julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Do you love your phone more than your child? The consequences of norms and guilt around maternal smartphone use
2023-01-30

Abstract Previous research mainly linked smartphone use while parenting to adverse consequences. However, smartphones also offer helpful resources for parents, especially in stressful situations. We suggested that negative norms against maternal smartphone use and associated feelings of guilt may inhibit effective smartphone use for coping with stress. In a 1-week experience sampling study with mothers of young children (N = 158), we found that more negative injunctive but not more negative descriptive norms around maternal smartphone use were related to increased situational guilt around smartphone use while parenting. Increased situational guilt was, in turn, associated with decreased perceived coping efficacy but not with less stress decrease. Situational guilt—aggregated on the individual level—related to reduced satisfaction with the mother role. Our results show that positive and negative smartphone use effects are intertwined and that feelings around media use can impact media effects.
Electronic spectroscopy of heptacene ions in the search for carriers of diffuse interstellar bands
2023-01-30

Context . The absorption bands of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the optical and near-infrared regions called the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) have been known for almost a century, yet their origins remain largely unknown. Knowledge of molecular carriers of DIBs would allow for a much better understanding of the chemistry and physics of the ISM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and, among them, polyacenes have been suggested as promising candidates for carriers of DIBs. Aims . In this paper, we report on the spectroscopy of heptacene (Hep), the polyacene molecule consisting of seven aromatic rings in a linear arrangement, in its cationic and anionic forms (Hep +/− ). The performed spectroscopic studies made it possible to accurately determine the Hep +/− absorption band positions and to conduct a direct comparison of laboratory and observational spectra. Methods . We utilized helium-tagging action spectroscopy to measure the spectra of Hep +/− in a wide spectral range of 3000–13 000 Å. In most cases, the spectra obtained by this method can be directly compared with the observational spectra. By analyzing the spectral shift as a function of the number of attached helium atoms, we obtained precise estimates of the gas-phase band positions. Quantum-chemical computations were used to support and interpret the findings. Matrix isolation spectroscopy provided information on the spectral properties of neutral Hep and extended the spectral range for Hep + . Results . We found several absorption bands characterized by a rather large full width at half maximum in the spectra of Hep +/− . The two most intense bands were found at 4714 ± 5 Å and 12 250 ± 12 Å for Hep + and at 4673 ± 14 Å and 11326 ± 4 Å for Hep − . We did not find any good match between laboratory and observational spectra. In particular, the intrinsic width of the absorption bands of Hep +/− is much higher than that of most observed DIBs. Conclusions . The non-detection of Hep +/− in the observational spectra excludes the bottom-up formation route for polyacenes in the ISM. Larger polyacene molecules could still be considered as potential carriers of DIBs in the case of an efficient top-down formation route. All currently measured polyacene ions exhibit relatively broad absorption bands. Therefore, additional spectroscopy studies of neutral polyacenes and larger polyacene ions as well as the study of possible top-down formation routes are suggested.
Training the Next Generation of Researchers in the Organ-on-Chip Field
2023-01-30

Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology bridges the principles of biology and engineering to create a new generation of in vitro models and involves highly interdisciplinary collaboration across STEM disciplines. Training the next generation of scientists, technicians and policy makers is a challenge that requires a tailored effort. To promote the qualification, usability, uptake and long-term development of OoC technology, we designed a questionnaire to evaluate the key aspects for training, identify the major stakeholders to be trained, their professional level and specific skillset. The 151 respondents unanimously agreed on the need to train the next generation of OoC researchers and that the training should be provided early, in interdisciplinary subjects and throughout the researchers’ career. We identified two key training priorities: (i) training scientists with a biology background in microfabrication and microfluidics principles and (ii) training OoC developers in pharmacology/toxicology. This makes training in OoC a transdisciplinary challenge rather than an interdisciplinary one. The data acquired and analyzed here serves to guide training initiatives for preparing competent and transdisciplinary researchers, capable of assuring the successful development and application of OoC technologies in academic research, pharmaceutical/chemical/cosmetic industries, personalized medicine and clinical trials on chip.
Pitfalls of Climate Network Construction—A Statistical Perspective
2023-01-30

