julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Turtle assemblages of the Jehol Biota in Northeast China
2015-04-26

Background. Cryptodires represent the largest group of living turtles (Testudines) with a wide range of habitat preferences from terrestrial through freshwater to marine. Their origin and early evolution can be traced back to the extinct pancryptodires of the Middle to Late Jurassic and particularly to the Early Cretaceous of East Asia. In the last two decades, plenty of turtle fossils have been discovered in the Jehol Biota of Northeast China but very few of them have been described. Until now, only four taxa have been reported from western Liaoning and adjacent areas including Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis ; Ordosemys liaoxiensis ; Liaochelys jianchangensis ; and the soft-shelled turtle Perochelys lamadongensis . Here we recognize that the Jehol Biota opens an important window into the origin and early evolution of Cryptodiran turtles. Results. Based on our preliminary study, two more taxa can be added to this list, implying a high diversity of the turtle assemblage in these areas. The first is from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia and diagnostic by an unusual combination of features: midline contact of prefrontals; elongated supraoccipital crest; fourth cervical vertebra biconvex; preneural absent; eight neurals; two subequal suprapygals; pygal present; third costals with parallel anterior and posterior sides; narrow distal ends of posterior costals; closed costoperipheral, lateral and central plastral fontanelles. The second taxon is from the Jiufotang Formation of Lingyuan, western Liaoning and distinct with its hyperphalangy in pedal digit V. Phylogenetic analysis places the first taxon as the basal most member of Sinemydidae that in turn furthermore includes L . jianchangensis and Ordosemys leios (which are sister taxa) and a clade consisting of M . manchoukuoensis , Dracochelys bicuspis and Sinemys spp. Discussion. The new phylogeny confutes recent tentative hypotheses that consider Sinemyididae and closely allied taxa as stem-turtles or stem-chelonioid sea-turtles. Instead, they populate the diverse stem-lineage of Cryptodira together with other Jurassic and Cretaceous Asian and North American taxa including at least xinjiangchelyids, Judithemys sukhanovi and Kirgizemys spp. The addition of two more taxa further increases the taxonomic diversity of the turtle assemblages in the Jehol Biota. Moreover, turtles appear to show a complex paleobiogeographical and stratigraphic distribution in the area with some taxa that appears to be endemic for local basins. Although these patterns are poorly documented at present, they hold the potential for a new biostratigraphic tool for correlating faunas and sedimentary basins within the Jehol Biota. Funding statement. Funded in part by the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Land and Resources ( 201311120) and Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program ( 2014Q110)
Ipilimumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of regulatory T cells ex vivo by nonclassical monocytes in melanoma patients
2015-04-27

Significance mAbs directed to inhibitory immune receptors represent a very promising class of immunotherapeutics. This study suggests a potential mechanism of action of ipilimumab (a fully human anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4), by which FcγRIIIA (CD16)-expressing nonclassical monocytes kill regulatory T cells ex vivo via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Notably, at baseline, responder patients display significantly higher peripheral frequencies of nonclassical monocytes and a selective enrichment in tumor-infiltrating CD68 + CD16 + macrophages compared with nonresponder patients. If further confirmed, these findings may contribute to the generation of predictive biomarker panels, antibody design, and the development of rational combination therapies to promote antitumor immunity.
Using individual interest and conscientiousness to predict academic effort: Additive, synergistic, or compensatory effects?
2015-04-27

Although both conscientiousness and domain-specific interest are believed to be major determinants of academic effort, they have rarely been brought together in empirical studies. In the present research, it was hypothesized that both interest and conscientiousness uniquely predict academic effort and statistically interact with each other to predict academic effort. In 4 studies with 2,557, 415, 1,025, and 1,531 students, respectively, conscientiousness and interest meaningfully and uniquely predicted academic effort. In addition, conscientiousness interacted with interest in a compensatory pattern, indicating that conscientiousness is especially important when a student finds a school subject uninteresting and that domain-specific interest plays a particularly important role for students low in conscientiousness.
Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in the transition to young adulthood: A replication of Orth, Robins, and Roberts (2008).
2015-04-27

