julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
NMDA receptor antagonists do not block the development of sensitization of catalepsy, but make its expression state-dependent
2001-04-01

Dopamine (DA) receptor blockade induces catalepsy in rats which increases in strength upon retesting. This increase in catalepsy represents a form of sensitization which has been shown to be completely context dependent. Sensitization of catalepsy therefore represents a good model for studying the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the interaction between the cellular effect of a drug (DA-receptor blockade) and the context. This study investigated whether glutamatergic mechanisms are involved in the development of sensitization. Rats were treated with either haloperidol or haloperidol plus an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Haloperidol consistently induced catalepsy which developed sensitization upon retesting. Co-administration of D-CPPene (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), eliprodil (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or Ro 25-6981 (15 mg/kg, i.p.) did not have any effect on sensitization, although all three drugs exerted some anticataleptic effects. When sensitization developed under haloperidol plus NMDA receptor antagonist, the sensitized response was expressed only in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist. This strongly suggests that the NMDA receptor antagonists represent contextual stimuli to which catalepsy has been conditioned, and this implies that the expression of sensitization has been rendered state-dependent.
The Gly972Arg Polymorphism in the Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene Contributes to the Variation in insulin Secretion in Normal Glucose-Tolerant Humans
2001-04-01

The Gly972Arg polymorphism in the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 was found in some studies to have a higher prevalence in type 2 diabetic subjects than in control subjects. Previously, transfection of IRS-1 with this polymorphism into insulin-secreting cells resulted in a marked reduction of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared with the wild-type transfected cells. In the present study, we compared insulin secretion in well-matched normal glucose-tolerant subjects with and without this polymorphism. Several validated indexes of β-cell function from the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly lower in X/Arg (n = 31) compared with Gly/Gly (n = 181) (P between 0.002 and 0.05), whereas insulin sensitivity (measured with a euglycemic clamp) was not different. During a modified hyperglycemic clamp, insulin secretion rates were significantly lower in Gly/Arg (n = 8) compared with Gly/Gly (n = 36) during the first phase (1,711 ± 142 vs. 3,014 ± 328 pmol/min, P = 0.05) and after maximal stimulation with arginine (5,340 ± 639 vs. 9,075 ± 722 pmol/min, P = 0.03). In summary, our results suggest that the Gly972Arg polymorphism in IRS-1 is associated with decreased insulin secretion in response to glucose but not with insulin sensitivity. It is possible that this polymorphism causes insulin resistance at the level of the β-cell and contributes to the polygenic etiology of type 2 diabetes.
Ex vivo generation of human cytomegalovirus‐specific cytotoxic T cells by peptide‐pulsed dendritic cells
2001-04-01

Adoptive transfer of donor‐derived human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)‐specific T‐cell clones can restore protective immunity after stem cell transplantation. Ex vivo induction of HCMV‐specific T cells using HCMV‐infected fibroblasts as stimulator cells confines this approach to HCMV‐seropositive donors and requires the presence of infectious virus during the stimulation procedure. In this study, we describe a potential alternative strategy to generate HCMV‐specific T cells ex vivo for adoptive immunotherapy. Generation of HCMV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) ex vivo was investigated using peptide‐pulsed dendritic cells as antigen‐presenting cells. HCMV‐specific T cells were generated and sufficiently expanded for adoptive immunotherapy in 6 out of 14 HCMV‐seropositive and 2 out of 11 HCMV‐seronegative donors. The CTLs recognized HCMV‐infected autologous fibroblasts. No lysis was observed with either non‐infected autologous or HLA‐mismatched infected fibroblasts. Staining with tetrameric HLA/peptide complexes revealed significant enrichment for peptide‐specific T cells of up to 28% and &gt; 90% of CD8 + T cells after three and five specific stimulations respectively. In addition, the expansion rates indicated that ex vivo generation of &gt; 1 × 10 9 HCMV‐specific T cells was possible after 6–7 weeks when cultures were initiated with 1–5 × 10 6 responder cells. Thus, the approach with peptide‐pulsed DCs to generate HCMV‐specific CTLs is feasible for clinical application after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Variants ofPlasmodium falciparumErythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Expressed by Different Placental Parasites are Closely Related and Adhere to Chondroitin Sulfate A
2001-04-01

Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes adhere to syncytiotrophoblast cells lining the placenta via glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) and hyaluronic acid. Adherence of infected erythrocytes to host receptors is mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP-1). A single PfEMP-1 domain (duffy binding-like [DBL]-3, of the gamma sequence class) from laboratory-adapted strains is thought to be responsible for binding to CSA. In this study, DBL-gamma domains expressed by placental P. falciparum isolates were shown to have an affinity to CSA. All parasite populations accumulating in infected placentas express only 1 variant of PfEMP-1, each of which contains a DBL-gamma domain with CSA binding capacities. Furthermore, sequence analysis data provide evidence for antigenic conservation among the DBL-gamma sequences expressed by different placental parasites. This study offers a close reflection of the process of parasite adhesion in the placenta and is crucial to the understanding of the pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy.
Ontogenetic and phylogenetic transformations of the vomeronasal complex and nasal floor elements in marsupial mammals
2001-04-01

Histological sections and three-dimensional reconstructions of section-series were used to document the anatomy of the vomeronasal complex and other aspects of the ethmoidal region in representatives of 13 families and six orders of marsupial mammals, including for the first time Microbiotheria. The changes during growth of several features were examined in ontogenetic series. Marsupials are very conservative in comparison with eutherians regarding the vomeronasal complex. All have a vomeronasal organ and a nasopalatine duct, have no nasopalatine duct cartilage, have no (or just an incipient) palatine cartilage, and the overall construction of the nasal floor is uniform across species. Most features examined show a high degree of homoplasy (e.g. presence of glandular ridges, isolated dorsal process of the paraseptal cartilage), and their systematic value is confined to low taxonomic levels. Significant ontogenetic changes occur in features usually discussed in the systematic/taxonomic literature. Amongst the didelphids examined, Caluromys philander shows several autapomorphies. It is hypothesized that the opening of the VNO into the upper end of the nasopalatine duct was present in the marsupial groundplan. Most marsupials have a large and horizontal anterior transverse lamina, the plesiomorphic condition, which becomes oblique in diprotodontians. Some features are autapomorphies of well-supported monophyletic groups of marsupials, e.g. the conspicuous internasal communication of perameliformes and the 'tube-like' or ring-shaped paraseptal cartilage of vombatiformes. An outer bar joining the middle (and not the dorsal-most portion) of the paraseptal cartilage characterizes Australasian marsupials and Dromiciops, with the exclusion of perameliformes, and evolved independently in Caluromys philander.
Congenital Myopathies
2001-04-01

Most congenital myopathies have been defined on account of the morphological findings in enzyme histochemical preparations. In effect, the diagnosis of this group of diseases continues to be made on the histological pattern of muscle biopsies. However, progress has been made in elucidating the molecular genetic background of several of the congenital myopathies. In this updated review we address those congenital myopathies for which gene defects and mutant proteins have been found (central core disease, nemaline myopathies, desminopathy, actinopathy, certain vacuolar myopathies, and myotubular myopathy) and the other disease with central nuclei (centronuclear myopathy).
Loss of cyclin A and G1-cell cycle arrest are a prerequisite of ceramide-induced toxicity in human arterial endothelial cells
2001-04-01

Ceramide abrogates endothelial cell proliferation independently of apoptosis or necrosis at low concentrations (<or=10 microM) through loss of cyclin A expression with subsequent G1 cell-cycle arrest. Synchronization of HAECs in S-phase with aphidicolin overcomes C2-induced G1-arrest and partially blocks ceramide toxicity. These findings demonstrate the dependence of ceramide toxicity on cell cycle regulation, suggesting a strong bidirectional relationship between cell-cycle control and cell death in vessel biology.
Lipidation of T helper sequences from hepatitis C virus core significantly enhances T‐cell activity in vitro
2001-04-01

