julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Survey of Large Planetary Nebulae in Decay
2022-03-20

The Planetary Nebulae (PNe) return nuclear processed stellar material back to the interstellar medium (ISM) and thus have an important influence on the chemical evolution of our Galaxy. We present results of a survey of PNe in decay which have reached a density comparable to the ambient ISM which leads to an interaction with it. This gives us the opportunity to investigate properties of the ISM. We have identified about 20 new examples for this interaction, demonstrating that it is a more common phenomenon than previously expected: Different stages of interaction, ranging from the early (asymmetric brightness distribution) to the very advanced (parabolic or distorted shape and/or an off-center central star) are obvious.
Condensation of Dibaryons in Nuclear Matter and Its Possible Signatures in Heavy Ion Collisions
2022-03-20

We consider the thermodynamics of the matter made up of equal number of neutrons and protons and of scalar dibaryons. They interact via the exchange of scalar and vector mesons. The interaction is taken into account in the mean field approximation. The condensation of dibaryons in this matter and the phase transition of matter to quark matter are considered. Possible signatures of dibaryons in Heavy Ion Collisions are speculated on.
Delta production in $\\bar{p}$d-annihilation at rest
2022-03-20

We study the -excitation in annihilation at rest. The invariant spectra of the and systems selecting the protons with momenta above 400 MeV/c are analyzed. The calculations reproduces reasonably the experimental data.
ORFEUS II echelle spectra: The scale height of interstellar O VI in the halo
2022-03-20

FUV high resolution spectra of 18 stars, particularly chosen to observe the interstellar medium (ISM), were obtained during the second ORFEUS-SPAS free flight space shuttle mission in December 1996. Among these were 6 objects with a distance to the galactic plane larger than 1 kpc, one SMC and 4 LMC stars. This selction of targets is part of the ORFEUS program to explore the galactic halo. As the most important tracer of the hot gas we analyzed the stronger component of the important O VI doublet in all our ISM spectra. We found an average N(O VI) x sin |b| = 3.5 x 10^14 /cm^2 on the lines of sight to the 4 LMC stars. Assuming an exponential distribution of O VI we calculated a midplane density n(o) of 2.07 x 10^-8 /cm^3 and a scle height h(o) of 5.50 kpc. (Research supported in part by the DARA)
The Correct and Efficient Implementation of Appropriateness Specifications for Typed Feature Structures
2022-03-20

In this paper, we argue that type inferencing incorrectly implements appropriateness specifications for typed feature structures, promote a combination of type resolution and unfilling as a correct and efficient alternative, and consider the expressive limits of this alternative approach. Throughout, we use feature cooccurence restrictions as illustration and linguistic motivation.
Off-line Optimization for Earley-style HPSG Processing
2022-03-20

A novel approach to HPSG based natural language processing is described that uses an off-line compiler to automatically prime a declarative grammar for generation or parsing, and inputs the primed grammar to an advanced Earley-style processor. This way we provide an elegant solution to the problems with empty heads and efficient bidirectional processing which is illustrated for the special case of HPSG generation. Extensive testing with a large HPSG grammar revealed some important constraints on the form of the grammar.
Set-theoretic aspects of periodic $FC$-groups --- extraspecial p-groups and Kurepa trees
2022-03-20

