julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Age-Corrected Normal Values for Perimetry
2002-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Purpose:&lt;/i&gt; Age-corrected values are indispensable in assessing discrete changes in light difference sensitivity (LDS) when evaluating perimetric results. In order to detect incipient visual field defects, the present study aimed particularly to determine function of normal values depending on age and eccentricity. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; A test group (n = 83) of ophthalmologically and clinically unremarkable subjects 18–74 years of age was examined with the ‘Centerfield’ perimeter. A brief introductory program was first used to familiarize each test person with the situation. Then values in the central visual field (30&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Age-related normal values were calculated both as group averages and as lines of regression by statistical analysis of the resulting data. In contrast to other perimetric studies, decreases in LDS at different test points for persons aged 20 years to persons over 60 were not linear. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Age-related normal values should be reviewed for other perimeters.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA Using Hybrid Capture Does Not Allow Sufficient Triaging of Recurrent Atypical Pap Smear Classified as Pap III D
2002-01-01

Der kausale Zusammenhang zwischen bestimmten humanen Papillomaviren (HPV) und der Entstehung von zervikalen Präkanzerosen oder von Kollumkarzinomen gilt inzwischen als gesichert. In 99,7 % aller Zervixkarzinome lässt sich HPV-DNA nachweisen [30]. Die HPV-Prävalenz in der Normalbevölkerung hingegen beträgt nur ca. 3 % [25]. 30 % aller Frauen haben im Laufe ihres Lebens Kontakt mit genitalen HPV, 90 % der Virusinfektionen an der Zervix werden immunologisch innerhalb von 2 Jahren eliminiert [18] [28]. Somit kommt es bei ca. 10 % der Infizierten zu einer längeren Viruspersistenz [4], die bei einem Teil der Betroffenen zur Entstehung zervikaler Präkanzerosen führt [12] [24]. In etwa der Hälfte der Fälle liegt der HPV-Typ 16 vor [3] [28]. Eine Frau mit unauffälliger Zytologie und einem HPV-16-Nachweis hat gegenüber HPV-negativen Frauen ein 290fach erhöhtes Risiko, im Verlauf der nächsten vier Jahre an einer CIN III zu erkranken [13].
The Genus Clusia L.: Molecular Evidence for Independent Evolution of Photosynthetic Flexibility
2002-01-01

Abstract: Members of the Clusiaceae genus Clusia (tropical trees and shrubs) belong to the small group of dicotyledonous trees which are able to perform crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Most of the species are able to switch between C 3 and CAM modes of photosynthesis and only a few are restricted to either C 3 or CAM. In order to discover possible phylogenetic relationships with regard to the mode of photosynthesis, we investigated 17 species of the genus Clusia, and one species each of the Clusiaceae genera Oedematopus and Hypericum on the basis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences between the 18S and 26S coding regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Little length variation was detected in the ITS region of Clusia species. ITS1 sequences ranged from 255 to 260 bp and ITS2 sequences from 208 to 210 bp. Neighbour‐joining and parsimony analyses of these sequences resulted in considerable differences in cluster formation when compared to a classification based on morphological characteristics. The molecular data also give no indication of a group‐specific evolution of modes of photosynthesis, i.e., C 3 and CAM. We thus conclude that CAM has evolved independently several times within the genus Clusia.
Mechanical Transduction in Outer Hair Cells
2002-01-01

The outer hair cells are responsible for the exquisite sensitivity, frequency selectivity and dynamic range of the cochlea. These cells are part of a mechanical feedback system involving the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. Transverse displacement of the basilar membrane results in relative motion between the tectorial membrane and the reticular lamina, causing deflection of the stereocilia and modulation of the open probability of their transduction channels. The resulting current causes a change of membrane potential, which in turn produces mechanical force, that is fed back into the motion of the basilar membrane. Experiments were conducted to address mechanical transduction mechanisms in both the stereocilia and the basolateral cell membrane, as well as modes of coupling of the outer hair cell force to the organ of Corti.
Simvastatin Inhibits Malignant Transformation Following Expression of the <i>Ha-ras</i> Oncogene in NIH 3T3 Fibroblasts
2002-01-01

