julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Nexus disrupted: Lived realities and the water-energy-food nexus from an infrastructure perspective
2022-05-27

In recent years, the water-energy-food nexus gained traction in science and policy debates to address the relationships&#13;\\nbetween water, energy and food sectors. Inspired by Political Ecology thinking, we advocate for a&#13;\\nnexus understanding that acknowledges the political nature of the concept and points to lived and experienced&#13;\\nnexus realities. We draw on literature from heterogeneous infrastructures, giving attention to the socio-material&#13;\\nentanglements that configure a nexus dynamically over time and space. We substantiate our conceptual arguments&#13;\\nbased on three different cases from Sub-Saharan Africa, that reveal the ways in which people access,&#13;\\nmaintain or disrupt infrastructure that links water, energy, and food systems. This may occur through practice&#13;\\nforms of tinkering or improvisation of infrastructural components, intermediate (decentralised) technologies,&#13;\\nthrough theft, or through some form of self-empowerment. Methodologically, the role of practices is emphasized&#13;\\nas they help to understand Nexus heterogeneity and disparate forms of agency to (re-)configure a nexus.&#13;\\nThe findings demonstrate that the nexus is not just there but is constantly in-the-making. Practices stabilise,&#13;\\nbuild, or alter differentiated nexus configurations within uneven nexus in/securities. Moreover, this article&#13;\\ndisrupts a “one-size-fits-all” nexus concept by offering a nuanced understanding of nexus realities that are more&#13;\\ncomplex, heterogeneous, and plural than commonly described. Our analysis shows that re-thinking the nexus by&#13;\\nfocusing on people and practices draws the attention towards agency and change – and thus enables to identify&#13;\\nleverage themes rendering a more just nexus.
Multiple Autoimmune Syndromes Including Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Myasthenia Gravis, and Thyroiditis Following Messenger Ribonucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report
2022-05-27

The global pandemic has resulted from the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To control the spread of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccines have been the most widely used. We present the case of a 65-year-old patient, who was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ocular myasthenia gravis, and autoimmune thyroiditis, following his third mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. On admission, the patient showed mild left-sided hemiparesis, contralateral dissociated sensory loss, dizziness, and right-sided deafness. Brain MRI revealed multiple acute inflammatory contrast-enhancing periventricular and brainstem lesions with involvement of vestibulo-cerebellar tract and cochlear nuclei. Despite steroid pulse and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, clinical symptoms and MRI lesions worsened, and additional signs of ocular myasthenia gravis and elevated but asymptomatic thyroid antibodies developed. After repeated plasma exchange, all clinical symptoms resolved. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case report of multiple autoimmune syndromes triggered by COVID-19 vaccination. The rare occurrence of such treatable autoimmune complications should not question the importance of vaccination programs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Bank Bonus Pay as a Risk Sharing Contract
2022-05-27

Abstract We argue that risk sharing motivates the bankwide structure of bonus pay. In the presence of financial frictions that make external financing costly, the optimal contract between shareholders and employees involves some degree of risk sharing whereby bonus pay partially absorbs negative earnings shocks. Using payroll data for million employee-years in all functional divisions of Austrian, German, and Swiss banks, we uncover several empirical patterns in bonus pay that are difficult to rationalize exclusively with incentive theories of bonus pay but that support an important risk sharing motive. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Reverse-engineering method for XPCS studies of non-equilibrium dynamics
2022-05-27

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is a powerful tool in the investigation of dynamics covering a broad time and length scale. It has been widely used to probe dynamics for systems in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium states; in particular, for systems undergoing a phase transition where the structural growth kinetics and the microscopic dynamics are strongly intertwined. The resulting time-dependent dynamic behavior can be described using the two-time correlation function (TTC), which, however, often contains more interesting features than the component along the diagonal, and cannot be easily interpreted via the classical simulation methods. Here, a reverse engineering (RE) approach is proposed based on particle-based heuristic simulations. This approach is applied to an XPCS measurement on a protein solution undergoing a liquid–liquid phase separation. It is demonstrated that the rich features of experimental TTCs can be well connected with the key control parameters including size distribution, concentration, viscosity and mobility of domains. The dynamic information obtained from this RE analysis goes beyond the existing theory. The RE approach established in this work is applicable for other processes such as film growth, coarsening or evolving systems.
LSTMs can distinguish dental expert saccade behavior with high ”plaque-urracy”
2022-05-27

