julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The effect of intranasal insulin on appetite and mood in women with and without obesity: an experimental medicine study
2022-04-09

Abstract Background/Objectives Intranasal (IN) administration of insulin decreases appetite in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, and it is unknown whether IN insulin affects the food intake of women with obesity. Subjects/Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, participants (35 lean women and 17 women with obesity) were randomized to receive 160 IU/1.6 mL of IN insulin or placebo in a counterbalanced order in the post prandial state. The effects of IN insulin on cookie intake, appetite, mood, food reward, cognition and neural activity were assessed. Results IN insulin in the post prandial state reduced cookie intake, appetite and food reward relative to placebo and these effects were more pronounced for women with obesity compared with lean women. IN insulin also improved mood in women with obesity. In both BMI groups, IN insulin increased neural activity in the insula when viewing food pictures. IN insulin did not affect cognitive function. Conclusions These results suggest that IN insulin decreases palatable food intake when satiated by reducing food reward and that women with obesity may be more sensitive to this effect than lean women. Further investigation of the therapeutic potential of IN insulin for weight management in women with obesity is warranted.
Ex vivo—In vivo correlation of retinol stratum corneum penetration studies by confocal Raman microspectroscopy and tape stripping
2022-04-09

Abstract Skin penetration studies of topically applied drugs are a challenging topic in the development of semisolid formulations. The most commonly used methods can be differentiated by their character into ex vivo/in vivo, invasive/non‐invasive and offline/in‐line measurements. In this study, we compare ex vivo tape stripping, an invasive technique, which is often used, to confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM), ex and in vivo, to establish a correlation between those methods. Retinol was used as a model drug, applied in an oil‐in‐water emulsion, to compare the skin penetration profiles obtained by the different methods.
Myeloid hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1A provides cardio-protection during ischemia and reperfusion via induction of netrin-1
2022-04-09

Abstract The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1A elicitics cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Here, we investigated tissue-specific pathways that are critical for HIF1A-elicited tissue protection. Initial studies showed that mice with induced global deletion of Hif1a ( Hif1a loxP/loxP UbiquitinCre+) have exaggerated myocardial injury during in situ ischemia and reperfusion. Surprisingly, this phenotype was mirrored only in mice with myeloid-specific Hif1a deletion (Hif1a loxP/loxP LysM Cre +) . In contrast, mice with myocardial specific ( Hif1a loxP/loxP Myosin Cre +) , or vascular Hif1a deletion ( Hif1a loxP/loxP VEcadherin Cre+) experienced similar injury levels as controls. Subsequent studies using adoptive transfer of Hif1a- deficient polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) prior to myocardial injury demonstrated increased reperfusion injury. In contrast, adoptive transfer of PMNS treated ex-vivo with the HIF stabilizer dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) was associated with attenuated myocardial injury. Moreover, cardioprotection mediated by DMOG was abolished in Hif1a loxP/loxP LysM Cre+ mice, but not in Hif2a loxP/loxP LysM Cre+ mice. Finally, studies of PMN-dependent HIF1A target genes implicated the neuronal guidance molecule netrin-1 in mediating the cardioprotective effects of myeloid HIF1A. Taken together, the present studies identified a functional role for myeloid-expressed HIF1A in providing cardio-protection during ischemia and reperfusion injury, which - at least in part - is mediated by the induction of neuronal guidance molecule netrin-1 in neutrophils.
Chitin oligomers directly promote lymphoid innate and adaptive immune cell activation
2022-04-09

