julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
The limits of fixation—Keeping the ametropic eye on target
2019-11-12

Accurate positioning of the naked eye is a prerequisite in many ophthalmic measurement and intervention systems. In most of these procedures the eyeball is stabilized through fixation of a target. Fixation is initiated, as well as sustained by a whole set of oculomotor processes: saccadic movements and drift, as well as vergence. Target appearance influences sustained fixation, but the influence of target information on the initiation of fixation has not been evaluated in detail. The current study evaluates the accuracy of fixation initiation as well as sustained fixation under refractive error. Twenty-one ametrope subjects repeatedly fixated a laser speckle-based fixation target for an extended duration of 3 s. Fixational area, fixational saccade rate as well as fixational saccade amplitude were analyzed during two different time intervals, namely in fixation initiation and sustained fixation. Fixation initiation was evaluated within the first 500 ms of fixation, whereas sustained fixation was evaluated 1 s after the eyes were directed toward the fixation target. During fixation initiation, fixation accuracy decreased in comparison to sustained fixation; fixational saccades occurred more frequently, and with larger amplitudes. During sustained fixation, an impact of refractive error was shown. With increasing refractive error, fixational saccade amplitude and fixational saccade rate increased. Fixational area increased in high ametropia through larger and more frequent saccades, but at a rather moderate rate of 10 arcmin/diopter (dpt) radial increase.
A Female Color Ornament Honestly Signals Fecundity
2019-11-12

In many species, particularly in ectothermic vertebrates, not only males but also females show bright body colorations. In Alpine newts, Ichthyosaura alpestris, both sexes have colorful orange bellies. This coloration varies in redness (yellowish to dark orange) among individuals, and previous work has shown that courting males preferred females with more orange bellies. Because males in this species are likely to be limited in their mating capacity, selection would favor this preference if this coloration honestly signals female quality. In this study, we investigated whether female belly coloration can predict individual fecundity in which case males might have the chance to fertilize more eggs when they choose to mate with a more ornamented female. We found that more orange females were more fertile than less orange ones. Additionally, we saw that more ornamented females could lay their eggs faster, which means that they ceased egg laying at a similar time as less ornamented females despite the greater number of eggs. This suggests that female color can convey quality advantages in a species with no sex-role reversal much in the same way as male colors can, making female ornaments subject to sexual selection acting directly on them.
Suprapatellar versus infrapatellar approaches in the treatment of tibia intramedullary nailing ： A retrospective cohort study
2019-11-12

Abstract Background: Tibial shaft fractures are routinely managed with intramedullary nailing (IMN). An increasingly accepted technique is the suprapatellar (SP) approach. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of knee joint after tibia IMN through an suprapatellar (SP) or traditional infrapatellar (IP) approach. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed in patients with tibial shaft fractures that were treated with IMN through a SP or IP approach between 01/01/2014 and 31/12/2016. The clinical and functional outcomes of the knee were assessed with the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Knee Score. Secondary outcomes included the operation time and intraoperative blood loss. Results: A total of 50 patients/fractures (26 IP and 24 SP) with a minimum follow-up of 15 months were evaluated. All fractures were OTA 42. No significant differences were found between the two groups in age, gender, side of fractures, operation time, intra-operative blood loss, and follow-up time. No significant difference was seen in HSS score ( P = 0.62) between them. Sub analysis of all the HSS components scores revealed no significant differences between pain ( P = 0.57), the stand and walk ( P = 0.54), the need for walking stick ( P = 0.60) and extension lag ( P = 0.60). The other HSS components showed full scores (IP 10 vs. SP 10) in both approaches, including muscle force, flexion deformity and stability components. The range of motion (ROM) component score was superior in the IP group ( P = 0.04) suggesting a higher ROM. Conclusions: Both SP and IP approach results in equivalent overall HSS knee scores. However, for the HSS component, the IP approach was superior to SP approach regarding the ROM.
The Effectiveness of Autonomy Support Interventions With Physical Education Teachers and Youth Sport Coaches: A Systematic Review
2019-11-13

