julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Towards expert gaze modeling and recognition of a user’s attention in realtime
2020-01-01

One of the appealing areas of expertise research is devoted to measuring the effectiveness of training programs for novices. With recent progress in eye tracking, gaze-based interaction systems recognize a user's attention and can direct it accordingly. Moreover, dynamic visualization of an expert gaze model facilitates novice training by guiding the gaze to relevant areas. In addition, the system should be aware of realtime attention to remove an overlay that could occlude relevant information. We use an implementation of subtle gaze direction (SGD) and the simplified scanpath of a dentist to train naive participants in finding anomalies in dental radiographs. We were able to effectively direct user gaze to relevant image features without occluding the area when attention was recognized. Additionally, participants reported that the intervention was helpful for image inspection. The results of the model intervention show minimal improvements in anomaly detection, which is expected of naive subjects. We advocate that the system has the potential to be highly effective for advanced students and trainees with a certain foundation of conceptual knowledge.
Variable Splitting Methods for Constrained State Estimation in Partially Observed Markov Processes
2020-01-01

In this paper, we propose a class of efficient, accurate, and general methods\\nfor solving state-estimation problems with equality and inequality constraints.\\nThe methods are based on recent developments in variable splitting and\\npartially observed Markov processes. We first present the generalized framework\\nbased on variable splitting, then develop efficient methods to solve the\\nstate-estimation subproblems arising in the framework. The solutions to these\\nsubproblems can be made efficient by leveraging the Markovian structure of the\\nmodel as is classically done in so-called Bayesian filtering and smoothing\\nmethods. The numerical experiments demonstrate that our methods outperform\\nconventional optimization methods in computation cost as well as the estimation\\nperformance.\\n
Cortical oxygenation during exposure therapy – in situ fNIRS measurements in arachnophobia
2020-01-01

Exposure therapy is a well-studied and highly efficacious treatment for phobic disorders. Although the neurobiological model of fear is well underpinned by various studies, the mechanisms of exposure therapy are still under discussion. Partly, this is due to the fact that most neurophysiological methods like fMRI are not able to be used in the natural therapeutic settings. The current study used in situ measurements of cortical blood oxygenation (O<sub>2</sub>Hb) during exposure therapy by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy. 37 subjects (N = 30 completers) underwent exposure therapy during 5 adapted sessions in which subjects were exposed to Tegenaria Domestica (domestic house spider - experimental condition) and Dendrobaena Veneta/ Eisenaia hortensis (red earthworm - control condition). Compared to the control condition, patients showed higher O<sub>2</sub>Hb levels in the anticipation and exposure phase of spider exposure in areas of the cognitive control network (CCN). Further, significant decreases in O<sub>2</sub>Hb were observed during the session accompanied by reductions in fear related symptoms. However, while symptoms decreased in a linear quadratic manner, with higher reductions in the beginning of the session, CCN activity decreased linearly. Further, higher anxiety at the beginning of session one was associated with increased O<sub>2</sub>Hb in the CCN. This association decreased within the following sessions. The current study sheds light on the neuronal mechanisms of exposure therapy. The results are discussed in light of a phase model of exposure therapy that posits a role of cognitive control in the beginning and routine learning at the end of the therapy session.
Identifying change-dropout patterns during an Internet-based intervention for depression by applying the Muthen-Roy model.
2020-01-01

To date, only few studies have attempted to investigate non-ignorable dropout during Internet-based interventions by applying an NMAR model, which includes missing data indicators in its equations. Here, the Muthen-Roy model was used to investigate change and dropout patterns in a sample of patients with mild-to-moderate depression symptoms (<i>N</i> = 483) who were randomized to a 12-week Internet-based intervention (deprexis, identifier: NCT01636752). Participants completed the PHQ-9 biweekly during the treatment. We identified four change-dropout patterns: Participants showing high impairment, improvement and low dropout probability (C3, <i>N</i> = 134) had the highest rate of reliable change at 6- and 12-month follow-up. A further pattern was characterized by high impairment, deterioration and high dropout probability (C2, <i>N</i> = 32), another by low impairment, improvement and high dropout probability (C1, <i>N</i> = 198). The last pattern was characterized by high impairment, no change and low dropout probability (C4, <i>N</i> = 119). In addition to deterioration, also rapid improvement may lead to dropout as a result of a perceived "good enough" dosage of treatment. This knowledge may strengthen sensitivity for the mechanisms of dropout and help to consider its meaning in efforts to optimize treatment selection.
The Eya1 Phosphatase Mediates Shh-Driven Symmetric Cell Division of Cerebellar Granule Cell Precursors
2020-01-01

