julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Down with Emacs Lisp
2001-10-01

It is possible to translate code written in Emacs Lisp or another Lisp dialect which uses dynamic scoping to a more modern programming language with lexical scoping while largely preserving structure and readability of the code. The biggest obstacle to such an idiomatic translation from Emacs Lisp is the translation of dynamic binding into suitable instances of lexical binding: Many binding constructs in real programs in fact exhibit identical behavior under both dynamic and lexical binding. An idiomatic translation needs to detect as many of these binding constructs as possible and convert them into lexical binding constructs in the target language to achieve readability and efficiency of the target code. The basic prerequisite for such an idiomatic translation is thus a dynamic scope analysis which associates variable occurrences with binding constructs. We present such an analysis. It is an application of the Nielson/Nielson framework for flow analysis to a semantics for dynamic binding akin to Moreau's. Its implementation handles a substantial portion of Emacs Lisp, has been applied to realistic Emacs Lisp code, and is highly accurate and reasonably efficient in practice.
Localization of keratan sulphate and chondroitin‐6‐sulphate on the anteriorly displaced human temporomandibular joint disc – histological and immunohistochemical analysis
2001-10-01

The aetiology of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc displacement has been investigated using human post‐mortem material. Twenty TMJ specimens were used for a histological procedure with haematoxylin and eosin staining and orceine staining. Immunohistological analysis with chondroitin‐6‐sulphate and keratan sulphate was also carried out on the same specimens. Immunohistochemically, the specific localization of chondroitin‐6‐sulphate and keratan sulphate in the antero‐medial parts of the anteriorly displaced deformed TMJ disc, which may be load‐bearing areas, was observed. Orcein staining revealed that specific elastic fibres pulling the anterior band and stretching the disc continuously, may be an important factor in disc displacement. On the basis of these results, we were able to propose a significant new hypothesis for the aetiology of disc displacement.
Inhibition of Ret Oncogene Activity by the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP1
2001-10-01

Germline mutations in the Ret protooncogene give rise to the inherited endocrine cancer syndromes MEN types 2A and 2B and familiar medullary thyroid carcinoma. Although it is well accepted that the constitutive active tyrosine kinase of Ret oncogenes ultimately leads to malignant transformation, it is not clear whether a decrease in the autophosphorylation of oncogenic Ret forms can affect the mitogenic and transforming activities of Ret. Potential modulators of the tyrosine kinase activity of Ret could be tyrosine phosphatases that are expressed in human thyroid tissue. Therefore, we investigated the impact of the tyrosine phosphatases SHP1 and SHP2 on the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and oncogenic potency of Ret with a 9-bp duplication in the cysteine-rich domain (codons 634–636), which was described in a patient with MEN type 2A recently. SHP1 and SHP2 were stably overexpressed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts together with Ret-9bp. Coexpression of SHP1 with Ret-9bp reduced the autophosphorylation of Ret-9bp by 19 ± 7% (P = 0.01, n = 4), whereas no effect was seen with SHP2. Furthermore, Ret-9bp could be coimmunoprecipitated with SHP1 but not with SHP2 antibodies. Suppression of the Ret-9bp tyrosine kinase activity by SHP1 caused a decrease in activation of Erk2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and abolished PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation. In addition, diminished Ret-9bp autophosphorylation led to reduced phosphorylation of the transcription factor jun-D. Finally, the inhibitory effect on Ret-9bp signaling resulted in a 40–60% reduction of[ 3H]thymidine incorporation and in reduced ability of NIH3T3 cells to form colonies in soft agar. In conclusion, the data suggest that SHP1 caused a moderate reduction of Ret autophosphorylation, which led to a strong suppression of the Ret oncogene activity.
Synthese und Eigenschaften von 2-Cyanimino-l,3-dimethylimidazolin [1] / Synthesis and Properties of 2-Cyanimino-l,3-dimethylimidazoline [1]
2001-10-01

