julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Redox Properties of Peat Particulate Organic Matter: Quantification of Electron Accepting Capacities and Assessment of Electron Transfer Reversibility
2021-08-01

Abstract Peat particulate organic matter (POM) has been hypothesized to act as a terminal electron acceptor (TEA) for anaerobic microbial respiration in northern peatlands, thereby lowering dissolved methane (CH 4 ) concentrations in these systems. However, the redox properties of peat POM and an assessment of its redox state in situ remain missing, mainly due to the lack of an accurate analytical approach to quantify the number of electrons that are transferred to/from POM. Here, we first developed a new spectrophotometric method to quantify the number of electrons that are transferable to peat POM—denoted hereafter as electron accepting capacity (EAC)—by reacting POM with the reduced species of the probe compound 4,4’‐bipyridinium‐1,1'bis(2‐ethylsulfonate). Second, we used this analytical approach to quantify the EAC of an oxidized reference POM material (0.38 ± 0.039 mmol e − /g POM) and of redox‐preserved POM from three ombrotrophic bogs in Värmland, Sweden (0.17–0.24 mmol e − /g POM). These EAC values are substantially higher than previous estimates, likely reflecting kinetic artifacts in previous analytical methods. We further established reversible electron transfer to the oxic reference POM over a cycle of electrochemical reduction and O 2 re‐oxidation. Finally, we determined that the EAC of two of the three bog POM samples that were collected anoxically (i.e., redox state‐preserved POM) increased by ∼0.09 mmol e − /g POM upon exposure to air for 8 days, demonstrating that the POM was indeed reduced in situ . Collectively, our results strongly support that POM acts as a sustainable TEA in northern peatlands, which may lower methane release from these systems.
Responders and non‐responders to aerobic exercise training: beyond the evaluation of
2021-08-01

The evaluation of the maximal oxygen uptake ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo> ̇</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>max</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> ) following exercise training is the classical assessment of training effectiveness. Research has lacked in investigating whether individuals that do not respond to the training intervention ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo> ̇</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>max</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> ), also do not improve in other health-related parameters. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations (i.e., performance, body composition, blood pressure, vascular function, fasting blood markers, and resting cardiac function and morphology) to exercise training among participants who showed different levels of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo> ̇</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>max</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> responsiveness. Healthy sedentary participants engaged in a 6-week exercise training program, three times a week. Our results showed that responders had a greater increase in peak power output, second lactate threshold, and microvascular responsiveness, whereas non-responders had a greater increase in cycling efficiency. No statistical differences were observed in body composition, blood pressure, fasting blood parameters, and resting cardiac adaptations. In conclusion, our study showed, for the first time, that in addition to the differences in the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo> ̇</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>max</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> , a greater increase in microvascular responsiveness in responders compared to non-responders was observed. Additionally, responders and non-responders did not show differences in the adaptations on metabolic parameters. There is an increasing need for personalized training prescription, depending on the target clinical outcome.
Search for signatures of sterile neutrinos with Double Chooz
2021-08-01

Abstract We present a search for signatures of neutrino mixing of electron anti-neutrinos with additional hypothetical sterile neutrino flavors using the Double Chooz experiment. The search is based on data from 5 years of operation of Double Chooz, including 2 years in the two-detector configuration. The analysis is based on a profile likelihood, i.e. comparing the data to the model prediction of disappearance in a data-to-data comparison of the two respective detectors. The analysis is optimized for a model of three active and one sterile neutrino. It is sensitive in the typical mass range <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>≲</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>41</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≲</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for mixing angles down to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mo>sin</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>14</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≳</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.02</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . No significant disappearance additionally to the conventional disappearance related to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is observed and correspondingly exclusion bounds on the sterile mixing parameter <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>14</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> as a function of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>41</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are obtained.
Emergent Goal‐Anticipatory Gaze in Infants via Event‐Predictive Learning and Inference
2021-08-01

Abstract From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal‐anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event‐predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event‐predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event‐predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object‐manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal‐anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event‐predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal‐anticipatory gaze behavior in infants.
Sensitivity and resolution improvement for in vivo magnetic resonance current‐density imaging of the human brain
2021-08-01

