julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The influence ofT,aSiO2, andfO2on exsolution textures in Fe-Mg olivine: An example from augite syenites of the Ilimaussaq Intrusion, South Greenland
2001-01-01

Two samples from the augite syenite unit of the 1.13 Ga alkaline to peralkaline Ilimaussaq intrusion in South Greenland contain olivine (Fa75-85) with micrometer-sized exsolution lamellae of intergrown augite and magnetite. The exsolved olivine contains only about 0.6 wt% CaO, whereas the reintegrated magmatic composition contained about 1.4% CaO corresponding to about 3 mol% of a larnite (La) component. The exsolved olivine bears no measurable Na, Al, or Ti, but the reintegrated magmatic olivine contained up to 0.4 wt% Na2O, 0.2 wt% Al2O3, and 0.3 wt% TiO2. Magmatic baddeleyite in the same samples indicates an extremely low silica activity of below 0.4 during the early stages of magmatic crystallization at > 900 °C and 1 kbar. According to the equilibrium Ca2SiO4 (La in Ol) + SiO2 = 2 CaSiO3 (Wo in Cpx), the low silica activity is thought to be responsible for the unusually Ca-rich compositions of the primary olivines, which, in these samples, formed at 875 ± 15 °C and at oxygen fugacities between 1.2 and 2.3 log units below the QFM buffer. The composite exsolution lamellae formed during cooling due to an overstep of the schematic reaction Fa + Kst (Ca-rich component in olivine) + 1/3 O2 = Hd + 2/3 Mt. Phase equilibria indicate temperatures between 300 and 750 °C and oxygen fugacities close to QFM for this exsolution process. The lamellae only developed in samples where the olivines were both especially high in Ca and presumably rapidly cooled (although not chilled!), as the lamella-bearing samples were collected at the outermost rim of the augite syenite unit and close to the top of the Ilimaussaq intrusion. Schreinemakers analysis shows that Ca-rich olivine of the kirschsteinite-monticellite solid solution series [Ca(Fe,Mg)SiO4] would exsolve from Ca-bearing olivine of the fayalite-forsterite series only at unusually low silica activities, whereas at higher silica activities, the observed exsolutions of clinopyroxene with magnetite are more stable. Hence, both cooling history and evolution of intensive variables during cooling are important for the formation of olivine exsolution textures.
Schistosomiasis: a critical review
2001-01-01

Precise data on epidemiology, morbidity, post-treatment resolution, reinfection, and resurgence of schistosomiasis could be helpful in establishing purposeful treatment plans for the disease in endemic populations. Here we give a concise overview of recent publications on bilharziasis. A main emphasis is placed on studies on the prevalence of schistosomiasis, partly including long term surveillance of morbidity following treatment with praziquantel. As genito-urinary schistosomiasis may be a risk factor for the spread of HIV, the involvement of the reproductive tract has become another focus in research on the disease. A novel diagnostic tool, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), is proposed to correlate with the degree of inflammation of the genito-urinary tract.
The first XMM-Newton spectrum of a high redshift quasar - PKS 0537-286
2001-01-01

\\n \\nWe present XMM-Newton observations of the high redshift ( ), \\nradio-loud quasar PKS 0537-286. The EPIC CCD \\ncameras provide the highest signal-to-noise spectrum of a high-z \\nquasar to date. The EPIC observations show that PKS 0537-286 is \\nextremely X-ray luminous ( 1047 erg s-1), with an \\nunusually hard X-ray spectrum ( ). \\nThe flat power-law emission extends over the whole observed energy range \\n(0.4 to 40 keV in the quasar rest frame); \\nthere is no evidence of intrinsic absorption, which \\nhas been claimed in PKS 0537-286 and other high z quasars. \\nHowever, there is evidence for weak Compton reflection. \\nA redshifted iron K line, observed at 1.5 keV -\\ncorresponding to ~6.15 keV in the quasar rest frame -\\nis detected at 95% confidence. If confirmed, this is the most distant\\niron K line known. \\nThe line equivalent width is small (33 eV), consistent \\nwith the "X-ray Baldwin effect" observed in other luminous quasars. \\nThe reflected continuum is also weak ( 0.25). \\nWe find the overall spectral \\nenergy distribution of PKS 0537-286 is dominated by the \\nX-ray emission, which, together with the flat power-law and weak \\nreflection features, suggests that the X-radiation from PKS 0537-286 \\nis dominated by inverse Compton emission associated with a \\nface-on relativistic jet.\\n\\n\\n
New virtual system for planning of neuroendoscopic interventions
2001-01-01

