julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The Synthesis of [Sn<sub>10</sub>(Si(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup> Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
2016-11-28

The number of well-characterized metalloid tin clusters, synthesized by applying the disproportionation of a metastable Sn(I) halide in the presence of a sterically demanding ligand, has increased in recent years. The metastable Sn(I) halide is synthesized at "outer space conditions" via the preparative co-condensation technique. Thereby, the subhalide is synthesized in an oven at high temperatures, around 1,300 °C, and at reduced pressure by the reaction of elemental tin with hydrogen halide gas (e.g., HCl). The subhalide (e.g., SnCl) is trapped within a matrix of an inert solvent, like toluene at -196 °C. Heating the solid matrix to -78 °C gives a metastable solution of the subhalide. The metastable subhalide solution is highly reactive but can be stored at -78 °C for several weeks. On heating the solution to room temperature, a disproportionation reaction occurs, leading to elemental tin and the corresponding dihalide. By applying bulky ligands like Si(SiMe3)3, the intermediate metalloid cluster compounds can be trapped before complete disproportionation to elemental tin. Hence, the reaction of a metastable Sn(I)Cl solution with Li-Si(SiMe3)3 gives [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]<sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup> 1 as black crystals in high yield. 1 is formed via a complex reaction sequence including salt metathesis, disproportionation, and degradation of larger clusters. Further, 1 can be analyzed by various methods like NMR or single crystal X-ray structure analysis.
Bare Argument Ellipsis and Focus
2016-11-28

This monograph explores the syntax and information structure of bare argument ellipsis. The study concentrates on stripping, which is identified as a subtype of bare argument ellipsis typically associated with focus sensitive particles or negation. This monograph presents a unified account of stripping located at the syntax-information structure interface and argues for a licensing mechanism which is strongly tied to the focus properties of the construction. Under this view, types of bare argument ellipsis such as stripping and pseudostripping, which have received different treatments in the literature, are shown to be subject to the same licensing mechanism. This analysis is also extended to instances of bare argument ellipsis in embedded contexts, which have received little attention in the literature so far. Integrating theoretical and experimental reasoning, this study presents a series of experiments investigating the extraction, prosody and context properties of stripping and thus arrives at a comprehensive and unified account.
Methodological Problems on the Way to Integrative Human Neuroscience
2016-11-29

Neuroscience is a multidisciplinary effort to understand the structures and functions of the brain and brain-mind relations. This effort results in an increasing amount of data, generated by sophisticated technologies. However, these data enhance our <i>descriptive knowledge</i>, rather than improve our <i>understanding</i> of brain functions. This is caused by methodological gaps both within and between subdisciplines constituting neuroscience, and the <i>atomistic approach</i> that limits the study of macro- and mesoscopic issues. Whole-brain measurement technologies do not resolve these issues, but rather aggravate them by the complexity problem. The present article is devoted to methodological and epistemic problems that obstruct the development of human neuroscience. We neither discuss ontological questions (e.g., the nature of the mind) nor review data, except when it is necessary to demonstrate a methodological issue. As regards <i>intradisciplinary</i> methodological problems, we concentrate on those within neurobiology (e.g., the gap between electrical and chemical approaches to neurophysiological processes) and psychology (missing theoretical concepts). As regards <i>interdisciplinary</i> problems, we suggest that core disciplines of neuroscience can be integrated using systemic concepts that also entail human-environment relations. We emphasize the necessity of a <i>meta-discussion</i> that should entail a closer cooperation with <i>philosophy</i> as a discipline of systematic reflection. The atomistic reduction should be complemented by the explicit consideration of the <i>embodiedness</i> of the brain and the <i>embeddedness</i> of humans. The discussion is aimed at the development of an explicit methodology of <i>integrative human neuroscience</i>, which will not only link different fields and levels, but also help in understanding clinical phenomena.
Assessing White Matter Microstructure in Brain Regions with Different Myelin Architecture Using MRI
2016-11-29

