julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
A compact electron matter wave interferometer for sensor technology
2017-05-29

Remarkable progress can be observed in recent years in the controlled emission, guiding, and detection of coherent, free electrons. Those methods were applied in matter wave interferometers leading to high phase sensitivities and precise sensor technologies for dephasing influences such as mechanical vibrations or electromagnetic frequencies. However, the previous devices have been large laboratory setups. For future sensor applications or tests of the coherence properties of an electron source, small, portable interferometers are required. Here, we demonstrate a compact biprism electron interferometer that can be used for mobile applications. The design was optimized for small dimensions by beam path simulations. The interferometer has a length between the tip and the superposition plane before magnification of only 47 mm and provides electron interference patterns with a contrast up to 42.7%. The detection of two dephasing frequencies at 50 and 150 Hz was demonstrated applying second order correlation and Fourier analysis of the interference data.
An inverse-linear logistic model of the main sequence
2017-05-29

A model of the main sequence is proposed based on the logistic function. The model’s fit to the peak velocity-amplitude relation resembles an S curve, simulta- neously allowing control of the curve’s asymptotes at very small and very large amplitudes, as well as its slope over the mid amplitude range. The proposed inverse-linear logistic model is also able to express the linear relation of duration and amplitude. We demonstrate the utility and robustness of the model when fit to aggregate data at the small- and mid-amplitude ranges, namely when fitting microsaccades, saccades, and superposition of both. We are confident the model will suitably extend to the large-amplitude range of eye movements.
Learning Enhances Sensory Processing in Mouse V1 before Improving Behavior
2017-05-30

A fundamental property of visual cortex is to enhance the representation of those stimuli that are relevant for behavior, but it remains poorly understood how such enhanced representations arise during learning. Using classical conditioning in adult mice of either sex, we show that orientation discrimination is learned in a sequence of distinct behavioral stages, in which animals first rely on stimulus appearance before exploiting its orientation to guide behavior. After confirming that orientation discrimination under classical conditioning requires primary visual cortex (V1), we measured, during learning, response properties of V1 neurons. Learning improved neural discriminability, sharpened orientation tuning, and led to higher contrast sensitivity. Remarkably, these learning-related improvements in the V1 representation were fully expressed before successful orientation discrimination was evident in the animals' behavior. We propose that V1 plays a key role early in discrimination learning to enhance behaviorally relevant sensory information.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Decades of research have documented that responses of neurons in visual cortex can reflect the behavioral relevance of visual information. The behavioral relevance of any stimulus needs to be learned, though, and little is known how visual sensory processing changes, as the significance of a stimulus becomes clear. Here, we trained mice to discriminate two visual stimuli, precisely quantified when learning happened, and measured, during learning, the neural representation of these stimuli in V1. We observed learning-related improvements in V1 processing, which were fully expressed before discrimination was evident in the animals' behavior. These findings indicate that sensory and behavioral improvements can follow different time courses and point toward a key role of V1 at early stages in discrimination learning.
OpenMS – A platform for reproducible analysis of mass spectrometry data
2017-05-30

OpenMS will continue to increase its ease of use for developers as well as users with improved continuous integration/deployment strategies, regular trainings with updated training materials and multiple sources of support. The active developer community ensures the incorporation of new features to support state of the art research.
The portrait of eikonal instability in Lovelock theories
2017-05-30

Perturbations and eikonal instabilities of black holes and branes in the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory and its Lovelock generalization were considered in the literature for several particular cases, where the asymptotic conditions (flat, dS, AdS), the number of spacetime dimensions , non-vanishing coupling constants ( , , etc.) and other parameters have been chosen in a specific way. Here we give a comprehensive analysis of the eikonal instabilities of black holes and branes for the \\emph{most general} Lovelock theory, not limited by any of the above cases. Although the part of the stability analysis is performed here purely analytically and formulated in terms of the inequalities for the black hole parameters, the most general case is treated numerically and the accurate regions of instabilities are presented. The shared Mathematica(R) code allows the reader to construct the regions of eikonal instability for any desired values of the parameters.
Online EEG-Based Workload Adaptation of an Arithmetic Learning Environment
2017-05-30

