julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of a P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface for Controlling an Internet Browser
2010-09-01

An electroencephalographic (EEG) brain-computer interface (BCI) internet browser was designed and evaluated with 10 healthy volunteers and three individuals with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), all of whom were given tasks to execute on the internet using the browser. Participants with ALS achieved an average accuracy of 73% and a subsequent information transfer rate (ITR) of 8.6 bits/min and healthy participants with no prior BCI experience over 90% accuracy and an ITR of 14.4 bits/min. We define additional criteria for unrestricted internet access for evaluation of the presented and future internet browsers, and we provide a review of the existing browsers in the literature. The P300-based browser provides unrestricted access and enables free web surfing for individuals with paralysis.
Explaining missing answers to SPJUA queries
2010-09-01

This paper addresses the problem of explaining missing answers in queries that include selection, projection, join, union, aggregation and grouping (SPJUA). Explaining missing answers of queries is useful in various scenarios, including query understanding and debugging. We present a general framework for the generation of these explanations based on source data. We describe the algorithms used to generate a correct, finite, and, when possible, minimal set of explanations. These algorithms are part of Artemis, a system that assists query developers in analyzing queries by, for instance, allowing them to ask why certain tuples are not in the query results. Experimental results demonstrate that Artemis generates explanations of missing tuples at a pace that allows developers to effectively use them for query analysis.
Urinary Calculi Composed of Uric Acid, Cystine, and Mineral Salts: Differentiation with Dual-Energy CT at a Radiation Dose Comparable to That of Intravenous Pyelography
2010-09-01

Low-dose unenhanced dual-source dual-energy CT can help differentiate between calcified, uric acid, and cystine calculi at a radiation dose comparable to that of conventional intravenous pyelography. Because of decreased image quality in obese patients, only nonobese patients should be examined with this protocol.
Avalanche-safe LINQ compilation
2010-09-01

We report on a query compilation technique that enables the construction of alternative efficient query providers for Microsoft's Language Integrated Query (LINQ) framework. LINQ programs are mapped into an intermediate algebraic form, suitable for execution on any SQL:1999-capable relational database system. This compilation technique leads to query providers that (1) faithfully preserve list order and nesting, both being core features of the LINQ data model, (2) support the complete family of LINQ's Standard Query Operators, (3) bring database support to LINQ to XML where the original provider performs in-memory query evaluation, and, most importantly, (4) emit SQL statement sequences whose size is only determined by the input query's result type (and thus independent of the database size). A sample query scenario uses this LINQ provider to marry database-resident TPC-H and XMark data---resulting in a unique query experience that exhibits quite promising performance characteristics, especially for large data instances.
Smoothing and coherent structure formation in organic-organic heterostructure growth
2010-09-01

We use in situ real-time X-ray reflectivity and complementary atomic force microscopy to monitor crystallinity and roughness evolution during growth of organic heterostructures, i.e. perfluoropentacene (PFP) on diindenoperylene (DIP) and pentacene (PEN) on PFP. For both systems, surface smoothing during thermal evaporation of the second material on top of the first is observed. The smoothing can be rationalized by a, compared to homoepitaxy, lowered step edge barrier for one species diffusing on the other. In addition, we find an exceptionally well-ordered interface for PEN-on-PFP growth and PEN growth with anomalously low roughening, along with coherent scattering over the entire thickness. Copyright
Turning snails into slugs: induced body plan changes and formation of an internal shell
2010-09-01

SUMMARY The archetypal body plan of conchiferan molluscs is characterized by an external calcareous shell, though internalization of shells has evolved independently in a number of molluscan clades, including gastropod families. In gastropods, the developmental process of torsion is regarded as a hallmark that is associated with a new anatomical configuration. This configuration is present in extant prosobranch gastropod species, which predominantly bear external shells. Here, we show that short‐term exposure to platinum during development uncouples at least two of the processes associated with torsion of the freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis . That is, the anus of the treated snails is located anteriorly, but the gill and the designated mantle tissue remains in a posterior location, thus preventing the formation of an external shell. In contrast to the prosobranchian archetype, platinum treatment results in the formation of a posterior gill and a cone‐shaped internal shell, which persists across the lifetime. This first finding of artificially induced snail‐slug conversion was also seen in the pulmonate snail Planorbarius corneus and demonstrates that selective alteration of embryonic key processes can result in fundamental changes of an existing body plan and—if altered regulation is inherited—may give rise to a new one.
Glioblastoma with granular cell astrocytoma features: a case report and literature review
2010-09-01

