julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Associations between human genetic and craniometric differentiation across North Eurasia: The role of geographic scale
2021-01-01

This study sets out to consider the influence of geographical scale on the association between molecular genetic differentiation and craniometric phenotypic differentiation in recent human populations. We employ interpopulation distance measurements for three different anatomical regions of the skull and for three different systems of genetic markers in 30 Eurasian populations. Our original dataset comprises 703 male skulls measured for 21 mid-facial, 15 neurocranial and 6 mandibular measurements, in all cases assessing Mahalanobis distances between populations. Published genetic data of more than 2,000 individuals were summarized by between-population FST based on allele frequencies of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as Cavalli-Sforza distances based on the frequencies of 19 Y-chromosome and 29 mtDNA haplogroups. For different geographical scales of analysis, we used Mantel tests to assess the association of craniometric and genetic inter-population distances for the different cranial regions and genetic markers. Our results show that the level of association between craniometric and genetic distances depends on the part of the skull quantified and on the set of variables employed. In our dataset, this association is much stronger for the mid-face than for the cranial vault. Furthermore, the Mantel test correlation coefficients for the broadest, intercontinental level of analysis are moderate to high, and some are among the highest published so far. They are consistently lower at smaller geographic levels of comparison. Autosomal SNP distances exhibit the strongest associations with cranial morphology for almost all anatomical regions and at all geographical levels. Our results are evaluated against the background of previous studies assessing the correlation between craniometric, genetic, and geographic distances, drawing attention to the need for investing much more effort in studying factors affecting the association between genetic and craniometric distances at regional and local geographical levels.
Finding the Nearest Passive or Nonpassive System via Hamiltonian Eigenvalue Optimization
2021-01-01

We propose and study an algorithm for computing a nearest passive system to a given non-passive linear time-invariant system (with much freedom in the choice of the metric defining `nearest', which may be restricted to structured perturbations), and also a closely related algorithm for computing the structured distance of a given passive system to non-passivity. Both problems are addressed by solving eigenvalue optimization problems for Hamiltonian matrices that are constructed from perturbed system matrices. The proposed algorithms are two-level methods that optimize the Hamiltonian eigenvalue of smallest positive real part over perturbations of a fixed size in the inner iteration, using a constrained gradient flow. They optimize over the perturbation size in the outer iteration, which is shown to converge quadratically in the typical case of a defective coalescence of simple eigenvalues approaching the imaginary axis. For large systems, we propose a variant of the algorithm that takes advantage of the inherent low-rank structure of the problem. Numerical experiments illustrate the behavior of the proposed algorithms.
The dynamical regime and its importance for evolvability, task performance and generalization
2021-01-01

It has long been hypothesized that operating close to the critical state is beneficial for natural and artificial systems. We test this hypothesis by evolving foraging agents controlled by neural networks that can change the system's dynamical regime throughout evolution. Surprisingly, we find that all populations, regardless of their initial regime, evolve to be subcritical in simple tasks and even strongly subcritical populations can reach comparable performance. We hypothesize that the moderately subcritical regime combines the benefits of generalizability and adaptability brought by closeness to criticality with the stability of the dynamics characteristic for subcritical systems. By a resilience analysis, we find that initially critical agents maintain their fitness level even under environmental changes and degrade slowly with increasing perturbation strength. On the other hand, subcritical agents originally evolved to the same fitness, were often rendered utterly inadequate and degraded faster. We conclude that although the subcritical regime is preferable for a simple task, the optimal deviation from criticality depends on the task difficulty: for harder tasks, agents evolve closer to criticality. Furthermore, subcritical populations cannot find the path to decrease their distance to criticality. In summary, our study suggests that initializing models near criticality is important to find an optimal and flexible solution.
Influential Women, New World Riches, and Masculine Anxieties in the Development of the Spanish Council of the Indies, 1524–98
2021-01-01

Sixteenth-century Spain was at the vanguard of European collegiate bureaucratic rule and imperial governance. This article argues that its Council of the Indies became substantially more bureaucratic partly due to the influence of women. Vassals’ attempts to shape ministers’ decisions via female connections prompted the council's fundamental 1542 and 1571 guidelines. Subsequently, Madrid's anxieties about women's sway, and surfeits of Indies commodities, stirred misogynistic treatises, royal scrutiny, and an increasingly explicit masculine ministerial ethos. Women's influence over council operations nonetheless persisted, through near-invisible labor contributions and petitions. One female author in Peru even envisioned influential women directing the empire.
Thermodynamic Partition Coefficients as a Versatile Alternative to Empirical Formula for Producing Gas Mixtures
2021-01-01

