julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The Analogy between Emotions and Judgements
2014-01-01

How are emotions related to values? In this first chapter I want to tackle this question from Franz Brentano's point of view. Like many proponents of the perceptual theory of emotions today, Brentano claims that we gain evaluative knowledge by having correct emotions. Unlike today's proponents of the perceptual theory of emotions, he accounts for this by an analogy between emotions and judgements. Perhaps, one might think, he should in this case be classed rather with those philosophers who take emotions to be value judgements, but this conclusion would be hasty, for Brentano does not think that emotions are judgments — they are like judgements in important respects. I think it is, however, correct to say that Brentano does not develop a perceptual theory of emotions, either. Rather, he takes both judgements and emotions to be affirming or rejecting reactions to objects that are presented to us perceptually. Furthermore, he takes it that just as correct judgements reveal what is true, correct emotions reveal what is good. Given that the latter claim is very close to central tenets of today's proponents of the perceptual theory of emotions, and given that Brentano's account of it does not seem to have received very much attention in the contemporary debate, I think it is a good starting point to our enquiry into the nature of the relation between emotions and values.
The Analogy between Values and Secondary Qualities
2014-01-01

The main disadvantages of realist accounts of value are their difficulties in providing a plausible ontology and epistemology of values. While it is easy for the value realist to say wherein lies the objectivity of values, he will find it hard to explain what kind of thing values are and how we come to know about them. J. L. Mackie takes these difficulties as his main weapon in his attack on value realism. People who want to defend the view that values are objective, Mackie says, have to commit to the view that values are part of the fabric of the world, and that we come to know them through a faculty of intuition that is unlike all our other faculties. This view is problematic in that values end up having both a very queer ontology and epistemology. Therefore, according to Mackie, we should not believe that values are objective and, hence, drop value realism.
The Functional Argument
2014-01-01

In the last two chapters I looked at two different arguments for the thesis that emotions are perceptions of values. I argued in Chapter 2 that an analogy between values and secondary qualities is not successful in establishing this thesis, and I argued in the previous chapter that two arguments from best explanation are not either. In this chapter I want to look at a final attempt to argue once more for the same thesis: the functional argument. Jesse Prinz (2004) develops this argument against the background of teleosemantics, that is the view that the content of mental representations can be explained by reference to the function that this mental representation has. Teleosemantic theories of mental content are undoubtedly controversial, not least because they presuppose externalism about mental content, that is, the view that in order to have intentional mental content we need to be related to the world in the right way. But in order to see where Prinz's theory takes us, let us assume that it is plausible. For emotions this means that emotions represent value situations (e.g. situations that are dangerous, offensive, or disgusting) because it is the function of emotions to alert us to such situations. The key component of emotions that does all the work is, according to Prinz, the bodily changes we undergo in an emotional episode.
Care-based Emotions
2014-01-01

In the last chapter I developed what I believe to be a plausible definition of what it means to care about something, an argument for the claim that what we genuinely care about is thereby of value, and a definition of relations between objects of our care and particular situations in the world as secondary values. Towards the end of Chapter 4 and also towards the end of the previous chapter I already provided a sketch of what I believe to be the most adequate model describing the relation between emotions and values: emotions are felt physical reactions to appraisals of secondary values. In this chapter I want to put the pieces of the puzzle together: emotions, that is felt physical reactions to appraisals of secondary values, can be explained as felt desires or felt desire satisfactions that result directly from our caring about certain objects and perceptions of particular relations between these cared-for objects and the world.
Arguments from Best Explanation
2014-01-01

The first two chapters looked at two indirect arguments for a perceptual theory of emotions. Neither Brentano nor McDowell claims that emotions are perception-like states, but their analogies can easily be taken to support such a claim. Brentano wants to use his analogy to show that we gain knowledge about values via our emotions, which is a central tenet of perceptual theories of emotions. And McDowell wants to use his analogy to show that values are response-dependent, and it seems a comparatively small step from an ontologica1 response-dependence to an epistemo logical relation between a response and that which it constitutes. I argued that both analogies are flawed. Brentano's analogy is intrinsically flawed, that is, it yields results that are different from, and more difficult than, the ones that Brentano thought it yielded, and McDowell's analogy seems difficult to sustain when it comes to the crucial element of the conditions under which the relevant responses are appropriate.
Purification and Structural Analysis of QS-inhibiting Compounds from Staphylococcus delphini
2014-01-01