Abstract Network-based analyses of dynamical systems have become increasingly popular in climate science. Here, we address network construction from a statistical perspective and highlight the often-ignored fact that the calculated correlation values are only empirical estimates. To measure spurious behavior as deviation from a ground truth network, we simulate time-dependent isotropic random fields on the sphere and apply common network-construction techniques. We find several ways in which the uncertainty stemming from the estimation procedure has a major impact on network characteristics. When the data have a locally coherent correlation structure, spurious link bundle teleconnections and spurious high-degree clusters have to be expected. Anisotropic estimation variance can also induce severe biases into empirical networks. We validate our findings with ERA5 data. Moreover, we explain why commonly applied resampling procedures are inappropriate for significance evaluation and propose a statistically more meaningful ensemble construction framework. By communicating which difficulties arise in estimation from scarce data and by presenting which design decisions increase robustness, we hope to contribute to more reliable climate network construction in the future. Significance Statement Network-based approaches have gained renewed attention regarding the prediction of climate phenomena such as El Niño events, extreme regional precipitation patterns, anomalous polar vortex dynamics, and regarding understanding the Earth system. Even though climate networks are constructed from a limited amount of noisy data, they typically are not studied from a statistical perspective. However, such an approach is crucial: due to sampling uncertainty, climate networks unavoidably contain false and missing edges. We analyze how sampling artifacts impact the conclusions drawn from the networks and present both pitfalls and statistically robust procedures of network construction and evaluation. We aim to contribute to understanding the limitations and fully leveraging the potentials of network methods in climate and Earth system science.
Cosmological redshift and Hubble tension explained by means of the FLRWT time-metric framework and transit physics in the IGM
2023-01-30

In response to all current cosmological controversies, this paper provides a reliable explanation of the Hubble tension and of the apparent acceleration of space expansion detected by SN Ia. In the first place, it calculates the redshift from Einstein field equations (EFE) assuming a Friedman–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker–Trinchera (FLRWT) metric framework due to the deformation of the spacetime fabric, causing a redshift due to a time dilation. In the second place, this study computes the dominant cosmological redshift contribution given by the transit redshift due to multiple interactions between photons and electrons in the intergalactic medium and not sustained in Einstein field equations. It is fully consistent with Wigner’s solid-state physics and Ashmore’s physics which predict the crystallization of free electrons at very low temperatures and the interaction with photons of light without scattering and blurring effects. The outcome of this inquiry fully matches the observational data given by the redshift-independent extragalactic distances (NED-D) and by the Chandra/XMM-Newton database of quasars for a specific density of matter in the Universe.
Analysis of Fast Fluorescence Kinetics of a Single Cyanobacterium Trapped in an Optical Microcavity
2023-01-30

Photosynthesis is one the most important biological processes on earth, producing life-giving oxygen, and is the basis for a large variety of plant products. Measurable properties of photosynthesis provide information about its biophysical state, and in turn, the physiological conditions of a photoautotrophic organism. For instance, the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity of an intact photosystem is not constant as in the case of a single fluorescent dye in solution but shows temporal changes related to the quantum yield of the photosystem. Commercial photosystem analyzers already use the fluorescence kinetics characteristics of photosystems to infer the viability of organisms under investigation. Here, we provide a novel approach based on an optical Fabry–Pérot microcavity that enables the readout of photosynthetic properties and activity for an individual cyanobacterium. This approach offers a completely new dimension of information, which would normally be lost due to averaging in ensemble measurements obtained from a large population of bacteria.
Effects of temperature and ionic strength on the microscopic structure and dynamics of egg white gels
2023-01-30

We investigate the thermal gelation of egg white proteins at different temperatures with varying salt concentrations using x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy in the geometry of ultra-small angle x-ray scattering. Temperature-dependent structural investigation suggests a faster network formation with increasing temperature, and the gel adopts a more compact network, which is inconsistent with the conventional understanding of thermal aggregation. The resulting gel network shows a fractal dimension δ, ranging from 1.5 to 2.2. The values of δ display a non-monotonic behavior with increasing amount of salt. The corresponding dynamics in the q range of 0.002–0.1 nm−1 is observable after major change of the gel structure. The extracted relaxation time exhibits a two-step power law growth in dynamics as a function of waiting time. In the first regime, the dynamics is associated with structural growth, whereas the second regime is associated with the aging of the gel, which is directly linked with its compactness, as quantified by the fractal dimension. The gel dynamics is characterized by a compressed exponential relaxation with a ballistic-type of motion. The addition of salt gradually makes the early stage dynamics faster. Both gelation kinetics and microscopic dynamics show that the activation energy barrier in the system systematically decreases with increasing salt concentration.
Does Exercise Modality Matter Affectively? Contrasting Type and Sequence of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Versus High-Intensity Interval Training in a Randomized Within-Subject Study
2023-01-30

