julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Contributions of catchment and in-stream processes to suspended sediment transport in a dominantly groundwater-fed catchment
2018-07-19

Abstract. Suspended sediments impact stream water quality by increasing the turbidity and acting as a vector for strongly sorbing pollutants. Understanding their sources is of great importance to developing appropriate river management strategies. In this study, we present an integrated sediment transport model composed of a catchment-scale hydrological model to predict river discharge, a river-hydraulics model to obtain shear stresses in the channel, a sediment-generating model, and a river sediment-transport model. We use this framework to investigate the sediment contributions from catchment and in-stream processes in the Ammer catchment close to Tübingen in southwestern Germany. The model is calibrated to stream flow and suspended-sediment concentrations. We use the monthly mean suspended-sediment load to analyze seasonal variations of different processes. The contributions of catchment and in-stream processes to the total loads are demonstrated by model simulations under different flow conditions. The evaluation of shear stresses by the river-hydraulics model allows the identification of hotspots and hot moments of bed erosion for the main stem of the Ammer River. The results suggest that the contributions of suspended-sediment loads from urban areas and in-stream processes are higher in the summer months, while deposition has small variations with a slight increase in summer months. The sediment input from agricultural land and urban areas as well as bed and bank erosion increase with an increase in flow rates. Bed and bank erosion are negligible when flow is smaller than the corresponding thresholds of 1.5 and 2.5 times the mean discharge, respectively. The bed-erosion rate is higher during the summer months and varies along the main stem. Over the simulated time period, net sediment trapping is observed in the Ammer River. The present work is the basis to study particle-facilitated transport of pollutants in the system, helping to understand the fate and transport of sediments and sediment-bound pollutants.
Don’t believe in a paradigm that you haven’t manipulated yourself! – Evidentiality, speaker attitude, and admirativity in Ladakhi
2018-07-19

A speaker may conceptualise and represent a situation from three different 'perspectives': epistemic, evidential, and attitudinal. Languages differ in which of these concepts they profile and how a grammaticalised category may be extended to the other two. The grammatical systems of lesser-known languages tend to be misrepresented in the typological literature. Modern Tibetic languages including the Ladakhi dialects are said to have grammaticalised evidentiality. However, their 'evidential' systems differ from the typologically more common systems, in that speaker attitude is co-grammaticalised and knowledge based on perception shares properties with knowledge based on inferences. The starting point for the development of this, as it seems, typologically rather uncommon 'evidential system' was a lexical marker for non-commitment (or admirativity): the auxiliary ḥdug.
Adapting to the Large-Scale Advanced Placement Chemistry Reform: An Examination of Teachers’ Challenges and Instructional Practices
2018-07-19

This quantitative study describes how teachers responded to the large-scale, top-down, mandated curriculum and examination reform of the Advanced Placement (AP) program in chemistry. This study analyzed data from a nationwide sample of teachers (N = 1,062) teaching redesigned AP Chemistry courses in the first two years of the curriculum reform. Repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) indicated that teachers' perceived challenges about the AP redesign substantially decreased once they gained more experience teaching redesigned AP Chemistry courses. Teachers reported that inquiry laboratory investigations and changes in the AP examinations were the most challenging aspect of the curriculum reform, whereas the use of new textbooks and chemistry content was perceived as the least challenging. With respect to classroom practices, teachers more frequently enacted instructional elements directly related to the AP examination instead of incorporating references to core elements of the curriculum reform in their instruction. Similarly, though teachers reported frequently conducting laboratory investigations in their classrooms, only about 25% of the laboratory investigations included elements of student-generated inquiry, an important component of the redesigned AP Chemistry program. Surprisingly, teachers' self-reported classroom instruction remained similar in both the first year and the second year of the AP redesign. In general, this study suggests that school leaders and administrators should not be discouraged when teachers experience challenges during early phases of curriculum reforms. Adaptation to reform takes time. However, teachers may need special encouragement to adopt more in-depth aspects of curriculum reforms.
Direct evidence for linguistic influences in two-digit number processing.
2018-07-19

