julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Expertise Classification of Soccer Goalkeepers in Highly Dynamic Decision Tasks: A Deep Learning Approach for Temporal and Spatial Feature Recognition of Fixation Image Patch Sequences
2021-07-26

The focus of expertise research moves constantly forward and includes cognitive factors, such as visual information perception and processing. In highly dynamic tasks, such as decision making in sports, these factors become more important to build a foundation for diagnostic systems and adaptive learning environments. Although most recent research focuses on behavioral features, the underlying cognitive mechanisms have been poorly understood, mainly due to a lack of adequate methods for the analysis of complex eye tracking data that goes beyond aggregated fixations and saccades. There are no consistent statements about specific perceptual features that explain expertise. However, these mechanisms are an important part of expertise, especially in decision making in sports games, as highly trained perceptual cognitive abilities can provide athletes with some advantage. We developed a deep learning approach that independently finds latent perceptual features in fixation image patches. It then derives expertise based solely on these fixation patches, which encompass the gaze behavior of athletes in an elaborately implemented virtual reality setup. We present a CNN-BiLSTM based model for expertise assessment in goalkeeper-specific decision tasks on initiating passes in build-up situations. The empirical validation demonstrated that our model has the ability to find valuable latent features that detect the expertise level of 33 athletes (novice, advanced, and expert) with 73.11% accuracy. This model is a first step in the direction of generalizable expertise recognition based on eye movements.
Deep Learning in the Detection of Rare Fractures – Development of a “Deep Learning Convolutional Network” Model for Detecting Acetabular Fractures
2021-07-26

Abstract Background Fracture detection by artificial intelligence and especially Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) is a topic of growing interest in current orthopaedic and radiological research. As learning a DCNN usually needs a large amount of training data, mostly frequent fractures as well as conventional X-ray are used. Therefore, less common fractures like acetabular fractures (AF) are underrepresented in the literature. The aim of this pilot study was to establish a DCNN for detection of AF using computer tomography (CT) scans. Methods Patients with an acetabular fracture were identified from the monocentric consecutive pelvic injury registry at the BG Trauma Center XXX from 01/2003 – 12/2019. All patients with unilateral AF and CT scans available in DICOM-format were included for further processing. All datasets were automatically anonymised and digitally post-processed. Extraction of the relevant region of interests was performed and the technique of data augmentation (DA) was implemented to artificially increase the number of training samples. A DCNN based on Med3D was used for autonomous fracture detection, using global average pooling (GAP) to reduce overfitting. Results From a total of 2,340 patients with a pelvic fracture, 654 patients suffered from an AF. After screening and post-processing of the datasets, a total of 159 datasets were enrolled for training of the algorithm. A random assignment into training datasets (80%) and test datasets (20%) was performed. The technique of bone area extraction, DA and GAP increased the accuracy of fracture detection from 58.8% (native DCNN) up to an accuracy of 82.8% despite the low number of datasets. Conclusion The accuracy of fracture detection of our trained DCNN is comparable to published values despite the low number of training datasets. The techniques of bone extraction, DA and GAP are useful for increasing the detection rates of rare fractures by a DCNN. Based on the used DCNN in combination with the described techniques from this pilot study, the possibility of an automatic fracture classification of AF is under investigation in a multicentre study.
Everything is (Not) Negotiable: The Gender Startup Valuation Gap
2021-07-26

We explore gender differences in startup valuation in a comprehensive sample of 123 venture capital [VC] funded early stage high-tech startups from developed (Europe) and emerging (Latin America) markets. Startups led by female CEOs receive significantly lower valuations than firms featuring a male CEO, controlling for a wide range of startup and founder vocational characteristics.We build on role congruity theory and explore the potential moderation effects of self-initiation and negotiation experience on gender bias in VC deal terms. We find that, in case of female-led startups, self-initiation aggravates the gender gap in company valuation, whereas negotiation experience results in mitigating the gender gap. Further, our results suggest that supply side gender bias plays a stronger role in the gender valuation gap than demand-side bias.
FH loss in RPE cells causes retinal degeneration in a human RPE-porcine retinal explant co-culture model
2021-07-26

