julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
2018-01-01

Aims: We aim for an understanding of the morphological and spectral properties of the supernova remnant RCW~86 and for insights into the production mechanism leading to the RCW~86 very high-energy gamma-ray emission. Methods: We analyzed High Energy Spectroscopic System data that had increased sensitivity compared to the observations presented in the RCW~86 H.E.S.S. discovery publication. Studies of the morphological correlation between the 0.5-1~keV X-ray band, the 2-5~keV X-ray band, radio, and gamma-ray emissions have been performed as well as broadband modeling of the spectral energy distribution with two different emission models. Results:We present the first conclusive evidence that the TeV gamma-ray emission region is shell-like based on our morphological studies. The comparison with 2-5~keV X-ray data reveals a correlation with the 0.4-50~TeV gamma-ray emission.The spectrum of RCW~86 is best described by a power law with an exponential cutoff at TeV and a spectral index of ~ . A static leptonic one-zone model adequately describes the measured spectral energy distribution of RCW~86, with the resultant total kinetic energy of the electrons above 1 GeV being equivalent to 0.1\\\\% of the initial kinetic energy of a Type I a supernova explosion. When using a hadronic model, a magnetic field of ~100 G is needed to represent the measured data. Although this is comparable to formerly published estimates, a standard E spectrum for the proton distribution cannot describe the gamma-ray data. Instead, a spectral index of ~1.7 would be required, which implies that ~ erg has been transferred into high-energy protons with the effective density cm^-3. This is about 10\\\\% of the kinetic energy of a typical Type Ia supernova under the assumption of a density of 1~cm^-3.
2018-01-01

Centaurus A (Cen A) is the nearest radio galaxy discovered as a very-high-energy (VHE; 100 GeV–100 TeV) γ-ray source by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). It is a faint VHE γ-ray emitter, though its VHE flux exceeds both the extrapolation from early Fermi-LAT observations as well as expectations from a (misaligned) single-zone synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) description. The latter satisfactorily reproduces the emission from Cen A at lower energies up to a few GeV. New observations with H.E.S.S., comparable in exposure time to those previously reported, were performed and eight years of Fermi-LAT data were accumulated to clarify the spectral characteristics of the γ-ray emission from the core of Cen A. The results allow us for the first time to achieve the goal of constructing a representative, contemporaneous γ-ray core spectrum of Cen A over almost five orders of magnitude in energy. Advanced analysis methods, including the template fitting method, allow detection in the VHE range of the core with a statistical significance of 12σ on the basis of 213 hours of total exposure time. The spectrum in the energy range of 250 GeV–6 TeV is compatible with a power-law function with a photon index An updated Fermi-LAT analysis provides evidence for spectral hardening by at γ-ray energies above 2.8 −0.6 GeV at a level of 4.0σ. The fact that the spectrum hardens at GeV energies and extends into the VHE regime disfavour a single-zone SSC interpretation for the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) of the core and is suggestive of a new γ-ray emitting component connecting the high-energy emission above the break energy to the one observed at VHE energies. The absence of significant variability at both GeV and TeV energies does not yet allow disentanglement of the physical nature of this component, though a jet-related origin is possible and a simple two-zone SED model fit is provided to this end.
Functional intravital two-photon based imaging of bile salts transport in cholestasis: mechanisms and consequences of bile infarcts formation
2018-01-01

The mechanisms of hepatocytes damage in cholestatic liver disease are not fully understood. Therefore, we here investigated the spatio-temporal processes of bile salt (BS) transport in cholestatic livers aiming to understand its pathophysiological role.
Human In-vivo MR Current Density Imaging (MRCDI) Based on Optimized Multi-echo Spin Echo (MESE)
2018-01-01