We present the case of a 69-year old patient with a contrast enhancing, partially cystic lesion of the right temporal lobe, involving the ventricle and extending into the occipital lobe. The resected tumor showed histological features of a glioblastoma with granular cell astrocytoma features, lacking amplification of the EGFR gene region and IDH1R132H mutation. Literature review of 59 cases showed a 12-month overall survival of 11.7% for high-grade and 40% for low-grade granular cell astrocytomas. In 35% more than one cerebral lobe was affected. These extended mass effects may explain the worse prognosis despite the relatively bland histology of the granular cell component.
Cataract and Pseudophakia in Elderly European Drivers
2010-09-01

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence and association of different types and seventies of cataract or pseudophakia with visual impairments in older European drivers. Methods In this prospective European multicenter study, 2211 active drivers, 45 years of age and older, participated in an ophthalmologic examination, the measurement of visual functions, and were asked to fill in the NEI-VFQ-25 and another questionnaire about driving habits, driving difficulties, and self-reported accidents. Results Prevalence of moderate and severe forms of cataract in an active driving population is lower than that in the general population, but could be found in both eyes in 20% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16%–25%) and 17% (95% CI: 13%–21%) of subjects 75 years of age and older. In addition, there is a strong relationship between severity of cataract and parameters such as age, visual acuity, intraocular straylight, and contrast sensitivity. Conclusions Cataract is not as highly prevalent in the elderly active driving population as in the general population, but is frequently present in drivers over 65 years of age. Lower prevalence of severe bilateral cataracts in countries with mandatory tests of visual functions of drivers suggest that this could be a suitable measure to detect and to reduce the number of active drivers with severe bilateral cataracts.
Innate antimicrobial immunity in inflammatory bowel diseases
2010-09-01

Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation at different sites. Data from animal models as well as human patients including gene-association studies suggest that different components of the innate barrier function are primarily defective. These recent advances support the evolving hypothesis that intestinal bacteria induce inflammation predominantly as a result of a weakened innate mucosal barrier in genetically predisposed individuals. This article discusses our current understanding of the primary events of disease. Together, these findings should result in new therapeutic avenues aimed at restoring antimicrobial barrier function to prevent a bacterial-triggered inflammatory response.
Calcium signaling during the plant-plant interaction of parasitic Cuscuta reflexa with its hosts
2010-09-01

The plant parasite Cuscuta reflexa induces various responses in compatible and incompatible host plants. The visual reactions of both types of host plants including obvious morphological changes require the recognition of Cuscuta ssp. A consequently initiated signaling cascade is triggered which leads to a tolerance of the infection or, in the case of some incompatible host plants, to resistance. Calcium (Ca(2+)) release is the major second messenger during signal transduction. Therefore, we have studied Ca(2+) spiking in tomato and tobacco during infection with C. reflexa. In our recently published study Ca(2+) signals were monitored as bioluminescence in aequorin-expressing tomato plants after the onset of C. reflexa infestation. Signals at the attachment sites were observed from 30 to 48 h after infection. In an assay with leaf disks of aequorin-expressing tomato which were treated with different C. reflexa plant extracts it turned out that the substance that induced Ca(2+) release in the host plant was closely linked to the parasite's haustoria.
Hadron molecules
2010-09-01

We discuss a possible interpretation of the open charm mesons D*s0(2317), Ds1(2460) and the hidden charm mesons X(3872), Y(3940) and Y(4140) as hadron molecules. Using a phenomenological Lagrangian approach we review the strong and radiative decays of the D*s0(2317) and Ds1(2460) states. The X(3872) is assumed to consist dominantly of molecular hadronic components with an additional small admixture of a charmonium configuration. Determing the radiative (γJ/Ψ and γΨ(2s)) and strong (J/Ψ2π and J/Ψ3π) decay modes we show that the present experimental observation is consistent with the molecular structure assumption of the X(3872). Finally, we give evidence for molecular interpretations of the Y(3940) and Y(4140) related to the observed strong decay modes J/Ψ + ω or J/Ψ + φ, respectively.
Thirteen new players in the team
2010-09-01

We demonstrate an efficient LINQ to SQL provider and its significant impact on the runtime performance of LINQ programs that process large data volumes. This alternative provider is based on Ferry, compilation technology that lets relational database systems participate in the evaluation of first-order functional programs over nested, ordered data structures. The Ferry-based provider seamlessly hooks into the .NET LINQ framework and generates SQL code that strictly adheres to the semantics of the LINQ data model. Ferry comes with strong code size guarantees and complete support for the LINQ Standard Query Operator family, enabling a truly interactive and compelling LINQ demonstration. A variety of inspection holes may be opened to learn about the internals of the Ferry-based LINQ to SQL provider.
C07 Localisation of sequence variations in PGC-1α influence their modifying effect in Huntington's disease
2010-09-01