Abstract Age-related Macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the macula affecting the elderly population. Treatment options are limited, partly due to the lack of understanding of AMD pathology and the sparse availability of research models, that replicate the complexity of the human macula and the intricate interplay of the genetic, aging and life-style risk factors contributing to AMD. One of the main genetic risks associated with AMD is located on Complement Factor H ( CFH ) gene, leading to an amino acid substitution in the FH protein (Y402H). However, the mechanism of how this FH variant promotes the onset of AMD remains unclear. Previously, we have shown that FH deprivation in RPE cells, via CFH silencing, leads to increased inflammation, metabolic impairment and vulnerability towards oxidative stress. In this study, we established a novel co-culture model comprised of CFH silenced RPE cells and porcine retinal explants derived from the visual streak of the porcine eyes, closely resembling the human macula. We show that retinae exposed to FH-deprived RPE cells show signs of retinal degeneration, with rod cells being the first cells to undergo degeneration. Moreover, via Raman analyses, we observe that the main changes involve the mitochondria and lipid composition of the co-cultured retinae upon FH loss. Interestingly, the detrimental effects of FH loss in RPE cells on the neuroretina were independent of glial cell activation and external complement sources. Moreover, we show that the co-culture model is also suitable for human retinal explants, and we observed a similar trend when RPE cells deprived of FH were co-cultured with human retinal explants from a single donor eye. Our findings highlight the importance of RPE derived FH for retinal homeostasis and provide a valuable model for AMD research.
How Language Barriers Impede the Formation of Mental Models in Multinational Teams
2021-07-26

Based on semi-structured interviews in 15 multinational teams (MNTs) from the automotive industry, this exploratory study investigates the relationship between language barriers and mental model formation in MNTs. Our examination reveals that in MNTs language barriers impede personal more than task-related communication and emotional more than neutral communication. We further demonstrate how these impediments in MNT communication hamper the formation of task-focused and team cohesion-focused mental models in MNTs. By highlighting linguistic hurdles in previously neglected areas, we expand international business researchers' understanding of the communicative bases of MNT functioning. Additionally, by elucidating the complex ways language barriers influence mental model formation, we contribute to a better understanding of the micro-foundations of team mental models in multilingual settings. Our findings carry important managerial implications for MNT leaders as emotion managers and communication facilitators.
Impact of Cultural Identity Negotiation on Bridging Activities of Highly Qualified Migrants
2021-07-26

Based on 130 semi structured interviews, we looked at the interplay between identity and bridging skills of the first and second generation highly qualified migrants. Expanding current conceptualizations, we have illustrated that first generation migrants also develop a plural identity with the increase of stay in their receiving cultures, and second generation migrants can assess themselves as complete cultural members of their mainstream societies along with the gain of a higher socio-economic status and in order to increase their self-esteem. First generation migrants with both ethnic and plural identities, and second generation migrants with a mainstream identity have either deficient mainstream language knowledge or insufficient ethnic cultural internalization, which impede their bridging activities. Second generation migrants with a plural identity seem to be the ideal culture and language bridging agents due to their balanced embeddedness in their ethnic and mainstream backgrounds. Our study confirms the need to make a generational distinction upon looking into the identities and bridging skills of migrants. We have thus provided a more nuanced understanding of migrant identity processes and skill use, therefore positioning ourselves at the crossroad between international migration and international business research.
Clasp and dance: Mating mode promotes variable sexual size and shape dimorphism trajectories in crocodile newts (Caudata: Salamandridae)
2021-07-26

Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a main source of intraspecific morphological variation, however sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) was long time neglected in evolutionary research. Especially in cold-blooded animal groups only subtle shape differences are expressed between males and females and the selective forces behind it are poorly understood. Crocodile newts of the genera Echinotriton and Tylototriton are highly polymorphic in their reproductive ecology and hence, are a highly suitable model system to investigate potential evolutionary forces leading to SShD differences. We applied 3D geometric morphometrics to the cranial and humerus morphology of nine species of crocodile newts to investigate patterns of SShD in relation to the different mating modes. Trajectories of shape differences between males and females differ in both, cranium and humerus but mating mode does explain differences in SShD trajectories between species only in cranial morphology. Nevertheless, cranial morphology shape differed between the amplecting and circle dancing species. Hence, other selective forces must act here. Variable interspecific allometric trajectories are a potential source of shape differences whereas these trajectories are quite stable for the sexes irrespective of the species.
Scepticisms in the Formation of Islamic Rational Theology: Abū al‐Qāsim al‐Balkhī and Ibn al‐Malāḥimī Providing a Window on the Transmission of Arguments from Late Antiquity
2021-07-26