2-Cyanimino-1,3-dimethylimidazoline (3, ImNCN) is obtained from 1,3-dimethyl-2-iminoimidazoline (2) and BrCN. With Mo(CO) 6 , 3 forms the carbonyl complex (ImNCN)Mo(CO) 5 (4). The crystal structure of 3 is reported. The properties of 3 are discussed on comparison with those of (R 2 N) 2 C=NCN (1, R = H).
THE CHARACTER OF GOLDSTONE BOSONS
2001-10-01

A succinct review of the QCD gap equation and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking; their connection with Bethe-Salpeter equations and resolving the dichotomous nature of the pion; the calculation of the pion's valence-quark distribution; and first results for the pi-exchange contribution to the gamma N -> omega N cross-section, which is important in the search for missing nucleon resonances.
Specific treatment of autoimmunity with recombinant invariant chains in which CLIP is replaced by self-epitopes
2001-10-02

The invariant chain (Ii) binds to newly synthesized MHC class II molecules with the CLIP region of Ii occupying the peptide-binding groove. Here we demonstrate that recombinant Ii proteins with the CLIP region replaced by antigenic self-epitopes are highly efficient in activating and silencing specific T cells in vitro and in vivo . The Ii proteins require endogenous processing by antigen-presenting cells for efficient T cell activation. An Ii protein encompassing the epitope myelin basic protein amino acids 84–96 (Ii-MBP84–96) induced the model autoimmune disease experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with a higher severity and earlier onset than the peptide. When applied in a tolerogenic manner, Ii-MBP84–96 abolished antigen-specific T cell proliferation and suppressed peptide-induced EAE more effectively than peptide alone. Importantly, i.v. administration of Ii proteins after EAE induction completely abrogated the disease, whereas peptides only marginally suppressed disease symptoms. Ii fusion proteins are thus more efficient than peptide in modulating CD4 + T cell-mediated autoimmunity, documenting their superior qualities for therapeutic antigen delivery in vivo .
Three-dimensional kicked hydrogen atom
2001-10-02

We present an effective computational method and quantum results for the three-dimensional propagation of wave packets in the hydrogen atom driven by a train of short unidirectional electric-field pulses. We studied the dynamics of wave packets that are initially in a Stark state with different parabolic quantum numbers and observed quantum localization in the high-frequency domain.
Functional characterization of the KNOLLE-interacting t-SNARE AtSNAP33 and its role in plant cytokinesis
2001-10-08

Cytokinesis requires membrane fusion during cleavage-furrow ingression in animals and cell plate formation in plants. In Arabidopsis, the Sec1 homologue KEULE (KEU) and the cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE (KN) cooperate to promote vesicle fusion in the cell division plane. Here, we characterize AtSNAP33, an Arabidopsis homologue of the t-SNARE SNAP25, that was identified as a KN interactor in a yeast two-hybrid screen. AtSNAP33 is a ubiquitously expressed membrane-associated protein that accumulated at the plasma membrane and during cell division colocalized with KN at the forming cell plate. A T-DNA insertion in the AtSNAP33 gene caused loss of AtSNAP33 function, resulting in a lethal dwarf phenotype. atsnap33 plantlets gradually developed large necrotic lesions on cotyledons and rosette leaves, resembling pathogen-induced cellular responses, and eventually died before flowering. In addition, mutant seedlings displayed cytokinetic defects, and atsnap33 in combination with the cytokinesis mutant keu was embryo lethal. Analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed two further SNAP25-like proteins that also interacted with KN in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Our results suggest that AtSNAP33, the first SNAP25 homologue characterized in plants, is involved in diverse membrane fusion processes, including cell plate formation, and that AtSNAP33 function in cytokinesis may be replaced partially by other SNAP25 homologues.
Bis(μ-tricyanomethanido)tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)dicopper(I)
2001-10-13

Colourless crystals of the title compound, [Cu2(C4N3)2(C18H15P)4], were obtained by the reaction of CuC(CN)3 with excess of molten PPh3. The crystal structure contains centrosymmetric dimeric units bridged by two C(CN)3 ligands. The Cu atoms have a distorted tetrahedral coordination.
In Vivo Synthesis of the Periplasmic Domain of TonB Inhibits Transport through the FecA and FhuA Iron Siderophore Transporters of Escherichia coli
2001-10-15