Summary Successful elimination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) during acute infection has been linked to strong HCV‐specific in vitro T‐cell proliferation, whereas T cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C respond only weakly to HCV antigens. Lipid‐coupled peptides are immunostimulants, which might provide a basis for novel therapeutic strategies against HCV. Therefore, in 20 patients with chronic hepatitis C, we studied whether tri‐palmitoyl‐S‐cysteine‐coupled peptides could modify in vitro T‐cell proliferation (by [ 3 H]thymidine uptake) in response to virus core and NS4. The lipopeptides corresponded to five immunodominant T helper epitopes of HCV core. Contrary to unmodified peptides, the lipopeptides specifically enhanced [ 3 H]thymidine uptake in response to HCV antigens but not to a non‐HCV related control antigen. They increased the frequency of responders (stimulation index, SI ≥ 4) to core (13/20 versus 2/20; p = 0·0008) and NS4 (20/20 versus 7/20; p &lt; 0·0001) among our patients with chronic hepatitis C. This immunostimulatory effect was dose‐dependent, and was observed specifically with lipopeptides corresponding to the HCV epitopes. Our data demonstrate that the poor in vitro T‐cell proliferation of patients with chronic hepatitis C can be improved when T cells are co‐stimulated with HCV core‐derived T helper lipopeptides, while the same peptides in unlipidated form had no effects. Thus, lipopeptides corresponding to HCV T‐cell epitopes may offer novel immunomodulatory strategies against HCV.
A src-like kinase activates outwardly rectifying chloride channels in CFTR-defective lymphocytes
2001-04-01

Defective activation of chloride channels is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Recently we have described activation of a volume-sensitive, outwardly rectifying chloride conductance (I(OR)) through the src-like tyrosine kinase p56(lck). Here we show that p56(lck) activates I(OR) independently of CFTR. In lymphocytes from healthy donors, chloride channels could be opened by either intracellular cAMP, p56(lck) or osmotic swelling. In CF lymphocytes, p56(lck) and cell swelling but not cAMP could activate chloride channels. Regulation of I(OR) by p56(lck) thus represents an alternative pathway of stimulating membrane chloride conductance that is left intact in cystic fibrosis.
Spindle Cell Lipoma of the Parapharyngeal Space: First Report of a Case
2001-04-01

Spindle cell lipomas are usually located in the subcutaneous tissue of the back, shoulders, and neck. To our knowledge, the presence of such a tumor in the parapharyngeal space has not yet been described. We evaluated a 45-year-old man with a tender swelling of the right parotid area that had reached the submandibular area. Clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging revealed the presence of a tumor that coated the parotid area laterally and extended into the center of the parapharyngeal space, thus causing a dislocation of the pharyngeal muscles and mucosa. We performed a total parotidectomy and submandibulectomy on the right side and extirpated the parapharyngeal tumor. We were able to spare the facial nerve, and no facial paralysis occurred. Histologic examination revealed an atypical lipomatous tumor with a remarkably large portion of spindles.
Rescue from death but not from functional impairment: caspase inhibition protects dopaminergic cells against 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced apoptosis but not against the loss of their terminals
2001-04-01

Despite the identification of several mutations in familial Parkinson's disease (PD), the underlying mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal loss in idiopathic PD are still unknown. To study whether caspase‐dependent apoptosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD, we examined 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) toxicity in dopaminergic SH‐SY5Y cells and in embryonic dopaminergic mesencephalic cultures. 6‐OHDA induced activation of caspases 3, 6 and 9, chromatin condensation and cell death in SH‐SY5Y cells. The caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐( O ‐methyl)fluoromethylketone (zVAD‐fmk) or adenovirally mediated ectopic expression of the X‐chromosomal inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) blocked caspase activation and prevented death of SH‐SY5Y cells. Similarly, zVAD‐fmk provided protection from 6‐OHDA‐induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurones in mesencephalic cultures. In contrast, zVAD‐fmk failed to protect mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones from 6‐OHDA‐induced loss of neurites and reduction of [ 3 H]dopamine uptake. These data suggest that, although caspase inhibition provides protection from 6‐OHDA‐induced death of dopaminergic neurones, the neurones may remain functionally impaired.
Three-Dimensional Double-Contrast MR Colonography
2001-04-01