The presented virtual neuroendoscopy system is a promising tool for planning and training in neuroendoscopic procedures. It enables these procedures to be simulated prior to surgery based on the patient's individual anatomy.
Multiple frequency steady-state evoked magnetic field mapping of digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex
2001-01-01

Magnetic source imaging of multiple frequency steady-state somatosensory evoked responses was examined using a 151-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) system and a dual-channel electrical stimulator. Somatotopy of digit representation was studied in healthy subjects and effects of injury-related cortical plasticity in patients with unilateral transections of the median or the ulnar nerve. Dipole source locations exhibited somatotopic order with overlap between neighboring digits. In two of three nerve injury patients evidence for cortical reorganization was found. The location of sources related to digits neighboring deafferented digits was changed and their dipole moments were enlarged by comparsion with the sources related to contralateral homologue control digits. As a basis for magnetic source imaging, the recording of multiple frequency somatosensory steady-state evoked responses may be a viable and time saving alternative to the recording of transient evoked responses.
New Virtual System for Planning of Neuroendoscopic Interventions
2001-01-01

Objective: The demands on virtual planning systems are increasing, particularly for technically pretentious surgical interventions such as intracranial endoscopy. In this article, a new virtual system for neuroendoscopy (VIVENDI) is presented. The main purpose of this system is to provide support for planning and training in neuroendoscopic interventions.Materials and Methods: The software is applied for virtual endoscopic visualization of three-dimensional magnetic resonance datasets, using a clinical magnetic resonance scanner. Rendering is performed on a Hewlett-Packard UNIX workstation.Results: Virtual endoscopy provides a three-dimensional view of the cerebral ventricles, with good visualization of anatomic details. The rendering system used allows the generation of fly-through sequences for the entire ventricular system in real time. Navigation is controlled by mouse movements, and the visualization of the computer-generated intraventricular spaces is adapted to the characteristics of the optical endoscope.Conclusions: The presented virtual neuroendoscopy system is a promising tool for planning and training in neuroendoscopic procedures. It enables these procedures to be simulated prior to surgery based on the patient's individual anatomy.
Robotics in endoscopic surgery: can mechanical manipulators provide a more simple solution for the problem of limited degrees of freedom?
2001-01-01

Robotic manipulators for endoscopic surgery have been developed on an experimental basis from the early 1990s and are now in clinical use. The main motivation to apply robotics technology to endoscopic surgery is to re-establish six degrees of freedom (DoF) of motion at the tip of the instrument. The cost&#150;benefit ratio of these devices is still unclear. Although the products offered today are based on excellent technology and show a high functionality, most hospitals still hesitate to invest in robotic manipulators for fiscal reasons. For a significant number of procedures, especially in non-microsurgical disciplines, the functionality offered by robotic manipulators is not required, although the procedures would profit from instrumentation with 6 DoF. Mechanical manipulators with 6 DoF, but without computerised control, may be the right solution for these procedures. We have developed a workplace solution for endoscopic surgery that involves mechanical instrument-guiding systems and manipulators that offer 6 DoF, but use a significantly simplified technology at low cost. Further studies will need to show whether these mechanical manipulators answer the needs of the surgeon and offer an affordable alternative to robotic manipulators in surgical areas where microsurgical manipulations are not dominant.
Gene monitoring of surface-activated monocytes in circulating whole blood using duplex RT-PCR
2001-01-01