Language-specific differences in number words influence number processing even in nonverbal numerical tasks. For instance, the unit-decade compatibility effect in two-digit number magnitude comparison (compatible number pairs [42_57: 4 < 5 and 2 < 7] are responded to faster than incompatible pairs [47_62: 4 < 6 but 7 > 2]) was shown to be influenced by the inversion of number words (e.g., in German the number word for 42 is <i>zweiundvierzig</i> [literally: <i>two-and-forty</i>])<i>.</i> In two studies, we used articulatory suppression to investigate whether previously observed cross-linguistic differences in two-digit number processing are indeed driven by differences in number word formation. In a two-digit number comparison task, German- and English-speaking participants had to identify the larger of two numbers presented in Arabic digits. In Study 1, participants performed the same task twice, with and without articulatory suppression. In Study 2, the percentage of within-decade filler items (36_39) was manipulated additionally. As expected, in both studies between-groups differences in the compatibility effect disappeared under articulatory suppression irrespective of the percentage of fillers included. Furthermore, paralleling results of previous studies including 33% or less filler items, we found that the compatibility effect was larger in German compared with English speakers in the 20% filler condition. However, this pattern was reversed in the 50% filler condition in both studies. Thus, results provide first direct evidence for influences of verbal number word formation on symbolic number processing. Moreover, these new findings suggest that linguistic influences and those of cognitive control processes associated with characteristics of the stimulus set interact in symbolic number processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Memory advantage for produced words and familiar native accents
2018-07-19

Our memory is better for words that we have read aloud than for words that we have read silently or have listened to. The present study tested this memory advantage for words with native accent markers that participants were either highly familiar or less familiar. As in previous studies, produced words were subsequently remembered better than listened-to words. In contrast to previous studies that involved a comparison of global foreign accents with standard native accents, in the present study words with highly familiar accent markers were remembered better than words with less familiar accent markers (Experiment 1). The familiar accent advantage was also found when participants could not hear their own productions during the training phase (Experiment 2). When tested with a week delay, produced words were still remembered better than listened-to words, but the advantage for words with familiar accent markers was no longer found (Experiment 3).
A different state of mind: neural activity related to volitionally up- versus downregulating cortical excitability
2018-07-19

Abstract To date there exists no reliable method to non-invasively upregulate or downregulate the state of the resting motor system over a large dynamic range. Here we show that an operant conditioning paradigm which provides neurofeedback of the size of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), enables participants to self-modulate their own brain state. Following training, participants were able to robustly increase (by 83.8%) and decrease (by 30.6%) their MEP amplitudes. This volitional up-versus down-regulation of corticomotor excitability caused an increase of late-cortical disinhibition (LCD), a TMS derived read-out of presynaptic GABA B disinhibition, which was accompanied by an increase of gamma and a decrease of alpha oscillations in the trained hemisphere. This approach paves the way for future investigations into how altered brain state influences motor neurophysiology and recovery of function in a neurorehabilitation context.
Oxidative stress, eryptosis and anemia: a pivotal mechanistic nexus in systemic diseases
2018-07-20

The average lifespan of circulating erythrocytes usually exceeds hundred days. Prior to that, however, erythrocytes may be exposed to oxidative stress in the circulation which could cause injury and trigger their suicidal death or eryptosis. Oxidative stress activates Ca 2+ ‐permeable nonselective cation channels in the cell membrane, thus, stimulating Ca 2+ entry and subsequent cell membrane scrambling resulting in phosphatidylserine exposure and activation of Ca 2+ ‐sensitive K + channels leading to K + exit, hyperpolarization, Cl − exit, and ultimately cell shrinkage due to loss of KC l and osmotically driven water. While the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and anemia remains ill‐defined, several diseases such as diabetes, hepatic failure, malignancy, chronic kidney disease and inflammation have been identified to display both increased oxidative stress as well as eryptosis. Recent compelling evidence suggests that oxidative stress is an important perpetrator in accelerating erythrocyte loss in different systemic conditions and an underlying mechanism for anemia associated with these pathological states. In the present review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in reducing erythrocyte survival and provide novel insights into the possible use of antioxidants as putative antieryptotic and antianemic agents in a variety of systemic diseases.
Body-relative horizontal–vertical anisotropy in human representations of traveled distances
2018-07-20