Over the past two decades, affective determinants of exercise behavior have received increasing attention in research on health promotion and prevention. To date, however, little is known about changes in affective exercise determinants during multi-week training programs in insufficiently active individuals. This applies in particular to the currently discussed advantages and disadvantages of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) with regard to the affective experience of these two training types (e.g., reduced monotony vs. more aversive response during HIIT), which is important for exercise adherence. Referring to the Affect and Health Behavior Framework (AHBF), this within-subject study investigated changes in affective exercise determinants as a function of training type and sequence consisting of MICT and HIIT. Forty insufficiently active healthy adults (Mage = 27 ± 6 years; 72% women) underwent two 6-week training periods in a randomized sequence (MICT - HIIT vs. HIIT - MICT) within 15 weeks. Pre-post questionnaires and in-situ measurements, during and after a standardized vigorous-intensity continuous exercise session (VICE), were used to assess affective attitude, intrinsic motivation, in-task affective valence, as well as post-exercise enjoyment. These four affect-related constructs were collected before, between, and after the two training periods. Mixed models revealed a significant effect for training sequence (p = 0.011) - but not for training type (p = 0.045; non-significant after Bonferroni alpha adjustment) - on changes in in-task affective valence in favor of the MICT - HIIT sequence. Moreover, no significant training type or sequence effects were found for the constructs of reflective processing: exercise enjoyment, affective attitude, and intrinsic motivation. Therefore, individual-based training recommendations should consider the effects of variety and training sequence to develop tailored interventions that lead to more positive affective experiences - in particular during exercise - and promote the maintenance of exercise behavior in previously inactive individuals.
Down but not out: drugs that enhance delta oscillations but preserve consciousness
2023-01-30

Delta (1 – 4 Hz) EEG/MEG activity is generally indicative of loss of consciousness and cortical down states, particularly when it is diffuse and high amplitude. Remarkably, however, drug challenge studies of several diverse classes of pharmacological agents—including antiepileptics, GABA-B-ergics, anticholinergics, and psychedelic tryptamines—demonstrate that participants appear to be neurophysiologically “down” (EEG activity resembling cortical down states) even when they are not psychologically “out” (unconscious). Of those substances that are safe to use in healthy volunteers, some may be highly valuable research tools for investigating which neural activity patterns are sufficient for consciousness or its absence.
P156 Submucosa hypertrophy of active UC patients suggests transmural involvement in UC-associated inflammation
2023-01-30

Abstract Background Transmural response and healing assessed by intestinal ultrasound (IUS) have gained relevance as outcome measures with the ability to guide treatment decisions in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Bowel wall thickness (BWT) is the most widely used IUS parameter and encompasses the thickness of mucosa, muscularis mucosae, and submucosa [1]. Recently, the ratio between submucosa/BWT to estimate endoscopic remission was suggested [2] and de Voogd et al. have shown that the submucosa is the most responsive wall layer [3]. However, little is known about the association between submucosa hypertrophy and clinical as well as lab parameters. Methods TRUST&amp;UC was a prospective, observational study including 224 UC patients with increased BWT at baseline and active disease (SCCAI ≥ 5) with up to 4 visits (baseline, optional visit at week 2 (W2), W6 and W12). At baseline, patients received therapy intensification according to standard of care. In this post-hoc analysis, 171 patients with a W12 visit ± 4 weeks were included. Overall BWT, mucosa and submucosa thickness were evaluated for the sigmoid colon and stratified for SCCAI, CRP, fecal calprotectin (fCal), and Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES). Results Active UC patients in our cohort had a median age and disease duration of 37.1 years (28.9 –50.2) and 3.55 years (0.54 – 10.18), more were male (56.6%, n = 95). At baseline, UC patients presented with a high disease activity reflected by a median SCCAI of 9.00 (7.0-10.0). Mean values for BWT, mucosa, and submucosa were 5.54 mm, 1.7 mm, and 2.32 mm, respectively. Over the study course, mucosa and submucosa thickness were significantly reduced with the most pronounced reduction happening within the first 2 weeks (figure 1). Patients with SCCAI ≤ 2 tended to have a more reduced mucosa and submucosa thickness than patients with SCCAI &amp;gt; 2 (fig 2A, A1). Whilst a similar trend was observed for fCal values (not shown), this effect was found neither for CRP (not shown) nor for MES. Conclusion We found that both mucosa and submucosa thickness of active UC patients were reduced as a consequence of therapy intensification. The lack of difference in thickness of both mucosa and submucosa in patients with and without MES improvement might indicate fibrotic alterations in these patients which needs further evaluation. Based on these and previous results of our group, we suggest measuring BWT in conjunction with other established IUS parameters such as colour Doppler signal to assess disease activity in UC. 1-Ilvermark et al. JCC 2022 2-Miyoshi et al. J Gastroenterol 2022 3-de Voogd et al. Gastroenterol 2022
Disentangling the Association Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Student Achievement: Meta-Analytic Evidence on the Role of Domain Specificity and Achievement Measures
2023-01-31