Previous studies have shown that blood-contacting materials activate blood monocytes. The aim of this study is to evaluate a highly sensitive technique for detecting changes at the mRNA level in circulating monocytes and to find suitable "gene markers" for assessing the hemocompatibility of biomaterials. Human blood was recirculated in a modified Chandler Loop formed of test tubes. Five groups of biomaterials were compared. Monocytes were separated by using magnetic beads, and gene expression analyses were performed using RT-PCR. We investigated the mRNA expression of stress proteins (hsp70) and inflammatory markers (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha). mRNAs for cytokines were highly upregulated in LPS-stimulated monocytes. Hsp70 transcripts were upregulated after heat shock but were not influenced by treatment with LPS. The gene expression of the cytokines was affected by various biomaterials. The intensity of the inflammatory response increased in the following order: heparin coatings (PVC) < uncoated PVC < silicone, polypeptide-coated PVC. No change was seen in the expression of the hsp70 genes. An inhibitory effect of systemic heparin on surface-activated monocytes was observed for the mRNA expression of the cytokines. The recirculation of human blood in an in vitro model in combination with the immunomagnetic separation of monocytes and the Duplex RT-PCR method is a powerful tool for getting reliable results. Our data demonstrate that hsp70 genes cannot be recommended for short-term, biomaterial-induced mRNA expression studies. Conversely, mRNAs for IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were expressed in a material-dependent manner. Thus our model provides an effective tool for assessing the hemocompatibility of biomaterials before their clinical application and it also can serve as a safety control during the industrial manufacturing process. This method can be applied to various blood cell populations and numerous gene expression studies and may enable a more fundamental understanding of the biologic processes involved in blood-material interactions.
Streptocidins A-D, Novel Cyclic Decapeptide Antibiotics Produced by Streptomyces sp. Tue 6071. II. Structure Elucidation.
2001-01-01

The structures of the new antibiotics streptocidins A approximately D were elucidated as cyclic decapeptides cyclo[L-Val1-L-Orn2-L-Leu3-D-Phe4-L-Pro5-L-Leu6-X7-L-Asn8-L-Gln9-X10] with X7=D-Trp (A, B, C) or D-Phe (D) and X10=L-Tyr (A), L-Trp (B, D), or D-Trp (C). The amino acid composition (including the configuration) of the substances was determined by chiral-phase GC-MS of the hydrolysates. The sequences were established by EDMAN degradation following linearisation of the cyclic peptides upon treatment with LiAlH4. NMR spectroscopic studies of streptocidins C and D confirmed the proposed sequences and provided conformational data which indicate a molecular topology of streptocidins C and D similar to those of tyrocidine A and gramicidin S.
The Influence of Familial Loading on the Course of Schizophrenic Symptoms and the Success of Psychoeducational Therapy
2001-01-01

This prospective study examines the influence of familial loading on the course of schizophrenic illness and the extent to which this is modifiable by psychoeducational training as a form of psychotherapy. 182 schizophrenic patients enrolled in the study were allocated at random into four different treatment groups and one control group. 40% of the patients had mentally ill relatives, 20% with some form of schizophrenia. Patients attending the treatment group and those in the control group were examined before and immediately after psychoeducational training and at 2-year and 5-year follow-ups. Control group patients with mentally ill relatives displayed a significant increase in psychopathological symptoms and rehospitalization rate compared to those without. The psychoeducational training arrested or even improved the increase in psychopathological symptoms in patients with mentally ill relatives. Familial loading contributes substantially to a high rehospitalization rate and a poor outcome in schizophrenic patients. Psychoeducational interventions are an appropriate means of arresting this unfavorable development.
Results of a randomised prospective double-blind clinical trial on the homeopathic treatment of adenoid vegetations
2001-01-01

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a standardised homeopathic treatment for children suffering from adenoid vegetations.Study design: Monocentre randomised double-blind clinical trial. Children aged between 4 and 10 years where an adenotomy was recommended were included. They were treated with either the homeopathic remedies Nux vomica D200, Okoubaka D3, Tuberculinum D200, Barium iodatum D4 and Barium iodatum D6 or with placebo. Patients were examined at weeks 4, 8 and 12. Total follow-up time was 12 weeks.Outcome criteria: The main outcome criterion was the physician's assessment as to whether an indication for operation still existed after three months. Secondary outcome criteria included the comparisons of speculum findings, snoring, oral respiration, defective hearing, audiogram and tympanogram. Results: A total of 97 children were recruited, 5O receiving homeopathic mications and 47 receiving placebo. At the end of the study, an adenotomy could be avoided in 63.8% of the placebo-treated and in 66.0% of the homeopathically treated children. These differences are not statistically significant (p=0.8349, Fisher's exact test). Moreover, both groups showed nearly identical results in all secondary outcome criteria.Conclusion: Homeopathic treatment does not seem to play a major role in reducing the need for adenotomy in children. Adenoid vegetations obviously recede spontaneously after a few months.
Depositional setting of the Devonian/Carboniferous biohermal Bol’shaya Nadota Carbonate Complex, Subpolar Urals
2001-01-01

