julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The human amygdala is sensitive to the valence of pictures and sounds irrespective of arousal: an fMRI study
2008-08-12

With the advent of studies showing that amygdala responses are not limited to fear-related or highly unpleasant stimuli, studies began to focus on stimulus valence and stimulus-related arousal as predictors of amygdala activity. Recent studies in the chemosensory domain found amygdala activity to increase with the intensity of negative and positive chemosensory stimuli. This has led to the proposal that amygdala activity might be an indicator of emotional arousal, at least in the chemosensory domain. The present study investigated amygdala activity in response to visual and auditory stimuli. By selecting stimuli based on individual valence and arousal ratings, we were able to dissociate stimulus valence and stimulus-related arousal, both on the verbal and the peripheral physiological level. We found that the amygdala was sensitive to stimulus valence even when arousal was controlled for, and that increased amygdala activity was better explained by valence than by arousal. The proposed difference in the relation between amygdala activity and stimulus-related arousal between the chemosensory and the audiovisual domain is discussed in terms of the amygdala's embedding within these sensory systems and the processes by which emotional meaning is derived.
Gas chromatographic enantioseparation of unfunctionalized chiral alkanes: A challenge in separation science (overview, state of the art, and perspectives)
2008-08-12

Abstract The chromatographic enantioseparation of small unfunctionalized chiral alkanes C*HR 1 R 2 R 3 (R = alkyl) represents a challenge in separation science. Because of the lack of any functional groups, enantiorecognition in the presence of a chiral selector is solely based upon weak enantioselective Van der Waals forces. Racemic alkanes containing seven and eight carbon atoms, i.e. 3‐methylhexane (C7), 2,3‐dimethylpentane (C7), 3‐methylheptane (C8), 3,4‐dimethylhexane (C8), 2,4‐dimethylhexane (C8), 2,3‐dimethylhexane (C8), and 2,2,3‐trimethylpentane (C8) have been gas chromatographically enantioseparated on different modified cyclodextrins. The substitution pattern and cavity size of the cyclodextrin selectors have a pronounced effect on the degree of enantiorecognition observed. Thermodynamic parameters of enantiorecognition between four chiral alkanes and octakis(6‐ O ‐methyl‐2,3‐di‐ O ‐pentyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin (Lipodex G) have been determined. The possible role of molecular inclusion is indicated by the complete loss of enantioselectivity when the cyclodextrins are replaced by the corresponding linear dextrins (“acyclodextrins”). The enantioseparations of all seven chiral C7‐C8 alkanes, six of them simultaneously, has been achieved on mixed binary selector systems whereby two different modified cyclodextrins are present in one gas chromatographic column. The smallest chiral (nonisotopically labeled) allene, i.e., 2,3‐pentadiene, has been resolved gas chromatographically on a cyclodextrin selector. Chirality, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situRamsey interferometry and diffraction echo with an atomic Fermi gas
2008-08-12

We report on the first observation of Bragg scattering of an ultracold Li Fermi gas. We demonstrate a Ramsey-type matter-wave interferometer based on Bragg diffraction and find robust signatures of persistent matter wave coherences using an echo pulse sequence. Because of the Pauli principle, the diffracted fermions oscillate nearly unperturbed in the trapping potential for long times beyond 2 s. This suggests extremely long coherence times. On these timescales, only the presence of a Rb cloud seems sufficient to induce noticeable perturbations.
CLO/GFA1 and ATO are novel regulators of gametic cell fate in plants
2008-08-13