The present study is a close replication of the work of Orth, Robins, and Roberts (2008). Orth et al. (2008) tested three theoretical models of the relation between self-esteem and depression--the vulnerability model, the scar model, and the common factor model--using longitudinal, cross-lagged panel designs. The authors concluded that depression and self-esteem were not the same construct (contrary to the common-factor model), and furthermore, the results were clearly in line with the vulnerability model and not with the scar model (low self-esteem predicts subsequent levels of depression and not vice versa). In addition, the results held for both men and women. To conduct a very close replication of the work of Orth et al. (2008), we used data from another large longitudinal study (N = 2,512), which is highly similar in study design and that contains the same measures (self-esteem and depression). The present study replicated the results of the Orth et al. (2008) study in a notable manner, in regard to the comparability of the coefficients, and therefore, corroborates the vulnerability model (and not the scar- or the common-factor model).
Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised: additional benefit of disease‐specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
2015-04-27

Abstract Aim To examine the psychometric properties of the German version of the abbreviated 16‐item Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised in a sample of young people with Type 1 diabetes. Methods A total of 246 young people, aged 11–19 years, with Type 1 diabetes from six pediatric diabetes centres in Germany were assessed using the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised. In addition, they underwent screening with two generic tools as well as the WHO five‐question well‐being index. A clinician's report was also obtained. Results The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84). The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised scores significantly correlated with those provided by the non‐specific screening tools ( r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.000 and r = 0.50, P ≤ 0.000 for boys and r = 0.62, P ≤ 0.000 and r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.000 for girls), indicating convergent validity. The mean ( sd ) total of the scores was 12.0 (9.6). Criterion validity was confirmed against HbA 1c value, BMI standard deviation score and expert (clinician) report. Of the boys included in the study, 11 scored higher than the threshold score on the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised, of whom only three (27%) were classified as ‘suspected to have a disordered eating behaviour’ by their clinicians. Conclusions The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised delivered more specific information than generic screening instruments and identified more young people with eating disorders than did clinician report, especially regarding the detection of boys at risk. The results of this study support the utility of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised to identify eating disorders in young people with Type 1 diabetes at an early stage. (German Clinical Trials Registry no.: DRKS 00004699)
VFMA: Topographic Analysis of Sensitivity Data From Full-Field Static Perimetry
2015-04-28

VFMA assists with the interpretation of visual field data from any perimetric device and any test location pattern. Topographic models and volumetric indices are suitable for diagnosis, monitoring of field loss, patient counseling, and endpoints in therapeutic trials.
Solid-liquid interfaces of ionic liquid solutions—Interfacial layering and bulk correlations
2015-04-28

The influence of the polar, aprotic solvent propylene carbonate on the interfacial structure of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate on sapphire was investigated by high-energy x-ray reflectivity. Experiments at solvent concentrations between 17 mol. % and 83 mol. % bridge the gap between diluted electrolytes described by the classical Gouy-Chapman theory and pure ionic liquids. Analysis of our experimental data revealed interfacial profiles comprised of alternating anion and cation enriched regions decaying gradually into the bulk liquid. With increasing solvent concentration, we observed a decrease in correlation length of the interfacial layering structure. At high ion concentrations, solvent molecules were found to accumulate laterally within the layers. By separating like-charged ions, they reduce their Coulomb repulsion. The results are compared with the bulk structure of IL/solvent blends probed by x-ray scattering and predictions from fundamental fluid theory.
High EMT Signature Score of Invasive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells Correlates with NFκB Driven Colony-Stimulating Factor 2 (CSF2/GM-CSF) Secretion by Neighboring Stromal Fibroblasts
2015-04-28

