julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Visual Sensitivity Shifts with Perceived Eye Position
2013-03-07

Abstract Spatial attention can be defined as the selection of a location for privileged stimulus processing. Most oculomotor structures, such as the superior colliculus or the FEFs, play an additional role in visuospatial attention. Indeed, electrical stimulation of these structures can cause changes in visual sensitivity that are location specific. We have proposed that the recently discovered ocular proprioceptive area in the human postcentral gyrus (S1EYE) may have a similar function. This suggestion was based on the observation that a reduction of excitability in this area with TMS causes not only a shift in perceived eye position but also lateralized changes in visual sensitivity. Here we investigated whether these shifts in perceived gaze position and visual sensitivity are spatially congruent. After continuous theta burst stimulation over S1EYE, participants underestimated own eye rotation, so that saccades from a lateral eye rotation undershoot a central sound (Experiment 1). They discriminated letters faster if they were presented nearer the orbit midline (Experiment 2) and spent less time looking at locations nearer the orbit midline when searching for a nonexistent target in a letter array (Experiment 3). This suggests that visual sensitivity increased nearer the orbit midline, in the same direction as the shift in perceived eye position. This spatial congruence argues for a functional coupling between the cortical eye position signal in the somatosensory cortex and visuospatial attention.
Treatment with temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumors - data from a survey by the German Pituitary Study Group
2013-03-07

Introduction: Patients with aggressive pituitary tumors still present a major challenge due to limited efficacy of surgery and radiotherapy, and the absence of any effective chemotherapy. Recently, temozolomide has been suggested as a potential treatment.
Vascular calcification--is aldosterone a culprit?
2013-03-08

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), increased plasma phosphate concentrations cause vascular calcification which substantially contribute to cardiovascular events and increased mortality of CKD patients. Similar to CKD patients, klotho-hypomorphic mice (kl/kl) also suffer from excessive vascular calcification leading to growth deficit, rapid ageing and early death. The hyperphosphataemia of kl/kl mice results from excessive formation of 1,25(OH)2D3 causing excessive intestinal phosphate absorption. Further, kl/kl mice further suffer from hyperaldosteronism and compelling evidence points to an active role of mineralocorticoids in triggering osteoinductive programmes in the vasculature, thus further contributing to the development of vascular calcification. Conversely, in kl/kl mice, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone decreased the vascular osteoinductive processes and reversed the excessive expression of osteogenic programmes, i.e. type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter Pit1, tumour necrosis factor α (Tnfα), transcription factors Msx2, Cbfa1/Runx2 and osterix as well as alkaline phosphatase (Alp). In human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs), aldosterone alone similarly triggered an 'osteogenic' programme, thus increasing PIT1, TNFα, MSX2, CBFA1/RUNX2 and ALP expression as well as ALP activity and potentiated the effects of phosphate treatment. These effects were again reversed by spironolactone and in addition by PIT1 silencing. The above observations reveal that the severe vascular calcification is not only the result of high plasma phosphate concentrations, but also promoted by aldosterone-driven osteoinductive signalling. Future studies in CKD patients will be required to define the role of aldosterone and the potential impact of its inhibition by spironolactone in the pathophysiology of vascular calcification.
Local Synchronization of Resting-State Dynamics Encodes Gray’s Trait Anxiety
2013-03-08