In previous studies we have shown that the expression of the transforming Ha-ras oncogene in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts stimulates cellular calcium entry, which triggers oscillatory calcium induced calcium release from internal stores. The intracellular calcium oscillations lead to cytoskeletal remodeling by actin stress fiber depolymerization and activation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger thus mediating cell swelling and intracellular alkalosis, both important mitogenic signals. This is evidenced by abrogation of Ha-ras induced growth factor independent cell proliferation by interference with any of these events, i.e. by inhibition of cellular calcium entry or inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. As shown in this study, simvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the key enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, is able to prevent these events following the expression of the transforming Ha-ras oncogene. We show, that simvastatin inhibits farnesylation dependent membrane translocation of a CAAX motive bearing yellow fluorescent protein and suppresses Ha-ras stimulated cellular calcium influx, which can be identified as capacitative calcium entry. In addition simvastatin is able to block regulatory volume decrease channels and to suppress the cytoskeletal remodeling, intracellular alkalinization, increase in cell volume and growth factor independent cell proliferation induced by the oncogene. Thus simvastatin is able to prevent crucial cellular events following expression of the transforming Ha-ras oncogene.
LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE CHROMOSOMAL INVERSION POLYMORPHISM OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA. I. MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS FROM SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE
2002-01-01

Abstract The chromosomal polymorphism of seven Mediterranean populations of Drosophila subobscura has been compared with that of the same populations collected 26 to 35 years ago. Significant latitudinal clines for the frequencies of AST, EST, OST, and UST chromosomal arrangements have been detected in the old and new samples. Standard gene arrangements are frequent in the north and decrease in frequency towards the south. Significant negative regression coefficients between latitude and transformed frequency have also been observed for the more frequent nonstandard gene arrangements. The pattern of the clines is practically the same in the old and new collections. Furthermore, the frequencies of gene arrangements of all chromosomes have changed significantly during this period in a systematic way: an increase in the frequency of those arrangements typical of southern latitudes and a decrease for those more common in northern latitudes is observed in all populations. These changes could be due to climatic factors that are correlated with latitude, making the chromosomal composition of this species more “southern.” Corresponding Editor: T. Kawecki
Characterisation of gypsum karst aquifers by heat and solute transport simulations
2002-01-01

Environmental risks in gypsum karst areas such as geomechanical problems as a result of gypsum dissolution or the vulnerability of the aquifers due to the unretarded transport of pollutants are mainly determined by the karst conduit system. Therefore, in order to provide a reliable basis for risk assessment, an adequate hydrogeological characterisation of the conduit system is required. A newly developed modelling tool is presented, which has been designed to support the characterisation of the conduit system of gypsum karst aquifers by simulating short-term fluctuations of solute concentrations and temperatures of the spring water. Both solute concentration and temperature of the spring water depend on the geometric and hydraulic properties of the conduit system. If only one of these parameters is analysed a unique identification of the structure of the conduit system may not always be obtained. Unsteadystate simulations of both heat and solute transport, however, show that different conduit systems, which are equivalent with respect to spring signals of one parameter, can be distinguished by taking into account a second parameter.
The CELSIUS\\WASA Detector Facility
2002-01-01

The 4π multidetector system for investigation of η-meson rare decays at the Uppsala CELSIUS storage ring is presented. A detailed description of the design, and achieved performance parameters is given.
Worst-case performance analysis of parallel, communicating software processes
2002-01-01

In this paper we present a method to perform static timing analysis of SystemC models, that describe parallel, communicating software processes. The paper combines a worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis with an analysis of the communication behavior. The communication analysis allows the detection of points, where the program flow of two or more concurrent processes are synchronized. This knowledge allows the determination of the worst-case response time (WCRT). The method does not rely on restrictions on the system design to prevent deadlocks or data loss. Furthermore possible deadlocks and data loss can be detected during the analysis.
Annotating topological fields and chunks
2002-01-01