Multimodal assessment of WM microstructure was possible within clinically feasible scan times using a broad combination of quantitative microstructural MRI sequences. By assessing new microstructural WM parameters we were able to provide normative data and discuss their interpretation in regions with different myelin architecture, as well as their possible application as biomarker for WM disorders.
Bulky Ytterbium Formamidinates Stabilise Complexes with Radical Ligands, and Related Samarium “Tetracyclone” Chemistry
2016-11-29

Abstract Divalent [Yb(DippForm) 2 (thf) n ] ( n =2 ( 1 a ), or 1 ( 1 b ), DippForm= N , N ′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)formamidinate) complexes were treated with the ketones: 9‐fluorenone (fn), or 2,3,4,5‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (tpc, tetracyclone), giving ketyl complexes: [Yb(DippForm) 2 (fn . ‐ O )(thf)] ( 2 ), and [Yb(DippForm) 2 (tpc . ‐ O )] ( 3 ), respectively (ketyl=a radical anion containing a C . −O (−) group. By contrast, when perfluorobenzophenone (pfb) was treated with either 1 a or 1 b , transitory ketyl formation was followed by rapid decomposition through a C−F activation pathway, giving [YbF(DippForm) 2 (thf)] ( 4 a ) and a highly unusual fluoride/oxide‐bridged species: [Yb 5 F 6 O 2 (DippForm) 5 ] ( 4 b ). The reduction of diketones: 3,5‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐1,2‐benzoquinone (tbbq), 9,10‐phenanthrenequinone (phen), or 1,2‐acenaphthenequinone (acen), was also examined giving ketyl complexes: [Yb(DippForm) 2 (tbbq . ‐ O 2 )] ( 5 ), [Yb(DippForm) 2 (phen . ‐ O 2 )] ( 6 ), and [Yb(DippForm) 2 (acen . ‐ O 2 )(thf)] ( 7 ). An unsolvated derivative of 7 , namely [Yb(DippForm) 2 (acen . ‐ O 2 )] ( 8 ), was obtained from PhMe. All ketyl complexes had suitably elongated C . −O bonds, were stable in both polar and non‐polar solvents—an uncommon trait for rare‐earth ketyl complexes—and, with the exception of 3 , showed radical signals in ESR spectra. To investigate the reactivity of the tpc . ‐ O ketyl complex, 3 was treated with oxidants (CS 2 , Se) and reducing agents (Mg 0 , KH, or [SmI 2 (thf) 2 ]). Thus 3 was oxidised to tpc by Se. Treatment of 3 with KH led to a ligand exchange process giving an unusual diketyl species [Yb(DippForm)(tpc . ‐ O ) 2 (thf) 2 ] ( 10 ), which has two cisoid tpc . ‐ O − ligands in very close proximity. When treated with [SmI 2 (thf) 2 ], the tpc . ‐ O ketyl was further reduced to a dianion (1‐oxido‐2,3,4,5‐tetraphenylcyclopentadianide 2− ), ({C 5 Ph 4 }‐ O ) 2− by [SmI 2 (thf) 2 ], giving dimeric [{SmI({C 5 Ph 4 }‐ O )(thf) 2 } 2 ] ( Sm11 ) and monomeric complexes [YbI(DippForm) 2 (thf)] ( 11 b ) and [YbI 2 (DippForm)(thf) 2 ] ( 11 c ). Activated Sm metal reduced neutral tetracyclone to the dianion, ({C 5 Ph 4 }‐ O ) 2− , in THF, giving tetranuclear [{Sm II 2 ({C 5 Ph 4 }‐ O ) 2 (thf) 3 } 2 ] ( Sm13 ). Treatment of Sm13 with iodine in situ provided access to [{SmI({C 5 Ph 4 }‐ O )(thf) 2 } 2 ] ( Sm11 ), in good yield.
Mycosarcoma (Ustilaginaceae), a resurrected generic name for corn smut (Ustilago maydis) and its close relatives with hypertrophied, tubular sori
2016-11-29

