julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>Exchangers: Linking Osmotic Dysequilibrium to Modified Cell Function
2001-01-01

The Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs) are among the major ion transporters involved in cell volume regulation. NHE activation leads to a cellular influx of Na(+) ions and extrusion of H(+) ions, which are readily replenished from intracellular buffers. This will result in a net import of Na(+). In many systems NHE operates in parallel to Cl(-)/ HCO3(-) exchange, resulting in cellular uptake of NaCl. The influx of osmotically obliged water will consequently lead to cell swelling. This makes NHEs suitable to serve as powerful mechanisms for increasing cell volume (CV). The low volume threshold for NHE activation enables the cells to respond to very minute reductions of the CV. By the coupling to the export of H(+) ions cell volume regulatory NHE activation may lead to changes in intracellular pH. On the other hand NHEs are activated by a broad variety of ligands and by intracellular acidosis, which, in turn, may consequently lead to cell swelling. In addition, NHEs are linked to other intracellular proteins and structures, like e.g. the cytoskeleton, which themelves are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Therefore NHEs link CV regulation to a diversity of cellular functions, both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Six isoforms of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, termed NHE1--6, have been cloned so far. NHE 1--5 are located in the plasma membrane, whereas NHE6 is sorted to the mitochondrial membrane. NHE1 and NHE6 are the ubiquitously expressed isoforms. The expression of the isoforms NHE2 to NHE5 is restricted to specific tissues and the pattern of their expression, as well as their subcellular localization indicate that they fulfill specialized functions. Cell shrinkage induced activation has been shown for NHE1,2 and 4. In contrast, NHE3 is inhibited by cell shrinkage. In many cells several isoforms are present and assigned to specific membrane domains where they may serve a functional crosstalk between the different ion transporters.
Hymenoptera-Venom-Induced Upregulation of the Basophil Activation Marker Ecto-Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 3 in Sensitized Individuals
2001-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Bee and wasp venoms are potent allergens capable of inducing severe clinical reactions. To detect immediate-type hypersensitivity to these allergens, a rapid in vitro test was developed that relies on the upregulation of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (E-NPP3) on activated basophils. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Blood basophils of 13 healthy donors and 22 patients allergic to bee or wasp venom were analyzed for E-NPP3 (CD203c) expression using monoclonal antibody 97A6. Basophils were analyzed by flow cytometry after activation with anti-IgE antibody or allergen. Venom-induced E-NPP3 upregulation on basophils was compared with diagnostic parameters, including skin tests and assessment of specific IgE. In selected samples, the increase in E-NPP3 expression on activated basophils was compared with histamine release and CD63 upregulation. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; In 20/22 patients sensitized to wasp or bee venom, E-NPP3 expression on basophils was upregulated in response to activation by allergen or anti-IgE. The maximum increase in E-NPP3 expression (above ten times of baseline) was achieved after 15 min of stimulation with 1 μg/ml of allergen or anti-IgE antibody. Sensitized individuals who failed to upregulate E-NPP3 in response to IgE receptor cross-linking also failed to induce histamine release and CD63 upregulation. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Flow cytometric determination of hymenoptera-venom-induced upregulation of E-NPP3 is a novel in vitro test to identify sensitized individuals.
Inverse Relationship of Plasma Prostaglandin E2and Blood Mononuclear Cell Cyclooxygenase‐2 with Disease Severity in Children withPlasmodium falciparumMalaria
2001-01-01

Prostaglandins (PGs) derived from inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 are important proinflammatory mediators of the host-immune response to infection. Since the role of host-derived PG in human malaria is unknown, plasma bicyclo-PGE2 (a stable catabolite of PGE2), peripheral blood mononuclear cell COX-2 protein, and mRNA were measured in Gabonese children with and without malaria (n=129). Relative to healthy children, bicyclo-PGE2 and COX-2 protein were lower in children with mild (P=.007 and P=.026, respectively) and severe malaria (P=.002 and P=.010, respectively). COX-2 mRNA was also reduced in children with malaria. Investigation of COX-2 regulatory cytokines revealed an inverse correlation (P<.001) between plasma levels of bicyclo-PGE2 and interleukin (IL)-10, a cytokine that suppresses COX-2 expression. On the basis of these results, elevated PGE2 in healthy malaria-exposed children may protect against malaria, whereas IL-10-induced decreases in PGE2 during acute malaria may increase susceptibility to severe disease.
Kinematics of the Alpine–West Carpathian orogen and palaeogeographic implications
2001-01-01

