julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Testing the impact of interpersonal regulatory fit on empathy, helping intentions, and prosocial behaviour
2022-07-18

Similarity with others in need regarding various attributes [e.g., social group membership] has been shown to increase individuals’ empathic responses, willingness to help and prosocial behaviour. We tested whether a subtle similarity, namely of observers’ and targets’ self-regulatory orientation in terms of a promotion or prevention regulatory focus [i.e., interpersonal regulatory fit], would entail similar effects. Interpersonal regulatory [mis]fit was conveyed through focus-congruent or -incongruent emotional reactions which targets, facing distressing situations, expressed. We predicted that when observer participants’ regulatory focus fits with targets’ negative emotional reaction [i.e., promotion focus—dejection or prevention focus—agitation], they would be more likely to express empathy, willingness to help, and to engage in prosocial behaviour towards this target compared to conditions of misfit. Five studies relied on observers’ chronic regulatory focus [Study 1, 3, &amp; 4] and situationally induced regulatory focus [Study 2 &amp; 5] and presented different distressing scenarios with targets conveying focus [in]congruent negative emotions. Inconsistent results emerged across the studies, which indicated misfit, fit and no effects. Study characteristics did not suggest a moderator explaining these inconsistent findings. An internal meta-analysis across all studies indicated that overall there was no evidence of either a fit or a misfit effect. This work sheds light on the technical challenges of exploring relations between subtle interpersonal regulatory [mis]fit and prosocial reactions. Implications for future research are discussed, including the importance of creating stronger interpersonal [mis]fit experiences by means of incorporating descriptions of distressed targets’ hindered goal pursuits as well as negative reactions.
A dynamical proof of the van der Corput inequality
2022-07-18

We provide a dynamical proof of the van der Corput inequality for sequences in Hilbert spaces that is based on the Furstenberg correspondence principle. This is done by reducing the inequality to the mean ergodic theorem for contractions on Hilbert spaces. The key difficulty therein is that the Furstenberg correspondence principle is, a priori, limited to scalar-valued sequences. We, therefore, discuss how interpreting the Furstenberg correspondence principle via the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction for C∗-algebras allows to study not just scalar but general Hilbert space-valued sequences in terms of unitary operators. This yields a proof of the van der Corput inequality in the spirit of the Furstenberg correspondence principle and the flexibility of this method is discussed via new proofs for different variants of the inequality.
Global profiling and annotation of templated isomiRs dynamics across Caenorhabditis elegans development
2022-07-18

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through translational repression and mRNA destabilization. During canonical miRNA biogenesis, several miRNA isoforms, or isomiRs, are produced from a single precursor miRNA. Templated isomiRs are generated through Drosha or Dicer cleavage at alternate positions on either the primary or the precursor miRNAs, generating truncated or extended 5’ and/or 3’ miRNA ends. As changes to the mature miRNA sequence can alter miRNA gene target repertoire, we investigated the extent of templated isomiR prevalence, providing a profiling map for templated isomiRs across stages of <i>C. elegans</i> development. While most miRNA loci did not produce abundant templated isomiRs, a substantial number of miRNA loci produced isomiRs were just as, or more, abundant than their annotated canonical mature miRNAs. 3’ end miRNA alterations were more frequent than the seed-altering 5’ end extensions or truncations. However, we identified several miRNA loci that produced a considerable amount of isomiRs with 5’ end alterations, predicted to target new, distinct sets of genes. Overall, the presented annotation of templated isomiR dynamics across <i>C. elegans</i> developmental stages provides a basis for further studies into miRNA biogenesis and the intriguing potential of functional miRNA diversification through isomiR production.
Two-Phase Conceptual Framework of Phosphatase Activity and Phosphorus Bioavailability
2022-07-19