Annotating a corpus of German with chunks, topological fields and clause boundaries is both a goal in itself and a step towards further syntactic annotation. Partial annotation can serve as data to test linguistic hypotheses and it can be used as a pre-structuring for further linguistic annotation steps. If, however, the underlying part-of-speech (POS) annotation is imperfect, these errors will be passed on to the subsequent levels of annotation and increase annotation errors on those levels. It is especially damaging for subsequent annotation if POS tags are incorrect which provide the framework of the German sentence by demarcating the topological fields and the clause boundaries (e.g. subordinators and verbs). This paper presents a method to automatically annotate a corpus of German with chunks, topological fields and clause boundaries, and improve tagging accuracy at the same time in order to increase the overall annotation accuracy. Tag improvement primarily relies on the linguistic knowledge encoded in the grammar for annotating the topological fields.
Increased Serum Levels of CD95 in Alzheimer’s Disease
2002-01-01

There is growing evidence for a role of apoptosis in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent findings suggest an increased susceptibility of lymphocytes to apoptosis in AD. To prove the hypothesis of systemic alterations in the apoptotic balance in AD, serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble CD95, which is known to mediate apoptosis, were measured. In the serum, AD patients exhibited significantly higher levels of CD95 than the controls (p = 0.017), suggesting an involvement of peripheral markers in AD.
Comparison of the effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and 17beta-estradiol on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
2002-01-01

At the serum concentrations seen in hormone replacement therapy, EE2 appears to have less proliferative effect on breast cancer cells compared with E2, while both estrogens appear to have similar effects on endothelial cells.
Escape Mechanisms in Tumor Immunity: An Update
2002-01-01

Evidence that tumors are immunogenic continues to accumulate. Although they frequently do express antigens in a form recognizable by the host immune system, tumors commonly "escape" the immune response. Tumors may therefore progress by evolving variants that can evade immune responses or by developing other strategies to avoid immune control. The purpose of this review is to consider the current status of knowledge concerning these different tumor-escape strategies, in the form of an update of previous publications in this journal.
Tibolone versus 17beta-estradiol/norethisterone: effects on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells.
2002-01-01

Tibolone is a synthetic progestin with estrogenic and progestogenic properties, widely used for alleviation of menopausal syndromes and for osteoporosis prophylaxis in postmenopausal women. Since only little data are available on tibolone and breast cancer risk the present study investigates the effect of tibolone on the growth of the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Tibolone is clinically comparable to an estradiol/norethisterone combination, therefore we included this hormone combination in our experiments. Tibolone was examined alone and in the presence of 0.1 nM estradiol in the concentration range from 0.001 microM to 1 microM. Norethisterone was studied using the same concentration range in combination with 0.1 nM estradiol. Tibolone led to significant cell growth in the concentration range of 0.01 to 1 microM and was able to significantly stimulate estradiol-induced proliferation at the concentrations 0.01 and 0.1 microM. In contrast, the estradiol/norethisterone combination elicited significant inhibition of cell growth at the concentrations 0.001 and 0.01 microM. These data suggest that tibolone does have tumor cell-growth promoting effects in vitro whereas the estradiol/norethisterone combination partially inhibits cell growth. Therefore no differences in risk profile are to be expected between conventional hormone substitution using estradiol and norethisterone acetate and tibolone. Drawing a clinical consequence from our experiments would result in not recommending the use of tibolone in postmenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer development until long-term controlled clinical studies have been performed on the effect of tibolone administration and breast cancer risk.
Towards a Dependency-Oriented Evaluation for Partial Parsing
2002-01-01