Summary The formation of gametes is a key step in the life cycle of any sexually reproducing organism. In flowering plants, gametes develop in haploid structures termed gametophytes that comprise a few cells. The female gametophyte forms gametic cells and flanking accessory cells. During a screen for regulators of egg‐cell fate, we isolated three mutants, lachesis ( lis ), clotho ( clo ) and atropos ( ato ), that show deregulated expression of an egg‐cell marker. We have previously shown that, in lis mutants, which are defective for the splicing factor PRP4, accessory cells can differentiate gametic cell fate. Here, we show that CLOTHO/GAMETOPHYTIC FACTOR 1 ( CLO/GFA1 ) is necessary for the restricted expression of egg‐ and central‐cell fate and hence reproductive success. Surprisingly, infertile gametophytes can be expelled from the maternal ovule tissue, thereby preventing the needless allocation of maternal resources to sterile tissue. CLO/GFA1 encodes the Arabidopsis homologue of Snu114, a protein that is considered to be an essential component of the spliceosome. In agreement with their proposed role in pre‐mRNA splicing, CLO/GFA1 and LIS co‐localize to nuclear speckles. Our data also suggest that CLO/GFA1 is necessary for the tissue‐specific expression of LIS . Furthermore, we demonstrate that ATO encodes the Arabidopsis homologue of SF3a60, a protein that has been implicated in pre‐spliceosome formation. Our results thus establish that the restriction of gametic cell fate is specifically coupled to the function of various core spliceosomal components.
Sustained improvement of obsessive–compulsive disorder by deep brain stimulation in a woman with residual schizophrenia
2008-08-13

Co-occurrence of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia is not rare (Eisen et al., 1997). Given that the obsessional content is not related to psychotic subject matter, both disorders can be regarded as delimitable diagnostic entities (Bottas et al., 2005). Recently, a number of case reports and small case series have demonstrated that deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the fronto-striato-thalamic circuit can have beneficial effects on OCD (Abelson et al., 2005; Greenberg et al., 2006; Sturm et al., 2003). DBS treatment of patients with current or past psychotic disorders has not yet been reported. Here, we present a comprehensive clinical evaluation of a woman with intractable OCD and residual symptoms of schizophrenia that were treated with unilateral DBS of the right nucleus accumbens (NAc), including neuropsychological long-term follow-up, neurophysiological measurements and functional brain imaging. This 51-yr-old right-handed woman suffered from a severely disabling, chronic and intractable form of OCD with excessive hand washing, cleaning, rearrangement of objects and compulsory praying [Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score 32/40, 1 month prior to treatment]. Psychosocial functioning as measured by the GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) scale was severely impaired (31/100). The symptoms started during childhood and accumulated during her early twenties. Obsession consisted of preoccupation with thoughts about guilt and purgation. Later in the course of the disease, psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behaviour) meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia occurred transiently. The remaining presence of a few odd beliefs, minor paranoid ideation and disorganized behaviour in an attenuated form that were unrelated to the obsessions and compulsions led to the diagnosis of residual schizophrenia according to DSM-IV using SCID (Structured Clinical ...
Photoemission electron microscopy of diindenoperylene thin films
2008-08-13

We present the results of photoemission electron microscopy investigations of diindenoperylene thin films deposited by organic molecular-beam deposition on polycrystalline gold at room temperature. Our findings revealed the existence of a different molecular orientation, besides the already known and phases, characterized by an intermediate tilt angle. In thicker film regions, the energy of the films is minimized by a molecular arrangement that has an asymptotic tendency to the upright standing position. We have interpreted our results by using basic concepts in terms of relative strength of the substrate-molecule and molecule-molecule interactions.
Dimerization of propargyl and homopropargyl 6-azido-6-deoxy-glycosides upon 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
2008-08-13

Copper-catalyzed, thermal or microwave promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Click Reaction) of 2-propynyl and 3-butynyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-azido-6-deoxy-glycopyranosides in the D-gluco, D-galacto and D-manno series afford the corresponding dimeric cycloaddition products.
Analysis of nonadditive protein accumulation in young primary roots of a maize ( Zea mays L.) F 1 ‐hybrid compared to its parental inbred lines
2008-08-14