Researchers consider motivation a key determinant of physical activity. In physical education (PE) and youth sport, the more children and adolescents evaluate their teachers and coaches to be autonomy supportive, as opposed to controlling, the more self-determined they are in their motivation. Therefore, it appears valuable to help PE teachers and youth sport coaches optimize their interactions with the individuals they work with. This study was designed to systematically review the literature related to autonomy support interventions with PE teachers and youth sport coaches. After relevant databases were searched and duplicates were removed, 1,523 potentially pertinent articles were found. These were subsequently screened based on specific inclusion criteria. This systematic review process helped identify 21 studies that were included for further analyses. Overall, the interventions were frequently successful in enhancing PE teachers’ and youth sport coaches’ behavior. Additional research appears justified to foster self-determined motivation among children and adolescence.
Association of Genomic Domains in BRCA1 and BRCA2 with Prostate Cancer Risk and Aggressiveness
2019-11-13

Abstract Pathogenic sequence variants (PSV) in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) are associated with increased risk and severity of prostate cancer. We evaluated whether PSVs in BRCA1/2 were associated with risk of overall prostate cancer or high grade (Gleason 8+) prostate cancer using an international sample of 65 BRCA1 and 171 BRCA2 male PSV carriers with prostate cancer, and 3,388 BRCA1 and 2,880 BRCA2 male PSV carriers without prostate cancer. PSVs in the 3′ region of BRCA2 (c.7914+) were significantly associated with elevated risk of prostate cancer compared with reference bin c.1001-c.7913 [HR = 1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–2.52; P = 0.001], as well as elevated risk of Gleason 8+ prostate cancer (HR = 3.11; 95% CI, 1.63–5.95; P = 0.001). c.756-c.1000 was also associated with elevated prostate cancer risk (HR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.71–4.68; P = 0.00004) and elevated risk of Gleason 8+ prostate cancer (HR = 4.95; 95% CI, 2.12–11.54; P = 0.0002). No genotype–phenotype associations were detected for PSVs in BRCA1. These results demonstrate that specific BRCA2 PSVs may be associated with elevated risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer. Significance: Aggressive prostate cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers may vary according to the specific BRCA2 mutation inherited by the at-risk individual.
Adjuvant therapy for cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis of new therapies
2019-11-13

Abstract New drugs have been recently approved as adjuvant therapies for melanoma. In this Bayesian network meta‐analysis, we aimed to assess the best therapeutic option in terms of recurrence‐free survival ( RFS ), overall survival ( OS ) and adverse events ( AE s). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and the American Society of Clinical Oncology databases were searched from inception until 20 August 2018. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios ( HR s) for RFS and OS and relative odds ratios ( OR s) for AE s and surface under the cumulative ranking ( SUCRA ) probabilities were calculated. A number of 872 records were identified, and six were finally included in the meta‐analysis. A total of 4244 patients in six studies were randomized. The following therapies were considered in the selected studies: combined dabrafenib and trametinib, vemurafenib, nivolumab, ipilimumab and pembrolizumab. Nivolumab demonstrated the highest probability (75.1%) of being the best in term of RFS , followed by dabrafenib+trametinib, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab and vemurafenib; however, OS was not estimable. Concerning AE s, pembrolizumab and nivolumab showed the highest probability to be less associated with any and 3–4 grade AE s (83.1% and 64.4%, respectively). In conclusion, all new drugs are highly effective in adjuvant setting, and the best choice is dependent of patient's context.
Functional characterization of novel MFSD8 pathogenic variants anticipates neurological involvement in juvenile isolated maculopathy
2019-11-13

