julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of a Chelating P–Sn Ligand Based on Stanna‐closo‐dodecaborate
2017-07-05

Substitution at a B–H unit of the heteroborate cluster stanna‐ closo ‐dodecaborate [SnB 11 H 11 ] 2– at the upper belt of the icosahedron by one of the triarylphosphine moieties of xantphos was carried out under the catalysis of palladium acetate. The resulting coupling product is a monoanion offering two coordination sites: a low‐valent tin‐cluster vertex and a triaryl phosphine moiety. The basicity and nucleophilicity of the anion were investigated in reactions with a strong acid or an alkylating agent. Transition‐metal electrophiles like platinum halide PtCl 2 or rhodium carbonyl [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 react with the bidentate ligand, with the formation of cis ‐coordination products.
The Changing Nature of International Institutions in Europe: The Challenge of the European Union
2017-07-05

The European Union is often compared to other political systems in order to better understand its basic features and how they structure politics. This article argues that this focus on comparative politics instils a domestic bias into the study of the EU, which also ignores the impact of enlargement. To remedy this, a comparison is suggested between the order of the EU as a regional international society and the order of the traditional, global international society as analysed by the English School of International Relations, and in particular by Hedley Bull. It is argued that the primary goal of the international order of the society of states, the preservation of states as its fundamental units, has been replaced by the goal of the preservation of peace in Europe. Consequently, the five core institutions of international order identified by Bull (balance of power, international law, diplomacy, war and great powers) have been modified or replaced. The new institutions of the European order are identified as the pooling of sovereignty, the acquis communautaire, multi-managerialism, pacific democracy, member state coalitions and multiperspectivity. These sustain and enlarge a regional international society that not only combines international and domestic elements, but transforms politics to such an extent that it should better be called a multiperspectival society, confounding Bull's expectation that the European integration will either lead to a European state or falter. This has potential ramifications for the organisation of international society at large, although whether the transformative potential of the EU can be realised remains to be seen, and will be decided above all in the EU's treatment of its own borders.
Factors Influencing Disease Progression in Patients with Head and Neck Melanoma
2017-07-05

In summary, tumor thickness is the most important prognostic factor. SLN dissection does not affect the overall survival of patients with melanoma. However, a positive SLN is a marker for a worse outcome in these patients.
Short Intervention, Sustained Effects: Promoting Students’ Math Competence Beliefs, Effort, and Achievement
2017-07-06

The present study investigated the effectiveness of two short relevance interventions (writing a text or evaluating quotations about the utility of mathematics) using a sample of 1,916 students in 82 math classrooms in a cluster randomized controlled experiment. Short-term and sustained effects (6 weeks and 5 months after the intervention) of the two intervention conditions on students’ competence beliefs (self-concept, homework self-efficacy), teacher-rated individual effort, and standardized test scores in mathematics were assessed. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that students’ homework self-efficacy was higher in both intervention groups 6 weeks and 5 months after the intervention compared to the control condition. Students’ self-concept, teacher-rated effort, and achievement in mathematics were promoted through the quotations condition, partly in the long term.
Making Oneself Vulnerable to Discovery. Carol Gilligan in Conversation With Mechthild Kiegelmann
2017-07-06

In an interview with Mechthild KIEGELMANN, Carol GILLIGAN talks about her academic development, explains key ideas in her psychological theory and method, and reiterates her commitment to civil rights movements. GILLIGAN first began studying literature before she became a research psychologist, helping her to combine art with psychology, which is evident in her most widely influential book "In a Different Voice." In this book GILLIGAN illustrates her theory on disconnection and connectedness, voice and resistance. In the interview she updates us on further developments of her thinking and her research on the psychological development of women, adolescent girls, and young boys. The conversation between GILLIGAN and KIEGELMANN explores research relationships in empirical studies as well as the connectedness of articulating research questions and authentic listening in interviews. They discuss the voice approach as a method of analysis and GILLIGAN presents her current work in psychology and theater. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090234
Extending the Excitation Wavelength of Potential Photosensitizers via Appendage of a Kinetically Stable Terbium(III) Macrocyclic Complex for Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
2017-07-06

