julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Working memory after and during 6 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation
2021-04-01

Introduction Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique allowing to induce changes in oscillatory activity. Theta activity has been reported to play a major role in maintenance of information in working memory (WM). Objectives The current study had the initial goal to check the effect of theta tACS on accuracy and resting state EEG in a set of match-to-sample WM tasks. Methods In the first experiment, we tested 31 participants in the WM task after 20-min tACS applied at Fpz and CPz at 6 Hz, 1 mA.). In the second experiment, we compared the after-effects and online effects of the stimulation in a sample of 25 individuals. Five similar 25-min blocks filled with the same working memory task were distributed over 3 days. We assessed the same group of participants in all three sessions. On the Training day, the participants performed one block without stimulation. On the Sham-Verum day (SV), the first block with Sham stimulation followed by the second block with Verum stimulation. On the Verum-Sham day (VS), the blocks order reversed. Results After-effects of the stimulation did not produce any significant changes either in behavior (accuracy in the task) or resting-state EEG (theta frequency band spectral power in the first experiment. In the second experiment, 6 Hz tACS delivered before the WM task was not able to produce any observable changes in working memory performance. The same hold true for online stimulation. Conclusions Theta frequency tACS applied to Fpz-CPz electrodes is not an efficient method to improve WM.
A Swiss Army Knife from the Upper Paleolithic? Experiments on Non-Projectile Uses of Backed Pieces
2021-04-01

Backed lithic artifacts are an important part of the Upper Paleolithic tool kit, and are often among the most abundant categories of lithic tools found at Magdalenian and Gravettian sites. Often these tools are exclusively referred to as projectiles, and indeed many – if not most – backed pieces may have been parts of composite projectile heads, mounted laterally onto organic points (e.g., Allain and Descouts 1957; Allain 1979; Abramova 1982; Bergman and Newcomer 1983; Leroi Gourhan 1983; Plisson 1985; Nuzhnyi 1993; Christensen and Valentin 2004; Sano 2009; Langlais 2010; AraujoIgreja 2011; Tomasso et al. 2018). Experiments of varying comprehensiveness concerned with the use of (Magdalenian) backed pieces as projectile inserts have confirmed the effectivity of this setup (e.g., Moss and Newcomer 1982; Pétillon et al. 2011; Gauvrit Roux et al. 2020). However, backed pieces sometimes also served other purposes like cutting, sawing, shaving, scraping or perforating (Moss and Newcomer 1982; Moss 1983; Owen 1988; PielDesruisseaux 1998; Christensen and Valentin 2004; Taller et al. 2012). The modular technological system involving these lithic artifacts is highly versatile, mobile and dynamic as there are numerous possibilities of use and as the small lithic inserts are easy to transport and the composite tools themselves are easy to maintain and repair. Here, we present the results of an experiment where different tasks were carried out using backed pieces hafted in a wooden handle or operated handheld. The design of the handles loosely follows examples found at Canadian Dorset sites where bladelets comparable in size to Magdalenian backed pieces were hafted and used as knives (Owen 1988, 88ff.). We tried out the tools in various activities (cutting, perforating and carving/whittling) on a set of worked materials (wood, antler, marine shell, smoked meat, dried, semitanned hide, and tanned leather). After the completion of these tasks, the applicability, durability and usefulness of the setup were evaluated and the lithic inserts were checked microscopically for usewear traces.
Subjective responses to emotional body odors and common odors in autism-spectrum disorders
2021-04-01

Introduction Autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social domains, associated with abnormal socioemotional perception. Although olfaction provides access to socioemotional cues, little is known about the perception of emotional odors considering their social meaning in ASD. Objectives To investigate the subjective responses to emotional body odors (BOs) versus non-social, common odors (COs) in ASD. Methods Eleven ASD and 49 typically developed (TD) adults were asked to smell negative, positive, and neutral BOs (axillary sweat from healthy individuals exposed to fearful, happy, and neutral film-clips) and COs, and to rate each odor on perceived pleasantness, intensity, familiarity and arousal. Odors were presented for 5 sec. Analyses were performed with linear mixed-effect models with fixed factors (group × odor type × valence) and covariates (e.g., age; intensity for arousal/familiarity; familiarity for pleasantness). Post-hoc comparisons were Bonferroni-corrected. Results Odors were perceived as significantly more intense (p=.044) and pleasant (p&lt;.001) in ASD than TD. Distinct response patterns were found in ASD and TD. First, positive BOs and COs were similarly arousing and pleasant in ASD (p&gt;.05), but not in TD (p&lt;.001). Second, positive and neutral COs were equally arousing, familiar and pleasant in ASD (p&gt;.05), but not in TD (p&lt;.001). No differences were observed between BOs in ASD and TD (p&gt;.05). Conclusions ASD is associated with abnormal subjective responses to emotional odors, which could contribute to the social communication difficulties characterizing ASD. Since emotional BOs elicit psychological responses in others, analyses on subjective and automatic responses will allow a better understanding of the role of olfaction in ASD. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Connection between traumatic frontal intracerebral hemorrhage and lower urinary tract symptoms
2021-04-01