The knowledge that many pathogens rely on cell-to-cell communication mechanisms known as quorum sensing, opens a new disease control strategy: quorum quenching. Here we present a purification protocol for molecules excreted by a group of Gram-positive zoonotic pathogen bacteria, the ‘Staphylococcus intermedius group’, that suppress the quorum sensing signaling and inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of Gram-negative beta- and gamma-proteobacteria. These compounds were isolated from Staphylococcus delphini (S. delphini). They represent a new class of quorum quenchers with the chemical formula N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-urea and N-(2-phenethyl)-urea, which we named yayurea A and B, respectively. These substances can be isolated and purified from the culture supernatant using this upscalable purification method.
CVD growth of carbon nanotubes with a Ni catalyst in a polyimide trench
2014-01-01

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are ideal candidates as electrode materials for neuronal stimulation and monitoring devices such as microelectrode arrays (MEA). They provide a high charge injection limit without significant Faradic reactions and carbon nanotube electrodes have a high surface area to volume ratio. Flexible MEAs typically consist of thin conductors buried in a flexible insulator such as polyimide, where the actual contact areas have been opened by dry etching of the polyimide. CNTs are positioned in these contact areas by a low temperature (350 ◦C) chemical vapour deposition process from a catalyst which was deposited on the contact in the polyimide recess. To overcome poisoning of the catalyst by outgassing from the sidewalls of the polyimide trenches even at such low temperatures, a pre-treatment of the catalyst in an ammonia atmosphere for 15 min at 40 mbar and 350 ◦C was introduced. CNT growth on identical structures made from polyimide and silicon is compared in order to identify the relevant issues affecting growth.
SINGLE INCLUSIVE JET PRODUCTION IN PP COLLISION: DEPENDENCE ON JET ALGORITHM
2014-01-01

We present a recent calculation of single-inclusive high-p T jet production in pp collisions at RHIC, when the initial protons are unpolarized and also when they are longitudinally polarized. We investigate the effect of the algorithm adopted to define the jets on the numerical results of cross sections and spin asymmetries.
Deconfinement phase transition in the Hamiltonian approach to Yang–Mills theory in Coulomb gauge
2014-01-01

Recent results obtained for the deconfinement phase transition within the\\nHamiltonian approach to Yang-Mills theory are reviewed. Assuming a\\nquasiparticle picture for the grand canonical gluon ensemble the thermal\\nequilibrium state is found by minimizing the free energy with respect to the\\nquasi-gluon energy. The deconfinement phase transition is accompanied by a\\ndrastic change of the infrared exponents of the ghost and gluon propagators.\\nAbove the phase transition the ghost form factor remains infrared divergent but\\nits infrared exponent is approximately halved. The gluon energy being infrared\\ndivergent in the confined phase becomes infrared finite in the deconfined\\nphase. Furthermore, the effective potential of the order parameter for\\nconfinement is calculated for SU Yang-Mills theory in the Hamiltonian\\napproach by compactifying one spatial dimension and using a background gauge\\nfixing. In the simplest truncation, neglecting the ghost and using the\\nultraviolet form of the gluon energy, we recover the Weiss potential. From the\\nfull non-perturbative potential (with the ghost included) we extract a critical\\ntemperature of the deconfinement phase transition of MeV for the gauge\\ngroup SU and MeV for SU .\\n
Competitive balance and attention level effects: Theoretical considerations and preliminary evidence
2014-01-01

We try to better understand possible reasons for deviations between statistically-measured competitive balance (CB) and perceived CB. Moreover, we suggest answers to the following questions: are there specific dimensions of CB that are perceived to be significantly less balanced in the Danish Superligaen compared to the other two leagues? Are there objective measures that confirm the fans' perception or does OCB in general deviate from PCB?
Levelized Product Cost: Concept and Decision Relevance
2014-01-01

This paper examines a life-cycle cost concept that applies to both manufacturing and service industries in which upfront capacity investments are essential. Borrowing from the energy literature, we refer to this cost measure as the levelized product cost (LC). Per unit of output, the levelized cost aggregates a share of the initial capacity expenditure with periodic fixed and variable operating costs. The resulting cost figure exceeds the full cost of a product, as commonly calculated in managerial accounting. Our analysis shows that the LC can be interpreted as the long-run marginal product cost. In particular, this cost measure is shown to be the relevant unit cost that firms should impute for investments in productive capacity.
The impact of the financial crisis on transatlantic information flows: An intraday analysis
2014-01-01

We use intraday stock index return data from both sides of the Atlantic during overlapping trading hours to analyze the dynamic interactions between European and US stock markets. We are particularly interested in differences of information transmission before, during, and after the financial crisis of 2007 to 2009. Our analysis draws on the concept of Rényi transfer entropy to allow for a flexible and model-free empirical assessment of linear as well as non-linear market dependencies. Thereby the importance of extreme (tail) observations of the return distributions is highlighted. The results show significant bi-directional information transfer between the US and the European markets with a dominant flow from the US market. During the crisis dynamic interactions increase. At the same time information flows from European markets increase. The US market does not entirely regain its leading role in the after crisis period.
Do correlated defaults matter for CDS premia? An empirical analysis
2014-01-01

