julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Newspaper Differentiation and Investments in Journalism: The Role of Tax Policy
2012-08-14

Many countries levy reduced‐rate indirect taxes on newspapers, with proclaimed policy goals of stimulating investment in journalism and ensuring low newspaper prices. However, by taking into account the fact that the media industry operates in two‐sided markets, we find the paradoxical result that the consequences of a low‐tax regime might be quite the opposite. We also show that the low‐tax regime tends to increase newspaper differentiation. If the advertising market is relatively small, the newspapers might invest too little in journalism and be too differentiated from a social point of view. In this case a tax increase will be welfare‐enhancing.
The relative and absolute timing accuracy of the EPIC-pn camera onXMM-Newton, from X-ray pulsations of the Crab and other pulsars
2012-08-14

Reliable timing calibration is essential for the accurate comparison of XMM-Newton light curves with those from other observatories, to ultimately use them to derive precise physical quantities. The XMM-Newton timing calibration is based on pulsar analysis. However, as pulsars show both timing noise and glitches, it is essential to monitor these calibration sources regularly. To this end, the XMM-Newton observatory performs observations twice a year of the Crab pulsar to monitor the absolute timing accuracy of the EPIC-pn camera in the fast Timing and Burst modes. We present the results of this monitoring campaign, comparing XMM-Newton data from the Crab pulsar (PSR B0531+21) with radio measurements. In addition, we use five pulsars (PSR J0537-69, PSR B0540-69, PSR B0833-45, PSR B1509-58 and PSR B1055-52) with periods ranging from 16 ms to 197 ms to verify the relative timing accuracy. We analysed 38 XMM-Newton observations (0.2-12.0 keV) of the Crab taken over the first ten years of the mission and 13 observations from the five complementary pulsars. All the data were processed with the SAS, the XMM-Newton Scientific Analysis Software, version 9.0. Epoch folding techniques coupled with \\chi^{2} tests were used to derive relative timing accuracies. The absolute timing accuracy was determined using the Crab data and comparing the time shift between the main X-ray and radio peaks in the phase folded light curves. The relative timing accuracy of XMM-Newton is found to be better than 10^{-8}. The strongest X-ray pulse peak precedes the corresponding radio peak by 306\\pm9 \\mus, which is in agreement with other high energy observatories such as Chandra, INTEGRAL and RXTE. The derived absolute timing accuracy from our analysis is \\pm48 \\mus.
Calretinin interacts with huntingtin and reduces mutant huntingtin‐caused cytotoxicity
2012-08-14

Abstract Huntington's disease ( HD ) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats encoding for polyglutamine (polyQ) in the huntingtin ( Htt ) gene. Despite considerable effort, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the mutated Htt protein remains largely uncertain. To identify novel therapeutic targets, we recently employed the approach of tandem affinity purification and discovered that calretinin (Cr), a member of the EF ‐hand family of calcium‐binding proteins, is preferentially associated with mHtt, although it also interacts with wild‐type Htt. These observations were supported by coimmunoprecipitation and by colocalization of Cr with mHtt in neuronal cultures. Over‐ expression of Cr reduced mHtt‐caused cytotoxicity in both non‐neuronal and neuronal cell models of HD , whereas knockdown of Cr expression in the cells enhanced mHtt‐caused neuronal cell death. In addition, over‐expression of Cr was also associated with reduction of intracellular free calcium and activation of Akt. These results suggest that Cr may be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of HD .
Monte Carlo aided design of the inner muon veto detectors for the Double Chooz experiment
2012-08-14