When thinking about Henry's law one associates it with the solubility constant for gases in liquids at thermodynamic equilibrium.A practical application is checking gas sensors for specificity [1][2][3].A gas sensor is for example the main part of an evidential breath analyser (EBA), a device to determine breath alcohol content of a person.Nowadays the empirical Dubowski formula, which is recommended officially, is solely suitable to convert aqueous ethanol concentration into ethanol concentration in air.Therefore, it is necessary to establish a theoretical based calculation method to enable synthesizing a humidified gas phase with any solute in a predefined concentration by dissolving the solute in water at the right concentration.This note will explain how to use Henry's law to derive an equation to perform this calculation for an arbitrtary solute.This equation, derived from Henry's law has the same predictive power compared to Dubowski formula.
The interface between chloroaluminum phthalocyanine and titanium dioxide: the influence of surface defects and substrate termination
2021-01-01

Interface properties of AlClPc on rutile titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) depend crucially on the substrate termination and preparation. The most important interaction channel involves the nitrogen atoms of the phthalocyanine macrocycle.
Highly Efficient and Pure Single Photon Streams at Room-Temperature by Deterministic Nano Positioning of Quantum Emitters
2021-01-01

We fabricate several nanoantenna devices that enhance the directionality (over 80%) and emission rate (by a factor of 20) of a room-temperature quantum dot thus achieving a single photon brightness enhancement factor of over 1000.
The Reformation as a Process of Transformation
2021-01-01

The Reformation is described mostly as an upheaval. In fact, it is worth considering this period as transformation. The article is an attempt to modify the usual perception of this historical period. At the very beginning the paper discusses the idea of transformation from a sociological perspective. Then it introduces a comparison of the Reformation with other transitions and the late Middle Ages. This allows at the end to define the Reformation as a kind of consequence of medieval times and their transformation.
Higher stability of metalloid tin clusters obtained via the cation–anion interaction
2021-01-01

The reaction of SnCl with the bulky substituents Hyp t BuMe 2 and Hyp Et 3 leads to the formation of two isostructural Sn 10 -clusters, showing novel coordination polymers in the solid state and high thermal stability in solution.
Conditional De-Identification of 3D Magnetic Resonance Images
2021-01-01

Privacy protection of medical image data is challenging. Even if metadata is removed, brain scans are vulnerable to attacks that match renderings of the face to facial image databases. Solutions have been developed to de-identify diagnostic scans by obfuscating or removing parts of the face. However, these solutions either fail to reliably hide the patient's identity or are so aggressive that they impair further analyses. We propose a new class of de-identification techniques that, instead of removing facial features, remodels them. Our solution relies on a conditional multi-scale GAN architecture. It takes a patient's MRI scan as input and generates a 3D volume conditioned on the patient's brain, which is preserved exactly, but where the face has been de-identified through remodeling. We demonstrate that our approach preserves privacy far better than existing techniques, without compromising downstream medical analyses. Analyses were run on the OASIS-3 and ADNI corpora.
Implementation and evaluation of an echo state network for a quality inspection system for laser welding
2021-01-01

Laser welding is a widespread process in series production due to its high welding accuracy and speed. However, performing quality controls manually slows down the manufacturing process and causes high personnel costs combined with potential unreliability. In this paper, various Echo State Network (ESN) architectures for seam classification serving the facilitation and acceleration of the manual postproduction quality inspection are presented. In order to improve the performance of the ESN, a data standardization method is proposed, which applies accumulated information from all seams of the training set to a single seam in the test set. Considering that the automotive industry requires a high level of classification reliability, classification probability histograms are introduced. These enable comparing the reliability of models and clearly outperform typical confusion matrix metrics. Based on the evaluation of different tests performed with these histograms, a combined ESN architecture is suggested. This architecture uses two types of readouts, i.e., Multilayer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine, and utilizes the strong sides of both. In this work, a real laser welding dataset from a series production is used to evaluate all proposed methods and architectures. The data represent the records of light emission values during the welding process.
Team ReadMe at CMCL 2021 Shared Task: Predicting Human Reading Patterns by Traditional Oculomotor Control Models and Machine Learning
2021-01-01