We established co-cultures of invasive or non-invasive NSCLC cell lines and various types of fibroblasts (FBs) to more precisely characterize the molecular mechanism of tumor-stroma crosstalk in lung cancer. The HGF-MET-ERK1/2-CREB-axis was shown to contribute to the onset of the invasive phenotype of Calu-1 with HGF being secreted by FBs. Differential expression analysis of the respective mono- and co-cultures revealed an upregulation of NFκB-related genes exclusively in co-cultures with Calu-1. Cytokine Array- and ELISA-based characterization of the "cytokine fingerprints" identified CSF2 (GM-CSF), CXCL1, CXCL6, VEGF, IL6, RANTES and IL8 as being specifically upregulated in various co-cultures. Whilst CXCL6 exhibited a strictly FB-type-specific induction profile regardless of the invasiveness of the tumor cell line, CSF2 was only induced in co-cultures of invasive cell lines regardless of the partnered FB type. These cultures revealed a clear link between the induction of CSF2 and the EMT signature of the cancer cell line. The canonical NFκB signaling in FBs, but not in tumor cells, was shown to be responsible for the induced and constitutive CSF2 expression. In addition to CSF2, cytokine IL6, IL8 and IL1B, and chemokine CXCL1 and CXCL6 transcripts were also shown to be increased in co-cultured FBs. In contrast, their induction was not strictly dependent on the invasiveness of the co-cultured tumor cell. In a multi-reporter assay, additional signaling pathways (AP-1, HIF1-α, KLF4, SP-1 and ELK-1) were found to be induced in FBs co-cultured with Calu-1. Most importantly, no difference was observed in the level of inducibility of these six signaling pathways with regard to the type of FBs used. Finally, upon tumor fibroblast interaction the massive induction of chemokines such as CXCL1 and CXCL6 in FBs might be responsible for increased recruitment of a monocytic cell line (THP-1) in a transwell assay.
Redox Regulation of Cell Contacts by Tricellulin and Occludin: Redox-Sensitive Cysteine Sites in Tricellulin Regulate Both Tri- and Bicellular Junctions in Tissue Barriers as Shown in Hypoxia and Ischemia
2015-04-28

TAMP ECL2 and claudins' ECL1 share functionally and structurally similar features involved in homo-/heterophilic tightening of cell-cell contacts. Tricellulin is a specific redox sensor and sealing element at 3-cell contacts and may compensate as a redox mediator for occludin loss at 2-cell contacts in vivo and in vitro. Molecular interaction mechanisms were proposed that contribute to tricellulin's function. In conclusion, tricellulin is a junctional redox regulator for ischemia-related alterations.
Persistent crust–core spin lag in neutron stars
2015-04-28

It is commonly believed that the magnetic field threading a neutron star provides the ultimate mechanism (on top of fluid viscosity) for enforcing long-term corotation between the slowly spun-down solid crust and the liquid core. We show that this argument fails for axisymmetric magnetic fields with closed field lines in the core, the commonly used ‘twisted torus’ field being the most prominent example. The failure of such magnetic fields to enforce global crust–core corotation leads to the development of a persistent spin lag between the core region occupied by the closed field lines and the rest of the crust and core. We discuss the repercussions of this spin lag for the evolution of the magnetic field, suggesting that, in order for a neutron star to settle to a stable state of crust-core corotation, the bulk of the toroidal field component should be deposited into the crust soon after the neutron star's birth.
Immunohistochemical assessment of lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
2015-04-28

Although this hypothesis-generating study did not show a high degree of concordance between TURBT and RC specimens, IHC assessment on a regular basis may increase the detection rates of LVI and BVI at initial diagnosis and improve the selection of those T1 patients who should be offered early radical treatment.
Range-Dependent Flexibility In The Acoustic Field Of View Of Echolocating Porpoises (Phocoena Phocoena)
2015-04-28