The Double Chooz neutrino experiment aims to measure the last unknown\\nneutrino mixing angle theta_13 using two identical detectors positioned at\\nsites both near and far from the reactor cores of the Chooz nuclear power\\nplant. To suppress correlated background induced by cosmic muons in the\\ndetectors, they are protected by veto detector systems. One of these systems is\\nthe inner muon veto. It is an active liquid scintillator based detector and\\ninstrumented with encapsulated photomultiplier tubes. In this paper we describe\\nthe Monte Carlo aided design process of the inner muon veto, that resulted in a\\ndetector configuration with 78 PMTs yielding an efficiency of 99.978 +- 0.004%\\nfor rejecting muon events and an efficiency of &gt;98.98% for rejecting correlated\\nevents induced by muons. A veto detector of this design is currently used at\\nthe far detector site and will be built and incorporated as the muon\\nidentification system at the near site of the Double Chooz experiment.\\n
GIT1 Phosphorylation on Serine 46 by PKD3 Regulates Paxillin Trafficking and Cellular Protrusive Activity
2012-08-15

The continuous assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions is required for efficient cell spreading and migration. The G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) is a multidomain protein whose dynamic localization to sites of cytoskeletal remodeling is critically involved in the regulation of these processes. Here we provide evidence that the subcellular localization of GIT1 is regulated by protein kinase D3 (PKD3) through direct phosphorylation on serine 46. GIT1 phosphorylation on serine 46 was abrograted by PKD3 depletion, thereby identifying GIT1 as the first specific substrate for this kinase. A GIT1 S46D phosphomimetic mutant localized to motile, paxillin-positive cytoplasmic complexes, whereas the phosphorylation-deficient GIT1 S46A was enriched in focal adhesions. We propose that phosphorylation of GIT1 on serine 46 by PKD3 represents a molecular switch by which GIT1 localization, paxillin trafficking, and cellular protrusive activity are regulated.
Stimulation of HERG Channel Activity by β-catenin
2012-08-15

The multifunctional protein ß-catenin governs as transcription factor the expression of a wide variety of genes relevant for cell proliferation and cell survival. In addition, ß-catenin is localized at the cell membrane and may influence the function of channels. The present study explored the possibility that ß-catenin participates in the regulation of the HERG K(+) channel. To this end, HERG was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without ß-catenin and the voltage-gated current determined utilizing the dual electrode voltage clamp. As a result, expression of ß-catenin markedly upregulated HERG channel activity, an effect not sensitive to inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D (10 μM). According to chemiluminescence, ß-catenin may increase HERG channel abundance within the oocyte cell membrane. Following inhibition of channel insertion into the cell membrane by brefeldin A (5 μM) the decay of current was similar in oocytes expressing HERG together with ß-catenin to oocytes expressing HERG alone. The experiments uncover a novel function of APC/ß-catenin, i.e. the regulation of HERG channels.
Targeting the Hinge Glycine Flip and the Activation Loop: Novel Approach to Potent p38α Inhibitors
2012-08-16

The p38 MAP kinase is a key player in signaling pathways regulating the biosynthesis of inflammatory cytokines. Small molecule p38 inhibitors suppress the production of these cytokines. Therefore p38 is a promising drug target for novel anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we report novel dibenzepinones, dibenzoxepines, and benzosuberones as p38α MAP kinase inhibitors. Previously reported dibenzepinones and dibenzoxepines were chemically modified by introduction of functional groups or removal of a phenyl ring. This should result in targeting of the hydrophobic region I, the "deep pocket", and the hinge glycine flip of the kinase. Potent inhibitors with IC(50) values in the single digit nanomolar range (up to 3 nM) were identified. Instead of targeting the "deep pocket" in the DFG-out conformation, interactions with the DFG-motif in the in-conformation could be observed by protein X-ray crystallography.
Novel Surgical Instruments Facilitating Descemet Membrane Dissection
2012-08-16

By applying the curvilinear forceps technique, a reduced preparation time was noted. Also, final quality was higher as indicated by a significantly lower endothelial cell death ratio in group B. These technical features translate directly into both a low-level tissue wastage and a decreased preparation time with high tissue conservation.
Low-mass planets in nearly inviscid disks: numerical treatment
2012-08-16

