julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Nanog Signaling Mediates Radioresistance in ALDH-Positive Breast Cancer Cells
2019-03-06

Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as the major cause of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Evidence from experimental studies applying both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models suggests that CSCs survive after conventional therapy protocols. Several mechanisms are proposed to be involved in CSC resistance to radiotherapy. Among them, stimulated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair capacity in association with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity seems to be the most prominent mechanism. However, thus far, the pathway through which ALDH activity stimulates DSB repair is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the underlying signaling pathway by which ALDH activity stimulates DSB repair and can lead to radioresistance of breast cancer cell lines in vitro. When compared with ALDH-negative cells, ALDH-positive cells presented significantly enhanced cell survival after radiation exposure. This enhanced cell survival was associated with stimulated Nanog, BMI1 and Notch1 protein expression, as well as stimulated Akt activity. By applying overexpression and knockdown approaches, we clearly demonstrated that Nanog expression is associated with enhanced ALDH activity and cellular radioresistance, as well as stimulated DSB repair. Akt and Notch1 targeting abrogated the Nanog-mediated radioresistance and stimulated ALDH activity. Overall, we demonstrate that Nanog signaling induces tumor cell radioresistance and stimulates ALDH activity, most likely through activation of the Notch1 and Akt pathways.
Spin budget of the proton at NNLO and beyond
2019-03-06

We revisit the scale evolution of the quark and gluon spin contributions to the proton spin, and , using the three-loop results for the spin-dependent evolution kernels available in the literature. We argue that the evolution of the quark spin contribution may actually be extended to four-loop order, and that to all orders a single anomalous dimension governs the evolution of both and . We present analytical solutions of the evolution equations for and and investigate their scale dependence both to large and down to lower "hadronic" scales. We find that the solutions remain perturbatively stable even to low scales, where they come closer to simple quark model expectations. We discuss a curious scenario for the proton spin, in which even the gluon spin contribution is essentially scale independent and has a finite asymptotic value as the scale becomes large. We finally also show that perturbative three-loop evolution leads to a larger spin contribution of strange anti-quarks than of strange quarks.
Calibration Procedure and Accuracy of Wind and Turbulence Measurements with Five-Hole Probes on Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Wind Turbine Wakes
2019-03-07

For research in the atmospheric boundary layer and in the vicinity of wind turbines, the turbulent 3D wind vector can be measured from fixed-wing unmanned aerial systems (UAS) with a five-hole probe and an inertial navigation system. Since non-zero vertical wind and varying horizontal wind causes variations in the airspeed of the UAS, and since it is desirable to sample with a flexible cruising airspeed to match a broad range of operational requirements, the influence of airspeed variations on mean values and turbulence statistics is investigated. Three calibrations of the five-hole probe at three different airspeeds are applied to the data of three flight experiments. Mean values and statistical moments of second order, calculated from horizontal straight level flights are compared between flights in a stably stratified polar boundary layer and flights over complex terrain in high turbulence. Mean values are robust against airspeed variations, but the turbulent kinetic energy, variances and especially covariances, and the integral length scale are strongly influenced. Furthermore, a transect through the wake of a wind turbine and a tip vortex is analyzed, showing the instantaneous influence of the intense variations of the airspeed on the measurement of the turbulent 3D wind vector. For turbulence statistics, flux calculations, and quantitative analysis of turbine wake characteristics, an independent measurement of the true airspeed with a pitot tube and the interpolation of calibration polynomials at different Reynolds numbers of the probe’s tip onto the Reynolds number during the measurement, reducing the uncertainty significantly.
Stimulus-Response and Response-Effect Compatibility With Touchless Gestures and Moving Action Effects
2019-03-07

Objective: To determine whether response-effect (R-E) compatibility or stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility is more critical for touchless gesture responses. Background: Content on displays can be moved in the same direction (S-R incompatible but R-E compatible) or opposite direction (S-R compatible but R-E incompatible) as the touchless gesture that produces the movement. Previous studies suggested that it is easier to produce a button-press response when it is R-E compatible (and S-R incompatible). However, whether this R-E compatibility effect also occurs for touchless gesture responses is unknown. Method: Experiments 1 and 2 employed an R-E compatibility manipulation in which participants made responses with an upward or downward touchless gesture that resulted in the display content moving in the same (compatible) or opposite (incompatible) direction. Experiment 3 employed an S-R compatibility manipulation in which the stimulus occurred at the upper or lower location on the screen. Results: Overall, only negligible influences of R-E compatibility on performing the touchless gestures were observed (in contrast to button-press responses), whereas S-R compatibility heavily affected the gestural responses. Conclusion: The R-E compatibility obtained in many previous studies with various types of responses appears not to hold for touchless gestures as responses. Application: The results suggest that in the design of touchless interfaces, unique factors may contribute to determining which mappings of gesture and display movements are preferred by users.
Migration, social policy, and power in historical perspective
2019-03-07

