julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Micromorphology
2018-11-26

Micromorphology uses petrographic thin sections to study undisturbed samples of sediments, soils, and archaeological materials. It allows for the identification of depositional and post‐depositional events and processes of natural and human origin. When used in conjunction with other microanalytical tools (e.g., SEM, FTIR and Raman spectrometry, XRD, XRF) that are carried out on the thin section itself, robust datasets can be generated that allow for a holistic picture of site formation processes that include sedimentation, soil formation, and human activities such as construction, trampling, agricultural practices, and burials.
Caves and Fissures
2018-11-26

Caves, rockshelters, and fissures are nonanthropogenic landscape features that—due to their ready functions as natural traps, shelters and raw material sources—contain archaeological sites ranging in age from Lower Paleolithic to ethnographic. Many applications of archaeological science to these settings center on reconstructing site formation processes. Some cavities may contain exceptionally deep sedimentary deposits, which serve as repositories for long sequences of archaeological materials and skeletal remains, as well as paleoenvironmental indicators. Some cave environments are also favorable for preservation of perishable materials such as bone, ash, and organic remains, as well as rock art. Conversely, caves can be difficult to excavate, they do not always function as sediment traps, and they can contain complicated sequences of sediment with histories of erosion, reworking, and postdepositional diagenesis. Applications of radiometric dating and remote sensing techniques require careful consideration of the unique aspects of the cave environment.
Role of p38 MAPK in Atherosclerosis and Aortic Valve Sclerosis
2018-11-27

Atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are cardiovascular diseases with an increasing prevalence in western societies. Statins are widely applied in atherosclerosis therapy, whereas no pharmacological interventions are available for the treatment of aortic valve sclerosis. Therefore, valve replacement surgery to prevent acute heart failure is the only option for patients with severe aortic stenosis. Both atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are not simply the consequence of degenerative processes, but rather diseases driven by inflammatory processes in response to lipid-deposition in the blood vessel wall and the aortic valve, respectively. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in inflammatory signaling and activated in response to various intracellular and extracellular stimuli, including oxidative stress, cytokines, and growth factors, all of which are abundantly present in atherosclerotic and aortic valve sclerotic lesions. The responses generated by p38 MAPK signaling in different cell types present in the lesions are diverse and might support the progression of the diseases. This review summarizes experimental findings relating to p38 MAPK in atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis and discusses potential functions of p38 MAPK in the diseases with the aim of clarifying its eligibility as a pharmacological target.
Effect of Reduced Sulfur Species on Chemolithoautotrophic Pyrite Oxidation with Nitrate
2018-11-27

We compared the response at neutral pH of some denitrifiers to different electron donors such as reduced sulfur (pyrite, S(0), and marcasite) and reduced Fe. Chemolithoautotrophic oxidation of pyrite with nitrate as electron acceptor was not possible when the pyrite was in a pure crystalline form, whereas oxidation of synthesized FeS<sub>2</sub> of low crystallinity and of S(0) with nitrate as electron acceptor was possible. Neither nitrite nor sulfate was formed when Fe(II)-oxidizing strain <i>Acidovorax</i> sp. BoFeN1 was tested. Microbial reduction of nitrate appears to be induced via S oxidation but not via Fe oxidation.
A Prospective Comparison of Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria, Universal Vital Assessment, and Modified Early Warning Score to Predict Mortality in Patients with Suspected Infection in Gabon
2018-11-27

The quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score has been proposed for risk stratification of emergency room patients with suspected infection. Its use of simple bedside observations makes qSOFA an attractive option for resource-limited regions. We prospectively assessed the predictive ability of qSOFA compared with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), universal vital assessment (UVA), and modified early warning score (MEWS) in a resource-limited setting in Lambaréné, Gabon. In addition, we evaluated different adaptations of qSOFA and UVA in this cohort and an external validation cohort from Malawi. We included 279 cases, including 183 with an ad hoc (suspected) infectious disease diagnosis. Overall mortality was 5%. In patients with an infection, oxygen saturation, mental status, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, and all four risk stratification score results differed significantly between survivors and non-survivors. The UVA score performed best in predicting mortality in patients with suspected infection, with an area under the receiving operator curve (AUROC) of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78–1.0, P &lt; 0.0001), outperforming qSOFA (AUROC 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63–0.91, P = 0.0003), MEWS (AUROC 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.87, P = 0.01), and SIRS (AUROC 0.70; 95% CI: 0.52–0.88, P = 0.03). An amalgamated qSOFA score applying the UVA thresholds for blood pressure and respiratory rate improved predictive ability in Gabon (AUROC 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68–0.96) but performed poorly in a different cohort from Malawi (AUROC 0.58; 95% CI: 0.51–0.64). In conclusion, UVA had the best predictive ability, but multicenter studies are needed to validate the qSOFA and UVA scores in various settings and assess their impact on patient outcome.
Pinning Transition of Bose-Einstein Condensates in Optical Ring Resonators
2018-11-27

We experimentally investigate the dynamic instability of Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical ring resonator that is asymmetrically pumped in both directions. We find that, beyond a critical resonator-pump detuning, the system becomes stable regardless of the pump strength. Phase diagrams and quenching curves are presented and described by numerical simulations. We discuss a physical explanation based on a geometric interpretation of the underlying nonlinear equations of motion.
Study of the X-ray pulsar IGR J19294+1816 with NuSTAR: Detection of cyclotron line and transition to accretion from the cold disk
2018-11-27

In the work we present the results of two deep broadband observations of the poorly studied X-ray pulsar IGR J19294+1816 obtained with the NuSTAR observatory. The source was observed during Type I outburst and in the quiescent state. In the bright state a cyclotron absorption line in the energy spectrum was discovered at E cyc = 42.8 ± 0.7 keV. Spectral and timing analysis prove the ongoing accretion also during the quiescent state of the source. Based on the long-term flux evolution, particularly on the transition of the source to the bright quiescent state with luminosity around 10 35 erg s −1 , we conclude that IGR J19294+1816 switched to the accretion from the “cold” accretion disk between Type I outbursts. We also report the updated orbital period of the system.
Paradoxes of Social Rise. The Expansion of Middle Classes and the Financial Crisis
2018-11-27

The article views the current financial crisis from the background of long term socio-economic changes in advanced industrial societies. Central points are the rise of middle classes, the accumulation of financial wealth in the upper strata of middle classes in combination with an increasing concentration of financial assets at the level of the top rich, and the advance of pension and investment funds as collective actors at financial markets. The paper analyses the interconnections between these developments in the framework of a multilevel model, culminating in the thesis of a collective “Buddenbrooks”-effect: a structural upward mobility of society will lead to an increasing imbalance at capital markets because a strongly rising volume of financial assets searching profitable investment opportunities will go parallel with a decline of the social reservoir of solvent entrepreneurial debtors. Therefore, advanced industrial economies are faced with chronic excess liquidity and export surpluses at capital markets, leading to the build-up of speculative bubbles and subsequent crashes. The author argues that the present crisis cannot be understood properly without taking account of these backgrounds.
Some Thoughts on Transmedia Communication
2018-11-27

It is hard to define Transmedia (TM) since some communication experts say it is just the best possible way a single story can be understood and followed across different types of media (Figure 1).It requires adaptation to convey the content from one medium into another.For instance, (i) an interactive book that becomes a movie, and (ii) a comic book that is transformed into a video game.
TMS-evoked EEG potentials from prefrontal and parietal cortex: reliability, site specificity, and effects of NMDA receptor blockade
2018-11-27

