julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Assessments of the sensitivity to climate change of flow and natural water quality in four major carbonate aquifers of Europe
2002-01-01

Abstract A numerical modelling approach has been developed to predict the vulnerability of aquifers to future climate change. This approach encompasses changes in recharge regime, dynamics of flow and storage patterns within aquifers, and natural hydrochemical changes. An application of the approach has been made to four hypothetical spring catchments representative of major carbonate aquifers in three European climatic zones. Since prolific carbonate aquifers typically combine a high transmissivity with a low specific yield, they can be expected to be more sensitive than clastic aquifers to changes in recharge patterns. Simulations of the study systems to the middle of the 21 st century predict different outcomes in the three different climate zones: (1) in the northern maritime zone (UK) recharge (and therefore discharge) is predicted to increase by as much as 21 0n response to anticipated increases in precipitation; (2) in the continental zone (Germany) recharge in winter is predicted to remain approximately the same as at present, but summer recharge will decline dramatically (by as much as 32%), so that a net decrease in aquifer discharge is predicted; and (3) in the Mediterranean zone (Spain) recharge is predicted to decrease by as much as 160f the present-day values. For all three systems, increases in water hardness in response to rising CO 2 are predicted, but are expected to be negligible in water resources terms.
Chiral 1-alkoxyaziridines: resolution, nitrogen inversion, stucture and diastereomeric transformations
2002-01-01

The resolution of enantiomers by chiral chromatography and the determination of nitrogen inversion activation parameters by dynamic chromatography have been carried out for aziridines 1–3; the structures of aziridines 4–7 have been studied; the complete diastereomeric transformation of (S,R)-(+)-8a into (R,R)-(–)-8b has been performed, and the conglomerate of high-melting diastereomer (±)-9 has been found.
REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL DEFORMABILITY, AN INDICATOR FOR HIGH FETAL OR MATERNAL RISK, IS FOUND IN PREECLAMPSIA AND IUGR
2002-01-01

Reduced RBC deformability may contribute to a reduced microcirculation in PE and IUGR. Increasing RBC deformability therapeutically in these cases could offer new options for the treatment of decreased uterine and fetal perfusion and their sequelae.
Analytic regularity of CR-mappings
2002-01-01

In this paper we give general conditions that guarantee the analyticity of C∞-smooth CR-mappings between real-analytic CR-submanifolds M ⊂ C and M ′ ⊂ C ′ (see Theorem 1.1). The proof of the analyticity is based on results on holomorphic and meromorphic extension of functions on wedge-like domains to boundary points (see Theorems 2.4 and 2.6) that may be of independent interest. The analyticity problem for CR-mappings f : M → M ′ between real-analytic CR-submanifolds goes back to the work of Lewy [Le56, Le77] and Pinchuk [Pi75], where the analyticity of a CR-diffeomorphism f was shown for M, M ′ ⊂
Individual Hymenoptera Venom Compounds Induce Upregulation of the Basophil Activation Marker Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 3 (CD203c) in Sensitized Patients
2002-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Bee and wasp venom extracts contain potent allergens capable of inducing severe clinical reactions. To analyze immediate-type hypersensitivity to defined hymenoptera venom components, a recently developed in vitro test was applied that is based on the upregulation of CD203c expression on basophils. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; CD203c expression on blood basophils of 9 healthy donors and 39 patients allergic to bee and/or wasp venom was analyzed by flow cytometry before and after activation with the purified bee venom allergens phospholipase A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (Api m 1), hyaluronidase (Api m 2) and melittin (Api m 4), or the purified wasp venom allergens phospholipase A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (Ves v 1), hyaluronidase (Ves v 2) and the recombinant antigen 5 (Ves v 5). Venom-induced CD203c upregulation on basophils was compared with skin tests and assessment of specific IgE. Basophils of nonresponders were preincubated with 10 ng/ml interleukin-3 (IL-3) prior to allergen stimulation. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; CD203c upregulation on basophils was induced by defined hymenoptera venom components in 35/39 patients with a diagnosed allergy to wasp and/or bee venom. Twenty-seven of the 34 tested patients with wasp allergy showed CD203c upregulation in response to Ves v 5, 26 of these patients also reacted with Ves v 2 and 17 with Ves v 1. Nine of 13 patients with bee allergy reacted with Api m 1, 13 individuals with Api m 2 and none of these patients with the minor allergen Api m 4. A diagnosed wasp allergy could also be confirmed in the prestimulated basophils (IL-3) of 2 nonresponder individuals who failed to upregulate CD203c in response to IgE receptor cross-linking prior to culture with IL-3. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Flow-cytometric determination of CD203c upregulation on basophils activated by molecularly defined allergens is a powerful method to identify the precise allergen reactivity in sensitized individuals.
Excessive Transcription of the Human Serum and Glucocorticoid Dependent Kinase hSGK1 in Lung Fibrosis
2002-01-01