Migration and social policy have become fiercely contested issues in Europe and North America. In this article, I highlight how mobility and migration, on one hand, and social policy, on the other hand, have historically been closely interwoven and shaped by power relations. It is argued that European states actively assisted their poor to leave ‘home’ and settle in far-away places. I will elaborate some of the tensions between freedom of movement and the role of social policy in the North German Confederation ( Norddeutscher Bund [NDB]) and the British Empire. Finally, it is argued that many of the current challenges and issues associated with migration and social policy in Europe are historically not unique.
Reproducibility and Comparability of Preclinical PET Imaging Data: A Multicenter Small-Animal PET Study
2019-03-08

The standardization of preclinical imaging is a key factor to ensure the reliability, reproducibility, validity, and translatability of preclinical data. Preclinical standardization has been slowly progressing in recent years and has mainly been performed within a single institution, whereas little has been done in regards to multicenter standardization between facilities. This study aimed to investigate the comparability among preclinical imaging facilities in terms of PET data acquisition and analysis. In the first step, basic PET scans were obtained in 4 different preclinical imaging facilities to compare their standard imaging protocol for <sup>18</sup>F-FDG. In the second step, the influence of the personnel performing the experiments and the experimental equipment used in the experiment were compared. In the third step, the influence of the image analysis on the reproducibility and comparability of the acquired data was determined. Distinct differences in the uptake behavior of the 4 standard imaging protocols were determined for the investigated organs (brain, left ventricle, liver, and muscle) due to different animal handling procedures before and during the scans (e.g., fasting vs. nonfasting, glucose levels, temperature regulation vs. constant temperature warming). Significant differences in the uptake behavior in the brain were detected when the same imaging protocol was used but executed by different personnel and using different experimental animal handling equipment. An influence of the person analyzing the data was detected for most of the organs, when the volumes of interest were manually drawn by the investigators. Coregistration of the PET to an MR image and drawing the volume of interest based on anatomic information yielded reproducible results among investigators. It has been demonstrated that there is a huge demand for standardization among multiple institutions.
Intention-to-Treat Analysis of 68Ga-PSMA and 11C-Choline PET/CT Versus CT for Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Surgery
2019-03-08

Biochemical recurrence (BCR) after prostate cancer surgery is common, even after additional salvage radiotherapy. BCR might be explained by target miss. Improved diagnostic accuracy provided by PET could potentially circumvent this therapeutic gap. Therefore, we evaluated consecutive <sup>68</sup>Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT, <sup>11</sup>C-choline PET/CT, and standard CT imaging in the same patient with regard to TNM-stage migration and accordingly adapted curative radiotherapy options including ablative treatment of oligometastases (<i>n</i> ≤ 5). The cost efficacy of PET- versus CT-based treatment was also calculated. <b>Methods:</b> The prospective register database (064/2013BO1) was retrospectively searched for patients fulfilling the following 3 inclusion criteria: BCR after radical prostatectomy (pT2-pT4 pN0-pN1 cM0, postoperative radiotherapy allowed); <sup>11</sup>C-choline PET/CT, <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET/CT, and diagnostic CT performed within 24 h; and available clinical data. Ten treatment routines were defined according to current practice. Furthermore, intention-to-treat and treatment-related costs depending on the shift of TNM stage after imaging were analyzed. Eighty-three patients were eligible (median prostate-specific antigen level, 1.9 ng/mL). <b>Results:</b> Both PET examinations led to concordant results in 72% of patients, whereas the concordance of TNM staging between <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET and diagnostic CT was only 36%. Incorrect staging would lead to "wrong" treatment and therefore to additional costs. A <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET study would be cost-effective if additional costs do not exceed €3,844 ($4,312) (vs. CT). The number needed to image was 2 (for CT) and 4 (for <sup>11</sup>C-choline PET) to avoid 1 incorrect treatment. In addition, <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET staging enabled new curative options in half the patients with previous radiotherapy who otherwise receive palliative androgen deprivation therapy. <b>Conclusion:</b><sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET/CT is cost-effective in all patients with regard to avoidance of incorrect treatment. It enabled new curative options for patients with previous radiotherapy who are usually treated palliatively. Therefore, <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET/CT staging should become standard for BCR after surgery with or without radiotherapy.
Language cues in the formation of hierarchical representations of space
2019-03-08