Embedded planets disturb the density structure of the ambient disk and\\ngravitational back-reaction will induce possibly a change in the planet's\\norbital elements. The accurate determination of the forces acting on the planet\\nrequires careful numerical analysis. Recently, the validity of the often used\\nfast orbital advection algorithm (FARGO) has been put into question, and\\nspecial numerical resolution and stability requirements have been suggested. In\\nthis paper we study the process of planet-disk interaction for small mass\\nplanets of a few Earth masses, and reanalyze the numerical requirements to\\nobtain converged and stable results. One focus lies on the applicability of the\\nFARGO-algorithm. Additionally, we study the difference of two and\\nthree-dimensional simulations, compare global with local setups, as well as\\nisothermal and adiabatic conditions. We study the influence of the planet on\\nthe disk through two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. To\\nstrengthen our conclusions we perform a detailed numerical comparison where\\nseveral upwind and Riemann-solver based codes are used with and without the\\nFARGO-algorithm.\\n With respect to the wake structure and the torque density acting on the\\nplanet we demonstrate that the FARGO-algorithm yields correct results, and that\\nat a fraction of the regular cpu-time. We find that the resolution requirements\\nfor achieving convergent results in unshocked regions are rather modest and\\ndepend on the pressure scale height of the disk. By comparing the torque\\ndensities of 2D and 3D simulations we show that a suitable vertical averaging\\nprocedure for the force gives an excellent agreement between the two. We show\\nthat isothermal and adiabatic runs can differ considerably, even for adiabatic\\nindices very close to unity.\\n
Detrimental adsorbate fields in experiments with cold Rydberg gases near surfaces
2012-08-17

We observe the shift of Rydberg levels of rubidium close to a copper surface when atomic clouds are repeatedly deposited on it. We measure transition frequencies of rubidium to S and D Rydberg states with principal quantum numbers n between 31 and 48 using the technique of electromagnetically induced transparency. The spectroscopic measurement shows a strong increase of electric fields towards the surface that evolves with the deposition of atoms. Starting with a clean surface, we measure the evolution of electrostatic fields in the range between 30 and 300 \\mum from the surface. We find that after the deposition of a few hundred atomic clouds, each containing ~10^6 atoms, the field of adsorbates reaches 1 V/cm for a distance of 30 \\mum from the surface. This evolution of the electrostatic field sets serious limitations on cavity QED experiments proposed for Rydberg atoms on atom chips.
Optimal thickness of rectangular superconducting microtraps for cold atomic gases
2012-08-17

We study superconducting microtraps with rectangular shapes for cold atomic gases. We present a general argument why microtraps open, if brought close to the surface of the superconductor. We show that for a given width of the strips there exists an optimal thickness under which the closest distance of the microtrap from the superconductor can be achieved. The distance can be significantly improved, if the edge enhancement of the supercurrent near edges and corners is exploited. We compare numerical calculations with results from conformal mapping and show that conformal mapping can often give useful approximate results.
Identification of the Amino Acids 300–600 of IRS-2 as 14-3-3 Binding Region with the Importance of IGF-1/Insulin-Regulated Phosphorylation of Ser-573
2012-08-17

Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 on tyrosine residues is a key event in IGF-1/insulin signaling and leads to activation of the PI 3-kinase and the Ras/MAPK pathway. Furthermore, phosphorylated serine/threonine residues on IRS-2 can induce 14-3-3 binding. In this study we searched IRS-2 for novel phosphorylation sites and investigated the interaction between IRS-2 and 14-3-3. Mass spectrometry identified a total of 24 serine/threonine residues on IRS-2 with 12 sites unique for IRS-2 while the other residues are conserved in IRS-1 and IRS-2. IGF-1 stimulation led to increased binding of 14-3-3 to IRS-2 in transfected HEK293 cells and this binding was prevented by inhibition of the PI 3-kinase pathway and an Akt/PKB inhibitor. Insulin-stimulated interaction between endogenous IRS-2 and 14-3-3 was observed in rat hepatoma cells and in mice liver after an acute insulin stimulus and refeeding. Using different IRS-2 fragments enabled localization of the IGF-1-dependent 14-3-3 binding region spanning amino acids 300-600. The 24 identified residues on IRS-2 included several 14-3-3 binding candidates in the region 300-600. Single alanine mutants of these candidates led to the identification of serine 573 as 14-3-3 binding site. A phospho-site specific antibody was generated to further characterize serine 573. IGF-1-dependent phosphorylation of serine 573 was reduced by inhibition of PI 3-kinase and Akt/PKB. A negative role of this phosphorylation site was implicated by the alanine mutant of serine 573 which led to enhanced phosphorylation of Akt/PKB in an IGF-1 time course experiment. To conclude, our data suggest a physiologically relevant role for IGF-1/insulin-dependent 14-3-3 binding to IRS-2 involving serine 573.
The peri‐implant health in patients attending an annual recall program. A clinical and microbiological study in 74 patients from the Tübingen Implant Registry
2012-08-20

