julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Selectivity in Buttress Drumming Tree Properties Among Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Waibira Community in Budongo Forest, Uganda
2024-12-25

ABSTRACT Wild chimpanzees drum on tree buttresses during dominance displays and travel, generating low‐frequency sounds that are audible over distances of more than 1 km. Western chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus ) in the Nimba Mountains of Guinea selectively choose trees and buttresses when drumming, potentially based on their resonant properties, suggesting that these chimpanzees are optimizing their drumming signals. We investigated whether male eastern chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) from the Waibira community in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, also show preferences in tree and buttress choice, exploring whether selectivity is a species‐wide feature. We tested chimpanzee preferences for tree species and diameter, number of buttresses, and buttress area and width, by comparing trees and buttresses used in drumming bouts with nearby unused trees and buttresses. Waibira chimpanzees drummed preferentially on two tree species: the tropical hardwood Cynometra alexandrii and the softwood Chrysophyllum albidum . Chimpanzees selected trees with a larger diameter over nearby trees with a smaller diameter, and buttresses were more likely to be used for drumming if they had a larger area or larger width. These results suggest that chimpanzees in the Waibira community select trees and buttresses based on physical properties, most likely related to acoustically relevant characteristics. These findings support the argument that buttress drumming is a goal‐directed behavior and contributes to our understanding of chimpanzees' use and optimization of their long‐distance acoustic signals.
The design and technology development of the JUNO central detector
2024-12-26

Abstract The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large-scale neutrino experiment with multiple physics goals including determining the neutrino mass hierarchy, the accurate measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters, the neutrino detection from supernovae, the Sun, and the Earth, etc. JUNO puts forward physically and technologically stringent requirements for its central detector (CD), including a large volume and target mass (20 kt liquid scintillator, LS), a high-energy resolution (3% at 1 MeV), a high light transmittance, the largest possible photomultiplier (PMT) coverage, the lowest possible radioactive background, etc. The CD design, using a spherical acrylic vessel with a diameter of 35.4 m to contain the LS and a stainless steel structure to support the acrylic vessel and PMTs, was chosen and optimized. The acrylic vessel and the stainless steel structure will be immersed in pure water to shield the radioactive background and bear great buoyancy. The challenging requirements of the acrylic sphere have been achieved, such as a low intrinsic radioactivity and high transmittance of the manufactured acrylic panels, the tensile and compressive acrylic node design with embedded stainless steel pad, and one-time polymerization for multiple bonding lines. Moreover, several technical challenges of the stainless steel structure have been solved: the production of low radioactivity stainless steel material, the deformation and precision control during production and assembly, and the usage of high-strength stainless steel rivet bolt and of high friction efficient linkage plate. Finally, the design of the ancillary equipment such as the LS filling, overflowing, and circulating system was done.
Disc mower versus bar mower: Evaluation of the direct effects of two common mowing techniques on the grassland arthropod fauna
2024-12-26

Abstract In Central Europe, species‐rich grasslands are threatened by intensive agriculture with frequent mowing, contributing to the reduction of arthropods such as insects and spiders. However, comprehensive and standardised studies on the direct effects of the two most agriculturally relevant mowing techniques, e.g., double‐blade bar mower versus disc mower, are lacking. In a 2‐year experiment, we have investigated the direct effect of mowing on eight abundant arthropod groups in grassland, covering two seasonal mowing events in both years, using a randomised block design. We compared (a) an unmown control, (b) a double‐blade bar mower and (c) a disc mower. For most of the taxonomic groups studied, a significantly lower number of individuals was found in the experimental plots immediately after mowing, regardless of the mowing technique, compared to an unmown control. This was not the case for Orthoptera and Coleoptera, which did not show a significant reduction in the number of individuals for both mowing techniques (Orthoptera) or only for the double‐blade bar mower (Coleoptera). Between both mowing techniques, no significant differences were found for all taxonomic groups investigated. Synthesis and applications . Our findings suggest that mowing in general has a negative impact on abundant arthropod groups in grassland, regardless of the method used. Tractor‐driven double‐blade bar mowers do not seem to be a truly insect‐friendly alternative to a conventional disc mower. Other factors such as cutting height and mowing regimes should be seriously considered to protect spiders and insects from the negative effects of mowing. In addition, we strongly recommend the maintenance of unmown refugia. Insects and spiders that are spared by mowing can take refuge in these unmown areas to avoid subsequent harvesting and thermally unfavourable conditions that arise on mown areas. Further, unmown refugia are basic habitat structures for a subsequent recolonisation of mown areas once the flora has recovered.
Biological databases in the age of generative artificial intelligence
2024-12-26

