julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Circulating Palmitoleate Strongly and Independently Predicts Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
2009-11-05

OBJECTIVE We investigated whether palmitoleate, which prevents insulin resistance in mice, predicts insulin sensitivity in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The fasting fatty acid pattern in the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) fraction was determined in 100 subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity was estimated during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at baseline and after 9 months of lifestyle intervention and measured during the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (n = 79). RESULTS Circulating palmitoleate (OGTT:F ratio = 8.2, P = 0.005; clamp:F ratio = 7.8, P = 0.007) but not total FFAs (OGTT:F ratio = 0.6, P = 0.42; clamp:F ratio = 0.7, P = 0.40) correlated positively with insulin sensitivity, independently of age, sex, and adiposity. High baseline palmitoleate predicted a larger increase in insulin sensitivity. For 1-SD increase in palmitoleate, the odds ratio for being in the highest versus the lowest tertile of adjusted change in insulin sensitivity was 2.35 (95% CI 1.16–5.35). CONCLUSIONS Circulating palmitoleate strongly and independently predicts insulin sensitivity, suggesting that it plays an important role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in humans.
Performance of serum-supplemented and serum-free media in IFNγ Elispot Assays for human T cells
2009-11-05

The choice of serum for supplementation of media for T cell assays and in particular, Elispot has been a major challenge for assay performance, standardization, optimization, and reproducibility. The Assay Working Group of the Cancer Vaccine Consortium (CVC-CRI) has recently identified the choice of serum to be the leading cause for variability and suboptimal performance in large international Elispot proficiency panels. Therefore, a serum task force was initiated to compare the performance of commercially available serum-free media to laboratories' own medium/serum combinations. The objective of this project was to investigate whether a serum-free medium exists that performs as well as lab-own serum/media combinations with regard to antigen-specific responses and background reactivity in Elispot. In this way, a straightforward solution could be provided to address the serum challenge. Eleven laboratories tested peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from four donors for their reactivity against two peptide pools, following their own Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Each laboratory performed five simultaneous experiments with the same SOP, the only difference between the experiments was the medium used. The five media were lab-own serum-supplemented medium, AIM-V, CTL, Optmizer, and X-Vivo. The serum task force results demonstrate compellingly that serum-free media perform as well as qualified medium/serum combinations, independent of the applied SOP. Recovery and viability of cells are largely unaffected by serum-free conditions even after overnight resting. Furthermore, one serum-free medium was identified that appears to enhance antigen-specific IFNgamma-secretion.
Comparison between a basal‐bolus and a premixed insulin regimen in individuals with type 2 diabetes–results of the GINGER study
2009-11-06

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of an intensified insulin regimen, using insulin glargine (glargine) once daily and pre‐meal insulin glulisine (glulisine) (basal‐bolus), with a conventional therapy, using premixed insulin (premix) twice daily. Methods: This 52‐week, open‐label, randomized, multinational, multicentre trial included 310 subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on premix, with or without metformin, who were randomized to a basal‐bolus regimen with glargine and glulisine (n = 153; mean ± s.d. age 60.2 ± 7.5 years; HbA1c 8.6 ± 0.8%; weight 87.0 ± 15.1 kg; T2D duration 12.8 ± 5.8 years) or twice‐daily premix (n = 157; age 60.9 ± 7.8 years; HbA1c 8.5 ± 0.9%; weight 84.3 ± 15.0 kg; T2D duration 12.5 ± 6.8 years). The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to endpoint. Results: Mean decrease in baseline‐to‐endpoint HbA1c for basal‐bolus vs. premix was −1.31 vs. −0.80% (difference: −0.476%; 95% Cl: −0.714, −0.238; p = 0.0001, ancova ). More subjects reached HbA1c ≤ 7.0% in the basal‐bolus group than in the premix group [68 (46.6%) vs. 43 (27.9%); p = 0.0004], while they also experienced significantly lower mean ± s.d. daytime (−2.7 ± 2.3 vs. −2.3 ± 2.5 mmol/l; p = 0.0033) and postprandial (−3.1 ± 2.6 vs. −2.5 ± 2.8 mmol/l; p &lt; 0.0001) blood glucose. Endpoint daily insulin doses were 98.0 ± 48.7 vs. 91.3 ± 44.3 IU (p = 0.2104); mean weight gain was +3.6 ± 4.0 vs. +2.2 ± 4.5 kg (p = 0.0073). Mean number of overall hypoglycaemic events with basal‐bolus and premix was 13.99 and 18.54 events/patient year, respectively (difference: −3.90; 95% CI: −10.40, 2.60; p = 0.2385). Conclusions: An intensified basal‐bolus regimen using glargine/glulisine results in a significantly superior glycaemic control vs. premix therapy in a population with long‐standing insulin‐treated T2D, with no increase in the rates of hypoglycaemia.
Evaluation of a cognitive behaviourally oriented service for relapse prevention in schizophrenia
2009-11-06

Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Fischer A, Jakob‐Deters K, Buchkremer G, Wiedemann G. Evaluation of a cognitive behaviourally oriented service for relapse prevention in schizophrenia. Objective: There is little work demonstrating the effectiveness of cognitive behaviourally oriented interventions in routine service settings. This pragmatic trial is designed to test the impact of a group treatment service on relapse rates under the conditions of routine health care. Method: A total of 169 schizophrenia patients were randomly allocated either to a comprehensive cognitive behaviourally oriented service (CBOS) or to treatment as usual (TAU). The primary outcome is the time until the first relapse after discharge from hospital. Relapse was defined as an increase in positive or negative symptoms as assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Survival analysis has been conducted up to the 6‐month assessment. Results: The mean time to relapse after discharge from hospital in the CBOS group was significantly longer than in the TAU group (log rank test, P = 0.033). This was due to less exacerbations regarding negative symptoms in the CBOS condition (log rank test, P = 0.014). The number of social contacts was improved in the CBOS group only. Conclusion: The CBOS intervention appears to be beneficial in reducing early negative symptom exacerbations.
Monomeric Tetraalkylaluminates of Divalent Ytterbium Stabilized by a Bulky Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Ligand
2009-11-06

Mononuclear heterobimetallic complexes (TptBu,Me)Yb(AlR4) (R = Me, Et) were obtained in high yields according to a silylamide elimination protocol employing (TptBu,Me)Yb[N(SiMe3)2] and AlR3. The solid-state structures revealed κ3-coordinated TptBu,Me ligands and η2-coordinated [AlR4] moieties, with additional Yb···H agostic interactions from the bridging methyl and methylene groups of the [AlR4] ligands. These agostic interactions however are not strong enough to maintain a rigid structure in solution. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed a highly fluxional ligand environment with only one set of signals for both TptBu,Me and [AlR4] ligands at temperatures down to −80 °C.
4-Chloro-1-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine
2009-11-06

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(14)H(11)ClN(2)O(2)S, features a three-dimensional network stabilized by π-π inter-actions between the rings of the 4-methyl-phenyl-sulfonyl protecting group [centroid-centroid distance = 3.623 (1) Å]. The 4-methyl-phenyl-sulfonyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 79.60 (6)° with the 4-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine unit.
A framework for quantitative security analysis of machine learning
2009-11-09

We propose a framework for quantitative security analysis of machine learning methods. The key parts of this framework are the formal specification of a deployed learning model and attacker's constraints, the computation of an optimal attack, and the derivation of an upper bound on adversarial impact. We exemplarily apply the framework for the analysis of one specific learning scenario, online centroid anomaly detection, and experimentally verify the tightness of obtained theoretical bounds.
NOA-04 Randomized Phase III Trial of Sequential Radiochemotherapy of Anaplastic Glioma With Procarbazine, Lomustine, and Vincristine or Temozolomide
2009-11-10

Purpose The standard of care for anaplastic gliomas is surgery followed by radiotherapy. The NOA-04 phase III trial compared efficacy and safety of radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy at progression with the reverse sequence in patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic gliomas. Patients and Methods Patients (N = 318) were randomly assigned 2:1:1 (A:B1:B2) to receive conventional radiotherapy (arm A); procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU), and vincristine (PCV; arm B1); or temozolomide (arm B2) at diagnosis. At occurrence of unacceptable toxicity or disease progression, patients in arm A were treated with PCV or temozolomide (1:1 random assignment), whereas patients in arms B1 or B2 received radiotherapy. The primary end point was time to treatment failure (TTF), defined as progression after radiotherapy and one chemotherapy in either sequence. Results Patient characteristics in the intention-to-treat population (n = 274) were balanced between arms. All histologic diagnoses were centrally confirmed. Median TTF (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.8), progression-free survival (PFS; HR = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.3, and overall survival (HR = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.9) were similar for arms A and B1/B2. Extent of resection was an important prognosticator. Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas share the same, better prognosis than anaplastic astrocytomas. Hypermethylation of the O 6 -methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter (HR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.0), mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) gene (HR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.77), and oligodendroglial histology (HR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.55) reduced the risk of progression. Hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter was associated with prolonged PFS in the chemotherapy and radiotherapy arm. Conclusion Initial radiotherapy or chemotherapy achieved comparable results in patients with anaplastic gliomas. IDH1 mutations are a novel positive prognostic factor in anaplastic gliomas, with a favorable impact stronger than that of 1p/19q codeletion or MGMT promoter methylation.
Kinematic classification of iliotibial band syndrome in runners
2009-11-10