Multi-stage development of carbonate buildups has been recognised in the Bol’shaya Nadota Carbonate Complex, in the vicinity of the town of Inta (Subpolar Urals). The growth of typical stromatoporoid-coral bioherms, characteristic of the Middle-Late Devonian stage, was terminated by the appearance of the shallow water oolitic facies, most probably at the beginning of the Famennian. During the Visean stage the carbonate platform was reconstructed, but algal-brachiopod-coral bioherms were characterized by relatively small dimensions and an interfingering with organodetrital-oolitic facies. Sporadically, the inter-mound facies is represented by goniatite-bivalve coquinas with two new goniatite species: Goniatites olysya sp.nov. and Lusitanoceras kusinae sp.nov. The persistence of biohermal sedimentation in the Bol’shaya Nadota area is most probably caused by the specific position of the region on the boundary of two sedimentary-structural units: Lemva and Elets Zones, which corresponded to a basinal and a tectonically-active elevated part of a platform margin respectively. The overall biotic composition of the Carboniferous bioherms from Bol’shaya Nadota, situated in the northern periphery of Laurussia, falls generally within the diversity spectrum of Lower Carboniferous mounds described from the southern margin of the continent.
Investigations on the mobility of novel sol–gel processed inorganic–organic hybrid materials
2001-01-01

Novel co-condensing agents of the type R′Si(OMe)2(CH2)3R2Si(CH2)3Si(OMe)2R′ {3[Me2Si(C3D0)2] (3a), R = Me, R′ = Me; 3[Me2Si(C3T0)2] (3b), R = Me, R′ = OMe; 4[Et2Si(C3D0)2] (4a), R = Et, R′ = Me; 4[Et2Si(C3T0)2] (4b), R = Et, R′ = OMe} were synthesised by hydrosilylation of the corresponding diallyldialkylsilanes 1, 2 with dichloro(methyl)silane and trichlorosilane, respectively, followed by treatment with trimethyl orthoformate. These precursors were sol–gel processed with or without PhSi(OMe)3 [Ph(T0)] to give the xerogels X3a–d, X4a–d. The polysiloxane matrices, the degree of condensation and the integrity of the hydrocarbon backbone were investigated by means of solid state NMR spectroscopy (13C, 29Si). To study the polymer dynamics in the dry state 29Si CP/MAS NMR measurements of relaxation times (T1ρH) and cross-polarisation parameters (TSiH) were carried out. 1H HR/MAS NMR experiments and T1ρH measurements in different solvents were undertaken to get information on the mobility of the polymers in suspension. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show the morphology of the polymers and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) suggests that the distribution of the elements agrees with the applied stoichiometry.
New Evidence for a Discrete Supratemporal Bone in the Jurassic Ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus
2001-01-01

The temporal region in Temnodontosaurus trigonodon and Temnodontosaurus platyodon consists of three discrete ossifications. These bones are identified as the supratemporal, bordering much of the temporal opening, and in mid-cheek, the squamosal, which is in contact with the quadratojugal along its ventral margin. Interpretation of the bone in mid-cheek position as a neomorphic "supernumerary" ossification is rejected. The supratemporal bone of ichthyosaurs is functionally convergent with the squamosal of diapsids. The size and configuration of the supratemporal casts doubt on the supposition that ichthyosaurs were diapsids.
SUBSTANCES WITH ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN EFFLUENTS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN SOUTHWESTERN GERMANY. 1. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
2001-01-01

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of natural and synthetic estrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and mestranol), phytoestrogens (genistein and β-sitosterol), and xenoestrogens (benzyl butyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol [NP], 4-nonylphenoxyacetic acid [NP1EC], 4-nonyl-phenol diethoxylate [NP2EO], and α-endosulfan) in effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) was developed. Identification and quantification were carried out with the standard addition method using analyte-specific and, in some cases, deuterium-labeled internal standards. The effluents of 18 STPs were investigated. Apart from α-endosulfan and mestranol, all selected substances were detected in the majority of samples. The median concentrations of steroidal estrogens were between 0.4 ng/L (17α-ethiny-lestradiol) and 1.6 ng/L (17β-estradiol). The metabolites of the nonylphenol polyethoxylates, NP, NP1EC, and NP2EO were found in concentrations ranging from the upper-ng/L-range (NP) to the lower-μg/L range (NP1EC). For all substances except mestranol and α-endosulfan, median values were calculated and compared to the results of other investigations in Europe and the United States. Possible dependencies of measured concentrations on the geographical location, the capacity, the influent composition, and the technical fitting of the STPs are discussed.
Syntheses and Characterization of 1,1'-Bis(3-Pyridylethynyl)Ferrocene and 1,1'-Bis(4-Pyridylethynyl)Ferrocene
2001-01-01

