julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Coordinate Regulation of Drug Metabolism by Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors: UGTs Acting Together with CYPs and Glucuronide Transporters
2004-01-01

Xenobiotic nuclear receptors (PXR, CAR, and the Ah receptor) coordinately induce genes involved in all phases of xenobiotic metabolism including oxidative metabolism, conjugation, and transport. The comment--dedicated to honor the memory of Herbert Remmer, mentor of the author K. W. B.--discusses mechanistic, functional, and evolutionary aspects of xenobiotic nuclear receptors which induce UGTs together with CYPs and glucuronide transporters in human and rodent liver and intestine. Recent findings on regulation of CYPs, UGTs, and transporters suggest that while nuclear receptor signaling induces different CYPs, regulation may converge on single UGTs and transporters. Functional consequences of co-regulation are discussed using examples from the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics (drugs, bilirubin, bile salts, steroid hormones, and carcinogens). Animal-plant interactions may have been a major driving force in the evolutionary divergence of CYPs and UGTs in mammals and insects as well as in their regulation by nuclear receptors. In addition, regulation by nuclear receptors was probably shaped by the need for homeostatic control of endobiotic signals in the evolution of multicellular organisms.
Kidney and Colon Electrolyte Transport in CHIF Knockout Mice
2004-01-01

Corticosteroid hormone induced factor (CHIF) is a small epithelial-specific protein regulated by aldosterone and K+ intake. It is a member of the FXYD family of single span transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of ion transport. Recent data have suggested that CHIF interacts with the a subunit of the Na+-K+-ATPase and increases the pump's affinity to cell Na+. CHIF knockout (KO) mice have mild renal phenotype under low Na+ or high K+ diets. The present study further characterizes kidney electrolyte metabolism in CHIF KO mice and describes abnormalities in the colonic ion transport function. Kidney: KO mice were not compromised in salt and water balance under resting conditions. Fractional excretions (FE) of Na+ and K+ were normal and the animals had no deficit in the adaptation to low Na+ or high K+ intake. Glucocorticoid treatment did not unmask any difference. The effects of amiloride on Na+ absorption were not different at any treatment protocol. In contrast, FEK+ was reduced by 35% in KO mice under low Na+ intake. COLON: Amiloride inhibitable Na+ absorption was reduced in distal colon by 42%, 54% and 58% under control conditions, glucocorticoid treatment and low Na+ intake, respectively. Also, the cAMP dependent ion transport was significantly diminished. Forskolin induced equivalent short circuit current (I'SC) was reduced by 41%, 32% and 58%, under control conditions, high K+, and low Na+ intake, respectively. The present findings support a role of CHIF as an indirect modulator of several different ion transport mechanisms and are consistent with regulation of the Na+-K+-ATPase as the common denominator.
Unattended Distractor-Induced Priming in a Visual Selective Attention Task
2004-01-01

Abstract: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 24 subjects in a visual selective-attention task in which two words were each presented both in a prime display and in a probe display with the target word defined by color. Subjects' task for the prime display was a physical one (target word presented in upper or lower case letters), while the probe display task was a lexical decision. In addition to a neutral condition, four conditions were realized by varying the target probe: The target probe word was (1) a repetition of the target prime (attended repetition), (2) a semantically associated word to the target prime (attended semantic), (3) a repetition of the distractor prime (unattended repetition), or (4) a word semantically associated to the distractor prime (unattended semantic). An attended semantic and an attended repetition priming effect was observed by means of both RT and N400. The N400 differentiated between these two attended priming conditions while RT did not. No unattended priming effects were found with behavioral data. The N400 amplitude modulation, however, was also present for unattended priming but was attenuated compared to the attended condition. The data suggest (1) that automatic processes are sufficient to evoke an N400 effect, and (2) that the N400 effect is a more sensitive indicator for priming effects than response times.
Determination of the cis‐trans isomerization barrier of enalaprilat by dynamic capillary electrophoresis and computer simulation
2004-01-01

