julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Peer Review #1 of "A methodology for psycho-biological assessment of stress in software engineering (v0.1)"
2020-08-10

Stress pervades our everyday life to the point of being considered the scourge of the modern industrial world.The effects of stress on knowledge workers causes, in short term, performance fluctuations, decline of concentration, bad sensorimotor coordination, and an increased error rate, while long term exposure to stress leads to issues such as dissatisfaction, resignation, depression and general psychosomatic ailment and disease.Software developers are known to be stressed workers.Stress has been suggested to have detrimental effects on team morale and motivation, communication and cooperationdependent work, software quality, maintainability, and requirements management.There is a need to effectively assess, monitor, and reduce stress for software developers.While there is substantial psycho-social and medical research on stress and its measurement, we notice that the transfer of these methods and practices to software engineering has not been fully made.For this reason, we engage in an interdisciplinary endeavour between researchers in software engineering and medical and social sciences towards a better understanding of stress effects while developing software.This paper offers two main contributions.First, we provide an overview of supported theories of stress and the many ways to assess stress in individuals.Second, we propose a robust methodology to detect and measure stress in controlled experiments that is tailored to software engineering research.We also evaluate the methodology by implementing it on an experiment, which we first pilot and then replicate in its enhanced form, and report on the results with lessons learned.With this work, we hope to stimulate research on stress in software engineering and inspire future research that is backed up by supported theories and employs psychometrically validated measures.
Peer Review #1 of "A methodology for psycho-biological assessment of stress in software engineering (v0.2)"
2020-08-10

Stress pervades our everyday life to the point of being considered the scourge of the modern industrial world.The effects of stress on knowledge workers causes, in short term, performance fluctuations, decline of concentration, bad sensorimotor coordination, and an increased error rate, while long term exposure to stress leads to issues such as dissatisfaction, resignation, depression and general psychosomatic ailment and disease.Software developers are known to be stressed workers.Stress has been suggested to have detrimental effects on team morale and motivation, communication and cooperationdependent work, software quality, maintainability, and requirements management.There is a need to effectively assess, monitor, and reduce stress for software developers.While there is substantial psycho-social and medical research on stress and its measurement, we notice that the transfer of these methods and practices to software engineering has not been fully made.For this reason, we engage in an interdisciplinary endeavour between researchers in software engineering and medical and social sciences towards a better understanding of stress effects while developing software.This paper offers two main contributions.First, we provide an overview of supported theories of stress and the many ways to assess stress in individuals.Second, we propose a robust methodology to detect and measure stress in controlled experiments that is tailored to software engineering research.We also evaluate the methodology by implementing it on an experiment, which we first pilot and then replicate in its enhanced form, and report on the results with lessons learned.With this work, we hope to stimulate research on stress in software engineering and inspire future research that is backed up by supported theories and employs psychometrically validated measures.
Collocational Processing in L1 and L2: The Effects of Word Frequency, Collocational Frequency, and Association
2020-08-11

Abstract This study investigated the effects of individual word frequency, collocational frequency, and association on L1 and L2 collocational processing. An acceptability judgment task was administered to L1 and L2 speakers of English. Response times were analyzed using mixed‐effects modeling for 3 types of adjective–noun pairs: (a) high‐frequency, (b) low‐frequency, and (c) baseline items. This study extends previous research by examining whether the effects of individual word and collocation frequency counts differ for L1 and L2 speakers’ processing of collocations. This study also compared the extent to which L1 and L2 speakers’ response times are affected by mutual information and log Dice scores, which are corpus‐derived association measures. Both groups of participants demonstrated sensitivity to individual word and collocation frequency counts. However, there was a reduced effect of individual word frequency counts for processing high‐frequency collocations compared to low‐frequency collocations. Both groups of participants were similarly sensitive to the association measures used.
Systematic Analysis of Factors That Affect Food-Waste Storage: Toward Maximizing Lactate Accumulation for Resource Recovery
2020-08-11

