julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Averaging time, desaturation level, duration and extent
2012-09-08

Background Pulse oximeter saturation values are usually obtained by averaging over preceding measurements. This study investigates the dynamics between the averaging time and desaturation level, duration and extent. Methods and results Prospective observational study of 15 preterm infants. Oxygen saturation was recorded for 168 h using a pulse oximeter. The raw red-to-infrared data were reprocessed using seven different averaging times to determine the number of desaturations below four thresholds and for seven different minimal desaturation durations. The total number of desaturations &lt;80% was 339 with an averaging time of 16 s and 1958 with an averaging time of 3 s (minimal event duration &gt;0 s). There was a significantly lower pulse oximeter saturation nadir with the shorter averaging time, while the maximum duration was significantly longer when using a 16 s averaging time. Conclusions When using pulse oximeters, more attention should be given to averaging time and duration of desaturations.
Should early improvement be re‐defined to better predict the maintenance of response in first‐episode schizophrenia patients?
2012-09-08

Schennach R, Riesbeck M, Mayr A, Seemüller F, Maier W, Klingberg S, Heuser I, Klosterkötter J, Gastpar M, Schmitt A, Sauer H, Schneider F, Jäger M, Wölwer W, Gaebel W, Möller H‐J, Riedel M. Should early improvement be re‐defined to better predict the maintenance of response in first‐episode schizophrenia patients? Objective: To evaluate the predictive validity of early response in first‐episode schizophrenia within a 1‐year follow‐up trial and to compare the resulting cutoff to the currently proposed early response definition (20% improvement by week 2). Method: Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to identify the predictive validity of the psychopathological improvement of treatment from week 1 to week 8, regarding the maintenance of response until week 52 as well as to define the most reasonable cutoff in 132 first‐episode patients. The Youden Index (maximum of sensitivity and specificity) was used to compare the newly developed and the commonly used early response definition. Results: Starting with week 6, a reasonable validity to predict the maintenance of response was found (area under the curve = 0.721) with the best fitting cutoff being a 51.6% PANSS total score improvement. Using this cutoff 74 patients (56%) were correctly identified to become responder and maintain response during follow‐up (sensitivity: 0.747). The Youden Index was higher applying the newly developed early response cutoff featuring higher specificity compared to the commonly used early response definition. Conclusion: Regarding long‐term treatment, it seems more appropriate to base predictions of the patient’s maintenance of response not before 6 weeks of treatment.
Dual-specificity phosphatases are targets of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and candidate mediators of β-catenin/Ras signaling interactions
2012-09-08

Abstract The Wnt/β-catenin and the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play important roles in cancer development. Both pathways have been studied discretely, but the mechanisms of possible crosstalk are still not fully understood. We have previously shown that β-catenin and MAPK signaling interfere with each other in murine liver in vivo and in vitro . Here, we show that dual specificity phosphatases (Dusps) 6 and 14, known to play an essential role in regulating MAPK pathway activity via feedback mechanisms, are up-regulated by activation of β-catenin in murine liver cells, whereas the epidermal growth factor receptor, an upstream effector in the Ras/MAPK cascade, is down-regulated by β-catenin. In addition, we identified a β-catenin-binding site within the Dusp6 promoter, which is responsible for the activation of the promoter by β-catenin signaling, and demonstrated reduced inducibility of MAPK signaling in cultured mouse hepatoma cells following β-catenin activation. Thus, β-catenin is able to inhibit activation of the Egfr/Ras/MAPK signaling cascade, both at the receptor level and by interfering with MAPK activity via Dusps.
Obtaining prominence judgments from naive listeners.influence of rating scales linguistic levels and normalisation
2012-09-09

Arnold D, Wagner P, Möbius B. Obtaining prominence judgments from naïve listeners – Influence of rating scales, linguistic levels and normalisation. In: &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of Interspeech 2012&lt;/em&gt;. 2012.
Form over function
2012-09-09

