editing is a technology for re-programming genetic information at the RNA-level. We describe here the first design of genetically encodable guideRNAs that enable the re-addressing of human ADAR2 toward specific sites in user-defined mRNA targets. Up to 65% editing yield has been achieved in cell culture for the recoding of a premature Stop codon (UAG) into tryptophan (UIG). In the targeted gene, editing was very specific. We applied the technology to recode a recessive loss-of-function mutation in PINK1 (W437X) in HeLa cells and showed functional rescue of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which is linked to the etiology of Parkinson's disease. In contrast to other editing strategies, this approach requires no artificial protein. Our novel guideRNAs may allow for the development of a platform technology that requires only the administration or expression of a guideRNA to recode genetic information, with high potential for application in biology and medicine.
T(Rho) and magnetization transfer and INvErsion recovery (TRAMINER)‐prepared imaging: A novel contrast‐enhanced flow‐independent dark‐blood technique for the evaluation of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement in patients with myocardial infarction
2016-09-30

Purpose To evaluate a new dark‐blood late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique called “T(Rho) And Magnetization transfer and INvErsion Recovery” (TRAMINER) for the ability to detect myocardial LGE versus standard “bright‐blood” inversion recovery (SIR) imaging. Materials and Methods This Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant prospective study included 40 patients (62 ± 14 years [mean ± standard deviation (SD)], 29 males) with suspected myocardial infarction (MI) referred for the assessment of myocardial viability. The patients underwent a 1.5T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including postcontrast SIR and TRAMINER acquisitions. Normalized images were evaluated by two readers. Subjective (3‐point Likert scale) and objective image qualities were compared using Mann–Whitney U ‐test and paired t ‐test, respectively. Interobserver agreement, LGE detection rate, and level of certainty were compared using Cohen's kappa, Wilcoxon‐test, and Mann–Whitney U ‐test, respectively. Results are reported as mean ± SD or mean [95% confidence interval]. Results Overall, image quality was rated similar between TRAMINER and SIR; however, TRAMINER performed better on a visual assessment of the ability to differentiate LGE from blood (Likert scale: 3.0 [3.0–3.0] vs. 2.0 [1.7–2.2], P &lt; 0.0001). TRAMINER provided significantly higher signal intensity range (69.8 ± 10.2 vs. 9.6 ± 7.6, P &lt; 0.0001) and a 4‐fold higher signal intensity ratio (4.2 ± 1.9 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1, P &lt; 0.0001) between LGE and blood signals. TRAMINER detected more patients (19/40 vs. 17/40) and segments (91/649 vs. 79/649) with LGE with higher level of certainty (2.9 [2.8–3.0] vs. 2.7 [2.5–2.8], P = 0.0185). Interobserver agreement was good to excellent for LGE detection. Conclusion TRAMINER provides better contrast between LGE and blood and consequently may have increased ability to discriminate thin subendocardial and papillary muscle enhancement from the blood signal, which can have an indistinct appearance using SIR. Level of Evidence : 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1429–1437
Synthesis and Reactivity of Discrete Calcium Imides
2016-09-30

Abstract Protonolysis of dibenzylcalcium with triphenylsilylamine affords a thf‐coordinated tetrametallic calcium imide with a heterocuboid core structure. The use of calcium bis(tetramethylaluminate) as a precursor for tandem salt metathesis/protonolysis reactions with alkali metal amides of 2,6‐diisopropylaniline and triphenylsilylamine provides access to Lewis acid stabilized monocalcium imides of the type [(thf) 4 Ca(μ 2 ‐NR)(μ 2 ‐Me)AlMe 2 ]. Treatment of [(thf) 4 Ca(μ 2 ‐NSiPh 3 )(μ 2 ‐Me)AlMe 2 ] with phenylsilane results in H−Si addition across the Ca−N imido bond, producing a homoleptic calcium amidoaluminate complex and putative CaH 2 whereas reaction with phenylacetylene leads to protonation of an AlMe moiety to yield the dimeric complex [(thf)Ca{NSiPh 3 }{AlMe 2 (CCPh)}] 2 .
Generation of an isogenic, gene-corrected iPSC line from a symptomatic 57-year-old female patient with frontotemporal dementia caused by a P301L mutation in the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene
2016-09-30

Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17q21.2 (FTDP-17) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Mutations in the MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau)-gene can cause FTDP-17, but the underlying pathomechanisms of the disease are still unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise to model FTDP-17 as such cells can be differentiated in vitro to the required cell type. Furthermore, gene-editing approaches allow generating isogenic gene-corrected controls that can be used as a very specific control. Here, we report the generation of genetically corrected iPSCs from a 57-year-old female FTD-17 patient carrying an P301L mutation in the MAPT-gene.
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a 77-year-old healthy woman as control for age related diseases
2016-09-30

