julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
What Is Anesthesia?
2021-02-17

Have you ever had surgery? If yes, perhaps you remember how you talked to the hospital staff before the operation, until everything suddenly became black? And when you woke up later, the operation was already finished, and you felt as if you had been asleep? But you were not asleep—you were under anesthesia, a drug-induced state in which you are not aware of your surroundings, do not feel any pain, and cannot move or form memories. Did you know that anesthesia was only discovered 150 years ago? Just imagine how traumatic an operation would have been when there was no anesthesia: people had to go through a surgery wide awake and with no pain killers! Luckily, nowadays we can feel at ease before an operation, knowing we will not experience it or feel any pain—thanks to anesthesia. But what exactly is anesthesia? In this article, we will shed some light on what happens during anesthesia, what different kinds of anesthesia exist and how they work.
Towards Grounding Compositional Concept Structures in Self-organizing Neural Encodings
2021-02-17

While the symbol grounding problem of agreeing on a mapping between symbols and sensory or even sensorimotor grounded concepts has been solved to a large extent, one possibly even deeper open problem remains: How do concepts and compositional concept structures develop in the rst place?Concepts may be described as integrative mental representations that encode certain sensory, motor, or sensorimotor states or events.Compositionality, on the other hand, determines how concepts are associated with each other in a semantically meaningful and highly exible manner.We argue that progressively complex concepts and compositional structures can be developed starting from very basic perceptual and motor control mechanisms.An experiment with a simple simulated robot gives hints about highly relevant structural ontogenetic prerequisites for their development.In the outlook, we conclude by sketching out the current most pressing challenges ahead.
A draft genome ofAlliaria petiolata(garlic mustard) as a model system for invasion genetics
2021-02-17

Abstract The emerging field of invasion genetics examines the genetic causes and consequences of biological invasions, but few study systems are available that integrate deep ecological knowledge with genomic tools. Here we report on the de novo assembly and annotation of a genome for the biennial herb Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara &amp; Grande (Brassicaceae), which is widespread in Eurasia and invasive across much of temperate North America. Our goal was to sequence and annotate a genome to complement resources available from hundreds of published ecological studies, a global field survey, and hundreds of genetic lines maintained in Germany and Canada. We sequenced a genotype (EFCC-3-20) collected from the native range near Venice, Italy and sequenced paired-end and mate pair libraries at ~70 × coverage. A de novo assembly resulted in a highly continuous draft genome (N 50 = 121 Mb; L 50 = 2) with 99.7 % of the 1.1 Gb genome mapping to scaffolds of at least 50 Kb in length. A total of 64,770 predicted genes in the annotated genome include 99 % of plant BUSCO genes and 98 % of transcriptome reads. Consistent with previous reports of (auto)hexaploidy in western Europe, we found that almost one third of BUSCO genes (390/1440) mapped to two or more scaffolds despite &lt; 2 % genome-wide average heterozygosity. The continuity and gene space quality of our draft assembly will enable molecular and functional genomic studies of A. petiolata to address questions relevant to invasion genetics and conservation strategies.
Cygnus X-1 contains a 21–solar mass black hole—Implications for massive star winds
2021-02-18

A heavy black hole in an x-ray binary If a black hole interacts with a binary companion star, the system emits x-rays and can form a radio jet. The masses of black holes in these x-ray binaries are all lower than those detected using gravitational waves, challenging models of black hole formation from massive stars. Miller-Jones et al. used radio astrometry to refine the distance to Cygnus X-1, a well-studied x-ray binary. They found a larger distance than previous estimates, raising the mass of the black hole in the system to 21 solar masses. The results challenge the wind mass loss rates implemented in stellar evolution models. Science , this issue p. 1046
The Arab uprisings and the return of repression
2021-02-18

The Arab uprisings of 2011 led to a reassessment of comparative politics research on authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa. The Arab region made its way from area studies into mainstream comparative politics, and research foci have shifted towards civil-military relations and repression. Ten years later, we observe higher levels of repression across the region, reflecting a diversity of repressive trends. Advocating comprehensive research on this variation, we review recent literature that tackles various dimensions of repression in Arab autocracies. In addition to disaggregating forms and targets of repression, we call for its justifications, agents and transnational dimensions to be considered next to the implications of digital technologies of coercion. We also reflect on how repression affects the possibility of doing research and how we can investigate the proposed dimensions of repression.
Conceptualising Teacher Education for Inclusion: Lessons for the Professional Learning of Educators from Transnational and Cross-Sector Perspectives
2021-02-18