MRCDI aims at imaging an externally injected current flow in the human body, and might be useful for many biomedical applications. However, the method requires very sensitive measurement of the current-induced magnetic field component ?Bz,c parallel to main field. We systematically optimized MESE to determine its most efficient parameters. In one of the first human in-vivo applications of MRCDI, the optimized sequence was successfully used to image the ?Bz,c distribution in the brain caused by a two-electrode montage, as confirmed by finite-element calculations of ?Bz,c. Further improvements will be performed to increase its robustness to field drifts.
Special Issue on Programming Languages for Big Data Editorial
2018-01-01

Ideas from programming languages play an important role in a range of advanced applications of databases, in database system implementation, distributed programming (MapReduce), streaming computation, and high-performance (GPU/multicore) computation. This creative research area is broadening into a subfield of data-centric computation. Although the interaction of databases and programming has a long history (the 16th biennial Database Programming Languages symposium was held in 2017), there has been a recent renewal of interest and broadening of programming language techniques for dealing with data from several quarters in the last few years, including workshops at Microsoft Research (RADICAL 2010), ICFP (XLDI 2012), POPL (DDFP 2013, DCM 2014) and a Dagstuhl Seminar on Programming Languages for Big Data (December 2014). This special issue recognises and encourages the publication of mature research contributions in this area.
Still no Evidence for Sustained Effects of Multisensory Integration of Duration
2018-01-01

Abstract In studies on temporal order perception, immediate as well as sustained effects of multisensory integration have been demonstrated repeatedly. Regarding duration perception, the corresponding literature reports clear immediate effects of multisensory integration, but evidence on sustained effects of multisensory duration integration is scarce. In fact, a single study [Heron, J. et al. (2013). A neural hierarchy for illusions of time: Duration adaptation precedes multisensory integration, J. Vis . 13 , 1–12.] investigated adaptation to multisensory conflicting intervals, and found no sustained effects of the audiovisual conflict on perceived duration of subsequently presented unimodal visual intervals. In two experiments, we provide independent evidence in support of this finding. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that adaptation to audiovisual conflict does not alter perceived duration of subsequently presented visual test intervals. Thus, replicating the results of Heron et al. (2013), we observed no sustained effect of multisensory duration integration. However, one might argue that the prolonged exposure to consistent multisensory conflict might have prevented or hampered multisensory integration per se. In Experiment 2, we rule out this alternative explanation by showing that multisensory integration of audiovisual conflicting intervals is still effective after exposure to audiovisual conflict. This further strengthens the conclusion that multisensory integration of interval duration affects perception in an immediate, but not in a sustained manner.
Principles and Developments in Cancer Immunotherapy and Approaches for Combination with Tumour Irradiation
2018-01-01

Different immunotherapy concepts developed over recent decades include immune checkpoint inhibition, vaccination, and T cell-engaging therapies, as well as effectors on the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. For all these immunotherapy approaches, combination studies with tumour irradiation have been performed in vivo and in the clinic. The results point towards possible opportunities for combination therapies to improve patient outcome.
The evolution of optimized language in the light of standard information theory
2018-01-01

Zipf's law of abbreviation, the tendency of more frequent words to be shorter, emerges as a universal property of languages (Bentz & Ferrer-i-Cancho, 2016).Language users have been shown to adhere to it as a result of combining two conditions: accuracy, i.e. avoiding ambiguity, and "efficiency", i.e. using word forms as short as possible (Kanwal, Smith, Culbertson, & Kirby, 2017).Random typing has been suggested as a non-functional alternative to statistical laws of language (Miller & Chomsky, 1963;Li, 1992).However, a caveat of random typing is that it is not purely non-functional from an information theoretic perspective: random typing can be seen as a case of optimal nonsingular encoding of information (Ferrer-i-Cancho, Bentz, & Seguin, 2015).This is an example of how information theory and evolutionary linguistics can develop mutually enriching connections.Another example is the striking similarity between the two conditions above and coding theory, where the problem of compression is the problem of minimizing L, the mean length of codes (e.g., words) under some coding scheme (Cover & Thomas, 2006).The minimization of L matches the "efficiency" condition, whereas nonsingular coding is a coding scheme that matches beautifully the accuracy condition.Nonsingular coding is equivalent to using unambiguous words to represent meanings (Cover & Thomas, 2006, p. 105).Extensions of standard information theory predict that in case of optimal coding (maximum "efficiency" and maximum accuracy), the correlation between word frequency and word length cannot be positive and, in general, it is expected to be negative in concordance with Zipf's law of abbreviation (Ferrer-i-Cancho et al., 2015).Given the alphabet of a language and the probabilities of the word types, we can calculate L min , the minimum mean word length that can be achieved assuming a certain scheme (Ferrer-i-Cancho et al., 2015).Then, we can measure the degree of optimality of a language with η = L min /L.η is the so-called coding efficiency (Borda, 2011), and ranges between 0 and 1, reaching 1 in case of an optimal communication system.
Trigeminal Neuralgia Type 1: Earlier Microvascular Decompression is Associated with Improved Outcome
2018-01-01