The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) as defined within the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) modulates reactions to stimuli indicating aversive events. Gray's trait Anxiety determines the extent to which stimuli activate the BIS. While studies have identified the amygdala-septo-hippocampal circuit as the key-neural substrate of this system in recent years and measures of resting-state dynamics such as randomness and local synchronization of spontaneous BOLD fluctuations have recently been linked to personality traits, the relation between resting-state dynamics and the BIS remains unexplored. In the present study, we thus examined the local synchronization of spontaneous fMRI BOLD fluctuations as measured by Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) in the hippocampus and the amygdala in twenty-seven healthy subjects. Correlation analyses showed that Gray's trait Anxiety was significantly associated with mean ReHo in both the amygdala and the hippocampus. Specifically, Gray's trait Anxiety explained 23% and 17% of resting-state ReHo variance in the left amygdala and the left hippocampus, respectively. In summary, we found individual differences in Gray's trait Anxiety to be associated with ReHo in areas previously associated with BIS functioning. Specifically, higher ReHo in resting-state neural dynamics corresponded to lower sensitivity to punishment scores both in the amygdala and the hippocampus. These findings corroborate and extend recent findings relating resting-state dynamics and personality while providing first evidence linking properties of resting-state fluctuations to Gray's BIS.
Organoaluminum and ‐gallium Formamidinate Complexes
2013-03-08

Abstract Dialuminum formamidinate complexes [Me 2 Al(μ‐Form)(μ‐Me)AlMe 2 ] [Form (ArNCHNAr) = EtForm (Ar = 2,6‐Et 2 C 6 H 3 ) or DippForm (Ar = 2,6‐ i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 )] were obtained in good yields by treatment of formamidines (FormH) with trimethylaluminum in a 1:3 stoichiometry. The products contain both a bridging Form ligand and a bridging methyl group between the two aluminum centers. [M(Form)Me 2 ] (M = Al, Form = DippForm, EtForm; M = Ga, Form = DippForm) were prepared in high yields by the protonolysis reactions of MMe 3 (M = Al, Ga) with formamidines (FormH) in a 1:1 stoichiometry. [Al(DippForm)Me 2 ] was also synthesized by other methods including concentration of the tetrahydrofuran/ n ‐hexane solution of [Me 2 Al(μ‐DippForm)(μ‐Me)AlMe 2 ] to dryness and also by reaction of AlMe 3 with [Ga(DippForm)Me 2 ] in a 1:1 ratio. Partial dissociation of the dialuminum to monoaluminum complexes was detected in the 1 H NMR spectra of [Me 2 Al(μ‐Form)(μ‐Me)AlMe 2 ] complexes. All complexes exhibit a distorted tetrahedral stereochemistry of the Group 13 metal atoms.
Correlation between occlusal abnormalities and parameters investigated by three-dimensional facial photography
2013-03-08

ABSTRACT Objective: To clarify, by three-dimensional (3D) facial scans, if 4- to 6-year-old children with intraoral sagittal discrepancies and open-bite occlusion show differences in facial morphology when compared to children without anomalies. Materials and Methods: Scans of 290 children presenting with occlusal abnormalities were compared to 1772 face scans of age-matched individuals photographed with a faceSCAN II® 3D data acquisition system. From these, three study groups were formed comprising 188 children with distal occlusion/increased overjet (Class II), 37 with mesial occlusion/inverse overjet (Class III), and 65 with open-bite occlusion. These groups were evaluated by age and gender for each group compared to the control individuals. Results: The Class II group showed statistically significant reduced dimensions of head width, upper face width, and midface length. In addition, the mean values for mouth width and lip thickness were higher, and their upper lips were located more anteriorly than in the control group. The Class III group exhibited more markedly retruded upper lips. The facial profile of female 5-year-old Class III patients was significantly more concave. Patients in the open-bite group showed reduced upper lip length, with differences only being statistically significant in male 4-year-olds. Conclusion: Dental Class II with increased overjet and dental Class III with decreased overjet influence soft tissue morphology and are represented on 3D facial scans.
Oxidation of Fe(II) leads to increased C‐2 methylation of pentacyclic triterpenoids in the anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain TIE‐1
2013-03-09

