julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Small Depth Proof Systems
2016-10-21

A proof system for a language L is a function f such that Range( f ) is exactly L . In this article, we look at proof systems from a circuit complexity point of view and study proof systems that are computationally very restricted. The restriction we study is proof systems that can be computed by bounded fanin circuits of constant depth (NC 0 ) or of O (log log n ) depth but with O (1) alternations (poly log AC 0 ). Each output bit depends on very few input bits; thus such proof systems correspond to a kind of local error correction on a theorem-proof pair. We identify exactly how much power we need for proof systems to capture all regular languages. We show that all regular languages have poly log AC 0 proof systems, and from a previous result (Beyersdorff et al. [2011a], where NC 0 proof systems were first introduced), this is tight. Our technique also shows that M aj has poly log AC 0 proof system. We explore the question of whether T aut has NC 0 proof systems. Addressing this question about 2TAUT, and since 2TAUT is closely related to reachability in graphs, we ask the same question about Reachability. We show that if Directed reachability has NC 0 proof systems, then so does 2TAUT. We then show that both Undirected Reachability and Directed UnReachability have NC 0 proof systems, but Directed Reachability is still open. In the context of how much power is needed for proof systems for languages in NP, we observe that proof systems for a good fraction of languages in NP do not need the full power of AC 0 ; they have SAC 0 or coSAC 0 proof systems.
Polymorphic Variation in TPMT Is the Principal Determinant of TPMT Phenotype: A Meta‐Analysis of Three Genome‐Wide Association Studies
2016-10-22

Thiopurine‐related hematotoxicity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and inflammatory bowel diseases has been linked to genetically defined variability in thiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) activity. While gene testing of TPMT is being clinically implemented, it is unclear if additional genetic variation influences TPMT activity with consequences for thiopurine‐related toxicity. To examine this possibility, we performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of red blood cell TPMT activity in 844 Estonian individuals and 245 pediatric ALL cases. Additionally, we correlated genome‐wide genotypes to human hepatic TPMT activity in 123 samples. Only genetic variants mapping to chromosome 6, including the TPMT gene region, were significantly associated with TPMT activity ( P &lt; 5.0 × 10 ‐8 ) in each of the three GWAS and a joint meta‐analysis of 1,212 cases (top hit P = 1.2 × 10 ‐72 ). This finding is consistent with TPMT genotype being the primary determinant of TPMT activity, reinforcing the rationale for genetic testing of TPMT alleles in routine clinical practice to individualize mercaptopurine dosage.
Association of breast cancer risk with genetic variants showing differential allelic expression: Identification of a novel breast cancer susceptibility locus at 4q21
2016-10-22

There are significant inter-individual differences in the levels of gene expression. Through modulation of gene expression, -acting variants represent an important source of phenotypic variation. Consequently, -regulatory SNPs associated with differential allelic expression are functional candidates for further investigation as disease-causing variants. To investigate whether common variants associated with differential allelic expression were involved in breast cancer susceptibility, a list of genes was established on the basis of their involvement in cancer related pathways and/or mechanisms. Thereafter, using data from a genome-wide map of allelic expression associated SNPs, 313 genetic variants were selected and their association with breast cancer risk was then evaluated in 46,451 breast cancer cases and 42,599 controls of European ancestry ascertained from 41 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. The associations were evaluated with overall breast cancer risk and with estrogen receptor negative and positive disease. One novel breast cancer susceptibility locus on 4q21 (rs11099601) was identified (OR = 1.05, = 5.6x10 ). rs11099601 lies in a 135 kb linkage disequilibrium block containing several genes, including, , encoding the protein HEL308 a DNA dependant ATPase and DNA Helicase involved in DNA repair, encoding the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S18C and , encoding a BRCT domain-interacting protein involved in DNA damage response and double-strand break (DSB) repair. Expression QTL analysis in breast cancer tissue showed rs11099601 to be associated with ( = 8.28x10 ), ( = 1.94x10 ) and ( = 3.83x10 ), explaining about 20%, 14% and 1%, respectively of the variance inexpression of these genes in breast carcinomas.
Electroretinographic assessment of retinal function at high altitude
2016-10-22