<i>Ustilago</i> is a polyphyletic genus of smut fungi found mainly on <i>Poaceae</i>. The development of a taxonomy that reflects phylogeny requires subdivision of <i>Ustilago</i> into smaller monophyletic genera. Several separate systematic analyses have determined that <i>Macalpinomyces mackinlayi</i>, <i>M. tubiformis</i>, <i>Tolyposporella pachycarpa</i>, <i>Ustilago bouriquetii</i> and <i>U. maydis</i>, occupy a unique phylogenetic position within the <i>Ustilaginaceae</i>. A previously introduced monotypic generic name typified by <i>U. maydis</i>, <i>Mycosarcoma</i>, is available to accommodate these species, which resolves one component of polyphyly for <i>Ustilago</i><i>s.</i><i>lat.</i> in <i>Ustilaginaceae</i>. An emended description of <i>Mycosarcoma</i> is provided to reflect the morphological synapomorphies of this monophyletic group. A specimen of <i>Ustilago maydis</i> that has had its genome sequenced is designated as a neotype for this species. Taxonomic stability will further be provided by a forthcoming proposal to conserve the name <i>Uredo maydis</i> over <i>Lycoperdon zeae</i>, which has priority by date, in order to preserve the well-known epithet <i>maydis.</i>
Fast and efficient free induction decay MR spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 9.4 Tesla
2016-11-29

Purpose The purpose of this work was to develop a fast and efficient MRSI‐FID acquisition scheme and test its performance in vivo. The aim was to find a trade‐off between the minimal total acquisition time and signal‐to‐noise ratio of the acquired spectra. Methods Measurements were performed on a 9.4 Tesla system. Sequence optimization included redesign of water suppression, optimization of the sequence gradients, and improvement of the sampling efficiency by minimizing the read‐out time. This resulted in an acquisition time of 2:47 and 22:13 minutes for 2D (TR = 57 ms; 3‐mm in‐plane resolution) and 3D MRSI (TR = 57 ms; 16 slices; 3‐mm isotropic resolution), respectively. Results Despite strong T 1 weighting and first‐order phase problems, it was possible to obtain spectra of an acceptable quality. The average line width calculated for the tCr peak across the entire field of view was 26.9 ± 9.6 Hz for 2D and 30.0 ± 11.3 Hz for 3D MRSI. In 3D measurements, the percent fraction of voxels fitted with Cramer‐Rao lower bounds below 10% was 53.3 ± 4.1%, 63.4 ± 8.4%, and 81.0 ± 2.9% for Glu, tCr, and tNAA, respectively. Conclusion Considering the typically long duration of high‐resolution MRSI, the proposed technique may be of interest for clinical applications and/or studies that focus on following the biochemistry of dynamic processes. Magn Reson Med 78:1281–1295, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Constraining the Kerr parameters via x-ray reflection spectroscopy
2016-11-29

In a recent paper [Ghasemi-Nodehi &amp; Bambi, EPJC 76 (2016) 290], we have\\nproposed a new parametrization for testing the Kerr nature of astrophysical\\nblack hole candidates. In the present work, we study the possibility of\\nconstraining the "Kerr parameters" of our proposal using X-ray reflection\\nspectroscopy, the so-called iron line method. We simulate observations with the\\nLAD instrument on board of the future eXTP mission assuming an exposure time of\\n200~ks. We fit the simulated data to see if the Kerr parameters can be\\nconstrained. If we have the correct astrophysical model, 200~ks observations\\nwith LAD/eXTP can constrain all the Kerr parameters with the exception of\\n , whose impact on the iron line profile is extremely weak and its\\nmeasurement looks very challenging.\\n
Stability analysis of magnetized neutron stars – a semi-analytic approach
2016-11-29