Abstract Newly accessible source material calls for a revision of our picture of the more technical transmission of sceptical epistemologies in the intellectual landscape of early Islam. Abū al‐Qāsim al‐Balkhīʼs (ninth/tenth century) Book of Doctrines shows that naẓar as the basic argumentative method of kalām is defined by the encounter with a broad spectrum of sceptical strategies. By the beginning of the tenth century, Greek traditions were amalgamated in a complex way with other intellectual traditions, most notably dualist ontologies. This situation has shaped the evolution of kalām methodology decisively. Based on extensive paraphrases in Ibn al‐Malāḥimī (twelfth century) going back to Nawbakhtī (tenth century), it can be seen that arguments of the Greek sceptical tradition were accessible in Arabic in the early tenth century. The scarcity of coherent information on sceptical approaches before that time rather has to do with the problem that in general few sources of this earlier formative period of Islamic theology are preserved. Early Muʿtazilī treatises from this period are superseded by Ashʿarī texts in the later transmission. Sceptical approaches, being systematically involved in the very formation of early Muʿtazilī theology, are particularly invisible due to this process.
It's Time for a Change: The Temporality of Team and Venture Opportunity for Startup Survival
2021-07-26

Understanding what drives startup survival is of high interest for entrepreneurship research. We develop a dynamic entrepreneurial process model of early entrepreneurship that includes key input factors of nascent firms, namely the entrepreneurial founding team (EFT), entrepreneurial opportunity, external financing and traces changes in quarterly intervals. Based on a hand-collected sample of 2670 observation on 538 early stage ventures from both Europe (252) and Latin America (286), we jointly analyze the effect of EFT and entrepreneurial opportunity quality on startup survival. Further, we explore external financing by venture capitalists as a mediator mechanism through which EFT and entrepreneurial opportunity influence startup survival. Our paper contributes to the individual-opportunity nexus theory by disentangling the effect of both actor and non-actor input factors for entrepreneurial success and to the entrepreneurial process perspective by analyzing their influence over time. Our findings show that the relevance of EFT and entrepreneurial opportunity shift throughout the development of a startup: EFT becomes gradually less important and entrepreneurial opportunity becomes more important as the startup matures. Further, both effects are partially mediated by external financing.
3CL Protease Inhibitors with an Electrophilic Arylketone Moiety as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents
2021-07-27

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative agent for the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 3CL protease (3CL<sup>pro</sup>) plays a pivotal role in the processing of viral polyproteins. We report peptidomimetic compounds with a unique benzothiazolyl ketone as a warhead group, which display potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CL<sup>pro</sup>. The most potent inhibitor YH-53 can strongly block the SARS-CoV-2 replication. X-ray structural analysis revealed that YH-53 establishes multiple hydrogen bond interactions with backbone amino acids and a covalent bond with the active site of 3CL<sup>pro</sup>. Further results from computational and experimental studies, including an <i>in vitro</i> absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile, <i>in vivo</i> pharmacokinetics, and metabolic analysis of YH-53 suggest that it has a high potential as a lead candidate to compete with COVID-19.
Enhanced simulations on the Athena/Wide Field Imager instrumental background
2021-07-27

The Wide Field Imager (WFI) is one of two focal plane instruments of the Advanced Telescope for High-Energy Astrophysics (Athena), ESA’s next large x-ray observatory, planned for launch in the early 2030s. The current baseline halo orbit is around L2, and the second Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system L1 is under consideration. For both potential halo orbits, the radiation environment, solar and cosmic protons, electrons, and He-ions will affect the performance of the instruments. A further critical contribution to the instrument background arises from the unfocused cosmic hard x-ray background. It is important to understand and estimate the expected instrumental background and to investigate measures, such as design modifications or analysis methods, which could improve the expected background level to achieve the challenging scientific requirement (&lt;5 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; counts / cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; / keV / s at 2 to 7 keV). Previous WFI background simulations done in Geant4 have been improved by taking into account new information about the proton flux at L2. In addition, the simulation model of the WFI instrument and its surroundings employed in Geant4 simulations has been refined to follow the technological development of the WFI camera.
Prevalence of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis among school children in South-west Nigeria
2021-07-27