Abstract Dynamic capillary electrophoresis (DCE) and computer simulation of the elution profiles with the stochastic model has been applied to determine the isomerization barriers of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalaprilat. The separation of the rotational cis‐trans isomeric drug has been performed in an aqueous 20 m M borate buffer at pH 9.3. Interconversion profiles featuring plateau formation and peak broadening were observed. To evaluate the rate constants k cis→trans and k trans→cis of the cis‐trans isomerization from the experimental electropherograms obtained by dynamic capillary electrophoresis, elution profiles were analyzed by a simulation with iterative convergence to the experimental data using the ChromWin software which requires the total migration times of the individual isomers t R , the electroosmotic break‐through time t 0 , the plateau height h plateau , the peak widths at half height of the individual isomers w h , as well as the peak ratio of the isomers as experimental data input. From temperature‐dependent measurements between 0° and 15°C the thermodynamic parameters Δ G , Δ H and Δ S , the rate constants k cis→trans and k trans→cis and the kinetic activation parameters Δ G ≠ , Δ H ≠ , and Δ S ≠ of the cis‐trans isomerization of enalaprilat were obtained. From the activation parameters the isomerization barriers at 37°C were calculated to be Δ G ≠ trans→cis = 87.2 kJ·mol −1 and Δ G ≠ cis→trans = 91.9 kJ·mol −1 .
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy -Sports-Related Aspects of Diagnosis, Therapy, and Sports Eligibility
2004-01-01

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the primary causes of sudden cardiac death in athletes < 35 years of age. The highest risk of sudden cardiac death is associated with syncope, early age, extreme ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular tachycardia, and a family history of sudden death. The relative risk in competitive sports is unknown. Usually, sports eligibility is rejected. However, some athletes with HCM tolerate extreme athletic lifestyles without complications. Sports-related aspects of diagnosis, therapy, and sports eligibility are presented, and discussed. Two case reports are presented: a 20-year-old professional soccer player and a 66-year-old long-distance runner. Athletes with HCM should not participate in most competitive sports with the possible exception of those of low dynamic and low static intensity. Participation in low to moderate athletic activities may be allowed in selected patients without risk factors and > 35 years of age.
Instruments for the evaluation of ergonomics in surgery
2004-01-01

Ergonomics in the operating room (OR) remains an unsolved problem for both users and engineers. For the design of ergonomic products evaluating studies need to accompany the development process from the very beginning. For this purpose, ergonomic research provides a number of methods which are described and discussed in the present article.
Novel hybrid hetero-sandwich architectures via stoichiometric control of host–guest self-organization
2004-01-01

Thiocyanate cadmium and methylviologen hybrid host-guest compounds give two novel multiple sandwich architectures with regular or irregular grids of the anionic layer in the structures as effected by the molar ratios of starting ingredients, and show evidence of charge-transfer to the organic dications.
Quality Assurance in Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiotherapy according to DIN 6875-1
2004-01-01

The new DIN (‘Deutsche Industrie-Norm’) 6875-1, which is currently being finalised, deals with quality assurance (QA) criteria and tests methods for linear accelerator and Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy including treatment planning, stereotactic frame and stereotactic imaging and a system test to check the whole chain of uncertainties. Our existing QA program, based on dedicated phantoms and test procedures, has been refined to fulfill the demands of this new DIN. The radiological and mechanical isocentre corresponded within 0.2 mm and the measured 50% isodose lines were in agreement with the calculated ones within less than 0.5 mm. The measured absorbed dose was within 3%. The resultant output factors measured for the 14-, 8- and 4-mm collimator helmet were 0.9870 ± 0.0086, 0.9578 ± 0.0057 and 0.8741 ± 0.0202, respectively. For 170 consecutive tests, the mean geometrical accuracy was 0.48 ± 0.23 mm. Besides QA phantoms and analysis software developed in-house, the use of commercially available tools facilitated the QA according to the DIN 6875-1 with which our results complied.
Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation in Titanium Nitride Chloride
2004-01-01

