julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
CoRad-19 – Modular Digital Teaching during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
2022-04-19

Purpose During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, higher education worldwide had to switch to digital formats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CoRad-19, a digital teaching tool created by the German Radiological Society for medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods A total of 13 German-speaking universities implemented CoRad-19 in their curriculum and partially or completely replaced their classes with the online courses. Previous experience and contact with radiology and the participantsʼ opinions regarding the medium of e-learning were surveyed using a custom questionnaire. The subjective level of knowledge regarding the individual modules was also surveyed before and after participation to measure learning effects. The data of 994 medical students from the participating sites were analyzed and compared intraindividually using the Friedman test. Results From 4/1/2020–10/1/2020, 451 complete data sets from a total of 994 surveys were included. E-learning was rated “very useful” both before and after course participation (4 [IQR 3–4], p = 0.527, r = 0.16). E-learning as a method was also rated as a “very good” medium both before and after participation (4 [IQR 3–4], p = 0.414, r = 0.17). After participation, participants rated radiology as particularly suitable for digital teaching (before: 3 [IQR 3–4] vs. after 4 [IQR 3–4], p = 0.005, r = 0.6). Significant learning gains were measurable in all course modules (p ≤ 0.009). Post-hoc analysis showed interest in radiology to increase significantly after course participation (p = 0.02). Conclusion In the representative survey, significant learning effects were observed in all course modules. In addition, it should be particularly emphasized that the studentsʼ interest in radiology was increased by course participation. Thus, the German Radiological Society provided significant support to German-speaking medical faculties with respect to maintaining excellent education using CoRad-19. Key Point: Citation Format
Random item slope regression: An alternative measurement model that accounts for both similarities and differences in the association with individual items.
2022-04-19

In psychology, researchers often predict a dependent variable (DV) consisting of multiple measurements (e.g., scale items measuring a concept). To analyze the data, researchers typically aggregate (sum/average) scores across items and use this as a DV. Alternatively, they may define the DV as a common factor using structural equation modelling. However, both approaches neglect the possibility that an independent variable may have different relationships to individual items. This variance in individual item slopes arises because items are randomly sampled from an infinite pool of items reflecting the construct that the scale purports to measure. Here, we offer a mixed-effects model called random item slope regression, which accounts for both similarities and differences of individual item associations. Critically, we argue that random item slope regression poses an alternative measurement model to common factor models prevalent in psychology. Unlike these models, the proposed model supposes no latent constructs, and instead assumes that individual items have direct causal relationships with the independent variable. Such operationalization is especially useful when researchers want to assess a broad construct with heterogeneous items. Using mathematical proof and simulation, we demonstrate that random item slopes cause inflation of Type I error when not accounted for, particularly when the sample size (number of participants) is large. In real-world data (N = 564 participants) using commonly-used surveys and two RT tasks, we demonstrate that random item slopes are present at problematic levels. We further demonstrate that common statistical indices are not sufficient to diagnose the presence of random item slopes.
Framing the Pandemic: An Examination of How WHO Guidelines Turned into Jain Religious Practices
2022-04-19

This paper identifies and examines a Jain narrative that frames Jain tenets as being in line with some of the most impactful COVID-19 measures. It demonstrates how during the early stages of the pandemic (i.e., mid-March 2020 to January 2021), some Jains drew parallels between various Jain principles and the WHO guidelines, finding agreement, for instance, between the muhpattī (“face cloth”) and the public face mask and the dig-vrata (a Jain vow of restraint) and social distancing. This paper shows how some also viewed several unintentional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (such as not being able to go shopping during the lockdown) as being in line with Jain practices (here the practice of aparigraha or non-possessiveness). By means of an analysis of two Jain writings on the WHO guidelines, I demonstrate how some Jains framed several COVID-19 measures within a distinctive Jain worldview. I argue that the equation of Jain practices with the WHO guidelines should be understood within the ongoing universalization and scientization of Jainism, processes that present Jainism as a universal and scientific solution to global disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Low Research Data Availability in Educational Psychology Journals: No Indication of Effective Research Data Policies
2022-04-19