Background The risk of co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S . mansoni and the potential harmful effect on morbidity and control is enhanced by the overlapping distribution of both species in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the reported high endemicity of both species in Nigeria, studies on the spread and effect of their mixed infection are limited. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among school children in two communities in South-west Nigeria to investigate the prevalence of mixed human schistosome infection, intensity, and possible ectopic egg elimination. Methods Urine and stool samples were collected from consenting school children in Ilie and Ore communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were detected in urine using the urine filtration technique, while S . mansoni eggs were detected in stool using the Kato–Katz thick smear technique. Results The study enrolled 466 primary and secondary school children (211; 45.3% males vs. 255; 54.7% females; mean age 11.6 ± 3.16 years). The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 40% (185/466), with 19% (89/466) recording single S . haematobium infection while 9% (41/465) had a single S . mansoni infection. The geometric mean egg count for S . haematobium was 189.4 egg/10ml urine; 95% CI: range 115.9–262.9, while for S . mansoni , it was 115.7 epg; 95% CI: range 78.4–152.9. The prevalence of ectopic S mansoni ( S . mansoni eggs in urine) was 4.7%, while no ectopic S . haematobium ( S . haematobium eggs in stool) was recorded. Mixed infection of S . haematobium / S . mansoni had a prevalence of 9.5% (44/466). More females (54.5%) presented with S . haematobium / S . mansoni co-infection. For both parasites, males had higher infection intensity, with a significant difference observed with S . haematobium (p = 0.0004). Hematuria was significant in individuals with single S . haematobium infection (p = 0.002), mixed ectopic S . haematobium / S . mansoni (p = 0.009) and mixed S . haematobium / S . mansoni /ectopic S . mansoni (p = 0.0003). Conclusions These findings suggest the probability of interspecific interactions between S . haematobium and S . mansoni . Scaling up of mass administration of praziquantel and control measures in the study areas is highly desirable.
Comprehensive Profiling of Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Marker Reveals Elevated Plasmin-Antiplasmin Complexes in Parkinson’s Disease
2021-07-27

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), an apparently predominant neuronal protein, is a major contributor to PD pathology. As α-Syn is also highly abundant in blood, particularly in red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets, this in turn raises the question on the function of presumably dysfunctional α-Syn in “peripheral” cells and its putative effect on the other enclosed constituents. Herein, we detected the internal variance in erythrocytes of PD patients by Raman spectroscopy, but no measurable amount of erythrocytic behavioural change (eryptosis) or any haemoglobin variation was noticed. An elevated level of plasmin-antiplasmin complexes (PAP) was observed in the plasma of PD patients, indicating activation of the fibrinolytic system, but platelet activation after thrombin stimulation was not altered. Sex-specific patterns were noticed for blood coagulation factor XIII and factor XII activity in PD patients. Additionally, the alterations in homocysteine levels which have often been observed in PD patients were found to be independent from L-DOPA usage and PAP levels. Furthermore, a selective gene expression analysis identified subsets of genes related to different blood-associated compartments (RBCs, platelets, coagulation-fibrinolysis) also involved in PD-related pathways.
ABCDP: Approximate Bayesian Computation with Differential Privacy
2021-07-27

We developed a novel approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework, ABCDP, which produces differentially private (DP) and approximate posterior samples. Our framework takes advantage of the sparse vector technique (SVT), widely studied in the differential privacy literature. SVT incurs the privacy cost only when a condition (whether a quantity of interest is above/below a threshold) is met. If the condition is sparsely met during the repeated queries, SVT can drastically reduce the cumulative privacy loss, unlike the usual case where every query incurs the privacy loss. In ABC, the quantity of interest is the distance between observed and simulated data, and only when the distance is below a threshold can we take the corresponding prior sample as a posterior sample. Hence, applying SVT to ABC is an organic way to transform an ABC algorithm to a privacy-preserving variant with minimal modification, but yields the posterior samples with a high privacy level. We theoretically analyzed the interplay between the noise added for privacy and the accuracy of the posterior samples. We apply ABCDP to several data simulators and show the efficacy of the proposed framework.
Individual repeatability, species differences, and the influence of socio-ecological factors on neophobia in 10 corvid species
2021-07-27

Summary Behavioural responses to novelty, including fear and subsequent avoidance of novel stimuli, behaviours referred to as neophobia, determine how animals interact with their environment. Neophobia aids in navigating risk and impacts on adaptability and survival. There is variation within and between individuals and species, however, lack of large-scale, comparative studies critically limits investigation of the socio-ecological drivers of neophobia. In this study, we tested responses to novel objects and food (alongside familiar food) versus a baseline (familiar food alone) in 10 corvid species (241 subjects) across 10 labs worldwide. There were species differences in the latency to touch familiar food in the novel object and food conditions relative to the baseline. Three of seven socio-ecological factors influenced object neophobia: 1) use of urban habitat (vs not), 2) territorial pair vs family group sociality and 3) large vs small flock size (whereas range, caching, hunting live animals, and genus did not); while only flock size influenced food neophobia. We found that, overall, individuals were temporally and contextually repeatable (i.e. consistent) in their novelty responses in all conditions, indicating neophobia is a stable behavioural trait. With this study, we have established a network of corvid researchers, demonstrating potential for further collaboration to explore the evolution of cognition in corvids and other bird species. These novel findings enable us, for the first time in corvids, to identify the socio-ecological correlates of neophobia and grant insight into specific elements that drive higher neophobic responses in this avian family group.