In the U.S., several states have attempted to mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions by banning food wastes from landfills. As a result, U.S.-based companies are now providing decentralized food-waste management systems for supermarkets and restaurants, which include storage as a slurry. It is unclear, however, which storage conditions (factors) would affect the spontaneous microbial activity, resulting in a different fermentation product spectra, and how this would further affect post-treatment. Here, we performed two experiments to mimic: (1) storage and (2) subsequent anaerobic digestion. For the food-waste storage system, we designed a mixed-level fractional factorial analysis with 12 experimental combinations, including separating food waste into: carbohydrate-rich, lipid-rich, and protein-rich food waste. We found that all factors that we tested affected the fermentation outcome. We observed that relatively low pH levels of 3–4, which were achieved due to rapid lactate accumulation by microbial activity during storage, coincided with greater lactate production and a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) selectivity of 90%. Food-waste storage followed classical ensilage dynamics with homofermentation to lactate in combination with low pH preventing the subsequent breakdown of lacate into other carboxylic acids and hydrogen gas. The mechanistic understanding provides an opportunity to optimize lactate production, which is ideal for subsequent methane or chemical production.
Type 2 diabetes risk gene Dusp8 regulates hypothalamic Jnk signaling and insulin sensitivity
2020-08-11

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified DUSP8, encoding a dual-specificity phosphatase targeting mitogen-activated protein kinases, as a type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk gene. Here, we reveal that Dusp8 is a gatekeeper in the hypothalamic control of glucose homeostasis in mice and humans. Male, but not female, Dusp8 loss-of-function mice, either with global or corticotropin-releasing hormone neuron-specific deletion, had impaired systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when exposed to high-fat diet (HFD). Mechanistically, we found impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback, blunted sympathetic responsiveness, and chronically elevated corticosterone levels driven by hypothalamic hyperactivation of Jnk signaling. Accordingly, global Jnk1 ablation, AAV-mediated Dusp8 overexpression in the mediobasal hypothalamus, or metyrapone-induced chemical adrenalectomy rescued the impaired glucose homeostasis of obese male Dusp8-KO mice, respectively. The sex-specific role of murine Dusp8 in governing hypothalamic Jnk signaling, insulin sensitivity, and systemic glucose tolerance was consistent with functional MRI data in human volunteers that revealed an association of the DUSP8 rs2334499 risk variant with hypothalamic insulin resistance in men. Further, expression of DUSP8 was increased in the infundibular nucleus of T2D humans. In summary, our findings suggest the GWAS-identified gene Dusp8 as a novel hypothalamic factor that plays a functional role in the etiology of T2D.
In vivo characterization of downfield peaks at 9.4 T: T2 relaxation times, quantification, pH estimation, and assignments
2020-08-11

Purpose Relaxation times are a valuable asset when determining spectral assignments. In this study, apparent T 2 relaxation times ( ) of downfield peaks are reported in the human brain at 9.4 T and are used to guide spectral assignments of some downfield metabolite peaks. Methods Echo time series of downfield metabolite spectra were acquired at 9.4 T using a metabolite‐cycled semi‐LASER sequence. Metabolite spectral fitting was performed using LCModel V6.3‐1L while fitting a pH sweep to estimate the pH of the homocarnosine (hCs) imidazole ring. were calculated by fitting the resulting relative amplitudes of the peaks to a mono‐exponential decay across the TE series. Furthermore, estimated tissue concentrations of molecules were calculated using the relaxation times and internal water as a reference. Results of downfield metabolites are reported within a range from 16 to 32 ms except for homocarnosine with of 50 ms. Correcting for exchange rates ( ) resulted in relaxation times between 20 and 33 ms. The estimated pH values based on hCs imidazole range from 7.07 to 7.12 between subjects. Furthermore, analyzing the linewidths of the downfield peaks and their contribution led to possible peak assignments. Conclusion relaxation times were longer for the assigned metabolite peaks compared to the unassigned peaks. Tissue pH estimation in vivo with proton MRS and simultaneous quantification of amide protons at 8.30 ± 0.15 ppm is likely possible. Based on concentration, linewidth, and exchange rates measurements, tentative peak assignments are discussed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), and urea.
Scaling of PDFs, TMDs, and GPDs in soft-wall AdS/QCD
2020-08-11