Three-Dimensional Double-Contrast MR ColonographyA Display Method Simulating Double-Contrast Barium EnemaWolfgang Luboldt1 2, Oliver Luz1, Reinhard Vonthein3, Martin Heuschmid1, Marcus Seemann1, Juergen Schaefer1, Dietmar Stueker4 and Claus D. Claussen1Audio Available | Share
Proton MR Spectroscopy Reveals Lactate in Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (INAD)
2001-04-01

Changes of cerebral metabolites detected by proton MR spectroscopy in two cases of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy are described. A 6 11/12-year-old boy and a girl (aged 4 1/12 years at the first and 5 2/12 years at the second examination) with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia. The signal intensity of the cerebellar cortex was increased on T2-weighted, proton density, and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images. The long echo time (135 ms) spectra revealed the presence of lactate in the basal ganglia of both cases in all investigations. The N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio was reduced in Case 1 and in the second investigation of Case 2. The choline/creatine ratio was always increased. As the diagnosis of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is made by a synopsis of various clinical, neuropathological, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological data, the presence of lactate in the basal ganglia spectra may help to narrow down the diagnosis and can support the decision to perform more invasive diagnostic procedures (such as biopsies of skin, conjunctiva or even of the brain).
A src‐like kinase activates outwardly rectifying chloride channels in CFTR‐defective lymphocytes
2001-04-01

Defective activation of chloride channels is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Recently we have described activation of a volume‐sensitive, outwardly rectifying chloride conductance (I OR ) through the src‐like tyrosine kinase p56 lck . Here we show that p56 lck activates I OR independently of CFTR. In lymphocytes from healthy donors, chloride channels could be opened by either intracellular cAMP, p56 lck or osmotic swelling. In CF lymphocytes, p56 lck and cell swelling but not cAMP could activate chloride channels. Regulation of I OR by p56 lck thus represents an alternative pathway of stimulating membrane chloride conductance that is left intact in cystic fibrosis.—Lepple‐Wienhues, A., Wieland, U., Laun, T., Heil, L., Stern, M., Lang, F. A src‐like kinase activates outwardly rectifying chloride channels in CFTR‐defective lymphocytes. FASEB J. 15, 927–931 (2001)
EFFECTS OF DISTURBING AUDITORY NOISE ON THE COMPLEXITY OF ELECTROCORTICAL ACTIVITY
2001-04-01

The effects of disturbing noise on the nonlinear electrical brain (EEG) dynamics were investigated in a sample of 12 healthy volunteers. The prediction that a high intensity noise increases the dimensional complexity of brain activity as compared to a low intensity noise, was confirmed using a deterministic chaos algorithm. Further, there was a tendency for rest conditions to have a higher dimensional complexity than the condition in which the low-intensity noise was presented. Although a Fourier-analysis of the EEG revealed a difference in the alpha power between the rest condition at the end of the experiment and the noise conditions, no effect of noise intensity on the EEG power spectrum was obtained. The data indicate that the disturbing effect of a loud noise results in the recruitment of additional cortical networks and thus increases the complexity of cortical cell assemblies.
Cyclosporin A Blocks PMA and Ionomycin Activated Lymphotoxin Expression in a Human T-Cell Line.
2001-04-01

LTalpha and LTbeta represent subunits of lymphotoxin complexes, forming either a soluble homotrimeric complex (LTalpha(3)), which binds to and signals through CD120a/b (TNFRp55 and p75), or a membrane-associated heterotrimeric complex (LTalpha(1)beta(2)), which binds to and signals through the LTbeta receptor (LTbetaR). While it was demonstrated that the LTalpha(1)beta(2) complex is essential for organogenesis and the functional organization of secondary lymphoid organs, regulation of the biosynthesis of the LT components is not fully understood. We studied regulation of LTalpha and LTbeta gene expression in human T-cell line MOLT4, with special emphasis on the modulatory effects of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA). CsA downregulates PMA/ionomycin-induced LTalpha at both transcription and protein expression levels, whereas it downregulates LTbeta at the transcript but not at the protein expression levels. Our data suggest that intracellular calcium homeostasis determines the balance of LTalpha and LTbeta in human T cells.
Distance and International Banking
2001-04-01