The excessive matrix deposition in lung fibrosis is thought to be due to enhanced formation and activity of TGFbeta1, which stimulates synthesis and inhibits degradation of matrix proteins. The cellular mechanisms triggered by TGFbeta1 are still incompletely understood. Recently, a novel transcriptional target of TGFbeta1 has been identified, i.e. the human serum and glucocorticoid dependent kinase hSGK1. The present study has been performed to explore whether TGFbeta1 stimulates hSGK1 transcription in lung fibroblasts and whether lung fibrosis is associated with enhanced hSGK1 expression. As evident from Northern Blotting, TGFbeta1 strongly upregulates hSGK1 in human lung fibroblasts, an effect partially reversed by p38-kinase inhibitor SB203580. In situ hybridization experiments reveal that in intact lung tissue hSGK1 is expressed in single type II alveolar pneumocytes and macrophages. In contrast, in fibrotic lung tissue a dramatic upregulation of hSGK1 mRNA as well as a strong expression of hSGK1 protein is observed in epithelial cells and interstitial cells comprising macrophages and fibroblasts. In conclusion, in lung fibrosis, the serine/threonine kinase hSGK1 is upregulated, an effect at least partially accounted for by TGFbeta1. The full effect of TGFbeta1 requires the activation of p38 kinase.
Activation of Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase by the Serum and Glucocorticoid-Dependent Kinase Isoforms
2002-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Background/Aim:&lt;/i&gt; Expression of the constitutively active form of serum and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase (&lt;sup&gt;S422D&lt;/sup&gt;SGK1) in &lt;i&gt;Xenopus&lt;/i&gt; oocytes has recently been shown to upregulate endogenous Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase activity, an effect presumably participating in the regulation of cellular K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; uptake and transepithelial Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; transport. SGK1 and the two isoforms SGK2 and SGK3 are stimulated by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which have been shown to enhance Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase activity in a variety of cells. The present experiments have been performed to elucidate whether or not wild-type SGK1, SGK2 and SGK3 are similar to &lt;sup&gt;S422D&lt;/sup&gt;SGK1 in being effective regulators of Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; To this end, dual-electrode voltage clamp experiments were performed in &lt;i&gt;Xenopus&lt;/i&gt; oocytes injected either with water or with mRNA of constitutively active &lt;sup&gt;S422D&lt;/sup&gt;SGK1 and wild-type SGK1, SGK2 or SGK3. Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase activity was estimated from the outward-directed current created by readdition of extracellular K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; in the presence of K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; channel blocker Ba&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; following a 10-min exposure to K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-free extracellular fluid. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; The outward-directed current was fully abolished by incubation with 1 m&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt; ouabain and was significantly larger in oocytes expressing &lt;sup&gt;S422D&lt;/sup&gt;SGK1, SGK1, SGK2 or SGK3, as compared to those injected with water. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt; The stimulating effect of SGK1 on the &lt;i&gt;Xenopus&lt;/i&gt; oocyte Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase is mimicked by the isoforms SGK2 and SGK3. Thus, all three kinases may participate in the regulation of Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase activity by hormones such as insulin and IGF-1.
Early growth response‐1 gene (Egr‐1 ) promoter induction by ionizing radiation in U87 malignant glioma cells in vitro
2002-01-01

