julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Change and continuity in subsistence during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Ach Valley of Swabia (south‐west Germany)
2004-05-01

Abstract This paper examines the faunal assemblages from Middle Palaeolithic cave sites in the Ach Valley and views them in a broader chronological context along with the Upper Palaeolithic assemblages of the region. We present data from the key Middle Palaeolithic sites of Geißenklösterle, Sirgenstein, Große Grotte and Kogelstein. Except Kogelstein, which is a hyena den, the other three sites served as cave bear hibernation dens, where cave bear is the most abundant species. The most frequent game species during the Upper Palaeolithic are horse, mammoth and reindeer. But these animals are mainly represented by specific skeletal elements, which were important as raw material for the production of organic tools. The large variety of organic tools made from bone, antler, and ivory, and the refuse resulting from their production in Upper Palaeolithic layers stands in contrast to the extreme rarity of organic tools and production debris in Middle Palaeolithic layers. The faunal assemblages in the Ach Valley document continuity in the seasonal use of the landscape and the preferred game, but reflect changes in the use of sites and organic technology between the Middle and the Upper Palaeolithic. Based on the faunal and lithic assemblages from the caves of the Ach Valley, most of the sites were used more intensively in the Upper Palaeolithic than in the Middle Palaeolithic. If these assemblages provide representative samples, the available data suggest lower population densities and greater mobility of Neanderthals during the Middle Palaeolithic than of modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
The Tüba-D/Z Treebank: Annotating German with a Context-Free Backbone
2004-05-01

The purpose of this paper is to describe the T üBa-D/Z treebank of written German and to compare it to the independently developed TIGER treebank (Brants et al., 2002). Both treebanks, TIGER and T üBa-D/Z, use an annotation framework that is based on phrase structure grammar and that is enhanced by a level of predicate-argument structure. The comparison between the annotation schemes of the two treebanks focuses on the different treatments of free word order and discontinuous constituents in German as well as on differences in phrase-internal annotation. 1.
Cathepsin G, and Not the Asparagine-Specific Endoprotease, Controls the Processing of Myelin Basic Protein in Lysosomes from Human B Lymphocytes
2004-05-01

Abstract The asparagine-specific endoprotease (AEP) controls lysosomal processing of the potential autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP) by human B lymphoblastoid cells, a feature implicated in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. In this study, we demonstrate that freshly isolated human B lymphocytes lack significant AEP activity and that cleavage by AEP is dispensable for proteolytic processing of MBP in this type of cell. Instead, cathepsin (Cat) G, a serine protease that is not endogenously synthesized by B lymphocytes, is internalized from the plasma membrane and present in lysosomes from human B cells where it represents a major functional constituent of the proteolytic machinery. CatG initialized and dominated the destruction of intact MBP by B cell-derived lysosomal extracts, degrading the immunodominant MBP epitope and eliminating both its binding to MHC class II and a MBP-specific T cell response. Degradation of intact MBP by CatG was not restricted to a lysosomal environment, but was also performed by soluble CatG. Thus, the abundant protease CatG might participate in eliminating the immunodominant determinant of MBP. Internalization of exogenous CatG represents a novel mechanism of professional APC to acquire functionally dominant proteolytic activity that complements the panel of endogenous lysosomal enzymes.
CDCP1 Identifies a Broad Spectrum of Normal and Malignant Stem/Progenitor Cell Subsets of Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Origin
2004-05-01

CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a novel transmembrane molecule that is expressed in metastatic colon and breast tumors as well as on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells. In this study, we used multiparameter flow cytometry and antibodies against CDCP1 to analyze the expression of CDCP1 on defined hematopoietic cell subsets of different sources. In addition, CDCP1 expression on leukemic blasts and on cells with nonhematopoietic stem/progenitor cell phenotypes was determined. Here we demonstrate that a subset of bone marrow (BM), cord blood (CB), and mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells expressed this marker and that CDCP1 was detected on CD34(+)CD38- BM stem/progenitor cells but not on mature PB cells. Analysis of leukemic blasts from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis revealed that CDCP1 is predominantly expressed on CD34(+)CD133+ myeloid leukemic blasts. However, CDCP1 was not strictly correlated with CD34 and/or CD133 expression, suggesting that CDCP1 is a novel marker for leukemia diagnosis. Stimulation of CD34+ BM cells with CDCP1-reactive monoclonal antibody CUB1 resulted in an increased (approximately twofold) formation of erythroid colony-forming units, indicating that CDCP1 plays an important role in early hematopoiesis. Finally, we show that CDCP1 is also expressed on cells phenotypically identical to mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In conclusion, CDCP1 is not only a novel marker for immature hematopoietic progenitor cell subsets but also unique in its property to recognize cells with phenotypes reminiscent of MSC and NPC.
Stable Isotope Fractionation Caused by Glycyl Radical Enzymes during Bacterial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
2004-05-01

ABSTRACT Stable isotope fractionation was studied during the degradation of m -xylene, o -xylene, m -cresol, and p -cresol with two pure cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Degradation of all four compounds is initiated by a fumarate addition reaction by a glycyl radical enzyme, analogous to the well-studied benzylsuccinate synthase reaction in toluene degradation. The extent of stable carbon isotope fractionation caused by these radical-type reactions was between enrichment factors (ε) of −1.5 and −3.9 , which is in the same order of magnitude as data provided before for anaerobic toluene degradation. Based on our results, an analysis of isotope fractionation should be applicable for the evaluation of in situ bioremediation of all contaminants degraded by glycyl radical enzyme mechanisms that are smaller than 14 carbon atoms. In order to compare carbon isotope fractionations upon the degradation of various substrates whose numbers of carbon atoms differ, intrinsic ε (ε intrinsic ) were calculated. A comparison of ε intrinsic at the single carbon atoms of the molecule where the benzylsuccinate synthase reaction took place with compound-specific ε elucidated that both varied on average to the same extent. Despite variations during the degradation of different substrates, the range of ε found for glycyl radical reactions was reasonably narrow to propose that rough estimates of biodegradation in situ might be given by using an average ε if no fractionation factor is available for single compounds.
Tuberculina: rust relatives attack rusts
2004-05-01

Molecular sequence data together with ultrastructural features were used to infer the phylogenetic position of Tuberculina species. Additional ultrastructural characteristics were used to determine their mode of nutrition. We investigated ultrastructural morphology of the type species Tuberculina persicina and determined base sequences from the D1/ D2 region of the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA of the three commonly distinguished Tuberculina species, T. maxima, T. persicina and T. sbrozzii. Analyses of sequence data by means of a Bayesian method of phylogenetic inference using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique reveal the basidiomycetous nature of Tuberculina. Within the Urediniomycetes, Tuberculina clusters as a sister group of Helicobasidium, closely related to the rusts (Uredinales). This phylogenetic position is supported by the uredinalean architecture of septal pores in Tuberculina. In addition, we present aspects of the ultrastructural morphology of the cellular interaction of Tuberculina and rusts showing a unique interaction with large fusion pores, revealing the mycoparasitic nature of Tuberculina on its close relatives, the rusts.
Authors’ Response: Cortical Bone Density Is Normal in Prepubertal Children with Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency, but Initially Decreases during GH Replacement due to Early Bone Remodeling
2004-05-01

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has revealed that GH- deficient adults gain in bone mineral density during GH therapy. Measurements of volumetric bone density (grams per cubic centimeter vs. grams per square centimeter) and structure, however, are achieved through peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). In 45 prepubertal GH-deficient children, we studied pQCT measurements before the start and for 12 months of GH treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase (AP), procollagen I carboxyl-terminal propeptide (PICP), and deoxypyridinoline reflected bone metabolism status. Findings at the start of GH treatment were (mean sd score): bone area, −0.44; cortical density, −0.03; cortical area, −1.32; cortical thickness, −1.41; and marrow area, +0.66. At 12 months, cortical density had fallen to −0.73 (P < 0.001), whereas cortical area and thickness, and marrow area did not change. AP, PICP, and deoxypyridinoline increased significantly within the first 3 months (increase: AP, 66.5 U/liter; PICP, 72 μg/l...
Hemocompatibility of PMEA Coated Oxygenators Used for Extracorporeal Circulation Procedures
2004-05-01

An inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) caused by bioincompatibility of extracorporeal circuits is one of the major clinical issues in cardiac surgery. Recently a new coating material, poly-2-methoxyethylacrylate (PMEA), was developed to improve the biocompatibility of blood contacting surfaces. In a simulated cardiopulmonary bypass model, using fresh human whole blood, 15 membrane oxygenators (Capiox SX18, Terumo Corp., Tokyo, Japan) were compared. Five of them had the PMEA coating, five had a heparin-coated surface, and five had no surface treatment. Blood samples were taken at several time-points during a 90 minute circulation period. Changes in coagulation, complement, and blood cell alteration factors were measured by ELISA methods, plasma bradykinin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, and expression of genes encoding cytokines TNF-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 was determined by semiquantitative real time RT-PCR. Platelet adhesion was significantly reduced in both the PMEA and the heparin coated circuits. Release of platelet activation marker beta-thromboglobulin was significantly higher in the uncoated control group (p < 0.01). After 5 minutes of blood circulation bradykinin levels significantly increased in all three groups (p < 0.01); however, the group with the PMEA coated oxygenators showed the lowest values. Expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes was increased in all groups, with the lowest being in the PMEA coated group. PMEA coated CPB surfaces in an in vitro experimental model showed an improved thrombogenicity, reduced bradykinin release, less platelet activation and less proinflammatory cytokines gene expression in comparison with a noncoated group. The authors assume that PMEA coating may ameliorate some of intra- and postperfusion syndromes, particularly hypotension, unspecific inflammation, hyperfibrinolysis, and blood loss.
Relationship Between Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Adiponectin and Insulin Sensitivity in a Large Heterogeneous Population
2004-05-01

In the January issue of Diabetes Care , Sierksma et al. (1) reported that moderate alcohol consumption increased adiponectin serum levels and improved insulin sensitivity in a small group of insulin-resistant middle-aged men using a longitudinal study. This finding prompted us to examine the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on these parameters in our large heterogeneous group of nondiabetic subjects with and without family history of type 2 diabetes (2,3). Subjects with clinically suspected alcohol abuse were excluded from the study. Data on alcohol ...
Tyramine functions as a toxin in honey bee larvae duringVarroa-transmitted infection byMelissococcus pluton
2004-05-01

From wounds of honey bee pupae, caused by the mite Varroa destructor, coccoid bacteria were isolated and identified as Melissococcus pluton. The bacterial isolate was grown anaerobically in sorbitol medium to produce a toxic compound that was purified on XAD columns, gelfiltration and preparative HPLC. The toxic agent was identified by GC–MS and FTICR-MS as tyramine. The toxicity of the isolated tyramine was tested by a novel mobility test using the protozoon Stylonychia lemnae. A concentration of 0.2 mg/ml led to immediate inhibition of mobility. In addition the toxicity was studied on honey bee larvae by feeding tyramine/water mixtures added to the larval jelly. The lethal dosis of tyramine on 4–5 days old bee larvae was determined as 0.3 mg/larvae when added as a volume of 20 μl to the larval food in brood cells. Several other biogenic amines, such as phenylethylamine, histamine, spermine, cadaverine, putrescine and trimethylamine, were tested as their hydrochloric salts for comparison and were found to be inhibitory in the Stylonychia mobility test at similar concentrations. A quantitative hemolysis test with human red blood cells revealed that tyramine and histamine showed the highest membranolytic activity, followed by the phenylethylamine, trimethylamine and spermine, while the linear diamines, cadaverine and putrescine, showed a significantly lower hemolysis when calculated on a molar amine basis. The results indicate that tyramine which is a characteristic amine produced by M. pluton in culture, is the causative agent of the observed toxic symptoms in bee larvae. Thus this disease, known as European foulbrood, is possibly an infection transmitted by the Varroa destructor mite.
Tuberculina: Rust Relatives Attack Rusts
2004-05-01