Titanium nitride chloride, obtained by ammonolysis of the corresponding tetrachloride, has been examined as an electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries. Electrochemical lithium intercalation in both amorphous and crystalline TiNCl has been performed, leading to new materials of composition The maximum lithium uptake in amorphous TiNCl reaches rather high values that depend upon the experimental conditions. At a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2, a maximum quantity of 1.5 Li reacts with TiNCl between 3 and 0.5 V. However, reversibility of the electrochemical reduction with lithium is only obtained when cells are discharged to 1.2 V, for which the composition is achieved. A good cycling behavior occurs when cells are cycled between 3 and 1.2 V, because the first cycle discharge capacity (160 Ah kg−1) is fairly maintained. Performances of crystalline TiNCl are very similar to the observed ones for the amorphous compound. However, for the crystalline material, intercalates are formed through several well-defined electrochemical processes. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
A machine learning approach to German pronoun resolution
2004-01-01

This paper presents a novel ensemble learning approach to resolving German pronouns. Boosting, the method in question, combines the moderately accurate hypotheses of several classifiers to form a highly accurate one. Experiments show that this approach is superior to a single decision-tree classifier. Furthermore, we present a standalone system that resolves pronouns in unannotated text by using a fully automatic sequence of preprocessing modules that mimics the manual annotation process. Although the system performs well within a limited textual domain, further research is needed to make it effective for open-domain question answering and text summarisation.
All-optical realization of an atom laser
2004-01-01

A Bose-Einstein condensate with atoms in a magnetic field-insensitive spin projection was created by direct evaporative cooling in a single-beam optical dipole trap. Condensed atoms were extracted to realize a novel type of atom laser.
Analysis of candidate genes for genotypic diagnosis in the long QT syndrome.
2004-01-01

Patients with the long QT syndrome (LQTS) suffer from cardiac arrhythmias that can lead to abrupt loss of consciousness and sudden death, already in young individuals. Thus, an early diagnosis of LQTS is essential for patients and their family members. So far, six genes (KCNQ1, HERG, SCN5A, ANK2, KCNE1, KCNE2) have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of LQTS. Since this syndrome is genetically heterogeneous and large-sized families are often not available for linkage analysis, alternative tools are required for a genetic diagnosis. To investigate genes with numerous exons, like KCNQ1, HERG, SCN5A and ANK2, segregation analysis of a Polish Romano-Ward family with eight members was performed as a reliable method faster than linkage analysis or direct sequencing. To test these four LQT loci, an appropriate selection of microsatellite markers covering different chromosomal regions was applied. Furthermore, two small genes KCNE1 and KCNE2 (at the LQT5 and LQT6 loci), and the SGK1 gene (encoding a kinase regulating KCNE1 and SCN5A channels) were sequenced. All six LQT loci and the SGK1 gene were excluded by these analyses, thus a different pathogenic mechanism of LQT syndromes can be presumed.
Nonlinear Dynamics, Artificial Cognition and Galactic Export
2004-01-01

The field of nonlinear dynamics focuses on function rather than structure. Evolution and brain function are examples. An equation for a brain, described in 1973, is explained. Then, a principle of interactional function change between two coupled equations of this type is described. However, all of this is not done in an abstract manner but in close contact with the meaning of these equations in a biological context. Ethological motivation theory and Batesonian interaction theory are reencountered. So is a fairly unknown finding by van Hooff on the indistinguishability of smile and laughter in a single primate species. Personhood and evil, two human characteristics, are described abstractly. Therapies and the question of whether it is ethically allowed to export benevolence are discussed. The whole dynamic approach is couched in terms of the Cartesian narrative, invented in the 17th century and later called Enlightenment. Whether or not it is true that a “second Enlightenment” is around the corner is the main question raised in the present paper.
Infectious Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in Hemodialysis Patients—Chlamydia pneumoniaebut notHelicobacter pylorior Cytomegalovirus is Associated with Increased C‐Reactive Protein
2004-01-01

IgA seropositivity for Cpn and elevated CRP values but not Hp or CMV was associated with an increased rate of symptomatic atherosclerotic manifestations as MI, stroke, cerebral or peripheral atherosclerosis in patients with endstage renal disease on hemodialysis.
Promoter selection for the cytosine deaminase suicide gene constructs in gastric cancer
2004-01-01