We present the Euler rotations of the plates involved in the Alpine–West Carpathian orogen. The rotations are defined to a large extent by the magnetic anomalies of the Atlantic Ocean. A few extra rotations occurred during two collisions and a Mid-Cretaceous event. At variance with earlier reconstructions, we additionally control the rotations by the orientation of palaeomagnetic declinations. The plate rotations are integrated into a model illustrated by palaeogeographical maps. Special features of the model are: (1) subdivision of the northern margin of Adria into the two plates, Pelso and Austroalpine–West Carpathia, on the basis of palaeomagnetic data; (2) Eohellenic obduction of Meliata units onto the eastern margins of Pelso and Austroalpine–West Carpathia from the Tethys side; (3) first (Eoalpine) collision of the marginal plates of Adria with Tisza far off the West European plate margin; (4) a 80–90° rotation of Austroalpine–West Carpathia during the Eoalpine collision; (5) subdivision of the Neoalpine collision into a Palaeogene stage of predominantly strong SE–NW shortening and a Neogene stage of predominantly lateral extrusion westward and eastward. In principle, the maps show quantitative ocean spreading, subduction, and plate rotations. However, possible modifications of the model discussed in this paper limit the quantitative evaluation.
The Dermatoscopic Pattern of Clear-Cell Acanthoma Resembles Psoriasis vulgaris
2001-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Dermatoscopy (dermoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is used for the early detection of malignant tumors and avoidance of unnecessary excisions of benign skin tumors. &lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;/i&gt; Description of the dermatoscopic pattern of clear-cell acanthoma. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Video dermatoscopy at 20-fold magnification of a clear-cell acanthoma and psoriasis vulgaris. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Homogeneous, symmetrically or bunch-like arranged, pinpoint-like capillaries were seen in the clear-cell acanthoma and in psoriasis vulgaris. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt; The dermatoscopic psoriasis-like pattern of clear-cell acanthoma is a diagnostic clue which may help the clinician to identify this benign epidermal tumor and to differentiate it from other benign and malignant tumors of the skin.
Nitrido bridges between transition metals and main group elements illustrated by the series [M]NNa to [M]NCl
2001-01-01

A survey is given of the structures and bonding modes of nitrido bridges between transition metals with MN multiple bonds and main group elements. Illustrated by the period row sodium (I) to chlorine (VII) (or a homologue) along with variable transition metals M, characteristic examples are compiled, their principles of synthesis are presented and the step-by-step alterations of the bonding conditions that occur in this period are discussed on the basis of structural parameters. These bonding conditions can be divided into three groups.
Brief bimanual force pulses: Correlations between the hands in force and time.
2001-01-01

Three experiments assessed coupling phenomena in the coordination of bimanual force pulses. Experiment 1 required symmetric force pulses (equal target forces and rise times for both hands) using the index finger of each hand. As the authors expected, on the basis of bimanual pointing movement results, this experiment revealed positive correlations between both the force rise times and the force amplitudes of the two hands. Experiments 2 and 3 included asymmetric conditions with different target force amplitudes (Experiment 2) or target rise times (Experiment 3). In Experiment 2 force amplitudes but not rise times were fully decoupled in the asymmetric condition. In the asymmetric condition of Experiment 3, however, neither rise times nor force amplitudes were fully decoupled. The results suggest a hierarchical control structure with temporal control dominating nontemporal control of bimanual force coordination.
An AAA family tree
2001-01-01

ABSTRACT Members of the AAA (for ATPases associated with various cellular activities) protein superfamily are characterized by the presence of one or two highly conserved modules of approximately 230 amino acid residues (the AAA box) that include an ATP-binding consensus. AAA proteins are found in all organisms and are essential for cell cycle functions, vesicular transport, mitochondrial functions, peroxisome assembly and proteolysis.
Primary Lymph Node Plasmacytomas (Plasmacytic Lymphomas)
2001-01-01