In this paper, we demonstrate a closed-loop EEG-based learning environment, that adapts instructional learning material online, to improve learning success in students during arithmetic learning. The amount of cognitive workload during learning is crucial for successful learning and should be held in the optimal range for each learner. Based on EEG data from 10 subjects, we created a prediction model that estimates the learner's workload to obtain an unobtrusive workload measure. Furthermore, we developed an interactive learning environment that uses the prediction model to estimate the learner's workload online based on the EEG data and adapt the difficulty of the learning material to keep the learner's workload in an optimal range. The EEG-based learning environment was used by 13 subjects to learn arithmetic addition in the octal number system, leading to a significant learning effect. The results suggest that it is feasible to use EEG as an unobtrusive measure of cognitive workload to adapt the learning content. Further it demonstrates that a promptly workload prediction is possible using a generalized prediction model without the need for a user-specific calibration.
Identifying the locus of compatibility-based backward crosstalk: Evidence from an extended PRP paradigm.
2017-05-30

The backward crosstalk effect (BCE) in dual tasking means that characteristics of Task 2 of 2 subsequently performed tasks influence Task 1 performance. This observation indicates that certain features of the second response are already activated to some degree before the first response is selected. Therefore, the BCE challenges bottleneck models, which assume that Task 2 response selection does not begin until Task 1 response selection is finished. Instead, an extended model with a capacity-unlimited response activation stage prior to the bottleneck as the locus of the BCE was suggested. To determine the exact locus of the BCE within the stages of task processing, 5 experiments were carried out. Experiments 1 to 4 were psychological refractory period-like experiments with 3 subsequent tasks. A prebottleneck locus of the BCE was ruled out in Experiments 1 to 3 by using the locus of slack logic. Additionally, a postbottleneck locus of the BCE was ruled out in Experiment 4 by using the effect propagation logic. To further support this latter conclusion, Experiment 5 applied a go-signal manipulation. Taken together, the results of all 5 experiments strongly suggest that the BCE has its locus in the capacity-limited stage, which contradicts the widely accepted notion that a capacity-unlimited stage of response activation preceding response selection proper is the locus of the BCE. (PsycINFO Database Record
SK4 channels modulate Ca2+ signalling and cell cycle progression in murine breast cancer
2017-05-30

Oncogenic signalling via Ca 2+ ‐activated K + channels of intermediate conductance (SK4, also known as K Ca 3.1 or IK) has been implicated in different cancer entities including breast cancer. Yet, the role of endogenous SK4 channels for tumorigenesis is unclear. Herein, we generated SK4‐negative tumours by crossing SK4‐deficient (SK4 KO) mice to the polyoma middle T‐antigen (PyMT) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (cNeu) breast cancer models in which oncogene expression is driven by the retroviral promoter MMTV. Survival parameters and tumour progression were studied in cancer‐prone SK4 KO in comparison with wild‐type (WT) mice and in a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model following transplantation of SK4‐negative or WT tumour cells. SK4 activity was modulated by genetic or pharmacological means using the SK4 inhibitor TRAM‐34 in order to establish the role of breast tumour SK4 for cell growth, electrophysiological signalling, and [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations. Ablation of SK4 and TRAM‐34 treatment reduced the SK4‐generated current fraction, growth factor‐dependent Ca 2+ entry, cell cycle progression and the proliferation rate of MMTV‐PyMT tumour cells. In vivo , PyMT oncogene‐driven tumorigenesis was only marginally affected by the global lack of SK4, whereas tumour progression was significantly delayed after orthotopic implantation of MMTV‐PyMT SK4 KO breast tumour cells. However, overall survival and progression‐free survival time in the MMTV‐cNeu mouse model were significantly extended in the absence of SK4. Collectively, our data from murine breast cancer models indicate that SK4 activity is crucial for cell cycle control. Thus, the modulation of this channel should be further investigated towards a potential improvement of existing antitumour strategies in human breast cancer.
Testing Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with the reflection spectrum of accreting black holes
2017-05-30

Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity is a theoretically well-motivated\\nalternative theory of gravity emerging as a low-energy 4-dimensional model from\\nheterotic string theory. Its rotating black hole solutions are known\\nnumerically and can have macroscopic deviations from the Kerr black holes of\\nEinstein's gravity. Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity can thus be tested\\nwith observations of astrophysical black holes. In the present paper, we\\nsimulate observations of the reflection spectrum of thin accretion disks with\\npresent and future X-ray facilities to understand whether X-ray reflection\\nspectroscopy can distinguish the black holes in Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet\\ngravity from those in Einstein's gravity. We find that this is definitively out\\nof reach for present X-ray missions, but it may be achieved with the next\\ngeneration of facilities.\\n
The Stubenberg meteorite—An LL6 chondrite fragmental breccia recovered soon after precise prediction of the strewn field
2017-05-30

Abstract On March 6, 2016 at 21:36:51 UT , extended areas of Upper Austria, Bavaria (Germany) and the southwestern part of the Czech Republic were illuminated by a very bright bolide. This bolide was recorded by instruments in the Czech part of the European Fireball Network and it enabled complex and precise description of this event including prediction of the impact area. So far six meteorites totaling 1473 g have been found in the predicted area. The first pieces were recovered on March 12, 2016 on a field close to the village of Stubenberg (Bavaria). Stubenberg is a weakly shocked (S3) fragmental breccia consisting of abundant highly recrystallized rock fragments embedded in a clastic matrix. The texture, the large grain size of plagioclase, and the homogeneous compositions of olivine (Fa 31.4 ) and pyroxene (Fs 25.4 ) clearly indicate that Stubenberg is an LL 6 chondrite breccia. This is consistent with the data on O, Ti, and Cr isotopes. Stubenberg does not contain solar wind‐implanted noble gases. Data on the bulk chemistry, IR spectroscopy, cosmogenic nuclides, and organic components also indicate similarities to other metamorphosed LL chondrites. Noble gas studies reveal that the meteorite has a cosmic ray exposure ( CRE ) age of 36 ± 3 Ma and that most of the cosmogenic gases were produced in a meteoroid with a radius of at least 35 cm. This is larger than the size of the meteoroid which entered the Earth's atmosphere, which is constrained to &lt;20 cm from short‐lived radionuclide data. In combination, this might suggest a complex exposure history for Stubenberg.
Study of orbital and superorbital variability of LSI +61° 303 with X-ray data
2017-05-30

LSI +61 303 is one of the few X-ray binaries with a Be star companion from which radio, X-rays and high-energy gamma-ray (GeV and TeV) emission have been observed. The nature of the high energy activity of the system is not yet fully understood, but it is widely believed that it is generated due to the interaction of the relativistic electrons leaving the compact object with the photons and non-relativistic wind of the Be star. The superorbital variability of the system has been observed in the radio, optical and X-ray domains and could be due to the cyclic change of the Be star disk size. In this paper we systematically review all publicly available data from Suzaku, XMM-Newton, Chandra and Swift observatories in order to measure the absorption profile of the circumstellar Be disk as a function of orbital and superorbital phases. We also discuss short-term variability of the system, found during the analysis and its implications for the understanding of the physical processes in this system.
Sensitivity analysis of magnetic field measurements for magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT)
2017-05-30

