julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The naturality of natural deduction
2022-03-06

Developing a suggestion by Russell, Prawitz showed how the usual natural deduction inference rules for disjunction, conjunction and absurdity can be derived using those for implication and the second order quantifier in propositional intuitionistic second order logic . It is however well known that the translation does not preserve the relations of identity among derivations induced by the permutative conversions and immediate expansions for the definable connectives, at least when the equational theory of is assumed to consist only of and equations. On the basis of the categorial interpretation of , we introduce a new class of equations expressing what in categorial terms is a naturality condition satisfied by the transformations interpreting -derivations. We show that the Russell-Prawitz translation does preserve identity of proof with respect to the enriched system by highlighting the fact that naturality corresponds to a generalized permutation principle. We show that these result generalize some facts which have gone so far unnoticed, namely that the Russell-Prawitz translation maps particular classes of instances of the equations governing disjunction (and the other definable connectives) onto equations which are already included in the equational theory of . Finally, we compare our approach with the one proposed by Ferreira and Ferreira and show that the naturality condition suggests a generalization of their methods to a wider class of formulas.
Low Ply Drawings of Trees
2022-03-06

We consider the recently introduced model of \\emph{low ply graph drawing}, in which the ply-disks of the vertices do not have many common overlaps, which results in a good distribution of the vertices in the plane. The \\emph{ply-disk} of a vertex in a straight-line drawing is the disk centered at it whose radius is half the length of its longest incident edge. The largest number of ply-disks having a common overlap is called the \\emph{ply-number} of the drawing. We focus on trees. We first consider drawings of trees with constant ply-number, proving that they may require exponential area, even for stars, and that they may not even exist for bounded-degree trees. Then, we turn our attention to drawings with logarithmic ply-number and show that trees with maximum degree always admit such drawings in polynomial area.
Measurement of polarization observables of the associated strangeness production in proton proton interactions
2022-03-06

The Lambda polarization, the analyzing power, and the Lambda spin transfer coefficient of the reaction pp -&gt; p K+ Lambda were measured at beam momenta of 2.70 GeV/c and 2.95 GeV/c, corresponding to excess energies of 122 MeV and 204 MeV. While the analyzing power and the spin transfer coefficient do not change significantly with the excess energy, the Lambda polarization varies strongly and changes its sign. As this is the first measurement of polarization observables below an excess energy of 200 MeV, the change of the sign of the Lambda polarization was not observed before. The high statistics of the data (~200 k events for each momentum) enables detailed studies of the dependence of the Lambda polarization and the analyzing power on the center of mass momentum of the particles. The results of the spin transfer coefficient are in qualitative agreement with the DISTO experiment. The Lambda polarization data of 2.95 GeV/c are only conform with the DISTO experiment, while both the 2.70 GeV/c and 2.95 GeV/c data differ strongly from all previous measurements, whether exclusive or inclusive.
Haas' theorem revisited
2022-03-06

Haas' theorem describes all partchworkings of a given non-singular plane tropical curve giving rise to a maximal real algebraic curve. The space of such patchworkings is naturally a linear subspace of the -vector space generated by the bounded edges of , and whose origin is the Harnack patchworking. The aim of this note is to provide an interpretation of affine subspaces of parallel to . To this purpose, we work in the setting of abstract graphs rather than plane tropical curves. We introduce a topological surface above a trivalent graph , and consider a suitable affine space of real structures on compatible with . We characterise as the vector subspace of whose associated involutions induce the same action on . We then deduce from this statement another proof of Haas' original result.
Geographically dispersed zoonotic tuberculosis in pre-contact South American human populations
2022-03-07

Abstract Previous ancient DNA research has shown that Mycobacterium pinnipedii , which today causes tuberculosis (TB) primarily in pinnipeds, infected human populations living in the coastal areas of Peru prior to European colonization. Skeletal evidence indicates the presence of TB in several pre-colonial South and North American populations with minimal access to marine resources— a scenario incompatible with TB transmission directly from infected pinnipeds or their tissues. In this study, we investigate the causative agent of TB in ten pre-colonial, non-coastal individuals from South America. We reconstruct M. pinnipedii genomes (10- to 15-fold mean coverage) from three contemporaneous individuals from inland Peru and Colombia, demonstrating the widespread dissemination of M. pinnipedii beyond the coast, either through human-to-human and/or animal-mediated routes. Overall, our study suggests that TB transmission in the pre-colonial era Americas involved a more complex transmission pathway than simple pinniped-to-human transfer.
RFC1 repeat expansions: A recurrent cause of sensory and autonomic neuropathy with cough and ataxia
2022-03-07