The activity of extracellular phosphatases is a dynamic process controlled by both plant roots and microorganisms, which is responsible for the mineralization of soil phosphorus (P). Plants regulate the availability of soil P through the release of root mucilage and the exudation of low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs). Mucilage increases soil hydraulic conductivity as well as pore connectivity, both of which are associated with increased phosphatase activity. The LMWOAs, in turn, stimulate the mineralization of soil P through their synergistic effects of acidification, chelation, and exchange reactions. This article reviews the catalytic properties of extracellular phosphatases and their interactions with the rhizosphere interfaces. We observed a biphasic effect of root metabolic products on extracellular phosphatases, which notably altered their catalytic mechanism. In accordance with the proposed conceptual framework, soil P is acquired by both plants and microorganisms in a coupled manner that is characterized by the exudation of their metabolic products. Due to inactive or reduced root exudation, plants recycle P through adsorption on the soil matrix, thereby reducing the rhizosphere phosphatase activity. The two-phase conceptual framework might assist in understanding P-acquisition (substrate turnover) and P-restoration (phosphatase adsorption by soil) in various terrestrial ecosystems.
Quantum fluctuations and correlations in open quantum Dicke models
2022-07-19

In the vicinity of ground-state phase transitions quantum correlations can\\ndisplay non-analytic behavior and critical scaling. This signature of emergent\\ncollective effects has been widely investigated within a broad range of\\nequilibrium settings. However, under nonequilibrium conditions, as found in\\nopen quantum many-body systems, characterizing quantum correlations near phase\\ntransitions is challenging. Moreover, the impact of local and collective\\ndissipative processes on quantum correlations is not broadly understood. This\\nis, however, indispensable for the exploitation of quantum effects in\\ntechnological applications, such as sensing and metrology. Here we consider as\\na paradigmatic setting the superradiant phase transition of the open quantum\\nDicke model and characterize quantum and classical correlations across the\\nphase diagram. We develop an approach to quantum fluctuations which allows us\\nto show that local dissipation, which cannot be treated within the commonly\\nemployed Holstein-Primakoff approximation, rather unexpectedly leads to an\\nenhancement of collective quantum correlations, and to the emergence of a\\nnonequilibrium superradiant phase in which the bosonic and spin degrees of\\nfreedom of the Dicke model are entangled.\\n
Current debates about (inter-)religious literacy and assessments of the outcomes of religious education: two approaches to religion-related knowledge in critical review
2022-07-19

This article addresses two current debates that have generated increasing interest in a number of countries but have rarely been considered together: the debate on religious and interreligious literacy and the debate on the assessment of the outcomes of Religious Education (RE). Against this background, both debates are reviewed and critically discussed in relation to the following questions: 1) What guiding educational ideas are connected to the new or renewed interest in religion-related knowledge, and which ideas form the shared motives that influence the two debates? 2) What is the empirical basis of these debates? The results indicate that the educational basis of the two debates is currently underdeveloped, and their empirical foundations are rather weak. In addition, there is a need to direct attention towards strengthening religious and interreligious literacy in, for example, RE. The debates on both (inter-)religious literacy and the assessment of the RE outcomes should be based on clear educational guidelines and informed by solid empirical results that directly address religious literacy and the religion-related knowledge of young people. Moreover, we conclude that the two debates should be developed together, as they both require enhanced theoretical understandings and empirical insights.
Oral health-related quality of life in patients with cleft lip and/or palate or Robin sequence
2022-07-19

Abstract Purpose To compare the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with cleft lip and/or palate or Robin sequence versus a healthy control group using the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP-G19). Factors such as age, gender, and cleft type were considered. Methods Over an 8-month period, the OHRQoL was surveyed by using the COHIP-G19 questionnaire. Included were patients with a craniofacial disorder ( n = 61; average age 11.24 years) and a healthy control group ( n = 70, average age 12.63 years) for a total of 131 patients (average age 11.99 years) from the Department of Orthodontics University Hospital Tübingen, Germany. These were divided into two age groups (6–11 years; 12–18 years). Results Statistically, patients with a craniofacial disorder presented a significantly lower OHRQoL than the control group ( p = 0.0055). In the craniofacial disorder group, older patients revealed a significantly ( p = 0.005) lower OHRQoL than the younger patients. Female patients showed in nearly all groups a better OHRQoL than male patients, but this difference was not statistically significant ( p &gt; 0.05). Males with a craniofacial disorder scored significantly lower than males without ( p = 0.016); females showed no differences between the groups. Visibility, location, and severity of the craniofacial malformation did not have a significant influence on the OHRQoL. Conclusion The occurrence of a craniofacial malformation impacted the OHRQoL especially in older and male affected patients, unrelated to the expression level or localization. An early instruction about oral health, rehabilitation and functional training should be considered in therapy.
Oxidation of [Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}3]− with LnI3 (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb): Isomerism of Metalloid Germanium Clusters
2022-07-19