Abstract Summary Modern biological research critically depends on public databases. The introduction and propagation of errors within and across databases can lead to wasted resources as scientists are led astray by bad data or have to conduct expensive validation experiments. The emergence of generative artificial intelligence systems threatens to compound this problem owing to the ease with which massive volumes of synthetic data can be generated. We provide an overview of several key issues that occur within the biological data ecosystem and make several recommendations aimed at reducing data errors and their propagation. We specifically highlight the critical importance of improved educational programs aimed at biologists and life scientists that emphasize best practices in data engineering. We also argue for increased theoretical and empirical research on data provenance, error propagation, and on understanding the impact of errors on analytic pipelines. Furthermore, we recommend enhanced funding for the stewardship and maintenance of public biological databases. Availability and implementation Not applicable.
Unified Framework for Continuity of Sandwiched Rényi Divergences
2024-12-26

Abstract In this work, we prove uniform continuity bounds for entropic quantities related to the sandwiched Rényi divergences such as the sandwiched Rényi conditional entropy. We follow three different approaches: The first one is the “almost additive approach”, which exploits the sub-/superadditivity and joint concavity/convexity of the exponential of the divergence. In our second approach, termed the “operator space approach”, we express the entropic measures as norms and utilize their properties for establishing the bounds. These norms draw inspiration from interpolation space norms. We not only demonstrate the norm properties solely relying on matrix analysis tools but also extend their applicability to a context that holds relevance in resource theories. By this, we extend the strategies of Marwah and Dupuis as well as Beigi and Goodarzi employed in the sandwiched Rényi conditional entropy context. Finally, we merge the approaches into a mixed approach that has some advantageous properties and then discuss in which regimes each bound performs best. Our results improve over the previous best continuity bounds or sometimes even give the first continuity bounds available. In a separate contribution, we use the ALAFF method, developed in a previous article by some of the authors, to study the stability of approximate quantum Markov chains.
Lost and found: dynamics of relationship and employment status over time in people with affective and psychotic spectrum disorders
2024-12-26

Background Employment and relationship are crucial for social integration. However, individuals with major psychiatric disorders often face challenges in these domains. Aims We investigated employment and relationship status changes among patients across the affective and psychotic spectrum – in comparison with healthy controls, examining whether diagnostic groups or functional levels influence these transitions. Method The sample from the longitudinal multicentric PsyCourse Study comprised 1260 patients with affective and psychotic spectrum disorders and 441 controls (mean age ± s.d., 39.91 ± 12.65 years; 48.9% female). Multistate models (Markov) were used to analyse transitions in employment and relationship status, focusing on transition intensities. Analyses contained multiple multistate models adjusted for age, gender, job or partner, diagnostic group and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) in different combinations to analyse the impact of the covariates on the hazard ratio of changing employment or relationship status. Results The clinical group had a higher hazard ratio of losing partner (hazard ratio 1.46, P &lt; 0.001) and job (hazard ratio 4.18, P &lt; 0.001) than the control group (corrected for age/gender). Compared with controls, clinical groups had a higher hazard of losing partner (affective group, hazard ratio 2.69, P = 0.003; psychotic group, hazard ratio 3.06, P = 0.001) and job (affective group, hazard ratio 3.43, P &lt; 0.001; psychotic group, hazard ratio 4.11, P &lt; 0.001). Adjusting for GAF, the hazard ratio of losing partner and job decreased in both clinical groups compared with controls. Conclusion Patients face an increased hazard of job loss and relationship dissolution compared with healthy controls, and this is partially conditioned by the diagnosis and functional level. These findings underscore a high demand for destigmatisation and support for individuals in managing their functional limitations.
TKK130 is a 3-Hydroxy-Propanamidine (HPA) with Potent Antimalarial In Vivo Activity and a High Barrier to Resistance
2024-12-26

Malaria continues to pose a significant burden on populations in endemic areas and requires innovative treatment options. Here, we report the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of the novel 3-hydroxypropanamidine (HPA) <b>2 (TKK130)</b>, which shows excellent antiplasmodial <i>in vitro</i> activity against drug-sensitive and -resistant <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> strains. Moreover, in various human cell lines, the compound shows no cytotoxicity and excellent parasite selectivity. The compound inhibits synthetic hemozoin (β-hematin) formation, with IC<sub>50</sub> values lower than chloroquine (CQ), and its <i>in vitro</i> rate of activity is comparable with the fast-acting antimalarial drug dihydroartemisinin. Furthermore, selection studies reveal a very low propensity for resistance development. Based on initial <i>in vivo</i> pharmacokinetic snapshot data, <b>2 (TKK130)</b> has a long-lasting, linear pharmacokinetic profile. <i>In vivo</i>, this novel HPA exhibits curative activity in the <i>Plasmodium berghei</i>mouse model and potent activity in the<i>P. falciparum</i> SCID mouse model after oral administration.
The 1001G+ project: A curated collection of Arabidopsis thaliana long-read genome assemblies to advance plant research
2024-12-26