Abstract Background Chitin is a highly abundant N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polysaccharide which has been linked to immune responses in the context of fungal infections and allergic asthma, especially T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. Unfortunately, due to the frequent use of crude chitin preparations of unknown purity and degree of polymerization there is still great uncertainty how chitin activates different parts of the human immune system. Objective We recently identified chitin oligomers of six GlcNAc units as the smallest immunologically active chitin motif and the innate immune receptor TLR2 as primary chitin sensor on human and murine myeloid cells, but the response of lymphoid cells to oligomeric chitin has not been investigated and was addressed here. Methods Flow cytometric analysis of primary human immune cells upon stimulation with oligomeric chitin. For detailed Methods, please see the Methods section in this article’s Online Repository at www.jacionline.org . Result Here we report that chitin oligomers also activate immune responses by both primary lymphoid innate and adaptive immune cells: Notably, chitin oligomers activated Natural Killer (NK) cells and B lymphocytes. Moreover, the maturation of dendritic cells enabled CD8 T cell recall responses. Conclusions Our results suggest that chitin oligomers not only trigger immediate innate responses in limited range of myeloid cells but exert critical activities across the entire human immune system. Key messages Chitin oligomers are microbe-associated molecular patterns involved in TLR2-dependent fungal recognition by myeloid immune cells. Here we show that lymphoid cells, most notably Natural Killer (NK) cells and B cells, are activated by oligomeric chitin. Oligomeric chitin also promotes antigen-presenting cell (APC) maturation and CD8 T cell recall responses. Capsule summary Oligomeric chitin is a novel microbe-associated molecular patterns involved in TLR2-dependent fungal recognition by myeloid innate immune cells. Here we show that lymphoid innate and adaptive immune responses are also promoted by oligomeric chitin.
Impact of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcome in Pediatric Cancer Patients
2022-04-09

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with severe medical complications and variable outcomes depending on the recipient's disease stage and health condition. Biomarkers predicting outcome may have therapeutic relevance in pediatric cancer care. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a mitogenic and anabolic peptide hormone expressed in almost all tissues, is the major growth factor in childhood. Decreased IGF-1 concentration in conditions that cause catabolic metabolism may reflect a patient's degree of physical robustness and serve as a predictive biomarker for transplantation outcome. We evaluated the impact of pretransplantation serum IGF-1 level on both survival and adverse events in 587 pediatric cancer patients who underwent autologous or allogeneic HSCT between 1987 and 2014 at the University Children's Hospital Tübingen. Survival probabilities of the entire cohort and of defined subgroups according to pretransplantation serum IGF-1 level were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The mean pretransplantation IGF-1 level (n = 498) was low: -1.67 SDS (SD, 1.54). Completeness of follow-up was 96% at 3 years post-HSCT and 83% at 10 years. Overall survival (OS) at 10 years was 44.8% (95% confidence interval, 40.6% to 48.9%). Decreasing IGF-1 SDS was associated with significant increases in transplantation-related mortality (P = .027), sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (quartiles 4 to 1: 3%, 1%, 12%, and 12%; P < .001), and thrombotic microangiopathy (quartiles 4 to 1: 0%, 0%, 2%, and 5%; P = .004). Compared with patients in IGF-1 deciles 2 to 10, patients in IGF-1 decile 1 had significantly poorer outcome (P = .042) with lower median survival (12 months versus 68 months) and 10-year OS (37% versus 52%). This retrospective study suggests that pretransplantation serum IGF-1 level has utility as a predictor of survival and selected vascular adverse events that may have diagnostic and therapeutic relevance in pediatric cancer care.
Infertile women with endometriosis possess differences in cytokine levels in various tissues
2022-04-09

This is the first study comparing the levels of cytokines within four different tissues of endometriosis women with or without infertility. The study revealed that endometriosis-related infertile women possess significant differences in cytokine levels in comparison to fertile women with endometriosis. The levels of inflammatory factors from different tissues had certain positive correlations. Infertility may indicate the progress of the disease.
On maintenance and metabolisms in soil microbial communities
2022-04-09

&lt;p&gt;Biochemistry is an essential yet undervalued aspect of soil ecology, especially when analyzing soil C cycling. We assume, based on tradition, intuition or hope, that the complexity of biochemistry is confined to the microscopic world, and can be ignored when dealing with whole soil systems. This opinion paper draws attention to patterns caused by basic biochemical processes that permeate the world of ecosystem processes. From these patterns, we can estimate activities of the biochemical reactions of the central C metabolic network and gain insights into the ecophysiology of microbial biosynthesis, growth, and maintenance energy requirements: important components of Carbon Use Efficiency (CUE).&lt;/p&gt;
A follow-up on quantitative and qualitative olfactory dysfunction and other symptoms in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss
2022-04-10