To determine whether primary lymph node plasmacytoma (PLNP) is a distinct entity among other types of plasma cell neoplasia, we analyzed a large series of PLNPs from 2 large lymphoma registries to compare histologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features of PLNPs, nonnodal extramedullary plasmacytomas, and multiple myeloma. Twenty-five PLNPs (clinical data on 15 cases) were compared with 10 non-lymph node plasmacytomas and 51 cases of multiple myeloma; 36 cases of reactive plasmacytoses were used as controls. The histologic features of PLNP and other extramedullary plasmacytomas were similar. The histologic features of PLNPs were more immature than those of reactive plasmacytoses and less immature than in multiple myeloma. The immunophenotype of PLNPs significantly differed from that of reactive plasmacytoses, other extramedullary plasmacytomas, and multiple myeloma. PLNPs did not progress to multiple myeloma, unlike other extramedullary plasmacytomas, even though survival in PLNPs and other extramedullary plasmacytomas was similar. Our findings suggest that PLNPs may be distinct from other plasma cell dyscrasias.
The annotation of temporal information in natural language sentences
2001-01-01

The aim of this paper is to present a language-neutral, theory-neutral method for annotating sentence-internal temporal relations. The annotation method is simple and can be applied without special training. The annotations are provided with a well-defined model-theoretic interpretation for use in the content-based comparison of annotations. Temporally annotated corpora have a number of applications, in lexicon/induction, translation and linguistic investigation. A searchable multi-language database has already been created.
Cysticercosis of the Triceps???An Unusual Pseudotumor
2001-01-01

Cysticercosis is a disease caused by encysted larvae of the tapeworm Taenia solium. Most muscular disease presents with central nervous system involvement or multiple cysts or both. The authors report a 25-year-old woman with a rare single muscle cyst presenting as a tender hard triceps mass. Results of clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging were indicative of a soft tissue tumor. Excision of the mass revealed purulence, and the histologic diagnosis was cysticercosis. In the differential diagnosis of isolated muscular masses, a rare isolated cysticercus presenting as a pseudotumor should be considered.
Recurrence of a Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation after Surgical Excision
2001-01-01

Complete resection of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) should eliminate the future risk of an associated intracranial bleeding. Because total removal of an AVM may be difficult to assess at the time of surgery, postoperative angiography has become the accepted standard for documenting that complete removal has been achieved. However, even angiographically confirmed excision of an AVM does not completely exclude the possibility of rebleeding. Regrowth of an AVM with subsequent haemorrhage has been documented in children and is attributed to forces acting on the immature vasculature. The authors report the case of a 21-year-old man whose AVM recurred 5 years after angiographically proven complete excision. According to the presented case, the authors emphasise that, even in adults, angiographic documentation of total removal does not always eliminate the risk of reformation of an AVM.
Influence of Contrast on the Responses of Marmoset Lateral Geniculate Cells to Drifting Gratings
2001-01-01

The responses of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) to drifting luminance or cone isolating gratings of different spatial frequencies and contrasts were measured. The response noise, defined as the variability of the responses to single sweeps in the complex plane, was independent of stimulus contrast and spatial frequency but increased with increasing overall responsiveness of the cell. The signal-to-noise ratio of parvocellular (PC) cells was smaller than of magnocellular (MC) cells. At each contrast, the response amplitude as a function of spatial frequency could be described with a difference of Gaussians model. With this model, the sizes and the peak sensitivities of the receptive field centers and surrounds were estimated. It was found that receptive field center and surround sizes of LGN cells decrease slightly with increasing contrast. Further, the peak sensitivity decreases with increasing contrast. The two factors are involved in a decrease in responsivity (the response per unit contrast) with increasing contrast which is compatible to response saturation for low spatial frequency stimuli. PC cells did not saturate as much to luminance stimuli although some saturation was found with cone isolating gratings. We found that the response phase lag of both PC and MC cells decreased with increasing contrast, which cannot be explained on the basis of linear response behavior. Apparently the phase of LGN cell responses to drifting gratings is altered in comparison with the retinal inputs by additional nonlinearities.
Preirradiation gemcitabine chemotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma
2001-01-01

