julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Shared Ideas, Divergent Approaches: The &lt;italic&gt;Hydromethods of the Great West&lt;/italic&gt; (&lt;italic&gt;Taixi shuifa&lt;/italic&gt; 泰西水法) and the Question on Tides
2020-06-01

One of the questions about natural phenomena asked in the Hydromethods of the Great West (Taixi shuifa 泰西水法; 1612) (hereafter TXSF), composed by the Italian Jesuit Sabatino de Ursis with the support of the Chinese official Xu Guangqi 徐光啟, concerns the causes of sea tides.The idiosyncratic answer given in the TXSF serves as an example for the Jesuit missionaries' strategically motivated approach to the transfer of knowledge through the translation of Western scientific thought into Chinese.From a chronological overview of the attempts made both in the East and in the West to theoretically conceptualize the causes of the cyclical occurrence of ebb and flow, the comparison reveals that despite being based on totally different cosmologies, the related insights were virtually on a par.The aim to nevertheless convince the audience of the TXSF of the superiority of Western sciences resulted in a particular rhetoric and a division of tasks in
Late Holocene Moisture Changes in the Core Area of Arid Central Asia Reflected by Rock Magnetic Records of Glacier Lake Kalakuli Sediments in the Westernmost Tibetan Plateau and their Influences on the Evolution of Ancient Silk Road
2020-06-01

Abstract The evolution of Ancient Silk Road (ASR) was deeply influenced by late Holocene moisture changes in Arid Central Asia (ACA). Nevertheless, controversies in Holocene moisture change pattern of ACA and poorly–constrained age models of related studies have made the discussion about late Holocene moisture changes in ACA and their influences on the evolution of ASR difficult. Recently, a high–resolution age model during the late Holocene was established for Kalakuli Lake, a small glacier lake located in the core area of ACA. A thorough rock magnetic investigation was carried out on Kalakuli Lake sediments based on this age model. The magnetic mineral assemblage of Kalakuli Lake sediments is still dominated by primary magnetite despite minor diagenetic effects. Comparisons of rock magnetic records to parameters previously used as indicator of glacier fluctuations suggest that clastic input to Kalakuli Lake was high (low) and magnetic grain size is relatively larger (smaller), when glaciers on Muztagh Ata advanced (retreated). The ARM/SIRM ratio, a magnetic grain size proxy, is directly related to lake hydrodynamics, which are ultimately controlled by glacier fluctuations on Muztagh Ata as the result of regional moisture changes. Late Holocene moisture changes indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio are consistent with cool/wet and warm/dry oscillations indicated by the unweighted average of biomarker hydrogen isotopic data of the C 26 and C 28 n –alkanoic acids in a previous study about Kalakuli Lake, most moisture change records of the core area of ACA and winter insolation of the Northern Hemisphere, but opposite to Asian monsoon evolution. Given Asian monsoon and the westerlies are mutually inhibited, we propose that late Holocene moisture changes in the core area of ACA were controlled by the intensity of Asian monsoon versus the westerlies under the governance of solar insolation. Generally increased moisture since the late Holocene indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio favored cultural exchange and integration between the western and the eastern Eurasia, which paved the way for the formation of ASR. Coincidence between significant increase in moisture at ~200 BC suggested by the ARM/SIRM ratio and the formation of ASR indicates moisture as an important factor that facilitated the formation of ASR. The onsets of three prosperity periods of ASR in the history generally correspond to periods when moisture was relatively high, nevertheless, stagnant periods of ASR do not coincide with periods when moisture was relatively low in the core area of ACA. Disorganized correlations between stagnant periods of ASR and moisture changes in the core area of ACA suggest that moisture is not the decisive factor influencing the evolution of ASR.
Jane Kate Leonard: Stretching the Qing Bureaucracy in the 1826 Sea-Transport Experiment. (Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900.) xii, 193 pp. Leiden: Brill, 2019. €94. ISBN 978 90 04 38457 6.
2020-06-01

Jane Kate Leonard: Stretching the Qing Bureaucracy in the 1826 Sea-Transport Experiment. (Monies, Markets, and Finance in East Asia, 1600–1900.) xii, 193 pp. Leiden: Brill, 2019. €94. ISBN 978 90 04 38457 6. - Volume 83 Issue 2
GENTEL : GENerating Training data Efficiently for Learning to segment medical images
2020-06-01