A growing number of studies investigated anisotropies in representations of horizontal and vertical spaces. In humans, compelling evidence for such anisotropies exists for representations of multi-floor buildings. In contrast, evidence regarding open spaces is indecisive. Our study aimed at further enhancing the understanding of horizontal and vertical spatial representations in open spaces utilizing a simple traveled distance estimation paradigm. Blindfolded participants were moved along various directions in the sagittal plane. Subsequently, participants passively reproduced the traveled distance from memory. Participants performed this task in an upright and in a 30° backward-pitch orientation. The accuracy of distance estimates in the upright orientation showed a horizontal-vertical anisotropy, with higher accuracy along the horizontal axis compared with the vertical axis. The backward-pitch orientation enabled us to investigate whether this anisotropy was body or earth-centered. The accuracy patterns of the upright condition were positively correlated with the body-relative (not the earth-relative) coordinate mapping of the backward-pitch condition, suggesting a body-centered anisotropy. Overall, this is consistent with findings on motion perception. It suggests that the distance estimation sub-process of path integration is subject to horizontal-vertical anisotropy. Based on the previous studies that showed isotropy in open spaces, we speculate that real physical self-movements or categorical versus isometric encoding are crucial factors for (an)isotropies in spatial representations.
Cultural and Social Identity in Clothing Matters “Different Cultures, Different Meanings”
2018-07-20

This article is concerned with the matters of clothing as a cultural and social identity which is understood to be a part of symbol that can explain a person's identity.This has been felt by humans since ancient times and developed along with the development of human culture and civilization.From this point of view, we can learn things related to clothing.Every country or region has different characteristics as an identity that is manifested in the form of traditional or distinctive clothing, customs, folk songs, and language.This can be used as a characteristic of every country or region that generally aims to be easily recognized by the wider community.One of the identities of a region is the form of clothing or clothing used.The need to know the characteristics of other regional or country cultures is very important in adding insight as well as citizens can recognize the culture or identity of other regions or countries so as not to be blind in insight and not favour selfishness to recognize the identity of other regions or countries.So many regions and countries have different characteristics.Possibly there are similarities that originate from where they came from like if a country once united and then divorced to establish its own country, this can create equality.
Frequency of Loss of Function Variants in LRRK2 in Parkinson Disease
2018-07-23

Together these findings indicate that haploinsufficiency of LRRK1 or LRRK2 is neither a cause of nor protective against PD. Furthermore, these results suggest that kinase inhibition or allele-specific targeting of mutant LRRK2 remain viable therapeutic strategies in PD.
Relative Impact of HLA Matching and Non-HLA Donor Characteristics on Outcomes of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome
2018-07-23

Increasing donor-recipient HLA disparity is associated with negative outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but its comparative relevance amid non-HLA donor characteristics is not well established. We addressed this question in 3215 HSCTs performed between 2005 and 2013 in Germany for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Donors were HLA-matched related (MRD; n = 872) or unrelated (10/10 MUD, n = 1553) or HLA-mismatched unrelated (<10/10 MMUD, n = 790). Overall survival (OS) was similar after MRD compared with 10/10 MUD HSCT, reflecting opposing hazards of relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; P < .002) and nonrelapse mortality (HR, .63; P < .001). After UD HSCT, increasing HLA disparity was associated with inferior OS (HR, 1.21 [P < .02] and HR, 1.57 [P < .001] for 9/10 and ≤8/10 MMUD, respectively, compared with 10/10 MUD). Among non-HLA donor characteristics, age, sex mismatching (male recipient-female donor), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) mismatching (positive recipient-negative donor) impacted OS. Multivariate subgroup analysis showed that OS was similar after HSCT from the youngest 9/10 MMUD (<30 years) compared with the oldest 10/10 MUD (>40 years) (HR, 1.18; P = .25) and also in male patients transplanted from female 10/10 MUD compared with male 9/10 MMUD (HR, .89; P = .46). In contrast, OS of CMV-positive patients tended to be better with CMV-negative 10/10 MUDs compared with CMV-positive 9/10 MMUDs (HR, 1.31; P = .04). Because of low patient numbers in subgroups, definite conclusions and establishment of a hierarchy among HLA matching and non-HLA donor characteristics could not be made. Our data suggest that the impact of donor age and sex mismatch but not CMV mismatch on outcome of allogeneic HSCT may be comparable with that of single HLA disparity.
Pex19 is involved in importing dually targeted tail‐anchored proteins to both mitochondria and peroxisomes
2018-07-23