This system description paper describes our participation in CMCL 2021 shared task on predicting human reading patterns. Our focus in this study is making use of well-known,traditional oculomotor control models and machine learning systems. We present experiments with a traditional oculomotor control model (the EZ Reader) and two machine learning models (a linear regression model and a re-current network model), as well as combining the two different models. In all experiments we test effects of features well-known in the literature for predicting reading patterns, such as frequency, word length and predictability.Our experiments support the earlier findings that such features are useful when combined.Furthermore, we show that although machine learning models perform better in comparison to traditional models, combination of both gives a consistent improvement for predicting multiple eye tracking variables during reading.
Binary Semantic Classification Using Cortical Activation with Pavlovian-Conditioned Vestibular Responses in Healthy and Locked-In Individuals
2021-01-01

Abstract To develop a more reliable brain–computer interface (BCI) for patients in the completely locked-in state (CLIS), here we propose a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), which can induce a strong sensation of equilibrium distortion in individuals. We hypothesized that associating two different sensations caused by two-directional GVS with the thoughts of “yes” and “no” by individuals would enable us to emphasize the differences in brain activity associated with the thoughts of yes and no and hence help us better distinguish the two from electroencephalography (EEG). We tested this hypothesis with 11 healthy and 1 CLIS participant. Our results showed that, first, conditioning of GVS with the thoughts of yes and no is possible. And second, the classification of whether an individual is thinking “yes” or “no” is significantly improved after the conditioning, even in the absence of subsequent GVS stimulations. We observed average classification accuracy of 73.0% over 11 healthy individuals and 85.3% with the CLIS patient. These results suggest the establishment of GVS-based Pavlovian conditioning and its usability as a noninvasive BCI.
Exploring Input Representation Granularity for Generating Questions Satisfying Question-Answer Congruence
2021-01-01

In question generation, the question produced has to be well-formed and meaningfully related to the answer serving as input. Neural generation methods have predominantly leveraged the distributional semantics of words as representations of meaning and generated questions one word at a time. In this paper, we explore the viability of form-based and more fine-grained encodings, such as character or subword representations for question generation. We start from the typical seq2seq architecture using word embeddings presented by De Kuthy et al. (2020), who generate questions from text so that the answer given in the input text matches not just in meaning but also in form, satisfying question-answer congruence. We show that models trained on character and subword representations substantially outperform the published results based on word embeddings, and they do so with fewer parameters. Our approach eliminates two important problems of the word-based approach: the encoding of rare or out-of-vocabulary words and the incorrect replacement of words with semantically-related ones. The character-based model substantially improves on the published results, both in terms of BLEU scores and regarding the quality of the generated question. Going beyond the specific task, this result adds to the evidence weighing different form- and meaning-based representations for natural language processing tasks.
Long-term risk of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - a cardiac magnetic resonance outcome study
2021-01-01

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Robert Bosch Stiftung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an appalling complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). There is an ongoing discussion about the optimal SCD risk stratification strategy in HCM since established SCD risk models have suboptimal discriminative power. Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for SCD risk stratification compared to the ESC SCD risk score and traditional SCD risk factors in an &amp;gt;10-year follow-up study. Methods 220 consecutive patients with HCM and LGE-CMR were enrolled. Follow-up data was available in 203 patients (median age 58 years, 61% male) after a median follow-up period of 10.4 years. Results LGE was present in 70% of patients with a median LGE amount of 1.6%, the median ESC 5-year SCD risk score was 1.84. In the overall cohort, SCD rates were 2.3% at 5 years, 4.8% at 10 years, and 15.7% at 15 years, independent from established risk models. A LGE amount of &amp;gt;5% (LV mass) portends the highest risk for SCD with SCD prevalences of 5.5% at 5 years, 13.0% at 10 years and 33.3% at 15 years. Conversely, patients with no or ≤5% LGE amount (of LV mass) have favorable prognosis. Conclusions LGE-CMR in HCM patients allows effective 10-year SCD risk stratification beyond established risk factors. LGE amount might be added to established risk models to improve its discriminatory power. Specifically, patients with &amp;gt;5% amount of LGE should be carefully monitored and might be adequate candidates for primary prevention ICD during the clinical long-term course. Abstract Figure.
D-NeRF: neural radiance fields for dynamic scenes
2021-01-01

© 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting /republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
SMPLicit: Topology-aware generative model for clothed people
2021-01-01

© 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting /republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
Radiocarbon Dates Associated to Neolithic Contexts (Ca. 5900 – 2000 Cal BC) from the Northwestern Mediterranean Arch to the High Rhine Area
2021-01-01