Abstract Biallelic MFSD8 variants are an established cause of severe late‐infantile subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (v‐LINCL), a severe lysosomal storage disorder, but have also been associated with nonsyndromic adult‐onset maculopathy. Here, we functionally characterized two novel MFSD8 variants found in a child with juvenile isolated maculopathy, in order to establish a refined prognosis. ABCA4 locus resequencing was followed by the analysis of other inherited retinal disease genes by whole exome sequencing (WES). Minigene assays and cDNA sequencing were used to assess the effect of a novel MFSD8 splice variant. MFSD8 expression was quantified with qPCR and overexpression studies were analyzed by immunoblotting. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on a skin biopsy and ophthalmological and neurological re‐examinations were conducted. WES revealed two novel MFSD8 variants: c.[590del];[439+3A&gt;C] p.[Gly197Valfs*2];[Ile67Glufs*3]. Characterization of the c.439+3A&gt;C variant via splice assays showed exon‐skipping (p.Ile67Glufs*3), while overexpression studies of the corresponding protein indicated expression of a truncated polypeptide. In addition, a significantly reduced MFSD8 RNA expression was noted in patient's lymphocytes. TEM of a skin biopsy revealed typical v‐LINCL lipopigment inclusions while neurological imaging of the proband displayed subtle cerebellar atrophy. Functional characterization demonstrated the pathogenicity of two novel MFSD8 variants, found in a child with an initial diagnosis of juvenile isolated maculopathy but likely evolving to v‐LINCL with a protracted disease course. Our study allowed a refined neurological prognosis in the proband and expands the natural history of MFSD8 ‐associated disease.
Improvement of Guideline Adherence After the Implementation of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program in a Secondary Care Pediatric Hospital
2019-11-13

<b>Introduction:</b> The accelerating threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) forces health care providers to use antibiotics more rationally. Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP) are a proven and safe way to achieve that goal. They have been comprehensively studied in adults but data from secondary care pediatric hospitals are lacking. <b>Material and Methods:</b> In our study an ASP with standard operating procedures (SOPs), audits, a weekly ward round with experts in pediatric infectious diseases and an antibiotic pocket-card for selected infectious diseases was established in July 2017 in a Munich municipal secondary care children's hospital. All antibiotic prescriptions on general pediatric wards were reviewed each in the first quarter of 2017 and 2018. The primary outcome was adherence to treatment guidelines. Secondary outcomes were substance consumption, duration of therapy and death. <b>Results:</b> After the ASP was implemented guideline adherence increased significantly from 33 to 63%. The consumption of cephalosporins decreased significantly (-60%), whereas aminopenicillin use increased accordingly (+120%). Neither in the pre- nor in the post-intervention group deaths occurred. <b>Discussion:</b> Data on ASP in pediatric secondary care hospitals are scarce. Most previous studies have been performed at tertiary care/university children's hospitals. We demonstrate a significant improvement in guideline adherence regarding antibiotic treatments after the implementation of an ASP. Cephalosporin consumption decreased which might be relevant for the selection of MRB (e.g., vancomycin-resistant enterococci). Results are limited by the single-center design and the short observation period. The study encourages the implementation of ASPs in secondary care children's hospitals.
Autoantibody Mediated Desialylation Impairs Human Thrombopoiesis and Platelet Life Span
2019-11-13