Abstract Students’ academic achievement is a central predictor of a long list of important educational outcomes, such as access to higher education and socioeconomic success. Prior studies have extensively focused on identifying variables that are related to academic achievement and an important variable in this context appears to be students’ personality. Notably, although findings from more recent studies suggested that the association between student achievement and personality varies by the subject domain (language vs. STEM) and the type of achievement measure (grades vs. test scores), systematic meta-analytical evidence is still lacking. To address this gap in the educational research literature, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 78 studies, with 1491 effect sizes representing data from 500,218 students and 110 samples from elementary to high school. We used a random-effects model with robust variance estimation to calculate mean effect sizes and standard deviations. We found moderating effects of measure or domain for all five personality traits, with differences in the direction of the effects. Our results highlight the importance of the domain and measure when examining how personality traits relate to academic achievement in school. The combination of subject domain and achievement was also found to be relevant for some of the traits. These findings emphasize that subject domains and types of achievement measures should be explicitly considered when investigating the personality saturation of student achievement. We discuss implications for future research, highlighting that there is no “best” or “more objective” achievement measure but, instead, that achievement measures should be chosen based on the research question of interest.
Automated Assessment of Radiographic Bone Loss in the Posterior Maxilla Utilizing a Multi-Object Detection Artificial Intelligence Algorithm
2023-01-31

Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. The degree of radiographic bone loss can be used to assess the course of therapy or the severity of the disease. Since automated bone loss detection has many benefits, our goal was to develop a multi-object detection algorithm based on artificial intelligence that would be able to detect and quantify radiographic bone loss using standard two-dimensional radiographic images in the maxillary posterior region. This study was conducted by combining three recent online databases and validating the results using an external validation dataset from our organization. There were 1414 images for training and testing and 341 for external validation in the final dataset. We applied a Keypoint RCNN with a ResNet-50-FPN backbone network for both boundary box and keypoint detection. The intersection over union (IoU) and the object keypoint similarity (OKS) were used for model evaluation. The evaluation of the boundary box metrics showed a moderate overlapping with the ground truth, revealing an average precision of up to 0.758. The average precision and recall over all five folds were 0.694 and 0.611, respectively. Mean average precision and recall for the keypoint detection were 0.632 and 0.579, respectively. Despite only using a small and heterogeneous set of images for training, our results indicate that the algorithm is able to learn the objects of interest, although without sufficient accuracy due to the limited number of images and a large amount of information available in panoramic radiographs. Considering the widespread availability of panoramic radiographs as well as the increasing use of online databases, the presented model can be further improved in the future to facilitate its implementation in clinics.
Climbing influences entheseal morphology in the humerus of mice: An experimental application of the VERA methodology
2023-01-31

Abstract Objectives When studying hominin skeletal remains, anthropologists commonly assume that the morphology of entheses (muscle and tendon attachment sites) is influenced by physical activity patterns during life. Here, we use samples of mice from a prior experiment (Siegel &amp; Jones [1975] American Journal of Physical Anthropology 42:141–144) to test this assumption. Specifically, we investigate the effects of habitual climbing on entheses of the humerus using a recently developed protocol for analyzing entheseal morphology called the “Validated Entheses‐based Reconstruction of Activity” (VERA) method. Materials and Methods In the original experiment, young mice were raised for approximately 9 weeks in one of two experimental conditions: a cage designed to limit locomotion to terrestrial quadrupedalism over a flat surface ( n = 22), or a cage designed to impel animals to cling to a suspended wire mesh apparatus and limit their locomotion to climbing ( n = 21). We μCT‐scanned the humeri of these mice and used the VERA method to assess the morphology of the deltoid tuberosity, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, and supinator crest. Results Significant differences in entheseal morphology were detected between climbers and non‐climbers when using both multivariate statistics to assess all entheses simultaneously and univariate statistics to assess each enthesis individually. Discussion Our results provide new support for the general use of entheseal morphology for inferring hominin physical activity patterns in the past. Furthermore, based on our results, we propose that analyzing entheseal morphology using the VERA method may be a promising strategy for future research on the importance of climbing in hominin locomotor evolution.