julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Digital placemaking and its discontents: Exploring practices, power relations, and socio-spatial dynamics in Salzburg’s ‘Andräviertel’
2024-08-30

Recent research on digital placemaking shows that digital media, especially those that have a direct or indirect spatial reference, can alter belonging and attachment to space and place and can thus create a spatial identity. Emerging digital practices evolve the practice of placemaking and refer to space as a nexus of experiences, online and physical components. This is created by people perceiving urban space differently through digital media and appropriating it according to media affordances and their needs and preferences. At the same time, digital placemaking is not necessarily community-driven, nor does it always lead to an increased quality of life for all people equally, but rather encompasses changing power relations and can even reinforce existing inequalities. Using the example of the ‘Andräviertel’ neighbourhood in Salzburg, Austria, we explore which practices of digital placemaking can be identified, and how and by whom these practices are used purposefully and consciously to shape the neighbourhood and its identity. Employing a multi-method approach that includes semi-structured interviews, a hashtag analysis and the examination of digital platforms, three levels of practices were identified (reflecting upon one’s own practices, representations of the practices, judgements about the practices of others). The results show that there is a conscious and deliberate demarcation of the Andräviertel from other neighbourhoods in the city. Furthermore, we found resistance to excessive digital practices with a clear preference for face-to-face networks.
Prior expectations about own abilities bias self-belief formation and hinder subsequent revision
2024-08-30

Abstract Self-beliefs hinge on social feedback, but their formation and revision are not solely based on new information. Biases, such as confirming initial expectations, can lead to inaccurate self-beliefs. This study uses computational modeling to explore how initial expectations and confidence affect self-belief formation and revision in novel behavioral domains. In the first session, participants developed performance self-beliefs through trial-by-trial feedback. In the second session, feedback contingencies were reversed, requiring belief revision for accurate self-beliefs. Results showed a confirmation bias in belief updating, with initial expectations being linked to biased learning during both formation and revision. Higher confidence was associated with reduced belief revision and on average, self-beliefs persisted despite the conflicting evidence. This study extends the literature on confirmation bias to learning in uncharged, novel behavioral domains. Further, it demonstrates the importance of initial expectations and associated confidence for biased self-belief formation and subsequent learning.
Tumor board simulation improves interdisciplinary decision-making in medical students
2024-08-30

Abstract Introduction Training of interdisciplinary clinical reasoning and decision-making skills, essential in daily clinical practice in oncological specialties, are still underrepresented in medical education. Therefore, at LMU University Hospital Munich, we implemented a didactically modified tumor board simulation with experts from five different disciplines (medical oncology, pathology, radiation oncology, radiology, and surgery) presenting patient cases into a one-week course on the basic principles of oncology. In this survey, we examined the self-assessed impact of our course on the interdisciplinary decision-making skills of medical students. Methods Between November-December 2023 and January-February 2024, we surveyed two cohorts of medical students in the third year of medical school in our one-week course before and after participating in the tumor board simulation. The objective was to evaluate the self-assessed knowledge in interdisciplinary clinical decision-making, in integrating ethical considerations into clinical reasoning, and in comprehension of various professional viewpoints in interdisciplinary decision-making. Knowledge was assessed using a five-step Likert scale from 1 (no knowledge) to 5 (complete knowledge). Results The survey was answered by 76 students before and 55 after the simulation, equaling 60–70% of all 100 course participants. Mean knowledge level regarding principles of interdisciplinary clinical decision-making improved significantly in all of the following exemplary aspects: purpose and procedure of tumor boards in clinical practice (from 2.4 ± 1.1 to 4.0 ± 1.0, Spearman’s ρ = 0.6, p &lt; 0.001), principles of dealing with ethical challenges in oncology (from 2.4 ± 1.1 to 3.4 ± 1.0, ρ = 0.4, p &lt; 0.001), and principles of shared decision-making in oncology (2.7 ± 1.1 to 3.7 ± 1.0, ρ = 0.4, p &lt; 0.001). Students reported that their skills in clinical decision-making and ability to discuss oncological patient cases from different professional viewpoints improved due to the teaching course. Conclusion By employing our interdisciplinary one-week course and a didactically modified tumor board simulation featuring experts from various oncological disciplines, medical students’ comprehension of interdisciplinary clinical decision-making in oncology improved significantly.
Efficacy of a cognitive training based on inhibitory spillover and attribute conditioning: No weight and food intake reductions in adults with overweight and obesity
2024-08-30

The cognitive training based on the ISE and attribute conditioning (ISAC) is not yet ready for application. Future studies need to identify the factors critical for a successful implementation of conditioning procedures aiming to associate food stimuli with self-control in overweight and obesity.
170th anniversary of Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
2024-08-30

