julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Chaka basin and its implications for mountain building processes in the north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau
2011-05-26

ABSTRACT Magnetostratigraphy of sedimentary rock deposited in the Chaka basin (north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau) indicates a late Miocene onset of basin formation and subsequent development of the adjacent Qinghai Nan Shan. Sedimentation in the basin initiated at ∼11 Ma. In the lower part of the basin fill, a coarsening‐upward sequence starting at ∼9 Ma, as well as rapid sedimentation rates, and northward paleocurrents, are consistent with continued growth of the Ela Shan to the south. In the upper section, several lines of evidence suggest that thrust faulting and topographic development of the Qinghai Nan Shan began at ∼6.1 Ma. Paleocurrent indicators, preserved in the basin in the proximal footwall of the Qinghai Nan Shan, show a change from northward to southward flow between 6.5 and 3.8 Ma. At the same location, sediment derived from the Qinghai Nan Shan appears at 6.1 Ma. Finally, the initiation of progressively shallowing dips observed in deformed basin strata and a change to pebbly, fluvial deposits at 6.1 Ma provide a minimum age for the onset of slip on the thrust fault that dips north‐east beneath the Qinghai Nan Shan. We interpret a decrease in sediment accumulation rates since ∼6 Ma to indicate a reduction in Chaka basin accommodation space due to active faulting and folding along the Qinghai Nan Shan and incorporation of the basin into the wedge‐top depozone. Declination anomalies indicate the beginning of counter‐clockwise rotation since 6.1 Ma, which we associate with local deformation, not regional block rotation. The emergence of the Qinghai Nan Shan near the end of the Miocene Epoch partitioned the once contiguous Chaka‐Gonghe and Qinghai basin complex. In a regional framework, our study adds to a growing body of evidence that points to widespread initiation and/or reactivation of fault networks during the late Miocene across the north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Relevance and Methods of Interventional Breast Sonography in Preoperative Axillary Lymph Node Staging
2011-05-26

Reduction of therapy-induced morbidity is an important goal for the improvement of the quality of breast cancer treatment. The introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) significantly contributed to the reduction of surgery-induced morbidity in the shoulder-arm region. However, a clinically positive nodal status is still considered a contra-indication for SLNB. The current data constellation clearly shows that the clinical and also the sonographic malignancy assessment is insufficient for the accurate identification of the nodal status. A merely clinical and/or image-based appraisal of the axillary lymph node status would lead to overtreatment due to unnecessary axillary dissection in approximately 40 % of patients. In order to reduce the rate of unnecessary axillary dissection (AD), pretreatment interventional clarification is necessary to provide more detailed information about the histological condition of the lymph node. Comparing the currently available methods, fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the best in terms of cost and time requirement, practicability and complication rate. However, considering the sensitivity, it is inferior to ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (CNB). Thus, a negative FNA outcome requires further clarification, which possibly can be performed with CNB. With a specificity of nearly 100 % and therefore a low rate of false positive cases for FNA, complete AD can be indicated by a positive FNA result. In the context of the interventional procedure, it must be stressed that FNA requires a high level of expertise on the part of both the examiner and the cytologist. The prerequisite for optimal interventional diagnostics of lymph nodes is an adequate sonographic assessment on the basis of standardized sonomorphological criteria.
Phosphorus‐Centered and Phosphinidene‐Capped Tungsten Chloride Clusters
2011-05-26

Abstract Black crystalline powders of W 6 PCl 17 and W 4 (PCl)Cl 10 were obtained after reducing WCl 6 with red phosphorus at 370 and 500 °C. The crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. The structure of W 6 PCl 17 is represented by a phosphorus‐centered hexanuclear tungsten cluster, whose (W 6 PCl 11 )Cl 4 a Cl 4/2 a–a chains form a hexagonal stick packing structure. The structure of W 4 (PCl)Cl 10 is represented by a Jahn–Teller distorted tetranuclear tungsten cluster that is interconnected into a layered [W 4 (μ 4 ‐PCl)Cl 6 i ]Cl 8/2 a–a structure containing a chloro‐phosphinidene ligand. Solid‐state 31 P magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra, electronic structures, and magnetic properties are reported.
Role of local field potentials in encoding hand movement kinematics
2011-05-26