ABSTRACT The siderophore transport activities of the two outer membrane proteins FhuA and FecA of Escherichia coli require the proton motive force of the cytoplasmic membrane. The energy of the proton motive force is postulated to be transduced to the transport proteins by a protein complex that consists of the TonB, ExbB, and ExbD proteins. In the present study, TonB fragments lacking the cytoplasmic membrane anchor were exported to the periplasm by fusing them to the cleavable signal sequence of FecA. Overexpressed TonB(33-239), TonB(103-239), and TonB(122-239) fragments inhibited transport of ferrichrome by FhuA and of ferric citrate by FecA, transcriptional induction of the fecABCDE transport genes by FecA, infection by phage φ80, and killing of cells by colicin M via FhuA. Transport of ferrichrome by FhuAΔ5-160 was also inhibited by TonB(33-239), although FhuAΔ5-160 lacks the TonB box which is involved in TonB binding. The results show that TonB fragments as small as the last 118 amino acids of the protein interfere with the function of wild-type TonB, presumably by competing for binding sites at the transporters or by forming mixed dimers with TonB that are nonfunctional. In addition, the interactions that are inhibited by the TonB fragments must include more than the TonB box, since transport through corkless FhuA was also inhibited. Since the periplasmic TonB fragments cannot assume an energized conformation, these in vivo studies also agree with previous cross-linking and in vitro results, suggesting that neither recognition nor binding to loaded siderophore receptors is the energy-requiring step in the TonB-receptor interactions.
Real-time decompression and visualization of animated volume data
2001-10-21

Interactive exploration of animated volume data is required by many application, but the huge amount of computational time and storage space needed for rendering does not yet allow the visualization of animated volumes. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm running at interactive frame rates using 3D wavelet transforms that allows for any wavelet, motion compensation techniques and various encoding schemes of the resulting wavelet coefficients to be used. We analyze different families and orders of wavelets for compression ratio and the introduced error. We use a quantization that has been optimized for the visual impression of the reconstructed volume, independent of the viewing algorithm. This enables us to achieve very high compression ratios while still being able to reconstruct the volume with as few visual artifacts as possible. A further improvement of the compression ratio has been achieved by applying a motion compensation scheme to exploit temporal coherency. Using these schemes, we are able to decompress each volume of our animation at interactive frame rates, while visualizing these decompressed volumes on a single PC. We also present a number of improved visualization algorithms for high-quality display using OpenGL hardware running at interactive frame rates on a standard PC.
Connectivity shapes
2001-10-21

We describe a method to visualize the connectivity graph of a mesh using a natural embedding in 3D space. This uses a 3D shape representation that is based solely on mesh connectivity --- the connectivity shape. Given a connectivity, we define its natural geometry as a smooth embedding in space with uniform edge lengths and describe efficient techniques to compute it. Our main contribution is to demonstrate that a surprising amount of geometric information is implicit in the connectivity.We also show how to generate connectivity shapes that approximate given 3D shapes. Potential applications of connectivity shapes to modeling and mesh coding are described.
A case study on interactive exploration and guidance aids for visualizing historical data
2001-10-21

In this paper, we address the problem of historical data visualization. We describe the data acquisition, preparation, and visualization. Since the data contain four dimensions, the standard 3D exploration techniques have to be extended or appropriately adapted in order to enable interactive exploration. We discuss in detail two interaction concepts: (1) navigation one fixed dimension, and (2) quasi 4D navigation allowing to simultaneously explore the four-dimensional space. In addition, we also present a picture-in-picture display mode, enabling the user to interactively view the data, while flying with a particular event, tracking its motion in time and space. Finally, we present a technique for guided exploration and animation generation, allowing for a vivid gain of insight into the historical data.
Jupiter: a toolkit for interactive large model visualization
2001-10-22