Abstract Background and purpose Ataxia and cough are rare features in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN), a group of diseases of mostly unknown genetic cause. Biallelic repeat expansions in RFC1 are associated with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RFC1 repeat expansions in a cohort of HSAN patients. Methods After unremarkable whole‐exome sequencing (WES) analysis, we performed repeat‐primed PCR to detect intronic RFC1 expansions in 12 HSAN families, who all presented with chronic cough. Results In these patients, 75% carried biallelic expansions of the pathogenic AAGGG motif. Compared with RFC1 −/− cases, RFC1 +/+ cases presented more consistently with positive sensory and autonomic symptoms. Afferent ataxia was more severe in the RFC1 +/+ cohort and cerebellar ataxia was a common feature (21%). Conclusions We demonstrate that RFC1 is a frequent cause of (WES‐negative) HSAN with chronic cough and ataxia. The diagnostic yield of RFC1 repeat‐primed PCR was surprisingly high, given that HSAN is genetically poorly understood. This combination of HSAN, ataxia, and chronic cough symptoms represents a new nosological entity within the neuropathy‐ataxia spectrum.
The temporal cleavage: the case of populist retrotopia vs. climate emergency
2022-03-07

How do time perceptions politicize contestation in the case of climate politics? We argue that across Western Europe and North America, contestation in the climate case and beyond forms along an emerging temporal dividing line. The climate movement's reference to the scientific understanding of climate with its nonnegotiable timescales is at odds with populism's Great Again 'retrotopias' referring to a romanticized fossil fuel past in which climate change is nonexistent. We understand these two distinct temporal positions within society as represented by sometimers and anytimers with each having their very own social structure, collective identity, and organizational manifestation. If supported by further studies, the generalized characteristics of sometimers and anytimers will allow for the development of a substantial temporal cleavage that might be indicative for the Anthropocene.
Training causes activation increase in temporo-parietal and parietal regions in children with mathematical disabilities
2022-03-07

Abstract While arithmetic training reduces fronto-temporo-parietal activation related to domain-general processes in typically developing (TD) children, we know very little about the training-related neurocognitive changes in children with mathematical disabilities (MD), who seek evidenced-based educational interventions. In a within-participant design, a group of 20 children (age range = 10–15 years old) with MD underwent 2 weeks of arithmetic training. Brain activation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) before and after training to assess training-related changes. Two weeks of training led to both behavioral and brain changes. Training-specific change for trained versus untrained (control) simple multiplication solving was observed as activation increase in the bilateral temporo-parietal region including angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. Training-specific change for trained versus untrained (control) complex multiplication solving was observed as activation increase in the bilateral parietal region including intraparietal sulcus, superior parietal lobule, and supramarginal gyrus. Unlike the findings of a similar study in TD children, 2 weeks of multiplication training led to brain activation increase in the fronto-parietal network in children with MD. Interestingly, these brain activation differences between the current findings and a recent similar study in TD children underlie a rather similar behavioral improvement as regards response time and accuracy after 2 weeks of training. This finding provides valuable insights into underlying mechanisms of mathematics learning in special samples and suggests that the findings in TD children may not be readily generalized to children with MD.
Hepatic inflammation elicits production of proinflammatory netrin‐1 through exclusive activation of translation
2022-03-07

Abstract Background and Aims Netrin‐1 displays protumoral properties, though the pathological contexts and processes involved in its induction remain understudied. The liver is a major model of inflammation‐associated cancer development, leading to HCC. Approach and Results A panel of cell biology and biochemistry approaches (reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, reporter assays, run‐on, polysome fractionation, cross linking immunoprecipitation, filter binding assay, subcellular fractionation, western blotting, immunoprecipitation, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) on in vitro–grown primary hepatocytes, human liver cell lines, mouse samples and clinical samples was used. We identify netrin‐1 as a hepatic inflammation‐inducible factor and decipher its mode of activation through an exhaustive eliminative approach. We show that netrin‐1 up‐regulation relies on a hitherto unknown mode of induction, namely its exclusive translational activation. This process includes the transfer of NTN1 (netrin‐1) mRNA to the endoplasmic reticulum and the direct interaction between the Staufen‐1 protein and this transcript as well as netrin‐1 mobilization from its cell‐bound form. Finally, we explore the impact of a phase 2 clinical trial‐tested humanized anti‐netrin‐1 antibody (NP137) in two distinct, toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2/TLR3/TLR6‐dependent, hepatic inflammatory mouse settings. We observe a clear anti‐inflammatory activity indicating the proinflammatory impact of netrin‐1 on several chemokines and Ly6C+ macrophages. Conclusions These results identify netrin‐1 as an inflammation‐inducible factor in the liver through an atypical mechanism as well as its contribution to hepatic inflammation.
Hexacene on Cu(110) and Ag(110): Influence of the Substrate on Molecular Orientation and Interfacial Charge Transfer
2022-03-07