Given a group G, we let Z(G) denote its center, G' its commutator subgroup, and Phi (G) its Frattini subgroup (the intersection of all maximal proper subgroups of G). Given U leq G, we let N_G (U) stand for the normalizer of U in G. A group G is FC iff every element g in G has finitely many conjugates. A p-group E is called extraspecial iff Phi (E) = E' = Z(E) cong Z_p, the cyclic group with p elements. When generalizing a characterization of centre-by-finite groups due to B. H. Neumann, M. J. Tomkinson asked the following question. Is there an FC-group G with vert G / Z(G) vert = kappa but [G:N_G(U)] &lt; kappa for all (abelian) subgroups U of G, where kappa is an uncountable cardinal. We consider this question for kappa = omega_1 and kappa = omega_2. It turns out that the answer is largely independent of ZFC, and that it differs greatly in the two cases. More explicitly, for kappa = omega_1, it is consistent with, and independent of, ZFC that there is a group G with vert G / Z(G) vert = omega_1 and [G:N_G (A)] leq omega for all abelian A leq G. We do not know whether the same statement is still consistent if we drop abelian. On the other hand, for kappa = omega_2, the non-existence of groups G with vert G / Z(G) vert = omega_2 and [G : N_G (A) ] leq omega_1 for all (abelian) A leq G is equiconsistent with the existence of an inaccessible cardinal. In particular, there is an extraspecial p-group with this property if there is a Kurepa tree.
Nicely generated and chaotic ideals
2022-03-20

We show that if the real line is the disjoint union of kappa meager sets such that every meager set is contained in a countable union of them, then kappa = omega_1. This answers a question addressed by J. Cichon. We also prove two theorems saying roughly that any attempt to produce the isomorphism type of the meager ideal in the Cohen real and the random real extensions must fail. All our results hold for "meager" replaced by "null", as well.
Parsing as Tree Traversal
2022-03-20

This paper presents a unified approach to parsing, in which top-down, bottom-up and left-corner parsers are related to preorder, postorder and inorder tree traversals. It is shown that the simplest bottom-up and left-corner parsers are left recursive and must be converted using an extended Greibach normal form. With further partial execution, the bottom-up and left-corner parsers collapse together as in the BUP parser of Matsumoto.
Combinatorial properties of classical forcing notions
2022-03-20

We discuss the effect of adding a single real (for various forcing notions adding reals) on cardinal invariants associated with the continuum (like the unbounding or the dominating number or the cardinals related to measure and category on the real line). For random and Cohen forcing, this question was investigated by Cicho'n and Pawlikowski; for Hechler forcing, by Judah, Shelah and myself. We show here: (1) adding an eventually different or a localization real adjoins a Luzin set of size continuum and a mad family of size omega_1; (2) Laver and Mathias forcing collapse the dominating number to omega_1 --- consequences: (A) CON(d=omega_1 + unif(L) = unif (M) = kappa = 2^omega) for any regular uncountable kappa; (B) Two Laver or Mathias reals added iteratively always force CH (even diamond); (C) Sigma^1_4-Mathias-absoluteness implies the Sigma^1_3- Ramsey property; (3) Miller's rational perfect set forcing preserves the axiom MA(sigma-centered).
Typed Feature Structures as Descriptions
2022-03-20

A description is an entity that can be interpreted as true or false of an object, and using feature structures as descriptions accrues several computational benefits. In this paper, I create an explicit interpretation of a typed feature structure used as a description, define the notion of a satisfiable feature structure, and create a simple and effective algorithm to decide if a feature structure is satisfiable.
Search for Exotic Muon Decays
2022-03-20

Recently, it has been proposed that the observed anomaly in the time distribution of neutrino induced reactions, reported by the KARMEN collaboration, can be interpreted as a signal from an exotic muon decay branch mu+ to e+ X. It has been shown that this hypothesis gives an acceptable fit to the KARMEN data if the boson X has a mass of m_X=103.9MeV/c^2, close to the kinematical limit. We have performed a search for the X particle by studying for the first time the very low energy part of the Michel spectrum in mu+ decays. Using a HPGe detector setup at the muE4 beamline at PSI we find branching ratios BR(mu+ to e+ X)&lt;5.7e-4 (90% C.L.) for most of the region 103MeV/c^2
Nucleon Structure Functions within a Chiral Soliton Model
2022-03-20

We study nucleon structure functions within the bosonized Nambu--Jona--Lasinio model where the nucleon emerges as a chiral soliton. We discuss the model predictions on the Gottfried sum rule for electron--nucleon scattering. A comparison with a low--scale parametrization shows that the model reproduces the gross features of the empirical structure functions. We also compute the leading twist contributions of the polarized structure functions and in this model. We compare the model predictions on these structure functions with data from the E143 experiment by GLAP evolving them appropriately.
Mind the gap: Performance metric evaluation in brain‐age prediction
2022-03-21