The oxidation of K[Ge9(Hyp)3] (Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) with lanthanide triiodides LnI3 (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb) leads to the formation of novel clusters with a Ge18-core isolated as a co-crystallizate of Ge*18(Hyp)6 (1a) and Ge18(Hyp)5(Si(SiMe3)2)(SiMe3) (1b). Clusters 1a and 1b differ distinctly from the known cluster Ge18(Hyp)6 (A), which has been found earlier in the reaction of K[Ge9(Hyp)3] with FeCl2 and now identified as an intermediate product in the production of compounds 1a and 1b. These three compounds A, 1a, and 1b are thus structural isomers being the first example of genuine isomerism in metalloid main-group cluster compounds.
Visibilising the neglected: The emancipatory potential of resilience
2022-07-19

Abstract The shift of responsibility from the state and public authorities to the individual and the local level is one of the most common critiques of resilience policies. Individuals are portrayed as self-responsible entrepreneurs of their own protection. This article proposes a more nuanced reading of this process by arguing that resilience also entails an emancipatory potential. Drawing on an analysis of the German disaster management system and its structural marginalisation of care-dependent people, the article discusses the potential of resilience to make so far neglected needs visible. This visibilisation is the precondition for the recognition and, subsequently, the societal negotiation of the various needs and resources. Recognition and material redistribution may then be the yardstick for assessing the legitimacy of a shift of responsibilities that rests on the appropriate consideration of power, privileges, and abilities of the respective referent object of responsibility. Taking up the Frankfurt School's tradition of immanent critique, security scholars should not restrict themselves to exercise the necessary critique of problematic resilience policies, but engage in carving out how resilience can contribute to freeing rather than burdening the (precarious) individual.
Innate immune activation as cofactor in pemphigus disease manifestation
2022-07-19

Molecular mechanisms underlying auto-antibody-induced acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris are subject of current research to date. To decipher the discrepancy between ubiquitous antibody binding to the epidermal desmosomes, but discontinuous disease manifestation, we were able to identify Ultraviolet A (UVA) as a cofactor for acantholysis. UVA induces interleukin (IL)-1 secretion in keratinocytes, mirroring innate immune system activation. In an in vitro keratinocyte dissociation assay increased fragmentation was observed when UVA was added to anti-Desmoglein 3 Immunoglobulins (anti-Dsg3 IgG). These results were confirmed in skin explants where UVA enhanced anti-Dsg3-mediated loss of epidermal adhesion. The UVA-mediated effect was blocked in vitro by the pan-caspase-inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Thus, we introduce UVA as a caspase-dependent exogenous cofactor for acantholysis which suggests that local innate immune responses largely contribute to overt clinical blister formation upon autoantibody binding to epidermal cells in pemphigus vulgaris.
Learning Groundwater Contaminant Diffusion-Sorption Processes with a Finite Volume Neural Network
2022-07-19