The fast increasing size of datasets in scientific computing, mechanical engineering, or virtual medicine is quickly exceeding the graphics capabilities of modern computers. Toolkits for the large model visualization address this problem by combining efficient geometric techniques, such as occlusion and visibility culling, mesh reduction, and efficient rendering.In this paper, we introduce Jupiter, a toolkit for the interactive visualization of large models which exploits the above mentioned techniques. Jupiter was originally developed by Hewlett-Packard and EAI, and it was recently equipped with new functionality by the University of Tubingen, as being part of the Kelvin project. Earlier this year, an initial version of Jupiter was also released as open source.
Parallel volume rendering on a single-chip SIMD architecture
2001-10-22

Volume rendering has great potential for parallelization due to the tremendous number of computations necessary. Besides the enormous computational power needed, the memory interface is usually of crucial importance and frequently the bottleneck. The paper presents an implementation of a parallel ray casting algorithm for orthogonal projections on a new single-chip SIMD architecture. Concurrent processing of rays is scheduled such that redundant memory accesses of the individual processing elements can be detected by the channel controller. Hence, data can be read efficiently in block-wise manner. For improved image quality, a permutation of the Shear-Warp algorithm with trilinear interpolation is used. The steps of the ray casting algorithm are carefully mapped onto the architecture avoiding expensive floating point operation, giving superior performance over previously reported results. A detailed analysis illustrates the timing of the individual computations and memory accesses, identifying the costliest parts of the implementation.
Pair Creation and an X-Ray Free Electron Laser
2001-10-23

Using a quantum kinetic equation we study the possibility that focused beams at proposed x-ray free electron laser facilities can initiate spontaneous electron-positron pair production from the QED vacuum. Under conditions reckoned achievable at planned facilities, repeated cycles of particle creation and annihilation will take place in tune with the laser frequency. The peak particle number density is insensitive to this frequency, and one can anticipate the production of a few hundred particle pairs per laser period.
GluR3 antibodies: Prevalence in focal epilepsy but no specificity for Rasmussen’s encephalitis
2001-10-23

Eight patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis, 40 patients with noninflammatory focal epilepsy, 104 patients with various neurologic diseases, and 16 healthy donors were tested for the prevalence of antibodies against the GluR3 receptor in serum and CSF. Reactivities against different peptides derived from various portions of this glutamate receptor subtype were detectable in a significantly higher number of patients with focal epilepsy than in those with other neurologic diseases, but they were not specific for the diagnosis of Rasmussen's encephalitis.
Spontaneous resolution of idiopathic syringomyelia
2001-10-23

To the Editor: Kastrup et al.1 have reported an adult case of idiopathic syringomyelia with spontaneous resolution of a syrinx. Their article is valuable in so far as it offers a policy of care for patients with syringomyelia while helping us to understand the mechanism by which a syrinx is formed and maintained, but their discussion falls short. They speculate that spontaneous decompression of the syrinx occurred as a result of a tear in the spinal cord. Although they mention that improvement of the flow of the CSF around the foramen magnum carried by the improvement of the Chiari malformation can result in spontaneous resolution of the syrinx, they pay insufficient attention to the location and shape of the cerebellar tonsils. In 1990, we reported spontaneous resolution of the syrinx, and speculated that improvement of flow of CSF ...
ChemInform Abstract: Streptocidins A—D, Novel Cyclic Decapeptide Antibiotics Produced by Streptomyces sp. Tue 6071. Part 2. Structure Elucidation.
2001-10-23

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Immediate postextraction implant placement with root-analog stepped implants: surgical procedure and statistical outcome after 6 years.
2001-10-25

The present study investigated 124 stepped-screw implants (gritblasted and acid-etched surface) placed in 104 patients immediately after tooth extraction or implant explantation and followed between August 1990 and December 1996. Implants of varying diameters and lengths were used to cover a wide range of indications in both the maxilla and mandible; 68% of the implants supported single-tooth replacements. The study parameters included Plaque Index, Gingival Index, probing depth, Periotest values, and peri-implant bone loss. Statistical analysis according to Kaplan-Meier revealed a 97% survival rate.
Preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the external functional unit RtH2-e from theRapana thomasiana
2001-10-25