We implement a semi-analytic approach for stability analysis, addressing the\\nongoing uncertainty about stability and structure of neutron star magnetic\\nfields. Applying the energy variational principle, a model system is displaced\\nfrom its equilibrium state. The related energy density variation is set up\\nanalytically, whereas its volume integration is carried out numerically. This\\nfacilitates the consideration of more realistic neutron star characteristics\\nwithin the model compared to analytical treatments. At the same time, our\\nmethod retains the possibility to yield general information about neutron star\\nmagnetic field and composition structures that are likely to be stable. In\\ncontrast to numerical studies, classes of parametrized systems can be studied\\nat once, finally constraining realistic configurations for interior neutron\\nstar magnetic fields. We apply the stability analysis scheme on polytropic and\\nnon-barotropic neutron stars with toroidal, poloidal and mixed fields testing\\ntheir stability in a Newtonian framework. Furthermore, we provide the\\nanalytical scheme for dropping the Cowling approximation in an axisymmetric\\nsystem and investigate its impact. Our results confirm the instability of\\nsimple magnetised neutron star models as well as a stabilisation tendency in\\nthe case of mixed fields and stratification. These findings agree with\\nanalytical studies whose spectrum of model systems we extend by lifting former\\nsimplifications.\\n
First limits on the very-high energy gamma-ray afterglow emission of a fast radio burst
2016-11-29

Aims. Following the detection of the fast radio burst FRB150418 by the SUPERB project at the Parkes radio telescope, we aim to search for very-high energy gamma-ray afterglow emission. Methods. Follow-up observations in the very-high energy gamma-ray domain were obtained with the H.E.S.S. imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope system within 14.5 h of the radio burst. Results. The obtained 1.4 h of gamma-ray observations are presented and discussed. At the 99% C.L. we obtained an integral upper limit on the gamma-ray flux of Φγ(E &gt; 350 GeV) &lt; 1.33 × 10-8 m-2 s-1. Differential flux upper limits as function of the photon energy were derived and used to constrain the intrinsic high-energy afterglow emission of FRB 150418. Results. The obtained 1.4 h of gamma-ray observations are presented and discussed. At the 99% C.L. we obtained an integral upper limit on the gamma-ray flux of Φ γ(E &gt; 350 GeV) &lt; 1.33 × 10-8 m-2 s-1. Differential flux upper limits as function of the photon energy were derived and used to constrain the intrinsic high-energy afterglow emission of FRB 150418. Conclusions. No hints for high-energy afterglow emission of FRB 150418 were found. Taking absorption on the extragalactic background light into account and assuming a distance of z = 0.492 based on radio and optical counterpart studies and consistent with the FRB dispersion, we constrain the gamma-ray luminosity at 1 TeV to L &lt; 5.1 × 1047 erg/s at 99% C.L.
Dynamic in vivo mutations within the ica operon during persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients
2016-11-30

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with chronic bacterial airway infections leading to lung insufficiency and decreased life expectancy. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens isolated from the airways of CF patients. Mucoid colony morphology has been described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common pathogen in CF, but not for S. aureus. From the airways of 8 of 313 CF patients (2.5%) mucoid S. aureus isolates (n = 115) were cultured with a mean persistence of 29 months (range 1 month, 126 months). In contrast to non-mucoid S. aureus, mucoid isolates were strong biofilm formers. The upstream region of the ica operon, which encodes the proteins responsible for the synthesis of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), of mucoid isolates was sequenced. Spa-types of mucoid and non-mucoid strains were identical, but differed between patients. Mucoid isolates carried a 5 bp deletion in the intergenic region between icaR and icaA. During long-term persistence, from two patients subsequent non-mucoid isolates (n = 12) with 5 bp deletions were cultured, which did not produce biofilm. Sequencing of the entire ica operon identified compensatory mutations in various ica-genes including icaA (n = 7), icaD (n = 3) and icaC (n = 2). Six sequential isolates of each of these two patients with non-mucoid and mucoid phenotypes were subjected to whole genome sequencing revealing a very close relationship of the individual patient's isolates. Transformation of strains with vectors expressing the respective wild-type genes restored mucoidy. In contrast to the non-mucoid phenotype, mucoid strains were protected against neutrophilic killing and survived better under starvation conditions. In conclusion, the special conditions present in CF airways seem to facilitate ongoing mutations in the ica operon during S. aureus persistence.
A matter of focus: Power‐holders feel more responsible after adopting a cognitive other‐focus, rather than a self‐focus
2016-11-30