Improved understanding of complex hydrosystem processes is key to advance water resources research. Nevertheless, the conventional way of modeling these processes suffers from a high conceptual uncertainty, due to almost ubiquitous simplifying assumptions used in model parameterizations/closures. Machine learning (ML) models are considered as a potential alternative, but their generalization abilities remain limited. For example, they normally fail to predict accurately across different boundary conditions. Moreover, as a black box, they do not add to our process understanding or to discover improved parameterizations/closures. To tackle this issue, we propose the hybrid modeling framework FINN (finite volume neural network). It merges existing numerical methods for partial differential equations (PDEs) with the learning abilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs). FINN is applied on discrete control volumes and learns components of the investigated system equations, such as numerical stencils, model parameters, and arbitrary closure/constitutive relations. Consequently, FINN yields highly interpretable results. We demonstrate FINN's potential on a diffusion‐sorption problem in clay. Results on numerically generated data show that FINN outperforms other ML models when tested under modified boundary conditions, and that it can successfully differentiate between the usual, known sorption isotherms. Moreover, we also equip FINN with uncertainty quantification methods to lay open the total uncertainty of scientific learning, and then apply it to a laboratory experiment. The results show that FINN performs better than calibrated PDE‐based models as it is able to flexibly learn and model sorption isotherms without being restricted to choose among available parametric models.
Arterial hypertension and β-amyloid accumulation have spatially overlapping effects on posterior white matter hyperintensity volume: A cross-sectional study
2022-07-19

Abstract Background Posterior white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in subjects across the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) spectrum with minimal vascular pathology suggests that amyloid pathology—not just arterial hypertension—impacts WMH, adversely influencing cognition. Here we seek to determine the effect of both hypertension and Aβ positivity on WMH, and their impact on cognition. Methods We analysed data from subjects with a low vascular profile and normal cognition (NC), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) enrolled in the ongoing observational multicentre DZNE Longitudinal Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Study (n=375, median age 70.2 [IQR 66.0-74.4] years; 176 female; NC/SCD/MCI 127/162/86). All subjects underwent a rich neuropsychological assessment. We focused on baseline memory and executive function—derived from multiple neuropsychological tests using confirmatory factor analysis—, baseline preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite 5 (PACC5) scores, and changes in PACC5 scores over course of three years (ΔPACC5). Results Subjects with hypertension or Aβ positivity presented the largest WMH volumes ( p FDR &lt;0.05), with spatial overlap in the frontal (hypertension: 0.42±0.17; Aβ: 0.46±0.18), occipital (hypertension: 0.50±0.16; Aβ: 0.50±0.16), parietal lobes (hypertension: 0.57±0.18; Aβ: 0.56±0.20), corona radiata (hypertension: 0.45±0.17; Aβ: 0.40±0.13), optic radiation (hypertension: 0.39±0.18; Aβ: 0.74±0.19), and splenium of the corpus callosum (hypertension: 0.36±0.12; Aβ: 0.28±0.12). Hypertension, Aβ positivity, and WMH were connected to cognition. First, WMH coincided with worse cognitive performance and outcomes ( p FDR &lt;0.05), regardless of Aβ and hypertension. Accelerated cognitive decline was associated with WMH in the genu of the corpus callosum and segments of the forceps major and inferior fronto-occipital longitudinal fasciculus ( p FDR &lt;0.05). Second, hypertension was indirectly linked to cognitive performance at baseline and over time via splenial WMH ( indirect-only effect ; memory: −0.05±0.02, p FDR =0.029; executive: −0.04±0.02, p FDR =0.067; PACC5: −0.05±0.02, p FDR =0.030; ΔPACC5: −0.09±0.03, p FDR =0.043). Third, the relationship between Aβ positivity and baseline and longitudinal cognitive performance was independent of WMH burden. Conclusions Posterior white matter is susceptible to hypertension and Aβ accumulation and it mediates the association between hypertension and cognitive dysfunction. Posterior WMH could be a promising target to tackle the downstream damage related to the potentially interacting and potentiating effects of the two pathologies. Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00007966, 04/05/2015)
StyleGAN-XL: Scaling StyleGAN to Large Diverse Datasets
2022-07-20