Although hypoxia plays a key role in the pathophysiology of many common and well studied retinal diseases, little is known about the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on retinal function. The aim of the present study was to assess retinal function during exposure to high-altitude hypoxia using electroretinography (ERG). This work is related to the Tübingen High Altitude Ophthalmology (THAO) study. Electroretinography was performed in 14 subjects in Tübingen, Germany (341 m) and at high altitude at La Capanna Regina Margherita, Italy (4,559 m) using an extended protocol to assess functional integrity of various retinal layers. To place findings in the context of acute mountain sickness, correlations between ERG measurements and oxygen saturation, heart rate, and scores of acute mountain sickness (AMS) were calculated. At high altitude, the maximum response of the scotopic sensitivity function, the implicit times of the a- and b-wave of the combined rod-cone responses, and the implicit times of the photopic negative responses (PhNR) were significantly altered. A-wave slopes and i-waves were significantly decreased at high altitude. The strongest correlation was found for PhNR and O2 saturation (r = 0.68; P < 0.05). Of all tested correlations, only the photopic b-wave implicit time (10 cd·s/m(2)) was significantly correlated with severity of AMS (r = 0.57; P < 0.05). ERG data show that retinal function of inner, outer, and ganglion cell layer is altered at high-altitude hypoxia. Interestingly, the most affected ERG parameters are related to combined rod-cone responses, which indicate that phototransduction and visual processing, especially under conditions of rod-cone interaction, are primarily affected at high altitude.
Dopaminergic Medication Modulates Learning from Feedback and Error-Related Negativity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study
2016-10-23

Dopamine systems mediate key aspects of reward learning. Parkinson's disease (PD) represents a valuable model to study reward mechanisms because both the disease process and the anti-Parkinson medications influence dopamine neurotransmission. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether the level of levodopa differently modulates learning from positive and negative feedback and its electrophysiological correlate, the error related negativity (ERN), in PD. Ten PD patients and ten healthy participants performed a two-stage reinforcement learning task. In the Learning Phase, they had to learn the correct stimulus within a stimulus pair on the basis of a probabilistic positive or negative feedback. Three sets of stimulus pairs were used. In the Testing Phase, the participants were tested with novel combinations of the stimuli previously experienced to evaluate whether they learned more from positive or negative feedback. PD patients performed the task both ON- and OFF-levodopa in two separate sessions while they remained on stable therapy with dopamine agonists. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during the task. PD patients were less accurate in negative than positive learning both OFF- and ON-levodopa. In the OFF-levodopa state they were less accurate than controls in negative learning. PD patients had a smaller ERN amplitude OFF- than ON-levodopa only in negative learning. In the OFF-levodopa state they had a smaller ERN amplitude than controls in negative learning. We hypothesize that high tonic dopaminergic stimulation due to the dopamine agonist medication, combined to the low level of phasic dopamine due to the OFF-levodopa state, could prevent phasic "dopamine dips" indicated by the ERN needed for learning from negative feedback.
The Unsettling, Urban Uncanny: The Case of Secured Settlements
2016-10-23

Abstract (E): In the context of global trends such as urbanisation, migration, social isolation and inequality, socio-cultural interaction is increasingly influenced by fear and anxiety. In response to an apparently dangerous social climate, people are retreating into gated communities with protective walls and surveillance technology, hindering human interaction. Familiarity is associated with safety, while any perceived threat is externalised and projected onto the unknown. This essay argues that the uncanny is closely bound up with the shifting relationship between concrete walls and human emotions, between subjective sensations and an objective understanding of threat. Abstract (F): Dans une culture qui se définit par les phénomènes globalisés de culture urbaine, migration, isolement social et inégalité, toute interaction sociale est de plus en plus marquée par la peur et l’angoisse. Un nombre croissant de gens se détournent d’un contexte social qu’ils ressentent comme dangereux et se retirent dans des structures d’habitation closes, entourées de murs et sous surveillance technologique, dans l’espoir de réduire ainsi le plus possible tout contact avec le monde extérieur. La sécurité est identifiée à l’exclusion de tout ce qui n’est pas connu, tandis que toute forme de menace est projetée sur un inconnu venant de l’extérieur. Cet article tente de montrer que l’inquiétante étrangeté est fortement liée aux rapports sans cesse changeants entre les murs de béton et les émotions humaines, entre les sensations subjectives et une approche objective de la menace.
A facility to search for hidden particles at the CERN SPS: the SHiP physics case
2016-10-24