Abstract The year 2024 marks the 170th anniversary of the journal Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. The journal is the first printed journal specializing in ophthalmology, founded by Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) in 1854. The reason behind creating the journal was to publish useful clinical information and develop discussion and debate among ophthalmologists and vision scientists. Thanks to its diligence and appropriate selection of published content, the journal has become widely read not only among the German scientific community, but also internationally. The aim of this review article is to present the activities of Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology during the past 170 years. Key messages What is known Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology is the oldest worldwide ophthalmology journal that in 2024 celebrates its 170th anniversary. The journal was founded by Albrecht von Graefe, and after his death continued by other giants in ophthalmology, including Ferdinand von Arlt and Franciscus Cornelius Donders. What is new There were mostly male editors-in-chief, with Antonia Joussen as the first female editor-in-chief in the long journal's history. This article presents for the first time the complete list of all editors-in-chief in the 170 year long history of the journal.
Neural contrast sensitivity is not affected by myopic blur
2024-08-30

Abstract Purpose The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide, accompanied by an increase of potentially under-corrected myopes. Because the neural pathways processing the retinal image are prone to adaptation in relation to the retinal image quality, we wondered to what extent neural contrast sensitivity (NCS) is altered in the presence of myopic blur. Additionally, the impact of retinal abnormalities like foveal hypoplasia with albinism on NCS was tested. Methods NCS was psychophysically determined for 11 emmetropic, 23 myopic well-corrected and 15 myopic under-corrected otherwise healthy young (27 ± 6 years) participants and 1 albinism patient. Aberration-free stimulation, independent of the eye’s refractive state, was achieved by using a unique spatial light modulator-based interferometric system to bypass the eye’s optics. Results No significant differences in NCS were observed between the three groups (Median area-under-curve: 61.9, 62.1, and 62.9 for emmetropes, well-corrected, and under-corrected myopes, respectively; all p &gt; 0.1) but were significantly equivalent between emmetropes and myopes (all p &lt; 0.001). However, the NCS function of the albinism patient differed significantly from the here defined “normal” NCS function. Conclusions NCS is unaffected by myopic blur and remains stable even for under-correction of up to 1.5 D. This means, that long-term under-corrected myopes still can achieve normal visual acuity as soon as their refractive errors are sufficiently corrected. Furthermore, NCS testing can relate visual deficits to an underlying neurological disorder.
A Treatment Algorithm for Free Vascularized Bone Reconstruction in Rare Large Osseous Defects Involving the Wrist
2024-08-31

Large bone defects of the distal radius and/or carpus following tumor resection, trauma, or infection are extremely rare. There are few case reports and series in the literature on the reconstruction approaches required in such cases. Therefore, large studies cannot be used to guide the therapeutic decisions of reconstructive plastic and hand surgeons. The objective of this study is to propose a treatment algorithm to predict the functional outcome and quality of life for the different techniques of free vascularized bone reconstruction in the interval between the distal radius, the carpus, and/or the proximal metacarpal. The algorithm was developed based on our own case studies and the few treatment approaches described in the literature. It can be applied to rare cases of massive bone defects in the wrist. The flowchart enables surgeons to develop an individualized reconstruction concept for various intervals of bone defects in the area of the distal radius and proximal metacarpal bones. Ultimately, the treatment algorithm aims to maximize future quality of life (QoL) and function of the distal upper extremity in rare cases of massive wrist-bone defects.
Short‐form thymic stromal lymphopoietin (sfTSLP) restricts herpes simplex virus infection of human primary keratinocytes
2024-09-01

Abstract Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a disseminated severe herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infection that mainly occurs in a subset of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). EH is complex and multifaceted, involving immunological changes, environmental influences, and genetic aberrations. Certain genetic variants of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin ( TSLP ) may predispose to develop severe HSV‐1‐induced eczema. Therefore, we investigated the impact of TSLP on HSV‐1 infection. TSLP encodes for two distinct forms: a long‐form (lfTSLP), primarily associated with type 2 immunity, and a short‐form (sfTSLP) with anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. While sfTSLP reduced HSV‐1 infectibility in human primary keratinocytes (HPK), lfTSLP did not. In HPK treated with sfTSLP, HSV‐1 gene expression, and replication decreased, while virion binding to cells and targeting of incoming capsids to the nucleus were not diminished compared to untreated cells. sfTSLP caused only minor changes in the expression of innate immunity cytokines, and its inhibition of HSV‐1 infection did not require de novo protein synthesis. Time window experiments indicated a different antiviral mechanism than LL‐37. sfTSLP showed the strongest antiviral effect when administered to HPK before or after inoculation with HSV‐1, and outperformed the inhibitory potential of LL‐37 under these conditions. Our data show that sfTSLP has antiviral functions and promotes repression of the HSV‐1 infection in HPK.
Lancang Fault Assists Block Extrusion in Southeastern Tibet During Early‐Middle Miocene
2024-09-01