Research data availability contributes to the transparency of the research process and the credibility of educational psychology research and science in general. Recently, there have been many initiatives to increase the availability and quality of research data. Many research institutions have adopted research data policies. This increased awareness might have raised the sharing of research data in empirical articles. To test this idea, we coded N = 1242 publications from six educational psychology journals and the psychological journal Cognition (as a baseline) published in 2018 and 2020. Research data availability was low (3.85% compared to 62.74% in Cognition) but has increased from 0.32% (2018) to 7.16% (2020). However, neither the data transparency level of the journal nor the existence of an official research data policy on the level of the corresponding author's institution was related to research data availability. We discuss the consequences of these findings for institutional research data management processes.
Fulfillment of sum rules and Ward identities in the multiloop functional renormalization group solution of the Anderson impurity model
2022-04-20

We investigate several fundamental characteristics of the multiloop\\nfunctional renormalization group (mfRG) flow by hands of its application to a\\nprototypical many-electron system: the Anderson impurity model (AIM). We first\\nanalyze the convergence of the algorithm in the different parameter regions of\\nthe AIM. As no additional approximation is made, the multiloop series for the\\nlocal self-energy and response functions converge perfectly to the\\ncorresponding results of the parquet approximation (PA) in the weak- to\\nintermediate-coupling regime. Small oscillations of the mfRG solution as a\\nfunction of the loop order gradually increase with the interaction, hindering a\\nfull convergence to the PA in the strong-coupling regime, where perturbative\\nresummation schemes are no longer reliable. By exploiting the converged\\nresults, we inspect the fulfillment of (i) sum rules associated to the Pauli\\nprinciple and (ii) Ward identities related to conservation laws. For the Pauli\\nprinciple, we observe a systematic improvement by increasing the loop order and\\nincluding the multiloop corrections to the self-energy. This is consistent with\\nthe preservation of crossing symmetries and two-particle self-consistency in\\nthe PA. For the Ward identities, we numerically confirm a visible improvement\\nby means of the Katanin substitution. At weak coupling, violations of the Ward\\nidentity are further reduced by increasing the loop order in mfRG. In this\\nregime, we also determine the precise scaling of the deviations of the Ward\\nidentity as a function of the electronic interaction. For larger interaction\\nvalues, the overall behavior becomes more complex, and the benefits of the\\nhigher-loop terms are mostly present in the contributions at large frequencies.\\n
Impact of Climate and Slope Aspects on the Composition of Soil Bacterial Communities Involved in Pedogenetic Processes along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera
2022-04-20

Soil bacteria play a fundamental role in pedogenesis. However, knowledge about both the impact of climate and slope aspects on microbial communities and the consequences of these items in pedogenesis is lacking. Therefore, soil-bacterial communities from four sites and two different aspects along the climate gradient of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera were investigated. Using a combination of microbiological and physicochemical methods, soils that developed in arid, semi-arid, mediterranean, and humid climates were analyzed. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes were found to increase in abundance from arid to humid climates, while Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes decreased along the transect. Bacterial-community structure varied with climate and aspect and was influenced by pH, bulk density, plant-available phosphorus, clay, and total organic-matter content. Higher bacterial specialization was found in arid and humid climates and on the south-facing slope and was likely promoted by stable microclimatic conditions. The presence of specialists was associated with ecosystem-functional traits, which shifted from pioneers that accumulated organic matter in arid climates to organic decomposers in humid climates. These findings provide new perspectives on how climate and slope aspects influence the composition and functional capabilities of bacteria, with most of these capabilities being involved in pedogenetic processes.
Accurate Polarization-Resolved Absorption Spectra of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films Using First-Principles Quantum-Chemical Methods: Pentacene as a Case Study
2022-04-20

Theoretical studies using clusters as model systems have been extremely successful in explaining various photophysical phenomena in organic semiconductor (OSC) thin films. But they have not been able to satisfactorily simulate total and polarization-resolved absorption spectra of OSCs so far. In this work, we demonstrate that accurate spectra are predicted by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) when the employed cluster reflects the symmetry of the crystal structure and all monomers feel the same environment. Additionally, long-range corrected optimal tuned functionals are mandatory. For pentacene thin films, the computed electronic spectra for thin films then reach an impressive accuracy compared with experimental data with a deviation of less than 0.1 eV. This allows for accurate peak assignments and mechanistic studies, which paves the way for a comprehensive understanding of OSCs using an affordable and easy-to-use cluster approach.
AMEE Guide to ethical teaching in online medical education: AMEE Guide No. 146
2022-04-20