Abstract Heterosis describes the superior performance of heterozygous F 1 ‐hybrids compared to their homozygous parental inbred lines. Heterosis is already manifested during early maize ( Zea mays L.) primary root development. In this study, the most abundant soluble proteins have been investigated before the phenotypic manifestation of heterosis in 3.5‐day‐old primary roots in the flint inbred line UH002, the dent inbred line UH301 and the corresponding hybrid UH301×UH002. In CBB‐stained 2‐DE gels, 150 of 304 detected proteins (49%) were accumulated in a nonadditive fashion in the hybrid compared to the average of their parental inbred lines (Student's t ‐test: p &lt; 0.05). Remarkably, expression of 51% (76/150) of the nonadditively accumulated proteins exceeded the high parent or was below the low parent. ESI‐MS/MS identified 75 of the 76 proteins that belonged to these expression classes. The most abundant functional classes among the 75 proteins that were encoded by 60 different genes were metabolism (58%) and disease and defense (19%). Nonadditive protein accumulation in primary roots of maize hybrids might be associated with heterosis manifestation. Identification of these proteins could therefore contribute to the better understanding of the molecular basis of heterosis.
Vomiting and feeling fat—Coincidence of achalasia and bulimia nervosa
2008-08-14

Abstract Objective: In clinical practice it is often difficult to distinguish between organic and psychological vomiting. Method: We present a case of a 34‐year‐old woman with an 18‐month history of vomiting with the initial diagnosis of bulimia nervosa (BN). However, the patient showed an unusual vomiting behavior. Therefore, further somatic diagnostic procedures were carried out leading to the additional diagnosis of achalasia. After successful interventional and surgical treatment for achalasia, further psychotherapeutic interventions were necessary because of worsening of the BN symptoms. A certain disturbed eating behavior seemed to persist at 3‐year follow‐up, while the medical condition had improved. Conclusion: It needs to be emphasized that careful diagnostic steps are indispensable to distinguish between psychological vomiting and organic vomiting. In case of two separate diseases a suitable treatment regime for each is required. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Loss of Drop1 expression already at early tumor stages in a wide range of human carcinomas
2008-08-15

Abstract In a study on gene deregulation in ovarian carcinoma we found a mRNA coding for a 350 kDa protein, Drop1, to be downregulated 20‐ to 180‐fold in the majority of ovarian and mammary carcinomas. The mRNA is encoded by a set of exons in the 5′ region of the SYNE1 gene. Immunohistochemical staining for Drop1 protein by a specific monoclonal antibody corresponds to the pattern seen for the mRNA. cDNA arrays of matched pairs of tumor and normal tissue and in situ hybridizations confirmed the drastic loss of Drop1 mRNA as a common feature in uterus, cervix, kidney, lung, thyroid and pancreas carcinomas, already at early tumor stages and in all metastases. Two‐hybrid studies suggest a role of this deficiency in the malignant progression of epithelial tumors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in mantle cell lymphoma revealed by a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques
2008-08-15

Abstract Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is genetically characterized by 11q13 translocations leading to the overexpression of CCND1, and additional secondary genomic alterations that may be important in the progression of this disease. We have analyzed 22 MCL cases and 10 MCL cell lines using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH), FISH, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The 19 cases with abnormal karyotype showed the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and, additionally, 89% of cases showed both numerical ( n = 58) and structural ( n = 77) aberrations. All but one MCL cell line showed t(11;14) and structural and numerical alterations in highly complex karyotypes. Besides 11 and 14, the most commonly rearranged chromosomes were 1, 8, and 10 in the tumors and 1, 8, and 9 in the cell lines. No recurrent translocations other than the t(11;14) were identified. However, we identified 17 recurrent breakpoints, the most frequent being 1p22 and 8p11, each observed in four cases and two cell lines. Interestingly, five tumors and four cell lines displayed a complex t(11;14), cryptic in one case and two cell lines, preferentially involving chromosome 8. In typical MCL, ATM gene deletions were significantly associated with a high number of structural and numerical alterations. In conclusion, MCL does not have recurrent translocations other than t(11;14), but shows recurrent chromosomal breakpoints. Furthermore, most MCL harbor complex karyotypes with a high number of both structural and numerical alterations affecting several common breakpoints, leading to various balanced and unbalanced translocations. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyakov loops and spectral properties of the staggered Dirac operator
2008-08-15