How the brain orchestrates the musculoskeletal system to produce complex three-dimensional movements is still poorly understood. Despite first promising results in brain-machine interfaces that translate cortical activity to control output, there is an ongoing debate about which brain signals provide richest information related to movement planning and execution. Novel results by Bansal and colleagues (2011) now suggest that neuronal spiking and local field potentials jointly encode kinematics during skilled reach and grasp movements.
Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation. 'European Studies Series'
2011-05-26

German history between Revolution and Unification has been extensively researched and even more extensively written about. Nonetheless, opinions have always diverged. Did the nation state, created in two stages in 1867 and 1871, realize the hopes of 1848/49? Or was it but a crippled version of the parliamentary democracy that had emerged in 1848 through a revolution but that had not been preserved? Contemporaries had already debated this question controversially, and not a few changed their view over time. Mark Hewitson opts for an interpretation that was at the time mainly defended by liberals: ‘The year 1866 saw the implementation of the main components of the national solution to the German question which had been agreed in 1849’ (p. 345). The Habsburg monarchy now parted company with Germany while Schleswig-Holstein became a part of it. Both decisions were forced in wars that the national movement was not able to influence, yet the nation state remained ‘a largely liberal and democratic project’ (p. 358). The German Empire emerged as ‘the product, not of an invidious compromise, but of a necessary relationship between nationalism and the state’ (p. 365). Hewitson tells a victor's history of the national movement and of liberalism. The nation state, which they had been unable to impose on the Prussian and Austrian monarchs in 1849, was revitalized and partly realized in 1867, with the Northern German Confederation serving as a blueprint for the future. The step to the Lesser German nation state, including Southern Germany now seemed inevitable.
Amplicon‐based high‐throughput pooled sequencing identifies mutations in CYP7B1 and SPG7 in sporadic spastic paraplegia patients
2011-05-27

Schlipf NA, Schüle R, Klimpe S, Karle KN, Synofzik M, Schicks J, Riess O, Schöls L, Bauer P. Amplicon‐based high‐throughput pooled sequencing identifies mutations in CYP7B1 and SPG7 in sporadic spastic paraplegia patients. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder defined clinically by progressive lower limb spasticity and weakness. HSP is a genetically highly heterogeneous condition with at least 46 gene loci identified so far, involving X‐linked, autosomal recessive (AR) and autosomal dominant inheritance. For correct diagnosis, molecular testing is essential because clinical parameters by themselves are not reliable to differentiate HSP forms. The purpose of this study was to establish amplicon‐based high‐throughput genotyping for AR‐HSP. A sample of 187 index cases with apparently sporadic or recessive spastic paraplegia were analyzed by applying an array‐based amplification strategy. Amplicon libraries of the CYP7B1 –(SPG5) and SPG7 –gene were generated followed by a pooled next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approach. We identified three SPG5 and seven SPG7 patients. All had one homozygous or two heterozygous mutations. In total, 20 distinct mutations ( CYP 7 B 1 ,n = 4and SPG 7 ,n = 16) including two novel CYP7B1 mutations (p.G51R and p.E211KfsX3) and eight novel SPG7 mutations (p.Leu8delinsLeuLeu, p.W29X, p.R139X, p.R247X, p.G344D, p.Leu346_Leu347ins11, p.R398X and p.R398Q) were detected by this comprehensive genetic testing. Our study illustrates how amplicon‐based NGS can be used as an efficient tool to study genotypes and mutations in large patient cohorts and complex phenotypes.
Iron abundance in the prototype PG 1159 star, GW Vir pulsator PG 1159 − 035, and related objects
2011-05-27

