julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Observation of Structural and Orientational Transitions during Growth of Organic Thin Films
2006-03-30

We study kinetically controlled orientational and structural transitions of molecular thin films during growth in situ and in real time, using diindenoperylene (DIP) as an example. By time-resolved surface-sensitive x-ray scattering (out of plane and in plane), we follow the organic molecular beam deposition of DIP on silicon oxide, on stepped sapphire, and on rubrene as an organic model surface. We identify transitions for the few-monolayer (ML) regime, as well as for thick (several 10's of ML) films. We show that the differences in the interaction of DIP with the substrate change the thickness as well as temperature range of the transitions, which include (transient) strain, subtle changes of the orientation, as well as complete reorientation. These effects should be considered rather general features of the growth of organics, which, with its orientational degrees of freedom, is qualitatively different from growth of inorganics.
Medial Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas: Clinical Outcome and Recurrence Rate
2006-03-30

Group 1 meningiomas present a more favorable subgroup with fortunate visual outcome. In Group 2 tumors, visual improvement was less favorable and radical removal is limited because of cavernous sinus infiltration, with consequential higher recurrence rates. Patients harboring recurrent Group 2 tumors with deteriorating visual function profit from microsurgery because vision can be preserved on the same preoperative level in the majority.
Distal Colonic K+ Secretion Occurs via BK Channels
2006-03-30

K(+) secretion in the kidney and distal colon is a main determinant of K(+) homeostasis. This study investigated the identity of the relevant luminal secretory K(+) ion channel in distal colon. An Ussing chamber was used to measure ion transport in the recently generated BK channel-deficient (BK(-/-)) mice. BK(-/-) mice display a significant colonic epithelial phenotype with (1) lack of Ba(2+)-sensitive resting K(+) secretion, (2) absence of K(+) secretion stimulated by luminal P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) receptors, (3) absence of luminal Ca(2+) ionophore (A23187)-stimulated K(+) secretion, (4) reduced K(+) and increased Na(+) contents in feces, and (5) an increased colonic Na(+) absorption. In contrast, resting and uridine triphosphate (UTP)-stimulated K(+) secretion was not altered in mice that were deficient for the intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel SK4. BK channels localize to the luminal membrane of crypt, and reverse transcription-PCR results confirm the expression of the BK channel alpha-subunit in isolated distal colonic crypts. It is concluded that BK channels are the responsible K(+) channels for resting and stimulated Ca(2+)-activated K(+) secretion in mouse distal colon.
Sedimentary evolution of a Palaeozoic basin and ridge system: the Middle and Upper Devonian of the Ahnet and Mouydir (Algerian Sahara)
2006-03-30

The Ahnet and Mouydir regions of southern Algeria are part of one of the world's largest, almost undeformed exposures of Palaeozoic rocks which exemplify a hitherto poorly known early Variscan development of a Devonian basin and ridge system. This area includes a series of intracratonic basins along the northern margin of the West African Craton which consists (from W to E) of the Reggane Basin, Azel Matti Ridge, Ahnet Basin, Foum Belrem Ridge and Mouydir Basin. The depositional and palaeogeographic interpretation is based on 71 sections in this region, which for the first time were biostratigraphically calibrated by means of conodonts, goniatites and brachiopods. The structural evolution during Devonian times was probably controlled by reactivation of ancient N–S- to NW–SE-running faults in the Precambrian basement, which caused differential subsidence and uplift of a previously largely unstructured siliciclastic shelf. A hiatus during Emsian times indicates widespread emergence during this interval. The entire area was flooded during the earliest Eifelian, when the first vestiges of the Azel Matti Ridge become evident by stratigraphic condensation. The palaeogeographic differentiation is most apparent during the Givetian, when a shoal with reduced carbonate sedimentation was established on the Azel Matti Ridge passing towards the west and east into basinal environments of the Reggane and Ahnet basins, respectively. The Foum Belrem Ridge is distinguished by increased subsidence during the early Givetian and by revived uplift during the late Givetian. In the Mouydir Basin further east, up to 1000 m of shales were deposited during the Givetian. The early Frasnian is marked by the ubiquitous sedimentation of black shales and bituminous styliolinites. These lithologies occur repeatedly already during the Middle Devonian and document intermittent anoxic conditions. The basin and ridge topography is levelled by the shallowing-up sequence of up to 1400 m thick upper Frasnian and Famennian shales which grade into a deltaic sequence of uppermost Famennian/Tournaisian sandstones. The up to now only vaguely discriminated lithostratigraphic formations of the Devonian have been biostratigraphically defined in suitable type sections.
Adapting Distributed Hash Tables for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
2006-03-30

