julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Social identities and the achievement gap: Incompatibility between social class background and student identity increases student disidentification, which decreases performance and leads to higher dropout rates
2022-07-24

Abstract Education is not equally distributed across all people. It has often been found that students from low social class background have lower access to universities, less academic achievement and higher dropout rates compared with their peers (called the ‘achievement gap’). We investigate how the student social identity contributes to the emergence of the achievement gap and focus on student disidentification, a negative internalized relation to the in‐group. We predict that disidentification reduces academic performance (Hypothesis 1) and increases university dropout rates (Hypothesis 2). Moreover, we predict that social class background affects identity incompatibility which, in turn, increases student disidentification (Hypothesis 3). We explore whether social class background affects long‐term identity incompatibility, or whether identity incompatibility affects long‐term disidentification by comparing two mediation models. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported cross‐sectionally in a large sample ( N = 2768), and longitudinally in a sub‐sample 1.5 years later ( N = 591). The data demonstrate that social class background has a long‐term effect on incompatibility, which is related to disidentification. Hypothesis 2 was also supported in a (partly overlapping) sub‐sample ( N = 1077). The current research demonstrates that students with low social class background suffer from identity‐related adaptation problems that affect their academic trajectories.
Mouse primary visual cortex neurons respond to the illusory “darker than black” in neon color spreading
2022-07-24

Illusions are a powerful tool for studying the single neuron correlates of perception. Here, we introduce the neon color spreading (NCS) illusion in mice and report the neuronal correlates of illusory brightness, which has heretofore only been studied using human fMRI. We designed a novel NCS paradigm to evoke the percept of an illusory drifting grating and analyzed the activity of 520 single units in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). A substantial proportion of V1 single units (60.5%) responded to illusory gratings with direction tuning matched to their preferred direction, which was determined using physically presented luminance-defined gratings (LDG). Moreover, by presenting LDG gratings with a 180° phase shift relative to NCs gratings, we show that spatial phase tuning shifted 180° for most single units. This finding conclusively demonstrates that V1 single units respond to illusory brightness. Using this novel mouse paradigm, we show that responses to illusory gratings have a lower magnitude and are delayed relative to physical gratings. We determined where V1 single units fell in the V1 cellular hierarchy (based on their susceptibility to surround suppression, their putative classification as interneuron or pyramidal neuron, and designation as a simple or complex cell) and found that higher-level V1 single units are more responsive to NCS stimuli. These findings resolve the debate of whether V1 is involved in illusory brightness processing and reveal a V1 hierarchical organization in which higher-level neurons are pivotal to the processing of illusory qualities, such as brightness.
Contribution to the 3R Principle: Description of a Specimen-Specific Finite Element Model Simulating 3-Point-Bending Tests in Mouse Tibiae
2022-07-24

Bone mechanical properties are classically determined by biomechanical tests, which normally destroy the bones and disable further histological or molecular analyses. Thus, obtaining biomechanical data from bone usually requires an additional group of animals within the experimental setup. Finite element models (FEMs) may non-invasively and non-destructively simulate mechanical characteristics based on material properties. The present study aimed to establish and validate an FEM to predict the mechanical properties of mice tibiae. The FEM was established based on μCT (micro-Computed Tomography) data of 16 mouse tibiae. For validating the FEM, simulated parameters were compared to biomechanical data obtained from 3-point bending tests of the identical bones. The simulated and the measured parameters correlated well for bending stiffness (R2 = 0.9104, p &lt; 0.0001) and yield displacement (R2 = 0.9003, p &lt; 0.0001). The FEM has the advantage that it preserves the bones’ integrity, which can then be used for other analytical methods. By eliminating the need for an additional group of animals for biomechanical tests, the established FEM can contribute to reducing the number of research animals in studies focusing on bone biomechanics. This is especially true when in vivo μCT data can be utilized where multiple bone scans can be performed with the same animal at different time points. Thus, by partially replacing biomechanical experiments, FEM simulations may reduce the overall number of animals required for an experimental setup investigating bone biomechanics, which supports the 3R (replace, reduce, and refine) principle.
Characterizing the Transition to Irrecoverable Deformation in the Subsurface with an InSAR Multi-Sensor Time Series Analysis
2022-07-24