The promoter of the early growth response gene ( Egr‐1 ) has been described to be activated by ionizing radiation, and it seems to be clear that this process involves different mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, dependent on the specific cell type examined. However, early steps leading to activation of the corresponding pathways and thus to overexpression of Egr‐1 are not well understood. In this study, deletion mutants of the 5′ upstream region of the Egr‐1 gene were generated which allowed us to correlate the radiation–induction of the Egr‐1 promoter in U87 glioma cells to five serum response elements. Based␣on the data shown, a possible role of two cAMP responsive elements for radiation‐dependent promoter regulation could be ruled out. On the basis of activator/inhibitor studies applying fetal bovine serum, EGF, PD98059, anisomycin, SB203580, forskolin and wortmannin, it could be demonstrated that in U87 cells the ERK1/2 and␣potentially SAPK/JNK, but not the p38MAPK/SAPK2, pathway contribute to the radiation‐induction of Egr‐1 promoter. In addition, it was observed that irradiated cells secrete a diffusible factor into the culture media␣which accounts for the radiation‐induced promoter upregulation. By blocking growth factor receptor activation with suramin, this effect could be completely abolished.
Chylomicron components mediate intestinal lipid-induced inhibition of gastric motor function
2002-01-01

Lipid, particularly long-chain triglyceride, initiates feedback regulation of gastrointestinal function. To determine whether the site of action of lipid is pre- or postabsorptive, we investigated the ability of mesenteric lipid-fed lymph to inhibit gastric motor function. Lymph was collected from awake lymph-fistula rats during intestinal infusion with either a glucose-saline maintenance solution or lipid. Intra-arterial injection of lymph collected during intestinal lipid infusion significantly inhibited gastric motility in anesthetized recipient rats compared with injection of equivalent amounts of triglyceride or lymph collected during intestinal infusion of maintenance solution. Lymph collected from rats during lipid infusion with Pluronic L-81 [an inhibitor of chylomicron formation and apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV secretion] compared with lymph injection from donor animals treated with Pluronic L-63 (a noninhibitory control for Pluronic L-81) was significantly less potent. Injection of purified recombinant apo A-IV significantly inhibited gastric motility. Products of lipid digestion and absorption, other than fatty acids or triglyceride, released by the intestine during lipid digestion likely serve as signals to initiate intestinal feedback regulation of gastrointestinal function. Most likely, apo A-IV is one of the signals involved.
Cultivation of Primary Porcine Hepatocytes in an OXY‐HFB for Use as a Bioartificial Liver Device
2002-01-01

Abstract Bioreactors being developed for bioartificial liver devices vary greatly in their construction. Until now, primary liver cells were cultivated either in sandwich configuration, as spheroids, or in special hollow fiber systems. Primary hepatocytes are demanding on their environment and have a high oxygen consumption. To get good results, optimal cultivation conditions are needed. The idea of the project was to investigate a new concept of an oxygenating hollow fiber bioreactor (OXY‐HFB). The OXY‐HFB should consist exclusively of oxygenating and internal heat exchange fibers to yield a simple and effective design. Primary liver cells were seeded on the surface of the fibers in the extrafiber space. Oxygen requirements and temperature control were supplied through the fibers. The culture medium was perfused through the extrafiber space and therefore brought into direct hepatocellular contact. The OXY‐HFB concept offers different advantages. A high cell density of 2.5 × 10 7 cells/mL can be obtained. This results in a cell number of 2.5 × 10 9 liver cells per bioreactor. Furthermore, the OXY‐HFB is easily handled because no incubator is required. To study the efficiency of this bioreactor technique, various parameters were investigated over a cultivation period of three weeks. These included urea synthesis, lactate formation, glucose elimination, albumin synthesis, oxygen level, and pH. Furthermore, the metabolites of diazepam were measured. The biochemical performance of the bioreactor remained stable over the investigated time period. These results demonstrate that porcine liver cells preserve their viability and primary metabolism in the OXY‐HFB over the complete period of study.
Up-Regulation of the Human Serum and Glucocorticoid-Dependent Kinase 1 in Glomerulonephritis
2002-01-01