Quantitative evaluation of parsers has traditionally centered around the PARSEVAL measures of crossing brackets, (labeled) precision, and (labeled) recall. However, it is well known that these measures do not give an accurate picture of the quality of the parser’s output. Furthermore, we will show that they are especially unsuited for partial parsers. In recent years, research has concentrated on dependencybased evaluation measures. We will show in this paper that such a dependency-based evaluation scheme is particularly suitable for partial parsers. TüBa-D, the treebank used here for evaluation, contains all the necessary dependency information so that the conversion of trees into a dependency structure does not have to rely on heuristics. Therefore, the dependency representations are not only reliable, they are also linguistically motivated and can be used for linguistic purposes.
Genomic and Functional Investigations of Mutations of the SLC3A1 Gene in Cystinuria
2002-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Cystinuria is the second most frequent autosomal recessively inherited disorder in Europe, and it is based on a disturbance of the transepithelial transport of cystine and amino acids in the proximal renal tubule as well as in the intestinum. From the point of view of the urologist, patients suffering from cystine stones represent an important population because they develop a great number of recurrences which necessitate frequent stone removal. &lt;i&gt;Methods/Results:&lt;/i&gt; Advances in the field of molecular genetics have rendered it possible to correlate genotype and phenotype of these patients. In the candidate gene, the SLC3A1 gene, 25 mutations in patients suffering from cystinuria have been described so far. Investigations in our patients (n = 15) as well as results obtained by other study groups have revealed an average detection rate of approximately 50%. The low rate as well as in-depth physiological analyses of the individual mutations indicate that the SLC3A1 is a subunit of a heteromeric complex. This supposition is supported by the structure of the transporter as well as by biochemical analyses of the urine of cystinuric patients and their relatives. Investigations on other genomic segments and candidate genes localized there are being performed. However, it has already appeared that cystinuria is not based on alterations of one single gene, but that a variety of factors combine in the development of this disease. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; To be able to offer a molecular genetic diagnosis for patients suffering from cystinuria, the search for mutations of the SLC3A1 gene is being expanded and a screening for other candidate genes set up which are designed to early recognize the risk factors of cystinuria as well as to be able to initiate early therapy.
Controller estimation for FPGA target architectures during high-level synthesis
2002-01-01

In existing synthesis systems, the influence of the area and delay of the controller is not or not sufficiently taken into account. But the controller can have a big influence, especially, if a certain data-path realization requires a huge number of states and/or con trol signals. This paper presents a new approach on controller estimation during high-level synthesis for FPGA-based target architectures. The estimator, presented in this paper can be invoked after or during every synthesis-step, i.e. allocation, scheduling and binding, respectively. By considering the control ler influence on the overall area of a design, design space explo ration can be made more accurate and less error prone. We present an approach for estimating area of the controller based on information which are easily accessible during each step of high-level synthesis, so no explicit description of the controller, which usually will be generated after the binding, is necessary. This is particularly valuable in the allocation phase, where intensive design space explorations have to be done, based on fast and accurate estimates.
Telemetric Small Intestinal Motility Recording in Awake Rats
2002-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;/i&gt; Ideally, gastrointestinal motility recording should be done in freely moving, stress-free animals. However, no such method is currently available for rats. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Two NiCr electrodes were sutured to the jejunum and connected to an implantable electromyographic (EMG) transmitter in rats. EMG signals were radio-transmitted to a receiver placed at the bottom of the rats’ home cages. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Fasting and postprandial jejunal EMG signals could be detected by telemetry. Phase III contractions of the MMC were easy to identify visually and occurred at a rate of about 4.8 per hour. Feeding disrupted the phasic contraction pattern 15 min after the start of food intake and lasted for 2 h. The motility index (MI, area under the curve) was calculated and increased postprandially. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/i&gt;Telemetric transmission of rat gastrointestinal EMG signals is feasible and results are comparable to those given in the literature.
Randomized, Controlled, Dose-Range Study of Ro 25-8315 Given Before and After a High-Dose Combination Chemotherapy Regimen in Patients With Metastatic or Recurrent Breast Cancer Patients
2002-01-01

