julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal variation in morphological traits of the genus Pinus and its relation to environmental and phylogenetic signals
2012-03-01

<I>Background:</I> Broad-scale analysis of interspecific trait variation is a fundamental approach in comparative ecology to investigate general species-environment relationships, but inferences from environmental and phylogenetic signals are still controversially discussed. <BR/> <I>Aims:</I> The aim of this study was to globally analyse the genus <I>Pinus</I> and the interspecific variation of morphological traits with latitude as a surrogate of broad-scale environmental changes, and to compare latitudinal trait correlations with biogeographic, environmental and phylogenetic signals in trait variation. <BR/> <I>Methods:</I> Based on native range maps of 103 <I>Pinus</I> species, the latitudinal correlations of nine morphological traits, including needle characters, cone length and tree height were calculated. Principal component analysis was used to explore trait covariation. Variation partitioning was applied to disentangle environmental and phylogenetic signals in trait variation. <BR/> <I>Results:</I> Strong latitudinal correlations were detected for traits, such as needle length: width ratio or needle longevity, with similar trends for different taxonomic species subsets and geographic regions. Strong latitudinal correlations were related to a decrease in the pure phylogenetic signal and to an increase in the phylogenetically structured environmental variation (PSEV), whereas the pure environmental signal was almost negligible. <BR/> <I>Conclusions:</I> Besides a ranking of traits that differ in environmental and phylogenetic signals, our results showed a general relationship between increasing latitudinal trait correlation and an increase in PSEV, which indicates phylogenetic niche conservatism. Thus, for the investigated morphological traits of the genus <I>Pinus</I> both environmental and phylogenetic signals are directly linked by PSEV to broad-scale spatial patterns in trait variation.
Survival of Ancient Landforms in a Collisional Setting as Revealed by Combined Fission Track and (U-Th)/He Thermochronometry: A Case Study from Corsica (France)
2012-03-01

The age of high-elevation planation surfaces in Corsica is constrained using new apatite (U-Th)/He data, field observations, and published work (zircon fission track, apatite fission track [AFT] data and landform/stratigraphical analysis). Thermal modeling results based on AFT and (U-Th)/He data, and the Eocene sediments uncomformably overlapping the Variscan crystalline basement indicate that present-day elevated planation surfaces in Corsica are the remnants of an erosion surface formed on the basement between ∼120 and ∼60 Ma. During the Alpine collision in the Paleocene-Eocene, the Variscan crystalline basement was buried beneath a westward-thinning wedge of flysch, and the eastern portion was overridden by the Alpine nappes. Resetting of the apatite fission track thermochronometer suggests an overburden thickness of &gt;4 km covering Variscan Corsica. Protected by soft sediment, the planation surface was preserved. In the latest Oligocene to Miocene times, the surface was re-exposed and offset by reactivated faults, with individual basement blocks differentially uplifted in several phases to elevations of, in some cases, &gt;2 km.Currently the planation surface remnants occur at different altitudes and with variable tilt. This Corsican example demonstrates that under favorable conditions, paleolandforms typical of tectonically inactive areas can survive in tectonically active settings such as at collisional plate margins. The results of some samples also reveal some discrepancies in thermal histories modeled from combined AFT and (U-Th)/He data. In some cases, models could not find a cooling path that fit both data sets, while in other instances, the modeled cooling paths suggest isothermal holding at temperature levels just below the apatite partial annealing zone followed by final late Neogene cooling. This result appears to be an artifact of the modeling algorithm as it is in conflict with independent geological constraints. Caution should be used when cross-validating the AFT and (U-Th)/He systems both in the case extremely old terrains and in the case of rocks with a relatively simple, young cooling history.
Will we ever use stem cells for the treatment of SUI?: ICI‐RS 2011
2012-03-01

Abstract Aims To review the current state of research in the use of stem cells (SCs) for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and assess the likelihood of this becoming a relevant treatment option. Methods The peer‐reviewed literature consisting of relevant clinical and animal studies on the topic of SUI was surveyed and reviewed. Results Animal studies have demonstrated the potential utility of SCs in promoting functional recovery of the urethra after simulated childbirth injury. Research in animals suggests similar urethral recovery after injection of bone marrow derived mesenchymal SC secretions as after injection of the SCs themselves. Therefore, whether the improvements result from the injection of the SCs themselves or from their secretion of specific proteins is unclear. Early clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility and short‐term safety of injecting muscle‐derived SCs into the urethra to treat SUI. Conclusions Larger and longer‐term clinical trials are needed. Nonetheless, efficacious SC‐based therapy for the treatment of SUI is practical, achievable and should be available as a treatment modality in the near future. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:386–389, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Small-scale demographic compensation in a high-mountain endemic: the low edge stands still
2012-03-01