Purpose Magnetic resonance current‐density imaging (MRCDI) combines MRI with low‐intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (TES; 1‐2 mA) to map current flow in the brain. However, usage of MRCDI is still hampered by low measurement sensitivity and image quality. Methods Recently, a multigradient‐echo–based MRCDI approach has been introduced that presently has the best‐documented efficiency. This MRCDI approach has now been advanced in three directions and has been validated by phantom and in vivo experiments. First, the importance of optimum spoiling for brain imaging was verified. Second, the sensitivity and spatial resolution were improved by using acquisition weighting. Third, navigators were added as a quality control measure for tracking physiological noise. Combining these advancements, the optimized MRCDI method was tested by using 1 mA TES for two different injection profiles. Results For a session duration of 4:20 min, the new MRCDI method was able to detect TES‐induced magnetic fields at a sensitivity level of 84 picotesla, representing a twofold efficiency increase against our original method. A comparison between measurements and simulations based on personalized head models showed a consistent increase in the coefficient of determination of Δ R 2 = 0.12 for the current‐induced magnetic fields and Δ R 2 = 0.22 for the current flow reconstructions. Interestingly, some of the simulations still clearly deviated from the measurements despite the strongly improved measurement quality. This highlights the utility of MRCDI to improve head models for TES simulations. Conclusion The achieved sensitivity improvement is an important step from proof‐of‐concept studies toward a broader application of MRCDI in clinical and basic neuroscience research.
Feature-based attention processes in primate prefrontal cortex do not rely on feature similarity
2021-08-01

Feature-based attention enables privileged processing of specific visual properties. During feature-based attention, neurons in visual cortices show "gain modulation" by enhancing neuronal responses to the features of attended stimuli due to top-down signals originating from prefrontal cortex (PFC). Attentional modulation in visual cortices requires "feature similarity:" neurons only increase their responses when the attended feature variable and the neurons' preferred feature coincide. However, whether gain modulation based on feature similarity is a general attentional mechanism is currently unknown. To address this issue, we record single-unit activity from PFC of macaques trained to switch attention between two conjunctive feature parameters. We find that PFC neurons experience gain modulation in response to attentional demands. However, this attentional gain modulation in PFC is independent of the feature-tuning preferences of neurons. These findings suggest that feature similarity is not a general mechanism in feature-based attention throughout the cortical processing hierarchy.
High risk of drug toxicity in social isolation stress due to liver dysfunction: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation
2021-08-01

Abstract Background : Previous studies have shown that social isolation stress (SIS) could associate with several systemic diseases; however, the role of SIS on liver dysfunction has yet to be established. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SIS on liver function and possible drug toxicity through liver inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods : Male Naval Medical Research Institute mice in two groups of SIS and control were treated with typical anti‐depressant and anxiolytic agents including fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, desipramine, and imipramine in both groups. Then blood concentrations (or their active metabolites) of these drugs were assessed. Liver function test, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin), oxidative activity, inflammatory cytokines, and the gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes were assessed. Results : We observed that the liver enzymes including AST and ALT was slightly higher in SIS animals. The blood concentrations of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, desipramine, and imipramine were significantly higher in SIS animals. The gene expression of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C29, and CYP2D were significantly decreased in SIS animals. Our results showed that SIS animals had significantly higher level of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐6. SIS could significantly decrease the activity of antioxidant agent (Glutathione). Conclusion : We hypothesized that SIS could induce liver dysfunction and decrease the rate of drug clearance through liver inflammation and oxidative stress; therefore, the blood concentration of anti‐depressant/anxiolytic agents should closely monitor in SIS due to the high toxicity of these agents.
The role of coarticulatory acoustic detail in the perception of verbal inflection
2021-08-01

