julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Providing Written or Oral Explanations? Differential Effects of the Modality of Explaining on Students' Conceptual Learning and Transfer
2017-08-29

Learning-by-explaining (to fictitious others) has been shown to be an effective instructional method to support students' generative learning. In this study, we investigated differential effects of the modality of explaining (written versus oral) on students' quality of explanations and learning. Forty-eight students worked on a hypertext about combustion engines. Afterwards, they were asked to explain the learning content, either orally or in writing. Findings indicated that providing written explanations was more effective than providing oral explanations in supporting students to organize the content of the explanations. The higher levels of organization yielded higher levels of students' conceptual knowledge. In contrast, generating oral explanations, relative to written explanations, triggered students' elaborative processes to a more pronounced extent, which was more beneficial to attaining transferable knowledge. Thus, we conclude that the modality of explaining plays a critical role in learning-by-explaining inasmuch as different modes differentially support student learning.
Rare GABRA3 variants are associated with epileptic seizures, encephalopathy and dysmorphic features
2017-08-29

Abstract Genetic epilepsies are caused by mutations in a range of different genes, many of them encoding ion channels, receptors or transporters. While the number of detected variants and genes increased dramatically in the recent years, pleiotropic effects have also been recognized, revealing that clinical syndromes with various degrees of severity arise from a single gene, a single mutation, or from different mutations showing similar functional defects. Accordingly, several genes coding for GABAA receptor subunits have been linked to a spectrum of benign to severe epileptic disorders and it was shown that a loss of function presents the major correlated pathomechanism. Here, we identified six variants in GABRA3 encoding the α3-subunit of the GABAA receptor. This gene is located on chromosome Xq28 and has not been previously associated with human disease. Five missense variants and one microduplication were detected in four families and two sporadic cases presenting with a range of epileptic seizure types, a varying degree of intellectual disability and developmental delay, sometimes with dysmorphic features or nystagmus. The variants co-segregated mostly but not completely with the phenotype in the families, indicating in some cases incomplete penetrance, involvement of other genes, or presence of phenocopies. Overall, males were more severely affected and there were three asymptomatic female mutation carriers compared to only one male without a clinical phenotype. X-chromosome inactivation studies could not explain the phenotypic variability in females. Three detected missense variants are localized in the extracellular GABA-binding NH2-terminus, one in the M2-M3 linker and one in the M4 transmembrane segment of the α3-subunit. Functional studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed a variable but significant reduction of GABA-evoked anion currents for all mutants compared to wild-type receptors. The degree of current reduction correlated partially with the phenotype. The microduplication disrupted GABRA3 expression in fibroblasts of the affected patient. In summary, our results reveal that rare loss-of-function variants in GABRA3 increase the risk for a varying combination of epilepsy, intellectual disability/developmental delay and dysmorphic features, presenting in some pedigrees with an X-linked inheritance pattern. 10.1093/brain/awx236_video1 awx236media1 5636589232001
Overlap of highly FDG-avid and FMISO hypoxic tumor subvolumes in patients with head and neck cancer
2017-08-29

Hypoxic subvolumes from static PET imaging are typically covered by or in close proximity to highly FDG-avid subvolumes. Therefore, dose escalation to FDG positive subvolumes should cover the static hypoxic subvolumes in most patients, with the disadvantage of larger volumes, resulting in a higher risk of dose-limiting toxicity. Coverage of subvolumes from dynamic FMISO PET is less pronounced. Further studies are needed to explore the relevance of mismatches in functional imaging.
Time-Lapse Single-Biomolecule Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation on Modified Graphite in Solution
2017-08-29

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of biomolecular processes at the single-molecule level can provide unique information for understanding molecular function. In AFM studies of biomolecular processes in solution, mica surfaces are predominantly used as substrates. However, owing to its high surface charge, mica may induce high local ionic strength in the vicinity of its surface, which may shift the equilibrium of studied biomolecular processes such as biopolymer adsorption or protein-DNA interaction. In the search for alternative substrates, we have investigated the behavior of adsorbed biomolecules, such as plasmid DNA and E. coli RNA polymerase σ<sup>70</sup> subunit holoenzyme (RNAP), on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces modified with stearylamine and oligoglycine-hydrocarbon derivative (GM) monolayers using AFM in solution. We have demonstrated ionic-strength-dependent DNA mobility on GM HOPG and nativelike dimensions of RNAP molecules adsorbed on modified HOPG surfaces. We propose an approach to the real-time AFM investigation of transcription on stearylamine monolayers on graphite. We conclude that modified graphite allows us to study biomolecules and biomolecular processes on its surface at controlled ionic strength and may be used as a complement to mica in AFM investigations.
Operando Investigations of Differently Prepared In2O3-Gas Sensors
2017-08-29