We explicitly demonstrate how to correctly define the hadronic parton\\ndistributions (PDFs, TMDs, and GPDs) in the soft-wall AdS/QCD approach, based\\non the use of a quadratic dilaton field, providing confinement and spontaneous\\nbreaking of conformal and chiral symmetries. The power behavior of parton\\ndistributions at large values of the light-cone variable is consistent with\\nquark counting rules and Drell-Yan-West duality. All parton distributions are\\ndefined in terms of profile functions, which depend on the light-cone\\ncoordinate and are fixed from PDFs and electromagnetic form factors.\\n
Nephrotic syndrome associated with primary atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
2020-08-11

Abstract Primary atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a rare disease characterized by non-immune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal dysfunction; it is related to alterations in the regulation of the alternative pathway of complement due to genetic mutations. The association with nephrotic syndrome is unusual. We present here a pediatric patient diagnosed with primary atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with nephrotic syndrome who responded to eculizumab treatment.
Model-based prediction of bacterial population dynamics in gastrointestinal infection
2020-08-11

Abstract The complex interplay of a pathogen with the host immune response and the endogenous microbiome determines the course and outcome of gastrointestinal infection (GI). Expansion of a pathogen within the gastrointestinal tract implies an increased risk to develop systemic infection. Through computational modeling, we aimed to calculate bacterial population dynamics in GI in order to predict infection course and outcome. For the implementation and parameterization of the model, oral mouse infection experiments with Yersinia enterocolitica were used. Our model takes into account pathogen specific characteristics, such as virulence, as well as host properties, such as microbial colonization resistance or immune responses. We were able to confirm the model calculations in these scenarios by experimental mouse infections and show that it is possible to computationally predict the infection course. Far future clinical application of computational modeling of infections may pave the way for personalized treatment and prevention strategies of GI.
Predominant features of the Quaternary relief development seawards of the Oman Mountains as reflected in wadi and coastal terraces and other coastal features
2020-08-11

In Oman and Central Europe, the same basic floors of geomorphic units developed during the Neozoic. Specifically in Oman, this means that Quaternary wadi systems incised the Tertiary peneplains and peneplain steps. During this process, eleven main wadi and sea-level terraces were formed. In the Bay of Sur region, the Pleistocene wadi accumulations are underlain by a Tertiary basement composed of almost pure marine sediments. During the Quaternary, the deposition of wadi sediments along the Oman coast occurred only during the interglacial pluvials, whereas erosional processes predominated during the slightly cooler aridials. Indications were found that three marine terraces (18 m, 8 m and 5 m) originated during the Eemian pluvial. Some indications show that sea level was lower during the pre-Eemian pluvial than during the Eemian. During the last aridial when strong erosion probably occurred, erosion within the tidal bays appeared to be rather weak. Beach ridge-lagoon complexes formed during the last pluvial and during the main Flandrian transgression of the Middle Holocene. Most of the Holocene coastal and wadi terraced bodies were accumulated or leveled in bedrock during the higher sea-levels of the Atlantic and Subboreal periods. They were later eroded during the Sub-atlanticum. However, some terraces and beach barriers formed entirely during this final Holocene climatic interval. Holocene coastal dunes were dated in the Capital Area. Pre-Holocene and Holocene pluvial beach rock has been found at different coastal sites.
Data for Publication "Prevalence of Cranial Trauma in Eurasian Upper Paleolithic Humans"
2020-08-11