This paper describes the physics case for a new fixed target facility at CERN SPS. The SHiP (search for hidden particles) experiment is intended to hunt for new physics in the largely unexplored domain of very weakly interacting particles with masses below the Fermi scale, inaccessible to the LHC experiments, and to study tau neutrino physics. The same proton beam setup can be used later to look for decays of tau-leptons with lepton flavour number non-conservation, [Formula: see text] and to search for weakly-interacting sub-GeV dark matter candidates. We discuss the evidence for physics beyond the standard model and describe interactions between new particles and four different portals-scalars, vectors, fermions or axion-like particles. We discuss motivations for different models, manifesting themselves via these interactions, and how they can be probed with the SHiP experiment and present several case studies. The prospects to search for relatively light SUSY and composite particles at SHiP are also discussed. We demonstrate that the SHiP experiment has a unique potential to discover new physics and can directly probe a number of solutions of beyond the standard model puzzles, such as neutrino masses, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, dark matter, and inflation.
Alpha‐gal is a possible target of IgE‐mediated reactivity to antivenom
2016-10-24

Abstract Background Antivenoms are mammalian immunoglobulins with the ability to neutralize snake venom components and to mitigate the progression of toxic effects. Immediate hypersensitivity to antivenoms often occurs during the first administration of these heterologous antibodies. A comparable clinical situation occurred after introduction of cetuximab, a chimeric mouse–human antibody, for cancer treatment. The carbohydrate epitope galactose‐alpha‐1,3‐galactose, located on the Fab region of cetuximab, was identified as the target responsible for IgE reactivity. Objective To investigate whether serum IgE antibodies directed to the α‐gal epitope are associated with hypersensitivity to equine antivenoms. Methods Antivenoms were screened for α‐gal epitopes via immunoblot and in comparison with cetuximab and pork kidney by IgE reactivity assays. Basophil activation tests were used to investigate reactivity to antivenoms in samples from 20 patients with specific IgE antibodies to α‐gal and 10 controls. Additional IgE detection, IgE inhibition, Immuno CAP inhibition, and skin prick tests were performed using samples from selected patients. Results Both antivenoms and cetuximab induced positive skin prick test results in patients with sIgE to α‐gal. Alpha‐gal epitopes were detected by immunoblotting on antivenoms. Measurements of IgE reactivity and Immuno CAP inhibition indicated that the antivenoms contained lower α‐gal contents than cetuximab. Deglycosylation assays and IgE inhibition tests confirmed that IgE‐mediated reactivity to antivenom is associated with α‐gal. Antivenoms, pork kidney, and cetuximab activated basophils from patients with IgE to α‐gal. Conclusion Alpha‐gal is a potential target of IgE‐mediated reactivity to equine antivenom and a possible cause of the high incidence of hypersensitivity reactions during the first application of equine antivenom.
Predicting Lexical Priming Effects from Distributional Semantic Similarities: A Replication with Extension
2016-10-24