From a selection of nine promoter constructs three proved to upregulate the reporter gene well above the level of average activity. They also appear highly capable to drive a suicide gene construct, here tested using prokaryotic cytosine deaminase.
Combating Misogyny? Responses to Nietzsche by Turn-of-the-Century German Feminists
2004-01-01

hen feminist writers reintroduced Nietzsche's name in the latel970s,2 many of their readers responded with surprise, skepticism, and anger, unaware of the historical links between his philosophy and the women's move ment. Nietzsche carried a twofold stigma: because his work had been embraced by National Socialist ideologists, he had been unpopular to begin with, but among feminists, it seemed, Nietzsche was utterly unacceptable. He had a reputation of epitomizing misogyny in philosophy. Following the appearance of his works in the 1880s, Nietzsche was publicly accused of being a hater of (Frauenhasser), despiser of (Frauenver?chter), enemy of (Frauenfeind), and Antifeminist.3 Feminist literature has habitually referred to him as such, and males, too, debated Nietzsche's misogyny, taking sides with or against women.4 Collections of his quotations concerning women can still be unsettling,5 although some of his most polem ical remarks are now interpreted as puns, metaphors, or perspectival experi ments.6 Yet, feminist philosophers have clearly been able to find plenty of resources in Nietzsche's writing. In the last two decades, their interest in his philosophy has increased and become more diverse. Via French deconstruc tivist thinking, Nietzsche's philosophy returned to the fields of political the ory, epistemology, aesthetics, ethics, and embodied philosophy.7 Simultaneously, the historical relations between women and Nietzsche have received renewed attention,8 reminding today's readers that feminist ambivalence toward Nietzsche is no invention of our time.
Changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after chemoendocrine therapy in breast cancer.
2004-01-01

Treatment of breast cancer cells following a preoperative protocol showed a dose-dependent expression of VEGF and Angiopoetin-1. Only high-drug concentrations were followed by a decreased secretion of both factors whereas low concentrations induced up-regulation of VEGF and Angiopoietin 1.
Evaluation of Red Blood Cell Deformability and Uterine Blood Flow in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia or IUGR and Reduced Uterine Blood Flow Following the Intravenous Application of Magnesium
2004-01-01

A high IV dosage of magnesium over a period of 24 hours dilates the uterine arteries of pregnant women with PE and/or IUGR, reduces uterine blood flow and improves the deformability of RBC. Both parameters enhance the oxygen supply to the fetus, a clinical parameter in these pregnancies. Thus magnesium might not only be effective as phrophylaxis against seizures but also in cases of IUGR with a reduced uterine blood flow. The clinically observed beneficial effect of magnesium in PE could be due to the improved blood supply for the fetus.
Modelling Effects of Wind Fields in Cloth Animations
2004-01-01

In this paper we show how to incorporate effects of wind fields in cloth animations. We discuss two different approaches to model force fields describing air motion and show how these models can be augmented to exhibit interaction with deformable thin objects such as textiles. The first model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, while the second method extends simple particle tracing methods by the effect of lee. In each case, we present a method for simulating the interaction of cloth movements with the wind field. Both methods have been integrated in an existing cloth simulation system, and we compare their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Designing Optimal Curves in 2D
2004-01-01

The use of non-linear optimal curves for an intuitive design with interpolating curves is proposed. The curve design system is based on an optimization algorithm that can minimize a variety of optimality functionals, which are based on the integration of the curve length, curvature and curvature derivatives. Besides the to be interpolated points further constraints on the curve normals can be incorporated easily into the optimization approach. It is furthermore shown how to design interpolating curves with continuity higher than C 1.
Transactional Level Verification and Coverage Metrics by Means of Symbolic Simulation.
2004-01-01