Data for Publication: J. Beier, N. Anthes, J. Wahl, K. Harvati, Prevalence of Cranial Trauma in Eurasian Upper Paleolithic Humans. <em>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</em>. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24163
The plural counts: Inconsistent grammatical number hinders numerical development in preschoolers — a cross-linguistic study
2020-08-11

The role of grammar in numerical development, and particularly the role of grammatical number inflection, has already been well-documented in toddlerhood. It is unclear, however, whether the influence of grammatical language structure further extends to more complex later stages of numerical development. Here, we addressed this question by exploiting differences between Polish, which has a complex grammatical number paradigm, leading to a partially inconsistent mapping between numerical quantities and grammatical number, and German, which has a comparatively easy verbal paradigm: 153 Polish-speaking and 124 German-speaking kindergarten children were tested using a symbolic numerical comparison task. Additionally, counting skills (Give-a-Number and count-list), and mapping between non-symbolic (dot sets) and symbolic representations of numbers, as well as working memory (Corsi blocks and Digit span) were assessed. Based on the Give-a-Number and mapping tasks, the children were divided into subset-knowers, CP-knowers- non-mappers, and CP-knowers-mappers.Linguistic background was related to performance in several ways: Polish-speaking children expectedly progressed to the CP-knowers stage later than German children, despite comparable non-numerical capabilities, and even after this stage was achieved, they fared worse in the numerical comparison task. There were also meaningful differences in spatial-numerical mapping between the Polish and German groups.Our findings are in line with the theory that grammatical number paradigms influencethe development of representations and processing of numbers, not only at the stage of acquiring the meaning of the first number-words but at later stages as well, when dealing with symbolic numbers.
Variance-aware path guiding
2020-08-12

Path guiding is a promising tool to improve the performance of path tracing algorithms. However, not much research has investigated what target densities a guiding method should strive to learn for optimal performance. Instead, most previous work pursues the zero-variance goal: The local decisions are guided under the assumption that all other decisions along the random walk will be sampled perfectly. In practice, however, many decisions are poorly guided, or not guided at all. Furthermore, learned distributions are often marginalized, e.g., by neglecting the BSDF. We present a generic procedure to derive theoretically optimal target densities for local path guiding. These densities account for variance in nested estimators, and marginalize provably well over, e.g., the BSDF. We apply our theory in two state-of-the-art rendering applications: a path guiding solution for unidirectional path tracing [Müller et al. 2017] and a guiding method for light source selection for the many lights problem [Vévoda et al. 2018]. In both cases, we observe significant improvements, especially on glossy surfaces. The implementations for both applications consist of trivial modifications to the original code base, without introducing any additional overhead.
Robust fitting of parallax-aware mixtures for path guiding
2020-08-12

Effective local light transport guiding demands for high quality guiding information, i.e., a precise representation of the directional incident radiance distribution at every point inside the scene. We introduce a parallax-aware distribution model based on parametric mixtures. By parallax-aware warping of the distribution, the local approximation of the 5D radiance field remains valid and precise across large spatial regions, even for close-by contributors. Our robust optimization scheme fits parametric mixtures to radiance samples collected in previous rendering passes. Robustness is achieved by splitting and merging of components refining the mixture. These splitting and merging decisions minimize and bound the expected variance of the local radiance estimator. In addition, we extend the fitting scheme to a robust, iterative update method, which allows for incremental training of our model using smaller sample batches. This results in more frequent training updates and, at the same time, significantly reduces the required sample memory footprint. The parametric representation of our model allows for the application of advanced importance sampling methods such as radiance-based, cosine-aware, and even product importance sampling. Our method further smoothly integrates next-event estimation (NEE) into path guiding, avoiding importance sampling of contributions better covered by NEE. The proposed robust fitting and update scheme, in combination with the parallax-aware representation, results in faster learning and lower variance compared to state-of-the-art path guiding approaches.
How-to videos on YouTube: the role of the instructor
2020-08-12