Despite policy calling for enhanced inclusive practice within all schools and colleges, educators across Europe are facing increasing challenges when providing effective inclusive education for all students as a result of increased diversity within European society. This paper focuses on the development of our understanding of how to support educators’ professional learning around issues of diversity and inclusion. Specifically, it aims to explore what diversity looks like across countries, sectors, and roles, what challenges and dilemmas are posed for educators, and how new approaches to professional learning can support the educators across all sectors. The exploratory study described in the paper emerged from work undertaken as part of an Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership project called PROMISE (Promoting Inclusion in Society through Inclusion: Professional Dilemmas in Practice). Traditional approaches to professional learning to support teachers’ inclusive practice have tended to focus on discrete courses which address specific learning needs such as autism, literacy difficulties, or behavioural issues. The paper presents findings from a transnational study which indicate that the professional dilemmas facing educators are complex and unpredictable and argues, therefore, that educators require professional learning that is collaborative, interprofessional, and acknowledges that the challenges they face are multifaceted.
Fate of nitrate during groundwater recharge in a fractured karst aquifer in Southwest Germany
2021-02-18

Abstract Over the past decades, fractured and karst groundwater systems have been studied intensively due to their high vulnerability to nitrate (NO 3 − ) contamination, yet nitrogen (N) turnover processes within the recharge area are still poorly understood. This study investigated the role of the karstified recharge area in NO 3 − transfer and turnover by combining isotopic analysis of NO 3 − and nitrite (NO 2 − ) with time series data of hydraulic heads and specific electrical conductivity from groundwater monitoring wells and a karstic spring in Germany. A large spatial variability of groundwater NO 3 − concentrations (0.1–0.8 mM) was observed, which cannot be explained solely by agricultural land use. Natural-abundance N and O isotope measurements of NO 3 − (δ 15 N and δ 18 O) confirm that NO 3 − derives mainly from manure or fertilizer applications. Fractional N elimination by denitrification is indicated by relatively high δ 15 N- and δ 18 O-NO 3 − values, elevated NO 2 − concentrations (0.05–0.14 mM), and δ 15 N-NO 2 − values that were systematically lower than the corresponding values of δ 15 N-NO 3 − . Hydraulic and chemical response patterns of groundwater wells suggest that rain events result in the displacement of water from transient storage compartments such as the epikarst or the fissure network of the phreatic zone. Although O 2 levels of the investigated groundwaters were close to saturation, local denitrification might be promoted in microoxic or anoxic niches formed in the ferrous iron-bearing carbonate rock formations. The results revealed that (temporarily) saturated fissure networks in the phreatic zone and the epikarst may play an important role in N turnover during the recharge of fractured aquifers.
Optimal estimation of time-dependent gravitational fields with quantum optomechanical systems
2021-02-18

We study the fundamental sensitivity that can be achieved with an ideal\\noptomechanical system in the nonlinear regime for measurements of\\ntime-dependent gravitational fields. Using recently developed methods to solve\\nthe dynamics of a nonlinear optomechanical system with a time-dependent\\nHamiltonian, we compute the quantum Fisher information for linear displacements\\nof the mechanical element due to gravity. We demonstrate that the sensitivity\\ncan not only be further enhanced by injecting squeezed states of the cavity\\nfield, but also by modulating the light--matter coupling of the optomechanical\\nsystem. We specifically apply our results to the measurement of gravitational\\nfields from small oscillating masses, where we show that, in principle, the\\ngravitational field of an oscillating nano-gram mass can be detected based on\\nexperimental parameters that will likely be accessible in the near-term future.\\nFinally, we identify the experimental parameter regime necessary for\\ngravitational wave detection with a quantum optomechanical sensor.\\n
How Can Climate Models Be Used in Paleoelevation Reconstructions?
2021-02-18