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This preprint has been submitted to and is under consideration at Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth. ESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preliminary.Learn more about preprints preprintOpen AccessYou are viewing the latest version by default [v2]Characterizing the Transition to Irrecoverable Deformation in the Subsurface with an InSAR Multi-Sensor Time Series AnalysisAuthorsSayyed Mohammad JavadMirzadehiDShuanggenJiniDEstelleChaussardiDRolandBurgmanniDSabaGhotbiiDAndreasBraunSee all authors Sayyed Mohammad Javad MirzadehiD• Submitting AuthorShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-882Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressShuanggen JiniDCorresponding AuthorShanghai Astrononomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-4828view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressEstelle ChaussardiDPrivateiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7085view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressRoland BurgmanniDUniversity of California, BerkeleyiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-044Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressSaba GhotbiiDSinghofen Associates IncorporatediDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9185-309Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAndreas BraunUniversity of Tübingenview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email address
Characterizing the Transition to Irrecoverable Deformation in the Subsurface with an InSAR Multi-Sensor Time Series Analysis
2022-07-24

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This preprint has been submitted to and is under consideration at Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth. ESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preliminary.Learn more about preprints preprintOpen AccessYou are viewing an older version [v1]Go to new versionCharacterizing the Transition to Irrecoverable Deformation in the Subsurface with an InSAR Multi-Sensor Time Series AnalysisAuthorsSayyed Mohammad JavadMirzadehiDShuanggenJiniDEstelleChaussardiDRolandBurgmanniDSabaGhotbiiDAndreasBraunSee all authors Sayyed Mohammad Javad MirzadehiDShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-882Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressShuanggen JiniDCorresponding Author• Submitting AuthorShanghai Astrononomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-4828view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressEstelle ChaussardiDPrivateiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7085view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressRoland BurgmanniDUniversity of California, BerkeleyiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-044Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressSaba GhotbiiDSinghofen Associates IncorporatediDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9185-309Xview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressAndreas BraunUniversity of Tübingenview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email address
Coordinating social action: a primer for the cross-species investigation of communicative repair
2022-07-25

Human joint action is inherently cooperative, manifested in the collaborative efforts of participants to minimize communicative trouble through interactive repair. Although interactive repair requires sophisticated cognitive abilities, it can be dissected into basic building blocks shared with non-human animal species. A review of the primate literature shows that interactionally contingent signal sequences are at least common among species of non-human great apes, suggesting a gradual evolution of repair. To pioneer a cross-species assessment of repair this paper aims at (i) identifying necessary precursors of human interactive repair; (ii) proposing a coding framework for its comparative study in humans and non-human species; and (iii) using this framework to analyse examples of interactions of humans (adults/children) and non-human great apes. We hope this paper will serve as a primer for cross-species comparisons of communicative breakdowns and how they are repaired. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination’.
A network of cytosolic (co)chaperones promotes the biogenesis of mitochondrial signal-anchored outer membrane proteins
2022-07-25

Signal-anchored (SA) proteins are anchored into the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) via a single transmembrane segment at their N-terminus while the bulk of the proteins is facing the cytosol. These proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA, translated on cytosolic ribosomes, and are then targeted to the organelle and inserted into its OM by import factors. Recently, research on the insertion mechanisms of these proteins into the mitochondrial OM have gained a lot of attention. In contrast, the early cytosolic steps of their biogenesis are unresolved. Using various proteins from this category and a broad set of in vivo, in organello , and in vitro assays, we reconstituted the early steps of their biogenesis. We identified a subset of molecular (co)chaperones that interact with newly synthesized SA proteins, namely, Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones and co-chaperones from the Hsp40 family like Ydj1 and Sis1. These interactions were mediated by the hydrophobic transmembrane segments of the SA proteins. We further demonstrate that interfering with these interactions inhibits the biogenesis of SA proteins to a various extent. Finally, we could demonstrate direct interaction of peptides corresponding to the transmembrane segments of SA proteins with the (co)chaperones and reconstitute in vitro the transfer of such peptides from the Hsp70 chaperone to the mitochondrial Tom70 receptor. Collectively, this study unravels an array of cytosolic chaperones and mitochondrial import factors that facilitates the targeting and membrane integration of mitochondrial SA proteins.
Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination
2022-07-25