We study the role of place and region names in the formation of spatial hierarchies. Representations were probed behaviorally, i.e., by choices between two equidistant routes differing only in the number of regions they touched. Routes crossing fewer region boundaries are preferred over routes crossing more region boundaries. Visual landmark objects from a common semantic category placed in spatial vicinity induce region representations. Here we show that region dependent route preference is reduced if the landmark objects are replaced by signs displaying object names. The effects of explicit region names and linguistic properties of different naming schemes are discussed.
An Electron‐Balance Based Approach to Predict the Decreasing Denitrification Potential of an Aquifer
2019-03-08

Abstract Numerical models for reactive transport can be used to estimate the breakthrough of a contaminant in a pumping well or at other receptors. However, as natural aquifers are highly heterogeneous with unknown spatial details, reactive transport predictions on the aquifer scale require a stochastic framework for uncertainty analysis. The high computational demand of spatially explicit reactive‐transport models hampers such analysis, thus motivating the search for simplified estimation tools. We suggest performing an electron balance between the reactants in the infiltrating solution and in the aquifer matrix to obtain the hypothetical time of dissolved‐reactant breakthrough at a receptor if the reaction with the matrix was instantaneous. This time we denote as the advective breakthrough time for instantaneous reaction ( τ inst ). It depends on the amount of the reaction partner present in the matrix, the mass flux of the dissolved reactant, and the stoichiometry. While the shape of the reactive‐species breakthrough curve depends on various kinetic parameters, the overall timing scales with τ inst . We calculate the latter by particle tracking. The effort of computing τ inst is so low that stochastic calculations become feasible. We apply the concept to a two‐dimensional test case of aerobic respiration and denitrification. A detailed spatially explicit reactive‐transport model includes microbial dynamics. Scaling the time of local breakthrough curves observed at individual points by τ inst decreased the variability of electron‐donor breakthrough curves significantly. We conclude that the advective breakthrough time for instantaneous reaction is efficient in estimating the time over which an aquifer retains its degradation potential.
Contrast adaptation appears independent of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye
2019-03-08

As ocular chromatic aberration was suspected to cue contrast adaptation in human vision, the purpose of this study was to investigate contrast adaptation under monochromatic light conditions. Single and complex frequency adaptation stimuli were used, and monochromatic conditions were achieved using band pass filters with short (470±2 <i>nm</i>), medium (530±2 <i>nm</i>), and long (630±2 <i>nm</i>) transmission wavelengths. Post-adaptational contrast sensitivity was shown to be significantly decreased for all wavelength conditions for the single frequency stimulus. A significant difference of contrast adaptation between short and long wavelengths was found. Consistently, adaptation led to a significant decrease in contrast sensitivity for the complex frequency stimulus. To conclude, contrast adaptation under mesopic illumination occurs independently of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye; it can be inferred that this mechanism can be used to distinguish between the sign of optical defocus in poly- and monochromatic light conditions.
A novel Ca2+-binding protein influences photosynthetic electron transport inAnabaenasp. PCC 7120
2019-03-08

Summary Ca 2+ is a potent signalling molecule that regulates many cellular processes. In cyanobacteria, Ca 2+ has been linked to cell growth, stress response and photosynthesis, and to the development of specialist heterocyst cells in certain nitrogen-fixing species. Despite this, the pathways of calcium signal transduction in cyanobacteria are poorly understood, and only a few protein components are known. The current study describes a previously unreported calcium-binding protein which was called the Calcium Sensor EF-hand (CSE), which is conserved in filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. CSE is shown to bind calcium, which induces a conformational change in the protein structure. Poor growth of a strain of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 overexpressing CSE was attributed to diminished photosynthetic performance. Transcriptomics, biophysics and proteomics analyses revealed modifications in the light-harvesting phycobilisome and photosynthetic reaction center-protein complexes, and downregulated respiration.
FDG‐PET/MRI imaging for the management of alveolar echinococcosis: initial clinical experience at a reference centre in Austria
2019-03-09

Abstract Background [ 18 F]‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (18F‐ FDG ) positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( FDG ‐ PET / CT ) imaging provides important information about the size and metabolic activity of lesions caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and is therefore recommended for the initial assessment and follow‐up of human alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ). The introduction of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging ( PET / MRI ) into clinical practice in affluent health care systems provides an alternative dual imaging modality, which has not yet been evaluated for AE . Objective Here, we describe the initial clinical experience with comparative PET / CT and PET / MR imaging in four human AE patients at an Austrian reference centre. Results PET / MR imaging showed comparable diagnostic capacity for liver lesions attributable to E. multilocularis infection, with a discrepancy only in the assessment of calcifications in one patient. Effective doses of radiation were 30.4–31 m SV for PET / CT , which were reduced in PET / MRI to the exposure of 18 F‐ FDG only (4.9–5.5 mSv). Conclusions PET / MRI provides comparable diagnostic information for AE management. The reduction in radiation exposure compared to PET / CT may be of particular importance for children and young patients not amenable for curative surgery requiring repeated long‐term follow‐up with dual imaging modalities. Further studies are warranted to prospectively evaluate the potential of PET / MRI in the management of AE .
Dye-Sensitized Ternary Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals: Optoelectronic Properties, Air Stability, and Photosensitivity
2019-03-11