While unstructured P2P systems have been embraced widely in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), the applicability of structured approaches like distributed hash tables (DHTs) to such settings remains controversial. Existing research delivers promising empirical results addressing the concerns about performance, complexity, and reliability, but does not analyze the principles of combining DHTs and MANETs. This paper identifies and discusses the fundamental implications of non-infrastructural networks for DHTs and analyzes solutions to these challenges
Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften der Komplexe [(H2O)Cl4Os≡N‐IrCl(C5Me5)(AsPh3)], [(Ph3Sb)Cl4Os≡N‐IrCl(C5Me5)(SbPh3)], [(Ph3Sb)2Cl3Os≡N‐IrCl(COD)] und [{(Me2PhP)2(CO)Cl2Re≡N}2ReNCl2(PMe2Ph)]
2006-03-30

Abstract Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of the Complexes [(H 2 O)Cl 4 Os≡N‐IrCl(C 5 Me 5 )(AsPh 3 )], [(Ph 3 Sb)Cl 4 Os≡N‐IrCl(C 5 Me 5 )(SbPh 3 )], [(Ph 3 Sb) 2 Cl 3 Os≡N‐IrCl(COD)] and [{(Me 2 PhP) 2 (CO)Cl 2 Re≡N} 2 ReNCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph)] The dinuclear complexes [(H 2 O)Cl 4 Os≡N‐IrCl(C 5 Me 5 )(AsPh 3 )]·H 2 O ( 1 ·H 2 O), [(Ph 3 Sb)Cl 4 Os≡N‐IrCl(C 5 Me 5 )(SbPh 3 )] ( 2 ), and [(Ph 3 Sb) 2 Cl 3 Os≡N‐IrCl(COD)] ( 3 ) result from the reaction of the nitrido complexes [(Ph 3 As) 2 OsNCl 3 ] and [(Ph 3 Sb) 2 OsNCl 3 ] with the iridium compounds [IrCl 2 (C 5 Me 5 )] 2 and [IrCl(COD)] 2 in dichloromethane. 1 crystallizes as 1 ·H 2 O in form of green platelets in the monoclinic space group Cm and a = 1105.53(6); b = 1486.76(9); c = 2024.88(10) pm, β = 97.191(4)°, Z = 4. The formation of 1 in air involves a ligand exchange, and the coordination of a water molecule in trans position to the Os‐N triple bond. The resulting complex fragments [(H 2 O)Cl 4 Os≡N] and [IrCl(C 5 Me 5 )(AsPh 3 )] are connected by an asymmetric nitrido bridge Os≡N‐Ir. The nitrido bridge is characterised by an Os‐N‐Ir bond angle of 173.7(7)°, and distances Os‐N = 168(1) pm and Ir‐N = 191(1) pm. 2 crystallizes in clumped together brown platelets with the space group and a = 1023.3(3), b = 1476.2(3), c = 1872.5(6) pm, α = 74.60(2), β = 73.84(2), γ = 76.19(2)°, Z = 2. In 2 the asymmetric nitrido bridge Os≡N‐Ir joins the two complex fragments [(Ph 3 Sb)Cl 4 Os≡N] and [IrCl(C 5 Me 5 )(SbPh 3 )], which are formed by a ligand exchange reaction. 3 forms dark green crystals with the triclinic space group and a = 1079.4(1), b = 1172.3(1), c = 1696.7(2) pm, α = 101.192(9),β = 92.70(1), γ = 92.61(1)°, Z = 2. The distances in the almost linear nitrido bridge (Os≡N‐Ir = 175.3(7)°) are Os‐N = 171(1) pm and Ir‐N = 183(1) pm. The reaction of [ReNCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 3 ] with [Mo(CO) 3 (NCMe) 3 ] unexpectedly affords the trinuclear complex [{(Me 2 PhP) 2 (OC)Cl 2 Re≡N} 2 ReNCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph)] ( 4 ) as the main product. It forms triclinic brown crystals with the composition 4 ·2THF and the space group (a = 1382.70(7), b = 1498.58(7), c = 1760.4(1) pm, α = 99.780(7), β = 99.920(7), γ = 114.064(6)°, Z = 2). In the trinuclear complex, the central fragment, [ReNCl 2 (PMe 2 Ph)] is joined in trans position to two nitrido complexes [(Me 2 PhP) 2 (CO)Cl 2 Re≡N], giving an almost linear Re≡N‐Re‐N≡Re arrangement. The bond angles and distances in the nitrido bridges are Re‐N‐Re = 167.8(3)°, Re‐N = 171.1(8) pm and 204.2(8) pm; and Re‐N‐Re = 168.1(4)°, Re‐N = 170.9(9) and 203.5(9) pm respectively. As expected, the Re‐N bond length to the terminal nitrido ligand on the central Re atom is much shorter at 161.2(9) pm than the triple bonds of the asymmetric bridges.
Role of Radiotherapy in Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor in Young Children: Results of the German HIT-SKK87 and HIT-SKK92 Trials
2006-03-31