This paper presents a compilation of radiocarbon dates associated with the process of arrival, development and consolidation of the first farming communities that settled between the north-western Mediterranean Arch and the High Rhine area approximately between 5900 and 2000 cal BC covering a large geographical area previously out of the main focus of 14C data compilations. The database includes dates from scientific publications and it incorporates several fields for evaluating the quality and the reliability of the available samples. It overall provides 3617 radiocarbon dates that allow the scientific community to build chronological models that can be combined with other proxies such as spatial location, type of sample or chronocultural phase.
The number of crossings in multigraphs with no empty lens
2021-01-01

Let be a multigraph with vertices and edges, drawn in the plane such that any two parallel edges form a simple closed curve with at least one vertex in its interior and at least one vertex in its exterior. Pach and Tóth [A Crossing Lemma for Multigraphs, SoCG 2018] extended the Crossing Lemma of Ajtai et al. [Crossing-free subgraphs, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 1982] and Leighton [Complexity issues in VLSI, Foundations of computing series, 1983] by showing that if no two adjacent edges cross and every pair of nonadjacent edges cross at most once, then the number of edge crossings in is at least , for a suitable constant . The situation turns out to be quite different if nonparallel edges are allowed to cross any number of times. It is proved that in this case the number of crossings in is at least . The order of magnitude of this bound cannot be improved.
Liver progenitor cells regulate ductular reaction and induce fibrosis upon severe liver injury via RAGE signaling
2021-01-01

The origin and role of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) also known as atypical biliary epithelial-like cells have been a controversial topic from their involvement in regeneration during liver damage to being associated with severe liver disease progression, fibrosis and tumor initiation. Enhanced proliferation of LPCs, called the ductular reaction, leads to portal fibrogenesis - characterized by stellate cell activation, ECM deposition, inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling axis is often associated with this chronic inflammation-associated tissue damage and plays an essential role in modulating the tumor microenvironment. RAGE mediates the LPC expansion, onset of liver fibrosis and HCC formation. LPC expansion, commonly manifests as a “Ductular reaction (DR) ” in chronic liver disorder.
The sexual dimorphism of primary murine hepatocytes changes during cultivation
2021-01-01

Question The liver is one of the most sexual dimorphic organs. Cholesterol, fatty acid and drug metabolism are among the signal pathways in the liver that are most affected by sexual dimorphism. This in turn influences the development and course of various liver diseases e.g. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the general drug treatment in male and female organisms. It is therefore highly important to understand the underlying mechanisms of sexual dimorphism and to take this into account when researching diseases and their treatment. For this reason, we investigated the development of sexual dimorphism in primary hepatocytes during a 96 hour cultivation.
Coupled nonautonomous inclusion systems with spatially variable exponents
2021-01-01

A family of nonautonomous coupled inclusions governed by -Laplacian operators with large diffusion is investigated. The existence of solutions and pullback attractors as well as the generation of a generalized process are established. It is shown that the asymptotic dynamics is determined by a two dimensional ordinary nonautonomous coupled inclusion when the exponents converge to constants provided the absorption coefficients are independent of the spatial variable. The pullback attractor and forward attracting set of this limiting system is investigated.
Direct Neck Lift in Massive Weight Loss Patients – Classification and Treatment Algorithm
2021-01-01

The neck is an often-neglected part of body lift procedures after massive weight loss. The objective of this study was to classify massive weight loss patients undergoing direct neck lift procedures and provide a standardized treatment algorithm. A retrospective review of all neck lift procedures performed between January of 2012 and December of 2019 was conducted. Patients were classified as follows: Grade I, no skin excess with remaining preplatysmal fat and no platysmal laxity; Grade IIa, moderate submental skin excess with subplatysmal fat deposits and platysmal laxity; Grade IIb, moderate anterior neck skin excess with no fat deposits and platysmal laxity; Grade III, considerable anterior skin excess with no or limited fat deposits and platysmal laxity and bands. Grade I patients had Liposuction, Grade IIa patients Submental Neck Lift with anterior fat excision and central platysmaplasty, Grade IIb Submental Neck Lift with central platysmaplasty, and Grade III patients Median Z-Plasty with fat excision (if needed) and central platysmal resection and tightening. Thirty-one patients were included for analysis. One underwent liposuction, twenty-five a Submental Neck Lift and five a Median Z-Plasty. Concomitant surgery was carried out in all cases. A recurrent skin laxity occurred in 2 (11.8%) patients, so in local anesthesia an operative revision was required. A standardized algorithmic approach for neck lift in massive weight loss patients may optimize the result without increasing the complication rate. Direct neck lift procedures prove to be reliable techniques with rare complication rates that can be performed together with other postbariatric procedures.