Accurately segmenting MRI images is crucial for many cli-nical applications. However, manually segmenting imageswith accurate pixel precision is a tedious and time consu-ming task. In this paper we present a simple, yet effectivemethod to improve the efficiency of the image segmenta-tion process. We propose to transform the image annota-tion task into a binary choice task. We start by using classi-cal image processing algorithms with different parametervalues to generate multiple, different segmentation masksfor each input MRI image. Then, instead of segmenting thepixels of the images, the user only needs to decide whethera segmentation is acceptable or not. This method allowsus to efficiently obtain high quality segmentations with mi-nor human intervention. With the selected segmentations,we train a state-of-the-art neural network model. For theevaluation, we use a second MRI dataset (1.5T Dataset),acquired with a different protocol and containing annota-tions. We show that the trained network i) is able to au-tomatically segment cases where none of the classical me-thods obtain a high quality result ; ii) generalizes to thesecond MRI dataset, which was acquired with a differentprotocol and was never seen at training time ; and iii) en-ables detection of miss-annotations in this second dataset.Quantitatively, the trained network obtains very good re-sults : DICE score - mean 0.98, median 0.99- and Haus-dorff distance (in pixels) - mean 4.7, median 2.0-.
The Long and the Short of It: Approaching the (Un-)Representable in China Miéville’s “The Tain” (2002) and “The Condition of New Death” (2014)
2020-06-01

Abstract How can the genre of the short story accommodate the ‘inflationary tendency’ of weird fiction (Carl Freedman)? This article will trace how a very long and a very short story by China Miéville establish their respective weird elements in order to function as ‘placeholders for the unrepresentable’ (China Miéville). As will be shown, “The Tain” frames the weird in an elaborate and intricate narrative construction which is clearly literary while “The Condition of New Death” is basically expository and partly relies on the non-literary genre conventions of the academic report and the manifesto. In both instances, however, there is a reflexive turn which insists on the text itself not only in its representational but also in its performative (telling stories, writing) and material (print, paper, screen) dimensions as a constitutive part of what makes reality real for human beings. The article concludes with a brief placing of the New Weird short story in the wider field of (post-)modern(ist) literature and fiction and in the conceptual shift from deconstruction to more recent theoretical approaches like Actor-Network-Theory and the New Materialisms.
The Short Story, the New Weird, and the Literary Market
2020-06-01

Abstract The short story is commonly – and very productively – treated in the spirit of critical terms such as marginality and liminality. Quite surprisingly, though, New Weird Fiction, which postulates similar interests in, e.g., formal and aesthetic innovation as well as literary ambition, is primarily associated with the novel. The underlying lack of interest in the New Weird Short Story in both popular culture and academic work is scrutinised in this article. In a first step, it will survey the short story as a liminal form, both formally and aesthetically, and contextualize it by drawing upon the state of the literary market in the twenty-first century. The contribution’s main argument is that the short story has always either been considered to be too ‘popular’ or too ‘literary’ in order to contest the novel as the prevalent literary form. Step two will perform a similar move regarding Weird Fiction, thus highlighting the parallels between the short and the Weird, and the need for more academic attention dedicated to the New Weird short story.
Call for Review Papers: Tissue Engineering, Part B
2020-06-01

As we continue to navigate the disruption of the COVID-19 outbreak, Tissue Engineering, Part B: Reviews (IF 6.512) would like to personally invite all researchers in the field to submit their review papers for prompt and thorough consideration in the journal.Many researchers are currently experiencing multiple changes in their academic routines as presented by the COVID-19 pandemic.This is why the Editors-in-Chief of Tissue Engineering, Part B: Reviews would like to issue an open call for review articles to be given thorough, expedited review and consideration in the journal.Reviews of exceptional merit will receive an additional benefit of a global press release announcement highlighting their research to the global Tissue Engineering audience around the world, and
Detecting vortices in fluid dynamics simulations using computer vision
2020-06-01

Abstract Vortices are patches of fluid revolving around a central axis. They are ubiquitous in fluid dynamics. To the human eye, detecting vortices is a trivial task thanks to our inherent ability to identify patterns. To solve this task automatically, we developed the Vortector pipeline which was used to identify and characterize vortices in around one million snapshots of planet-disk interaction simulations in the context of planet formation. From the emergence of two regimes of vortex lifetime, one of which shows very long-lived vortices, we conclude that future resolved disk observations will predominantly detect vortices in the outer parts of protoplanetary disks.
Neuralgic amyotrophy: a paradigm shift in diagnosis and treatment
2020-06-02

Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA), also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome, is characterised by sudden pain attacks, followed by patchy muscle paresis in the upper extremity. Recent reports have shown that incidence is much higher than previously assumed and that the majority of patients never achieve full recovery. Traditionally, the diagnosis was mainly based on clinical observations and treatment options were confined to application of corticosteroids and symptomatic management, without proven positive effects on long-term outcomes. These views, however, have been challenged in the last years. Improved imaging methods in MRI and high-resolution ultrasound have led to the identification of structural peripheral nerve pathologies in NA, most notably hourglass-like constrictions. These pathognomonic findings have paved the way for more accurate diagnosis through high-resolution imaging. Furthermore, surgery has shown to improve clinical outcomes in such cases, indicating the viability of peripheral nerve surgery as a valuable treatment option in NA. In this review, we present an update on the current knowledge on this disease, including pathophysiology and clinical presentation, moving on to diagnostic and treatment paradigms with a focus on recent radiological findings and surgical reports. Finally, we present a surgical treatment algorithm to support clinical decision making, with the aim to encourage translation into day-to-day practice.
Susceptibility to auditory closed-loop stimulation of sleep slow oscillations changes with age
2020-06-02