Social power implies responsibility. Yet, power‐holders often follow only their own interests and overlook this responsibility. The present research illuminates how a previously adopted cognitive focus guides perceived responsibility when a person receives high (vs. low) power. In three experiments, adopting a cognitive focus on another person (vs. on the self or taking over another person's perspective) promoted perceived responsibility among individuals receiving high (but not low) power in a subsequent context. This effect was specific for perceived responsibility – a cognitive focus on another person did not change the perceived opportunity to pursue goals or the perceived relationship to an interaction partner (e.g., interpersonal closeness). While prior research examined how social values (i.e., chronically caring about others) guide responsibility among those holding power, the current findings highlight that mere cognitive processes (i.e., situationally focusing attention on others) alter perceived responsibility among those just about to receive power.
Trust Among International Organizations
2016-11-30

Uncertainty impedes cooperation and trust reduces uncertainty. In the wider social sciences, trust is conceptualized as a way to promote cooperation where control is either not feasible to the degree needed or an inefficient instrument to prevent exploitation. More recently, scholars in International Relations (IR) also started to explore the analytical value of trust to better understand interstate relations. Until now, however, systematic research about trust in and among international organizations is extremely sparse. Our chapter presents the main conceptual foundations of trust research and discusses how to apply them to the study of inter-organizational relations in IR. Guiding ideas on this topic can be imported from management and organization science, where a rich literature discusses different antecedents and effects of trust-building between organizations. With the help of this literature, we tackle the main conceptual challenge of IR trust research: to theorize inter-organizational trust as a dynamic process across different levels of analysis. The three sub-questions that make up this challenge and hence guide our chapter are the following: First, how to conceptualize trust in a way that does not occlude its unique features when compared to other mechanisms of uncertainty reduction. The second question we address is how to make sense of trust as an inter-organizational property: How does individual trust relate to and interact with trust at the organizational level? The third question concerns the complex interactions between trust-building processes and different practices of inter-organizational cooperation: How does trust affect cooperation, and how is it in turn affected by cooperative practices? In answering these questions, we provide a conceptual foundation for further research.
Effects of biodiversity strengthen over time as ecosystem functioning declines at low and increases at high biodiversity
2016-12-01

Abstract Human‐caused declines in biodiversity have stimulated intensive research on the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services and policy initiatives to preserve the functioning of ecosystems. Short‐term biodiversity experiments have documented positive effects of plant species richness on many ecosystem functions, and longer‐term studies indicate, for some ecosystem functions, that biodiversity effects can become stronger over time. Theoretically, a biodiversity effect can strengthen over time by an increasing performance of high‐diversity communities, by a decreasing performance of low‐diversity communities, or a combination of both processes. Which of these two mechanisms prevail, and whether the increase in the biodiversity effect over time is a general property of many functions remains currently unclear. These questions are an important knowledge gap as a continuing decline in the performance of low‐diversity communities would indicate an ecosystem‐service debt resulting from delayed effects of species loss on ecosystem functioning. Conversely, an increased performance of high‐diversity communities over time would indicate that the benefits of biodiversity are generally underestimated in short‐term studies. Analyzing 50 ecosystem variables over 11 years in the world's largest grassland biodiversity experiment, we show that overall plant diversity effects strengthened over time. Strengthening biodiversity effects were independent of the considered compartment (above‐ or belowground), organizational level (ecosystem variables associated with the abiotic habitat, primary producers, or higher trophic levels such as herbivores and pollinators), and variable type (measurements of pools or rates). We found evidence that biodiversity effects strengthened because of both a progressive decrease in functioning in species‐poor and a progressive increase in functioning in species‐rich communities. Our findings provide evidence that negative feedback effects at low biodiversity are as important for biodiversity effects as complementarity among species at high biodiversity. Finally, our results indicate that a current loss of species will result in a future impairment of ecosystem functioning, potentially decades beyond the moment of species extinction.
Das Zweite Vatikanische Konzil
2016-12-01

Summary Defining and interpreting Vatican II today is very often a result of very differing illusions and projections, but also of opportunities and disappointed expectations. Often, it is also the experience of a lost identity that influences the memory, thus making it so difficult to comprehend, interpret and carry on the heritage of the Council in an appropriate way. In the wake of the Council, two paradigmatic options were developed and these still dominate the ways of interpretation even up to the present day.