Abstract Estimating age based on neuroimaging‐derived data has become a popular approach to developing markers for brain integrity and health. While a variety of machine‐learning algorithms can provide accurate predictions of age based on brain characteristics, there is significant variation in model accuracy reported across studies. We predicted age in two population‐based datasets, and assessed the effects of age range, sample size and age‐bias correction on the model performance metrics Pearson's correlation coefficient ( r ), the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The results showed that these metrics vary considerably depending on cohort age range; r and R 2 values are lower when measured in samples with a narrower age range. RMSE and MAE are also lower in samples with a narrower age range due to smaller errors/brain age delta values when predictions are closer to the mean age of the group. Across subsets with different age ranges, performance metrics improve with increasing sample size. Performance metrics further vary depending on prediction variance as well as mean age difference between training and test sets, and age‐bias corrected metrics indicate high accuracy—also for models showing poor initial performance. In conclusion, performance metrics used for evaluating age prediction models depend on cohort and study‐specific data characteristics, and cannot be directly compared across different studies. Since age‐bias corrected metrics generally indicate high accuracy, even for poorly performing models, inspection of uncorrected model results provides important information about underlying model attributes such as prediction variance.
Development of a patient journey map for people living with cervical dystonia
2022-03-21

Abstract Background Patient journey maps are increasingly used as a tool that enables healthcare providers to refine their service provision to best meet patient needs. We developed a cervical dystonia patient journey map (CDPJM) that describes the holistic patient experience from pre-diagnosis through to long-term treatment. Methods The CDPJM was developed in 2 stages; a patient survey (open questions and multichoice) of 15 patients with CD was conducted to inform the design of the CDPJM, which was then refined and validated by an expert-patient focus group. Results Qualitative analysis of the patient survey supported five key stages of the patient journey: symptom onset, diagnosis and therapeutic relationship with healthcare professionals, initiation of care for CD, start of CD treatment, and living with treated CD. Following symptom onset, survey respondents described having multiple visits to their family doctor who prescribed strong pain killers and muscle relaxants and referred their patient to up to 10 different specialists for diagnosis. Over half (53.3%) of respondents had received ≥ 1 misdiagnosis. Respondents reported relief at having a diagnosis but a lack of understanding of the prognosis and treatment options; 46.7% said their neurologist did not spend enough time addressing their concerns. Survey respondents reported using a variety of alternative sources of information, including the internet (86.7%), self-help groups (66.7%) and information leaflets provided by health care professionals (60.0%). While botulinum toxin (BoNT) was consistently discussed as the main treatment option, some neurologists also mentioned physiotherapy, counselling, and other complementary approaches. However, patients were often left to seek complementary services themselves. Patients reported a ‘rollercoaster’ of relief with BoNT treatment with symptoms (and subsequent impact on daily life) returning towards the end of an injection cycle. “When BoNT works well I can return to an almost normal life ... when the injections stop working so well, I have to rest more and avoid going to work and experience life restrictions.” Conclusions We present the first patient journey map for CD that can be used to guide local service mapping and to compare current provision with what patients say they want and need.
Sub-nanosecond Intrinsic Response Time of PbS Nanocrystal IR-Photodetectors
2022-03-21

Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs), especially lead sulfide NCs, are promising candidates for solution-processed next-generation photodetectors with high-speed operation frequencies. However, the intrinsic response time of PbS-NC photodetectors, which is the material-specific physical limit, is still elusive, as the reported response times are typically limited by the device geometry. Here, we use the two-pulse coincidence photoresponse technique to identify the intrinsic response time of 1,2-ethanedithiol-functionalized PbS-NC photodetectors after femtosecond-pulsed 1560 nm excitation. We obtain an intrinsic response time of ∼1 ns, indicating an intrinsic bandwidth of ∼0.55 GHz as the material-specific limit. Examination of the dependence on laser power, gating, bias, temperature, channel length, and environmental conditions suggest that Auger recombination, assisted by NC-surface defects, is the dominant mechanism. Accordingly, the intrinsic response time might further be tuned by specifically controlling the ligand coverage and trap states. Thus, PbS-NC photodetectors are feasible for gigahertz optical communication in the third telecommunication window.
Spectrum of Phenotypic, Genetic, and Functional Characteristics in Patients With Epilepsy With KCNC2 Pathogenic Variants
2022-03-21