Background: Sudden smell loss is a specific early symptom of COVID-19, which, prior to the emergence of Omicron, had estimated prevalence of ~40% to 75%. Chemosensory impairments affect physical and mental health, and dietary behavior. Thus, it is critical to understand the rate and time course of smell recovery. The aim of this cohort study was to characterize smell function and recovery up to 11 months post COVID-19 infection. Methods: This longitudinal survey of individuals suffering COVID-19-related smell loss assessed disease symptoms and gustatory and olfactory function. Participants (n=12,313) who completed an initial survey (S1) about respiratory symptoms, chemosensory function and COVID-19 diagnosis between April and September 2020, were invited to complete a follow-up survey (S2). Between September 2020 and February 2021, 27.5% participants responded (n=3,386), with 1,468 being diagnosed with COVID-19 and suffering co-occurring smell and taste loss at the beginning of their illness. Results: At follow-up (median time since COVID-19 onset ~200 days), ~60% of women and ~48% of men reported less than 80% of their pre-illness smell ability. Taste typically recovered faster than smell, and taste loss rarely persisted if smell recovered. Prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia was ~10% of participants in S1 and increased substantially in S2: ~47% for parosmia and ~25% for phantosmia. Persistent smell impairment was associated with more symptoms overall, suggesting it may be a key marker of long-COVID illness. The ability to smell during COVID-19 was rated slightly lower by those who did not eventually recover their pre-illness ability to smell at S2. Conclusions: While smell ability improves for many individuals who lost it during acute COVID-19, the prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia increases substantially over time. Olfactory dysfunction is associated with broader persistent symptoms of COVID-19, and may last for many months following acute COVID-19. Taste loss in the absence of smell loss is rare. Persistent qualitative smell symptoms are emerging as common long-term sequelae; more research into treatment options is strongly warranted given that even conservative estimates suggest millions of individuals may experience parosmia following COVID-19. Healthcare providers worldwide need to be prepared to treat post COVID-19 secondary effects on physical and mental health.
Post-Salafism: Religious Revisionism in Contemporary Saudi Arabia
2022-04-10

This article seeks to identify the driving factors, features, and significance of the transformation of Salafism in contemporary Muslim societies, a development labeled ‘post-Salafism’. Throughout the 20th century, Salafism grew into a global religious movement, with distinctive local characteristics. Its post-Salafi transformations have likewise been diverse and reflect local conditions. ‘Post-Salafism’ is a term employed congruently to point at the fragmentation of Salafi religious authority; the emergence of Salafi alliances with other Muslim groups, which challenge Salafi conceptions of doctrinal superiority; in Salafi softening of sectarian rhetoric as a way of distancing from militant groups; in Salafi “indigenization”; and in social and political transformations that overlap with post-Islamism. Post-Salafism refers additionally to debates within Salafi circles, reflective of emerging internal doctrinal contradictions. Since the founding of Saudi Arabia in 1932, the kingdom has played a unique role in promoting, financing, and building the institutional network of global Salafism. The transformation of Saudi Salafism, therefore, resulting from changes in government policy, public pressure, and internal revisionism, will effect Salafism globally, pointing at a transformative moment in Muslim religious thought and authority structures.
“What Would a Microbe Say?”: Paving the Way to Multispecies Communication
2022-04-10

Microbiome research has shown that microbes sustain and significantly affect human and non-human existence. However, an antagonistic view of microbes still prevails, even on a linguistic level. In this paper, we use the approach of ecolinguistics to critique the term 'invasion,' which is frequently applied to describe microbe-human entanglements. Taking the example of Sonja Bäumel and Helen Blackwell's BioArt project What WouldaMicrobe Say?, we demonstrate how even progressive non-anthropocentric perspectives of humanmicrobe interactions struggle with long-established language patterns. Yet, only respectfully conceived multispecies relationships allow for engaging in multispecies communication, which, in turn, makes it possible to perceive multispecies knowledge production. We argue that sensitivity to language is essential in order to reshape the perception of human-microbe relationships. Combining perspectives from medical and environmental humanities, we conclude our paper with a call for a microbial ethics that might allow for visions of how to live together with microbes in a respectful way.
Did students learn less during the COVID-19 pandemic? Reading and mathematics competencies before and after the first pandemic wave
2022-04-11