Background: Medication therapy is commonly accepted as the initial treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the surgical treatment with the highest efficacy, but is considered as last tier therapy for patients with medication refractory pain or for those with unbearable side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of symptom duration on outcome.&#13;\\nMethods: A retrospective study was conducted from 2001 through 2012. Patients were categorized according to Burchiel’s “Classification scheme for facial pains commonly encountered in neurosurgical practice”. Demographical, disease and treatment data as well as surgical data including complications and outcome were recorded and analyzed.&#13;\\nResults: In total, 65 patients were included. Distribution of diagnoses was as follows: TN type 1 (&gt;50% episodic pain) n=54, TN type 2 (&gt;50% constant pain) n=4, neuropathic TN n=1, symptomatic TN due to multiple sclerosis n=3, post herpetic n=2. Onset of disease to surgery was on average 7 years (&lt;1-21 years). Shorter time from disease onset to surgery had a statistically significant association with a pain-free outcome in only TN type 1 patients (6 vs. 13 years, p=0.01). Overall success rate in TN1 was 88.9%. Overall mortality and morbidity rate were 3%. Overall complication rate was 13.5%.&#13;\\nConclusion: Earlier MVD was significantly associated with better outcome. Patients should be informed about the option of MVD at an early stage of disease.
Learning to communicate about conceptual hierarchies
2018-01-01

Natural languages provide speakers with remarkable flexibility in the labels they may use to refer to things (Brown, 1958).In addition to the combinatorial explosion of modifiers afforded by compositionality (Partee, 1995), we have a number of lexicalized nominal terms at our disposal.Dalmatian, dog, and animal can all truthfully be used to talk about the same Dalmatian at different levels of specificity, with one level of the conceptual hierarchy -the basic-level -generally privileged over the others (Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976).How these overlapping meanings are learned, and why speakers choose different levels of specificity in different contexts, is increasingly accounted for by probabilistic models of pragmatic language use (e.g.Xu & Tenenbaum, 2007;Graf, Degen, Hawkins, & Goodman, 2016) but there remains a more fundamental evolutionary question: how do multiple levels of reference come to coexist in the lexicon to begin with?Our hypothesis, motivated both by classic work on concept representations and contemporary work on the selective pressures induced by communication, is that lexicalization of conceptual hierarchies is a function of (1) the structure and statistics of entities in the environment, and (2) the particular contexts in which communication occurs.In particular, we expect hierarchical lexica to form when features can be encoded as predictable clusters and communicative goals require distinctions to be drawn at multiple levels.To test this hypothesis, we designed a repeated reference game in which pairs of participants interactively created an artificial language to communicate with each other about objects in context (e.g.Winters, Kirby, & Smith, 2014;Galantucci & Garrod, 2011).In this game, participants were paired over the web and placed in a shared environment containing a grid of four objects (Fig. 1A) and a 'chatbox' to send messages from a pre-specified vocabulary of sixteen words (Fig. 1B).On each of ninety trials, one player -the 'speaker' -was privately shown a highlighted target object and allowed to send a single word to help their partner select this object
Ultra-fast ipsilateral DPOAE adaptation not modulated by attention?
2018-01-01