The Covid-19 pandemic necessitated <i>Emergency Remote Teaching</i> (ERT): the sudden move of educational materials online. While ERT served its purpose, medical teachers are now faced with the long-term and complex demands of formal online teaching. One of these demands is ethical online teaching. Although ethical teaching is practiced in face-to-face situations, online teaching has new ethical issues that must be accommodated, and medical teachers who wish to teach online must be aware of these and need to teach ethically. This Guide leads the medical teacher through this maze of complex ethical issues to transform ERT into ethical online teaching. It begins by setting the context and needs and identifies the relevant fundamental ethical principles and issues. It then guides the medical teacher through the practical application of these ethical principles, covering course design and layout (including the curriculum document, implementation, on-screen layouts, material accessibility), methods of interaction (synchronous and asynchronous), feedback, supervision and counselling, deeper accessibility issues, issues specific to clinical teaching, and assessment. It then discusses course reviews (peer-review and student evaluations), student monitoring and analytics, and archiving. The Guide aims to be a useful tool for medical teachers to solidly ground their online teaching practices in ethical principles.
Large-scale investigations of Neolithic settlement dynamics in Central Germany based on machine learning analysis: A case study from the Weiße Elster river catchment
2022-04-20

The paper investigates potentials and challenges during the interpretation of prehistoric settlement dynamics based on large archaeological datasets. Exemplarily, this is carried out using a database of 1365 Neolithic sites in the Weiße Elster river catchment in Central Germany located between the southernmost part of the Northern German Plain and the Central Uplands. The recorded sites are systematically pre-processed with regard to their chronology, functional interpretation and spatial delineation. The quality of the dataset is reviewed by analyzing site distributions with respect to field surveys and modern land use. The Random Forests machine learning algorithm is used to examine the impact of terrain covariates on the depth of sites and pottery preservation. Neolithic settlement dynamics are studied using Site Exploitation Territories, and site frequencies per century are used to compare the intensity of land use with adjacent landscapes. The results show that the main trends of the Neolithic settlement dynamics can be derived from the dataset. However, Random Forests analyses indicate poor pottery preservation in the Central Uplands and a superimposition of Neolithic sites in the southernmost part of the Northern German Plain. Throughout the Neolithic the margins between soils on loess and the Weiße Elster floodplain were continuously settled, whereas only Early and Late Neolithic land use also extended into the Central Uplands. These settlement patterns are reflected in the results of the Site Exploitation Territories analyses and explained with environmental economic factors. Similar with adjacent landscapes the Middle Neolithic site frequency is lower compared to earlier and later periods.
Porcine Corneas Incubated at Low Humidity Present Characteristic Features Found in Dry Eye Disease
2022-04-20

Dry eye is a multifactorial disease that affects the ocular surface and tear fluid. Current treatment options include lubricant eye drop application several times a day. However, these eye drops often cause local side effects like ocular allergies or blurred vision after the application. To test new treatment options, a robust dry eye model is needed. Here, a porcine ex vivo model was established by means of incubation of porcine corneas in low humidity (LH) and characterized by histological damage evaluation, epithelial thickness and by relevant dry eye markers, such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), occludin and galectin-3. In the dry eye model proposed, an increased secretion of IL-1β was observed, as well as an upregulation of NF-κB, occludin and galectin-3 mRNA expression. Moreover, the model presented a higher rate of cell death in comparison to the controls. These effects could be reversed with successful treatment of dexamethasone (dexa) and partially reversed with hyaluronic acid (HA) containing eye drops. Furthermore, medium-molecular-weight HA stimulated an increase in IL-1β in the model proposed. In conclusion, this dry eye model mimics the in vivo condition and hence allows for animal-free testing of novel dry eye treatments.
On the structure of $$\\mathrm {RCD}$$ spaces with upper curvature bounds
2022-04-20

Abstract We develop a structure theory for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>RCD</mml:mi> </mml:math> spaces with curvature bounded above in Alexandrov sense. In particular, we show that any such space is a topological manifold with boundary whose interior is equal to the set of regular points. Further the set of regular points is a smooth manifold and is geodesically convex. Around regular points there are <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>DC</mml:mi> </mml:math> coordinates and the distance is induced by a continuous <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>BV</mml:mi> </mml:math> Riemannian metric.
Hybridization In The Late Pleistocene: Merging Morphological and Genetic Evidence
2022-04-20