Two novel disubstituted ferrocene, 1,1'-bis(3-pyridylethynyl)ferrocene 1 and 1,1'-bis(4-pyridylethynyl)ferrocene 2, were synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and X-ray crystallography. Compound 1crystallizes in monoclinic, space group Cc, a=17.26Å, b=9.77Å, c=10.85Å, β=105.45; R1 =0.0399, wR2=0.1077, GooF=1.023. The two arms of the ferrocene are parallel, which will play an important role both in the coordination chemistry and electronic communication of the ferrocene.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment of renal-artery stenoses by medication, angioplasty, stenting and surgery
2001-01-01

This study analysed the cost-effectiveness of four different treatment modalities (medical therapy, PTA with and without stent, and surgery) for the therapy of renal-artery stenoses in hypertensive patients in Germany. A computerised, predictive decision-analytic model, based on economic input data and the cost of medical care in Germany, and the results of published data from prospective clinical trials, was developed. The economic analysis was performed from the perspective of a third-party payer. The base-case analysis showed that the primary end-point (major vascular bleeding, stroke, dialysis, or repeat arterial revascularisation) was reached at 36 months by 82.4% of the patients in the medical treatment group, 81.4% in the angioplasty group, 52.9% in the surgical group and 27.7% in the stent group. The average reimbursed treatment cost per patient after 3 years was &euro; 9121 (medication), &euro; 17 164 (surgery), &euro; 14 670 (PTA), and &euro; 8437 (stent). This resulted in a cost-effectiveness ratio of &euro; 51 752 (medical treatment), &euro; 36 454 (surgery), &euro; 78 766 (PTA), and &euro; 11 663 (stent) per event-free patient at 3 years. The accelerated cost-development after balloon dilatation was caused by higher rates of restenosis compared with primary stent implantation. The analysis of published prospective clinical data and current economic variables for renovascular interventions leads to the conclusion that a strategy using primary stent implantation is more cost-effective than stand-alone balloon dilatation. Both medical therapy and surgery offer a better cost-effectiveness ratio than PTA treatment alone.
Light and acanning electron microscopical study of stomatogenesis in the cyrtophorid ciliate Chlamydodon mnemosyne Ehrenberg, 1837
2001-01-01

Summary. Using Fernandez-Galiano silver impregnation technique and scanning electron microscopy of artificially deciliated specimens the divisional morphogenesis of the cyrtophorid ciliate Chlamydodon mnemosyne was investigated. Morphogenesis in this ciliate is of the merotelokinetal type with four postoral kineties and two left somatic kineties involved in the formation of the oral ciliature in the future opisthe. Like in other cyrtophorid ciliates ( Trithigmostoma, Chilodonella and Brooklynella) the stomatogenic kinetofragments perform a complex morphogenetic migration to yield the inverted preoral kinety and the inner and outer circumoral kineties. The different iation of an oral rosette made of 9-11 large and two smaller nematodesmal rods covered by a prominent collar of cytostomal corrugations is described. Oral reorganisation in the proter, involving dedifferentiation of the entire parental cytostome and the de novo formation of a new cytostome in front of the old one is best seen in deciliated dividers. Replication of kinetosomes in particular the transformation of som atic monokinetids into oral dikinetids as judged from light microscopy seems similar to the events in Trithigmostoma. Details observed in Chlamydodon are discussed in comparison with other cyrtophorid ciliates.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma 1991-1997
2001-01-01

Only a small subgroup of all patients with PCNSL appears to be eligible for receiving all parts of the combined modality regimen. Treatment in these patients leads to a marked prolongation of survival. The risk of late side effects is high even with modified, dose intensity-reduced versions of combined modality treatment.