Background: Under the current warming process, with its implications of higher temperatures, less rainfall, snowfall and snow cover, low-edge populations of high-mountain plants are expected to decline. Demographic studies are useful to foresee the future dynamics of species ranges. Adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, and demographic compensation have been proposed as mechanisms to cope with climate change. Aim: We studied the population dynamics of the high-mountain narrow endemic Armeria caespitosa at the extremes of its altitude distribution (low versus high edge), the high edge representing colonised summits that provide optimal growing conditions. The focus of the study was to establish if the species is retracting at its lower distribution range. Methods: We used 4 years of population censuses and soil seed bank data. Population matrix models allowed us to study the stochastic population growth rates, the species long-term viability under higher frequency of extreme years, and the life cycle transitions responsible for the differences in population dynamics between elevation range edges. Results: The low edge of the A. caespitosa elevation range appeared stable, with positive population growth rates under current environmental conditions, and a null quasi-extinction probability in the long-term under scenarios of high frequency of extremely dry years. Conclusions: The species will likely withstand the current climate-warming scenario along its elevation range. Results supported the role of so-called demographic compensation at a small spatial scale, which we argue might be common in the Mediterranean mountains.
Hybrid source-level simulation of data caches using abstract cache models
2012-03-01

This paper presents a hybrid cache analysis for the simulation-based evaluation of data caches in embedded systems. The proposed technique uses static analyses at the machine code level to obtain information about the control flow of a program and the memory accesses contained in it. Using the result of these analyses, a high-speed source-level simulation model is generated from the source code of the application, enabling a fast and accurate evaluation of its data cache behavior. As memory accesses are obtained from the binary-level control flow, which is simulated in parallel to the original functionality of the software, even complex compiler optimizations can be modeled accurately. Experimental results show that the presented source-level approach estimates the cache behavior of a program within the same level of accuracy as established techniques working at the machine code level.
Subthalamic nucleus stimulation restores the efferent cortical drive to muscle in parallel to functional motor improvement
2012-03-01

Abstract Pathological synchronization in large‐scale motor networks constitutes a pathophysiological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Corticomuscular synchronization in PD is pronounced in lower frequency bands (&lt; 10 Hz), whereas efficient cortical motor integration in healthy persons is driven in the beta frequency range. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings at rest and during an isometric precision grip task were performed in four perioperative sessions in 10 patients with PD undergoing subthalamic nucleus deep‐brain stimulation: (i) 1 day before (D0); (ii) 1 day after (D1); (iii) 8 days after implantation of macroelectrodes with stimulation off (D8StimOff); and (iv) on (D8StimOn). Analyses of coherence and phase delays were performed in order to challenge the effects of microlesion and stimulation on corticomuscular coherence (CMC). Additionally, local field potentials recorded from the subthalamic nucleus on D1 allowed comprehensive mapping of motor‐related synchronization in subthalamocortical and cerebromuscular networks. Motor performance improved at D8StimOn compared with D0 and D8StimOff paralleled by a reduction of muscular activity and CMC in the theta band (3.9–7.8 Hz) and by an increase of CMC in the low‐beta band (13.7–19.5 Hz). Efferent motor cortical drives to muscle presented mainly below 10 Hz on D8StimOff that were suppressed on D8StimOn and occurred on higher frequencies from 13 to 45 Hz. On D1, coherence of the high‐beta band (20.5–30.2 Hz) increased during movement compared with rest in subthalamomuscular and corticomuscular projections, whereas it was attenuated in subcorticocortical projections. The present findings lend further support to the concept of pathological network synchronization in PD that is beneficially modulated by stimulation.
Precongestion notification: new QoS support for differentiated services IP networks
2012-03-01

Admission control is a well-known technique to explicitly admit or block new flows in order to keep a network's traffic load at a moderate level and to guarantee QoS for admitted flows. Flow termination is a new flow control function that terminates some admitted flows when the network capacity does not suffice, such as in the case of unexpected failures. Admission control and flow termination are useful to protect QoS for inelastic flows that require a minimum bit rate. Examples are real-time applications like voice and video. Precongestion notification (PCN) provides feedback about load conditions on the path to boundary nodes. They use this information to implement lightweight admission control and flow termination without per-flow state on interior nodes of a domain. These mechanisms are significantly simpler than explicit reservation schemes. In the context of DiffServ, IP, MPLS, and Ethernet networks, we explain the concept of PCN-based admission control and flow termination, present recent standards of the IETF, and discuss benefits and limitations.
Efficient Sparse Coding in Early Sensory Processing: Lessons from Signal Recovery
2012-03-01