Abstract The tectonic and topographic evolution of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau based on low‐temperature thermochronology data is controversial, especially whether it is tectonically‐ or climatically‐controlled, especially along the Lancang fault (LCF) that links the flat central plateau to the west with the high relief southeastern Tibetan Plateau to the east. To explore the tectonic evolution of the LCF and its role in the tectonic and topographic evolution of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, we carried out detailed field investigation and low‐temperature thermochronology (AHe, AFT, and ZHe) analyses. Field evidence indicate that the northern LCF splits into two branches, the Yangda‐Yaxu and Baqing‐Leiwuqi faults, the latter striking N50°W and dipping to the SW at ∼55°, exposing &gt;100 m‐wide fault rocks composed of a fault damage zone, breccia, and gouge. New thermochronology data and thermo‐kinematic modeling results suggest rapid exhumation of the region located between these two fault branches during ∼22–10 Ma at an exhumation rate of ∼1.57 km/Ma, compared to slow cooling prior to 22 Ma and since 10 Ma. We propose that internal anti‐clockwise block rotation triggered rapid local exhumation, and that the final merging of different parts of the LCF during the Early‐Middle Miocene assisted the southeastward escape of Sundaland, which profoundly affected the evolution of the regional geomorphology.
Do non-farmers pay more for land than farmers?
2024-09-01

Abstract The increase in farmland prices in many parts of the world over the past decade has sparked discussions about whether non-farmers pay higher prices for farmland. This study uses a causal machine learning approach with a rich data set of land transactions in Germany to quantify the potential price premium paid by non-farmers. By applying the causal forest method, we uncover the heterogeneity of price premiums and reveal moderating effects of covariates. We find that the average positive price premium by non-farmers decreases with parcel size and distance to a highway exit.
SQL Engines Excel at the Execution of Imperative Programs
2024-09-01

SQL query engines can act as efficient runtime environments for the execution of imperative programs over database-resident tabular data. To make this point, we lay out the details of a compilation strategy that maps the basic blocks of arbitrarily branching and looping control flow graphs into plain---possibly recursive---SQL:1999 common table expressions. The compiler does not stumble when faced with imperative programs of several hundred lines and emits SQL code that can execute such programs over entire batches of input arguments. These batches create opportunities for parallel program evaluation which contemporary query decorrelation techniques exploit automatically. SQL engines that already support UDFs may find the present program execution approach to outperform their native implementation---SQL engines without such support may gain UDF capabilities without the need to build a dedicated interpreter.
The risk of intraoperative venous air embolism from neurosurgical procedures performed in the lounging position: an in-depth analysis of detection, management, and outcomes of 1000 consecutive cases
2024-09-01

OBJECTIVE The overall benefit of employing a sitting/semisitting position for neurosurgical procedures remains under criticism due to concerns for additional risk, especially the risk of intraoperative venous air embolism (VAE). The aim of this single-center cohort study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of VAEs and associated complications in patients undergoing neurosurgery in the lounging position. METHODS From 2010 to 2020, 1000 patients, including 172 patients with a patent foramen ovale, underwent surgery in the lounging position for different neurosurgical pathologies. All patients were monitored intraoperatively using continuous transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The anesthesia team documented any observed incidences of VAEs and scored their severity according to the Tuebingen classification system (TCS) for VAE (TCS-VAE). The patients’ clinical condition, radiological findings, and hospital course were subsequently analyzed to assess complications in a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. RESULTS In the cohort of 1000 patients, 5 underwent cervical spine surgery and 995 underwent suboccipital craniotomy. VAE was detected by TEE in 51.4% (95% CI 48.4%–54.5%) of patients, with synchronous changes in end-tidal CO 2 (grade 2–5 TCS-VAE) noted in 10.2% (95% CI 8.3%–12.3%). None of the patients presented with hemodynamic instability (grade 5 TCS-VAE). Patients with high-grade VAEs were significantly older (p = 0.02) and had lower BMIs (p = 0.001) than the respective mean value of the cohort. VAE grade was not associated with any of the outcome measures such as Karnofsky Performance Scale score, duration of ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, and length of hospital stay. Postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was diagnosed in 0.3% (95% CI 0.0%–0.7%, n = 3) of all cases, and ARDS was associated with perioperative VAE grade (p = 0.001). No patient suffered a new permanent neurological deficit due to a paradoxical VAE. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort, the risk of an intraoperative VAE during neurosurgery in the lounging position was assessed, and contrary to the general perception in the field, no permanent sequelae or fatal adverse events attributable to VAEs were observed. Furthermore, the overall incidence of ARDS was very low. This study clearly establishes that experienced interdisciplinary teams can safely use the lounging position for neurosurgical procedures.
Perception of emotional facial expressions in aggression and psychopathy
2024-09-01