Data from: Range-dependent flexibility in the acoustic field of view of echolocating porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). eLife 2015;10.7554/eLife.05651 Abstract: Toothed whales use sonar to detect, locate, and track prey. They adjust emitted sound intensity, auditory sensitivity and click rate to target range, and terminate prey pursuits with high-repetition-rate, low-intensity buzzes. However, their narrow acoustic field of view (FOV) is considered stable throughout target approach, which could facilitate prey escape at close-range. Here we show that, like some bats, harbour porpoises can broaden their biosonar beam during the terminal phase of attack but, unlike bats, maintain the ability to change beamwidth within this phase. Based on video, MRI, and acoustic-tag recordings, we propose this flexibility is modulated by the melon and implemented to accommodate dynamic spatial relationships with prey and acoustic complexity of surroundings. Despite independent evolution and different means of sound generation and transmission, whales and bats adaptively change their FOV, suggesting that beamwidth flexibility has been an important driver in the evolution of echolocation for prey tracking. The data set contains all the audio and video data from the trials with the 48-hydrophone array used in the final analysis.
Driving Sleep Slow Oscillations by Auditory Closed-Loop Stimulation—A Self-Limiting Process
2015-04-29

The &lt;1 Hz EEG slow oscillation (SO) is a hallmark of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and is critically involved in sleep-associated memory formation. Previous studies showed that SOs and associated memory function can be effectively enhanced by closed-loop auditory stimulation, when clicks are presented in synchrony with upcoming SO up states. However, increasing SOs and synchronized excitability also bear the risk of emerging seizure activity, suggesting the presence of mechanisms in the healthy brain that counter developing hypersynchronicity during SOs. Here, we aimed to test the limits of driving SOs through closed-loop auditory stimulation in healthy humans. Study I tested a “Driving stimulation” protocol (vs “Sham”) in which trains of clicks were presented in synchrony with SO up states basically as long as an ongoing SO train was identified on-line. Study II compared Driving stimulation with a “2-Click” protocol where the maximum of stimuli delivered in a train was limited to two clicks. Stimulation was applied during SWS in the first 210 min of nocturnal sleep. Before and after sleep declarative word-pair memories were tested. Compared with the Sham control, Driving stimulation prolonged SO trains and enhanced SO amplitudes, phase-locked spindle activity, and overnight retention of word pairs (all p s &lt; 0.05). Importantly, effects of Driving stimulation did not exceed those of 2-Click stimulation ( p &gt; 0.180), indicating the presence of a mechanism preventing the development of hypersynchronicity during SO activity. Assessment of temporal dynamics revealed a rapidly fading phase-locked spindle activity during repetitive click stimulation, suggesting that spindle refractoriness contributes to this protective mechanism.
The Role of Sleep in Motor Sequence Consolidation: Stabilization Rather Than Enhancement
2015-04-29

Sleep supports the consolidation of motor sequence memories, yet it remains unclear whether sleep stabilizes or actually enhances motor sequence performance. Here we assessed the time course of motor memory consolidation in humans, taking early boosts in performance into account and varying the time between training and sleep. Two groups of subjects, each participating in a short wake condition and a longer sleep condition, were trained on the sequential finger-tapping task in the evening and were tested (1) after wake intervals of either 30 min or 4 h and (2) after a night of sleep that ensued either 30 min or 4 h after training. The results show an early boost in performance 30 min after training and a subsequent decay across the 4 h wake interval. When sleep followed 30 min after training, post-sleep performance was stabilized at the early boost level. Sleep at 4 h after training restored performance to the early boost level, such that, 12 h after training, performance was comparable regardless of whether sleep occurred 30 min or 4 h after training. These findings indicate that sleep does not enhance but rather stabilizes motor sequence performance without producing additional gains.
Functional MRI detects perfusion impairment in renal allografts with delayed graft function
2015-04-29