\\n We performed an iron abundance determination of the hot, hydrogen deficient post-AGB star PG 1159 − 035, which is the prototype of the PG 1159 spectral class and the GW Vir pulsators, and of two related objects (PG 1520 + 525, PG 1144 + 005), based on the first detection of Fe <sc>viii </sc>lines in stellar photospheres. In another PG 1159 star, PG 1424 + 535, we detect Fe <sc>vii </sc>lines. In all four stars, each within Teff = 110 000−150 000 K, we find a solar iron abundance. This result agrees with our recent abundance analysis of the hottest PG 1159 stars (Teff = 150 000−200 000 K) that exhibit Fe <sc>x </sc>lines. On the whole, we find that the PG 1159 stars are not significantly iron deficient, in contrast to previous notions. \\n
Study investigating pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and roflumilast in healthy adults
2011-05-27

Neither ROF nor its main metabolite had any impact on the metabolism of the concomitant CYP1A2 substrate THEO in humans. Though co-administration of THEO resulted in a minor increase (28%) in total ROF exposure, no safety or tolerability concerns and no altered total PDE4 inhibition of both ROF and R-NO, were observed.
Hierarchical organization and early hematopoietic specification of the developing HSC lineage in the AGM region
2011-05-30

The aorta-gonad-mesonephros region plays an important role in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development during mouse embryogenesis. The vascular endothelial cadherin+ CD45+ (VE-cad+CD45+) population contains the major type of immature pre-HSCs capable of developing into long-term repopulating definitive HSCs. In this study, we developed a new coaggregation culture system, which supports maturation of a novel population of CD45-negative (VE-cad+CD45−CD41+) pre-HSCs into definitive HSCs. The appearance of these pre-HSCs precedes development of the VE-cad+CD45+ pre-HSCs (termed here type I and type II pre-HSCs, respectively), thus establishing a hierarchical directionality in the developing HSC lineage. By labeling the luminal surface of the dorsal aorta, we show that both type I and type II pre-HSCs are distributed broadly within the endothelial and subendothelial aortic layers, in contrast to mature definitive HSCs which localize to the aortic endothelial layer. In agreement with expression of CD41 in pre-HSCs, in vivo CD41-Cre–mediated genetic tagging occurs in embryonic pre-HSCs and persists in all lymphomyeloid lineages of the adult animal.
Emotional Voice Areas: Anatomic Location, Functional Properties, and Structural Connections Revealed by Combined fMRI/DTI
2011-05-30

We determined the location, functional response profile, and structural fiber connections of auditory areas with voice- and emotion-sensitive activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging. Bilateral regions responding to emotional voices were consistently found in the superior temporal gyrus, posterolateral to the primary auditory cortex. Event-related fMRI showed stronger responses in these areas to voices-expressing anger, sadness, joy, and relief, relative to voices with neutral prosody. Their neural responses were primarily driven by prosodic arousal, irrespective of valence. Probabilistic fiber tracking revealed direct structural connections of these "emotional voice areas" (EVA) with ipsilateral medial geniculate body, which is the major input source of early auditory cortex, as well as with the ipsilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal lobe (IPL). In addition, vocal emotions (compared with neutral prosody) increased the functional coupling of EVA with the ipsilateral IFG but not IPL. These results provide new insights into the neural architecture of the human voice processing system and support a crucial involvement of IFG in the recognition of vocal emotions, whereas IPL may subserve distinct auditory spatial functions, consistent with distinct anatomical substrates for the processing of "how" and "where" information within the auditory pathways.
Spatial orienting by left hemisphere language areas: a relict from the past?
2011-05-30