Purpose Clinical use of magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) still requires significant sensitivity improvements. Here, the measurement of the current‐induced magnetic field (ΔB z,c ) is improved using systematic efficiency analyses and optimization of multi‐echo spin echo (MESE) and steady‐state free precession free induction decay (SSFP‐FID) sequences. Theory and Methods Considering T 1 , T 2 , and relaxation in the signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) of the MR magnitude images, the efficiency of MESE and SSFP‐FID MREIT experiments, and its dependence on the sequence parameters, are analytically analyzed and simulated. The theoretical results are experimentally validated in a saline‐filled homogenous spherical phantom with relaxation parameters similar to brain tissue. Measurement of ΔB z,c is also performed in a cylindrical phantom with saline and chicken meat. Results The efficiency simulations and experimental results are in good agreement. When using optimal parameters, ΔB z,c can be reliably measured in the phantom even at injected current strengths of 1 mA or lower for both sequence types. The importance of using proper crusher gradient selection on the phase evolution in a MESE experiment is also demonstrated. Conclusion The efficiencies observed with the optimized sequence parameters will likely render in‐vivo human brain MREIT feasible. Magn Reson Med 79:748–760, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Learning Recruits Neurons Representing Previously Established Associations in the Corvid Endbrain
2017-05-30

Abstract Crows quickly learn arbitrary associations. As a neuronal correlate of this behavior, single neurons in the corvid endbrain area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) change their response properties during association learning. In crows performing a delayed association task that required them to map both familiar and novel sample pictures to the same two choice pictures, NCL neurons established a common, prospective code for associations. Here, we report that neuronal tuning changes during learning were not distributed equally in the recorded population of NCL neurons. Instead, such learning-related changes relied almost exclusively on neurons which were already encoding familiar associations. Only in such neurons did behavioral improvements during learning of novel associations coincide with increasing selectivity over the learning process. The size and direction of selectivity for familiar and newly learned associations were highly correlated. These increases in selectivity for novel associations occurred only late in the delay period. Moreover, NCL neurons discriminated correct from erroneous trial outcome based on feedback signals at the end of the trial, particularly in newly learned associations. Our results indicate that task-relevant changes during association learning are not distributed within the population of corvid NCL neurons but rather are restricted to a specific group of association-selective neurons. Such association neurons in the multimodal cognitive integration area NCL likely play an important role during highly flexible behavior in corvids.
Local signals in mouse horizontal cell dendrites
2017-05-30

Summary The mouse retina contains a single type of horizontal cell, a GABAergic interneuron that samples from all cone photoreceptors within reach and modulates their glutamatergic output via parallel feedback mechanisms. Because horizontal cells form an electrically-coupled network, they have been implicated in global signal processing, such as large scale contrast enhancement. Recently, it has been proposed that horizontal cells can also act locally at the level of individual cone photoreceptors. To test this possibility physiologically, we used two-photon microscopy to record light stimulus-evoked Ca 2+ signals in cone axon terminals and horizontal cell dendrites as well as glutamate release in the outer plexiform layer. By selectively stimulating the two mouse cone opsins with green and UV light, we assessed whether signals from individual cones remain “isolated” within horizontal cell dendritic tips, or whether they spread across the dendritic arbour. Consistent with the mouse‘s opsin expression gradient, we found that the Ca 2+ signals recorded from dendrites of dorsal horizontal cells were dominated by M- and those of ventral horizontal cells by S-opsin activation. The signals measured in neighbouring horizontal cell dendritic tips varied markedly in their chromatic preference, arguing against global processing. Rather, our experimental data and results from biophysically realistic modelling support the idea that horizontal cells can process cone input locally, extending the “classical” view of horizontal cells function. Pharmacologically removing horizontal cells from the circuitry reduced the sensitivity of the cone signal to low frequencies, suggesting that local horizontal cell feedback shapes the temporal properties of cone output. Highlights Light-evoked Ca 2+ signals in horizontal cell dendrites reflect opsin gradient Chromatic preferences in neighbouring dendritic tips vary markedly Mouse horizontal cells process cone photoreceptor input locally Local horizontal cell feedback shapes the temporal properties of cone output eTOC Blurb Chapot et al. show that local light responses in mouse horizontal cell dendrites inherit properties, including chromatic preference, from the presynaptic cone photoreceptor, suggesting that their dendrites can provide “private” feedback to cones, for instance, to shape the temporal filtering properties of the cone synapse.
The Two-Sense Reading of Spinoza’s definition of attribute
2017-05-30