Abstract Study Objectives Cortical slow oscillations (SOs) and thalamocortical sleep spindles hallmark slow wave sleep and facilitate memory consolidation, both of which are reduced with age. Experiments utilizing auditory closed-loop stimulation to enhance these oscillations showed great potential in young and older subjects. However, the magnitude of responses has yet to be compared between these age groups. We examined the possibility of enhancing SOs and performance on different memory tasks in a healthy middle-aged population using this stimulation and contrast effects to younger adults. Methods In a within-subject design, 17 subjects (55.7 ± 1.0 years) received auditory stimulation in synchrony with SO up-states, which was compared to a no-stimulation sham condition. Overnight memory consolidation was assessed for declarative word-pairs and procedural finger-tapping skill. Post-sleep encoding capabilities were tested with a picture recognition task. Electrophysiological effects of stimulation were compared to a previous younger cohort (n = 11, 24.2 ± 0.9 years). Results Overnight retention and post-sleep encoding performance of the older cohort revealed no beneficial effect of stimulation, which contrasts with the enhancing effect the same stimulation protocol had in our younger cohort. Auditory stimulation prolonged endogenous SO trains and induced sleep spindles phase-locked to SO up-states in the older population. However, responses were markedly reduced compared to younger subjects. Additionally, the temporal dynamics of stimulation effects on SOs and spindles differed between age groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the susceptibility to auditory stimulation during sleep drastically changes with age and reveal the difficulties of translating a functional protocol from younger to older populations.
Tiny convolution, decision tree, and binary neuronal networks for robust and real time pupil outline estimation
2020-06-02

In this work, we compare the use of convolution, binary, and decision tree layers in neural networks for the estimation of pupil landmarks. These landmarks are used for the computation of the pupil ellipse and have proven to be effective in previous research. The evaluated structure of the neural networks is the same for all layers and as small as possible to ensure a real-time application. The evaluations include the accuracy of the ellipse determination based on the Jaccard Index and the pupil center. Furthermore, the CPU runtime is considered to make statements about the real-time usability. The trained models are also optimized using pruning to improve the runtime. These optimized nets are also evaluated with respect to the Jaccard index and the accuracy of the pupil center estimation. Link to the framework and models.
Neural networks for optical vector and eye ball parameter estimation
2020-06-02

In this work we evaluate neural networks, support vector machines and decision trees for the regression of the center of the eyeball and the optical vector based on the pupil ellipse. In the evaluation we analyze single ellipses as well as window-based approaches as input. Comparisons are made regarding accuracy and runtime. The evaluation gives an overview of the general expected accuracy with different models and amounts of input ellipses. A simulator was implemented for the generation of the training and evaluation data. For a visual evaluation and to push the state of the art in optical vector estimation, the best model was applied to real data. This real data came from public data sets in which the ellipse is already annotated by an algorithm. The optical vectors on real data and the generator are made publicly available. Link to the generator and models.
Quantifying the speech-gesture relation with massive multimodal datasets: Informativity in time expressions
2020-06-02

The development of large-scale corpora has led to a quantum leap in our understanding of speech in recent years. By contrast, the analysis of massive datasets has so far had a limited impact on the study of gesture and other visual communicative behaviors. We utilized the UCLA-Red Hen Lab multi-billion-word repository of video recordings, all of them showing communicative behavior that was not elicited in a lab, to quantify speech-gesture co-occurrence frequency for a subset of linguistic expressions in American English. First, we objectively establish a systematic relationship in the high degree of co-occurrence between gesture and speech in our subset of expressions, which consists of temporal phrases. Second, we show that there is a systematic alignment between the informativity of co-speech gestures and that of the verbal expressions with which they co-occur. By exposing deep, systematic relations between the modalities of gesture and speech, our results pave the way for the data-driven integration of multimodal behavior into our understanding of human communication.
Privacy Preserving Gaze Estimation using Synthetic Images via a Randomized Encoding Based Framework
2020-06-02