Correlated defaults and systemic risk are clearly priced in credit portfolio securities such as CDOs or index CDSs. In this paper we study an extensive CDX data set for evidence whether correlated defaults are also present in the underlying CDS market. We develop a cash flow based top-down approach for modeling CDSs from which we can derive the following major contributions: (I) Correlated defaults did not matter for CDS prices prior to the financial crisis in 2008. During and after the crisis, however, their importance has increased strongly. (II) In line with a plausible default order, we observe that correlated defaults primarily impact the CDS prices of firms with an overall low CDS level. (III) Idiosyncratic risk factors for each single CDS play a major (minor) role when the CDS premia are high (low).
Localization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Terrain Classification from Aerial Images.
2014-01-01

In this paper we investigate the benefit of terrain classification for self-localization of a flying robot. The key idea is to use aerial images, which are already available from online databases such as GoogleMapsTM, as reference map and to match images taken with a downward looking camera with this map. Using different terrain classes as features, we can make sure that our method is invariant to lighting/weather changes as well as seasonal variations or minor changes in the environment. A particle filter is used to register the query image with parts of the map. The proposed method has shown to work on image data from both simulated and real flights.
Emission line diagnostics for accretion and outflows in young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
2014-01-01

We discuss accretion and outflow properties of three very low-mass young stellar objects based on broad-band mid-resolution X-Shooter/VLT spectra. Our targets (FU Tau A, 2M1207-39, and Par-Lup3-4) have spectral types between M5 and M8, ages between 1Myr and ~ 10Myr, and are known to be accreting from previous studies. The final objective of our project is the determination of mass outflow to accretion rate for objects near or within the substellar regime as a probe for the T Tauri phase of brown dwarfs and the investigation of variability in the accretion and outflow processes.
Eine Exkommunikationsandrohung des Johannes Kalekas an den Metropoliten von Trapezunt und ihre Hintergründe
2014-01-01

Abstract A remarkable letter of the Patriarch of Constantinople Ioannes Kalekas to the Metropolitan Gregorios of Trebizond announces the excommunication of the illegitimate second wife of the Emperor of Trebizond, the Megas Komnenos Basileios, and simultaneously threatens the latter with the same punishment, if he should not return to his rightful spouse - a daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos - as well as the Metropolitan himself, if he should not stop supporting his Emperor. Although this letter is an example of the political instrumentalisation of excommunication under Kalekas (and during the entire civil wars), it resists a straightforward political interpretation, because Kalekas and his political friends in Constantinople seem not to have had stable alliances in contemporary Trebizond. But the unusually vehement accusations against Gregorios of Trebizond launched in this letter by Kalekas, who was then taking measures against the advancing erosion of the episcopate in Asia Minor, reveal the direct goal of the Patriarch: to prepare in due form, by means of the excommunication threat, the deposition of Gregorios and his replacement by a prelate of his confidence - which is precisely what Kalekas did as soon as Basileios died and Gregorios was left without support.
Caring
2014-01-01

In this chapter I want to begin to develop the account of emotions that manages to reconcile the various results from the preceding chapters: there is no good reason to think that emotions are perception-like states, some emotions essentially motivate, and a description of values as core relation themes seems promising. I want to do so by analysing what I claim to be a key to a good understanding of emotions, values, and their relation: the concept of care. Interestingly, it seems that many emotion theorists agree that caring has to come into the picture of how emotions work. In the first section of this chapter I want to demonstrate this and introduce the various definitions of care, as they figure in theories of emotions — all of them, as will become clear, use the concept of emotion to define the concept of care. Ultimately I want to argue that we should reverse this order. In Sections 5.2 and 5.3 I will introduce a concept of care that does without recourse to emotions. It builds heavily on, but also departs in important respects from, Harry Frankfurt's account of care. In Section 5.4 I will discuss an objection to my account of care, before demonstrating in Section 5.5 how I think this account can serve as an ontological basis for values.
International Yearbook for Hermeneutics / Internationales Jahrbuch für Hermeneutik
2014-01-01

The International Yearbook for Hermeneutics represents one of the prominent currents in contemporary philosophy as well as in bordering disciplines.It collects studies on questions concerning understanding and interpretation in all relevant fields, including philosophy, theology, jurisprudence, theory of science as well as literary and cultural studies. The Yearbook includes contributions to current debates and on the history of ideas from antiquity to the present.This volume is dedicated to the topic of »Philosophy as Literature.«
Introduction
2014-01-01