Abstract Objectives To describe the peri‐implant condition of unselected implant recall patients, to relate it to relevant features from the patient medical history, and to look at associations across these findings. Patients and methods Prior to their most recent recall appointment, 74 individuals underwent a clinical and microbiological ( PCR ) investigation. Results Signs of a serious peri‐implantitis condition were not encountered in this patient cohort. However, a high prevalence of moderate plaque and bleeding on probing (60% and 78%, respectively) and PCR proof of periodonto‐pathogenic bacteria (43% positive for one or more target species) was apparent. The mean pocket probing depth was 2.9 mm. The by far most prominent co‐morbidity belonged to the group of patients with cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ; 27%). CVD were statistically significantly associated with the prevalence and concentration of P revotella intermedia in the peri‐implant sulcus ( P = 0.022). Age was positively associated with plaque load ( P &lt; 0.001). The T anerella forsythensis score and prevalence was higher in implants supporting fixed than removable restorations ( P = 0.025). Four of the five bacteria species assessed showed a high association with each other (exception: A ggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ), but not to other hygiene findings. Conclusions A considerable number of individuals exhibited peri‐implant findings that would require anti‐infective treatment. Prevalence and concentrations of periodonto‐pathogenic bacteria seemed to be associated with a variety of other variables from the patients' history, but not to clinical findings in this patient group.
Nucleon structure including high Fock states in AdS/QCD
2012-08-21

We present a detailed analysis of nucleon electromagnetic and axial form factors in a holographic soft-wall model. This approach is based on an action which describes hadrons with broken conformal invariance and incorporates confinement through the presence of a background dilaton field.For Nc=3 we describe the nucleon structure in a superposition of a three valence quark state with high Fock states including an adjustable number of partons (quarks, antiquarks and gluons) via studying the dynamics of 5D fermion fields of different scaling dimension in anti-de Sitter (ADS) space. According to the gauge/gravity duality the 5D fermion fields of different scaling dimension correspond to the Fock state components with a specific number of partons. In the present application we restrict to the contribution of 3, 4 and 5 parton components in the nucleon Fock state. With a minimal number of free parameters (dilaton scale parameter, mixing parameters of partial contributions of Fock states, coupling constants in the effective Lagrangian) we achieve a reasonable agreement with data for the nucleon form factors.
Human growth hormone (hGH) abolishes the negative effects of everolimus on intestinal anastomotic healing
2012-08-21

Küper, Markus Alexander MD; Trütschel, Sebastian MD; Traub, Frank MD, PhD; Weinreich, Jürgen PhD; Hack, Anita MD; Weis-Klemm, Michaela MD; Königsrainer, Alfred MD; Beckert, Stefan MD Author Information
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The safety of ustekinumab treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and latent tuberculosis infection.
2012-08-21