In this study, the electrical characteristics and surface reactions of three different kinds of In2O3 based gas sensors were investigated under CO exposure in dry and humid air by using DC electrical resistance measurements and Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). For the first time one gains insight into the surface reactions during the exposure to CO and humidity. The sensors show different behavior on the baseline in humidity depending on the material which is due to different kinds of OH-groups. The resistance change under CO and humidity exposure are additive and the molecules compete for the same reaction partner confirmed by the spectroscopy results. Through isotopic exchange experiments, different adsorbates could be identified.
Second-order correlations in single-particle interferometry
2017-08-29

Interferometers with single particles are susceptible for dephasing\\nperturbations from the environment, such as electromagnetic oscillations or\\nmechanical vibrations. On the one hand, this limits sensitive quantum phase\\nmeasurements as it reduces the interference contrast. On the other hand, it\\nenables single-particle interferometers to be used as sensitive sensors for\\nelectromagnetic and mechanical perturbations. Recently, it was demonstrated\\nexperimentally, that a second-order correlation analysis can decrease the\\nshielding and damping requirements significantly. Thereby, the relevant\\nmatter-wave characteristics and perturbation parameters could be extracted from\\nthe correlation analysis of a "washed-out" interference pattern and the\\nundisturbed interferogram could be reconstructed. This method can be applied to\\nall interferometers, that produce a spatial fringe pattern on a detector with\\nhigh spatial and temporal single-particle resolution. In this article, we\\npresent and discuss in detail the used two-dimensional second-order correlation\\ntheory for multifrequency perturbations. The derivations of an explicit and\\napproximate solution of the correlation function and corresponding amplitude\\nspectra are provided. It is explained, how the numerical correlation function\\nis extracted from the measurement data. Thereby, the influence of the temporal\\nand spatial discretization step size on the extracted parameters is analyzed.\\nThe influence of noise on the correlation function and amplitude spectrum is\\ncalculated and numerically cross-checked by a comparison of our theory with\\nnumerical single-particle simulations. Our method can also be applied for the\\nanalysis of broad-band frequency noise, dephasing the interference pattern.\\nUsing Gaussian distributed noise in the simulations, we demonstrate that the\\nrelevant matter-wave parameters and the applied perturbation spectrum can be\\nrevealed.\\n
Updates on experimental grazing angle soft proton scattering
2017-08-29

Astronomical X-ray observatories are exposed to various kinds of orbital radiation that has the potential to compromise observations and to degrade the performance of the instruments. Particularly the soft proton component with energies below 10 MeV poses a major source for observational background and particle-induced damages in solid-state detectors. In-orbit experience has proven that soft protons are funneled much more efficient through Wolter-type X-ray optics than expected from simulations. In order to improve and validate simulations and, therefore, to enable a more realistic assessment of the soft proton flux near the focal plane of future X-ray telescopes, a series of grazing angle scattering experiments is being conducted at the University of T ̈ubingen. In this contribution, the latest improvements of the experimental setup as well as preliminary results for the azimuthal scattering distribution are presented.
DDO-Free XQuery
2017-08-29

XQuery has an order-sensitive semantics in the sense that it requires nodes to be sorted in document order without duplicates (or in Distinct Document Order, DDO for short). This paper shows that for a given XQuery expression and a nested-relational DTD, the input expression can be transformed into an expression that can be evaluated without---potentially costly---ordering operations even if the input query requires its result to be in DDO. To this end, we propose an XQuery transformation algorithm that consists of simple rewriting rules. The basic idea is inspired by a generate-and-test approach as commonly used for solving search problems. We apply this approach when constructing the transformed expression: first, a skeleton query is prepared for the generate phase. This skeleton query can be evaluated without DDO, but it has the ability to return all nodes in DDO for all XML documents that conform to the input DTD. Second, an output expression is generated by injecting conditions for the test phase, which are extracted from the input expression, into the skeleton query. The key to performing both the extraction and injection of conditions in a systematic way is to utilize XQuery transformations that preserve equivalence up to DDO.
Take everything from me, but leave me the comprehension
2017-08-29

For more than twenty years now I am roaming the frontier between the database query and programming language fields. During all that time, one trusty companion has never let me down: the comprehension. Its elegant, concise syntactic form and flexible semantics render it one of the most versatile tools in query and collection processing, analysis, transformation, and optimization. I will highlight a variety of places where the DBPL community has dependend on comprehensions - and will also point out how existing work might have turned out differently if it would have embraced comprehensions. Comprehensions glue DB and PL together. Give them a proper hug the next time you encounter them.
Readout electronics testing during mass production of FlashCam cameras for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
2017-08-29