Spinoza’s definition of ‘attribute’ (E1d4) has been described as ‘one of the most puzzling passages in the Ethics’ and ‘a longstanding worry’ for Spinoza interpreters. Its puzzling status stems from (a) its apparent ‘subjectivist’ character and (b) the dominant understanding of Spinoza’s notion of attribute as an ‘objectivist’ notion. The paper aspires to remove this puzzlement by proposing and defending a reading of E1d4 in which it is understood to have two senses. First, I defend the objectivist character of Spinoza’s notion of attribute, and explain why E1d4 is problematic within the framework of an objectivist interpretation of the Spinozistic attribute. Second, I propose a reading of E1d4 as having two senses and explain the cause of an apparent contradiction in E1d4. Finally, I devote the largest part of the paper to a defence of the Two-Sense Reading of E1d4. More specifically, I draw on four sources for this defence: (a) the structure of E1d1 and E1d3, (b) the content and form of E1p4 and its demonstration, (c) Spinoza’s doctrine of parallelism and (d) Descartes’ treatment of attribute and its influence on Spinoza.
The Two-Sense Reading of Spinoza’s definition of attribute
2017-05-30

ABSTRACTSpinoza’s definition of ‘attribute’ (E1d4) has been described as ‘one of the most puzzling passages in the Ethics’ and ‘a longstanding worry’ for Spinoza interpreters. Its puzzling status stems from (a) its apparent ‘subjectivist’ character and (b) the dominant understanding of Spinoza’s notion of attribute as an ‘objectivist’ notion. The paper aspires to remove this puzzlement by proposing and defending a reading of E1d4 in which it is understood to have two senses. First, I defend the objectivist character of Spinoza’s notion of attribute, and explain why E1d4 is problematic within the framework of an objectivist interpretation of the Spinozistic attribute. Second, I propose a reading of E1d4 as having two senses and explain the cause of an apparent contradiction in E1d4. Finally, I devote the largest part of the paper to a defence of the Two-Sense Reading of E1d4. More specifically, I draw on four sources for this defence: (a) the structure of E1d1 and E1d3, (b) the content and form of E1p4 and...
Facilitating Political Stability: Cohabitation of non-legalistic Islam and the Moroccan monarchy
2017-05-30

Focusing on the role of non-legalistic Islam (Sufism and popular Islam), this paper aims to provide an explanation for the distinctness of Morocco defined by increasing political stability and decreasing group grievances, contrasting with the situation in other countries of North Africa. Based on fieldwork carried out in March 2015, this study employs segmentary theory and the “Governance of Religion” approach in constructing an analytical model explaining cohabitation between the Moroccan monarchy and actors of non-legalistic Islam. Results of the research reveal that 1) actors of non-legalistic Islam in Morocco, though representing a variety of organizational structures and political orientations, can be divided into two groups: traditional vs. reformed non-legalistic Islam. 2) This religious distinction is important politically. For example, actors of traditional non-legalistic Islam can provide social services in the Moroccan periphery or create a background for regional “religious diplomacy”. However, they are not able or willing to include members of the wider society. In contrast, actors within reformed non-legalistic Islam aim to mobi-lize new followers for political causes. 3) Consequently, the Moroccan monarchy seems to apply various governance tools in regulating or co-regulating these actors; these tools include, among other things, direct funding, the co-optation of leaders, and sanctions. Analysis shows that actors representing non-legalistic Islam are engaged in the social life of the country and that this engage-ment results in cohabitation with the Moroccan monarchy. As this paper argues, this cohabitation facilitates political stability and prevents an increase of group grievances.