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted classes in spring 2020. Temporary school closures supposedly led to a considerable learning loss, particularly for low-achieving students. Teachers faced challenges of remote learning environments. Students spent less time learning. The present study investigates the competencies of fifth graders in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, using large-scale assessments in reading and mathematics from annual mandatory tests in September (each n > 80,000). Competence scores were slightly lower in 2020 (after 2 months of school closures) compared with the three previous years (–0.07 SD for reading comprehension, –0.09 for operations, and –0.03 for numbers). Regarding mathematics, low-achieving students seem to have a learning backlog that deserves attention in future education. School characteristics such as the average sociocultural capital and the proportion of students with a migration background played a minor role in mediating the schools’ learning loss. Still, lower sociocultural capital was positively associated with larger learning loss in mathematics.
Accelerating the approach of dissipative quantum spin systems towards stationarity through global spin rotations
2022-04-11

We consider open quantum systems whose dynamics is governed by a time-independent Markovian Lindblad Master equation. Such systems approach their stationary state on a timescale that is determined by the spectral gap of the generator of the Master equation dynamics. In the recent paper [Carollo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 060401 (2021)] it was shown that under certain circumstances it is possible to exponentially accelerate the approach to stationarity by performing a unitary transformation of the initial state. This phenomenon can be regarded as the quantum version of the so-called Mpemba effect. The transformation of the initial state removes its overlap with the dynamical mode of the open system dynamics that possesses the slowest decay rate and thus determines the spectral gap. While this transformation can be exactly constructed in some cases, it is in practice challenging to implement. Here we show that even far simpler transformations constructed by a global unitary spin rotation allow to exponentially speed up relaxation. We demonstrate this using simple dissipative quantum spin systems, which are relevant for current quantum simulation and computation platforms based on trapped atoms and ions.
Charged black holes in de Sitter space: superradiant amplification of\\n charged scalar waves and resonant hyperradiation
2022-04-11

Black holes typically inhabit highly dynamical galactic environments and are\\nfrequently permeated by accretion media. The inevitable scattering of scalar,\\nelectromagnetic and gravitational waves off rotating and charged black holes\\nprovides a remarkable demonstration of the energy extraction and subsequent\\namplification of scattered waves under the expense of the compact object's\\nrotational and electromagnetic energy; a phenomenon known as superradiance.\\nCertain circumstances tremendously favor the energy extraction process in such\\nextent that linear superradiant instabilities are triggered. We examine the\\nsuperradiant amplification of monochromatic charged scalar fields impinging\\nReissner-Nordstr\\\\"om-de Sitter black holes which are known to exhibit\\nsuperradiantly unstable quasinormal modes. We find that even though the\\nfrequency range of superradiance is reduced when a positive cosmological\\nconstant is incorporated, the amplification factors are significantly elevated\\nwith respect to those occurring in Reissner-Nordstr\\\\"om spacetime.\\nIntriguingly, we confirm that the long-lived quasinormal resonances that reside\\nin the superradiant regime induce resonant peaks when the wave's frequency\\nmatches the real part of the quasinormal mode, regardless of the spacetime's\\nmodal stability.\\n
Teaching refugee and forced immigrant youth: lessons from the United States
2022-04-11