Much of the current expertise literature has found that domain specific tasks evoke different eye movements. However, research has yet to predict optimal image exploration using saccadic information and to identify and quantify differences in the search strategies between learners, intermediates, and expert practitioners. By employing LSTMs for scanpath classification, we found saccade features over time could distinguish all groups at high accuracy. The most distinguishing features were saccade velocity peak (72%), length (70%), and velocity average (68%). These findings promote the holistic theory of expert visual exploration that experts can quickly process the whole scene using longer and more rapid saccade behavior initially. The potential to integrate expertise model development from saccadic scanpath features into intelligent tutoring systems is the ultimate inspiration for our research. Additionally, this model is not confined to visual exploration in dental xrays, rather it can extend to other medical domains.
Regressive Saccadic Eye Movements on Fake News
2022-05-27

With the increasing use of the Internet, people encounter a variety of news in online media and social media every day. For digital content without fact-checking mechanisms, it is likely that people perceive fake news as real when they do not have extensive knowledge about the news topic. In this paper, we study human eye movements when reading fake news and real news. Our results suggest that people regress more with their eyes when reading fake news, while the time until the first fixation in the text area of interest is not a distinguishing factor between real and fake content. Our results show that although the truthfulness of the content is not known to people in advance, their visual behavior differs when reading such content, indicating a higher level of confusion when reading fake content.
Molecular Ln(III)−H−E(II) Linkages (Ln=Y, Lu; E=Ge, Sn, Pb)
2022-05-27

Abstract Following the alkane‐elimination route, the reaction between tetravalent aryl tintrihydride Ar*SnH 3 and trivalent rare‐earth‐metallocene alkyls [Cp* 2 Ln(CH{SiMe 3 } 2 )] gave complexes [Cp* 2 Ln(μ‐H) 2 SnAr*] implementing a low‐valent tin hydride (Ln=Y, Lu; Ar*=2,6‐Trip 2 C 6 H 3 , Trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl). The homologous complexes of germanium and lead, [Cp* 2 Ln(μ‐H) 2 EAr*] (E = Ge, Pb), were accessed via addition of low‐valent [(Ar*EH) 2 ] to the rare‐earth‐metal hydrides [(Cp* 2 LnH) 2 ]. The lead compounds [Cp* 2 Ln(μ‐H) 2 PbAr*] exhibit H/D exchange in reactions with deuterated solvents or dihydrogen.
Predicting Decision-Making during an Intelligence Test via Semantic Scanpath Comparisons
2022-05-27

Fluid intelligence is considered to be the foundation to many aspects of human learning and performance. Individuals' behavior while solving intelligence tests is therefore an important component in understanding problem-solving strategies and learning processes. We present preliminary results of a novel eye-tracking-based approach to predict participants' decisions while solving a fluid intelligence test that utilizes semantic scanpath comparisons. Normalizing scanpaths and applying a knn classifier allows us to make individual predictions and combine them to predict final scores. We evaluated our proposed approach on the TüEyeQ dataset published by Kasneci et al. containing data of 315 university students, who worked on the Culture Fair Intelligence Test. Our approach was able to explain 39.207% of variance in the final score and predictions for participants' final scores showed a correlation of τ = 0.65759 with participants' actual scores. Overall, the proposed method has shown great potential that can be expanded on in future research.
Temporally Local Tactile Codes Can Be Stored in Working Memory
2022-05-27