Background: The low platelet count in autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is caused by enhanced destruction of opsonised platelets in the spleen upon binding of the anti-platelet autoantibodies (AAbs) to the glycoproteins (GPs) express on PLT's surface. Data from animal model suggested that desialylation may contribute to PLT destruction in ITP. However, accumulating evidence suggests that reduction of PLT generation from megakaryocytes (MKs) in bone morrow is also responsible thrombocytopenia in ITP. Based on these considerations, we hypothesized that AAb-mediated desialylation of the GPs expressed on PLT and MKs may interfere with PLT formation and life span. Methods: Sera from 100 ITP patients were investigated in this study. AAb-induced desialylation was detected using a lectin binding assay (LBA) by flow cytometry (FC). To investigate the impact of desialylation on the life-span of human PLTs, the NSG mouse model was used. PLTs and MKs functions were assessed after AAb treatment using proplatelet formation test and adhesion assays on different surfaces. Results: Sera from 35/100 (35%) ITP patients induced cleavage of sialic acid from PLT surface. Injection of desialylating AAbs in vivo resulted in accelerated clearance of human PLTs which was significantly reduced by a specific sialidase inhibitor that prevents desialylation on the PLT surface (survival after 5h: 29%, range 22-40% vs. 48%, range 41-53%, p=0.014, respectively). Desialylating AAbs caused a significant reduction in PLT adhesion to fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (mean of % adherent PLTs compared to control IgG: 34±6%, p=0.004 and 26±2%, p=0.001, respectively). Interestingly, PLT adhesion was recovered in the presence of a sialidase inhibitor (mean of % adherent PLTs: 86±6%, p=0.001 and 67±10, p=0.020, respectively). IgG fractions from 7/10 (70%) ITP-sera were able to cleave sialic acid and induce exposure of ß-galactose residues on CD34+-derived MKs. Desialylating AAbs induced lower ability to form proplatelet extensions compared to control IgG, which was significantly increased in the presence of the sialidase inhibitor (mean of % proplatelet forming MKs: 42±11% vs. 90±9%, p=0.032, respectively). Conclusion: Our findings show that AAbs from a subgroup of ITP patients are not only able to cleave sialic acid on surface of human PLTs, but also on MKs leading to accelerate PLT destruction and impaired thrombopoiesis, respectively. In addition, we observed that AAb-mediated receptor desialyation interferes with cell interaction with extracellular matrix proteins leading to impaired PLT adhesion, MK differentiation and thrombopoiesis. These novel findings highlight the multiple effects of AAbs in ITP and add to the existing evidence that ITP is rather a group of disorders sharing common characteristics, namely loss of immune tolerance toward PLT and MK antigens and increased bleeding tendency. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Better to be informed: Threatening bats increase recall of information
2019-11-13

Bats are fascinating wildlife species. Yet, many citizens tend to perceive them as threatening. Such perceptions could influence citizens' knowledge acquisition about bats. In terms of wildlife management, it is important to understand what citizens who perceive bats as threatening learn about bats. Evolutionarily, it is likely that humans process negative information about threatening bats more attentively as they may encounter them again in the future. Therefore, this study investigated how representations of bats as threatening affected participants' recall of information by comparing a threatening representation to other representations of bats as cute, neutral, and imperiled. We hypothesized and found that representations of bats as threatening elicited recall of more negative pieces of information and more pieces of information overall than representations of bats as imperiled, neutral, or cute. Thus, threatening bats increased citizens' knowledge acquisition. We discuss the implications for wildlife management.
Predictability of the effects of epidural injection in lumbar spinal stenosis by assessment of lumbar MRI scans
2019-11-13

Although MRI is crucial for evaluating lumbar spinal stenosis, it cannot replace but is rather complementary to a good patient history and clinical examination or the results of local diagnostic injections.
3D-printed standardized phantoms for small animal PET and MRI: a comparison study
2019-11-13

Three-dimensional (3D) printed phantoms are a cost-effective way for quality control of imaging devices. Here we evaluate two 3D printed versions of the NEMA NU 4-2008 phantom for small animal positron emission tomography (PET), compared to a phantom made of PMMA. The behavior of the materials is analyzed using PET for two radiotracers with different positron ranges, as well as the compatibility of the phantoms with MRI. In conclusion, image degradation due to positron range is more pronounced for the material E-Shell 600 clear. Some support materials required by 3D printing can produce artifacts in MRI images.
Reorganization of spatial configurations in visual working memory: A matter of set size?
2019-11-13