Abstract Arabidopsis thaliana was the first plant for which a high-quality genome sequence became available. The publication of the first reference genome sequence almost 25 years ago was already accompanied by genome-wide data on sequence polymorphisms in another accession, or naturally occurring strain. Since then, inventories of genome-wide diversity have been generated at increasingly precise levels. High-density genotype data for A. thaliana , including those from the 1001 Genomes Project, were key to demonstrating the enormous power of GWAS in inbred populations of wild plants, and the comparison of intraspecific polymorphism with interspecific divergence has illuminated many aspects of plant genome evolution. Over the past decade, an increasing number of nearly complete genome sequences have been published for many more accessions. Here, we highlight the diversity of a curated collection of previously published and so far unpublished genome sequences assembled using different types of long reads, including PacBio Continuous Long Reads (CLR), PacBio High Fidelity (HiFi) reads, and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) reads. This 1001 Genomes Plus (1001G+) resource is being made available at http://1001genomes.org . We invite colleagues with yet unpublished genome assemblies from A. thaliana accessions to contribute to this effort.
HIV multidrug class resistance prediction with a time sliding anchor approach
2024-12-26

Abstract Motivation The emergence of multidrug class resistance (MDR) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a rare but significant challenge in antiretroviral therapy (ART). MDR, which may arise from prolonged drug exposure, treatment failures, or transmission of resistant strains, accelerates disease progression and poses particular challenges in resource-limited settings with restricted access to resistance testing and advanced therapies. Early prediction of future MDR development is important to inform therapeutic decisions and mitigate its occurrence. Results In this study, we employ various machine learning classifiers to predict future resistance to all four major antiretroviral drug classes using features extracted from clinical HIV sequence data. We systematically explore several variations of the problem that differ in the pre-existing resistance level and the temporal gap between sample collection and observed MDR occurrence. Our models show the ability to predict multidrug class resistance even in the most challenging variations, albeit at a reduced accuracy. Feature importance analysis reveals that our models primarily utilize known drug resistance mutations for easier classification tasks, but rely on new mutations for the difficult task of distinguishing four class drug resistance from three class drug resistance. Availability and implementation All analysis was performed using the Euresist Integrated DataBase (EIDB). Researchers wishing to reproduce, validate or extend these findings can request access to the latest EIDB release via the Euresist Network.
ParlaMint II: advancing comparable parliamentary corpora across Europe
2024-12-27

Abstract The paper presents the results of the ParlaMint II project, which comprise comparable corpora of parliamentary debates of 29 European countries and autonomous regions, covering at least the period from 2015 to 2022, and containing over 1 billion words. The corpora are uniformly encoded, contain rich metadata about their 24 thousand speakers, and are linguistically annotated up to the level of Universal Dependencies syntax and named entities. The paper focuses on the enhancement made since the ParlaMint I project and presents the compilation of the corpora, including the encoding infrastructure, use of GitHub, the production of individual corpora, the common pipeline for producing their distribution, and use of CLARIN services for dissemination. It then gives a quantitative overview of the produced corpora, followed by the qualitative additions made within the ParlaMint II project, namely metadata localisation, the addition of new metadata, such as the political orientation of political parties, the machine translation of the corpora to English and its tagging with semantic classes, and the production of pilot speech corpora. Finally, outreach activities and further work are discussed.
Refitting the Context: A Reconsideration of Cultural Change among Early Homo sapiens at Fumane Cave through Blade Break Connections, Spatial Taphonomy, and Lithic Technology
2024-12-27