During evolution, the human brain developed remarkable functional differences between left and right hemispheres. Due to this lateralization, disorders of spatial orienting occur predominantly after right brain damage and disorders of language after left brain damage. In contrast to this general pattern, few individuals show disturbed spatial orienting (spatial neglect) after left brain damage. Using a voxel-based lesion analysis approach, we found that neglect after acute left brain damage is represented in areas typically serving language functions, namely the superior and middle temporal gyri, inferior parietal lobule and insula. Since all except one of these patients also suffered from aphasia, we conclude that lateralization is not just reversed but that both functions (language and spatial orienting) rather are represented in the same left hemisphere regions. We speculate that a representation of spatial orienting in left hemisphere language areas might be a phylogenetic relict in humans, though this representation stays subdominant in the vast majority of individuals.
Single Nanoskived Nanowires for Electrochemical Applications
2011-05-30

In this work, we fabricate gold nanowires with well controlled critical dimensions using a recently demonstrated facile approach termed nanoskiving. Nanowires are fabricated with lengths of several hundreds of micrometers and are easily electrically contacted using overlay electrodes. Following fabrication, nanowire device performance is assessed using both electrical and electrochemical characterization techniques. We observe low electrical resistances with typical linear Ohmic responses from fully packaged nanowire devices. Steady-state cyclic voltammograms in ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid demonstrate scan rate independence up to 1000 mV s(-1). Electrochemical responses are excellently described by classical Butler-Volmer kinetics, displaying a fast, heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics, k(0) = 2.27 ± 0.02 cm s(-1), α = 0.4 ± 0.01. Direct reduction of hydrogen peroxide is observed at nanowires across the 110 pM to 1 mM concentration range, without the need for chemical modification, demonstrating the potential of these devices for electrochemical applications.
The Use of Propensity Scores for Nonrandomized Designs With Clustered Data
2011-05-31

In this article we propose several modeling choices to extend propensity score analysis to clustered data. We describe different possible model specifications for estimation of the propensity score: single-level model, fixed effects model, and two random effects models. We also consider both conditioning within clusters and conditioning across clusters. We examine the underlying assumptions of these modeling choices and the type of randomized experiment approximated by each approach. Using a simulation study, we compare the relative performance of these modeling and conditioning choices in reducing bias due to confounding variables at both the person and cluster levels. An applied example based on a study by Hughes, Chen, Thoemmes, and Kwok (2010) is provided in which the effect of retention in Grade 1 on passing an achievement test in Grade 3 is evaluated. We find that models that consider the clustered nature of the data both in estimation of the propensity score and conditioning on the propensity score performed best in our simulation study; however, other modeling choices also performed well. The applied example illustrates practical limitations of these models when cluster sizes are small.
Neurochemical and Structural Organization of the Principal Nucleus of the Inferior Olive in the Human
2011-05-31

Abstract The inferior olive (IO) is the sole source of the climbing fibers that innervate the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The IO comprises several subdivisions, the dorsal accessory olive (DAO), medial accessory olive (MAO), and principal nuclei of the IO (IOpr); the relative sizes of these subnuclei vary among species. In human, there is an expansion of the cerebellar hemispheres and a corresponding expansion of the IOpr. We have examined the structural and neurochemical organization of the human IOpr, using sections stained with cresyl violet (CV) or immunostained for the calcium‐binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and parvalbumin (PV), the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide (nNOS), and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (NPNFP). We found qualitative differences in the folding patterns of the IOpr among individuals and between the two sides of the brainstem. Quantification of IOpr volumes and indices of folding complexity, however, did not reveal consistent left–right differences in either parameter. Single‐label immunohistochemistry showed that populations of neurons in the IOpr express CB, CR, NPNFP, and nNOS. Individual fibers labeled for PV, CB, CR, NPNFP, and nNOS were also found. There was individual variability in the numbers and density of stained neurons in the human IOpr; such variability was not seen in other brainstem nuclei. These data are consistent with, and complement, earlier studies showing a dramatic age‐related increase in lipofuscin and decrease in RNA in the human IOpr. The impact of these changes in the IOpr on cerebellar function is, however, not known. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
All reovirus subtypes show oncolytic potential in primary cells of human high-grade glioma
2011-05-31