ABSTRACT Measuring the brain’s response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) offers a unique insight into the local cortical circuits and networks activated following stimulation, particularly in non-motor regions where less is known about TMS physiology. However, the mechanisms underlying TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) remain largely unknown. We assessed TEP reliability, site-specificity, and sensitivity to changes in excitatory neurotransmission mediated by n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors following stimulation of non-motor regions. In fourteen male volunteers, resting EEG and TEPs from prefrontal (PFC) and parietal (PAR) cortex were measured before and after administration of either dextromethorphan (an NMDA receptor antagonist) or placebo across two sessions separated by at least a week in a double-blinded pseudo-randomised crossover design. At baseline, TEPs showed lower within-than between-subject variability for both stimulation sites across sessions, demonstrating the reliability of non-motor TEPs within individuals. There were differences in amplitude between PFC and PAR TEPs across a wide time range (15-250 ms), however the signals were correlated after ~80 ms, suggesting that early peaks reflect site-specific activity, whereas late peaks reflect activity patterns less dependent on the stimulated sites. TEPs were not altered following dextromethorphan compared to placebo, however low frequency resting oscillations were reduced in power. Our findings suggest that TEPs from PFC and PAR: 1) are reliable within and variable between individuals; 2) reflect stimulation site specific activity across early time periods (&lt;80 ms); and 3) are not sensitive to changes in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission.
The Anatomical Tracings of Lesions after Stroke (ATLAS) Dataset - Release 1.2, 2018
2018-11-27

<strong> To access this data collection, please click on the Restricted Data button above. You will need to download and complete the data use agreement and then email it to icpsr-addep@umich.edu. The instructions are in the form. </strong> The Anatomical Tracings of Lesions After Stroke (ATLAS) Dataset - Release 1.2 is an open-source data collection consisting a total of 304 T1-weighted MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) with manually segmented diverse lesions and metadata. The goal of ATLAS is to provide the research community with a standardized training and testing dataset for lesion segmentation algorithms on T1-weighted MRIs. From 11 cohorts worldwide, 304 MRI images were collected from research groups in the ENIGMA Stroke Recovery Working Group consortium. Images consisted of T1-weighted anatomical MRIs of individuals after stroke. For each MRI, brain lesions were identified and masks were manually drawn on each individual brain in native space using MRIcron, an open-source tool for brain imaging visualization and defining volumes of interest. A minimum of one lesion mask was identified for each individual MRI. If additional, separate lesions were identified, they were traced as separate masks. A separate tracer performed quality control on each lesion mask. This included assessing the accuracy of the lesion segmentations, revising the lesion mask if needed, and categorizing the lesions to generate additional data such as lesion location. In addition, an expert neuroradiologist reviewed all lesions to provide additional qualitative descriptions of the type of stroke, vascular territory, and intensity of white matter disease. This dataset is provided in both native subject space and normalized to a standard template (the MNI-152 template).
Charged Gauss-Bonnet black holes with curvature induced scalarization in the extended scalar-tensor theories
2018-11-28

Recently new scalarized black hole solutions were constructed in the extended\\nscalar-tensor-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, where the scalar field is sourced by the\\ncurvature of the spacetime via the Gauss-Bonnet invariant. A natural extension\\nof these results is to consider the case of nonzero black hole charge. In\\naddition we have explored a large set of coupling functions between the\\nGauss-Bonnet invariant and the scalar field, that was not done until now even\\nin the uncharged case, in order to understand better the behavior of the\\nsolutions and the deviations from pure general relativity. The results show\\nthat in the case of nonzero black hole charge two bifurcation points can exist\\n- one at larger masses where the scalarized solutions bifurcated from the\\nReissner-Nordstrom one, and one at smaller masses where the scalar charge of\\nthe solutions decreases again to zero and the branch merges again with the GR\\none. All of the constructed scalarized branches do not reach an extremal limit.\\nWe have examined the entropy of the black holes with nontrivial scalar field\\nand it turns out, that similar to the uncharged case, the fundamental branch\\nwhich possesses scalar field with no nodes is thermodynamically favorable over\\nthe Reissner-Nordstrom one for the considered coupling functions, while the\\nrest of the branches possessing scalar field with one or more zeros have lower\\nentropy compared to the GR case and they are supposed to be unstable.\\n
Systematizing Professional Knowledge of Medical Doctors and Teachers: Development of an Interdisciplinary Framework in the Context of Diagnostic Competences
2018-11-28