Paleoelevation reconstructions derived from proxy data such as stable oxygen isotope records in terrestrial archives have been determined for Cenozoic mountain ranges around the world. Recent studies have highlighted that a variety of paleoclimate processes can contribute to the isotopic composition of a measured precipitation (δ 18 O p ) signal used in elevation reconstructions. These processes can include: regional, global, and topographic variations in paleotemperature; environmental conditions of an air mass before orographic ascent; evapotranspiration; water vapor recycling; and changes in the vapor source. In some cases, these processes can overprint the elevation signal sought in proxy data and preclude robust elevation reconstructions. Recent advances in isotope tracking climate models allow us to estimate paleoclimate changes during orogen development and associated changes in paleo δ 18 O p due to both climate and topographic changes. These models account for adiabatic and non-adiabatic temperature changes, relative humidity variations, changing continental evapotranspiration, vapor recycling, vapor source changes, etc. Modeling strategies using high-resolution isotopes-enabled General Circulation Models (iGCMs) together with time-specific boundary conditions and variable topography provide a powerful tool for enhancing elevation reconstructions from δ 18 O p proxy data. In this review, we discuss the principles, benefits and caveats of using iGCMs for interpreting isotopic records from natural archives for paleoelevation reconstructions. We also highlight future challenges for the application of iGCMs to paleoaltimetry proxy data that open up new avenues for research on tectonic-climate interactions.
Loss of Ciliary Gene Bbs8 Results in Physiological Defects in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
2021-02-18

Primary cilia are sensory organelles vital for developmental and physiological processes. Their dysfunction causes a range of phenotypes including retinopathies. Although primary cilia have been described in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), little is known about their contribution to biological processes within this tissue. Ciliary proteins are increasingly being identified in non-ciliary locations and might carry out additional functions, disruption of which possibly contributes to pathology. The RPE is essential for maintaining photoreceptor cells and visual function. We demonstrate that upon loss of Bbs8 , predominantly thought to be a ciliary gene, the RPE shows changes in gene and protein expression initially involved in signaling pathways and developmental processes, and at a later time point RPE homeostasis and function. Differentially regulated molecules affecting the cytoskeleton and cellular adhesion, led to defective cellular polarization and morphology associated with a possible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype. Our data highlights the benefit of combinatorial “omics” approaches with in vivo data for investigating the function of ciliopathy proteins. It also emphasizes the importance of ciliary proteins in the RPE and their contribution to visual disorders, which must be considered when designing treatment strategies for retinal degeneration.
Abnormalities of early folliculogenesis and serum anti-Müllerian hormone in chinese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
2021-02-18

Abstract Purpose To investigate abnormalities of early folliculogenesis and Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, and to analyze the association between AMH and early-stage follicle densities (FD). Methods A total of 175 patients underwent ovarian tissue cryopreservation in the first official cryobank in China, of which 16 patients aged 30–40 years old were diagnosed with endometrial cancer (all without initial chemo/radiotherapy), including 5 patients with concurrent PCOS and the other 11 patients without. We obtained standard cortical biopsies to measure FD using calcein staining. Blood samples were collected before cryopreservation to evaluate AMH concentrations. Results PCOS showed nearly three times the primordial and primary FD than NPCOS ( P = 0.027), as well as more secondary preantral follicles ( P = 0.002). A significantly higher proportion of secondary preantral follicles and a lower proportion of primordial and primary follicles were observed in PCOS ( P = 0.01). Furthermore, the AMH concentration in PCOS was four times higher than that in NPCOS ( P = 0.003), which is significantly correlated with primordial and primary follicle densities ( r = 0.855, P &lt; 0.001) and secondary preantral follicle densities ( r = 0.732, P = 0.007). Conclusions We found significant disorders of early folliculogenesis in PCOS, which showed close correlation with increased AMH concentrations. To our knowledge, abnormalities of early-stage follicles have been shown for the first time in ovarian tissue of Chinese PCOS women. We suppose that the elevated AMH level is associated with abnormalities of early folliculogenesis within the complex PCOS pathogenesis, which may explain why AMH has the potential to be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of PCOS. Our findings provide more implications for understanding the mechanism of PCOS, and new directions for further studies.
A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
2021-02-18