Hexacene, composed of six linearly fused benzene rings, is an organic semiconductor material with superior electronic properties. The fundamental understanding of the electronic and chemical properties is prerequisite to any possible application in devices. We investigate the orientation and interface properties of highly ordered hexacene monolayers on Ag(110) and Cu(110) with X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), photoemission orbital tomography (POT), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density functional theory (DFT). We find pronounced differences in the structural arrangement of the molecules and the electronic properties at the metal/organic interfaces for the two substrates. While on Cu(110) the molecules adsorb with their long molecular axis parallel to the high symmetry substrate direction, on Ag(110), hexacene adsorbs in an azimuthally slightly rotated geometry with respect to the metal rows of the substrate. In both cases, molecular planes are oriented parallel to the substrate. A pronounced charge transfer from both substrates to different molecular states affects the effective charge of different C atoms of the molecule. Through analysis of experimental and theoretical data, we found out that on Ag(110) the LUMO of the molecule is occupied through charge transfer from the metal, whereas on Cu(110) even the LUMO+1 receives a charge. Interface dipoles are determined to a large extent by the push-back effect, which are also found to differ significantly between <b>6A</b>/Ag(110) and <b>6A</b>/Cu(110).
A Bayesian EAP-Based Nonlinear Extension of Croon and Van Veldhoven’s Model for Analyzing Data from Micro–Macro Multilevel Designs
2022-03-07

Croon and van Veldhoven discussed a model for analyzing micro–macro multilevel designs in which a variable measured at the upper level is predicted by an explanatory variable that is measured at the lower level. Additionally, the authors proposed an approach for estimating this model. In their approach, estimation is carried out by running a regression analysis on Bayesian Expected a Posterior (EAP) estimates. In this article, we present an extension of this approach to interaction and quadratic effects of explanatory variables. Specifically, we define the Bayesian EAPs, discuss a way for estimating them, and we show how their estimates can be used to obtain the interaction and the quadratic effects. We present the results of a “proof of concept” via Monte Carlo simulation, which we conducted to validate our approach and to compare two resampling procedures for obtaining standard errors. Finally, we discuss limitations of our proposed extended Bayesian EAP-based approach.
Nearly complete leg of an unusual, shelduck-sized anseriform bird from the earliest late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Germany)
2022-03-07

We describe leg bones of a larger-sized representative of the Anatidae from the Tortonian of the Hammerschmiede clay pit in southwestern Germany. Allgoviachen tortonica, n. gen. et sp. differs from most other representatives of the Anatidae in tarsometatarsus characters. The holotype is among the most substantial records of an anatid from this stratigraphic period in Central Europe and shows unusual morphological features that impede a straightforward phylogenetic assignment. In overall proportions, the tarsometatarsus resembles that of the extant taxon Sarkidiornis and some Tadornini, whereas the hypotarsus morphology differs from all extant Anatidae. Because of its resemblance to the early Miocene taxa Paranyroca and Cygnopterus, the new species may be a stem group representative of the Anatidae, but more osteological data are required for a firm phylogenetic placement. We show that anseriform birds exhibit a previously unnoticed diversity of the ungual phalanges of the pedal digits, and the curved unguals of the fossil indicate a predominantly non-aquatic way of living. The Hammerschmiede avifauna also includes a very small anseriform, which may belong to the extinct taxon Mioquerquedula; equally small species of the Anatidae are today restricted to tropical and subtropical regions.
Stellar laboratories. V. The Xe VI ultraviolet spectrum and the xenon abundance in the hot DO-type white dwarf RE0503-289
2022-03-07

For the spectral analysis of spectra of hot stars with a high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), advanced non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) model atmospheres are mandatory. These are strongly dependent on the reliability of the atomic data that are used for their calculation. Reliable Xe VI oscillator strengths are used to identify Xe lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of the DO-type white dwarf RE0503-289 and to determine its photospheric Xe abundance. We publish newly calculated oscillator strengths that are based on a recently measured Xe VI laboratory line spectrum. These strengths were used to consider their radiative and collisional bound-bound transitions in detail in our NLTE stellar-atmosphere models to analyze Xe VI lines exhibited in high-resolution and high S/N UV observations of RE0503-289. We identify three hitherto unknown Xe VI lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of RE0503-289 and confirm the previously measured photospheric Xe abundance of this white dwarf (log Xe = -4.2 +/- 0.6). Reliable measurements and calculations of atomic data are prerequisite for stellar-atmosphere modeling. Observed Xe VI line profiles in the ultraviolet spectrum of the white dwarf RE0503-289 were well reproduced with the newly calculated Xe VI oscillator strengths.
Blind to threat: The presence of temporary goals prevents attention to imminent threat already at early stages of attention allocation.
2022-03-07