Delayed graft function (DGF) after kidney transplantation is not uncommon, and it is associated with long-term allograft impairment. Our aim was to compare renal perfusion changes measured with noninvasive functional MRI in patients early after kidney transplantation to renal function and allograft histology in biopsy samples. Forty-six patients underwent MRI 4–11 days after transplantation. Contrast-free MRI renal perfusion images were acquired using an arterial spin labeling technique. Renal function was assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and renal biopsies were performed when indicated within 5 days of MRI. Twenty-six of 46 patients had DGF. Of these, nine patients had acute rejection (including borderline), and eight had other changes (e.g., tubular injury or glomerulosclerosis). Renal perfusion was significantly lower in the DGF group compared with the group with good allograft function (231 ± 15 vs. 331 ± 15 ml·min −1 ·100 g −1 , P &lt; 0.001). Living donor allografts exhibited significantly higher perfusion values compared with deceased donor allografts ( P &lt; 0.001). Renal perfusion significantly correlated with eGFR ( r = 0.64, P &lt; 0.001), resistance index ( r = −0.57, P &lt; 0.001), and cold ischemia time ( r = −0.48, P &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, renal perfusion impairment early after transplantation predicted inferior renal outcome and graft loss. In conclusion, noninvasive functional MRI detects renal perfusion impairment early after kidney transplantation in patients with DGF.
Distinct mechanisms contribute to immunity in the lantibiotic NAI ‐107 producer strain M icrobispora   ATCC PTA ‐5024
2015-04-29

Abstract The investigation of self‐resistance in antibiotic producers is important to understand the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens and to improve antibiotic production. Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized antibiotics that mostly target peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The actinomycete M icrobispora ATCC PTA ‐5024 produces the lantibiotic NAI ‐107, which interferes with peptidoglycan biosynthesis by binding bactoprenol‐pyrophosphate‐coupled peptidoglycan precursors. In order to understand how M icrobispora counteracts the action of its own antibiotic, its peptidoglycan composition was analysed in detail. M icrobispora peptidoglycan consists of muropeptides with D ‐ A la and G ly in similar proportion at the fourth position of the peptide stems and alternative 3‐3 cross‐links besides the classical 4‐3 cross‐links. In addition, the NAI ‐107 biosynthetic gene cluster ( mlb ) was analysed for the expression of immunity proteins. We show that distinct immunity determinants are encoded in the mlb cluster: the ABC transporter MlbYZ acting cooperatively with the transmembrane protein MlbJ and the lipoprotein MlbQ . NMR structural analysis of MlbQ revealed a hydrophobic surface patch, which is proposed to bind the cognate lantibiotic. This study demonstrates that immunity in M icrobispora is not only based on one determinant but on the action of the distinct immunity proteins MlbQ , MlbYZ and MlbJ .
Adaptive Stress Response Pathways Induced by Environmental Mixtures of Bioaccumulative Chemicals in Dugongs
2015-04-29

To address the poorly understood mixture effects of chemicals in the marine mammal dugong, we coupled equilibrium-based passive sampling in blubber to a range of in vitro bioassays for screening mixtures of bioaccumulative chemicals. The modes of action included early effect indicators along important toxicity pathways, such as induction of xenobiotic metabolism, and some integrative indicators downstream of the molecular initiating event, such as adaptive stress responses. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response were found to be the most prominent effects, while the p53-mediated DNA damage response and NF-κB-mediated response to inflammation were not significantly affected. Although polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) quantified in the samples accounted for the majority of AhR-mediated activity, PCDDs explained less than 5% of the total oxidative stress response, despite their known ability to activate this pathway. Altered oxidative stress response was observed with both individual chemicals and blubber extracts subject to metabolic activation by rat liver S9 fraction. Metabolic activation resulted in both enhanced and reduced toxicity, suggesting the relevance and utility of incorporating metabolic enzymes into in vitro bioassays. Our approach provides a first insight into the burden of toxicologically relevant bioaccumulative chemical mixtures in dugongs and can be applied to lipid tissue of other wildlife species.