Molecular sequence data together with ultrastructural features were used to infer the phylogenetic position of Tuberculina species. Additional ultrastructural characteristics were used to determine their mode of nutrition. We investigated ultrastructural morphology of the type species Tuberculina persicina and determined base sequences from the D1/ D2 region of the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA of the three commonly distinguished Tuberculina species, T. maxima, T. persicina and T. sbrozzii. Analyses of sequence data by means of a Bayesian method of phylogenetic inference using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique reveal the basidiomycetous nature of Tuberculina. Within the Urediniomycetes, Tuberculina clusters as a sister group of Helicobasidium, closely related to the rusts (Uredinales). This phylogenetic position is supported by the uredinalean architecture of septal pores in Tuberculina. In addition, we present aspects of the ultrastructural morphology of the cellular interaction of Tuberculina and rusts showing a unique interaction with large fusion pores, revealing the mycoparasitic nature of Tuberculina on its close relatives, the rusts.
A FhuA mutant ofEscherichia coliis infected by phage T1-independent of TonB
2004-05-01

Infection of Escherichia coli K-12 by phages T1 and φ80 requires the FhuA outer membrane protein and the TonB protein. Mutations in the N-terminal globular domain close to the predicted channel in the β-barrel of FhuA were created. The FhuAΔ107–111 N104K K110D L111P mutant and the FhuA(L109DPNGLK110) insertion mutant were sensitive to phage T1, but nearly resistant to phage φ80. FhuAΔ107–111 N104K K110D L111P mediated phage T1 infection in a tonB mutant without formation of TonB-independent phage T1 host-range mutants. The FhuA mutants showed no altered sensitivity to phage T5. Although the phages share overlapping binding sites in FhuA, the structural alterations elicited by the mutations resulted in very different phage sensitivities. In the FhuA deletion mutant, the TonB requirement for phage T1 infection was partially bypassed.
Unexpected Productions May Well be Errors.
2004-05-01

SIMPX NN . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 5 4.95 KOKOM NE 1 1 0.00 VVFIN . Example above: ) = 1, = 3677, c =VXFIN, i =VXINF . Example to the left: ) = 23819, = 11324.12, c =MF, i =NX Ranking Error Candidates . The # -test is sensitive to errors: each line in m is an error candidate . Not all candidates are equally likely errors . Minimise human e#ort: give most likely candidates first . The items of the above list are therefore first classified using ML and then sorted Classifying Error Candidates . Features presented to the Machine Learner [Daelemans et al., 2003] are as follows ) occurrences observed in the corpus ) the expected number of occurrences expfreq(c ik ,p im )-obsfreq(c ik ,p im ) expfreq(c ik ,p im ) its contribution to # the overall # over all m termratio fraction of overall # contributed by this triple rank triple is rank highest contributor to # rankratio the rel
Photoreceptor topography and cone-specific electroretinograms
2004-05-01

It is implicit in many cone-specific ERG studies that the amplitude is proportional to the numbers of cones stimulated. The objective of these experiments was to test this idea by comparing ERGs obtained from different areas of the retina with histological data on cone-density distributions. The histology (Curcio et al., 1990) shows that the cumulative number of cones in the human retina increases exponentially with stimulus diameter between 0- and 40-deg eccentricity. L-, M-, and (L+M) cone-driven 30-Hz ERGs were obtained from a series of stimuli with one of the following configurations: (1) Circular stimuli of different angular subtense up to 70-deg diameter. (2) Annuli with 70-deg outer diameter but variable inner diameter. (3) Annuli of constant area but increasing eccentricity. Cone contrasts were equalized for each stimulus condition. The modulated and nonmodulated regions of the screen had the same mean hue and luminance. The data suggest that the L+M cone ERG amplitude increases with stimulus diameter in direct proportion to the estimated number of cones stimulated. Furthermore, the total L+M responses appear to be predicted from individual L and M responses by simple linear summation for both the disc and annular stimuli.
A New Clerodane Diterpene and Other Constituents from Ajuga chamaepitys ssp. laevigata
2004-05-01