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of three different dose levels of pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Ro 25-8315) on progenitor cell mobilization and hematologic recovery in cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Breast cancer patients (n = 36) were randomly assigned to receive before (part I) and after (part II) chemotherapy either a single-dose injection of Ro 25-8315 (20 μg/kg, n = 9; 60 μg/kg, n = 9; 100 μg/kg, n = 10) or a standard daily dose of filgrastim (part I, 10 μg/kg/d; part II, 5 μg/kg/d) (control group, n = 8). RESULTS: Overall, Ro 25-8315 was well tolerated. In part I, more progenitor cell mobilization was observed with Ro 25-8315 100 μg/kg. The peak of circulating CD34 + cells was obtained at day +5 in the four groups, and the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) returned to less than 20 × 10 9 /L by day +15. In part II, high levels of circulating CD34 + cells (&gt; 20 cells/μL) were obtained in all four groups. The chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (&lt; 1 × 10 9 /L) was similar in the four groups. Ro 25-8315 100 μg/kg was more effective than filgrastim in reducing the number of patients with an ANC less than 0.5 × 10 9 /L on day +12 after chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: A single injection of Ro 25-8315 100 μg/kg might be the optimal dose for steady-state peripheral-blood progenitor cell mobilization. A single injection of 20, 60, or 100 μg/kg could be as efficient as daily administration of filgrastim to correct chemotherapy-induced cytopenia. The optimal dose of Ro 25-8315 should be determined according to the planned chemotherapy regimen.
Reversible intercalation of volatile amines into stacks of soluble phthalocyanines
2002-01-01

Different alkyl amines were intercalated into stacks of tetraalkenylphthalocyaninatozinc by exposing the solids to amine vapor. Since the intercalation is reversible, quantitative and kinetic aspects of the sorption were investigated using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) and thermal desorption mass spectrometry (TDS). Two different types of sorption were found and these were interpreted as interaction with aliphatic sidechains and preferential intercalation. At higher vapor concentration most of the interstitial spaces are occupied, suggesting a 1 ∶ 1 host–guest stoichiometry. Structure elucidation of an intercalated n-butylamine was carried out by EXAFS transmission measurements. Intercalation was found to take place while maintaining the columnar arrangement and without significant expansion of the spacing. Additional QCM measurements revealed less favorable sorption of sterically demanding amines which can be explained by morphological discrimination.
Ontogeny of Purinergic Receptor-Regulated Ca<sup>2+</sup> Signaling in Mouse Cortical Collecting Duct Epithelium
2002-01-01

Changes in ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+](i) during collecting duct ontogeny were studied in primary monolayer cultures of mouse ureteric bud (UB) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells by Fura-PE3 fluorescence ratio imaging. In UB (embryonic day E14 and postnatal day P1) the ATP-stimulated increase (EC(50) approximately 1 microM) in fluorescence ratio (DeltaR(ATP)) was independent of extracellular Ca2+ and insensitive to the P2 purinoceptor-antagonist suramin (1 mM). From day P7 onward when CCD morphogenesis had been completed DeltaR(ATP) increased and became dependent on extracellular Ca2+. This ATP-stimulated Ca2+ entry into CCD cells was non-capacitative and suramin (1 mM)-insensitive, but sensitive to nifedipine (30 microM) and enhanced by Bay K8644 (15 microM), a blocker and an agonist of L-type Ca2+ channels, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated similar mRNA expression of L-type Ca2+ channel alpha1-subunit, P2Y(1), P2Y(2), and P2X(4b) purinoceptors in UB and CCD monolayers while the abundance of P2X(4) mRNA increased with CCD morphogenesis. In conclusion, both embryonic and postnatal cells express probably P2Y(2)-stimulated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. With development, the CCD epithelium acquires ATP-stimulated Ca2+ entry via L-type Ca2+ channels. This pathway might by mediated by the increasing expression of P2X(4)-receptors resulting in an increasing ATP-dependent membrane depolarization and activation of L-type Ca2+ channels.