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise to model diseases, where the disease affected cell type is difficult to access. A major obstacle for the development of disease models is the lack of well characterized control iPSCs from old people not affected by such a disease. Furthermore, gene-editing approaches often require iPSCs from healthy donors, where pathogenic mutations can be inserted if patient material is not available. Here, we report the generation of an iPSC line (16423 #6) from a 77-year-old woman, who did not display any disease symptoms at the time, when the skin biopsy was taken.
Sexual Function, Contraception, Relationship, and Lifestyle in Female Medical Students
2016-09-30

Almost 40% of German-speaking female medical students are at risk for FSD. Contraception, smoking, alcohol, steady relationship, physical fitness, and self-acceptance are significantly associated with the FSFI total score. Being in a steady relationship, better physical fitness, higher activity at work, and subjectively positive self-acceptance, in particular, are associated with higher FSFI total scores, that is, with less risk for sexual dysfunction.
Generation of an isogenic, gene-corrected iPSC line from a symptomatic 59-year-old female patient with frontotemporal dementia caused by an R406W mutation in the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene
2016-09-30

Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17q21.2 (FTDP-17) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Mutations in the MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) gene can cause FTDP-17, but the underlying pathomechanisms of the disease are still unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise to model FTDP-17 as such cells can be differentiated in vitro to the required cell type. Furthermore, gene-editing approaches allow generating isogenic gene-corrected controls that can be used as a very specific control. Here, we report the generation of genetically corrected iPSCs from a 59-year-old female FTD-17 patient carrying an R406W mutation in the MAPT-gene.
Generation of an isogenic, gene-corrected iPSC line from a pre-symptomatic 28-year-old woman with an R406W mutation in the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene
2016-09-30

Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17q21.2 (FTDP-17) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Mutations in the MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) gene can cause FTDP-17, but the underlying pathomechanisms of the disease are still unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise to model FTDP-17 as such cells can be differentiated in vitro to the required cell type. Furthermore, gene-editing approaches allow generating isogenic gene-corrected controls that can be used as a very specific control. Here, we report the generation of genetically corrected iPSCs from a pre-symptomatic carrier of the R406W mutation in the MAPT-gene.
Cuteness and aggression in military picturebooks
2016-09-30

As a subspecies of ideologically loaded picturebooks, this chapter focuses on military picturebooks. This term encompasses picturebooks dealing with war and the roles of soldiers. In the first part, a taxonomy of military picturebooks is created which is exemplified by telling examples. The second part focuses on a particular narrative problem of military picturebooks that is of interest to a cognitive theory of picturebooks (as pursued by Kümmerling-Meibauer &amp; Meibauer 2013). On the one hand, it is not possible to represent war as a good thing across the board; on the other hand, war is depicted with respect to certain scenarios of self-defence. The narrative solution seems to be that “cute” characters (that is, anthropomorphic animals and vehicles) are introduced who serve as positive military protagonists that have to fight against aggressive characters representing the enemy. In military picturebooks, there is a contrast between cuteness and aggression that is astonishing when regarding the typical pedagogical demands on the accommodation of picturebooks to the child’s cognitive abilities.
SWI/SNF regulates a transcriptional program that induces senescence to prevent liver cancer
2016-10-01

Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. To identify senescence regulators relevant to cancer, we screened an shRNA library targeting genes deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we describe how knockdown of the SWI/SNF component ARID1B prevents OIS and cooperates with RAS to induce liver tumors. ARID1B controls p16 INK4a and p21 CIP1a transcription but also regulates DNA damage, oxidative stress, and p53 induction, suggesting that SWI/SNF uses additional mechanisms to regulate senescence. To systematically identify SWI/SNF targets regulating senescence, we carried out a focused shRNA screen. We discovered several new senescence regulators, including ENTPD7, an enzyme that hydrolyses nucleotides. ENTPD7 affects oxidative stress, DNA damage, and senescence. Importantly, expression of ENTPD7 or inhibition of nucleotide synthesis in ARID1B-depleted cells results in re-establishment of senescence. Our results identify novel mechanisms by which epigenetic regulators can affect tumor progression and suggest that prosenescence therapies could be employed against SWI/SNF-mutated cancers.
Learning where to search using visual attention
2016-10-01

One of the central tasks for a household robot is searching for specific objects. It does not only require localizing the target object but also identifying promising search locations in the scene if the target is not immediately visible. As computation time and hardware resources are usually limited in robotics, it is desirable to avoid expensive visual processing steps that are exhaustively applied over the entire image. The human visual system can quickly select those image locations that have to be processed in detail for a given task. This allows us to cope with huge amounts of information and to efficiently deploy the limited capacities of our visual system. In this paper, we therefore propose to use human fixation data to train a top-down saliency model that predicts relevant image locations when searching for specific objects. We show that the learned model can successfully prune bounding box proposals without rejecting the ground truth object locations. In this aspect, the proposed model outperforms a model that is trained only on the ground truth segmentations of the target object instead of fixation data.