ABSTRACT Understanding how giant planets form requires observational input from directly imaged protoplanets. We used VLT/NACO and VLT/SPHERE to search for companions in the transition disc of 2MASS J19005804-3645048 (hereafter CrA-9), an accreting M0.75 dwarf with an estimated age of 1–2 Myr. We found a faint point source at ∼0.7-arcsec separation from CrA-9 (∼108 au projected separation). Our 3-epoch astrometry rejects a fixed background star with a 5σ significance. The near-IR absolute magnitudes of the object point towards a planetary-mass companion. However, our analysis of the 1.0–3.8 m spectrum extracted for the companion suggests it is a young M5.5 dwarf, based on both the 1.13-μm Na index and comparison with templates of the Montreal Spectral Library. The observed spectrum is best reproduced with high effective temperature ( K) BT-DUSTY and BT-SETTL models, but the corresponding photometric radius required to match the measured flux is only Jovian radius. We discuss possible explanations to reconcile our measurements, including an M-dwarf companion obscured by an edge-on circum-secondary disc or the shock-heated part of the photosphere of an accreting protoplanet. Follow-up observations covering a larger wavelength range and/or at finer spectral resolution are required to discriminate these two scenarios.
Favouring a disunited Kingdom? How negative perceptions of the EU-referendum relate to individual mobility and collective action considerations
2021-02-18

<p xmlns="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1">One consequence of the EU-referendum’s pro-Brexit outcome was a renewed call for Scottish independence. Supporting this call can be construed as a form of collective action Scots may engage in. However, Scots may also consider individual mobility strategies including - in extreme cases - emigration. The current research investigated how identity-dynamics relate to these identity management strategies in post-referendum Scotland. We found a positive association between perceiving the EU-referendum as having violated expectations and considering individual mobility responses, mediated by identity subversion (i.e., the perception that the referendum results fundamentally changed the UK’s identity). Furthermore, we found that perceiving the EU-referendum as having violated expectations was related to higher collective action intentions, mediated by disidentification from UK citizens. Taken together, these findings underscore the pervasive role social identity processes play in shaping political decisions and individual behaviour.
Disrupting short-term memory in premotor cortex affects serial dependence in visuomotor integration
2021-02-18

Abstract Human behavior is biased by past experience. For example, when intercepting a moving target, the speed of previous targets will bias responses in future trials. Neural mechanisms underlying this so-called serial dependence are still under debate. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the previous trial leaves a neural trace in brain regions associated with encoding task-relevant information in visual and/or motor regions. We reasoned that injecting noise by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over premotor and visual areas would degrade such memory traces and hence reduce serial dependence. To test this hypothesis, we applied bursts of TMS pulses to right visual motion processing region hV5/MT+ and to left dorsal premotor cortex during inter-trial intervals of a coincident timing task performed by twenty healthy human participants (15 female). Without TMS, participants presented a bias towards the speed of the previous trial when intercepting moving targets. TMS over dorsal premotor cortex decreased serial dependence in comparison to the control Vertex stimulation, whereas TMS applied over hV5/MT+ did not. In addition, TMS seems to have specifically affected the memory trace that leads to serial dependence, as we found no evidence that participants’ behavior worsened after applying TMS. These results provide causal evidence that an implicit short-term memory mechanism in premotor cortex keeps information from one trial to the next, and that this information is blended with current trial information so that it biases behavior in a visuomotor integration task with moving objects. Significance Statement Human perception and action are biased by the recent past. The origin of such serial bias is still not fully understood, but a few components seem to be fundamental for its emergence: the brain needs to keep previous trial information in short-term memory and blend it with incoming information. Here, we present evidence that a premotor area has a potential role in storing previous trial information in short-term memory in a visuomotor task, and that this information is responsible for biasing ongoing behavior. These results corroborate the perspective that areas associated with processing information of a stimulus or task also participate in maintaining that information in short-term memory even when this information is no longer relevant for current behavior.
Graphical viewing at a distance: graphical analytics as a method for the investigation of illustrated books
2021-02-18

In this research article, graphical analytics is presented as a method for the investigation of page/layout- and image-based materials. This approach is used to analyse image composition, image constellations and the layout of the examined books, and it facilitates a comparison across several books within a single visualization. The methodology is introduced and the epistemology explained, along with concepts such as framework, simulative and heuristic models, and image constellations. Methodological steps like the establishment of the data set, the collection of specific data, the organization of the information architecture, and the design of the display of these data are explained. The method is illustrated through a case study on nine illustrated books on non-human primates. This material is analysed according to given research questions on the proximity of non-human primates and human beings being depicted in the images of these books, and on the differences between the illustrated books with respect to their target audiences. The findings of our graphical analytics reveal patterns of proximity between humans and non-human primates as well as the iconology of the Book of Genesis in the pictorial and textual materials used by these illustrated books. This contribution presents an introduction to graphical analytics with an exemplary application.