BACKGROUND: Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin (IL)-12/23 p40 to treat psoriasis. The IL-12 pathway is also important in regulating immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety of isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis for newly identified latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in ustekinumab-treated patients with psoriasis.METHODS: Safety data from 3177 psoriasis patients evaluated across five phase III trials of ustekinumab (45 or 90 mg) conducted in North America, Europe and Asia were analysed. LTBI was diagnosed based on positive tuberculin skin test or QuantiFERON(®) -TB test (Cellestis, Carnegie, Vic., Australia) without evidence of active tuberculosis.RESULTS: At baseline, 101/2898 (3·5%) non-Asian and 66/279 (23·7%) Asian patients were newly identified with LTBI, and all were treated with INH. Through week 12, among patients who received INH, rates of adverse events (AEs) representative of INH toxicity were generally comparable between control and ustekinumab-treated patients, as well as between ustekinumab dose groups. Markedly abnormal alanine transaminase values occurred with comparable incidences between control and ustekinumab-treated patients. The rate of study agent discontinuation due to INH toxicity was low (5/167, 3·0%) and comparable between control and ustekinumab groups through week 12. The rate of INH-related AEs did not increase disproportionately through week 28. No cases of active tuberculosis were reported in patients who received concomitant INH starting at baseline.CONCLUSIONS: Across five trials of ustekinumab-treated patients with psoriasis, no cases of LTBI reactivation were observed in patients receiving concomitant INH prophylaxis for LTBI. INH prophylaxis was generally well tolerated by these patients with psoriasis.© 2012 The Authors. BJD © 2012 British Association of Dermatologists. PMID: 22803615
General Relationships between Abiotic Soil Properties and Soil Biota across Spatial Scales and Different Land-Use Types
2012-08-22

Very few principles have been unraveled that explain the relationship between soil properties and soil biota across large spatial scales and different land-use types. Here, we seek these general relationships using data from 52 differently managed grassland and forest soils in three study regions spanning a latitudinal gradient in Germany. We hypothesize that, after extraction of variation that is explained by location and land-use type, soil properties still explain significant proportions of variation in the abundance and diversity of soil biota. If the relationships between predictors and soil organisms were analyzed individually for each predictor group, soil properties explained the highest amount of variation in soil biota abundance and diversity, followed by land-use type and sampling location. After extraction of variation that originated from location or land-use, abiotic soil properties explained significant amounts of variation in fungal, meso- and macrofauna, but not in yeast or bacterial biomass or diversity. Nitrate or nitrogen concentration and fungal biomass were positively related, but nitrate concentration was negatively related to the abundances of Collembola and mites and to the myriapod species richness across a range of forest and grassland soils. The species richness of earthworms was positively correlated with clay content of soils independent of sample location and land-use type. Our study indicates that after accounting for heterogeneity resulting from large scale differences among sampling locations and land-use types, soil properties still explain significant proportions of variation in fungal and soil fauna abundance or diversity. However, soil biota was also related to processes that act at larger spatial scales and bacteria or soil yeasts only showed weak relationships to soil properties. We therefore argue that more general relationships between soil properties and soil biota can only be derived from future studies that consider larger spatial scales and different land-use types.
Systemic IgG4-Related Sclerosing Disease: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Differential Diagnosis
2012-08-22

IgG4-related sclerosing disease is a systemic disorder that can involve almost any organ. The imaging findings consist of diffuse and focal organ infiltration and encasement by inflammatory and fibrotic tissue. Awareness of the spectrum of imaging findings in IgG4-related disease should prompt further evaluation for systemic manifestations to avoid misdiagnosis.
Female Fitness Optimum at Intermediate Mating Rates under Traumatic Mating
2012-08-22

Traumatic mating behaviors often bear signatures of sexual conflict and are then typically considered a male strategy to circumvent female choice mechanisms. In an extravagant mating ritual, the hermaphroditic sea slug Siphopteron quadrispinosum pierces the integument of their mating partners with a syringe-like penile stylet that injects prostate fluids. Traumatic injection is followed by the insertion of a spiny penis into the partner's gonopore to transfer sperm. Despite traumatic mating, field mating rates exceed those required for female fertilization insurance, possibly because costs imposed on females are balanced by direct or indirect benefits of multiple sperm receipt. To test this idea, we exposed animals to a relevant range of mating opportunity regimes and assessed the effects on mating behavior and proxies of female fitness. We find penis intromission duration to decrease with mating rates, and a female fecundity maximum at intermediate mating rates. The latter finding indicates that benefits beyond fertilization insurance can make higher mating rates also beneficial from a female perspective in this traumatically mating species.