In two experiments, we attempted to replicate and extend findings by Günther et al. (2016) that word similarity measures obtained from distributional semantics models-Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Hyperspace Analog to Language (HAL)-predict lexical priming effects. To this end, we used the pseudo-random method to generate item material while systematically controlling for word similarities introduced by Günther et al. (2016) which was based on LSA cosine similarities (Experiment 1) and HAL cosine similarities (Experiment 2). Extending the original study, we used semantic spaces created from far larger corpora, and implemented several additional methodological improvements. In Experiment 1, we only found a significant effect of HAL cosines on lexical decision times, while we found significant effects for both LSA and HAL cosines in Experiment 2. As further supported by an analysis of the pooled data from both experiments, this indicates that HAL cosines are a better predictor of priming effects than LSA cosines. Taken together, the results replicate the finding that priming effects can be predicted from distributional semantic similarity measures.
Mussolini’s Army in the French Riviera: Italy’s Occupation of France
2016-10-24

Studies of occupied France during the Second World War often concentrate on the German occupation and neglect the role of another important occupying power, Italy. Mussolini occupied the city of Menton and a small strip of land along the French–Italian border from June 1940, and much of South-Eastern France from November 1942, up until September 1943. In opposition to the German occupation, the Italian occupation of South-Eastern France from 1940 to 1943 has often been presented as quite moderate during the Second World War. Drawn from his doctoral research, Emanuele Sica, Lecturer at the Royal Military College of Canada, sets out to present an analysis that is not simply a one-sided revival of the myth of a quite mild Italian occupation of South-Eastern France. He does observe, however, a ‘qualitative difference between the Italian and German occupation’ and states that the Italian occupation seems to have been ‘relatively moderate in its use of repression’ and even shielded Jews from the German and Vichy antisemitic policies. The Italian occupation of South-Eastern France is analysed here in three parts, divided chronologically, from the pre-war years to the Armistice period (1940–1942) and ending with the largest part about the occupation of South-Eastern France itself (1942–1943).
Determination of the Local Morphology within Individual Polymer Domains
2016-10-24

The one- and two-photon photoluminescence as well as the Raman scattering of poly{[4,4-bis(alkyl-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b′)-dithiophene)]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl} (PCPDTBT) thin films processed from different organic solvents are reported. Benefiting from a high optical resolution of down to 300 nm, we demonstrate a method that is able to determine the local morphologies even in individual micron-sized ordered polymer structures. Combining angle-resolved emission spectroscopy and polarization excitation spectroscopy, we study the local morphology-dependent optical properties and the molecular orientations of PCPDTBT thin films. Two types of morphologies, namely dendritic spherulite and terrace-like structures, obtained in chlorobenzene (CB) solvent annealed PCPDTBT thin films are used as model systems. With the assistance of an analytical model, we can identify that the molecules in the terrace-like structure possess upright orientations and in the dendritic spherulite have a tilt angle of about 40° with respect to the substrate surface. Furthermore, polarized excitation Raman spectra indicate the fraction of local order to be around 40% on average for dendritic spherulite structures. For the terrace-like structure, even higher fractions of local order of on average 75% are deduced.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES
2016-10-24

Radiological protection is a matter of concern for members of the public and thus national authorities are more likely to trust the quality of radioactivity data provided by accredited laboratories using common standards. Normative approach based on international standards aims to ensure the accuracy or validity of the test result through calibrations and measurements traceable to the International System of Units. This approach guarantees that radioactivity test results on the same types of samples are comparable over time and space as well as between different testing laboratories. Today, testing laboratories involved in radioactivity measurement have a set of more than 150 international standards to help them perform their work. Most of them are published by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This paper reviews the most essential ISO standards that give guidance to testing laboratories at different stages from sampling planning to the transmission of the test report to their customers, summarizes recent activities and achievements and present the perspectives on new standards under development by the ISO Working Groups dealing with radioactivity measurement in connection with radiological protection.
Donor-Solvent-Dependent Cluster Formation of (C5Me5)SmI2(THF)x-Type Half-Sandwich Complexes
2016-10-25