The development of viable photodynamic therapy protocols is often hindered by photosensitizers that require high-energy UV irradiation that has limited potential for clinical use due to its low tissue penetration. Herein, we report a strategy for extending the excitation wavelength of potential photosensitizers via the covalent attachment of a terbium(III)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetate complex (DO3A-Tb). The method was systematically demonstrated with a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and fluoranthene) to prepare six new complexes (Tb1-Tb6) with bathochromic shifts that extended into the visible region. Determination of their quantum yields for singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) production at 350 and 420 nm showed significant enhancements from the parent molecule in all cases. Cell viability studies on cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and noncancerous MRC-5 cells showed no measurable cytotoxicity for all complexes prior to light irradiation. However, after irradiation at 420 nm (20 min, 9.27 J cm<sup>-2</sup>), Tb3-Tb6 were phototoxic to HeLa cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values between 14.3-32.3 μM. Cell morphological studies and fluorescence microscopy with live/dead cell stains confirmed these findings. In addition, these complexes were highly stable in human blood plasma, with no significant degradation observed after 96 h at 37 °C. This excellent phototoxicity profile and high stability in blood plasma, coupled with the moderately lipophilic nature of the complexes, favorably indicate the potential of DO3A-Tb as a heavy atom-bearing moiety for modification of potential photosensitizers into ideal phototherapeutic drug candidates with longer excitation wavelengths for in vivo application.
Tumescent local anaesthesia for early dermatosurgery in infants
2017-07-06

Abstract Background Early paediatric dermatosurgery reveals excellent cosmetic results due to high skin elasticity and pronounced capacity to recover from trauma. Furthermore, the size of skin lesions increases during life proportionally to skin growth and therefore early removal is of major importance. Selected local anaesthetics like prilocaine can cause methaemoglobinemia. However, in contrast to general anaesthesia, many other local anaesthetics do not bare any major risks for infants. Objective In this retrospective study, we analysed infants aged less than 7 months receiving tumescent local anaesthesia ( TLA ) followed by dermatosurgery at our department between 2005 and 2015. The analysis is mainly based on our records. Additional information for a subset of patients was gained by a postoperative survey. Methods Ninety‐two infants (39 male, 53 female) with a median age of 4.2 months (range: 1.5 months; 6.7 months) were included in this study. Additional postoperative information was available for 33 of the 92 studied patients (35%). Results Infants were mainly operated for removal of a melanocytic naevus ( n = 54), followed by haemangioma ( n = 23), naevus sebaceous ( n = 6) and other lesions ( n = 9). The lesions were located on the scalp or neck ( n = 31), on the extremities ( n = 31), on the trunk ( n = 21), in the face ( n = 6) or on the buttocks ( n = 3). The median size of excision was 509 mm 2 (range: 16 mm 2 ; 3600 mm 2 ). Primary defect closure was performed by intracutaneous ( n = 68) or extracutaneous ( n = 24) suture techniques. No side‐effects of local anaesthesia were observed in any patient. Postoperative complications include pain (1/33; 3%), wound‐healing disorder (1/33; 3%) and visible severe scarring (2/33; 6%). Conclusions The combination of TLA and dermatosurgery in infants is a suitable outpatient treatment option for small lesions without any major risks or side‐effects and the benefit of prolonged postoperative analgesia.
Progression markers of motor deficits in Parkinson's disease: A biannual 4‐year prospective study
2017-07-06

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's website. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Robin Hood effects on motivation in math: Family interest moderates the effects of relevance interventions.
2017-07-06

Using a cluster randomized field trial, the present study tested whether 2 relevance interventions affected students' value beliefs, self-concept, and effort in math differently depending on family background (socioeconomic status, family interest (FI), and parental utility value). Eighty-two classrooms were randomly assigned to either 1 of 2 intervention conditions or a control group. Data from 1,916 students (M<sub>age</sub> = 14.62, SD<sub>age</sub> = 0.47) and their predominantly Caucasian middle-class parents were obtained via separate questionnaires. Multilevel regression analyses with cross-level interactions were used to investigate differential intervention effects on students' motivational beliefs 6 weeks and 5 months after the intervention. Socioeconomic status, FI, and parental utility values were investigated as moderators of the intervention effects. The intervention conditions were especially effective in promoting students' utility, attainment, intrinsic value beliefs, and effort 5 months after the intervention for students whose parents reported lower levels of math interest. Furthermore, students whose parents reported low math utility values especially profited in terms of their utility and attainment math values 5 months after the intervention. No systematic differential intervention effects were found for socioeconomic status. These results highlight the effectiveness of relevance interventions in decreasing motivational gaps between students from families with fewer or more motivational resources. Findings point to the substantial importance of motivational family resources, which have been neglected in previous research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Review: Melanie Mauthner, Maxine Birch, Julie Jessop & Tina Miller (Eds.) (2002). Ethics in Qualitative Research
2017-07-06