<h3>Background</h3> A polyglutamine repeat expansion of more than 36 units in the huntingtin protein is the only known cause of Huntington9s disease (HD). The expanded repeat length is inversely correlated with the age at onset (AAO) but additional genetic factors apart from the expanded CAG repeat length can modify the course and AAO in HD. Until now, among others the gene encoding PCG-1α, a transcriptional coactivator in metabolic processes that seems to be defective in HD, could be identified to modify the AAO in two independent populations. <h3>Aim/method</h3> As the identification of distinct modifiers in association studies is generally dependent on the size of the observed population, we investigated nine different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the PGC-1α gene for a disease modifying effect in more than 800 European HD patients. <h3>Results</h3> Two SNPs, one in the promotor and one in the transcribed region of the PGC-1α gene, showed a significant effect on the AAO. While the variant allele of SNP rs7665116 was associated with a delay in disease onset, the variant allele of SNP rs2970870 leads to an earlier onset of HD in its homozygous state. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Therefore, our results indicate opposing modifying influences of one gene to disease pathology and support the concept of a reduced PGC-1α expression due to mutant huntingtin as well as an altered functionality of PGC-1α towards target genes in HD pathogenesis.
Task-Dependent Representation of Moving Objects Within Working Memory in Obstacle Avoidance
2010-09-01

Subjects avoided collisions efficiently by applying a gaze strategy adequate to create a representation that fulfills the demands of the task. Collision-prone cars are more likely to be represented in memory, but not more likely to be fixated.
Looking Forwards and Backwards in the Multi-Allelic Neutral Cannings Population Model
2010-09-01

We look forwards and backwards in the multi-allelic neutral exchangeable Cannings model with fixed population size and nonoverlapping generations. The Markov chain X is studied which describes the allelic composition of the population forward in time. A duality relation (inversion formula) between the transition matrix of X and an appropriate backward matrix is discussed. The probabilities of the backward matrix are explicitly expressed in terms of the offspring distribution, complementing the work of Gladstien (1978). The results are applied to fundamental multi-allelic Cannings models, among them the Moran model, the Wright-Fisher model, the Kimura model, and the Karlin and McGregor model. As a side effect, number theoretical sieve formulae occur in these examples.
Orthogonal shift level comparison reuse for structuring element shape independent VLSI-Architectures of 2D morphological operations
2010-09-01

In this work we present an efficient and flexible - structuring element shape independent - new VLSI-architecture design approach for 2D morphological operations. Contrary to common used architecture design concepts based on structuring element areal decomposition is the ability to handle arbitrary non-convex flat structuring elements. Furthermore, no intermediate image data storage over several image lines is required and the amount of comparators and registers is reduced by reusing results on so called orthogonal shift levels. This leads to efficient realizations regarding hardware complexity and maximum clock frequency.
Design and Analysis of Infectious Disease Studies
2010-09-01

This workshop gathered 45 participants from 16 countries and had a correspondingly multifaceted program covering various infectious diseases, public health applications, and methodological innovations. The discussions and presentations focused on the importance of mathematical models and statistical analyses in understanding the complex transmission systems of infectious diseases and in planning effective intervention strategies. Many different statistical and mathematical approaches were covered. The general unifying theme is that the analyses and models take into account the underlying transmission of the infectious agent among the hosts and/ or vector populations.
A14 Fast axonal transport of mitochondria is altered in Huntington's disease
2010-09-01

Background Expression of mutant huntingtin in mammalian neurons impairs both transport of vesicles and mitochondrial function. For this reason, it seems likely that fast axonal transport of mitochondria, which is crucial for neurite outgrowth and synaptic transmission, is affected as well. Aim and method To investigate the influence of mutant huntingtin on fast axonal transport of mitochondria, we prepare primary neuronal cultures of cortex and striatum from mouse (HDKI mice) and rat (tgHD rats, BacHD rats) models of HD. Cells are transfected with EGFP and DsRed2Mito to track mitochondrial movements by time lapse video microscopy. Result Analysis of the first recordings revealed an alteration in fast axonal transport, characterised by a significant increase in retrograde transport of mitochondria in transgenic HD rats compared with their wild-type littermates. Conclusion Our study shows a shift in fast axonal transport of mitochondria towards more retrograde movements. Whether this is a common effect among HD animal models is currently under investigation.
A33 Behavioural evaluation of Huntington's disease mouse models with an automated home cage system
2010-09-01

Huntington9s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin gene. There are various animal models of HD which all mirror at least partially the behavioural and neuropathological phenotype of the human disease. Nevertheless, the results of the studies in HD animal models are inconsistent across laboratories because of the lack of standardised testing conditions and husbandry and the autotelic differences between the different lines. To avoid experimenter dependent effects in the behavioural evaluation of HD mice we have compared the YAC128 full length model (on a FVB/N background) and the Hdh Q111 knock-in mouse (on a C57Bl/6 background) with heterozygous HDHex4/5 knock-out mice using an automated home cage system at different ages. The Labmaster system measured automatically and in a standardised setting drinking, feeding and activity for a time period of 70 h. Therefore, it allows us to detect even subtle differences in circadian food and fluid consumption as well as locomotor activity with rearing behaviour. This is especially of importance in the ‘late onset’ full length models with a relatively mild and not rapidly progressive phenotype. Furthermore, it has been shown that expression levels of full length htt influence body weight in a dose dependent manner in YAC128, YAC18 and heterozygous Hdh knock-out mice. Our study gives us the opportunity to carefully characterise the relationship between different levels of htt and activity and food intake in vivo. First results will be presented.
SIGMA MESON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS
2010-09-01