Abstract Background Altered affective state recognition is assumed to be a root cause of aggressive behavior, a hallmark of psychopathologies such as psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. However, the two most influential models make markedly different predictions regarding the underlying mechanism. According to the integrated emotion system theory (IES), aggression reflects impaired processing of social distress cues such as fearful faces. In contrast, the hostile attribution bias (HAB) model explains aggression with a bias to interpret ambiguous expressions as angry. Methods In a set of four experiments, we measured processing of fearful and angry facial expressions (compared to neutral and other expressions) in a sample of 65 male imprisoned violent offenders rated using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R, Hare, R. D. (1991). The psychopathy checklist–revised . Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems) and in 60 age-matched control participants. Results There was no evidence for a fear deficit in violent offenders or for an association of psychopathy or aggression with impaired processing of fearful faces. Similarly, there was no evidence for a perceptual bias for angry faces linked to psychopathy or aggression. However, using highly ambiguous stimuli and requiring explicit labeling of emotions, violent offenders showed a categorization bias for anger and this anger bias correlated with self-reported trait aggression (but not with psychopathy). Conclusions These results add to a growing literature casting doubt on the notion that fear processing is impaired in aggressive individuals and in psychopathy and provide support for the idea that aggression is related to a hostile attribution bias that emerges from later cognitive, post-perceptual processing stages.
The primitive giant panda Kretzoiarctos beatrix (Carnivora, Ursidae) from the hominid locality of Hammerschmiede: dietary implications
2024-09-01

Abstract Extant giant pandas are among the most herbivorous forms of the order Carnivora, feeding mainly on hard plant material. The first steps of their evolutionary lineage are of particular interest for our understanding of the factors that led to this specialized niche. The present work deals with newly discovered dental material of the primitive ailuropodine bear Kretzoiarctos beatrix from the Late Miocene locality of Hammerschmiede (Germany). This is the first report of the genus Kretzoiarctos outside the Iberian Peninsula, expanding its spatial range to Central Europe. All of the currently known localities with K. beatrix , from both Spain and Germany, are very similar in age ( c . 11.9–11.4 Ma). The present material has distinct features that enable its taxonomic discrimination from other Miocene ursids of Europe, such as Ballusia , Ursavus , Miomaci , Agriarctos and Indarctos . A thorough comparison is conducted of all of these forms. The new specimens were used in a dental microwear texture analysis in combination with ecomorphological comparisons, to investigate the dietary habits of this primitive ailuropodine. The results suggest that Kretzoiarctos was not an eater of tough plant material like the extant giant panda but was more similar to the extant Tremarctos , exhibiting opportunistic behaviour with occasional consumption of meat.
Dynamic Recrystallization of Olivine During Simple Shear: Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Preferred Orientation From Full‐Field Numerical Simulations
2024-09-01

Abstract Upper mantle deformation is mainly controlled by the mechanical behavior of olivine. Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) develop in olivine due to crystal‐plastic deformation during mantle flow, where the a‐axes of olivine polycrystalline aggregates are aligned with the flow direction. Therefore, the observed CPO in olivine‐rich rocks is used as an indicator of the mantle flow direction. Experimental data show that olivine rheology is strongly controlled by the microstructure. While the influence of plastic deformation is in general well characterized, the role of dynamic recrystallization during deformation is not totally understood, limiting our ability to interpret the deformation history of naturally deformed rocks. This contribution presents microdynamic numerical simulations of olivine polycrystalline aggregates with different iron content (i.e., fayalite content) with the aim of exploring the CPO and grain size response to dynamic recrystallization. We use a full‐field approach with an explicit simulation of viscoplastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization processes under simple shear boundary conditions up to high strain. The simulations show that the CPOs are similar and practically reach the same maximum regardless of the iron content. CPOs are characterized by a single cluster of a‐axis and two‐clusters of b‐axis, reveling a joint activity of the easy glide [100](010) and the moderate strength [100](010) slip systems. High‐strain domains of our models are consistent with experimental results, showing an A‐type fabric with double maxima, and where the CPO is aligned with the shear direction. The model provides a deeper understanding of the dynamic recrystallization influence on olivine CPOs resulting from plastic deformation.