Reoviridae are non-human pathogenic viruses. The family of reoviridae consists of 4 different subtypes. Many studies have proven that the Dearing subtype 3 has oncolytic potential. This potential is related to the RAS protein expression in tumour cells. The aim of this study, was to investigate whether all reovirus subtypes have oncolytic potential and whether there are differences in their efficacy, in particular for high-grade glioma. To evaluate the oncolytic potential, we performed an in vitro head-to-head study for all reovirus subtypes in 5 primary cell cultures of high-grade gliomas. The oncolytic activity was determined using end-point titration with observation of the cytopathogenic effect. For measurement of RAS activity, we performed an immunofluorescent detection stain on all cell cultures. For quantification of the virus, an RT-PCR measurement for all subtypes was performed. All reovirus subtypes showed oncolytic activity in the observed glioma biopsies. These observations correlated with RAS overexpression in the observed cells. All glioma biopsies overexpressed the RAS protein. The quantitative oncolytic potential differed in relation to the single observed cell culture and in relation to the chosen reovirus subtype. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing oncolytic activity for all reovirus subtypes. We show the relationship and correlation between RAS protein overexpression and vulnerability of cells to reovirus. Efficacy of the different subtypes is interindividually different and cannot be forecast.
Fine structure of the gnathosoma ofArchegozetes longisetusAoki (Acari: Oribatida, Trhypochthoniidae)
2011-05-31

Abstract Oribatida are one of the main groups of Acari comprising mostly important decomposers in soils. Most species are particle feeders, an exceptional mode of nutrition in Arachnida. Hence, their feeding organs, the gnathosoma, are of special functional interest. We studied nearly all components using scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as reconstructions based on synchrotron X‐ray microtomography from the model oribatid Archegozetes longisetosus . Besides cuticular structures, we describe the full set of muscles and confirm the presence of a trochanter remnant at the base of the chelicera. Setae on the prodorsum and the anterior and posterior infracapitular setae are mechanoreceptors innervated by two dendrites ending with tubular bodies. Dendrites of adoral setae, anterior setae of the chelicerae, and the supracoxal setae show neither obvious tubular bodies nor wall or terminal pores. Thus their function remains obscure. For the first time, a muscular proprioreceptor has been found in Arachnida. It likely monitors the actions of muscles moving the movable digit of the chelicera. Glandular structures within and associated with the gnathosoma are described. Dermal glands represented by secretory porose areas are found within the infracapitulum. More complex associated glands comprise the podocephalic glands and the infracapitular glands, the ducts of which were traced completely for the first time. The components described are mostly fundamental for the gnathosoma of Actinotrichida (Acariformes), one of the two lineages of Acari, to which Oribatida belong. The gnathosoma is generally considered the most relevant putative synapomorphy of Acari. Since the monophyly of Acari has become more and more questionable during the last decades, a thorough reinvestigation of this body part is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of acarine and even arachnid phylogeny and evolution. This article provides a starting point of such a re‐evaluation of the gnathosoma. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic basis of Parkinson's disease: inheritance, penetrance, and expression
2011-06-01

Parkinson's disease can be caused by rare familial genetic mutations, but in most cases it is likely to result from an interaction between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Over recent years, many variants in a growing number of genes involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease have been identified. Mutations in several genes have been shown to cause familial parkinsonism. In this review, we discuss 12 of them (SNCA, LRRK2, Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, UCHL1, GIGYF2, HTRA2, and EIF4G1). Additionally, six genes have been shown conclusively to be risk factors for sporadic Parkinson's disease, and are also discussed (GBA, MAPT, BST1, PARK16, GAK, and HLA). Many more genes and genetic loci have been suggested, but need confirmation. There is evidence that pathways involved in the rare familial forms also play a role in the sporadic form, and that the respective genes might also be risk factors for sporadic Parkinson's disease. The identification of genes involved in the development of Parkinson's disease will improve our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, and will hopefully lead to new drug targets and treatment strategies.