During neural development, stem and precursor cells can divide either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The transition between symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions is a major determinant of precursor cell expansion and neural differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms that regulate this transition are not well understood. Here, we identify the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway as a critical determinant regulating the mode of division of cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs). Using partial gain and loss of function mutations within the Shh pathway, we show that pathway activation determines spindle orientation of GCPs, and that mitotic spindle orientation correlates with the mode of division. Mechanistically, we show that the phosphatase Eya1 is essential for implementing Shh-dependent GCP spindle orientation. We identify atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) as a direct target of Eya1 activity and show that Eya1 dephosphorylates a critical threonine (T410) in the activation loop. Thus, Eya1 inactivates aPKC, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of Numb and other components that regulate the mode of division. This Eya1-dependent cascade is critical in linking spindle orientation, cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. Together these findings demonstrate that a Shh-Eya1 regulatory axis selectively promotes symmetric cell divisions during cerebellar development by coordinating spindle orientation and cell fate determinants.
Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments
2020-01-01

Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
HIF-1α Stimulators Function Equally to Leading Hair Loss Agents in Enhancing Dermal Papilla Growth
2020-01-01

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Androgenic alopecia (AGA) occurs due to progressive miniaturization of the dermal papilla (DP). During this process the hair follicle loses nutrition over time and eventually dies, causing the hair to fall out. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1α) modulation may counteract hair loss. This study aims to evaluate the proliferation of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) under the influence of a selection of commercially available topical hair loss drugs, compared to HIF-1α-stimulating agents. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Using the hanging drop method, DPCs self-organized into spheroid shape, mirroring the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the DP in vivo. DP analogs were treated with established substances against AGA (minoxidil and caffeine) compared to HIF-1α-stimulating agents (deferoxamine [DFO] and deferiprone [DFP]), at 10 mM doses. DP analogs were simultaneously stained with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to evaluate impact of drug compounds on DP daughter cell production. Concurrently, fluorescent microscopy visualization of migration of daughter cells after 48 h in culture was performed. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; DPC proliferation within the spheroid structure was significantly enhanced by caffeine, minoxidil, and the HIF-1α-stimulating agent DFP when compared to control. Highest proliferation was seen in the DFP-treated DP analogs. Migration of peripheral DP daughter cells was highest in control and DFO groups. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Here we demonstrate a significantly enhanced proliferative activity for both established substances against AGA (minoxidil and caffeine) and the HIF-1α-stimulating agent DFP in a 3D DPC spheroid culture model with equal results for DFP and minoxidil. These favorable characteristics make such compounds potential water-soluble alternatives to minoxidil.
Towards automatically generating Questions under Discussion to link information and discourse structure
2020-01-01

Questions under Discussion (QUD; Roberts, 2012) are emerging as a conceptually fruitful approach to spelling out the connection between the information structure of a sentence and the nature of the discourse in which the sentence can function. To make this approach useful for analyzing authentic data, Riester, Brunetti & De Kuthy (2018) presented a discourse annotation framework based on explicit pragmatic principles for determining a QUD for every assertion in a text. De Kuthy et al. (2018) demonstrate that this supports more reliable discourse structure annotation, and Ziai and Meurers (2018) show that based on explicit questions, automatic focus annotation becomes feasible. But both approaches are based on manually specified questions. In this paper, we present an automatic question generation approach to partially automate QUD annotation by generating all potentially relevant questions for a given sentence. While transformation rules can concisely capture the typical question formation process, a rule-based approach is not sufficiently robust for authentic data. We therefore employ the transformation rules to generate a large set of sentence-question-answer triples and train a neural question generation model on them to obtain both systematic question type coverage and robustness.
TUE at SemEval-2020 Task 1: Detecting Semantic Change by Clustering Contextual Word Embeddings
2020-01-01

This paper describes our system for SemEval 2020 Task 1: Unsupervised Lexical Semantic Change Detection. Target words of corpora from two different time periods are classified according to their semantic change. The languages covered are English, German, Latin, and Swedish. Our approach involves clustering ELMo embeddings using DBSCAN and K-means. For a more fine grained detection of semantic change we take the Jensen-Shannon Distance metric and rank the target words from strongest to weakest change. The results show that this is a valid approach for the classification subtask where we rank 13th out of 33 groups with an accuracy score of 61.2%. For the ranking subtask we score a Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient of 0.087 which places us on rank 29.
Influenza Vaccination: Accelerating the Process for New Vaccine Development in Older Adults
2020-01-01