Purpose To assess the outcome of young children with supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (stPNET) treated by intensive postoperative chemotherapy alone compared with treatment with chemotherapy and delayed radiotherapy (RT). Patients and Methods From 1987 to 1992, children younger than 3 years of age with stPNET were enrolled in the HIT-SKK87 trial in Germany and Austria. After surgery, low-risk patients received maintenance chemotherapy before RT. In high-risk patients, intensive induction chemotherapy was followed by maintenance chemotherapy until delayed RT was initiated. In the following trial, HIT-SKK92 methotrexate-based chemotherapy was applied. In children with complete remission after three cycles, therapy was finished without irradiation. Otherwise, radiotherapy or salvage chemotherapy was administered. Results Twenty-nine children were eligible (age, 3.0 to 37.0 months). All children received chemotherapy. In 15 children, no RT was administered. Four children had tumor progression during chemotherapy and underwent irradiation. In 10 patients, RT was given after chemotherapy. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates after 3 years were 17.2% and 14.9%, respectively. Twenty-four children relapsed (13 at the tumor site only, three at distant site, and eight at both local and distant sites). Positive impact on survival was observed in children with complete resection but without statistical significance. Administration of RT was the only significant predictive factor for OS and PFS. Only one child not having RT survived. Conclusion Outcome of infants and babies with stPNET is unsatisfactory. Omission of RT jeopardizes survival, even if intensive chemotherapy is applied. We suggest to limit any delay of RT to a maximum of 6 months even in young children.
The German Research Network on Schizophrenia-impact on the management of schizophrenia
2006-03-31

The German Research Network On Schizophrenia (GRNS) is a nationwide network currently comprising 16 psychiatric university departments and 14 state and district hospitals, as well as six local networks of psychiatric practices and general practitioners collaborating on about 25 interrelated, multicenter projects on schizophrenia research. The GRNS aims to intensify collaboration and knowledge exchange betvi/een leading research institutions and qualified routine care facilities, both within (horizontal network) and between (vertical network) the two levels of research and care, in order to create the scientific preconditions for optimization of the management of schizophrenia. The concept and the first results of studies aiming at the investigation of(i) strategies for early detection and early intervention in the prodromal stage of psychosis; (ii) treatment in first-episode schizophrenia; (iii) quality management; and (iv) destigmatization, are described as examples of this effort.
α2-Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein/ Fetuin-A Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Fat Accumulation in the Liver in Humans
2006-04-01