Professional knowledge is highlighted as an important prerequisite of both medical doctors and teachers. Based on recent conceptions of professional knowledge in these fields, knowledge can be differentiated within several aspects. However, these knowledge aspects are currently conceptualized differently across different domains and projects. Thus, this paper describes recent frameworks for professional knowledge in medical and educational sciences, which are then integrated into an interdisciplinary two-dimensional model of professional knowledge that can help to align terminology in both domains and compare research results. The models’ two dimensions differentiate between cognitive types of knowledge and content-related knowledge facets and introduces a terminology for all emerging knowledge aspects. The models’ applicability for medical and educational sciences is demonstrated in the context of diagnosis by describing prototypical diagnostic settings for medical doctors as well as for teachers, which illustrate how the framework can be applied and operationalized in these areas. Subsequently, the role of the different knowledge aspects for acting and the possibility of transfer between different content areas are discussed. In conclusion, a possible extension of the model along a “third dimension” that focuses on the effects of growing expertise on professional knowledge over time is proposed and issues for further research are outlined.
TAPBPR mediates peptide dissociation from MHC class I using a leucine lever
2018-11-28

Tapasin and TAPBPR are known to perform peptide editing on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules; however, the precise molecular mechanism(s) involved in this process remain largely enigmatic. Here, using immunopeptidomics in combination with novel cell-based assays that assess TAPBPR-mediated peptide exchange, we reveal a critical role for the K22-D35 loop of TAPBPR in mediating peptide exchange on MHC I. We identify a specific leucine within this loop that enables TAPBPR to facilitate peptide dissociation from MHC I. Moreover, we delineate the molecular features of the MHC I F pocket required for TAPBPR to promote peptide dissociation in a loop-dependent manner. These data reveal that chaperone-mediated peptide editing on MHC I can occur by different mechanisms dependent on the C-terminal residue that the MHC I accommodates in its F pocket and provide novel insights that may inform the therapeutic potential of TAPBPR manipulation to increase tumour immunogenicity.
The role of employment interruptions and part-time work for the rise in wage inequality
2018-11-28

Abstract The incidence of employment interruptions and temporary part-time work has grown strongly among full-time workers, yet little is known about the impact on wage inequality. This is the first study showing that such episodes play a substantial role for the rise in inequality of full-time wages, considering the case of Germany. While there are also strong composition effects of education for males and of age and experience for females, changes in industry and occupation explain fairly little of the inequality rise. Extending the analysis to total employment reveals substantial negative selection into part-time work. JEL-Classification: J31, J20, J60
High-mass star formation at sub-50 au scales
2018-11-28