The present study investigates the informativity of anticipatory coarticulatory acoustic detail about inflectional suffixes in English verbs, performing two experiments in which listeners classified inflectional functions of verbs. Listener response latencies were slower when acoustic detail resulting from anticipatory coarticulation mismatched with the inflectional suffix. The results indicate that listeners actively use coarticulatory phonetic detail to predict the verbs' inflectional function.
Alternative sequential methods in statistical testing: A reply to Lakens (2021) and Erdfelder and Schnuerch (2021).
2021-08-01

We recently developed a simple and general sequential sampling method for testing null hypotheses, the independent segments procedure (ISP; Miller & Ulrich, 2021). In this reply, we discuss the comments of Erdfelder and Schnuerch (2021) and Lakens (2021), who consider alternative methods such as the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) and the group sequential design (GSD), respectively. We evaluate the pros and cons of these alternatives and conclude that the ISP does have several advantages over these other methods, especially for psychological research. All of these sequential methods can save research resources because smaller sample sizes are required compared to standard nonsequential methods, so it seems appropriate for researchers to choose from a variety of sequential methods based on the practical requirements of their research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Interaction concept and system architecture for the sterile information system OR-Pad in the perioperative area
2021-08-01

Abstract Access to clinical information during interventions is an important aspect to support the surgeon and his team in the OR. The OR-Pad research project aims at displaying clinically relevant information close to the patient during surgery. With the OR-Pad system, the surgeon shall be able to access case-specific information, displayed on a sterilepackaged, portable display device. Therefore, information shall be prepared before surgery and also be available afterwards. The project follows an user-centered design process. Within the third iteration, the interaction concept was finalized, resulting in an application that can be used in two modes, mobile and intraoperative, to support the surgeon before/after and during surgery, respectively. By supporting the surgeon perioperatively, it is expected to improve the information situation in the OR and thereby the quality of surgical results. Based on this concept, the system architecture was designed in detail, using a client-server architecture. Components, communication interfaces, exchanged data, and intended standards for data exchange of the OR-Pad system including connecting systems were conceived. Expert interviews by using a clickable prototype were conducted to evaluate the concepts.
Temperatures in grains and plasma
2021-08-01

Grains are widely assumed to be characterized by a single temperature --\\nderived either from the configurational entropy, or employing the kinetic\\ntheory. Yet granular media do have two temperatures, and , pertaining\\nto the grains and atoms. It is argued here that a two-temperature plasma yields\\na more useful analogy for grains than a molecular gas: (1)~Irreversible\\ncollisions also occur in plasma, to reach the equilibrium of equal temperature.\\n(2)~The plasma energy is not linear in the two temperatures; it is quadratic in\\nthe temperature difference, minimal at equilibrium. Both points have valid\\nanalogues in grains, yielding useful insights.\\n
Towards Harmonised Frameworks for the Liquidation of Non-Systemically Relevant Credit Institutions in the EU?
2021-08-01

Abstract As part of its ongoing consultation on the European crisis management and deposit insurance framework currently available for the management of bank failures within the EU generally and the Banking Union in particular, the European Commission has called for the respondents’ views as to the need for further harmonisation of resolution arrangements for banks that currently do not qualify for resolution under the auspices of the Single Resolution Mechanism. In this respect, the consultation takes up a broader discussion on the need for harmonised bank insolvency regimes within the EU, which also ties in with an earlier international debate on the functional characteristics of optimal bank insolvency regimes initiated by international standard setters in the early 2000s. Against this backdrop, the paper analyses the case for further reform, and identifies potential impediments (both technical and political) to be expected in this regard. It argues that, while a full harmonisation of resolution powers and the centralisation of decision-making powers can be expected to address relevant concerns regarding the status quo, a comprehensive harmonisation can also be expected to meet with substantial political opposition, which in turn requires a better understanding of the functional requirements to be met by less ambitious reforms.
Collective self-trapping of atoms in a cavity
2021-08-01