OBJECTIVE: There have been no previous studies of urinary symptoms in patients with traumatic frontal intracerebral hemorrhage. The purpose of this work was to provide first insights into the potential role of traumatic frontal intracerebral hemorrhage in the development of urinary symptoms. This condition is known to cause compression in and around the prefrontal cortex, and we wanted to examine its effect on the micturition center.\\n\\nPATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with voiding dysfunction (n = 176) were assessed for lower urinary tract symptoms using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Out of 176 patients, 52 symptomatic patients with voiding difficulties underwent urodynamic testing. All patients with traumatic frontal intracerebral hemorrhage were treated at the University Medical Center Tuebingen, Germany, and the Azad University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, between 2017 and 2020. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were documented in patients with compression of the frontal lobe due to local hemorrhage. All patients routinely performed Brain CT scans. Brain magnetic resonance (MRI) images of the patients with suspicion of diffuse axonal injuries were additionally performed. Out of 176 treated patients (median age of 49 years), 52 patients with voiding difficulties were evaluated.\\n\\nRESULTS: Urodynamic testing of 52 symptomatic patients revealed detrusor overactivity in 25 (48%), low-compliance bladder in 4 (7.7%), detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 20 (38%), and uninhibited sphincter relaxation in 11 patients (21%). There was no significant correlation between the volume of hemorrhage and urinary symptoms (p=0.203, Spearman q=0.726). Frontal intracerebral hemorrhage compressing the pre-frontal cortex influences the micturition center and is responsible for lower urinary tract symptoms.\\n\\nCONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhage of the right or left frontal lobe does have a direct relationship with incontinence which completely disappeared in 85% of the patients within 9 months.
Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease
2021-04-01

Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
Chapter 2 The Transformation of the Concept “People of God” in the Reformation Era
2021-04-01

This chapter presents the transformation of the “People of God,” a key concept in the Jerusalem Code. The Reformation theologians continued - and transformed - the common medieval conviction that the Christians (the Protestants) had succeeded and replaced Israel as the people of God.
Testing for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence: experiences of a tertiary eye centre
2021-04-01

Introduction The actual prevalence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection and the individual assessment of being or having been infected may differ. Facing the great uncertainty—especially at the beginning of the pandemic—and the possibility of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, subclinical infections, we evaluate the experience of SARS-CoV-2 antibody screening at a tertiary clinical setting. Methods and analysis All employees of a tertiary eye centre and a research institute of ophthalmology were offered antibody testing in May 2020, using a sequential combination of different validated assays/antigens and point-of-care (POC) testing for a subset ( NCT04446338 ). Before taking blood, a systematic inquiry into past symptoms, known contacts and a subjective self-assessment was documented. The correlations between serostatus, patient contacts and demographic characteristics were analysed. Different tests were compared by Kappa statistics. Results Among 318 participants, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 9 employees. Chemiluminescence assays (chemiluminescence immunoassay and electrochemiluminescence) showed superior specificity and high reproducibility, compared with ELISA and POC results. In contrast to the low seropositivity (2.8%) of healthcare workers, higher than that of the other departments of the hospital, a large proportion mistakenly assumed that they might have already been infected. Antiviral antibody titres increased and remained on a plateau for at least 3 months. Conclusions The great demand and acceptance confirmed the benefit of highly sensitive testing methods in the early phase of the pandemic. The coincidence of low seroprevalence and anxious employees may have contributed to internalising the need of hygiene measures.
Die Entstehung des Reformatorenbildes: Luther und Honterus im Vergleich
2021-04-01

Abstract Due to the rather different source situation, comparing the formation of a Reformer’s image in the cases of Luther and Honterus is not an easy task. For Luther, the article therefore concentrates on the early historiography of his environment. In doing so, it becomes apparent that his role more and more was described as an active one. With this, the understanding of Reformation as liberation came to the fore. Hence, salvation-historical categories predominated. In contrast, the interpretation of Reformation as an educational event was in the foreground in Honterus, for whom above all some utterings of Schesaeus could be drawn upon. Despite this clear orientation towards the humanistic ideal, Luther still remained emphasized as spurring the entire movement. While Luther was seen as marking the shift in salvation history from the time of the Antichrist to the Gospel, Honter focused on the transition from a disordered society to one structured by education.
Daniel Terkla / Nick Millea (Eds.), A Critical Companion to English Mappae Mundi of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. (Boydell Studies in Medieval Art and Architecture.) Woodbridge, Boydell Press 2019
2021-04-01