Tactile exploration often involves sequential touches interspersed with stimulus-free durations (e.g., the time during which the hand moves from one textured surface to the other). Whereas it is obvious that texture-related perceptual variables, irrespective of the encoding strategy, must be stored in memory for comparison, it is rather unclear which of those variables are held in memory. There are two established variables—“intensity” and “frequency”, which are “temporally global” variables because of the long stimulus integration interval required to average the signal or derive spectral components, respectively; on the other hand, a recently established third contender is the “temporally local” variable that codes for kinematic profiles of very short, suprathreshold events in the vibrotactile signal. Here, we present the first psychophysical evidence that temporally local variables can be stored in memory. To that end, we asked participants to detect changes in pulsatile indentation stimuli at their fingertips with and without a gap of 1 s between stimulus presentations. The stimuli either contained global variables alone (change of pulse rate), or a mix of local and global variables (change of pulse shape). We found, first, that humans are much better at detecting a change in stimuli when local variables are available rather than global ones alone—as evident by the fact that 21 compared to only 6 participants out of 25 yielded a valid psychophysical curve, respectively. Second, this observation persists even when there is a gap between the stimuli, implying local variables must be stored in memory. Third, an extensive array of relevant intensity definitions failed to explain participants’ performance in any consistent manner, which implies that perceptual decisions were less likely to be driven by intensity coding. Taken together, our results suggest that humans perform pulsatile change detection utilizing local pulse shape, and to a lesser degree global pulse rate, and that both parameters can be stored in memory.
A Holographic Single-Pixel Stereo Camera Sensor for Calibration-free Eye-Tracking in Retinal Projection Augmented Reality Glasses
2022-05-27

Eye-tracking is a key technology for future retinal projection based AR glasses as it enables techniques such as foveated rendering or gaze-driven exit pupil steering, which both increases the system's overall performance. However, two of the major challenges video oculography systems face are robust gaze estimation in the presence of glasses slippage, paired with the necessity of frequent sensor calibration. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel, calibration-free eye-tracking sensor for AR glasses based on a highly transparent holographic optical element (HOE) and a laser scanner. We fabricate a segmented HOE generating two stereo images of the eye-region. A single-pixel detector in combination with our stereo reconstruction algorithm is used to precisely calculate the gaze position. In our laboratory setup we demonstrate a calibration-free accuracy of 1.35° achieved by our eye-tracking sensor; highlighting the sensor's suitability for consumer AR glasses.
Benchmarking of univariate pleiotropy detection methods applied to epilepsy
2022-05-27

Pleiotropy is a widespread phenomenon that may increase insight into the etiology of biological and disease traits. Since genome-wide association studies frequently provide information on a single trait only, only univariate pleiotropy detection methods are applicable, with yet unknown comparative performance. Here, we compared five such methods with respect to their ability to detect pleiotropy, including meta-analysis, ASSET, conditional false discovery rate (cFDR), cross-phenotype Bayes (CPBayes), and pleiotropic analysis under the composite null hypothesis (PLACO), by performing extended computer simulations that varied the underlying etiological model for pleiotropy for a pair of traits, including the number of causal variants, degree of traits' overlap, effect sizes as well as trait prevalence, and varying sample sizes. Our results indicate that ASSET provides the best trade-off between power and protection against false positives. We then applied ASSET to a previously published International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consortium data set on complex epilepsies, comprising genetic generalized epilepsy and focal epilepsy cases and corresponding controls. We identified a novel candidate locus at 17q21.32 and confirmed locus 2q24.3, previously identified to act pleiotropically on both epilepsy subtypes by a mega-analysis. Functional annotation, tissue-specific expression, and regulatory function analysis as well as Bayesian colocalization analysis corroborated this result, rendering 17q21.32 a worthwhile candidate for follow-up studies on pleiotropy in epilepsies.
A gaze-based study design to explore how competency evolves during a photo manipulation task
2022-05-27