Abstract We study experimentally the optical dipole trapping of a cloud of cold atoms in a high-finesse cavity in the parameter regime where the atomic back-action on the cavity mode is significant. Back-action based effects lead to state selective optical manipulation schemes. We identify a parameter range where the collective back action of the atoms is needed for the trapping, i.e. a single atom would not be trapped under the same laser drive conditions. The collective self-trapping is demonstrated by the observation of a significant increase of the trapping time as a function of the atom number. The atomic back action on the cavity field gives rise to a simultaneous real-time monitoring of the number of trapped atoms. This is used to show a non-exponential collapse of the atom trap.
Comment on cp-2021-89
2021-08-01

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> We present a record of melt events obtained from the East Greenland Ice Core Project (EastGRIP) ice core in central northeastern Greenland, covering the largest part of the Holocene. The data were acquired visually using an optical dark-field line scanner. We detect and describe melt layers and lenses, seen as bubble-free layers and lenses, throughout the ice above the bubble–clathrate transition. This transition is located at 1150 m depth in the EastGRIP ice core, corresponding to an age of 9720 years b2k. We define the brittle zone in the EastGRIP ice core as that from 650 to 950 m depth, where we count on average more than three core breaks per meter. We analyze melt layer thicknesses, correct for ice thinning, and account for missing layers due to core breaks. Our record of melt events shows a large, distinct peak around 1014 years b2k (986 CE) and a broad peak around 7000 years b2k, corresponding to the Holocene Climatic Optimum. In total, we can identify approximately 831 mm of melt (corrected for thinning) over the past 10 000 years. We find that the melt event from 986 CE is most likely a large rain event similar to that from 2012 CE, and that these two events are unprecedented throughout the Holocene. We also compare the most recent 2500 years to a tree ring composite and find an overlap between melt events and tree ring anomalies indicating warm summers. Considering the ice dynamics of the EastGRIP site resulting from the flow of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS), we find that summer temperatures must have been at least 3 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.6 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C warmer during the Early Holocene compared to today.
Cancer Cytomembrane-Cloaked Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Enhance the Efficacy of Mild-Temperature Photothermal Therapy by Disrupting Mitochondrial Functions of Cancer Cells
2021-08-02

Despite its success against cancer, photothermal therapy (PTT) (>50 °C) suffers from several limitations such as triggering inflammation and facilitating immune escape and metastasis and also damage to the surrounding normal cells. Mild-temperature PTT has been proposed to override these shortcomings. We developed a nanosystem using HepG2 cancer cell membrane-cloaked zinc glutamate-modified Prussian blue nanoparticles with triphenylphosphine-conjugated lonidamine (HmPGTL NPs). This innovative approach achieved an efficient mild-temperature PTT effect by downregulating the production of intracellular ATP. This disrupts a section of heat shock proteins that cushion cancer cells against heat. The physicochemical properties, anti-tumor efficacy, and mechanisms of HmPGTL NPs both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> were investigated. Moreover, the nanoparticles cloaked with the HepG2 cell membrane substantially prolonged the circulation time <i>in vivo</i>. Overall, the designed nanocomposites enhance the efficacy of mild-temperature PTT by disrupting the production of ATP in cancer cells. Thus, we anticipate that the mild-temperature PTT nanosystem will certainly present its enormous potential in various biomedical applications.
Mechanically Tunable Nanogap Antennas: Single‐Structure Effects and Multi‐Structure Applications
2021-08-02

Abstract By mechanically changing the width of a nanometer gap between two optical antennas, the coupling condition for the antennas can be seamlessly modified. This leads to a shift in the antenna's localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength, and a modification of the intensity in the antenna hotspot, which can reach extraordinarily high values for nanometer gaps. Such systems have in recent years been realized, for example, by using flexible polymers as substrates that are mechanically stretched or bent, or by combining break junctions with plasmonic antennas. Applications can be found, amongst others, in plasmonic strain sensing via color shift sensors, or tunable surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy platforms. In this article an overview is given over recent work on mechanically tunable gap antennas, with a specific focus on studies at the single‐nanostructure level. Different techniques used for mechanical tuning, optical read‐out signals that are influenced by the gap width, and potential applications of the resulting structures are presented. Plasmonic break junctions offer a new perspective that allows for added functionalities. The mechanical activation is discussed within the context of single nanoantenna gap tuning by using alternative stimuli.