Increased susceptibility to the serious complications of influenza is common in older adults. It is often ascribed to weakening of the immune system with age, and 90% of influenza-related deaths occur in older adults despite widespread vaccination programs. Common chronic conditions not only contribute to the loss of immune protection after vaccination and increase the risk for serious outcomes of influenza, but also increase the long-term consequences following hospitalization. Interactions of T and B cell ageing, chronic elevation of inflammatory cytokines (sometimes dubbed "inflammaging"), and dysregulated acute cytokine production pose major challenges to the development of new and more effective vaccines. However, these age-related problems are modifiable, as we have shown, and provide a clear margin for improvement. This chapter describes how an exclusive focus on developing influenza vaccines to stimulate strain-specific antibody responses against the hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus, to the exclusion of other potentially important mechanisms, is missing the mark in terms of preventing the serious complications of influenza in older adults. Novel approaches are needed to enhance antibody-mediated protection against infection and stimulate cell-mediated immune responses to clear influenza virus from the lungs. These strategies for improving vaccine effectiveness will address the public health need for "vaccine prevention of disability" to mitigate the global pressures of aging populations on health and social care systems.
Can We Prepare to Negate? Negation as a Reversal Operator
2020-01-01

Negation is a critical cognitive operator that is investigated across a wide range of psychological phenomena (e.g., language, eating control, emotion control, stereotype processing). A core function of negation is reversing input information. In the current study, we investigated whether this reversing process benefits from temporal preparation. In Experiment 1, participants were first presented with either the negator "not" or the affirmative counterpart "now", and in a variable delay with the response indicating stimulus "left" or "right". Participants had to respond according to phrase meaning (e.g., "now right" ➔ right response; "not right" ➔ left response). The results showed a persisting negation effect of 150 ms that did not reduce with preparatory time. In Experiment 2, we replicated this study using non-linguistic input information (i.e. crosses, tick-marks and arrows). Again, despite standard temporal preparation effects being present, the reversal process itself did not benefit from preparatory time. In summary, these experiments suggest that capacity demanding reversal processes are not eased if we know that a reversal process is coming up soon. This is particularly interesting, as in the current experiments a very basic binary negation paradigm was implemented. The implications of these results for models of negation processing are discussed.
Engineering interfacial entropic effects to generate giant viscosity changes in nanoparticle embedded polymer thin films
2020-01-01

We demonstrate a new method to study the viscosity of PNC thin films, consisting of polymer grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) embedded in un-entangled homopolymer melt films, using atomic force microscopy based force–distance spectroscopy.
Observing Inter-Professional Videos: Impact of Collaboration Between Physicians and Psychologists on Attitude and Knowledge Acquisition
2020-01-01

Background: Inter-professional collaboration (IPC) is an important prerequisite for successful patient care. Even though inter-professional education (IPE) is increasingly common in undergraduate medical education, few IPE approaches explicitly address the IPC among medical students and students of psychology. IPE videos can be used to give learners the opportunity to gather relevant knowledge from different professional perspectives. So far it has been unclear whether it is enough when the topic of the video itself is inter-professional or if it is necessary for experts from different professions explicitly to appear in the video. Methods: In an online experiment, medical students watched 1 of 2 videos about Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the care of PD patients. The information was either provided by protagonists from only 1 profession (ie, physicians; mono-professional condition) or provided by protagonists from 2 different professions (ie, physicians and a psychologist; inter-professional condition). Attitude toward inter-professional interaction and learning, evaluation of the entertaining and illustrative character of the video, attitude toward physicians and psychologists, importance of IPC, evaluation of psychological treatment support, and knowledge acquisition served as dependent variables. Results: The analysis was based on 140 participants (74 in the mono-, 66 in the inter-professional condition). We found that the inter-professional video was perceived to be more entertaining than the mono-professional video ( t (138) = −2.227; P = .028; d = 0.38). The inter-professional video was also considered to be more illustrative ( t (138) = −6.269; P &lt; .001; d = 1.06). Moreover, participants improved their attitude toward physicians by watching the video ( F (1,138) = 4.860, P &lt; .001, η 2 p = 0.11), but they did not change their attitude toward psychologists ( P = .146). Participants who watched the inter-professional video considered IPC to be more important than participants who watched the mono-professional video ( t (138) = −7.954; P &lt; .001; d = 1.354). Finally, the inter-professional video led to better performance in the knowledge test ( t (138) = −2.285; P = .024; d = 0.04). Conclusion: Inter-professional videos showing explicitly the appearance of experts from different professions come along with several advantages. We discuss the implications of their application in educational practice. Trial registration: The study was pre-registered on the pre-registration platform AsPredicted ( aspredicted.org ) before we began data collection (registration number: #33143). The pre-registration document can be accessed via the following link: https://aspredicted.org/blind.php?x=gd5hd8 .
S1-R2 and R1-R2 Backward Crosstalk Both Affect the Central Processing Stage
2020-01-01