Sensory representations are not only sparse, but often overcomplete: coding units significantly outnumber the input units. For models of neural coding this overcompleteness poses a computational challenge for shaping the signal processing channels as well as for using the large and sparse representations in an efficient way. We argue that higher level overcompleteness becomes computationally tractable by imposing sparsity on synaptic activity and we also show that such structural sparsity can be facilitated by statistics based decomposition of the stimuli into typical and atypical parts prior to sparse coding. Typical parts represent large-scale correlations, thus they can be significantly compressed. Atypical parts, on the other hand, represent local features and are the subjects of actual sparse coding. When applied on natural images, our decomposition based sparse coding model can efficiently form overcomplete codes and both center-surround and oriented filters are obtained similar to those observed in the retina and the primary visual cortex, respectively. Therefore we hypothesize that the proposed computational architecture can be seen as a coherent functional model of the first stages of sensory coding in early vision.
Low-temperature preparation of tungsten halide clusters: Crystal structure of the adduct W5Br12 · SbBr3
2012-03-01

Single-crystals of a new compound W5Br12 · SbBr3 (I) were isolated as a reaction product from the reduction of WBr6 with elemental antimony at 250°C. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure contains square-pyramidal tungsten clusters being linked into infinite [(W5Br 8 i )Br 3 a Br 2 2/a-a ] chains through shared W-Bra-a-W contacts of adjacent clusters. The structure of the adduct I can be viewed as an intercalation compound composed of double-layers of cluster chains alternating with mono-layers of SbBr3 molecules.
Stata Tip 106: With or without Reference
2012-03-01

A convenient way to define a set of indicator variables (often called dummy variables) is to use Stata’s factor variable notation ([U] 11.4.3 Factor variables). In that case, the default is to leave one category out, the so-called reference category. However, the factor variable notation also allows one to include an indicator variable for the reference category. This can provide a useful alternative representation of the same model. The estimation and interpretation of these models is best explained using examples, like the ones below.
Hierarchical propagation of geometric constraints for full-custom physical design of ICs
2012-03-01

In industrial environments, full-custom layout design of analog and mixed-signal ICs is done hierarchically. In order to increase design efficiency, cell layouts are reused in the design hierarchy. Constraints forming relations between instances in different hierarchical contexts are of critical importance. While implementing a cell layout, these constraints have to be available in the cell's context. In this paper, a general definition of hierarchical constraints for a constraint-driven design flow is given. Furthermore it is shown, how top-down declared constraints can be propagated into another hierarchical context. Only by propagation they become visible and verifiable for bottom-up cell design. The feasibility of our proposed methodology is shown by applying it to a modular Smart Power IC of the automotive industry.
Charge granularity in single electron transistors with polysilicon gates
2012-03-01

Low temperature electron transport measurements of single electron transistors fabricated in advanced CMOS technology with polysilicon gates not only exhibit clear Coulomb blockade behavior but also show a large number of additional conductance fluctuations in the nonlinear regime. By comparison with simulations these features are quantitatively attributed to the effects of discretely charged islands in the polysilicon gates.
Synthesis of Acetylene Bridged Germanium Phthalocyanines
2012-03-01

The octaalkyl- or octaalkoxysubstituted phthalocyaninatogermanium dichlorides 10b,d,e and 10a-c were reacted with bisbromomagnesiumacetylene 16 and bisbromomagnesium- p-diethynylbenzene 18, respectively with formation of the corresponding acetylene bridged oligomers 17a-c and 19a-c, respectively.
Global Sourcing: Evidence from Spanish Firm-Level Data
2012-03-01

AbstractWe investigate the link between productivity of firms and their sourcing behavior. Following Antràs and Helpman (2004) we distinguish between domestic and foreign sourcing, as well as between outsourcing and vertical integration. A firm's choice is driven by a hold-up problem caused by lack of enforceable contracts. We use Spanish firm-level data to examine the productivity premia associated with the different sourcing strategies. We find strong empirical support for the predictions of the model.
Limits to Reconstructing Paleotopography From Thermochronometer Data
2012-03-01