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the future observatory for ground-based TeV gamma-ray astronomy. At two sites, one in the northern and one in the southern hemisphere, CTA will feature about one hundred telescopes of different size classes in order to significantly improve the sensitivity and energy range with respect to current Cherenkov facilities. FlashCam is a camera system proposed for the medium-sized telescopes of CTA that implements a fully-digital readout and trigger processing, which allows the reconfiguration of the trigger algorithm and the signal shaping. For the mass production of a substantial number of FlashCam cameras, efficient and reliable testing routines have been developed. In this contribution, the concept and the procedures for large-scale testing of the readout electronics are outlined. Additionally, a fast multi-channel pulse generator specifically designed for the functional testing of FlashCam FADC modules setup is presented.
Binocular rivalry transitions predict inattention symptom severity in adult ADHD
2017-08-29

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a pediatric disorder which is often maintained throughout the development and persists into adulthood. Established etiology models suggest that deficient inhibition underlies the core ADHD symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. While impaired motor inhibition has been documented by numerous studies, little is known about the sensory inhibition processes, their changes throughout the development, and the relationship to ADHD symptoms. For this purpose, we employed the well-established binocular rivalry (BR) paradigm to investigate for the very first time the inhibitory processes related to visual perception in adults with ADHD. In BR, perception alternates between two dichoptically presented images throughout the viewing period, with shorter dominant percept durations and longer transition periods indicating poorer suppression/inhibition. Healthy controls (N=28) and patients with ADHD (N=32) were presented with two dissimilar images (orthogonal gratings) separately to each eye through a mirror stereoscope and asked to report their perceptual experiences. There were no differences between groups in any of the BR markers. Instead, we observed a strong association between symptom severity and the duration of transition periods in the ADHD group only; further exploratory regression analyses indicated that particularly symptoms of inattention were the best predictor of longer transition durations in adults with ADHD. The lack of impairments to sensory inhibition in adult, but not pediatric ADHD, may reflect compensatory changes associated with development, while the correlation between inhibition and inattention symptoms reveals an invariant core of the disorder.
Immuno-Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Assays for Quantifying AKT1 and AKT2 in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Tumors
2017-08-30

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most commonly dysregulated signaling pathways that is linked to cancer development and progression, and its quantitative protein analysis holds the promise to facilitate patient stratification for targeted therapies. Whereas immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoassays are routinely used for clinical analysis of signaling pathways, mass spectrometry-based approaches such as liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MRM-MS) are more commonly used in clinical research. Both technologies have certain disadvantages, namely, the nonspecificity of IHC and immunoassays, and potentially long analysis times per sample of LC/ESI-MRM-MS. To create a robust, fast, and sensitive protein quantification tool, we developed immuno-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (iMALDI) assays with automated liquid handling. The assays are able to quantify AKT1 and AKT2 from breast cancer and colon cancer cell lines and flash-frozen tumor lysates with a linear range of 0.05-2.0 fmol/μg of total lysate protein and with coefficients of variation < 15%. Compared to other mass spectrometric methods, the developed assays require less sample per analysis-only 25 μg of total protein-and are therefore suitable for analysis of needle biopsies. Furthermore, the presented iMALDI technique is the first MS-based method for absolute quantitation of AKT peptides from cancer tissues. This study demonstrates the suitability of iMALDI for low limit-of-detection and reproducible quantitation of signaling pathway members using a benchtop MALDI mass spectrometer within approximately 6-7 h.
Formyl‐peptide receptor 2 governs leukocyte influx in local Staphylococcus aureus infections
2017-08-30