OBJECTIVE—The α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG; fetuin-A in animals) impairs insulin signaling in vitro and in rodents. Whether AHSG is associated with insulin resistance in humans is under investigation. In an animal model of diet-induced obesity that is commonly associated with hepatic steatosis, an increase in Ahsg mRNA expression was observed in the liver. Therefore, we hypothesized that the AHSG plasma protein, which is exclusively secreted by the liver in humans, may not only be associated with insulin resistance but also with fat accumulation in the liver. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from 106 healthy Caucasians without type 2 diabetes were included in cross-sectional analyses. A subgroup of 47 individuals had data from a longitudinal study. Insulin sensitivity was measured by a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and liver fat was determined by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS—AHSG plasma levels, adjusted for age, sex, and percentage of body fat, were higher in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance compared with subjects with normal glucose tolerance (P = 0.006). AHSG plasma levels were negatively associated with insulin sensitivity (r = −0.22, P = 0.03) in cross-sectional analyses. Moreover, they were positively associated with liver fat (r = 0.27, P = 0.01). In longitudinal analyses, under weight loss, a decrease in liver fat was accompanied by a decrease in AHSG plasma concentrations. Furthermore, high AHSG levels at baseline predicted less increase in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS—We found that high AHSG plasma levels are associated with insulin resistance in humans. Moreover, AHSG plasma levels are elevated in subjects with fat accumulation in the liver. This is consistent with a potential role of AHSG as a link between fatty liver and insulin resistance.
Cell Adhesion Profiling Using Extracellular Matrix Protein Microarrays
2006-04-01

We have developed a microarray-based system for cell adhesion profiling of large panels of cell-adhesive proteins to increase the throughput of in vitro cell adhesion assays, which are currently primarily performed in multiwell plates. Miniaturizing cell adhesion assays to an array format required the development of protocols for the reproducible microspotting of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein solutions and for the handling of cell suspensions during the assay. We generated ECM protein microarrays with high reproducibility in microspot protein content using nitrocellulose-coated glass microslides, combined with piezoelectric microspotting of protein solutions. Protocols were developed that allowed us to use 5000 cells or fewer on an array of 4 x 4 mm consisting of 64 microspots. Using this microarray system, we identified differences of adhesive properties of three cell lines to 14 different ECM proteins. Furthermore, the sensitivity and accuracy of the assays were increased using microarrays with ranges of ECM protein amounts. This microarray system will be particularly useful for extensive comparative cell adhesion profiling studies when only low amounts of adhesive substrate and cells, such as stem cells or cells from biopsies, are available.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ON ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF CAROLLIA CASTANEA (PHYLLOSTOMIDAE) IN PANAMA
2006-04-01

Abstract Behavioral patterns of animals correlate with biotic (i.e., resources and conspecifics) and abiotic (i.e., weather and lunar cycle) factors. We studied the influence of ambient light, rain, sex, and resource availability on the activity pattern of the neotropical chestnut short-tailed bat (Carollia castanea; Phyllostomidae) in a tropical lowland forest in Panama. Time of emergence was tightly correlated with local sunset, in contrast to the time of return, which occurred sporadically over a span of hours. Activity by individuals peaked at the beginning of the night, coinciding with maximum availability of ripe fruits from understory pepper plants (Piperaceae), their main food source. Bats continued to forage during light and moderate rain and only stopped at heavy rain. Nightly activity level was similar in nonreproductive female and male C. castanea but the temporal distribution of activity differed. Females were more active in the 1st half of night, whereas activity of males was more evenly distributed throughout the night. In contrast to fruit-eating bats in the canopy, C. castanea did not exhibit a significant reduction in flight activity (lunar phobia) during bright nights around the full moon. We conclude that ecological conditions (availability of food and predation risk) and physiological constraints (small body size associated with high metabolic rate) are the most important factors that account for the observed activity patterns.
Differential Response of Arteries and Veins to Bipolar Vessel Sealing: Evaluation of a Novel Reusable Device
2006-04-01

Our study indicates that the BiClamp device is as appropriate as the LigaSure instrument to successfully ligate 2-7 mm arteries and veins, demonstrating supraphysiological bursting strengths and adequate lumenal fusion healing. However, veins are more prone to collateral tissue damage and inflammatory wall infiltration.
Plasma Cell-Rich Rejection Processes in Renal Transplantation: Morphology and Prognostic Relevance
2006-04-01

In itself, plasma-cell enrichment is not a prognostic marker, but it is an indicator of a more adverse outcome because it is often accompanied by the appearance or subsequent development of VR +/- TGP. The detection of PR-rich rejection processes should therefore encourage the clinician to intensify the immunosuppressive schedule.
Virtual Reality Augmentation in Skull Base Surgery
2006-04-01