Teaching beginners how to program is hard: As knowledge about systematic construction of programs is quite young, knowledge about the didactics of the discipline is even younger and correspondingly incomplete. Developing and refining an introductory-programming course for more than a decade, we have learned that designing a successful course is a comprehensive activity and teachers should consider and question all aspects of a course. We doubt reports of sweeping successes in introductory-programming classes by the use of just one single didactic device---including claims that "switching to Scheme" magically turns a bad course into a good one. Of course, the choice of individual devices (including the use of Scheme) does matter, but for teaching an effective course the whole package counts. This paper describes the basic ideas and insights that have driven the development of our introductory course. In particular, a number of conclusions about effective teaching were not as we had originally expected.
More on the normalization of syllable prominence ratings
2012-09-09

The perception of syllable prominence depends to a limited extent on the acoustic properties of the speech signal in question.Psychoacoustic factors are involved as well.Thus, research often relies on two types of data: subjective prominence ratings collected in perception experiments and acoustic measures.A problem with the rating data is noise resulting from individual approaches to the rating task.This paper addresses the question of how this noise can be reduced by normalization, evaluating 12 normalization methods.In a perception experiment, prominence ratings concerning German read speech were collected.From the raw rating data 12 different 'mirror' data-sets were computed according to the 12 methods.Each mirror data-set was correlated with the same set of underlying acoustic data.The multiple regression setup included raw syllable duration as well as withinsyllable maximum F0 and intensity.Adjusted r 2 -values could be raised considerably with selected methods.
Interstitial 3p25.3–p26.1 deletion in a patient with intellectual disability
2012-09-10

Abstract Interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 are rare. We report on a 3‐year‐old girl with intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, strabismus, and facial anomalies in whom an interstitial 1.24 Mb deletion in 3p25.3–p26.1 was detected by SNP array analysis. The deleted region harbors 11 RefSeq genes including CAV3 and SRGAP3/MEGAP , which had been associated with muscle disorders and intellectual disability, respectively. The deletion overlaps with a slightly larger deletion in a girl with a more complex phenotype including congenital heart defect and epilepsy, which indicates that haploinsufficiency of one or several of the genes in the deleted interval causes intellectual deficits, but not heart defects or epilepsy. Thus, the patient broadens our knowledge of the phenotypic consequences of deletions in 3p25.3–p26.1 and facilitates genotype‐phenotype correlations for chromosome aberrations of this region. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flavin Mononucleotide-Based Fluorescent Proteins Function in Mammalian Cells without Oxygen Requirement
2012-09-11

Usage of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in living mammalian cells is limited to aerobic conditions due to requirement of oxygen during chromophore formation. Since many diseases or disease models are associated with acute or chronic hypoxia, eGFP-labeling of structures of interest in experimental studies might be unreliable leading to biased results. Thus, a chromophore yielding a stable fluorescence under hypoxic conditions is desirable. The fluorescence of flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-based fluorescent proteins (FbFPs) does not require molecular oxygen. Recently, the advantages of FbFPs for several bacterial strains and yeasts were described, specifically, their usage as a real time fluorescence marker in bacterial expression studies and their ability of chromophore formation under anaerobic conditions. Our objective was to verify if FbFPs also function in mammalian cells in order to potentially broaden the repertoire of chromophores with ones that can reliably be used in mammalian studies under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time, that FbFPs can be expressed in different mammalian cells, among them murine neural stem cells during proliferative and differentiated stages. Fluorescence intensities were comparable to eGFP. In contrast to eGFP, the FbFP fluorescence did not decrease when cells were exposed to defined hypoxic conditions neither in proliferating nor in differentiated cells. Thus, FbFPs can be regarded as an alternative to eGFP in studies that target cellular structures which are exposed to hypoxic conditions.
Effect of Supervised Students' Involvement on Diagnostic Accuracy in Hospitalized Medical Patients — A Prospective Controlled Study
2012-09-11