Abstract Hopanoids are among the most widespread biomarkers of bacteria that are used as indicators for past and present bacterial activity. Our understanding of the production, function, and distribution of hopanoids in bacteria has improved greatly, partly due to genetic, culture‐independent studies. Culture‐based studies are important to determine hopanoid function and the environmental conditions under which these compounds are produced. This study compares the lipid inventory of R hodopseudomonas palustris strain TIE ‐1 under anoxic photoautotrophic conditions using either H 2 or F e( II ) as electron donor. The high amount to which adenosylhopane is produced irrespective of the used electron donor suggests a specific function of this compound rather than its exclusive role as an intermediate in bacteriohopanepolyol biosynthesis. C ‐2 methylated hopanoids and tetrahymanol account for as much as 59% of the respective C ‐2 methylated/non‐methylated homologs during growth with F e( II ) as electron donor, as compared with 24% C ‐2 methylation for growth with H 2 . This observation reveals that C ‐2 methylated hopanoids have a specific function and are preferentially synthesized in response to elevated F e( II ) concentrations. The presence of C ‐2 methylated pentacyclic triterpenoids has commonly been used as a biosignature for the interpretation of paleoenvironments. These new findings suggest that increased C ‐2 methylation may indicate anoxic ferrous conditions, in addition to other environmental stressors that have been previously reported.
Prominence in Triconstituent Compounds: Pitch Contours and Linguistic Theory
2013-03-10

According to the widely accepted Lexical Category Prominence Rule (LCPR), prominence assignment to triconstituent compounds depends on the branching direction. Left-branching compounds, that is, compounds with a left-hand complex constituent, are held to have highest prominence on the left-most constituent, whereas right-branching compounds have highest prominence on the second of the three constituents. The LCPR is, however, only poorly empirically supported. The present paper tests a new hypothesis concerning the prominence of triconstituent compounds and suggests a new methodology for the empirical investigation of compound prominence. According to this hypothesis, the prominence pattern of the embedded compound has a decisive influence on the prominence of the whole compound. Using a mixed-effects generalized additive model for the analysis of the pitch movements, it is shown that all triconstituent compounds have an accent on the first constituent irrespective of branching, and that the placement of a second, or even a third, accent is dependent on the prominence pattern of the embedded compound. The LCPR is wrong.
A 16‐channel dual‐row transmit array in combination with a 31‐element receive array for human brain imaging at 9.4 T
2013-03-11

Purpose Arranging transmit array elements in multiple rows provides an additional degree of freedom to correct B 1 + field inhomogeneities and to achieve whole‐brain excitation at ultrahigh field strengths. Receive arrays shaped to the contours of the anatomy increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the image. In this work, the advantages offered by the transmit and receive array techniques are combined for human brain imaging at 9.4 T. Methods A 16‐element dual‐row transmit array and a 31‐element receive array were developed. Based on an accurate numerical model of the transmit array, the deposited power was calculated for different head sizes and positions. The influence of the receive array on the transmit field was characterized. Parallel imaging performance and signal‐to‐noise ratio of the receive array were evaluated. Results On average, a two fold increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio was observed in the whole‐brain volume when compared with a 16‐channel elliptic microstrip transceiver array. The benefits of combining the two arrays, B 1 + shimming in three directions and high receive sensitivity, are demonstrated with high‐resolution in vivo images. Conclusion The dual‐row transmit array provides whole‐brain coverage at 9.4 T, which, in combination with the helmet‐shaped receive array, is a valuable radio frequency configuration for ultra‐high field magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain. Magn Reson Med 71:870–879, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global Locator, Local Locator, and Identifier Split (GLI-Split)
2013-03-11

The locator/identifier split is an approach for a new addressing and routing architecture to make routing in the core of the Internet more scalable. Based on this principle, we developed the GLI-Split framework, which separates the functionality of current IP addresses into a stable identifier and two independent locators, one for routing in the Internet core and one for edge networks. This makes routing in the Internet more stable and provides more flexibility for edge networks. GLI-Split can be incrementally deployed and it is backward-compatible with the IPv6 Internet. We describe its architecture, compare it to other approaches, present its benefits, and finally present a proof-of-concept implementation of GLI-Split.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Stability of gem-Diaurated Species in Reactions with Nucleophiles
2013-03-11