Context. The hierarchical process of star formation has so far mostly been studied on scales from thousands of au to parsecs, but the smaller sub-1000 au scales of high-mass star formation are still largely unexplored in the submillimeter regime. Aims. We aim to resolve the dust and gas emission at the highest spatial resolution to study the physical properties of the densest structures during high-mass star formation. Methods. We observed the high-mass hot core region G351.77-0.54 with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array with baselines extending out to more than 16 km. This allowed us to dissect the region at sub-50 au spatial scales. Results. At a spatial resolution of 18/40 au (depending on the distance), we identify twelve sub-structures within the inner few thousand au of the region. The brightness temperatures are high, reaching values greater 1000 K, signposting high optical depth toward the peak positions. Core separations vary between sub-100 au to several 100 and 1000 au. The core separations and approximate masses are largely consistent with thermal Jeans fragmentation of a dense gas core. Due to the high continuum optical depth, most spectral lines are seen in absorption. However, a few exceptional emission lines are found that most likely stem from transitions with excitation conditions above 1000 K. Toward the main continuum source, these emission lines exhibit a velocity gradient across scales of 100–200 au aligned with the molecular outflow and perpendicular to the previously inferred disk orientation. While we cannot exclude that these observational features stem from an inner hot accretion disk, the alignment with the outflow rather suggests that it stems from the inner jet and outflow region. The highest-velocity features are found toward the peak position, and no Hubble-like velocity structure can be identified. Therefore, these data are consistent with steady-state turbulent entrainment of the hot molecular gas via Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the interface between the jet and the outflow. Conclusions. Resolving this high-mass star-forming region at sub-50 au scales indicates that the hierarchical fragmentation process in the framework of thermal Jeans fragmentation can continue down to the smallest accessible spatial scales. Velocity gradients on these small scales have to be treated cautiously and do not necessarily stem from disks, but may be better explained with outflow emission. Studying these small scales is very powerful, but covering all spatial scales and deriving a global picture from large to small scales are the next steps to investigate.
Formation and Reactivity of an Aluminabenzene Ligand at Pentadienyl‐Supported Rare‐Earth Metals
2018-11-28

Abstract The half‐open rare‐earth‐metal aluminabenzene complexes [(1‐Me‐3,5‐ t Bu 2 ‐C 5 H 3 Al)(μ‐Me)Ln(2,4‐dtbp)] (Ln=Y, Lu) are accessible via a salt metathesis reaction employing Ln(AlMe 4 ) 3 and K(2,4‐dtbp). Treatment of the yttrium complex with B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 and t BuCCH gives access to the pentafluorophenylalane complex [{1‐(C 6 F 5 )‐3,5‐ t Bu 2 ‐C 5 H 3 Al}{μ‐C 6 F 5 }Y{2,4‐dtbp}] and the mixed vinyl acetylide complex [(2,4‐dtbp)Y(μ‐η 1 :η 3 ‐2,4‐ t Bu 2 ‐C 5 H 4 )(μ‐CC t Bu)AlMe 2 ], respectively.
A view to a kill? – Ambient bacterial load of frames and lenses of spectacles and evaluation of different cleaning methods
2018-11-28

Surfaces with regular contact with the human body are typically contaminated with microorganisms and might be considered as fomites. Despite spectacles being widespread across populations, little is known about their microbial contamination. Therefore, we swab-sampled 11 worn spectacles within a university setting as well as 10 worn spectacles in a nursing home setting. The microbial load was determined by aerobic cultivation. All spectacles were found to be contaminated with bacteria, with nose pads and ear clips having the highest density, i.e. at sites with direct skin contact. Summed over all sites, the median microbial load of the university spectacles (1.4 ± 10.7 x 10(3) CFU cm-2) did not differ significantly from the spectacles tested in the nursing home (20.8 ± 39.9 x 10(3) CFU cm-2). 215 dominant bacterial morphotypes were analyzed by MALDI biotyping. 182 isolates could be assigned to 10 genera, with Staphylococcus being the most common. On genus-level, bacterial diversity was greater on nursing home spectacles (10 genera) compared to the university environment (2 genera). Four cleaning methods were investigated using lenses artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, a 1:2 mixture of E. coli and M. luteus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (the dominant isolate in our study), respectively. Best cleaning results (99% -100% median germ reduction) were obtained using impregnated wipes; dry cleaning was less effective (85% -90% median germ reduction). Finally, 10 additional worn university spectacles were cleaned with wipes impregnated with an alcohol-free cleaning solution before sampling. The average bacterial load was significantly lower (0.09 ± 0.49 x 10(3) CFU cm-2) compared to the uncleaned university spectacles previously investigated. Spectacles are significantly contaminated with bacteria of mostly human skin origin-including significant amounts of potentially pathogenic ones and may contribute to eye infections as well as fomites in clinical environments.