Emotions are messy. Sometimes we have them when we do not want them, sometimes we do not have them when we want them; they can be reasonable and unreasonable; short-term and long-term; mixed up with one another or straightforward. Some people say we can identify a set of basic emotions, others say we should not attempt a theory of the emotions at all. Some say they are what makes life worth living; others say we would be better off without them altogether. Some say they are essentially bodily; others say they are essentially mental. And many say something in between.
Clockwise rotation of the Baoshan block due to SSE-ward extrusion of Tibetan crust
2014-01-01

The collision of India and Eurasia ~50 Ma ago and its ongoing indentation resulted not only in the formation of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayan mountain range but also caused significant tectonic deformation in Southeast Asia. The latter consists of different tectonic blocks which amalgamated prior to the collision. In Southeast Asia, western Yunnan is a key area to trace movement around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS). To understand the movement, several models have been proposed in the last decades. Two end-member models are widely considered in literature, comprising the classic ‘tectonic escape’ model and newer ‘crustal flow’ models. A wide area of present-day clockwise rotation around the EHS and south-directed movement of crust indicated by GPS geodesy is reported by several authors. Deformation accumulated since the Late Cretaceous can be detected by paleomagnetic declination records. We present new paleomagnetic data on ~30 Ma old basaltic layers from the Baoshan block in western Yunnan. Dating was done by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar. Magneto-mineralogy has been identified by a rock magnetic study, reflected light and transmitted light microscopy. Microscopy indicates a strong hydrothermal alteration of our sampled sites; the original texture is still preserved. Magnetite and Tirich titanomagnetite, respectively, are revealed as main magnetic remanence carrier. Alternating field demagnetization showed significant grouping of remanence directions. The overall in-situ site mean direction is D/I=32.6°/51.8° (α95=11.3, k=15.7; N=12). A fold test yields an optimal degree of untilting at 30%. After tilt correction, the overall site mean direction is D/I=41.8°/47.3° (α95=7.4, k=35.1; N=12) and results in a clockwise rotation of 34.7° with a corresponding rotation rate of 1.16°/Myr. A paleolatitude of 28.4°N is calculated for our sampling area. The clockwise rotation of the Baoshan block since ~30 Ma can be explained in the first stage by clockwise rotation around the EHS by tectonic escape of lithospheric blocks while the Indian indenter pushed northward. After 20 Ma clockwise rotation due to SSE directed extrusion of Tibetan crust by crustal flow likely contributed to the accumulated rotation.
Case Study 3: The World Health Organization (WHO)
2014-01-01

The WHO is the UN specialized agency for health and was formally established on April 7, 1948 (Lee 2009: 1-45; Burci and Vignes 2004: 15-19). Its ultimate goal is the "attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health" as stipulated in Article 1 of the WHO constitution. The broad definition of health as one of the fundamental human rights of all peoples and the principle of universality are key elements in the constitution of the WHO, which makes frequent reference to "all peoples", stipulates that membership is open to "all states" and, in contrast to other UN organizations, allows membership based on a simple majority of votes in the WHA, instead of on a two-thirds majority. As of April 2012, the WHO had 193 member states and two associate members.
Teacher preparation in Ethiopia: a critical analysis of reforms
2014-01-02

The purpose of this article is to provide a more comprehensive picture of teacher preparation in Ethiopia on top of a closer scrutiny of current teacher education reforms. In particular, it presents teacher education within the context of policy implementation over the last six decades by highlighting key reforms and how these reforms impacted the education system in general and the teaching profession in particular. In analysing why and how the policy reforms took place, the paper draws on Chin and Benne's strategies of change management and the world system theories. Further, based on government statistics, official policy documents, and observations, the paper argues that the series of policy interventions were short of addressing the challenges of teacher preparation, including maintaining minimum quality standards, though the sector's expansion has had favourable impact on educational access and bridging regional and gender disparities.
Advances in treating psoriasis
2014-01-02

Psoriasis is a T helper (Th)17/Th1-mediated autoimmune disease affecting the skin and joints. So far, distinct traditional oral compounds and modern biologics have been approved in most countries for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Yet, the anti-psoriatic therapeutic spectrum is to be extended by a number of novel targeted therapies including biologics and modern oral compounds. The next set of anti-psoriatic biologics targets mainly Th17-associated cytokines such as IL-17 or IL-23. In contrast, modern oral anti-psoriatics, such as dimethyl fumarate (DMF), apremilast or Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors interfere with intracellular proteins and affect signaling pathways. Here we summarize the current systemic therapies for psoriasis and their immunological mechanism. The recent advances in psoriasis therapy will help treat our patients efficiently and complete our understanding of disease pathogenesis.