Involvement of closely supervised medical students in the evaluation process of hospitalized medical patients leads to an improved diagnostic accuracy compared to evaluation by an emergency department physician alone.
Distalization pattern of the maxillary arch depending on the number of orthodontic miniscrews
2012-09-12

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effects of linear force vector(s) from interradicular miniscrews on the distalization pattern of the maxillary arch in adult Class II patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five adult patients with mild to moderate Class II dentition and minimal crowding were collected. Either single (group A, n = 12) or dual (group B, n = 13) miniscrews were inserted on the posterior interradicular area to deliver a distalizing force to the main archwire. The displacement patterns of maxillary incisors and molars were measured and compared. Results: Significant distalization in the molars and incisors was shown in both groups. Significantly greater distalization and intrusion of the first molar and intrusive displacement of the incisor, together with significant reduction of the mandibular plane, were noted in group B, in contrast to the rotation of the occlusal plane in group A. Conclusions: Interradicular miniscrews predictably induced total arch distalization, leading to the correction of Class II. Additional miniscrews in the premolar area appear to facilitate intrusion and distalization of the entire arch according to the position of the force vectors.
Fraction of unsaturated fatty acids in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is lower in subjects with high total VAT volume – a combined 1H MRS and volumetric MRI study in male subjects
2012-09-12

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. However, little is known about the composition of VAT with regard to the amount of mono‐ (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in triglycerides. Volume‐selective MRS was performed in addition to MRI for the quantification of VAT. Analysis comprised proton signals from the vinyl‐H group (H–C = C–H), including protons from MUFA + PUFA, and diallylic‐H, i.e. methylene‐interrupted PUFAs. The methyl (−CH 3 ) resonance, which is the only peak with a defined number of protons/triglyceride ( n = 9), served as reference. Twenty male subjects participated in this prospective study and underwent MRS of VAT on a 3‐T whole‐body unit. Spectra were recorded by a single‐voxel stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) technique (TE/TM/TR = 20/10/4000 ms; volume of interest between 20 × 25 × 20 and 30 × 30 × 20 mm3; 48–80 acquisitions depending on the size of the volume of interest; bandwidth, 1200 Hz). Post‐processing was performed by a Java‐based magnetic resonance user interface (jMRUI; AMARES). The volume of VAT was quantified in a separate session on a 1.5‐T imager a few days prior to the MRS session by T 1 ‐weighted imaging. The relative amount of VAT was calculated as a percentage of body weight (%VAT). Ratios of vinyl‐H to –CH 3 and diallylic‐H to –CH 3 were calculated. All spectra recorded from VAT were of high quality, enabling reliable quantification of the mentioned resonances. %VAT and vinyl‐H/CH 3 varied over a broad range (2.8–8.3% and 0.45–0.64, respectively). A strong negative correlation between %VAT and vinyl‐H/CH 3 was found ( r = −0.92), whereas diallylic‐H/CH 3 alone was clearly less well correlated with %VAT ( r = −0.21). The composition of VAT shows strong interindividual variations. The greater the total amount of VAT, the less unsaturated the fatty acids. This is a preliminary result in mainly obese male subjects, and it remains to be determined whether this correlation holds for other cohorts of different age, gender and body mass index. Furthermore, changes in VAT composition during weight loss or different forms of diet have yet to be examined. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Search for Seasonal Rhythmicity of Pineal Melatonin Production in Rats Under Constant Laboratory Conditions: Spectral Chronobiological Analysis, and Relation to Solar and Geomagnetic Variables
2012-09-12