Assuring correctness of digital designs is one of the major tasks in the system design flow. Formal methods have been proposed to accompany commonly used simulation approaches. The vital part missing in all these techniques is the so-called coverage of functionalities. This paper aims to tackle this problem by proposing a new method to verify the sequence of transactions among the modules of a system level design. To accomplish this, we propose a model that captures the transactions of a given high level design. By symbolically simulating this abstract model we can generate the set of all possible transaction sequences of the system design. Verification of properties is carried out on these transactions stepwise. According to the status of the verification results, every transaction will be assigned a special state which will be inherited by its succeeding transactions. Once reaching the end, we calculate the coverage of the design functionalities by the set of properties. This approach finds at least two interesting applications. First, it can guide the verification engineer during property specification by providing the set of abstract properties that cover the basic functionalities. Secondly, the generated transaction sequences can be exploited to emit monitors for simulation runs of transactional level SystemC designs.
Spiral growth of grossular under hydrothermal conditions
2004-01-01

Grossular (Grs99Adr01) crystals were synthesized in hydrothermal experiments by the reaction wollastonite + calcite + anorthite = grossular + CO2 (400 MPa; 695-750 °C; XCO2 = 0.1; solid:fluid = 2:1) using natural minerals as starting materials. Growth spirals are visible due to silica decorations. The crystals are bounded by {110} and {211}. If crystallized at T ≤ 730 °C, they are birefringent and show sector twinning; grown at T ≥ 730 °C, they are optically isotropic. The crystal growth rates in the experiments ranged from about 1 to >100 μm/d. The edges of the growth terraces moved by 5-200 nm/s.
Non-invasive measurement of pulmonary blood flow during prone positioning in patients with early acute respiratory distress syndrome
2004-01-01

In the daily clinical routine at the bedside, information on effective pulmonary blood flow (PBF) is limited and requires invasive monitoring, including a pulmonary artery catheter, to determine both cardiac output and intrapulmonary shunt. Therefore we evaluated a non-invasive method for the measurement of PBF in a clinical setting, including 12 patients with acute respiratory failure (acute respiratory distress syndrome) undergoing prone positioning. PBF was determined before (baseline), during and after prone positioning, by using a foreign gas rebreathing method with a new photoacoustic gas analyser. Values were compared with the cardiac output corrected for intrapulmonary shunt (COeff). Responders to prone positioning were defined according to the improvement of arterial oxygenation. A total of 84 measurements were performed. PBF values correlated well with COeff (R2=0.96; P&amp;lt;0.0001). Bias and limits of agreement (±2 S.D.) for all measurements were -0.11±0.76 litre/min. At baseline, responders showed significantly lower PBF levels than non-responders (4.8±1.0 compared with. 6.4±1.2 litre/min; P=0.03). During prone positioning, PBF increased continuously in responders and remained high after patients had been returned to the supine position. PBF was unaffected in non-responders. Mean total increase in PBF was 1.2±0.2 litre/min in responders compared with -0.4±0.2 litre/min in non-responders (P&amp;lt;0.0001). In conclusion, the investigated rebreathing system allows for a non-invasive determination of PBF at the bedside. The accuracy of the measurements is comparable with the thermodilution method. It is able to reliably reflect changes in PBF induced by prone positioning. Moreover, measuring PBF might be a promising tool to identify responders to prone therapy.
New Aminocoumarin Antibiotics from a cloQ-Defective Mutant of the Chorobiocin Producer Streptomyces reseochromogenes DS12.976
2004-01-01

Three new antibiotics, vanillobiocin, isovanillobiocin and declovanillobiocin, were isolated from the culture broth of a cloQ-defective mutant of the clorobiocin producer Streptomyces roseochromogenes, which is blocked in the biosynthesis of the prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety of clorobiocin. Spectroscopic analysis showed that the isolated compounds were similar to clorobiocin, but contained vanillic acid as the acyl component instead of the prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid present in clorobiocin. Isovanillobiocin differs from vanillobiocin by the position of the pyrrole unit attached to the sugar moiety of the antibiotic. Declovanillobiocin lacks the chlorine atom at the aminocoumarin ring. All three compounds had lower antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis than clorobiocin.