This book is a collection of theoretical thoughts about ethics in qualitative research. A coherent group of feminists propose issues to consider in research from a perspective of an ethics of care. The authors illustrate their arguments with examples from their own research experiences. Examples from actual research, e.g. in the area of health studies are provided. This book is well suited for graduate students to learn about ethics in qualitative research. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0401276
Qualitative Psychological Research Using the Method of Voice
2017-07-06

The method of voice centered listening is a qualitative-psychological approach that is well suited to analyze psychological strategies of dealing with taboo-topics and psychological conflicts. This expanded version is based on approaches of analyzing moral development, expanded to trace different of ways handling taboo subjects. The goal of this method is to interpret the interplay of dissonant (or harmonious) and inconsistent "voices" dealing with these taboo subjects. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002136
NanoSQUIDs Applied to the Investigation of Small Magnetic Systems
2017-07-06

This article discusses the use of nanoSQUIDs for investigating small magnetic systems. It begins with an overview of the basics of superconducting quantum interference devices, focusing on how a dc SQUID operates and the use of resistively and capacitively shunted junction model to describe the phase dynamics of Josephson junctions (JJs). It then considers the motivation for using nanoSQUIDs, along with the importance of their size and geometry. It also evaluates micro- and nanoSQUIDs made of various types of JJs including nanoSQUIDs based on sandwich-like junctions, constriction-like junctions, and proximized structures. After reviewing different nanoSQUID readout methods that can be used to directly sense the stray magnetic field created by a nanoscale magnetic sample, the article concludes by highlighting some of the practical constraints and challenges encountered in using nanoSQUID technology, including particle positioning with respect to the sensor’s surface.
Qualitative Research on Families and Communication
2017-07-06

Qualitative psychological family and communication research is focussed on the investigation of everyday communication of families as social unities. Discussions of "normal families" during everyday routines are videotaped and analyzed differently to answer the question of the development of family system. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs000277
QUESP and QUEST revisited – fast and accurate quantitative CEST experiments
2017-07-07

Purpose Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) NMR or MRI experiments allow detection of low concentrated molecules with enhanced sensitivity via their proton exchange with the abundant water pool. Be it endogenous metabolites or exogenous contrast agents, an exact quantification of the actual exchange rate is required to design optimal pulse sequences and/or specific sensitive agents. Methods Refined analytical expressions allow deeper insight and improvement of accuracy for common quantification techniques. The accuracy of standard quantification methodologies, such as quantification of exchange rate using varying saturation power or varying saturation time, is improved especially for the case of nonequilibrium initial conditions and weak labeling conditions, meaning the saturation amplitude is smaller than the exchange rate (γB 1 &lt; k). Results The improved analytical ‘quantification of exchange rate using varying saturation power/time’ (QUESP/QUEST) equations allow for more accurate exchange rate determination, and provide clear insights on the general principles to execute the experiments and to perform numerical evaluation. The proposed methodology was evaluated on the large‐shift regime of paramagnetic chemical‐exchange‐saturation‐transfer agents using simulated data and data of the paramagnetic Eu(III) complex of DOTA‐tetraglycineamide. Conclusions The refined formulas yield improved exchange rate estimation. General convergence intervals of the methods that would apply for smaller shift agents are also discussed. Magn Reson Med 79:1708–1721, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Outer membrane vesicles blebbing contributes toB. vulgatusmpk-mediated immune response silencing
2017-07-07

The Gram negative intestinal symbiont Bacteroides vulgatus mpk is able to prevent from induction of colonic inflammation in Rag1<sup>-/-</sup> mice and promotes immune balance in Il2<sup>-/-</sup> mice. These inflammation-silencing effects are associated with B. vulgatus mpk-mediated induction of semi-mature dendritic cells, especially in the colonic lamina propria (cLP). However the beneficial interaction of bacteria with host immune cells is limited due to the existence of a large mucus layer covering the intestinal epithelium. How can intestinal bacteria overcome this physical barrier and contact the host immune system? One mechanism is the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) via ubiquitous blebbing of the outer membrane. These proteoliposomes have the ability to traverse the mucus layer. Hence, OMVs play an important role in immunomodulation and the maintenance of a balanced gut microbiota. Here we demonstrate that the stimulation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with isolated OMVs originated from B. vulgatus mpk leads to the induction of a tolerant semi-mature phenotype. Thereby, microbe- associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) delivered by OMVs are crucial for the interaction and the resulting maturation of immune cells. Additional to the binding to host TLR4, a yet unknown ligand to TLR2 is indispensable for the conversion of immature BMDCs into a semi-mature state. Thus, crossing the epithelial mucus layer and directly contact host cells, OMV mediate cross-tolerance via the transport of various Toll-like receptor antigens. These features make OMVs to a key attribute of B. vulgatus mpk for a vigorous acellular prevention and treatment of systemic diseases.
Human genetic factors in tuberculosis: an update
2017-07-07