Computer graphics has experienced a recent surge of data-centric approaches for photorealistic and controllable content creation. StyleGAN in particular sets new standards for generative modeling regarding image quality and controllability. However, StyleGAN's performance severely degrades on large unstructured datasets such as ImageNet. StyleGAN was designed for controllability; hence, prior works suspect its restrictive design to be unsuitable for diverse datasets. In contrast, we find the main limiting factor to be the current training strategy. Following the recently introduced Projected GAN paradigm, we leverage powerful neural network priors and a progressive growing strategy to successfully train the latest StyleGAN3 generator on ImageNet. Our final model, StyleGAN-XL, sets a new state-of-the-art on large-scale image synthesis and is the first to generate images at a resolution of 10242 at such a dataset scale. We demonstrate that this model can invert and edit images beyond the narrow domain of portraits or specific object classes. Code, models, and supplementary videos can be found at https://sites.google.com/view/stylegan-xl/ .
Functional traits and their plasticity shift from tolerant to avoidant under extreme drought
2022-07-20

Abstract Under climate change, extreme droughts will limit water availability for plants. However, the species‐specific responses make it difficult to draw general conclusions. We hypothesized that changes in species' abundance in response to extreme drought can be best explained by a set of water economic traits under ambient conditions in combination with the ability to adjust these traits towards higher drought resistance. We conducted a 4‐year field experiment in temperate grasslands using rainout shelters with 30% and 50% rainfall reduction. We quantified the response as the change in species abundance between ambient conditions and the rainfall reduction. Abundance response to extreme drought was best explained by a combination of traits in ambient conditions and their functional adjustment, most likely reflecting plasticity. Smaller leaved species decreased less in abundance under drought. With increasing drought intensity, we observed a shift from drought tolerance, i.e., an increase in leaf dry matter content, to avoidance, i.e., a less negative turgor loss point (TLP) in ambient conditions and a constancy in TLP under drought. We stress the importance of using a multidimensional approach of variation in multiple traits and the importance of considering a range of drought intensities to improve predictions of species' response to climate change.
Glucose-1,6-Bisphosphate, a Key Metabolic Regulator, Is Synthesized by a Distinct Family of α-Phosphohexomutases Widely Distributed in Prokaryotes
2022-07-20

Glc-1,6-BP is known as an essential activator of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and other members of the αPHM superfamily, making it a central regulator in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, amino sugar formation as well as bacterial cell wall and capsule formation. Despite this essential role in carbon metabolism, its origin in prokaryotes has so far remained elusive.
Discovery of rare lecture notes from 1866 provides exceptional insights into the conceptualization and visualization of paleontology by Ernst Haeckel
2022-07-20

Here we report on a recently discovered student script of a lecture on paleontology given by Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). The script dates to the summer semester of 1866, comprises 63 pages, and provides an overview of fossil invertebrate and mainly fossil vertebrate taxonomy and anatomy. It can be assumed that Russian student Nikolai Nikolajevitch Miklucho-Maclay (1846–1888), who later became a famous ethnologist, did not follow up on the lecture, but took the content directly from the lecture and from the blackboard in his notes. Hence, the drawings by Miklucho allow direct insight into Haeckel’s visualization of paleontology in the 1860s. We place the transcript in the historical context of understanding paleontology in the second half of the 19 th century and address the break between zoology and embryology on the one hand and paleontology on the other, which is typical for Germany, partly persisting to this date. For that, we illustrate Haeckel’s integration of paleontology as part of a holistic triad, with fossil research gradually taking a back seat to zoology and embryology over the decades.
Diplomacy Online: A Case of Mistaking Broadcasting for Dialogue
2022-07-20

Discussions on social media have been considered a contributing factor to the increasing polarization the Western world is witnessing. In this study, we use automated and manual coding to analyze diplomatic behavior in online discussions and its consequences for polarization dynamics. We analyze Reddit forums with differing norms: reddits known for civil debate (N = 4594), reddits considered incivil discussion spaces (N = 2126), and reddits dedicated to social support (N = 1401). The automated content analysis shows diplomatic behavior in all forums, but diplomacy does not affect the subsequent discussion. The manual discourse analysis reveals why: discussions consist of disjointed statements rather than dialogic exchange, which makes diplomacy inconsequential. These results have consequences for the field. First, evidence of online polarization needs to be studied very closely, because what appears to be polarized dialogue might actually be a string of personal viewpoints broadcasted in a shared space. Second, the usefulness of automated content analysis in studying interaction dynamics is limited because of difficulties distinguishing broadcasting from dialogue.