We study the spectrum of the staggered Dirac operator in SU(2) gauge fields close to the free limit, for both the fundamental and the adjoint representation. Numerically we find a characteristic cluster structure with spacings of adjacent levels separating into three scales. We derive an analytical formula which explains the emergence of these different spectral scales. The behavior on the two coarser scales is determined by the lattice geometry and the Polyakov loops, respectively. Furthermore, we analyze the spectral statistics on all three scales, comparing to predictions from random matrix theory.
Critical Care Seizures Related to Illicit Drugs and Toxins
2008-08-15

Seizures caused by ingestion of drugs and toxins require specific treatment aiming to terminate epileptiform activity and to eliminate the toxin. Withdrawal from regularly ingested drugs can also be accompanied by seizures requiring admission to an intensive care unit. This chapter discusses diagnostic and therapeutic particulars of seizures induced by illicit drugs of abuse, environmental toxins, and heavy metals.
Simultaneous MR/PET Imaging of the Human Brain: Feasibility Study
2008-08-18

The purpose of this study was to apply a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-compatible positron emission tomographic (PET) detector technology for simultaneous MR/PET imaging of the human brain and skull base. The PET detector ring consists of lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillation crystals in combination with avalanche photodiodes (APDs) mounted in a clinical 3-T MR imager with use of the birdcage transmit/receive head coil. Following phantom studies, two patients were simultaneously examined by using fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and MR imaging and spectroscopy. MR/PET data enabled accurate coregistration of morphologic and multifunctional information. Simultaneous MR/PET imaging is feasible in humans, opening up new possibilities for the emerging field of molecular imaging.
Saltwater Intrusion Hydrodynamics in a Tidal Aquifer
2008-08-18

The saltwater freshwater interface at the intertidal zones of surficial aquifers is continuously influenced by tidal effects. The numerical solution of this continuously changing intertidal saltwater interface profile is difficult. To simulate this dynamic system correctly appropriate definition and use of seaside boundary conditions are necessary. The estimation of submarine groundwater discharge may vary significantly depending on the way these boundary conditions are handled on the intertidal zone. In this study we have investigated this problem numerically to evaluate the effect of the use of different intertidal zone boundary conditions on the magnitude and the direction of submarine groundwater discharge as well as their effect on saltwater interface profiles. Our findings indicate that the numerical results are sensitive to density differences between the freshwater and seawater phases along with the type of boundary condition used at the intertidal zone. Based on these results, we conclude that the adaptable free exit boundary condition introduced by Frind in 1988 is the proper boundary condition to use on the advection dominant intertidal zone boundary. This approach necessitates the use of nontraditional boundary conditions in the transport model to prevent the artificial accumulation of saltwater mass underneath this boundary. The use of an improper boundary condition at this boundary may lead to the development of artificial fingering due to the accumulation of saltwater mass in the intertidal zone.
Is the ground state of Yang-Mills theory Coulombic?
2008-08-18

We study trial states modelling the heavy quark-antiquark ground state in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. A state describing the flux tube between quarks as a thin string of glue is found to be a poor description of the continuum ground state; the infinitesimal thickness of the string leads to UV artifacts which suppress the overlap with the ground state. Contrastingly, a state which surrounds the quarks with non-abelian Coulomb fields is found to have a good overlap with the ground state for all charge separations. In fact, the overlap increases as the lattice regulator is removed. This opens up the possibility that the Coulomb state is the true ground state in the continuum limit.
Erythrocyte programmed cell death
2008-08-20