The evolution of language was likely facilitated by a special predisposition for social interaction, involving a set of communicative and cognitive skills summarized as the ‘interaction engine'. This assemblage seems to emerge early in development, to be found universally across cultures, and to enable participation in sophisticated joint action through the addition of spoken language. Yet, new evidence on social action coordination and communication in nonhuman primates warrants an update of the interaction engine hypothesis, particularly with respect to the evolutionary origins of its specific ingredients. However, one enduring problem for comparative research results from a conceptual gulf between disciplines, rendering it difficult to test concepts derived from human interaction research in nonhuman animals. The goal of this theme issue is to make such concepts accessible for comparative research, to promote a fruitful interdisciplinary debate on social action coordination as a new arena of research, and to enable mutual fertilization between human and nonhuman interaction research. In consequence, we here consider relevant theoretical and empirical research within and beyond this theme issue to revisit the interaction engine's shared, convergently derived and uniquely derived ingredients preceding (or perhaps in the last case, succeeding) human language. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination’.
Detailed functional results after bladder-preserving surgery and high-dose-rate brachytherapy in pediatric bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma
2022-07-25

Abstract Purpose In pediatric bladder/prostate-rhabdomyosarcoma, the rate of bladder preservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is high, with an excellent oncological outcome. Information about functional urological long-term outcomes is rare. Methods Data of all patients who had undergone bladder-preserving surgery with or without brachytherapy at our institution between 2009 and 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Detailed urological function was assessed focusing on age-related continence, bladder capacity and urodynamic findings. Results We identified 40 patients, median age at surgery of 27 months (range 9–191), and 32 patients additionally received postoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy. The median follow-up was 32.5 months (range 6–125). The bladder capacity increased from median 66.7% (21.1–180) of expected bladder capacity related to age 3 months after surgery to 87.4% (58.1–181.8) 9 months after surgery. In the group of aged &gt; 6-year-old, continence was 94% (83% with brachytherapy, 100% without brachytherapy). Erectile function was normal in 92% (90% with brachytherapy, 100% without brachytherapy). Bladder capacity was more than 65% expected bladder capacity related to age in 70% (60% with brachytherapy, 86% without brachytherapy). 65% of all patients need neither anticholinergic drugs nor low-dose antibiotics (63% with brachytherapy, 71% without brachytherapy). Conclusions Bladder preservation with good functional outcome can be achieved in localized bladder/prostate-rhabdomyosarcoma. In selected cases, supportive brachytherapy additionally contributes to an improvement in the oncological outcome with calculable risks for bladder and erectile function. Careful urological aftercare should be a fixed priority after oncological follow-ups.
Social tolerance and interactional opportunities as drivers of gestural redoings in orang-utans
2022-07-25

Communicative repair is a fundamental and universal element of interactive language use. It has been suggested that the persistence and elaboration after communicative breakdown in nonhuman primates constitute two evolutionary building blocks of this capacity, but the conditions favouring it are poorly understood. Because zoo-housed individuals of some species are more social and more terrestrial than in the wild, they should be more likely to show gestural redoings (i.e. both repetition and elaboration) after communicative failure in the coordination of their joint activities. Using a large comparative sample of wild and zoo-housed orang-utans of two different species, we could confirm this prediction for elaboration, the more flexible form of redoings. Specifically, results showed that gestural redoings in general were best predicted by the specific social action context (i.e. social play) and interaction dyad (i.e. beyond mother–offspring), although they were least frequent in captive Bornean orang-utans. For gestural elaboration, we found the expected differences between captive and wild research settings in Borneans, but not in Sumatrans (the more socially tolerant species). Moreover, we found that the effectiveness of elaboration in eliciting responses was higher in Sumatrans, especially the captive ones, whereas effectiveness of mere repetition was influenced by neither species nor setting. We conclude that the socio-ecological environment plays a central role in the emergence of communicative repair strategies in great apes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination’.
MED27, SLC6A7, and MPPE1 Variants in a Complex Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Severe Dystonia
2022-07-25

ABSTRACT Background Despite advances in next generation sequencing technologies, the identification of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) can often hinder definitive diagnosis in patients with complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Objective The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the underlying cause of disease in a family with two children with severe developmental delay associated with generalized dystonia and episodic status dystonicus, chorea, epilepsy, and cataracts. Methods Candidate genes identified by autozygosity mapping and whole‐exome sequencing were characterized using cellular and vertebrate model systems. Results Homozygous variants were found in three candidate genes: MED27 , SLC6A7 , and MPPE1 . Although the patients had features of MED27 ‐related disorder, the SLC6A7 and MPPE1 variants were functionally investigated. SLC6A7 variant in vitro overexpression caused decreased proline transport as a result of reduced cell‐surface expression, and zebrafish knockdown of slc6a7 exhibited developmental delay and fragile motor neuron morphology that could not be rescued by L‐proline transporter–G396S RNA. Lastly, patient fibroblasts displayed reduced cell‐surface expression of glycophosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins linked to MPPE1 dysfunction. Conclusions We report a family harboring a homozygous MED27 variant with additional loss‐of‐function SLC6A7 and MPPE1 gene variants, which potentially contribute to a blended phenotype caused by multilocus pathogenic variants. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
T-odd proton-helicity asymmetry in semi-inclusive DIS in perturbative QCD
2022-07-25