Eye tracking is handled as one of the key technologies for applications that\\nassess and evaluate human attention, behavior, and biometrics, especially using\\ngaze, pupillary, and blink behaviors. One of the challenges with regard to the\\nsocial acceptance of eye tracking technology is however the preserving of\\nsensitive and personal information. To tackle this challenge, we employ a\\nprivacy-preserving framework based on randomized encoding to train a Support\\nVector Regression model using synthetic eye images privately to estimate the\\nhuman gaze. During the computation, none of the parties learn about the data or\\nthe result that any other party has. Furthermore, the party that trains the\\nmodel cannot reconstruct pupil, blinks or visual scanpath. The experimental\\nresults show that our privacy-preserving framework is capable of working in\\nreal-time, with the same accuracy as compared to non-private version and could\\nbe extended to other eye tracking related problems.\\n
Deoxygenation of Epoxides with Carbon Monoxide
2020-06-02

Abstract The use of carbon monoxide as a direct reducing agent for the deoxygenation of terminal and internal epoxides to the respective olefins is presented. This reaction is homogeneously catalyzed by a carbonyl pincer‐iridium(I) complex in combination with a Lewis acid co‐catalyst to achieve a pre‐activation of the epoxide substrate, as well as the elimination of CO 2 from a γ‐2‐iridabutyrolactone intermediate. Especially terminal alkyl epoxides react smoothly and without significant isomerization to the internal olefins under CO atmosphere in benzene or toluene at 80–120 °C. Detailed investigations reveal a substrate‐dependent change in the mechanism for the epoxide C−O bond activation between an oxidative addition under retention of the configuration and an S N 2 reaction that leads to an inversion of the configuration.
Coordinated Activation of ARF1 GTPases by ARF-GEF GNOM Dimers Is Essential for Vesicle Trafficking in Arabidopsis
2020-06-02

Membrane trafficking maintains the organization of the eukaryotic cell and delivers cargo proteins to their subcellular destinations, such as sites of action or degradation. The formation of membrane vesicles requires the activation of the ADP-ribosylation factor ARF GTPase by the SEC7 domain of ARF guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs), resulting in the recruitment of coat proteins by GTP-bound ARFs. In vitro exchange assays were done with monomeric proteins, although ARF-GEFs form dimers in vivo. This feature is conserved across eukaryotes, although its biological significance is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the proximity of ARF1•GTPs in vivo by fluorescence resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, mediated through coordinated activation by dimers of Arabidopsis (<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>) ARF-GEF GNOM, which is involved in polar recycling of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1. Mutational disruption of ARF1 spacing interfered with ARF1-dependent trafficking but not with coat protein recruitment. A mutation impairing the interaction of one of the two SEC7 domains of the GNOM ARF-GEF dimer with its ARF1 substrate reduced the efficiency of coordinated ARF1 activation. Our results suggest a model of coordinated activation-dependent membrane insertion of ARF1•GTP molecules required for coated membrane vesicle formation. Considering the evolutionary conservation of ARFs and ARF-GEFs, this initial regulatory step of membrane trafficking might well occur in eukaryotes in general.
How to support dental students in reading radiographs: effects of a gaze-based compare-and-contrast intervention
2020-06-02

Abstract In dental medicine, interpreting radiographs (i.e., orthopantomograms, OPTs) is an error-prone process, even in experts. Effective intervention methods are therefore needed to support students in improving their image reading skills for OPTs. To this end, we developed a compare-and-contrast intervention, which aimed at supporting students in achieving full coverage when visually inspecting OPTs and, consequently, obtaining a better diagnostic performance. The comparison entailed a static eye movement visualization (heat map) on an OPT showing full gaze coverage from a peer-model (other student) and another heat map showing a student’s own gaze behavior. The intervention group ( N = 38) compared five such heat map combinations, whereas the control group ( N = 23) diagnosed five OPTs. Prior to the experimental variation (pre-test) and after it (post-test), students in both conditions searched for anomalies in OPTs while their gaze was recorded. Results showed that students in the intervention group covered more areas of the OPTs and looked less often and for a shorter amount of time at anomalies after the intervention. Furthermore, they fixated on low-prevalence anomalies earlier and high-prevalence anomalies later during the inspection. However, the students in the intervention group did not show any meaningful improvement in detection rate and made more false positive errors compared to the control group. Thus, the intervention guided visual attention but did not improve diagnostic performance substantially. Exploratory analyses indicated that further interventions should teach knowledge about anomalies rather than focusing on full coverage of radiographs.
A Novel -Eye-Tracking Sensor for AR Glasses Based on Laser Self-Mixing Showing Exceptional Robustness Against Illumination
2020-06-02

The integration of eye-tracking sensors in next-generation AR glasses will increase usability and enable new interaction concepts. Consumer AR glasses emphasize however additional requirements to eye-tracking sensors, such as high integratability and robustness to ambient illumination. We propose a novel eye-tracking sensor based on the self-mixing interference (SMI) effect of lasers. In consequence, our sensor as small as a grain of sand shows exceptional robustness against ambient radiation compared to conventional camera-based eye trackers. In this paper, we evaluate ambient light robustness under different illumination conditions for video-based oculography, conventional scanned laser eye tracking as well as the SMI-based sensor.