Humans process single objects in relation to other simultaneously maintained objects in visual working memory. This interdependence is called spatial configuration. Humans are able to reorganize global spatial configurations into relevant partial configurations. We conducted three experiments investigating the process underlying reorganization by manipulating memory set size and the presence of configurations at retrieval. Participants performed a location change detection task for a single object probed at retrieval. At the beginning of each trial, participants memorized the locations of all objects (set size: 4, 8, 12, or 16). During maintenance, a valid retro cue highlighted the side containing the object probed at retrieval, thus enabling participants to reorganize the memorized global spatial configuration to the partial cued configuration. At retrieval, the object probed was shown together with either all objects (complete configuration; Experiment 1a), the cued objects only (congruent configuration; all Experiments), the non-cued objects only (incongruent configuration, all Experiments) or alone (no configuration; Experiment 1b). We observed reorganization of spatial configurations as indicated by a superior location change detection performance with a congruent partial configuration than an incongruent partial configuration across all three experiments. We also observed an overall decrease in accuracy with increasing set size. Most importantly, however, we did not find evidence for a reliable impairment of reorganization with increasing set size. We discuss these findings with regard to the memory representation underlying spatial configurations.
Hax1 Is Indispensable for Neutrophil Development in Zebrafish
2019-11-13

Inherited deficiency of HCLS1-associated protein X1 (HAX1) in human leads to the development of severe congenital neutropenia (CN), which is characterized by impaired neutrophil development. Patients with HAX1 deficiency are prone to life-threatening infections beginning in their first months of life unless treated by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) or bone marrow transplantation. But approximately 10% of these patients do not respond to the rhG-CSF therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new tailored therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this disease. However, there is a lack of an animal model that allows high-throughput compound screening for the HAX1 associated neutropenia. In this study, we sought to determine the role of hax1 in zebrafish hematopoiesis. We used two approaches to interfere with the zebrafish hax1. First, we injected antisense morpholino that efficiently blocked the translation of hax1 mRNA. As a second approach, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 technique to introduce mutations in the zebrafish hax1 gene. Both approaches were used in the in wild-type embryos and transgenic (mpo:gfp) reporter line, where the neutrophils are labeled with GFP. We found that hax1 knockdown reduced the number of neutrophils, without affecting the development of HSPCs and monocytes/macrophages. Compared with their wild-type counterparts, hax1 morphants exhibited reduced expression levels of hcls1 and cebpa. Whereas the expression level of cebpb, a marker of emergency granulopoiesis, was upregulated. Next, we examined whether hax1 knockdown impairs the cellular viability because CN patients who harbor HAX1 mutations exhibit increased apoptosis of myeloid progenitors. Although zebrafish hax1 morphants showed increased cell death throughout the embryo, apoptosis was not triggered in the hematopoietic site. Therefore, our results suggested that reduced neutrophil numbers in zebrafish hax1 morphants is due to decreased production of neutrophils rather than increased cell death. To determine whether our zebrafish model is suitable for discovering human drugs, we treated zebrafish hax1 morphants with human G-CSF and rescued the quantitative reduction of neutrophils. Overall, we have successfully established a novel in vivo model for studying the HAX-1 role in the granulopoiesis, which might open new avenues for developing therapeutic strategies for CN. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Empathic concern and personal distress depend on situational but not dispositional factors
2019-11-14

Empathic concern and personal distress are empathic responses that may result when observing someone in discomfort. Even though these empathic responses have received much attention in past research, it is still unclear which conditions contribute to their respective experience. Hence, the main goal of this study was to examine if dispositional empathic traits or rather situational variables are more likely to evoke empathic concern and personal distress and how the two empathic responses influence motor responses. We presented pictures of persons in psychological, physical, or no pain with matched descriptions of situations that promoted an other-focused state. Approach-avoidance movements were demanded by a subsequently presented tone. While psychological pain led to more empathic concern, physical pain led to higher ratings of personal distress. Linear mixed-effects modelling analysis further revealed that situational factors, such as the type of pain but also the affect experienced by the participants before the experiment predicted the two empathic responses, whereas dispositional empathic traits had no significant influence. In addition, the more intensely the empathic responses were experienced, the faster were movements initiated, presumably reflecting an effect of arousal. Overall, the present study advances our understanding of empathic responses to people in need and provides novel methodological tools to effectively manipulate and analyze empathic concern and personal distress in future research.