Earlier we reported that in a number of experiments pineal melatonin production in rats under constant laboratory conditions displayed seasonal rhythms but subsequently were not always able to confirm this. Since there was no indication under which conditions such rhythms may be present, we performed four consecutive identical experiments with untreated female Sprague-Dawley rats within the same animal room during 1997-2006. Nocturnal urine samples (19-23, 23-3, 3-7 h) were collected at monthly intervals over 494-658 d with 12 animals each in experiments I and II (1997-1999, 1999-2000), 30 animals in experiment III (2002-2004), and 15 in experiment IV (2005-2006). 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) was measured by ELISA. The excreted aMT6s at each time interval as well as total nocturnal aMT6s-excretion (19-7 h) was submitted to standard statistical analyses as well as to a spectral chronobiological analysis to determine the period lengths of the components involved which was followed by processing with the single cosinor method. Seasonal rhythm components (circannual period length: 360 ± 60 d) were detected in experiment III (2002-2004) for the overall nocturnal excretion as well as for two sub-intervals (23-3 and 3-7 h) and in one night interval of experiment II (23-3 h). Multiple components with mostly short period lengths of around 100 d and some long ones of 500-650 d were found in the other experiments. Systematic MESOR and amplitude variations were observed during the experiments, being highest in experiment II (19-7 h, also 23-3 h and 3-7 h) and lowest in experiments I and IV. These results illustrate that seasonal melatonin rhythms are not a general phenomenon in female laboratory rats indicating an involvement of unknown environmental cues. As an extension of our earlier hypothesis regarding a seasonal Zeitgeber function of the horizontal intensity H of the geomagnetic field showing circannual variations, we assume further modulation by the 11-yrs' sunspot cycle which leads to geomagnetic disturbances and could facilitate seasonal aMT6s rhythmicity during specific years.
The gluon propagator in Coulomb gauge from the lattice
2012-09-12

We show that in the lattice Hamiltonian limit the static transverse propagator satisfies multiplicative renormalizability. We give a procedure to calculate on available lattices at finite temporal spacing. The result agrees at all momenta with the Gribov formula , with .
Recent results from the Hamiltonian approach to Yang-Mills theory in Coulomb gauge
2012-09-12

Within the Hamiltonian approach to Yang-Mills theory in Coulomb gauge the ghost and gluon propagators are determined from a variational solution of the Yang-Mills Schroedinger equation showing both gluon and heavy quark confinement. The continuum results are in good agreement with lattice data. The ghost form factor is identified as the dielectric function of the Yang--Mills vacuum and the Gribov-Zwanziger confinement scenario is shown to imply the dual Meissner effect. The topological susceptibility is calculated.
A theoretical and experimental comparison of different techniques for B1 mapping at very high fields
2012-09-13

With the increasing use of ultrahigh‐field MR with multiple transmit channels, mapping of the B 1 + field has become a critical factor in many studies, leading to the publication of a large number of sequences for the measurement of the flip angle in recent years. In this article, the accuracy, precision and practicability of some of the most prominent of these techniques are investigated both theoretically, using error propagation computations and Monte‐Carlo simulations, and experimentally for different settings. For an exemplary experiment, which is typical for high‐field applications, the flip angle uncertainty is calculated and measured for two‐ and three‐dimensional acquisitions for techniques based on both magnitude and phase data. Simulated and measured results show good agreement. An experimental assessment of T 1 and B 0 dependence yields weak variations with these parameters for only a few of the sequences. Measurements on human scanners show crucial influences of specific absorption rate limitations, especially at ultrahigh field. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE STARBURST GALAXY NGC 253
2012-09-13