Efferent stimulation of outer hair cells is supposed to attenuate cochlear amplification of sound waves and is accompanied by reduced DPOAE amplitudes. Recently, a method using two subsequent f2 pulses during presentation of a longer f1 pulse was introduced to measure fast ipsilateral adaptation effects on separated DPOAE components. Compensating primary-tone onsets for their latencies at the f2-tonotopic place, the average adaptation measured in four normal-hearing subjects was 5.0 dB with a time constant below 5 ms. In the present study, two experiments were performed to determine the origin of this ultra-fast ipsilateral adaptation effect. The first experiment measured ultra-fast ipsilateral adaptation using a two-pulse paradigm at three frequencies in the four subjects, while controlling for visual attention of the subjects. The other experiment also controlled for visual attention, but utilized a sequence of f2 short pulses in the presence of a continuous f1 tone to sample ipsilateral adaptation effects with longer time constants in eight subjects. In the first experiment, no significant change in the ultra-fast adaptation between non-directed attention and visual attention could be detected. In contrast, the second experiment revealed significant changes in the magnitude of the slower ipsilateral adaptation in the visual-attention condition. In conclusion, the lack of an attentional influence indicates that the ultra-fast ipsilateral DPOAE adaptation is not solely mediated by the medial olivocochlear reflex.
Establishing an Alveolar in Vitro Model to Test Potential Pathogenic Aerosols
2018-01-01

Objectives: Despite the defensive mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract to deter substances from entering the lung, small aerosols can pass almost unhindered to the alveoli, potentially resulting in pathological reactions but also a possibility to deliver therapeutics. To test small particles and liquids for their pathological potential and also determine the molecular mechanism in the diverse cell types, we developed an alveolar in vitro model that can be used in an aerosol chamber. Moreover, protective substances preventing or attenuating the pathological reaction could be screened for with this model and cellular uptake of therapeutics can be tested.
Comparative Noninvasive Measurement of Cardiac Output Based on the Inert Gas Rebreathing Method (Innocor®) and MRI in Patients with Univentricular Hearts
2018-01-01

There are many complex cardiac malformations that are characterized by a functionally univentricular physiology. Staged surgical repair according to the Fontan principle separates the systemic and pulmonary circulations by connecting the systemic venous return to the pulmonary arteries. However, long-term follow-up studies demonstrate a gradual deterioration of cardiac function, particularly from the second or third decade. Noninvasive evaluation of the cardiac function is therefore important in the follow-up of these patients. The cardiac index (CI) is a reliable hemodynamic parameter and represents an important marker of cardiac function.
Hybrid-implantation of a Pulmonary Valve Avoiding Cardiopulmonary Bypass
2018-01-01

Objectives: Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement with the bovine Melody valve (Medtronic) is well established in patients with a weight of > 25 kg. In children below 20 kg of body weight implantation becomes increasingly difficult due to small vessel size. In selected cases problems of access and cardiac anatomy can be solved by a hybrid approach.
Implementation of a Systematic Literature Search Strategy in a National Breast Cancer Guideline: The Relevance of Systemic Therapy in Lymph Node Recurrent Disease
2018-01-01

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Purpose:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Our aim was to implement a structured literature search using PICO (patient/intervention/comparison/outcome) questions and a standardized consensus method for the German Guideline ‘Detection, diagnostics, therapy and follow-up of Breast Cancer' using, as an example, the significance of systemic therapy in lymph node recurrent disease (LNRD). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; We defined specified PICO questions according to the clinical significance of a recommendation for systemic therapies in locoregional LNRD. A methodologist performed a systematic literature search including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and observational studies (2007-2016). In a consensus conference, the level of evidence and consensus was determined and the clinical recommendation was adopted. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In total 143 publications were identified according to the search strategy including 14 duplicates, which were excluded. 4 publications were included based on experts' choice. The team excluded 119 publications, leaving 14 that were then screened by a full text search. Finally, 1 publication was found to be of methodologically and clinically reliable content. The conclusion of this publication in favor of systemic therapy for LNRD received strong consent from the consensus conference. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The literature search strategy using PICO questions helped to achieve a fast and standardized selection of publications. The recommendation concerning systemic treatment of LNRD was first implemented in the update of the German Breast Cancer guideline.
Recent Borexino results and perspectives of the SOX measurement
2018-01-01