We compute the single-spin asymmetry in semi-inclusive\\ndeep-inelastic scattering of unpolarized leptons and longitudinally polarized\\nprotons at large transverse momentum of the produced hadron. Our calculation is\\nperformed in collinear factorization at the lowest order of QCD perturbation\\ntheory. For photon exchange the asymmetry is T-odd and receives contributions\\nfrom the interference of the tree level and one-loop absorptive amplitudes. We\\nconsider the behavior of the spin asymmetry at low transverse momentum where\\ncontact to the formalism based on transverse-momentum dependent distribution\\nfunctions can be made. We also present some phenomenological results relevant\\nfor the COMPASS and HERMES experiments and the future Electron-Ion Collider.\\n
Optimal charging of a superconducting quantum battery
2022-07-26

Abstract Quantum batteries are miniature energy storage devices and play a very important role in quantum thermodynamics. In recent years, quantum batteries have been extensively studied, but limited in theoretical level. Here we report the experimental realization of a quantum battery based on superconducting qutrit. Our model explores dark and bright states to achieve stable and powerful charging processes, respectively. Our scheme makes use of the quantum adiabatic brachistochrone, which allows us to speed up the battery ergotropy injection. Due to the inherent interaction of the system with its surrounding, the battery exhibits a self-discharge, which is shown to be described by a supercapacitor-like self-discharging mechanism. Our results paves the way for proposals of new superconducting circuits able to store extractable work for further usage.
NUT Carcinoma—An Underdiagnosed Malignancy
2022-07-26

NUT carcinoma (NC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy with a dismal prognosis and a median survival of 6–9 months only. Although very few cases of NC are reported each year, the true prevalence is estimated to be much higher, with NC potentially widely underdiagnosed due to the lack of awareness. NC primarily occurs in midline structures including thorax, head, and neck; however, other sites such as pancreas and kidney are also affected, albeit at lower frequencies. NC is characterized by a single translocation involving the NUTM1 (NUT midline carcinoma family member 1) gene and different partner genes. The resulting fusion proteins initiate tumorigenesis through a mechanism involving BET (bromo-domain and extra-terminal motif) proteins such as Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and inordinate acetylation of chromatin, leading to the dysregulation of growth and differentiation genes. While no clinical characteristics are specific for NC, some histologic features can be indicative; therefore, patients with these tumor characteristics should be routinely tested for NUTM1. The diagnosis of NC using immunohistochemistry with a highly specific antibody is straightforward. There are currently no standard-of-care treatment options for patients with NC. However, novel therapies specifically addressing the unique tumorigenic mechanism are under investigation, including BET inhibitors. This review aims to raise awareness of this underdiagnosed cancer entity and provide all patients the opportunity to be properly diagnosed and referred to a clinical study.
High-dimensional immune profiling identifies a biomarker to monitor dimethyl fumarate response in multiple sclerosis
2022-07-26

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its wide clinical use, the mechanisms underlying clinical response are not understood. This study aimed to reveal immune markers of therapeutic response to DMF treatment in MS. For this purpose, we prospectively collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a highly characterized cohort of 44 individuals with MS before and at 12 and 48 wk of DMF treatment. Single cells were profiled using high-dimensional mass cytometry. To capture the heterogeneity of different immune subsets, we adopted a bioinformatic multipanel approach that allowed cell population–cluster assignment of more than 50 different parameters, including lineage and activation markers as well as chemokine receptors and cytokines. Data were further analyzed in a semiunbiased fashion implementing a supervised representation learning approach to capture subtle longitudinal immune changes characteristic for therapy response. With this approach, we identified a population of memory T helper cells expressing high levels of neuroinflammatory cytokines (granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interferon γ [IFNγ]) as well as CXCR3, whose abundance correlated with treatment response. Using spectral flow cytometry, we confirmed these findings in a second cohort of patients. Serum neurofilament light-chain levels confirmed the correlation of this immune cell signature with axonal damage. The identified cell population is expanded in peripheral blood under natalizumab treatment, substantiating a specific role in treatment response. We propose that depletion of GM-CSF–, IFNγ-, and CXCR3-expressing T helper cells is the main mechanism of action of DMF and allows monitoring of treatment response.