Very high energy (VHE; E ≥ 100 GeV) and high-energy (HE; 100 MeV ≤ E ≤ 100 GeV) data from γ-ray observations performed with the H.E.S.S. telescope array and the Fermi-LAT instrument, respectively, are analyzed in order to investigate the non-thermal processes in the starburst galaxy NGC253. The VHE γ-ray data can be described by a power law in energy with differential photon index Γ = 2.14 ± 0.18stat ± 0.30sys and differential flux normalization at 1TeV of F 0 = (9.6 ± 1.5stat(+ 5.7, -2.9)sys) × 10 -14 TeV-1 cm-2 s-1. A power-law fit to the differential HE γ-ray spectrum reveals a photon index of Γ = 2.24 ± 0.14stat ± 0.03sys and an integral flux between 200MeV and 200GeV of F(0.2-200 GeV) = (4.9 ± 1.0 stat ± 0.3sys) × 10-9 cm -2 s-1. No evidence for a spectral break or turnover is found over the dynamic range of both the LAT instrument and the H.E.S.S. experiment: a combined fit of a power law to the HE and VHE γ-ray data results in a differential photon index Γ = 2.34 ± 0.03 with a p-value of 30%. The γ-ray observations indicate that at least about 20% of the energy of the cosmic rays (CRs) capable of producing hadronic interactions is channeled into pion production. The smooth alignment between the spectra in the HE and VHE γ-ray domain suggests that the same transport processes dominate in the entire energy range. Advection is most likely responsible for charged particle removal from the starburst nucleus from GeV to multiple TeV energies. In a hadronic scenario for the γ-ray production, the single overall power-law spectrum observed would therefore correspond to the mean energy spectrum produced by the ensemble of CR sources in the starburst region. © 2012. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs
2012-09-13

MATE proteins have been recognized as important transporters mediating the final excretion step of cationic drugs into bile and urine. These include the antiviral drugs acyclovir, amprenavir, and ganciclovir, the antibiotics cephalexin, cephradine and levofloxacin, as well as the antimalarial agents chloroquine and quinine. It is therefore important to enhance our understanding of the role of MATEs in drug extrusion with particular emphasis on the functional consequences of genetic variants on disposition of these antimicrobial drugs.
Charcot–Marie–Tooth hereditary neuropathy due to a mitochondrial ATP6 mutation
2012-09-13

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Comparison of visibility for four self-expanding nitinol bare stents in vitro
2012-09-13

Background Sufficient radiopacity of stents is a prerequisite for safe interventions and minimization of the radiation dose for the patient and the interventionist. Modern nitinol stents are considered less radiopaque compared to formerly used stents. Purpose To evaluate the objective detection rate (ODR) and the subjective radiopacity score (SRS) of four self-expanding nitinol stents with their markers on a phantom human pelvis. Material and Methods We evaluated the ODR (as a percentage of correctly identified stents) and the SRS (on a scale from 0 = not visible to 4 = excellent visibility) for four self-expanding nitinol stents (SinusSuperflex, SMART, Luminexx, Zilver) with 8 mm diameter and 40 mm length. Stents were placed on a phantom human pelvis and images of the stents were taken in four different positions (right and left lumbosacral joint and near the right and left limbus acetabuli) using the following modes: spotfilm, pulsed fluoroscopy (4, 7.5, 15, and 30 pulses/min) and at three different digital magnification modes. Dose area products (DAPs) were assessed. Results ODR and SRS, respectively, were significantly increased for the SMART stent compared to all other tested stents ( P &lt; 0.05): SMART 93.53% and 2.43, SinusSuperflex 90.81% and 2.21, Luminexx 90.39% and 2.20, and Zilver 89.28% and 2.21. ODR was significantly reduced in position 3 where the bone overlap was more pronounced for all stents (detection rates 77.14-79.56%). An increase in magnification significantly improved the ODR and SRS for all stents (70.33-99.25% and 1.07-3.28, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). Increased pulsing frequency did not improve the ODR of the various stents but did increase the DAP. Conclusion The SMART stent had the best overall performance. In the presence of bone overlap, all self-expanding nitinol stents had poor results. Increased pulsing frequency did not improve ODR or SRS but did increase the DAP. Use of digital magnification modes had no effect on DAP increasing ODR and SRS.
The CRESST II Dark Matter Search
2012-09-13

Direct Dark Matter detection with cryodetectors is briefly discussed, with\\nparticular mention of the possibility of the identification of the recoil\\nnucleus. Preliminary results from the CREEST II Dark Matter search, with 730\\nkg-days of data, are presented. Major backgrounds and methods of identifying\\nand dealing with them are indicated.\\n