Gemcitabine followed by radiotherapy is a safe regimen for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma but the gemcitabine schedule used in the current study did not appear to confer any survival advantage compared with standard involved field radiotherapy alone.
Synthesis, Absorption and Luminescence of a New Series of Soluble Distyrylbenzenes Featuring Cyano Substituents at the Peripheral Rings
2001-01-01

The synthesis of a complete series of nine soluble distyrylbenzenes (DSBs) with two (2a−c) and four cyano groups (1a−f) attached to the peripheral aromatic rings is reported. They were prepared by the Wittig reaction and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, UV/Vis, PL, EL, mass spectra, and elemental analysis. The optical properties have been studied in detail to monitor structure−luminescence relationships as a function of the position of the cyano moieties. The DSBs with cyano substituents show bathochromic shifts in their absorption spectra when compared to the parent DSB (30). The extent of this red-shift depends on electronic and steric factors. The bis(p-cyano)-substituted compound 2c exhibits a small Stokes shift and a remarkably high quantum yield of φF = 0.6−0.8 in the solid state. All the new distyrylbenzenes show electroluminescence when employed in devices with an ITO/PcCu/DSB/Al configuration and with colors ranging from red to green.
A Novel Microperfusion System for the Long-Term Local Supply of Drugs to the Inner Ear: Implantation and Function in the Rat Model
2001-01-01

Local therapy is practiced for middle and inner ear diseases but is usually restricted to cases of ear drum perforation or repeated invasive intratympanic drug application. Perfusion of drugs on the round window or through the scalae of animals using a pump system suggests that the chronic local drug treatment might also be feasible in humans. However, drug delivery systems that are currently on the market involve repeated reimplantation if they are to be used for long-term drug supply. A bone-anchored, totally implantable micro-drug delivery system (MDS) for patient-controlled drug supply has been developed [Lehner et al., 1997]. In this study, we show the first successful long-term in vivo test of the MDS micro-pump in rats. The process of implantation and first functional tests will be described. The biomaterial used to manufacture the delivery system did not cause any inflammation reaction in any of the 9 animals successfully implanted. After activation of the micro-pump, the drug reservoir and port was found to be fluid-tight. Bolus applications of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to the round window induced a transient decrease of evoked brainstem responses. In 2 animals which carried the MDS for more than 8 months the proper functioning of the pumping device was examined in a 2–3 week interval over a 3 month period. The MDS can be autoclaved even after long-term implantation and can then be reused for subsequent implantations. Designed for life-long implantation in humans, the demonstration of an effective long-term drug supply to the inner ear using the MDS provides an encouraging first step towards future long-term drug treatment of the inner ear in humans.
The eclipsing bursting X-ray binary EXO 0748-676 revisited by XMM-Newton
2001-01-01

\\n \\nThe bright eclipsing and bursting low-mass X-ray binary EXO 0748-676 has been observed at several occasions by\\nXMM-Newton during the initial calibration and performance verification (CAL/PV) phase.\\nWe present here the results obtained from observations with the EPIC cameras. Apart from several type-I\\nX-ray bursts, the source shows a high degree of variability with the presence of soft flares.\\nThe wide energy coverage and high sensitivity of XMM-Newton allows for the first time a detailed\\ndescription of the spectral variability. The source is found to be the superposition of a central\\n(~2 108 cm) Comptonized emission, most probably a corona surrounding the inner edge of an\\naccretion disk, associated with a more extended (~3 1010 cm) thermal halo at a typical\\ntemperature of ~0.6 keV with an indication of non-solar abundances. Most of the variations of the\\nsource can be accounted for by a variable absorption affecting only the central comptonized component and \\nreaching up to NH \\n cm-2. The characteristics of the surrounding halo are\\nfound compatible with an irradiated atmosphere of an accretion disc which intercepts the central emission\\ndue to the system high inclination. \\n\\n\\n
Full thickness resection device (FTRD) for endoluminal removal of large bowel tumours: development of the instrument and related experimental studies
2001-01-01