Glomerulonephritis is paralleled by excessive formation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which participates in the pathophysiology of the disease. Recently, a novel downstream target of TGF-β has been identified, i.e. the human serum and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase 1 (hSGK1), a serine/threonine kinase participating in the regulation of Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; transport. The present study was performed to elucidate transcriptional regulation of hSGK1 in glomerulonephritis. To this end, in situ hybridization was performed in biopsies from patients with clinical diagnosis of glomerulonephritis. hSGK1 transcript levels were moderately enhanced in 5 out of 9 patients and strongly enhanced in 4 out of 9 patients. Distal nephron epithelial cell hSGK1 transcript levels were low or absent in 7 of the 9 patients but markedly enhanced in 2 of the 9 patients. In conclusion, glomerulonephritis leads to glomerular and in some cases to epithelial up-regulation of hSGK1 transcription.
Single-Channel Currents of the Permeability Transition Pore from the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane of Rat Liver and of a Human Hepatoma Cell Line
2002-01-01

Single-channel currents were recorded from inner mitochondrial membranes of HepG2 hepatoma cells and of normal rat liver cells by means of patch-clamp techniques. The current events showed variable amplitudes of up to 1.1 +/- 0.2 nS (n = 35) at room temperature (24 degrees C) and of up to 1.5 +/- 0.2 nS (n = 10) at 34 degrees C including large numbers of subconductance states. Voltages of -40 mV and below closed the channels usually with a delay of about 2 min. Increasing Ca(2+) concentrations activated the channels, whereas cyclosporin A (100 nM) blocked. The concentration-response relation for the Ca(2+)-effect could be fitted best using an EC(50) of 10 microM and a Hill coefficient of 1.5. Taken together the results indicate that we recorded from the permeability transition pore (PTP). As PTP activity may be related to apoptosis we tested if lysate from differently treated T-lymphocytes (Jurkat cells) was able to induce PTP activity in HepG2 cells. Lysate of untreated cells completely abolished the activity at a Ca(2+) concentration of 18 nM (buffered by EGTA), i.e. three orders of magnitude below the EC(50). Under these conditions the lysate is not likely to contain stable factors that could open the PTP. Preliminary experiments show PTP activity in CD95-activated lysate.
Simocyclinones, Novel Cytostatic Angucyclinone Antibiotics Produced by Streptomyces antibioticus Tue 6040. II. Structure Elucidation and Biosynthesis.
2002-01-01

The simocyclinones D4 (1) and D8 (2), members of a novel class of antibiotics, were isolated from the mycelial extract of Streptomyces antibioticus Tü 6040 and consist of angucyclinone, deoxysugar, octatetraene dicarboxylate and aminocoumarin structural elements. The structure elucidation was done by one and two dimensional NMR experiments, and other spectroscopic methods in combination with incorporation experiments using 13C labelled precursors.
Subdural Hygroma as a Complication of Endoscopic Neurosurgery. Two Case Reports.
2002-01-01

Two cases of subdural hygroma occurred in a series of 77 neuroendoscopic procedures. An 8-year-old boy underwent neuroendoscopic cysto-cisternostomy of a left temporal arachnoid cyst. Routine postoperative magnetic resonance imaging 7 days later showed a large left-sided subdural hygroma without clinical symptoms. During the following 3 months, the subdural hygroma did not resolve spontaneously, so it was drained through a burr hole. A 3-month-old boy with aqueductal stenosis developed bilateral subdural hygromas after third ventriculostomy. Several punctures through the open anterior fontanelle relieved the hygromas but increasing head circumference required ventriculoperitoneal shunting 12 months later. Complications of neuroendoscopic procedures are increasingly reported, including various kinds of bleeding, infections, or damage of neuronal tissue. Only three previous cases of subdural hygroma or hematoma after neuroendoscopic interventions have been reported. The possible etiologies and clinical consequences of this rare complication have to be considered before selecting neuroendoscopy treatment.
Prevention of Early Mutans Streptococci Transmission in Infants by Professional Tooth Cleaning and Chlorhexidine Varnish Treatment of the Mother
2002-01-01