Article Daniel Terkla / Nick Millea (Eds.), A Critical Companion to English Mappae Mundi of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. (Boydell Studies in Medieval Art and Architecture.) Woodbridge, Boydell Press 2019 was published on April 1, 2021 in the journal Historische Zeitschrift (volume 312, issue 2).
Texture analysis of liver NET liver metastases on Ga-68 DOTATATE PET candidate to PRRT: non-invasive histological and prognostic stratification
2021-04-01

Ziel/Aim Liver metastases (LM) from well-differentiated (G1/2) neuro-endocrine tumor (NET) can be managed by peptide-receptor radiotherapy (PRRT). Grading determination requires a biopsy; however, biological features can be heterogenous across metastases. Moreover, time-to-progression (TTP) after PRRT can be widely variable. In this study, we tested whether texture analysis (TA) can identify features associated with histology and TTP.
Face sensitivity: Effects of gender and orientation
2021-04-01

Introduction Research on face tuning is of particular relevance during the Covid-19 pandemic leading to social isolation and anxiety, but also requiring social integrity. Face sensitivity represents an essential component of social competence. This ability is aberrant in most neuropsychiatric conditions. Studies in typically developing individuals enable to develop new tools for examination and better understanding non-verbal social cognition in neuropsychiatry. Objectives Here we used a novel set of Face-n-Thing images to address the following issues: (i) whether the ability to seeing faces in non-face images (face pareidolia) is affected by gender; and (ii) whether it is altered with changing display orientation. The main advantage of Face-n-Thing images is that face tuning occurs without being explicitly fostered by familiar elements. Methods A newly developed Face-n-Thing task, on which images were shown either with canonical upright orientation or inverted 180o in the image plane, was administered to healthy females and males. On each trial, they have to indicate whether they have a face impression. Results Face impression was substantially impeded by display inversion in both males and females. With upright display orientation, no gender differences were found, whereas with inversion, Face-n-Thing images elicited face impression in females significantly more often. Conclusions The findings open a way for examination of face sensitivity and underwriting brain networks in neuropsychiatric conditions, most of which are gender-specific. Display inversion represents a proper control for face tuning in neuroimaging studies. Gender differences should be taken into account when conceiving studies in neuropsychiatric populations. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Face tuning in female and male individuals with depression
2021-04-01

Introduction The current COVID-19 pandemic brings social isolation to our daily lives that may elevate depression. The impact of major depressive disorder (MDD) on social cognitive functioning is far from understood, but essential for prevention and treatment of this neuropsychiatric condition. Objectives Our aim was to examine (i) whether face tuning is lower in depression; and (ii) how it is related to other cognitive abilities (such as perceptional organization). Furthermore, we intended to clarify gender impact on face tuning in MDD, as twice more females are affected. Methods Using a recently developed paradigm, the Face-n-Food task, we examined face tuning in 26 patients with MDD and 26 person-by-person matched controls. The advantage of non-face images is that its single elements do not promote face processing. Results Strikingly, MDD individuals showed intact face tuning. As sex ratio in our patient sample was about 2:1 (as in MDD population in general), we recruited additional male patients and found that MDD male patients were as good as female patients. Yet, while face tuning in MDD patients showed a significant correlation with perceptual organization abilities, in controls, it was linked with social cognition. Conclusions The outcome suggests that the origins of aberrant social functioning in MDD lie in maladaptive cognitive schemas rather than in a lack of sensitivity towards social signals per se. To elucidate neural circuits involved in face tuning in MDD, a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study with the Face-n-Food images is currently under progress. Disclosure No significant relationships.
C-H-Activation approach in the synthesis of palonosetron core: A 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
2021-04-01

Intramolecular rhodium (III) catalyzed annulation of benzamide 8 has been described in the efficient synthesis of palonosetron core, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. C–H-activation enabled the simultaneous generation of rings B and C, which can further be functionalized to access a series alkaloid.
Bonds between body, face, and eyes reading
2021-04-01

Introduction Covering our faces with masks, due to COVID-19 pandemic safety regulations, we can no longer fully rely on the social signals we are used to. We have to read what’s between the lines. This is already difficult for healthy individuals, but may be particularly challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions. Objectives Our main goal was to examine (i) whether capabilities in body and face language reading are connected to each other in healthy females and males; and (ii) whether capabilities to body/face language reading are related to other social abilities. Methods Healthy females and males accomplished a task with point-light body motion portraying angry and neutral locomotion along with a task with point-light faces expressing happiness and angriness. They had to infer emotional content of displays. As a control condition, perceivers were administered with the RMET-M (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Modified) with static images. Results Females excelled on inferring emotions from body locomotion. Moreover, only in females, inferring emotions from body and face were firmly linked, whereas in males, face reading was connected to performance on the RMET-M. Conclusions The outcome points to gender-specific modes in social cognition: females rely upon merely dynamic cues in facial and bodily displays, whereas males most likely trust configural information. The findings are of value for investigation of face/body language reading in neuropsychiatric conditions, most of which are gender specific. Disclosure No significant relationships.
The effects of sleep and wakefulness on human fear conditioning
2021-04-01