The reactivity of diaurated species toward nucleophiles was investigated. The reaction yields vinyl gold species and is described as simple SN2 ligand exchange at gold. Using suitably strong nucleophiles, equilibrium constants were determined to measure the stability of various diaurated species. On the basis of these equilibrium constants the influence of ligand and the nature of vinyl cores on the stability were analyzed. These results have direct implication for gold catalysis: it was demonstrated that vinyl gold intermediates bind the catalytic LAu+ species generally stronger than an alkyne (the substrate) by a factor of 106–109. This demonstrates that the formation of diaurated species from vinyl gold intermediates is thermodynamically favored in a catalytic reaction.
Cytotoxic effect and tissue penetration of phenol for adjuvant treatment of giant cell tumours
2013-03-11

Local adjuvant treatment of giant cell tumours (GCTs) of the bone with phenol has led to a significant reduction in recurrence rates. In the current study, the optimal phenol concentration and duration of intralesional exposure were evaluated. Specimens of GCTs were exposed to various concentrations of phenol solution (6, 60 and 80%) for either 1 or 3 min. Following embedding in glutaraldehyde, the tumour cell layers were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Destroyed cell organelles indicated the penetration depth as a sign of denaturation. Incubation of GCT specimens with 6% phenol solution for 3 min resulted in the most tissue damage and the deepest tissue penetration of ∼200 <i>μ</i>m. Incubation with 60 and 80% phenol solution reached a penetration depth of only ∼100 <i>μ</i>m. Phenol instillation may be used for the treatment of small scattered cellular debris following intralesional curettage; however, it is not suitable for treatment of remaining solid tumour tissue of GCT. The use of high phenol concentrations has no benefit and increases the risk of local or systemic intoxication.
Do Not Trust the Pedigree: Reduced and Sex-Dependent Penetrance at a Novel Mutation Hotspot inATL1Blurs Autosomal Dominant Inheritance of Spastic Paraplegia
2013-03-12

The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs), a group of neurodegenerative movement disorders, are among the genetically most heterogeneous clinical conditions. Still, the more than 50 forms known so far apparently explain less than 80% of cases. The present study identified two large HSP families, which seemed to show an autosomal recessive and an X-linked inheritance pattern. A set of genetic analyses including exome sequencing revealed plausible mutations only when assuming incomplete/sex-dependent penetrance of adjacent alterations in the autosomal dominant HSP gene ATL1 (c.1243C>T and c.1244G>A, respectively). By screening of additional HSP patients for the presence of these alterations, we identified three more cases and obtained additional evidence for reduced penetrance. Bisulfate sequencing and haplotype analysis indicated that c.1243C and c.1244G constitute a mutational hotspot. Our findings suggest that misinterpretation of inheritance patterns and, consequently, misselection of candidate genes to be screened in gene-focused approaches contribute to the apparently missing heritability in HSP and, potentially, in other genetically heterogeneous disorders.
Xq22.3–q23 deletion including ACSL4 in a patient with intellectual disability
2013-03-12

Abstract Mutations or deletions of ACSL4 ( FACL4 , OMIM 300157) are a rare cause of non‐syndromic X‐linked intellectual disability. We report on a 10‐year‐old male patient with moderate intellectual disability, sensorineural hearing loss, facial dysmorphism, pyloric stenosis, and intestinal obstruction in whom a de novo Xq22.3–q23 deletion was detected by SNP array analysis. The deleted 1.56 Mb interval harbored ACSL4 and eight neighboring genes ( GUCY2F , NXT2 , KCNE1L , TMEM164 , MIR3978 , AMMECR1 , SNORD96B , and RGAG1 ). In contrast to previously reported patients with chromosome aberrations in the region of the AMME complex (Alport syndrome, intellectual disability, midface hypoplasia, and elliptocytosis, OMIM 300194), this deletion did not contain the Alport syndrome gene COL4A5 , suggesting that loss of one or several of the other genes in this interval is responsible for the clinical problems. In summary, the patient reported here broadens our knowledge of the phenotypic consequences of deletions of chromosome region Xq22.3–q23 and provides further proof for ACSL4 as an X‐linked intellectual disability gene. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applicability and validity of the Amnestic Comparative Self-Assessment in adolescents
2013-03-12