Background: KCNC2 encodes Kv3.2, a member of the Shaw-related (Kv3) voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily, which is important for sustained high-frequency firing and optimized energy efficiency of action potentials in the brain. The objective of this study was to analyse the clinical phenotype, genetic background, and biophysical function of disease-associated Kv3.2 variants. Methods: Individuals with KCNC2 variants detected by exome sequencing were selected for clinical, further genetic, and functional analysis. Cases were referred through clinical and research collaborations. Selected de novo variants were examined electrophysiologically in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Results: We identified novel KCNC2 variants in 18 patients with various forms of epilepsy including genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE), developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) including early-onset absence epilepsy (EOAE), focal epilepsy (FE), and myoclonic-atonic epilepsy (MAE). 10/18 variants were de novo and 8/18 variants were classified as modifying variants. 8 drug responsive cases became seizure-free using valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination including severe DEE cases. Functional analysis of four variants demonstrated gain-of-function in three severely affected DEE cases and loss-of-function in one case with a milder phenotype (GGE) as the underlying pathomechanisms. Conclusion: These findings implicate KCNC2 as a novel causative gene for epilepsy and emphasize the critical role of KV3.2 in the regulation of brain excitability.
Modeling the effects of environmental and perceptual uncertainty using deterministic reinforcement learning dynamics with partial observability
2022-03-21

Assessing the systemic effects of uncertainty that arises from agents'\\npartial observation of the true states of the world is critical for\\nunderstanding a wide range of scenarios. Yet, previous modeling work on agent\\nlearning and decision-making either lacks a systematic way to describe this\\nsource of uncertainty or puts the focus on obtaining optimal policies using\\ncomplex models of the world that would impose an unrealistically high cognitive\\ndemand on real agents. In this work we aim to efficiently describe the emergent\\nbehavior of biologically plausible and parsimonious learning agents faced with\\npartially observable worlds. Therefore we derive and present deterministic\\nreinforcement learning dynamics where the agents observe the true state of the\\nenvironment only partially. We showcase the broad applicability of our dynamics\\nacross different classes of partially observable agent-environment systems. We\\nfind that partial observability creates unintuitive benefits in a number of\\nspecific contexts, pointing the way to further research on a general\\nunderstanding of such effects. For instance, partially observant agents can\\nlearn better outcomes faster, in a more stable way and even overcome social\\ndilemmas. Furthermore, our method allows the application of dynamical systems\\ntheory to partially observable multiagent leaning. In this regard we find the\\nemergence of catastrophic limit cycles, a critical slowing down of the learning\\nprocesses between reward regimes and the separation of the learning dynamics\\ninto fast and slow directions, all caused by partial observability. Therefore,\\nthe presented dynamics have the potential to become a formal, yet practical,\\nlightweight and robust tool for researchers in biology, social science and\\nmachine learning to systematically investigate the effects of interacting\\npartially observant agents.\\n
Tensor-multiscalar gravity: Equations of motion to 2.5 post-Newtonian order
2022-03-21

In the present paper we take a step towards the generalization of the post-Newtonian formalism to tensor-multi-scalar theories. These are theories where we have more than one scalar field being mediators of the gravitational interaction in addition to the spacetime metric. They are very natural extensions of Einstein's gravity allowing for the existence of new classes of compact objects and offering interesting phenomenology reaching far beyond the single scalar field theories. We calculate the expansion up to 2.5 post-Newtonian order in the near zone using the so-called direct integration of the relaxed Einstein equations formalism and derive the equation of motion. This work is the first step towards the calculation of gravitational waveforms in tensor-multi-scalar theories.
Cox rings and combinatorics
2022-03-21