Several inconsistent causative biomechanical factors are considered to be crucial in the occurrence of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS). The focus of this study was on assessing differences in the kinematic characteristics between healthy runners [control group (CO)] and runners with ITBS in order to recommend treatment strategies to deal with this injury. Three‐dimensional kinematics of barefoot running was used in the biomechanical setup. Both groups were matched with respect to gender, height and weight. After determining drop outs, the final population comprised 36 subjects (26 male and 10 female): 18 CO and 18 ITBS (13 male and five female, each). Kinematic evaluations indicate less hip adduction and frontal range of motion at the hip joint in runners with ITBS. Furthermore, maximum hip flexion velocity and maximum knee flexion velocity were lower in runners with ITBS. Lack of joint coordination, expressed as earlier hip flexion and a tendency toward earlier knee flexion, was found to be another discriminating variable in subjects with ITBS compared with CO subjects. We assume that an increase in range of motion at the hip joint, stretching of the hip abductors, as well as stretching the hamstrings, calf muscles and hip flexors will help treat ITBS.
Epidemiological Perspectives on Type 1 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in Germany
2009-11-10

OBJECTIVE To predict the frequency of type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence (&amp;lt;15 years of age) in Germany for the next 20 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data on diabetes onset has been collected by means of a registry in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg (documentation period, 1987–2006; n = 5,108; completeness of data 98.1%). RESULTS The current incidence rate (2000–2006) is 19.4 per 100,000 per year (95% CI 18.6–20.2). The annual incidence rate can be expressed as a square of a linear function of the calendar year X [y = (3.05 + 0.0778 × {X–1986})2; r2 = 0.90]. The highest increase per year was observed in the age-groups comprising 2- and 3-year-olds (12 and 13% per year, respectively). The incidence rate for the year 2026 is estimated to be 37.9 per 100,000 per year (95% CI 33.3–42.9). CONCLUSIONS The increase that we found in younger children is characteristic of a left shift toward an earlier age.
Combinations of urine-based tumour markers in bladder cancer surveillance
2009-11-10

Combinations of tumour markers increased the sensitivity and NPV in the detection of recurrence of NMI TCC. A stepwise approach of tumour marker determination may be used to reduce the frequency of follow-up cystoscopies at a reasonable risk.
Inconsistency of a dissipative contribution to the mass flux in hydrodynamics
2009-11-10

The possibility of dissipative contributions to the mass flux is considered in detail. A general thermodynamically consistent framework is developed to obtain such terms, the compatibility of which with general principles is then checked-including Galilean invariance, the possibility of steady rigid rotation and uniform center-of-mass motion, the existence of a locally conserved angular momentum, and material objectivity. All previously discussed scenarios of dissipative mass fluxes are found to be ruled out by some combinations of these principles but not a new one that includes a smoothed velocity field v[over ] . However, this field v[over ] is nonlocal and leads to unacceptable consequences in specific situations. Hence, we can state with confidence that a dissipative contribution to the mass flux is not possible.
Monitoring Calcium Levels With Genetically Encoded Indicators
2009-11-10

Calcium indicators are widely used to monitor activity in living neuronal tissue because of the tight\\nrelation between action potential firing and increases in the intracellular calcium concentration. Here,\\nwe describe the use of genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) of the latest generation for\\nmonitoring calcium levels in the mammalian brain. We discuss how to choose the sensor for a given\\nexperiment, how to introduce the sensor into the cells of interest and how to estimate the sensitivity of\\nthe sensor in situ and in vivo. Finally, we illustrate the application of these sensors for high resolution\\nin vivo imaging of sensory-driven neuronal activity.
In Vivo Ca2+ Imaging of the Living Brain Using Multi-cell Bolus Loading Technique
2009-11-10

This chapter overviews the use of acetoxymethyl (AM) ester-based multi cell bolus loading (MCBL) technique for in vivo Ca2+ imaging of neural circuits. This technique provides anatomically targeted, rapid and non-invasive staining of both neurones and glia with small molecule Ca2+ indicators thus allowing real-time imaging of brain activity. We describe the protocols for staining cells in newborn, juvenile, adult and aged tissue; discuss critical steps and possible pitfalls and introduce the multicolor imaging approach for functional characterization of specific cell types. We show, furthermore, that the use of MCBL can be extended to label other elements within the brain tissue as, for example, amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Finally, we illustrate the use of MCBL for two-photon calcium imaging of neurones and glia in the aged mouse cortex as well as the mouse cortex in an animal model of AD.
A fault classification model of modern automotive infotainment system
2009-11-10

Fault detection, analyzing and fixing are major challenges in automotive field especially in modern complex infotainment system. To diagnose and fix a fault, it is essential to find a proper fault classification model. This paper presents a fault classification model of modern automotive infotainment system which consists of electronic control units. After investigating automotive infotainment system from different possible aspects, a fault classification scheme is proposed which best fits in this field.
A tactile method for canal length determination in teeth with open apices
2009-11-11