This study explores the needs and preparedness of teachers of refugees and forced immigrant (RFI) students in the United States. Research examining the role and influence of teachers on RFIs in education systems is sparse. As a result, there is a critical shortage of an evidence base and subsequent resources, strategies, and policies on teacher training and professional development in the US to support the unique academic and non-academic needs of these students related to trauma, identity and language (TIDAL). Interviews were conducted with education professionals in the United States, specifically the states of Ohio and New Jersey, related to their expectations and needs for working with RFI youth. Results of this study show that educators lack training and support for working with the increasingly diverse population of RFI students. Utilising the capabilities approach, the analysis suggests that proactive change at the macro-level, which activates organisational support, and institutionalising policy related to TIDAL are needed at the meso and micro-levels. Not only does change at these levels provide legitimacy to the needs of RFI students, but it also acknowledges the needs of educators, the work they are actively doing, and the importance of providing quality education to all students.
Counts of (tropical) curves in $E \\times \\mathbb{P}^1$ and Feynman integrals
2022-04-11

We study generating series of Gromov–Witten invariants of E \\times \\mathbb{P}^1 and their tropical counterparts. Using tropical degeneration and floor diagram techniques, we can express the generating series as sums of Feynman integrals, where each summand corresponds to a certain type of graph which we call a \\textit{pearl chain} . The individual summands are – just as in the case of mirror symmetry of elliptic curves, where the generating series of Hurwitz numbers equals a sum of Feynman integrals – complex analytic path integrals involving a product of propagators (equal to the Weierstrass- \\wp -function plus an Eisenstein series). We also use pearl chains to study generating functions of counts of tropical curves in E_\\mathbb{T}\\times\\mathbb{P}^1_\\mathbb{T} of so-called \\textit{leaky degree}.
Applicability of open science practices to completed research projects from different disciplines and research paradigms
2022-04-11

<ns3:p>The purpose of this data collection was to uncover the extent to which communities have emerged that cultivate a shared understanding of open science. In a cross-sectional survey, we assessed the applicability of 13 open science practices over different disciplines and research paradigms. Focusing on completed research projects, participants were able to draw informed evaluations concerning the applicability of open science practices. The total sample is N=295 researchers, with approximately equal numbers from six broad disciplines (between 42 and 52 participants per discipline). The survey included an attention check.</ns3:p>
Making thermodynamic models of mixtures predictive by machine learning: matrix completion of pair interactions
2022-04-11

Predictive models of thermodynamic properties of mixtures are paramount in chemical engineering and chemistry. Classical thermodynamic models are successful in generalizing over (continuous) conditions like temperature and concentration. On the other hand, matrix completion methods (MCMs) from machine learning successfully generalize over (discrete) binary systems; these MCMs can make predictions without any data for a given binary system by implicitly learning commonalities across systems. In the present work, we combine the strengths from both worlds in a hybrid approach. The underlying idea is to predict the pair-interaction energies, as they are used in basically all physical models of liquid mixtures, by an MCM. As an example, we embed an MCM into UNIQUAC, a widely-used physical model for the Gibbs excess energy. We train the resulting hybrid model in a Bayesian machinelearning framework on experimental data for activity coefficients in binary systems of 1146 components from the Dortmund Data Bank. We thereby obtain, for the first time, a complete set of UNIQUAC parameters for all binary systems of these components, which allows us to predict, in principle, activity coefficients at arbitrary temperature and composition for any combination of these components, not only for binary but also for multicomponent systems. The hybrid model even outperforms the best available physical model for predicting activity coefficients, the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) model.
Three different ways for the synthesis of the metalloid cluster [Ge9(HyptBuPh2)3]−
2022-04-11

Abstract The metalloid cluster [Ge 9 (Hyp tBuPh2 ) 3 ]K ( 1 ) (Hyp tBuPh2 =Si(SiMe 3 ) 2 (SitBuPh 2 )) is obtained through three different reaction courses. These are the disproportionation reaction of Ge I Br and subsequent substitution of the bromine atoms, the reaction of the germanium subhalide cluster Ge 14 Br 8 (PEt 3 ) 4 with KHyp tBuPh2 and the reaction of the Zintl phase K 4 Ge 9 with ClHyp tBuPh2 . The different reaction courses are described, together with the characterization and follow‐up reaction of the new metalloid cluster 1 .