This is an exciting time for our understanding of the origin of our species. Previous scientific consensus saw human evolution as defined by adaptive differences (behavioural and/or biological) and the emergence of Homo sapiens as the ultimate replacement of non-modern groups by a modern, adaptively more competitive one. However, recent research has shown that the process underlying our origins was considerably more complex. While archaeological and fossil evidence suggests that behavioural complexity may not be confined to the modern human lineage, recent paleogenomic work shows that gene flow between distinct lineages (e.g. Neanderthals, Denisovans, early H. sapiens ) occurred repeatedly in the Late Pleistocene, likely contributing elements to our genetic make-up that might have been crucial to our success as a diverse, adaptable species. Following these advances, the prevailing human origins model has shifted from one of near-complete replacement to a more nuanced view of partial replacement with considerable reticulation. Here we provide a brief introduction to the current genetic evidence for hybridization among hominins, its prevalence in, and effects on, comparative mammal groups, and especially how it manifests in the skull. We then explore the degree to which cranial variation seen in the fossil record of Late Pleistocene hominins from Western Eurasia corresponds with our current genetic and comparative data. We are especially interested in understanding the degree to which skeletal data can reflect admixture. Our findings indicate some correspondence between these different lines of evidence, flag individual fossils as possibly admixed, and suggest that different cranial regions may preserve hybridisation signals differentially. We urge further studies of the phenotype in order to expand our ability to detect the ways in which migration, interaction and genetic exchange have shaped the human past, beyond what is currently visible with the lens of ancient DNA.
Children’s Films and the Avant-Garde
2022-04-20

Abstract IAbstract: This chapter focuses on the relationship between children’s films and avant-garde movements, with an emphasis on avant-garde films. The period it covers spans almost hundred years, from the 1920s to the present, and considers different genres and films from four countries: France, Germany, Russia, and the United States. After a definition and contextualization of the notion of “avant-garde” in general and “avant-garde film” in particular, the chapter first elaborates on early animation films and their relationship to avant-garde tendencies. It then examines the influence of the avant-garde on children’s films produced in the 1920s and 1930s. Next, the chapter discusses references to the avant-garde in children’s films produced in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by an analysis of two contemporary children’s films, which still show their directors’ interest in avant-garde filmmaking. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of this topic for future research in the realm of children’s film studies.
The Movement Disorder Society Criteria for the Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy
2022-04-21

ABSTRACT Background The second consensus criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) are widely recognized as the reference standard for clinical research, but lack sensitivity to diagnose the disease at early stages. Objective To develop novel Movement Disorder Society (MDS) criteria for MSA diagnosis using an evidence‐based and consensus‐based methodology. Methods We identified shortcomings of the second consensus criteria for MSA diagnosis and conducted a systematic literature review to answer predefined questions on clinical presentation and diagnostic tools relevant for MSA diagnosis. The criteria were developed and later optimized using two Delphi rounds within the MSA Criteria Revision Task Force, a survey for MDS membership, and a virtual Consensus Conference. Results The criteria for neuropathologically established MSA remain unchanged. For a clinical MSA diagnosis a new category of clinically established MSA is introduced, aiming for maximum specificity with acceptable sensitivity. A category of clinically probable MSA is defined to enhance sensitivity while maintaining specificity. A research category of possible prodromal MSA is designed to capture patients in the earliest stages when symptoms and signs are present, but do not meet the threshold for clinically established or clinically probable MSA. Brain magnetic resonance imaging markers suggestive of MSA are required for the diagnosis of clinically established MSA. The number of research biomarkers that support all clinical diagnostic categories will likely grow. Conclusions This set of MDS MSA diagnostic criteria aims at improving the diagnostic accuracy, particularly in early disease stages. It requires validation in a prospective clinical and a clinicopathological study. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
2022-04-21

Diabetes mellitus is the collective term for heterogeneous metabolic disorders whose main finding is chronic hyperglycaemia. The cause is either a disturbed insulin secretion or various grades of insulin resistance or usually both.
Live cell microscopy: From image to insight
2022-04-21

Live-cell microscopy is a powerful tool that can reveal cellular behavior as well as the underlying molecular processes. A key advantage of microscopy is that by visualizing biological processes, it can provide direct insights. Nevertheless, live-cell imaging can be technically challenging and prone to artifacts. For a successful experiment, many careful decisions are required at all steps from hardware selection to downstream image analysis. Facing these questions can be particularly intimidating due to the requirement for expertise in multiple disciplines, ranging from optics, biophysics, and programming to cell biology. In this review, we aim to summarize the key points that need to be considered when setting up and analyzing a live-cell imaging experiment. While we put a particular focus on yeast, many of the concepts discussed are applicable also to other organisms. In addition, we discuss reporting and data sharing strategies that we think are critical to improve reproducibility in the field.