Abstract High-resolution stratigraphic frameworks are crucial for unraveling the biocultural processes behind the dispersals of Homo sapiens across Europe. Detailed technological studies of lithic assemblages retrieved from multi-stratified sequences allow archaeologists to precisely model the chrono-cultural dynamics of the early Upper Paleolithic. However, it is of paramount importance to verify the integrity of these assemblages before building explanatory models of cultural change. In this study, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the stratigraphic sequence of Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy experienced minor post-depositional reworking, establishing it as a pivotal site for exploring the earliest stages of the Aurignacian. By conducting a systematic search for break connections between blade fragments and applying spatial analysis techniques, we identified three well-preserved areas of the excavation containing assemblages suitable for renewed archaeological investigations. Subsequent technological analyses, incorporating attribute analysis, reduction intensity, and multivariate statistics, have allowed us to discern the spatial organization of the site during the formation of the Protoaurignacian palimpsest A2–A1. Moreover, diachronic comparisons between three successive stratigraphic units prompted us to reject the hypothesis of techno-cultural continuity of the Protoaurignacian in northeastern Italy after the onset of the Heinrich Event 4. Based on the variability of the lithic and osseous artifacts, the most recent assemblage analyzed, D3b alpha, is now ascribed to the Early Aurignacian, aligning the evidence from Fumane with the current understanding of the development of the Aurignacian across Europe. Overall, this study demonstrates the high effectiveness of the break connection method when combined with detailed spatial analysis and lithic technology, providing a methodological tool particularly amenable to be applied to sites excavated in the past with varying degrees of recording accuracy.
Clinical validation of a prognostic preclinical magnetic resonance imaging biomarker for radiotherapy outcome in head-and-neck cancer
2024-12-27

A preclinical prognostic model defined by an ADC-based HRS was successfully retrained and validated in HNC patients treated with radiochemotherapy. After thorough external validation, such functional HRS based on a band of ADC values may in the future allow interventional response-adaptive MRI-guided radiotherapy in online and offline approaches.
Four alternative currencies and their worlds
2024-12-27

Abstract The following piece is a work of fiction. The trigger for this text was to explore a “what if” question. “What if X happened?” “What scenarios would emerge as a consequence of X?” This premise guided the scenarios presented in this text: what if the movement of every US dollar was made completely traceable? What other currencies, monies, and types of political, social, and economic organization would emerge because of this measure? As a result, four scenarios are presented. The first one responds to the former question, and the other three refer to states and monies that would emerge, grow, or strengthen, as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the first scenario. This way of organizing the text combines finance, economics, fiction, and speculative design. In terms of genre, the piece was originally organized as a brochure destined for potential investors who might be interested in profiting from these alternative currencies ‐ which I have adapted to fit the journal format.
Neutron stars in extended scalar-Gauss–Bonnet gravity: the richness of the solution spectrum
2024-12-27

Abstract Neutron stars are natural laboratories for testing gravity in the strong field regime. That is why the full spectrum of neutron star solutions in different modified theories should be thoroughly studied. Among the most natural modifications of general relativity are the theories in which additional scalar degrees of freedom are present. That is why scalar-tensor theories like Brans–Dicke and Damour–Esposito–Farese theories, as well as their extensions such as scalar-Gauss–Bonnet gravity, attracted attention throughout the years. In the present work, we combine those theory families and explore extensively the neutron star solution space in their realm. We identify qualitative new behavior of the solutions, including the existence of new types of phase transitions and new branches of solutions present only for high neutron star masses. Due to the peculiarities of the solutions, they can not be easily mimicked by a simple change of the equation of state.
The Munich School of Anton Ažbe and its influence on Ukrainian artists
2024-12-27

The pedagogical method of the Slovenian artist and teacher Anton Ažbe, whose school in Munich during 1891-1905 became one of the most famous educational centers in Europe, is considered. On the basis of memoirs and epistolary of A. Ažbe's pupils the progressive method of teaching and the central principles on which his artistic and pedagogical system was built - "the principle of the ball", "the principle of large lines", "the principle of crystallization of colours", preservation of the pupil's individuality, which in the first quarter of the twentieth century laid the technical and ideological foundations for the development of artistic practices and turned the school into a place of experimentation and creative research - are analyzed. The extraordinary personality of the artist and teacher Anton Ashbe, who had a significant influence on his students, among them prominent figures of European modernism (V. Kandinsky, A. Yavlensky), is emphasized. The influence of Anton Ashbe's central principles, personality and national attitudes on Ukrainian artists who attended his school - Olexander Murashko, Davyd Burliuk, Volodymяr Burliuk, Ivan Trush - and later became central figures of the modernist era in Ukraine. It is noted that the study of Ukrainian artists in Munich, involvement in European educational, cultural, artistic and social networks had a significant impact on their creative biographies and significantly affected the Ukrainian artistic landscape and the development of Ukrainian art in the European paradigm. The importance of the successes of Ukrainian artists on the European artistic scene is emphasized, which are manifested against the background of complex and unfavorable institutional, cultural and financial arrangements of Ukraine's affiliation with a more tolerant (Austro-Hungarian) and more intolerant (Russian) empire.