The 'external' oxygenated functional unit RtH2-e of the Rapana hemocyanin subunit RHSS2 was isolated and crystallized. X-ray intensity data to 3.3 A resolution have been collected at 100 K and the structure has been solved using the molecular-replacement method. The space group is assigned to be the tetragonal P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 105.5, c = 375.0 A.
Phantom movements and pain An fMRI study in upper limb amputees
2001-11-01

Using functional MRI, we investigated 14 upper limb amputees and seven healthy controls during the execution of hand and lip movements and imagined movements of the phantom limb or left hand. Only patients with phantom limb pain showed a shift of the lip representation into the deafferented primary motor and somatosensory hand areas during lip movements. Displacement of the lip representation in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex was positively correlated to the amount of phantom limb pain. Thalamic activation was only present during executed movements in the healthy controls. The cerebellum showed no evidence of reorganizational changes. In amputees, movement of the intact hand showed a level of activation similar to movement of the right dominant hand in the healthy controls. During imagination of moving the phantom hand, all patients showed significantly higher activation in the contralateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices compared with imagination of hand movements in the controls. In the patients with phantom limb pain but not the pain-free amputees, imagined movement of the phantom hand activated the neighbouring face area. These data suggest selective coactivation of the cortical hand and mouth areas in patients with phantom limb pain. This reorganizational change may be the neural correlate of phantom limb pain.
Effects of Intravenous and Dietary Lipid Challenge on Intramyocellular Lipid Content and the Relation With Insulin Sensitivity in Humans
2001-11-01

An increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content, as quantified by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity. At present, it is unclear which factors determine IMCL formation and how rapidly IMCL accumulation can be induced. We therefore studied the impact of hyperinsulinemia and elevated circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels on IMCL formation and insulin sensitivity. We further evaluated the influence of a high-fat diet on IMCL storage. In the infusion protocol, 12 healthy male subjects underwent a 6-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp with concomitant infusion of Intralipid plus heparin. IMCL was quantified by 1H-MRS in soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle at baseline and then every hour. IMCL levels started to increase significantly after 2 h, reaching a maximum of 120.8 ± 3.4% (SOL) and 164.2 ± 13.8% (TA) of baseline after 6 h (both P &amp;lt; 0.05). In parallel, the glucose infusion rate (GIR) decreased progressively, reaching a minimum of 60.4 ± 5.4% of baseline after 6 h. Over time, the GIR was strongly correlated with IMCL in TA (r = −0.98, P ≤ 0.003) and SOL muscle (r = −0.97, P ≤ 0.005). In the diet protocol, 12 male subjects ingested both a high-fat and low-fat diet for 3 days each. Before and after completion of each diet, IMCL levels and insulin sensitivity were assessed. After the high-fat diet, IMCL levels increased significantly in TA muscle (to 148.0 ± 16.9% of baseline; P = 0.005), but not in SOL muscle (to 114.4 ± 8.2% of baseline; NS). Insulin sensitivity decreased to 83.3 ± 5.6% of baseline (P = 0.033). There were no significant changes in insulin sensitivity or IMCL levels after the low-fat diet. The effects of the high-fat diet showed greater interindividual variation than those of the infusion protocol. The data from the lipid infusion protocol suggest a functional relationship between IMCL levels and insulin sensitivity. Similar effects could be induced by a high-fat diet, thereby underlining the physiological relevance of these observations.
Silica-Supported TEMPO Catalysts:  Synthesis and Application in the Anelli Oxidation of Alcohols
2001-11-01

The application of silica-supported TEMPO as a recyclable catalyst in the Anelli oxidation of alcohols is reported. The catalyst is easily obtained in a one-step reductive amination procedure starting from a commercially available aminopropyl-functionalized silica. Details of the synthesis of the supported catalyst and its analysis by MAS NMR are presented. Various alcohol oxidations according to the Anelli protocol have been carried out and the stability of the applied silica-supported TEMPO has been studied.