The sigma meson production is investigated in p + 40 Ca and p + 208 Pb at the incident energy 1.5 GeV within the Quantum Molecular Dynamics model. The simulation results indicate a distinctive A dependence of the sigma production that the increase of A is followed by an increase of the production cross section. We find that the sigma meson production is strongly medium dependent and the produced sigma mesons decaying in a dense medium experience a stronger mass shift towards lower masses. This mass shift is an experimentally accessible observable in the final state pion pairs, which did not suffer absorption by the surrounding nucleons. It is pointed out that the ratio of measured sigma cross-sections as a function of the sigma invariant-mass from various reactions is a good probe to explore the existence of the sigma meson in dense nuclear environment.
ABC effect in double-pionic nuclear fusion and a pn resonance as its possible origin
2010-09-01

The ABC effect -- a long-standing puzzle in double-pionic fusion -- has been reexamined by the first exclusive and kinematically complete measurements of solid statistics for the fusion reactions , He and He using the WASA detector, first at CELSIUS and recently at COSY -- the latter with a statistics increased by another two orders of magnitude. In all cases we observe a huge low-mass enhancement in the -invariant mass accompanied by a pronounced excitation. For the most basic fusion reaction, the reaction, we observe in addition a very pronounced resonance-like energy dependence in the total cross section with a maximum 90 MeV below the mass and a width of only 50 MeV, which is five times smaller than expected from a conventional -channel excitation. This reveals the ABC effect to be the consequence of a s-channel resonance with the formfactor of this dibaryonic state being reflected in the low-mass enhancement of the -invariant mass. From the fusion reactions to He and He we learn that this resonance is robust enough to survive even in nuclei.
C10 Duo as a potential genetic modifier of Huntington's disease
2010-09-01

Huntington9s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of the polyglutamine (CAG) tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. The length of the CAG repeat is the main predictor of disease onset but only part of the variance is correlated with the age at onset (AAO). We therefore hypothesized that genetic modifiers should be enriched among Htt protein interactors. Recently we have indentified htt associated protein 1 (HAP-1) M441T polymorphism which modified the AAO of HD via reducing soluble htt degraded products and protecting against htt induced toxicity. To further explore potential genetic modifiers, we selected Duo as target. Duo is known as an interactor of HAP-1 and is important in synaptic maturation and dendritic spine dynamics. Four non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one 5′ untranslated region (UTR) SNPs were chosen. They are located in exon 9, 12, 25 and 32, and regulatory element, respectively. We used the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method for screening. The results showed that 5′UTR had polymorphic frequency relevant to the database. We will enlarge the sample number and cross analyse the correlation between AAO, HAP-1 and Duo.
A28 Accumulation and aggregation of human mutant huntingtin and neuron atrophy in BAC-HD transgenic rat
2010-09-01

<h3>Background and aim</h3> We have previously generated and characterised in detail transgenic rats which express a fragment of mutant huntingtin (htt). This rat model mirrors many aspects of Huntington9s disease (HD) but it lacks the full length mutant htt protein and therefore some aspects of the human condition might be imperfectly replicated. In order to remedy this, we have generated BAC-HD transgenic rats expressing full length human mutant huntingtin. <h3>Methods</h3> Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) were used, which contained human genomic DNA spanning the full length gene with 97 CAG/CAA repeats including all regulatory elements. Two lines were selected for further phenotyping, one with the highest RNA and protein expression level and a second line with similar expression level as seen in BAC-HD mice. <h3>Outcomes</h3> Primary characterisation already indicated an early progressive HD-like phenotype including progressive motor deficits, impaired motor skill learning and reduced activity. In this study, we demonstrate HD characteristic neuropathological changes such as aggregation of mhtt in BAC-HD rats. Large numbers of neuropil aggregates are seen in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BSRc) and in cortex as well as in the amygdala and hippocampus. Additionally, a huge amount of nuclear accumulation of mhtt is present in cortex in both lines of BAC-HD rats at 12 months of age. Furthermore, decreased staining of the medium spiny neuron marker DARPP32 was observed in the striatum. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These two lines show robust neuropathological changes in addition to the early HD-like phenotype making them valuable for future preclinical therapy studies and better understanding of HD pathogenesis.