[1] Recent studies suggest that orogens can achieve a topographic steady state whereby equilibrium is reached between tectonics and erosion. However, steady state topography may not be the norm in many orogens experiencing large changes in climate or tectonics, which can produce topographic transients. The quantification of transient topography over geologic timescales requires reconstructing paleotopography, but this has proven difficult in many cases. This study investigates the utility of bedrock thermochronometer data to reconstruct orogen paleotopography over million year timescales. Apatite (U-Th)/He and fission track ages are integrated with a thermokinematic model for a single-parameter inversion of paleotopography. An iterative scheme is used that minimizes the misfit between predicted and observed cooling ages to identify the range of paleotopographies that could produce observed ages within sample uncertainty. Two approaches are considered. First, synthetic 2-D topographies are used to test the robustness of the approach. The following topographic evolution scenarios are considered: (1) lateral ridge migration, (2) topographic relief change, and (3) valley widening and deepening from glaciation. Second, the method is applied in three dimensions to existing data from the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Results from both applications of the model suggest that (1) paleotopographic reconstruction will typically underpredict the magnitude of topographic change, especially relief change; (2) paleotopography is most successfully reconstructed after lateral ridge migration in long-wavelength topographies; and (3) reconstructed paleotopography from the Coast Mountains, British Columbia, suggests that glacial erosion may have the potential to remove drainage divides and laterally shift topographic ridges and peaks.
Das 4. Makkabäerbuch und Flavius Josephus. Die rezeptionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung des slavischen Josephus
2012-03-01

Abstract The Jewish-Hellenistic apokryphon Fourth Maccabees was written by an anonymous author and could probably be dated at ca. 100 AD. Throughout the centuries up to the present time researchers have ascribed this writing to the Jewish-Roman historiographer Flavius Josephus. There is one passage in the so-called Slavonic Josephus, which has not yet been considered as a witness for that identification: Here the Russian redactor combines allusions and key words from 4 Macc and interpolates them into the Jewish War . In this way he brings forth the assumption, that Flavius Josephus was the author of 4 Macc, to a radical consequence. In the following study this disputed passage is re-analysed and evaluated. We also compare it with the older witnesses from the Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, that see in Flavius Josephus the author of 4 Macc (Eusebius, Hieronymus, Philostorgius and the Suda).
Beyond CMOS - benchmarking for future technologies
2012-03-01

The interaction between the design and the technology research communities working in nanoelectronics, and especially in the Beyond CMOS area, is characterised by a diversity of terminologies, modi operandi and the absence of a consensus on main priorities. We present the findings of the EU project NANO-TEC to date, in the quest to bring together these communities for the benefit of a stronger European Research Area. Through this, we present a summary of technology trends and a preliminary benchmarking analysis for a subset of these as an example of the project work. We summarise relevant design issues concerning these technologies and conclude with recommendations to bridge this design-technology gap.
The Body in the Mind: On the Relationship Between Interoception and Embodiment
2012-03-02

Abstract The processing, representation, and perception of bodily signals (interoception) plays an important role for human behavior. Theories of embodied cognition hold that higher cognitive processes operate on perceptual symbols and that concept use involves reactivations of the sensory‐motor states that occur during experience with the world. Similarly, activation of interoceptive representations and meta‐representations of bodily signals supporting interoceptive awareness are profoundly associated with emotional experience and cognitive functions. This article gives an overview over present findings and models on interoception and mechanisms of embodiment and highlights its relevance for disorders that are suggested to represent a translation deficit of bodily states into subjective feelings and self‐awareness.
4-[5-Amino-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzonitrile
2012-03-03

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C 21 H 14 FN 5 , the pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 38.0 (1), 40.0 (1) and 28.5 (1)° with the directly attached 4-fluorophenyl, pyridine and benzonitrile rings, respectively. The crystal packing is characterized by N—H...N hydrogen bonds, which result in a two-dimensional network parallel to the ac -plane.
Subjective well-being and exercise in the second half of life: a critical review of theoretical approaches
2012-03-04

Abstract Research has shown repeatedly that the “feeling better” effect of exercise is far more moderate than generally claimed. Examinations of subgroups in secondary analyses also indicate that numerous further variables influence this relationship. One reason for inconsistencies in this research field is the lack of adequate theoretical analyses. Well-being output variables frequently possess no construct definition, and little attention is paid to moderating and mediating variables. This article integrates the main models in an overview and analyzes how secondary analyses define well-being and which areas of the construct they focus on. It then applies a moderator and/or mediator framework to examine which person and environmental variables can be found in the existing explanatory approaches in sport science and how they specify the influence of these moderating and mediating variables. Results show that the broad understanding of well-being in many secondary analyses makes findings difficult to interpret. Moreover, physiological explanatory approaches focus more on affective changes in well-being, whereas psychological approaches also include cognitive changes. The approaches focus mostly on either physical or psychological person variables and rarely combine the two, as in, for example, the dual-mode model. Whereas environmental variables specifying the treatment more closely (e.g., its intensity) are comparatively frequent, only the social support model formulates variables such as the framework in which exercise is presented. The majority of explanatory approaches use simple moderator and/or mediator models such as the basic mediated (e.g., distraction hypothesis) or multiple mediated (e.g., monoamine hypotheses) model. The discussion draws conclusions for future research.