Summary Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health, especially in many developing countries. Human genetic variability has been recognised to be of great relevance in host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and in regulating both the establishment and the progression of the disease. An increasing number of candidate gene and genome‐wide association studies ( GWAS ) have focused on human genetic factors contributing to susceptibility or resistance to TB . To update previous reviews on human genetic factors in TB we searched the MEDLINE database and PubMed for articles from 1 January 2014 through 31 March 2017 and reviewed the role of human genetic variability in TB . Search terms applied in various combinations were ‘tuberculosis’, ‘human genetics’, ‘candidate gene studies’, ‘genome‐wide association studies’ and ‘ Mycobacterium tuberculosis’ . Articles in English retrieved and relevant references cited in these articles were reviewed. Abstracts and reports from meetings were also included. This review provides a recent summary of associations of polymorphisms of human genes with susceptibility/resistance to TB .
Differential Phenotypes of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor and T Regulatory Cells and Cytokine Levels in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Subjects Compared to Mild Alzheimer Diseased Patients
2017-07-07

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia although the underlying cause(s) remains unknown at this time. However, neuroinflammation is believed to play an important role and suspected contributing immune parameters can be revealed in studies comparing patients at the stage of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to healthy age-matched individuals. A network of immune regulatory cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) maintains immune homeostasis but there are very few data on the role of these cells in AD. Here, we investigated the presence of these cells in the blood of subjects with aMCI and mild AD (mAD) in comparison with healthy age-matched controls. We also quantitated several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sera which can influence the development and activation of these cells. We found significantly higher levels of MDSCs and Tregs in aMCI but not in mAD patients, as well as higher serum IL-1β levels. Stratifying the subjects based on CMV serostatus that is known to influence multiple immune parameters showed an absence of differences between aMCI subjects compared to mAD patients and healthy controls. We suggest that the increase in MDSCs and Tregs number in aMCI subjects may have a beneficial role in modulating inflammatory processes. However, this protective mechanism may have failed in mAD patients, allowing progression of the disease. This working hypothesis obviously requires testing in future studies.
Intercomparison of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensors andWaterBalance Monitoring in an Urban Environment
2017-07-07

Abstract. Sensor-to-sensor variability is a source of error common to all geoscientific instruments, which needs to be assessed before comparative and applied research can be performed with multiple sensors. Consistency among sensor systems is especially critical when the signal is an integral value that covers a large volume within complex, urban terrain. Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensors (CRNS) are a recent technology that is used to monitor large-scale environmental water storages, for which a rigorous comparison study of numerous co-located sensors has never been performed. In this work, nine stationary CRNS probes of type CRS1000 were installed in relative proximity on a grass patch surrounded by complex urban terrain. While the dynamics of the neutron count rates were found to be similar, offsets of a few percent from the absolute average neutron count rates were found. Technical adjustments of the individual detection parameters brought all instruments into good agreement. Furthermore, the arrangement of multiple sensors allowed to find a critical integration time of 6 hours above which all sensors showed consistent dynamics in the data and their RMSE fell below 1 % of gravimetric water content. The residual differences between the nine signals indicated local effects of the complex urban terrain at the scale of several meters. Mobile CRNS measurements and spatial neutron transport simulations in the surrounding area (25 ha) have revealed that CRNS detectors are sensitive to sub-footprint heterogeneity despite their large averaging volume. The paved and sealed areas in the footprint furthermore damp the dynamics of the CRNS soil moisture product. We developed strategies to correct for the sealed-area effect based on theoretical insights about the spatial sensitivity of the sensor. This procedure not only led to reliable soil moisture estimation in drying periods, it further revealed a strong signal of interception and evaporation water that emerged over the sealed ground during and shortly after rain events. The presented arrangement offered a unique opportunity to demonstrate the CRNS performance in complex terrain, and the results indicate great potential for further applications in urban water sciences.
Continuity and Rational Functions
2017-07-07

A word-to-word function is continuous for a class of languages V if its inverse maps V languages to V. This notion provides a basis for an algebraic study of transducers, and was integral to the characterization of the sequential transducers computable in some circuit complexity classes. Here, we report on the decidability of continuity for functional transducers and some standard classes of regular languages. Previous algebraic studies of transducers have focused on the structure of the underlying input automaton, disregarding the output. We propose a comparison of the two algebraic approaches through two questions: When are the automaton structure and the continuity properties related, and when does continuity propagate to superclasses?