Introduction Studies on fear conditioning have made important contributions to the understanding of affective learning mechanisms as well as its applications (e.g., anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder). However, central mechanisms of sleep related consolidation of fear memory in humans have been almost neglected by previous studies. Objectives In the current study we aimed to test effects of sleep and a period wakefulness on fear conditioned responses. Methods In our experiment in a group 18 healthy volunteers event-related brain potentials (ERP), heart rate variability (HRV) and behavioral responses were recorded during a fear conditioning procedure presented twice, before daytime sleep (2h) or control intervention (a period of wakefulness) and after. The conditioning procedure involved pairing of a neutral tone (CS+) with a highly unpleasant sound (UCS+). Results Differential conditioning manifested itself in the contingent negative variance (CNV)-like slow ERP component. Both period of sleep and wakefulness resulted in an increased amplitude of the CNV to CS+. But we did not find an interaction effect of Time (Pre-Post) by Intervention (Sleep-Wake), suggesting that sleep did not affect the conditioned response differently as compared to a period of wakefulness. An apparent increase in HRV after a period of wakefulness did not affect fear conditioned responses (CNV and valence ratings). Conclusions To summarize, the data indicate that fear memories are consolidated with the course of time with no beneficial effect of sleep; relearning of fear causes stronger differential responses as measured by slow wave amplitude but not behavior; increase of HRV does not affect fear learning.
Neural underpinnings of contingency awareness in human fear conditioning
2021-04-01

Introduction The recognition of the conditioned-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) association in classical conditioning is referred to as contingency awareness. The neural underpinnings of contingency awareness in human fear conditioning are poorly understood. Objectives We aimed to explore the EEG correlates of contingency awareness. Methods Here, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from a sample of 20 participants in a semantic conditioning experiment. In the acquisition phase the participants were presented with sequences of words from two semantic categories paired with tactile stimulation followed by presentation of a neutral sound (US-) ((e.g., animals -&gt; left hand vibration -&gt; US-, clothes -&gt; right hand vibration -&gt; US-). In the test phase the association violated in 50% of trials which followed by a presentation of a loud noise (US+). The participants were only instructed to listen carefully. On the basis of self-reported contingency awareness, twenty participants were divided in aware (N=12) and unaware (N=8) group. Results The aware group expressed a non-lateralized effect of alpha-beta (12-23 Hz) suppression along with a more negative CNV at central channels preceding presentation of the vibration (main effect of Group). Also, CNV was more negative in expectation of US+ comparing with expectation of US- in the aware group but not in the unaware group. Conclusions The results indicate that contingency awareness is accompanied by neural patterns reflecting expectation as can be seen in the suppression of somatosensory alpha-beta activity before expected presentation of the vibration as well as in CNV in expectation of an aversive event.
Event-related potentials in a human serial conditioning paradigm
2021-04-01

Introduction In a serial compound conditioning paradigm, a sequence of several conditioned stimuli (CS) is predictive to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g., CSA-&gt;CSB-&gt;US). Animal research showed that, when the US is aversive, CSA elicits the strongest conditioned response, while CSB appears redundant. These effects of primacy and proximity have never been investigated in humans. Objectives To study the effects of temporal proximity of imminent threat and safety in serial compound conditioning. Methods Twenty-two participants were presented with sequences [CSA-&gt;CSB-&gt;CSC-&gt;CSD]. In 55 trials all four CS were identical vowels (e.g, [oh]), and no US was presented. In the other 55 trials, the CSA was different (CSA+, e.g., [uh]), and the CSD was followed by an electrical shock (US) 2.5 times higher than the individual pain threshold. Results No ERP component distinguished between CS- and CS+ for the first three stimuli in the sequence (i.e., CSA, CSB, CSC). The last CS (CSD) elicited a strong fronto-central CNV only when it was followed by US. Moreover, already after the CSA- (which signalized that no shock would be presented on that trial) the power of alpha oscillations over the somatosensory cortex significantly increased, particularly on the side contralateral to the hand that was electrically stimulated on US trials. The alpha increment lasted up to the onset of the US. Conclusions The data indicate two possible mechanisms of adjustment to predictable threat, one of which relies on safety signals (manifested in alpha increment), and the other is related to flight response (manifested in the CNV immediately preceding the shock).