If the technological revolution which has taken place over the past decades has lowered information costs and if information costs increase in distance, distance should – ceteris paribus – become less important in determining international bank lending. We are using a dataset on assets and liabilities of commercial banks from five countries (France, Germany, Italy, UK, US) in up to 50 host countries for the years 1983 through 1998 to test this hypothesis. For the European banks, distance has remained of the same importance it used to have. For the US, a declining importance of distance was found. Several interpretations of these findings are discussed.
Brief communication: Neurotraumatological aspects of head injuries resulting from sharp and blunt force in the early medieval period of southwestern Germany
2001-04-01

Approximately 10% (33 of 304) of the predominantly male skulls from the 6th through 8th centuries in southwestern Germany exhibit cranial fractures derived from blunt or sharp force trauma. No evidence of fracture healing characterizes 24% (n = 8) of these individuals. All nonhealed fractures were caused by sharp force, and four of these wounds cross the sagittal sinus. The lengths of these straight-edged wounds, produced exclusively by sword blows, measure around 8.0 cm for fatal, and about 5.0 cm for nonfatal wounds. Seventy-six percent (n = 25) of these skulls exhibit some healing, which indicates that these injuries did not lead to immediate death. In this group are all depressed fractures resulting from blunt force blows. Two thirds of the 45 cranial injuries noted on these 33 skulls are located on the left side of these individuals, with a concentration in the frontoparietal region. Bony indications of wound infection occur in four cases (12%). Three crania exhibit circular trepanations in association with fractures. These phenomena are discussed in the context of modern neurotraumatological knowledge. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:352–356, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unionist Scotland, 1800-1997, Catriona M. M. Macdonald
2001-04-01

Journal Article Unionist Scotland, 1800–1997, Catriona M. M. Macdonald Get access Christopher Harvie Christopher Harvie Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume 116, Issue 466, April 2001, Pages 515–516, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.466.515 Published: 01 April 2001
Non-cirrhotic hepatomas: A 20 year experience
2001-04-01

at 220 degrees in the right-left direction (i.e.110 degrees each for LAO and RAO).Alatoview, a workstation, was used for image processing.The subject of this study comprised 10 patients with hepatic diseases for whom the new technology was performed at our hospital in July 2000 onward (i.e. 7 with hepatocellulur carcinoma, one with metastatic liver cancer, one with liver cirrhosis with esophageal varices, and one with hemangioma of the liver.)[Result] With this new technology, a single-scan angiogram capture provided a three-dimensional vascular image of the third branches of more distal segments over the entire liver, which enabled observation of vessels running in an arbitrary direction from a spatial point of view and therefore facilitated adequate and salective catheterization.As a result of these beneficial features, the ease and accuracy of interventional radiology (IVR) was improved.[Conclusion] The newly developed real 30 angiography is clinically useful for use in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for treatment of liver cancer.
Unionist Scotland, 1800–1997, Catriona M. M. Macdonald
2001-04-01

Journal Article Unionist Scotland, 1800–1997, Catriona M. M. Macdonald Get access Christopher Harvie Christopher Harvie Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume 116, Issue 466, April 2001, Pages 515–516, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.466.515 Published: 01 April 2001
ChemInform Abstract: A Formal Total Synthesis of Dysidiolide.
2001-04-03

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electromagnetic Thirring problems
2001-04-04

We consider systems of two concentric spherical shells---the interior carrying arbitrary charge q but no mass, the exterior carrying arbitrary mass M but no charge---and calculate the dragging (and partly antidragging) effects and the induced magnetic fields which are produced by (independent) rotations of these shells in first order. We compare with results from the literature which usually are based only on first order approximations in q and/or M, and we clear up a discrepancy between these results concerning their Machian interpretation. We examine some new interaction effects between strong electric and gravitational fields, and we study especially the collapse limit of this rotating two-shell system.