Abstract From Ajuga chamepitys ssp. laevigata, a new clerodane diterpene, ajugalaevigatic acid, has been isolated besides five known compounds, a diterpene, (13S)-15-hydroxylabd-8(17)-en-19-oic acid, a steroidal glucoside, 3-O-β -D-glucopyranosyl-stigmasta-5,25-diene, and triterpenes,α- and β -amyrin and ursolic acid. Their structural elucidation is based on NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. For the new compound 2D NMR experiments were carried out. Ajugalaevigatic acid was tested against a panel of cytotoxic cell lines, and only found to be active against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
Association of the -514C→T polymorphism in the Hepatic Lipase Gene (LIPC) Promoter with Elevated Fasting Insulin Concentrations, but not Insulin Resistance, in Non-diabetic Germans
2004-05-01

Hepatic lipase hydrolyses triglycerides and phospholipids in all major classes of lipoproteins. The -514C-->T genetic variation in the hepatic lipase gene promoter was found to be associated with diminished lipase activity, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. We investigated whether this polymorphism associates with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in 535 normal glucose-tolerant Germans. Only in homozygous individuals (22 subjects), the T allele (frequency: 18.1 %) was significantly associated with elevated glucose concentrations after 120 min of oral glucose tolerance test (p = 0.05) and with elevated fasting concentrations of insulin (p = 0.03), triglycerides (p < 0.01), total and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.02), as determined by multivariate linear regression analysis. In a recessive model (C/C+C/T vs. T/T), T/T was associated with decreased insulin sensitivity index (p = 0.03) as calculated from oral glucose tolerance test data (n = 535), but not with the glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (n = 218). In conclusion, we have provided evidence that, among the metabolic parameters tested, the hepatic lipase -514C-->T gene polymorphism correlates with elevated fasting insulin concentrations in a German population. Since no corresponding difference in insulin sensitivity was seen in the clamp-subgroup, an effect of this polymorphism on insulin clearance has to be considered.
Definite peak identification of (R)‐and (S)‐methadone and (R)‐ and (S)‐EDDP using established HPLC and CE methods
2004-05-01

Abstract Methadone is widely used for the treatment of opioid dependence. HPLC and CE are widespread methods for drug monitoring and metabolism studies. Although the methods are widely used for methadone and its main metabolite EDDP [1, 2], a definite direct peak identification for EDDP enantiomers is not described. This study describes a method for specific identification of each peak in the chromatogram and electropherogram of methadone analysis. The result of the study demonstrates differences in the elution order of the enantiomers of methadone and EDDP due to the technique used for analysis. The elution order of EDDP using HPLC is interchanged with respect to the order of the peaks in the electropherogram.
Simultaneous Formation of Electric and Magnetic Photon States by Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
2004-05-01

In order to describe the electromagnetic effects (fields) of simultaneously occurring electric and (hypothetical fermionic) magnetic monopoles, Cabibbo and Ferrari introduced in addition to the conventional electric vector potential a magnetic vector potential, thus leading to electric and magnetic photons. A theoretical confirmation (and justification) of this phenomenological ansatz is provided by the manifold of photon states in de Broglie’s theory of fusion. Lochak showed that in this theory either electric or magnetic photon states can be derived. To study the possibility of the simultaneous existence of electric and magnetic photon states a modern version of de Broglie’s fusion theory is used, which is formulated by means of generalized de Broglie-Bargmann-Wigner equations. It is demonstrated that the corresponding photon equations admit the simultaneous existence of electric and magnetic photon states if the electroweak SU(2)- and CP-symmetry breakings are introduced into these equations. The latter symmetry violations induce violations of the permutation symmetry, which is crucial for the proof of Cabibbo’s and Ferrari’s hypothesis referred to photons with partonic substructure.
Synthese und Struktur von Meldrums Olefin/Synthesis and Structure of Meldrum’s Olefin
2004-05-01

Abstract Diisopropylidene ethylenetetracarboxylate, Meldrum’s olefin (4, Mel 2 ) has been prepared from [HNEt 3 ][(Mel) 2 CSMe] (8) and Meldrum’s acid (1, MelH 2 ) in moderate yield. The X-ray analysis of 4 reveals a centrosymmetrical structure in which the two six-membered rings are folded along their carboxylate carbon axes by 34.9°) and linked by a conventional C-C double bond [1.3501(19) Å ]. The “unsymmetrical” structure of 8 is also discussed.