In this study, we demonstrate the structural variety of the Cp*SmIy system with respect to the amount of donor molecules (THF) present. The reaction of SmI2(THF)2 with 0.5 equiv of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)lead(II), PbCp*2, in THF gives the highly solvated monomeric complex Cp*SmI2(THF)3, when crystallized from THF. The same reaction performed in n-hexane followed by crystallization from toluene gave the partially solvated trimetallic complex [Cp*3Sm3I(μ2-I)3(μ3-I)2(THF)2]. Recrystallization of the Sm3 cluster from either C6D6 at ambient temperature or toluene at −40 °C produced the tetrametallic complex [Cp*4Sm4I(μ2-I)4(μ3-I)2(μ4-I)(THF)]. Reaction of SmI2, obtained via treatment of SmI2(THF)2 with excess AlEt3 in n-pentane, with 0.5 equiv of PbCp*2 in toluene led to the donor-free mixed-valent pentametallic complex [Cp*5Sm5(μ2-I)4(μ3-I)4(μ5-I)]. All compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.
Novel Fluorescein-Based Fluorescent Probe for Detecting H2S and Its Real Applications in Blood Plasma and Biological Imaging
2016-10-26

A broad-spectrum fluorescent probe, which can be applied to monitoring H<sub>2</sub>S in various biological systems, has been rationally designed and synthesized. This specific probe was applied to localize the endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S in living Raw264.7 macrophage cells, HepG2 cells, and H9C2 cells. At the same time, the probe has successfully visualized CBS- and CSE-induced endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S production and monitored CBS and CSE activity in H9C2 cells. This probe could serve as a powerful molecular imaging tool to further explore the physiological function and the molecular mechanisms of endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S in living animal systems.
Individual changes in preclinical spinocerebellar ataxia identified via increased motor complexity
2016-10-26

ABSTRACT Background Movement changes in autosomal‐dominant spinocerebellar ataxias are suggested to occur many years before clinical manifestation. Detecting and quantifying these changes in the preclinical phase offers a window for future treatment interventions and allows the clinician to decipher the earliest dysfunctions starting the evolution of spinocerebellar ataxia. We hypothesized that quantitative movement analysis of complex stance and gait tasks allows to (i) reveal movement changes already at early stages of the preclinical phase when clinical ataxia signs are still absent and to (ii) quantify motor progression in this phase. Methods A total of 46 participants (14 preclinical spinocerebellar ataxia mutation carriers [spinocerebellar ataxias 1,2,3,6], 9 spinocerebellar ataxia patients at an early stage; 23 healthy controls) were assessed by quantitative movement analyses of increasingly complex stance and walking tasks in a cross‐sectional design. Results Body sway in stance and spatiotemporal variability in tandem walking differentiated between preclinical mutation carriers and healthy controls ( P &lt; .01). Complex movement conditions allowed one to discriminate even those mutation carriers without any clinical signs in posture and gait (SARA posture&amp;gait = 0; P &lt; .04). Multivariate regression analysis categorized preclinical mutation carriers on a single‐subject level with 100% accuracy within a range of 10 years to the estimated onset. Movement features in stance and gait correlated significantly with genetically estimated time to onset, indicating a gradual increase of motor changes with increasing proximity to disease manifestation. Conclusion Our results provide evidence for subclinical motor changes in spinocerebellar ataxia, which allow to discriminate patients without clinical signs even on a single‐subject basis and may help capture disease progression in the preclinical phase. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Dpp dependent Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to Hh dependent blood progenitors in larval lymph gland of Drosophila
2016-10-26

Drosophila hematopoiesis bears striking resemblance with that of vertebrates, both in the context of distinct phases and the signaling molecules. Even though, there has been no evidence of Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in Drosophila, the larval lymph gland with its Hedgehog dependent progenitors served as an invertebrate model of progenitor biology. Employing lineage-tracing analyses, we have now identified Notch expressing HSCs in the first instar larval lymph gland. Our studies clearly establish the hierarchical relationship between Notch expressing HSCs and the previously described Domeless expressing progenitors. These HSCs require Decapentapelagic (Dpp) signal from the hematopoietic niche for their maintenance in an identical manner to vertebrate aorta-gonadal-mesonephros (AGM) HSCs. Thus, this study not only extends the conservation across these divergent taxa, but also provides a new model that can be exploited to gain better insight into the AGM related Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).