Share on A gaze-based study design to explore how competency evolves during a photo manipulation task Authors: Nora Castner Human-Computer Interaction/ Wilhelm-Schickard-Institute, University of Tübingen, Germany Human-Computer Interaction/ Wilhelm-Schickard-Institute, University of Tübingen, GermanyView Profile , Bela Umlauf Human - Computer Interaction Group, University of Tübingen, Germany Human - Computer Interaction Group, University of Tübingen, GermanyView Profile , Ard Kastrati Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, ETH Zurich, SwitzerlandView Profile , Martyna Beata Płomecka Methods of Plasticity Reasearch, University of Zurich, Switzerland Methods of Plasticity Reasearch, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandView Profile , William Schaefer University of Texas at San Antonio, United States University of Texas at San Antonio, United StatesView Profile , Enkelejda Kasneci University of Tubingen, Germany University of Tubingen, GermanyView Profile , Zoya Bylinskii Adobe Research, United States Adobe Research, United StatesView Profile Authors Info & Claims ETRA '22: 2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and ApplicationsJune 2022 Article No.: 37Pages 1–3https://doi.org/10.1145/3517031.3531634Online:08 June 2022Publication History 0citation30DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads30Last 12 Months30Last 6 weeks5 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Human single-cell TCR data from irradiated sporozoite trial
2022-05-27

This is the MiAIRR-compliant single-cell AIRR-seq data of the study "Clonal evolution and TCR specificity of the human<br> TFH cell response to Plasmodium falciparum CSP" by Wahl <em>et al.,</em> <em>Sci Immunol</em> 7:eabm9644 (2022). The study defines the clonal evolution and epitope specificity of the human cTFH cell response to Plasmodium falciparum CSP.
Nephrotic syndrome associated with primary atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
2022-05-27

Abstract Primary atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a rare disease characterized by non-immune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal dysfunction; it is related to alterations in the regulation of the alternative pathway of complement due to genetic mutations. The association with nephrotic syndrome is unusual. We present here a pediatric patient diagnosed with primary atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with nephrotic syndrome who responded to eculizumab treatment.
Influence of Large‐Scale Atmospheric Dynamics on Precipitation Seasonality of the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia in Cold and Warm Climates During the Late Cenozoic
2022-05-28

Abstract The hydroclimate of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Central Asia (CA) plays a crucial role in sustaining surface water reservoirs and thus water resources in the respective regions. In this study, we investigate the changes in Asian hydroclimate and its driving forces during specific time intervals in the last 3 Ma. We conduct high‐resolution (∼0.75° per grid cell) general circulation model ECHAM‐5 experiments with boundary conditions for the mid‐Pliocene (∼3 Ma), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ∼21 ka), the mid‐Holocene (∼6 ka), and the pre‐industrial. Results suggest that seasonally relatively high precipitation rates (&gt;1 mm day −1 ) were longer in the mid‐Pliocene and shorter in the LGM, relative to the pre‐industrial. We calculate different monsoon indices to detect changes in the intensity, strength and duration of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), and construct climatologies of mid‐latitude high‐level westerly jet (WJ) stream occurrences based on the ECHAM5 wind fields. Our results suggest that in warm periods (e.g., mid‐Pliocene or interglacial), the WJ migrates northward earlier in the year (April) and reaches higher latitudes than in the pre‐industrial, resulting in a wetter TP and CA. During cooler periods (e.g., LGM or glacial), the WJ migrates northward later in the year (June) and remains over lower latitudes, resulting in a drier TP and CA. Increased/decreased local precipitation in TP and CA for the mid‐Pliocene/LGM experiments correlates strongly with (a) intensity, strength and duration of the EASM, SASM, and the ISM and (b) WJ latitudinal position.
Regression Model for the Prediction of Pollutant Gas Concentrations with Temperature Modulated Gas Sensors
2022-05-29