Leukocytes express formyl‐peptide receptors (FPRs), which sense microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules, leading to leukocyte chemotaxis and activation. We recently demonstrated that phenol‐soluble modulin (PSM) peptides from highly pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus are efficient ligands for the human FPR2. How PSM detection by FPR2 impacts on the course of S . aureus infections has remained unknown. We characterized the specificity of mouse FPR2 (mFpr2) using a receptor‐transfected cell line, homeobox b8 (Hoxb8), and primary neutrophils isolated from wild‐type (WT) or mFpr2 _/_ mice. The influx of leukocytes into the peritoneum of WT and mFpr2 _/_ mice was analyzed. We demonstrate that mFpr2 is specifically activated by PSMs in mice, and they represent the first secreted pathogen‐derived ligands for the mFpr2. Intraperitoneal infection with S. aureus led to lower numbers of immigrated leukocytes in mFpr2 _/_ compared with WT mice at 3 h after infection, and this difference was not observed when mice were infected with an S. aureus PSM mutant. Our data support the hy‐pothesis that the mFpr2 is the functional homolog of the human FPR2 and that a mouse infection model represents a suitable model for analyzing the role of PSMs during infection. PSM recognition by mFpr2 shapes leukocyte influx in local infections, the typical infections caused by S. aureus. —Weiss, E., Hanzelmann, D., Fehlhaber, B., Klos, A., von Loewenich, F. D., Liese, J., Peschel, A., Kretschmer, D. Formyl‐peptide receptor 2 governs leukocyte influx in local Staphylococcus aureus infections. FASEB J. 32, 26‐36 (2018). www.fasebj.org
Uniqueness theorem for static wormholes in Einstein phantom scalar field theory
2017-08-30

In the present paper we prove a uniqueness theorem for the regular static, traversable wormhole solutions to the Einstein-phantom scalar field theory with two asymptotically flat regions (ends). We show that when a certain condition on the asymptotic values of the scalar field is imposed such solutions are uniquely specified by their mass and the scalar charge .The main arguments in the proof are based on the positive energy theorem.
Tetraquarks in holographic QCD
2017-08-30

Using a soft-wall AdS/QCD approach we derive the Schr\\"odinger-type equation of motion for the tetraquark wave function, which is dual to the dimension-4 AdS bulk profile. The latter coincides with the number of constituents in the leading Fock state of the tetraquark. The obtained equation of motion is solved analytically, providing predictions for both the tetraquark wave function and its mass. A low mass limit for possible tetraquark states is given by GeV, where GeV is the typical value of the scale parameter in soft-wall AdS/QCD. We confirm results of the COMPASS Collaboration recently reported on the discovery of the state, interpreted as a tetraquark state composed of light quarks and having . Our prediction for the mass of this state, GeV GeV, is in good agreement with the COMPASS result GeV. Next we included finite quark mass effects, which are essential for the tetraquark states involving heavy quarks.
Growth, Structure, and Anisotropic Optical Properties of Difluoro-anthradithiophene Thin Films
2017-08-30

Anthradithiophene (ADT) and its functionalized derivatives have proven to be attractive for high-performance electronic devices based on small-molecule organic semiconductors. In this manuscript we investigate the structural and optical properties of thin films of difluoro-anthradithiophene (diF-ADT), an ADT derivative, grown by organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD). By grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and reciprocal space maps, we show that diF-ADT crystallizes in a thin film structure similar to the single crystal unit cell. In addition, we investigate the growth characteristics with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and show an increase of surface mound sizes with elevated substrate temperature. Optical absorption measurements reveal a clear vibronic progression in both solution and thin film spectra along with a distinct optical anisotropy related to the molecular orientation in thin films.
Bone and Other Skeletal Tissues
2017-08-30

Bone, teeth and other hard tissues derived from animals are a major artefact class of many archaeological sites. This chapter summarizes the optical properties of bone, teeth, antler and keratin tissues. Different bones that comprise the fin rays show particular shapes that allow for their identification in thin section. Taphonomic processes that impact bones include combustion and heating, biological activity, mechanical fracturing and chemical weathering. Collagen loss from bone may be observed in thin section as a decrease in birefringence strength and change in elongation sign. In some archaeological contexts, bone mineral dissolution may occur in association with secondary mineral formation. The effects of recrystallization are visible in thin section. The chapter provides a general guideline of key points that one should note when describing bones in thin section, with the goal of using these observations for reconstructing site formation processes.
Cave and Rock Shelter Sediments
2017-08-30

Humans have inhabited caves and rock shelters since the Palaeolithic for more than 2 million years. Interestingly, geoarchaeological investigations of cave deposits have not only provided archaeologists important information about site formation and human activities, but they have supplied invaluable palaeoenvironmental, chronological, and geomorphological data to the geoscience community, who rarely study such contexts. Both caves and rock shelters can be distinguished from open-air sites in being laterally constrained by walls. Although caves and rock shelter deposits are complex – being an intimate mixture of geogenic and anthropogenic components – individual microfabrics are visible and decipherable under the microscope, and hence can be used to infer geological and human agents, as well as syn- and postdepositional modifications. This chapter presents depositional and physical syndepositional processes together because the main agents of cave sedimentation can also strongly modify existing deposits penecontemporaneously; thus the micromorphological features resulting from both primary deposition and reworking are intricately related.