Mutans streptococci (MS) are transmitted in early childhood from the mother to the infant, mostly by saliva. This study evaluated the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) varnish-mediated suppression of MS in mothers with high salivary MS counts on the frequency of MS colonization in their children at 2 years of age. Professional tooth cleaning followed by CHX varnish application in 16 mothers with high salivary MS counts resulted in a significantly lower number of MS-colonized infants at 2 years of age when compared to a control group of 13 untreated mother-child pairs with high maternal salivary MS levels. The frequency of MS colonization in the CHX-treated group was not significantly different from the one found in a negative control group of 15 mother-child pairs with low maternal salivary MS levels.
Calcium Channels in Mouse Hair Cells: Function, Properties and Pharmacology
2002-01-01

Adult inner hair cells (IHCs) possess voltage-activated Ca2+ currents that couple receptor potentials to transmitter release at the afferent synapses. Before the onset of hearing both IHCs and outer hair cells (OHCs) exhibit Ca2+ currents. More than 90% of neonatal hair cell (HC) currents flow through alpha1D Ca2+ channel subunits because they are absent in both IHCs and OHCs from alpha1D-/- mice and residual currents are insensitive to L-type agonists. Since lack of the alpha1D-subunit leads to HC degeneration and profound deafness, class D L-type Ca2+ currents seem to be crucial for the development and functioning of the inner ear. Neonatal HC Ca2+ currents were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. They showed rapid activation, rapid deactivation and very little inactivation. They started activating as negative as -65mV. In contrast to alpha1C-mediated (classical L-type) Ca2+ currents, they showed a rather low sensitivity to various L-type antagonists. 10 microM nifedipine e.g. blocked HC Ca2+ currents by about 40% whereas class C L-type Ca2+ currents are completely blocked by 100nM nifedipine. The L-type channel agonist Bay K 8644 increased the HC Ca2+ current by 100-200% and shifted the IV curve to more negative potentials which is similar to its effects in alpha1C-mediated Ca2+ currents.
Perirhinal Cortex Neuronal Activity is Actively Related toWorking Memory in the Macaque
2002-01-01

Lesion studies suggest that the perirhinai cortex plays a role in object recognition memory. To analyze its role, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the perirhinal cortex in a rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) performing a delayed matching‐to‐sample task with up to four intervening stimuli. Certain neurons (40 of 90 analyzed) showed a smaller response to an image when it was shown the second time within a trial (as a match image) than when it had been shown (as a sample image) the first time. A new finding was that the perirhinal cortex neurons were actively reset between trials: when a particular image was shown as a sample on a succeeding trial, the response was much larger than when it had been shown as a match image a short time previously on the previous trial. This resetting between trials appears to reflect the operation of an active working memory process rather than a passive temporal decay in a neuronal response. The results thus provide evidence that the perirhinal cortex plays an active role in visual working memory, perhaps in association with other brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex.
Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States
2002-01-01

The INSQUID (INductive Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) can measure the flux state of a superconducting qubit rapidly, while allowing the quantum state of the qubit to evolve with low levels of back action. The INSQUID consists of a dc SQUID with unshunted junctions connected in parallel with a superconducting inductor; the qubit is placed inside the SQUID loop. The inductor is coupled to a readout dc SQUID with resistively-shunted junctions. By applying appropriate fluxes to the input SQUID and the inductor, the INSQUID can be turned "off", so that virtually no flux noise is coupled from the readout SQUID to the qubit. Different flux biases turn the INSQUID "on", enabling the readout SQUID to measure the flux state of the qubit. The INSQUID can also be used to turn on and off the coupling between two or more qubits.
Ukrain ®, an alkaloid thiophosphoric acid derivative of Chelidonium majus L. protects human fibroblasts but not human tumour cells in vitro against ionizing radiation
2002-01-01

Differential effects of Ukrain in modulating radiation toxicity of human cancer cell lines and its protective effect in normal human fibroblasts suggest that this alkaloid may have potential properties for clinical radiochemotherapy.