Borexino is a liquid scintillator detector sited underground in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy). Its physics program, until the end of this year, is focussed on the study of solar neutrinos, in particular from the Beryllium, pp, pep and CNO fusion reactions. Knowing the reaction chains in the sun provides insights towards physics disciplines such as astrophysics (star physics, star formation, etc.), astroparticle and particle physics. Phase II started in 2011 and its aim is to improve the phase I results, in particular the measurements of the neutrino fluxes from the pep and CNO processes. By the end of this year, data taking from the sun will be over and a new project is scheduled to launch: Short distance Oscillation with boreXino (SOX), which uses a Cerium source for neutrinos (100÷150 kCi of activity) and aims to confirm or rule out the presence of sterile neutrinos. This particle is hypothesised to justify the reactor, Gallium and LSND anomalies found and can reject extensions to the standard model. The work presented is a summary of the solar neutrino results achieved so far, which lead not only to a precise study of the processes in the sun, but also to more Standard Model oriented measurements (such as the stability of the charge, i.e. the life time of the electron). Furthermore, the perspectives of the SOX program are discussed showing the experiment sensitivity to a fourth neutrino state covering almost entirely 3σ of the preferred region of the anomalous neutrino experiments, and additional applications of the detector such as the study of geo-neutrinos.
GS1.4 - Sensing with Noble Metal Oxide Loaded WO3
2018-01-01

WO 3 is one of the most commonly used materials for commercially available semiconducting metal oxide based gas sensors.In most cases, noble metals are added to WO 3 to increase stability and tune its sensing characteristics.In order to deliberately tune SMOX based sensors, understanding how the presence of the noble additives affects sensing would be helpful.Here using, DC resistance measurements and operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier spectroscopy (DRIFTS) the previously suggested sensing mechanism for Rh 2 O 3 loading has been verified and expanded to platinum oxide-loaded WO 3 .It is proven that the reactions between the noble metal oxide and the analyte gases are responsible for the reception.In turn the resulting changes in the heterojunction characteristics control the transduction
λ/2 Fabry Pérot micro-resonators in single molecule spectroscopy
2018-01-01

Embedded in a tuneable λ/2-FabryPérot micro-resonator the radiative relaxation of a dye molecule or quantum dot can reproducibly be modified allowing to determine their quantum yield, control Förster energy-transfer or localize them with nanometer precision.
Rare CP-violated η and η′ meson decays and neutron EDM.
2018-01-01

The data for the upper limit on the electric dipole moment of the neutron (nEDM) can be explained by using different mechanisms beyond the Standard Model (SM). The nEDM can be generated by a CP-violating transition of η and η′ mesons into pion pairs. We derive the upper limits for the rates of the CP-violating decays η ( η′ ) → 2 π are by orders of magnitude more stringent than those from existing experiments so far.
Improving Response Selection in Multi-Turn Dialogue Systems by Incorporating Domain Knowledge
2018-01-01

Building systems that can communicate with humans is a core problem in Artificial Intelligence. This work proposes a novel neural network architecture for response selection in an end-to-end multi-turn conversational dialogue setting. The architecture applies context level attention and incorporates additional external knowledge provided by descriptions of domain-specific words. It uses a bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for encoding context and responses and learns to attend over the context words given the latent response representation and vice versa.In addition, it incorporates external domain specific information using another GRU for encoding the domain keyword descriptions. This allows better representation of domain-specific keywords in responses and hence improves the overall performance. Experimental results show that our model outperforms all other state-of-the-art methods for response selection in multi-turn conversations.