The Amnestic Comparative Self-Assessment (ACSA) is a sensitive, efficient, and economic instrument to assess overall quality of life in adult populations. The present study investigates the applicability of the ACSA in an adolescent sample and compares it to a measure of health-related quality of life, the Kiddo-Kindl. The sample comprised 92 adolescents (50 girls, 42 boys) aged 11-17 years (mean age: 13.67, standard deviation: 1.34). Of the investigated sample, n=69 (75%) completed the ACSA. No significant demographic differences were found between ACSA-respondents and non-respondents. The correlation of the Kiddo-Kindl and the ACSA was moderate (r=0.50). The Kiddo-Kindl subscales and the ACSA correlated between r=0.07 and 0.41. The majority of adolescents are able to complete the ASCA, and its acceptance and validity are independent of age. Thus, future investigations could adopt the ACSA in adolescents to assess overall quality of life.
The Reduced Cochlear Output and the Failure to Adapt the Central Auditory Response Causes Tinnitus in Noise Exposed Rats
2013-03-13

Tinnitus is proposed to be caused by decreased central input from the cochlea, followed by increased spontaneous and evoked subcortical activity that is interpreted as compensation for increased responsiveness of central auditory circuits. We compared equally noise exposed rats separated into groups with and without tinnitus for differences in brain responsiveness relative to the degree of deafferentation in the periphery. We analyzed (1) the number of CtBP2/RIBEYE-positive particles in ribbon synapses of the inner hair cell (IHC) as a measure for deafferentation; (2) the fine structure of the amplitudes of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) reflecting differences in sound responses following decreased auditory nerve activity and (3) the expression of the activity-regulated gene Arc in the auditory cortex (AC) to identify long-lasting central activity following sensory deprivation. Following moderate trauma, 30% of animals exhibited tinnitus, similar to the tinnitus prevalence among hearing impaired humans. Although both tinnitus and no-tinnitus animals exhibited a reduced ABR wave I amplitude (generated by primary auditory nerve fibers), IHCs ribbon loss and high-frequency hearing impairment was more severe in tinnitus animals, associated with significantly reduced amplitudes of the more centrally generated wave IV and V and less intense staining of Arc mRNA and protein in the AC. The observed severe IHCs ribbon loss, the minimal restoration of ABR wave size, and reduced cortical Arc expression suggest that tinnitus is linked to a failure to adapt central circuits to reduced cochlear input.
Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data
2013-03-13

The Roma people, living throughout Europe and West Asia, are a diverse population linked by the Romani language and culture. Previous linguistic and genetic studies have suggested that the Roma migrated into Europe from South Asia about 1,000-1,500 years ago. Genetic inferences about Roma history have mostly focused on the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. To explore what additional information can be learned from genome-wide data, we analyzed data from six Roma groups that we genotyped at hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We estimate that the Roma harbor about 80% West Eurasian ancestry-derived from a combination of European and South Asian sources-and that the date of admixture of South Asian and European ancestry was about 850 years before present. We provide evidence for Eastern Europe being a major source of European ancestry, and North-west India being a major source of the South Asian ancestry in the Roma. By computing allele sharing as a measure of linkage disequilibrium, we estimate that the migration of Roma out of the Indian subcontinent was accompanied by a severe founder event, which appears to have been followed by a major demographic expansion after the arrival in Europe.
No association of GBA mutations and multiple system atrophy
2013-03-13

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