How-to videos on YouTube have become a popular source for procedural learning. An important difference to traditional educational videos is that the instructor is often not a professional educator, but an amateur or peer. Building on work on social learning from models, this paper explores how instructor characteristics such as model-observer similarity, instructor credibility (expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness), and conversational human voice influence choice and evaluation of a how-to video. A survey (n = 401) among active Internet users was conducted. Most respondents had used YouTube and had watched how-to videos on YouTube. Respondents preferred videos with instructors that they perceived as experts and trustworthy, and who talked in a conversational human voice. Instructors of the same gender as the viewer were also preferred, especially by males. The instructor variables explained variance in perceived usefulness and intention to use how-to videos above and beyond the technical and instructional quality of the video. However, only conversational human voice and same gender of the instructor turned out to be significant predictors of perceived usefulness and intention to use.
Signatures of Associative Memory Behavior in a Multimode Dicke Model
2020-08-12

Dicke-like models can describe a variety of physical systems, such as atoms in a cavity or vibrating ion chains. In equilibrium these systems often feature a radical change in their behavior when switching from weak to strong spin-boson interaction. This usually manifests in a transition from a "dark" to a "superradiant" phase. However, understanding the out-of-equilibrium physics of these models is extremely challenging, and even more so for strong spin-boson coupling. Here we show that the nonequilibrium strongly interacting multimode Dicke model can mimic some fundamental properties of an associative memory-a system which permits the recognition of patterns, such as letters of an alphabet. Patterns are encoded in the couplings between spins and bosons, and we discuss the dynamics of the spins from the perspective of pattern retrieval in associative memory models. We identify two phases, a "paramagnetic" and a "ferromagnetic" one, and a crossover behavior between these regimes. The "ferromagnetic" phase is reminiscent of pattern retrieval. We highlight similarities and differences with the thermal dynamics of a Hopfield associative memory and show that indeed elements of "machine learning behavior" emerge in the strongly coupled multimode Dicke model.
Ocrelizumab Treatment in Patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Short-term Safety Results from a Compassionate Use Programme in Germany
2020-08-12

This CUP provides first real-world observations of ocrelizumab for the treatment of PPMS in a large patient cohort in Germany, supporting that ocrelizumab is generally well-tolerated in clinical practice. Physicians should be vigilant for early symptoms of PML, as to date, 9 PML cases that were all confounded have been reported in patients treated with ocrelizumab worldwide, with 8 carry-over cases from a prior DMT.
Evidence for local carbon‐cycle perturbations superimposed on the Toarcian carbon isotope excursion
2020-08-12

Abstract A Jurassic negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE), co‐evolved with Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) at ~183 Ma, is suggested to be linked to a global carbon‐cycle perturbation and is well documented for Toarcian terrestrial fossil woods and marine sediments around the globe. A theoretically coupled δ 13 C carb ‐δ 13 C org pattern due to such dubbed global carbon‐cycle event from the negative CIE in Dotternhausen Toarcian stratigraphic profile (southwest Germany) is unexpectedly disturbed by two‐step δ 13 C carb ‐δ 13 C org decoupling in which the last step, upper in the stratigraphic order, is of higher magnitude. However, the trigger(s) for these sudden decoupling disturbances are still poorly constrained. Here, connecting new carbon and oxygen isotope data with documentary lipid biomarkers shows that the global carbon cycle during the Toarcian OAE was disturbed by enhanced green sulfur bacteria (GSB) metabolisms and early diagenesis at local scales. The first step δ 13 C carb ‐δ 13 C org decoupling was induced in the initial stage of the GSB bloom. The second step of much larger δ 13 C carb ‐δ 13 C org decoupling arising from a GSB prosperity was, however, exaggerated by early diagenesis through the respiration of sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). Paleo‐geographically distinct localities of the Tethys region show contrasting decoupled δ 13 C carb ‐δ 13 C org patterns, which implies that the second‐order carbon‐cycle perturbations have pervasively and independently impacted the global carbon event during the Toarcian OAE.