We report on the effect of ligand exchange of copper sulphide selenide as\\nwell as copper selenide nanocrystals with the organic pi-system Cobalt\\nbeta-tetraaminophthalocyanine and analyse changes in the structural, optical as\\nwell as electric properties of thin films of these hybrid materials. A strong\\nligand interaction with the surface of the nanocrystals is revealed by UV-vis\\nabsorption and Raman spectroscopy. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray\\nscattering studies show a significant contraction in the interparticle distance\\nupon ligand exchange. For copper-deficient copper selenide, this contraction\\nhas a negligible effect on electric transport, while for copper-deficient\\ncopper sulphide selenide, the conductivity increases by eight orders of\\nmagnitude and results in metal-like temperature-dependent transport. We discuss\\nthese differences in the light of varying contributions of electronic vs. ionic\\ntransport in the two materials and highlight their effect on the stability of\\nthe transport properties under ambient conditions. With photocurrent\\nmeasurements, we demonstrate high optical responsivities of 200-400 A W-1 for\\nthe phthalocyanine-capped copper sulphide selenide and emphasize the beneficial\\nrole of the organic pi-system in this respect, which acts as an electronic\\nlinker and an optical sensitizer at the same time.\\n
The Warrior and the Cat: A Re-Evaluation of the Roles of Domestic Cats in Viking Age Scandinavia
2019-03-11

The role of cats in Viking Age society is little investigated and has been dominated by uncritical adoptions of medieval mythology. Based on literary sources, the domestic cat is often linked to cultic spheres of female sorcery. Yet the archaeological evidence indicates an ambivalent situation. Cat bones from many trading centres show cut marks from skinning and highlight the value of cat fur. In contrast, the occurrence of cats in male burials points rather to a function as exotic and prestigious pets. The influence of Old Norse mythology on the traditional interpretation of cats as cultic companions therefore needs critical reconsideration. For this, a broad range of literary and historical sources – from Old Norse literature to Old Irish law texts – will be analysed and confronted with the archaeological evidence for domestic cats in Viking Age Scandinavia. The results will be discussed on a broader theoretical approach, involving concepts such as agency, and embedded in current research on human-animal-relations in order to achieve a more nuanced perspective on the roles and functions of cats in day-to-day reality as well as in the burial context.
When those who know do share: Group goals facilitate information sharing, but social power does not undermine it
2019-03-11

Good team decisions require that team members share information with each other. Yet, members often tend to selfishly withhold important information. Does this tendency depend on their power within the team? Power-holders frequently act more selfishly (than the powerless)-accordingly, they might be tempted to withhold information. We predicted that given a task goal to 'solve a task', power-holders would selfishly share less information than the powerless. However, a group goal to 'solve the task together' would compensate for this selfishness, heightening particularly power-holders' information sharing. In parallel, an individual goal to 'solve the task alone' may heighten selfishness and lower information sharing (even) among the powerless. We report five experiments (N = 1305), comprising all studies conducted in their original order. Analyses yielded weak to no evidence for these predictions; the findings rather supported the beneficial role of a group goal to ensure information sharing for both the powerful and the powerless.
The power to adapt: How sense of power predicts number processing.
2019-03-11

When people solve numerical tasks, they are able to adapt their responses to characteristics of the task. This suggests that number processing is under cognitive control. Yet, such prior research on cognitive control in numerical cognition largely focused on the role of task stimuli-neglecting the role of predictors that are not directly linked to cognitive and numerical capacities. Do people who sense control in other domains (such as their interpersonal relationships) employ cognitive control differently when processing numbers? As a first step to examine this, we investigated how a person's sense of power (as a predictor known to facilitate cognitive control in other domains) predicts number processing. People sensing relatively high (rather than low) power in their everyday lives usually exert more cognitive control, which enables them to better adapt to a given task setting. Building upon this, we predicted that sense of power facilitates number processing-but, only when the task setting provides valid decision-relevant information that people can adapt to. As indicator of adaptation to the task setting, we assessed the unit-decade compatibility effect. Indeed, sense of power predicted a smaller compatibility effect (better adaptation) when valid information was available; in contrast, sense of power tended to predict a larger compatibility effect when only ambiguous information was available. These findings highlight that cognitive control in number processing not only depends on stimuli, but can also depend on broader individual factors, such as people's sensed control in interpersonal situations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).