Abstract Eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, is characterised by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and cell membrane phospholipid scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine‐exposing erythrocytes are recognised by macrophages, which engulf and degrade the affected cells. Reported triggers of eryptosis include osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion, ceramide, prostaglandin E 2 , platelet activating factor, hemolysin, listeriolysin, paclitaxel, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, methylglyoxal, amyloid peptides, anandamide, Bay‐5884, curcumin, valinomycin, aluminium, mercury, lead and copper. Diseases associated with accelerated eryptosis include sepsis, malaria, sickle‐cell anemia, β‐thalassemia, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)‐deficiency, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome and Wilsons disease. Eryptosis may be inhibited by erythropoietin, adenosine, catecholamines, nitric oxide (NO) and activation of G‐kinase. Most triggers of eryptosis except oxidative stress are effective without activation of caspases. Their signalling involves formation of prostaglandin E 2 with subsequent activation of cation channels and Ca 2+ entry and/or release of platelet activating factor (PAF) with subsequent activation of sphingomyelinase and formation of ceramide. Ca 2+ and ceramide stimulate scrambling of the cell membrane. Ca 2+ further activates Ca 2+ ‐sensitive K + channels leading to cellular KCl loss and cell shrinkage and stimulates the protease calpain resulting in degradation of the cytoskeleton. Eryptosis allows defective erythrocytes to escape hemolysis. On the other hand, excessive eryptosis favours the development of anemia. Thus, a delicate balance between proeryptotic and antieryptotic mechanisms is required to maintain an adequate number of circulating erythrocytes and yet avoid noneryptotic death of injured erythrocytes. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(10): 661–668, 2008
Competition between cryptic species explains variations in rates of lineage evolution
2008-08-20

Gradual evolution is a common phenomenon in the fossil record of marine microplankton, yet no theoretical model has so far been presented to explain the observed pattern of unidirectionality in trait evolution lasting over tens of millions of generations. Recent molecular genetic data show that the majority of microfossil-producing plankton groups harbors substantial cryptic diversity. Here, we examine the effect of cryptic diversity on apparent rates of lineage evolution. By using a theoretical approach, we show that under resource competition, an increasing number of sibling species within a hypothetical lineage leads to an exponential slowdown of the apparent rate of evolution. This mechanism explains both the remarkable variation in apparent rates of evolution observed in marine plankton, as well as the presence of long gradual evolutionary trends.
Indium Phthalocyanines with Different Axial Ligands: A Study of the Influence of the Structure on the Photophysics and Optical Limiting Properties
2008-08-20

The photophysical properties of four axially substituted indium phthalocyanines, namely, 2,(3)-tetra- tert-butyl-phthalocyaninato indium chloride ( 1), 2,(3)-tetra-[(3,5-di- tert-butyl)-phenyloxy]-phthalocyaninato indium bromide ( 2), 2,(3)-tetra-[(3,5-di- tert-butyl)-phenyloxy]-phthalocyaninato indium iodide ( 3), and 2,3-octa-[(2-hexyl)-ethyloxy]-phthalocyaninato indium trifluoroacetate ( 4), have been investigated, and their optical limiting properties with nanosecond light pulses were evaluated. All complexes behave as reverse saturable absorbers in the range of 400-625 nm due to a triplet-triplet excited-state transition. Excited-state absorption cross sections and triplet state lifetimes are not significantly affected by the nature of the axial ligand. On the other hand, remarkable differences in the variation of nonlinear transmittance are observed for 1- 4 due to significantly different intersystem crossing rates. Heavier axial ligands in phthalocyanines 2 and 3 produce the largest variations of nonlinear transmission (heavy-atom effect). Complex 1 in polystyrene matrix shows reversible nonlinear absorption when incident fluence does not exceed 0.025 J cm (-2).
Extracting key information from historical data to quantify the transmission dynamics of smallpox
2008-08-20

Current debates on bio-terrorism preparedness indicate that public health decision making must account for the complex interplay and balance between vaccination strategies and other public health measures (e.g. case isolation and contact tracing) taking into account the frequency of adverse events to vaccination. In this review, we summarize what has already been clarified and point out needs to analyze previous smallpox outbreaks systematically.
Marginal Zone B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Type: Imaging Findings
2008-08-20

Awareness of the expected locations of MALT lymphoma combined with knowledge of the incidence and imaging findings leads to accurate diagnosis of lesions suspicious for this disorder and helps to differentiate this disease from other abnormalities.