Human attention is biased by several motivational factors. For instance, threat attracts attention. People also preferentially pay attention to goal-relevant stimuli even when they are not emotional. How is attention allocated when individuals encounter multiple stimuli with different motivational salience that compete for limited attentional resources? Recent evidence suggests that neutral but goal-relevant stimuli are prioritized over threat when they are simultaneously presented. However, the role of strategic attentional processes in this bias is unknown. To address this issue, we conducted two studies that presented goal-relevant and fear-conditioned threatening stimuli in a dot probe paradigm at early (30 ms) and later stages (250 ms) of attentional processing. Across both studies, attention was allocated to goal-relevant stimuli over threatening stimuli at both presentation times. However, attentional bias to goal-relevant stimuli was larger at later stages of attentional processing. Further, attention to goals over threat was reduced in people high in trait anxiety in the main study. These findings corroborate the conclusion that temporary goals determine attention allocation in a relatively automatic manner, but the influence of goals is stronger at later stages of attention allocation.
Standard Bases in mixed Power Series and Polynomial Rings over Rings
2022-03-07

In this paper we study standard bases for submodules of a mixed power series and polynomial ring respectively of their localization with respect to a -local monomial ordering for a certain class of noetherian rings . The main steps are to prove the existence of a division with remainder generalizing and combining the division theorems of Grauert--Hironaka and Mora and to generalize the Buchberger criterion. Everything else then translates naturally. Setting either or we get standard bases for polynomial rings respectively for power series rings over as a special case.
A note on the evaluation of generative models
2022-03-07

Probabilistic generative models can be used for compression, denoising, inpainting, texture synthesis, semi-supervised learning, unsupervised feature learning, and other tasks. Given this wide range of applications, it is not surprising that a lot of heterogeneity exists in the way these models are formulated, trained, and evaluated. As a consequence, direct comparison between models is often difficult. This article reviews mostly known but often underappreciated properties relating to the evaluation and interpretation of generative models with a focus on image models. In particular, we show that three of the currently most commonly used criteria---average log-likelihood, Parzen window estimates, and visual fidelity of samples---are largely independent of each other when the data is high-dimensional. Good performance with respect to one criterion therefore need not imply good performance with respect to the other criteria. Our results show that extrapolation from one criterion to another is not warranted and generative models need to be evaluated directly with respect to the application(s) they were intended for. In addition, we provide examples demonstrating that Parzen window estimates should generally be avoided.
Generative Image Modeling Using Spatial LSTMs
2022-03-07

Modeling the distribution of natural images is challenging, partly because of strong statistical dependencies which can extend over hundreds of pixels. Recurrent neural networks have been successful in capturing long-range dependencies in a number of problems but only recently have found their way into generative image models. We here introduce a recurrent image model based on multi-dimensional long short-term memory units which are particularly suited for image modeling due to their spatial structure. Our model scales to images of arbitrary size and its likelihood is computationally tractable. We find that it outperforms the state of the art in quantitative comparisons on several image datasets and produces promising results when used for texture synthesis and inpainting.
ElSe: Ellipse Selection for Robust Pupil Detection in Real-World Environments
2022-03-07

Fast and robust pupil detection is an essential prerequisite for video-based eye-tracking in real-world settings. Several algorithms for image-based pupil detection have been proposed, their applicability is mostly limited to laboratory conditions. In realworld scenarios, automated pupil detection has to face various challenges, such as illumination changes, reflections (on glasses), make-up, non-centered eye recording, and physiological eye characteristics. We propose ElSe, a novel algorithm based on ellipse evaluation of a filtered edge image. We aim at a robust, resource-saving approach that can be integrated in embedded architectures e.g. driving. The proposed algorithm was evaluated against four state-of-the-art methods on over 93,000 hand-labeled images from which 55,000 are new images contributed by this work. On average, the proposed method achieved a 14.53% improvement on the detection rate relative to the best state-of-the-art performer. download:ftp://emmapupildata@messor.informatik.unituebingen. de (password:eyedata).
Beyond Level Planarity
2022-03-07

In this paper we settle the computational complexity of two open problems related to the extension of the notion of level planarity to surfaces different from the plane. Namely, we show that the problems of testing the existence of a level embedding of a level graph on the surface of the rolling cylinder or on the surface of the torus, respectively known by the name of and , are polynomial-time solvable. Moreover, we show a complexity dichotomy for testing the of a set of level graphs, with respect to both the number of level graphs and the number of levels.