For a variety with a finitely generated total coordinate ring, we describe basic geometric properties in terms of certain combinatorial structures living in its divisor class group. For example, we describe the singularities, we calculate the ample cone, and we give simple Fano criteria. As we show by means of several examples, these results allow explicit computations.
Is it art? Effects of framing images as art versus non-art on gaze behavior and aesthetic judgments.
2022-03-21

The perception and evaluation of art might be governed by both stimulus-driven aspects and expectations of the observer.By framing actual artwork and actual scientific depictions as being either artwork or scientific depictions, we were able to investigate the individual contributions of both factors on viewers' gaze behavior and aesthetic judgments.With Experiment 1, we identified a set of images that were equally likely classified as being either artwork or scientific depiction by art laypersons.In Experiment 2, we measured art laypersons' eye-movements as well as their aesthetic judgments regarding those images (half being actual artwork and half being actual scientific depictions).Importantly, we told one group of participants that all images were artwork, whereas we told another group of participants that all images were scientific depictions.Our results indicate that gaze behavior was influenced by the actual image type but not by framing.Actual artwork led to fewer and longer fixations, a shorter scanpath, a shorter distance of fixations to the screen center, and a lower similarity of viewing patterns across participants.Further, actual artwork was rated as being more complex but less meaningful than scientific depictions, with no differences regarding perceived structuredness and liking.Framing the images as artwork led to no changes in perceived meaningfulness, complexity, or structuredness but to lower ratings on liking.We conclude that while the dichotomy between art and non-art influenced art laypersons' gaze behavior and aesthetic judgments, this influence was primarily driven by bottom-up factors rather than a specific cognitive art schema.
The XMM-Newton Survey in the Marano Field I. The X-ray data and optical follow-up
2022-03-21

We report on a medium deep XMM-Newton survey of the Marano Field and optical follow-up observations. The mosaicked XMM-Newton pointings in this optical quasar survey field cover 0.6 square degree with a total of 120 ksec good observation time. We detected 328 X-ray sources in total. The turnover flux of our sample is f~5x10^(-15) erg/cm^2/s in the 0.2-10 keV band. With VLT FORS1 and FORS2 spectroscopy we classified 96 new X-ray counterparts. The central 0.28 square degree, where detailed optical follow-up observations were performed, contain 170 X-ray sources (detection likelihood ML&gt;10), out of which 48 had already been detected by ROSAT. In this region we recover 23 out of 29 optically selected quasars. With a total of 110 classifications in our core sample we reach a completeness of ~65%. About one third of the XMM-Newton sources is classified as type II AGN with redshifts mostly below 1.0. Furthermore, we detect five high redshift type II AGN (2.2
Is more less? A comprehensive experimental test of soil depth effects on grassland diversity
2022-03-21

Soil depth may affect plant diversity in two apparently opposing manners: on the one hand, deeper soil may increase the available space for below‐ground niche partitioning, on the other hand, soil depth may have a negative effect on plant diversity by increasing productivity and the rate of competitive exclusion. Due to the scarcity of experimental studies that actively manipulate soil depth, the conditions under which each mechanism dominates are still unclear. Here, we studied the interactive effects of soil depth with common land use practices, namely, nutrient addition, trampling by grazers and mowing on plant diversity in grasslands. We manipulated these factors in a full‐factorial manner in grassland mesocosms. Soil depth had a strong positive effect on species richness under mowing, suggesting increased space for niche differentiation in deeper soils. In unmown plots, deep soils harboured a similar diversity of species as shallow soils, and our findings suggest that this effect on diversity is due to larger biomass and lower light availability on deep soils. Fertilization and trampling had no effect on diversity. Overall, our findings indicate that soil depth effects on grassland communities strongly interact with common land use practices. We therefore advocate the inclusion of soil depth effects in manipulative experiments and management plans.