Air pollution presents an increasingly important issue on a global scale. Gas sensors based on Semiconducting Metal Oxides (SMOX), exhibit a high sensitivity and low limit of detection, making them an ideal candidate to detect pollutant gases to conform to guidelines published by the world health organization. In this work, we show that the temperature modulation of a single multi-pixel SMOX gas sensor is a cost and size efficient way to detect and quantify pollutant gases relevant for outdoor air quality in a broad range of concentrations. Roughly 1 700 hours of data were recorded and analyzed. A convolutional neural network regression model trained on 4 192 samples was able to predict pollutants in random gas mixtures with low mean relative errors (MRE): CO - 4.2 %, NO2 - 11.1 %, O3 - 13.6 %, and SO2 16.1 %. Relative humidity was predicted with an MRE of 2.5 %.
In Vivo and Phantom Repeatability of Diffusion-Weighted MRI Sequences on 1.5T MRI-Linear Accelerator (MR-Linac) and MR Simulator Devices for Head and Neck Cancers: Results from a Prospective R-IDEAL Stage 2a Evaluation of Tumor and Normal Tissue Apparent Diffusion Coefficients as Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers
2022-05-29

Abstract Introduction Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on MRI-linear accelerator (MR-linac) systems can potentially be used for monitoring treatment response and adaptive radiotherapy in head and neck cancers (HNC) but requires extensive validation. We perform technical validation to compare six total DWI sequences on an MR-linac and MR simulator (MR sim) in patients, volunteers, and phantoms. Methods Ten human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer patients and ten volunteers underwent DWI on a 1.5T MR-linac with three DWI sequences: echo planar imaging (EPI), split acquisition of fast spin echo signals (SPLICE), and turbo spin echo (TSE). Volunteers were also imaged on a 1.5T MR sim with three sequences: EPI, BLADE, and RESOLVE. Participants underwent two scan sessions per device and two repeats of each sequence per session. Repeatability and reproducibility within-subject coefficient of variation (wCV) of mean ADC were calculated for tumors and lymph nodes (patients) and parotid glands (volunteers). Differences in measured ADC values between sequences were quantified using Bland-Altman analysis. ADC bias, repeatability/reproducibility metrics, and SNR were quantified using a phantom. Results In vivo repeatability/reproducibility wCV of mean ADC for parotids were 5.41%/6.72%, 3.83%/8.80%, 5.66%/10.03%, 3.44%/5.70%, 5.04%/5.66%, 4.23%/7.36% for EPI MR-linac , SPLICE, TSE, EPI MR sim , BLADE, RESOLVE. Repeatability/reproducibility wCV for EPI MR-linac , SPLICE, TSE were 9.64%/10.28%, 7.84%/8.96%, 7.60%/11.68% for tumors and 7.80%/9.95%, 7.23%/8.48%, 10.82%/10.44% for nodes. Bland-Altman analysis revealed significant differences between all sequence pairs except BLADE-EPI MR-linac and RESOLVE-SPLICE. All sequences except TSE had phantom ADC biases within ±0.1×10 −3 mm 2 /s for most vials. MR-linac sequences had inconsistent ADC values between different vials with the same known ADC value, indicating spatial inhomogeneities. SNR of b=0 images was 87.3, 180.5, 161.3, 171.0, 171.9, 130.2 for EPI MR-linac , SPLICE, TSE, EPI MR sim , BLADE, RESOLVE. Conclusion MR-linac DWI sequences demonstrate near-comparable performance to MR sim sequences and warrant further clinical validation for treatment response assessment in HNC.
AI ethics and its pitfalls: not living up to its own standards?
2022-05-30

Abstract AI ethics is deemed to be an essential ingredient in the quest for trustworthy AI. Hence, demands for implementing AI ethics and ethicists into AI organizations, especially corporations, are ubiquitous. However, the assumption that AI ethicists have particular epistemological advantages compared to non-ethicists as well as the idea that AI ethics automatically decreases the likelihood of unethical outcomes are both flawed. Therefore, this comment lists risks that either originate from AI ethicists themselves or from the consequences their embedding in AI organizations has. The compilation of risks comprises psychological considerations concerning the cognitive biases of AI ethicists themselves as well as biased reactions to their work, subject-specific and knowledge constraints AI ethicists often succumb to, negative side effects of ethics audits for AI applications, and many more. Ultimately, the aim of this comment is not to diminish or deny the importance of the discipline of AI ethics, but rather to increase its capacities for self-reflection and, ultimately, effectiveness.