Supported by sound anatomical knowledge, creation of a virtual operating field for a surgical approach in an individual patient offers a déjà vu experience that can enhance the capabilities of a surgical team in skull base approaches. In addition, application of this technique in image-guided procedures assists in targeting or avoiding hidden anatomical structures.
Toxic Effects of Lipid‐Mediated Gene Transfer in Ventral Mesencephalic Explant Cultures
2006-04-01

Abstract: Adverse effects of cDNA and oligonucleotide delivery methods have not yet been systematically analyzed. We introduce a protocol to monitor toxic effects of two non‐viral lipid‐based gene delivery protocols using CNS primary tissue. Cell membrane damage was monitored by quantifying cellular uptake of propidium iodide and release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase to the culture medium. Using a liposomal transfection reagent, cell membrane damage was already seen 24 hr after transfection. Nestin‐positive target cells, which were used as morphological correlate, were severely diminished in some areas of the cultures after liposomal transfection. In contrast, the non‐liposomal transfection reagent revealed no signs of toxicity. This approach provides easily accessible information of transfection‐associated toxicity and appears suitable for prescreening of transfection reagents.
Regeneration and Tolerance Factor: A Novel Mediator of Glioblastoma-Associated Immunosuppression
2006-04-01

Abstract Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) was originally identified in placenta where it is thought to be essential for fetal allograft survival. Here we report that RTF mRNA and protein are also expressed in human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Suppression of RTF expression by RNA interference promotes the lysis of glioma cells by natural killer (NK) and T cells in vitro. Moreover, RTF-depleted glioma cells are less tumorigenic than control cells in nude mice in vivo. Depletion of NK cells in these animals abolished this effect. RTF is thus a novel aberrantly expressed molecule which confers immune privilege to human malignant gliomas. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(7): 3852-8)
Experimental Implantation and Long-term Testing of an Intraocular Vision Aid in Rabbits
2006-04-01

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New U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon ages from the Biharia terrane rocks, Apuseni Mountains, Romania
2006-04-01

The Biharia sequence from the Apuseni Mountains is a component of the Biharia Paleozoic terrane. The Biharia terrane probably evolved as an island arc between the Cadomian Someş and Baia de Arieş terranes. A gneissic metagranodiorite associated with metabasites from the Valea Ierţii creek, was sampled for U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon age determination. The zircons extracted out of the sampled rock were subjected both to dilution and evaporation methods. Dilution method offered Concordia intercepts at 227±23 Ma, 312±13 Ma, 465.7+8.4/-8.0 Ma, 703±21 Ma and 1604±45 Ma. Evaporated zircon grains gave 450±20 Ma and 543±17 Ma. The 227±23 Ma age and 312±13 Ma age have been interpreted as Pb loss due to the final effect of the Permian widespread magmatism and late Variscan anatexis respectively. The 465.7+8.4/-8.0 Ma and 450±50 Ma ages probably represent the protolith generation time. The 543±17 Ma is viewed as an inherited Cadomian age and the 703±21 and 1604±45 Ma might represent Cadomian and Saharan detrital zircon ages.
Structure and characterization of an enhanced laser-scanning endoscope based on microelectromechanical mirrors
2006-04-01

A miniaturized laser-scanning endoscope is presented that makes use of a composite laser beam for color imaging. A novel approach is followed in the device, which is based on scanning the target tissue with the laser beam using two miniaturized MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) micromirrors and employs specific collection, detection, and postprocessing of the scattered light for reconstructing a color image of the tissue. A resolution of the order of 16 line pairs/mm is achieved for a working distance of 50 mm while the focal depth is larger than 5 mm. Key considerations of the system design are presented, along with results on the operation of the micromirrors, an analysis of the optical design of the endoscope head, and remarks on the assessment of image quality.
The Evolution of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae
2006-04-01

The evolution of central stars of planetary nebulae can proceed in several distinct ways, either leading to H-deficiency or to H-normal surface composition. Several new simulations of the evolution channels that lead to H-deficiency are now available, mainly the born-again scenarios that are triggered by a He-shell flash during the hot pre-white dwarf evolution phase. A realistic AGB progenitor evolution is important for correct HRD tracks, that allow mass determinations. New hydrodynamic simulations of He-shell flash convection including cases with H-ingestion are now performed, and allow a determination of the convective extra-mixing efficiency. This has direct consequences for the intershell abundance distribution of AGB stars that can be observed in the H-deficient CSPN.