A frequent observation in dual-task experiments is that performance in Task 1 is influenced by conceptual or spatial overlap with features of Task 2. Such compatibility-based backward crosstalk effects (BCEs) can occur when overlap exists between the responses of two tasks-the R1-R2 BCE-or between the stimulus in Task 1 and the response in Task 2-the S1-R2 BCE. The present study investigated whether the S1-R2 BCE has a perceptual locus, and by implication, whether the two BCEs have a common processing locus or different ones. To this end, we applied the additive factors logic and manipulated the duration of the Task 1 perceptual stage. The results argue against a perceptual locus for both BCEs. As a possible explanation, we suggest that the R1-R2 BCE and the S1-R2 BCE have their locus within a capacity-limited central stage, but that they arise from different processes within this stage. The R1-R2 BCE influences Task 1 response selection, whereas the S1-R2 BCE influences Task 1 stimulus classification. A plausible though post-hoc model is presented within the Discussion.
Unexpected discovery of calcium cryptates with exceptional stability
2020-01-01

A 2,2′-bipyridine-<italic>N</italic>,<italic>N</italic>′-dioxide-based cryptand has been found to exhibit exceptional apparent complex stability for Ca<sup>2+</sup>and unusually shows very high selectivity for Ca<sup>2+</sup>over trivalent lanthanoid cations.
NanoSQUIDs from YBa2Cu3O7/SrTiO3 superlattices with bicrystal grain boundary Josephson junctions
2020-01-01

We report on the fabrication and characterization of nanopatterned dc SQUIDs with grain boundary Josephson junctions based on heteroepitaxially grown YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/SiTrO<sub>3</sub> superlattices.
Imputing typological values via phylogenetic inference
2020-01-01

This paper describes a workflow to impute missing values in a typological database, a sub- set of the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS). Using a world-wide phylogeny de- rived from lexical data, the model assumes a phylogenetic continuous time Markov chain governing the evolution of typological val- ues. Data imputation is performed via a Max- imum Likelihood estimation on the basis of this model. As back-off model for languages whose phylogenetic position is unknown, a k- nearest neighbor classification based on geo- graphic distance is performed.
The Silenced Trauma in the Íslendingasögur
2020-01-01

Although the Íslendingasögur feature countless episodes with saga characters who are wounded and impaired in martial encounters, the sagas are remarkably silent on these (physical) traumas. Indeed, in most cases such injuries and impairments are addressed only in succinct comments, if at all. Nonetheless, longer-term consequences such as dis/ability and social stigma can seriously jeopardise a character’s social standing and reputation (i.e. Bourdieu’s symbolic capital). Although peace negotiations and compensation payments (i.e. Bourdieu’s economic capital) can attempt to restore this imbalance and the social equilibrium more broadly, they cannot relieve a saga character of the experienced trauma. Hence, the trauma keeps evading narrativization, a process mirrored in the narrative prosthesis of the sagas’ silence. It is thus argued that narrative silence has deeply personal implications for the individuals concerned and is potentially an expression of a trauma. In order to penetrate this ‘silence of the limbs’, the article draws on four interlinked methodological approaches that allow for a fruitful interpreting of the taciturnity of the sagas. Starting from the perspective of dis/ability history, the article draws on the key concepts of narrative prosthesis, as articulated by Mitchell and Snyder (2003); Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of capital; and trauma theory.
Curcumin nanonization using an alternative small-scale production unit: selection of proper stabilizer applying basic physicochemical consideration and biological activity assessment of nanocrystals
2020-01-01

Abstract As the number of poorly soluble drugs is increasing, nanocrystals have become very interesting due to wide range of application possibilities. Curcuminwas used as a model active ingredient in this work. Even though it has many proven positive effects, due to its physicochemical issues, its possibilities have not been fully exploited. The goal of this work was to select optimal conditions for a top-down method for curcumin nanosuspension production, and to perform their comprehensive characterization applying complementary methodologies: dynamic light scattering, polarization and atomic force microscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, antioxidant activity evaluation, release kinetics assessment, and screening of potential biological effects applying cell viability assays on normal human lung fibroblasts, human melanoma and human adenomacarcinoma cells. After 30 min of milling, nanosuspensions stabilized by polysorbate 80 and by its combinations with sucrose palmitate showed good stability, while curcumin crystal structure was unaltered. Obtained nanocrystals were well defined, with average diameter 120–170 nm and PDI of about 0.25, zeta potential was below −30 mV and pH~5 for all formulations. Nanodispersions exhibited high antioxidant potential and improved dissolution rate compared to the corresponding coarse dispersions. Although curcumin nanodispersions exhibited significant antiproliferative effect to each cancer cell line, the highest effect was towards adenocarcinoma cells.