We describe a novel device for full thickness resectioning of large bowel lesions. The device has been assessed in experimental studies. Tumours of the large bowel are a frequent disease with increasing incidence figures. If detected at an early stage, local treatment of colon tumours is possible through an endoluminal access. Currently, full thickness resection can only be performed in the rectum with the TEM technique, while snare resection through the flexible endoscope will only allow mucosa resection. We have developed a new device which allows full thickness bowel wall resections up to the splenic flexure. The device, called full thickness resection device (FTRD) has a flexible shaft and a multifunctional front-end. It can be inserted into the colon over a flexible endoscope. After the device is advanced to the tumour, the head can be opened and the tumour, including safety margins, is pulled into the resection chamber inside the device head by means of two tissue graspers. The bowel wall invagination can be visualised with the endoscope to ensure that the tumour is completely pulled into the resection head. The head is then closed and the resection mechanism is activated. A semicircular stapling suture is fired through the bowel wall and a rotary knife is used to cut the tissue. Specimens of > 3 cm can be harvested with FTRD. Prototypes of the device have been successfully tested in a series of animal experiments in parallel to the technical development of the instrument. These experiments could demonstrate that full thickness bowel wall resection is feasible using a flexible instrument and endoscopic visualisation.
Morphometric evolution and phylogeny of Palaeozoic ammonoids. Early and Middle Devonian
2001-01-01

A combination of methods from cladistics and stratophenetic analyses is used for a reconstruction of Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid phylogeny. The analyses are based mainly on principal characters such as conch geometry (coiling form, whorl expansion rate, whorl cross-section shape), septal geometry (form of septa, number, position, and shapes of lobes), and ornament (growth lines and ribs); a new classification scheme of the ancient ammonoid order Agoniatitida is proposed. It is subdivided into four suborders: Agoniatitina (paraphyletic), Gephuroceratina (monophyletic), Anarcestina (paraphyletic), and Pharciceratina (monophyletic). Morphometric analysis shows the unfolding of several morphological trends, such as the modification of coiling parameters, among the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids. Two major independent lineages can be recognised in the phylogeny of the Middle Devonian ammonoids, the first represents the agoniatids in which the Gephuroceratina is nested, the second are the anarcestids which gave rise to the Pharciceratina. The new families Latanarcestidae, Tamaritidae, Atlantoceratidae, and Taouzitidae, as well as the new genera Taouzites , Croyites and Meragoniatites are introduced.
Finding prey by associative learning in gleaning bats: experiments with a Natterer`s bat Myotis nattereri
2001-01-01

I show that a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) was operantly conditioned to echo cues from a large object; in this case a round bowl full of mealworms. In a subsequent choice experiment the bat preferred the empty, round bowl over an unknown, quadratic bowl filled with prey. I suggest that the quick but transient learning of cues indicating prey rich habitat patches might be adaptive for bats hunting in cluttered environments, where they can often not directly detect prey using echolocation. Therefore, it might be an additional foraging strategy of some gleaning bats to search for specific structural cues indicating a high probability of prey being present.
XMM-Newton observation of an unusual iron line in the quasar Markarian 205
2001-01-01

XMM-Newton observations of the low luminosity, radio-quiet quasar Markarian 205 have revealed a unique iron K emission line profile. In marked contrast to the broad and redshifted iron K line commonly seen in ASCA observations of Seyfert 1 galaxies, we find that a substantial amount of the line flux in Mrk 205 occurs above the neutral line energy of 6.4 keV. Furthermore, we find that the iron line emission has two distinct components, a narrow, unresolved neutral line at 6.4 keV and a broadened line centred at 6.7 keV. We suggest that the most likely origin of the 6.7 keV line is from X-ray reflection off the surface of a highly ionised accretion disk, whilst the 6.4 keV component may arise from neutral matter distant from the black hole, quite possibly in the putative molecular torus. Overall this observation underlines the potential of XMM-Newton for using the iron K line as a diagnostic of matter in the innermost regions of AGN.