Abstract Aim To present a tactile method for working length determination in teeth with open apices and to determine its accuracy and repeatability. Methodology Ninety teeth with 129 root canals were prepared to create open apices. The correct working length (CWL) for each canal was determined by introducing a file into the root canal until it was visible at the apex. Consequently, the tactile working length (TWL) was determined by the ‘Tactile Method’ using a K‐file that was bent at the tip. Two operators repeated the measurement once in each root canal. The accuracy of the TWL was determined by comparing the TWL with the CWL. The mean of the absolute differences and the corresponding 99% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Both the repeatability and inter‐operator agreement of the tactile method were determined by performing paired analysis of the differences between repeated measurements and the two operators. Results Overall, 97% (CI: 91–99) of the TWL were within 0.5 mm from the CWL, the mean of absolute differences was 0.1 mm (CI: 0.1–0.2). The maximum difference between repeated measurements was 0.2 mm and between the two operators was 0.6 mm. Conclusions The tactile method may provide an accurate determination of canal length in teeth with open apices.
Quantifying canyon incision and Andean Plateau surface uplift, southwest Peru: A thermochronometer and numerical modeling approach
2009-11-11

Apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages from Ocoña canyon at the western margin of the Central Andean plateau record rock cooling histories induced by a major phase of canyon incision. We quantify the timing and magnitude of incision by integrating previously published ages from the valley bottom with 19 new sample ages from four valley wall transects. Interpretation of the incision history from cooling ages is complicated by a southwest to northeast increase in temperatures at the base of the crust due to subduction and volcanism. Furthermore, the large magnitude of incision leads to additional three‐dimensional variations in the thermal field. We address these complications with finite element thermal and thermochronometer age prediction models to quantify the range of topographic evolution scenarios consistent with observed cooling ages. Comparison of 275 model simulations to observed cooling ages and regional heat flow determinations identify a best fit history with ≤0.2 km of incision in the forearc region prior to ∼14 Ma and up to 3.0 km of incision starting between 7 and 11 Ma. Incision starting at 7 Ma requires incision to end by ∼5.5 to 6 Ma. However, a 2.2 Ma age on a volcanic flow on the current valley floor and 5 Ma gravels on the uplifted piedmont surface together suggest that incision ended during the time span between 2.2 and 5 Ma. These additional constraints for incision end time lead to a range of best fit incision onset times between 8 and 11 Ma, which must coincide with or postdate surface uplift.
A method to generate soilscapes from soil maps
2009-11-11

Abstract Digital soil mapping for large areas is challenging if mapping resolution should be as high as possible and sampling should be as sparse as possible. Generally, the more complex the soil associations in a landscape, the more samples are required to systematically cover the entire feature space. Moreover, regions should be modeled separately if the patterns of spatial variation vary on subregion level. A systematic segmentation of a landscape into soilscapes is additionally important for a feasible application of soil‐sensing approaches. In this paper, we introduce a semiautomated approach to segment nominal spatial datasets based on the local spatial frequency distribution of the mapping units. The aim is to provide homogeneous and nonfragmented segments with smoothed boundaries. The methodological framework for the segmentation comprises different spatial and nonspatial techniques and focuses mainly on a moving‐window analysis of the local frequency distribution and a k‐means cluster analysis. Based on an existing soil map (1:50,000), we derived six segments for the Nidda catchment (Central Hesse, Germany), comprising 1600 km 2 . As segmentation is based on a soil map, soilscapes are derived. In terms of the feature space, these soilscapes show a higher homogeneity compared to the entire landscape. Advantages compared to an existing map of landscape units are discussed. Segmenting a landscape as introduced in this study might also be of importance for other disciplines and can be used as a first step in biodiversity analysis or setting up environmental‐monitoring sites.
Prognostic value of c-Met expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma
2009-11-11

Expression of c-Met, an oncogene encoding the receptor for the hepatocyte growth factor, was found to be associated with the progression of various types of human carcinomas including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. This study was performed to analyze the prognostic role of c-Met in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by detecting its expression in relation to clinicopathological features. Two hundred and eleven patients with OSCC were analyzed for c-Met expression by immunohistochemistry. Specimens with ≥50% of cancer cells showing staining for c-Met were considered c-Met-positive. A pairwise multiple-comparison procedure (Fisher's exact test) and survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier method were used to analyze the data. One hundred and seventy-five patients (82.9%) showed positivity for c-Met, while 36 patients (17.1%) showed no immunopositivity. In contrast to published studies, there was no statistically significant correlation between c-Met expression and tumor size, lymph node status, distant metastasis or survival rates. However, a statistically significant negative correlation between c-Met expression and tumor stage was apparent (p=0.022). Hence, this study did not confirm the role of c-Met as a prognostic marker in patients with OSCC.