Tail‐anchored (TA) proteins are embedded into their corresponding membrane via a single transmembrane segment at their C‐terminus whereas the majority of the protein is facing the cytosol. So far, cellular factors that mediate the integration of such proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane were not found. Using budding yeast as a model system, we identified the cytosolic Hsp70 chaperone Ssa1 and the peroxisome import factor Pex19 as import mediators for a subset of mitochondrial TA proteins. Accordingly, deletion of PEX19 results in: (1) growth defect under respiration conditions, (2) alteration in mitochondrial morphology, (3) reduced steady‐state levels of the mitochondrial TA proteins Fis1 and Gem1, and (4) hampered in organello import of the TA proteins Fis1 and Gem1. Furthermore, recombinant Pex19 can bind directly the TA proteins Fis1 and Gem1. Collectively, this work identified the first factors that are involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial TA proteins and uncovered an unexpected function of Pex19.
The γ-ray spectrum of the core of Centaurus A as observed with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT
2018-07-23

Centaurus A (Cen A) is the nearest radio galaxy discovered as a very-high-energy (VHE; 100 GeV–100 TeV) γ -ray source by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). It is a faint VHE γ -ray emitter, though its VHE flux exceeds both the extrapolation from early Fermi -LAT observations as well as expectations from a (misaligned) single-zone synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) description. The latter satisfactorily reproduces the emission from Cen A at lower energies up to a few GeV. New observations with H.E.S.S., comparable in exposure time to those previously reported, were performed and eight years of Fermi -LAT data were accumulated to clarify the spectral characteristics of the γ -ray emission from the core of Cen A. The results allow us for the first time to achieve the goal of constructing a representative, contemporaneous γ -ray core spectrum of Cen A over almost five orders of magnitude in energy. Advanced analysis methods, including the template fitting method, allow detection in the VHE range of the core with a statistical significance of 12 σ on the basis of 213 hours of total exposure time. The spectrum in the energy range of 250 GeV–6 TeV is compatible with a power-law function with a photon index Γ = 2.52 ± 0.13 stat ± 0.20 sys . An updated Fermi -LAT analysis provides evidence for spectral hardening by Δ Γ ≃ 0.4 ± 0.1 at γ -ray energies above 2.8 +1.0 −0.6 GeV at a level of 4.0 σ . The fact that the spectrum hardens at GeV energies and extends into the VHE regime disfavour a single-zone SSC interpretation for the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) of the core and is suggestive of a new γ -ray emitting component connecting the high-energy emission above the break energy to the one observed at VHE energies. The absence of significant variability at both GeV and TeV energies does not yet allow disentanglement of the physical nature of this component, though a jet-related origin is possible and a simple two-zone SED model fit is provided to this end.
Initial psychometric characterization for the Portuguese version of the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale improved (MESSi)
2018-07-23

This work reports the initial psychometric characterization of the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale improved (MESSi) for Portuguese young-adults (N = 466). A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a three-factor model (i.e. Morning Affect, Eveningness and Distinctness) in our data, as originally proposed. Furthermore, construct validity evidence in relation to external variables (i.e. morningness/eveningness and satisfaction with life), as well as adequate reliability (i.e. internal consistency and test-retest reliability), were found. Finally, sex-based invariance and between-sex differences were investigated for the three subscales, as were correlations with age. Results point to the suitability of the MESSi for multi-cultural research on relevant and multiple aspects of chronotype.
Why do adolescent boys dominate advanced mathematics subjects in the final year of secondary school in Australia?
2018-07-23

In Australia, many students, especially girls, choose not to study advanced mathematics in Year 12 even though their schools offer relevant subjects. Previous studies have rarely examined, using nationally representative samples of Australian students, the extent to which teenage educational experiences and occupational expectations influence gender differences in later pursuits of advanced mathematics subjects. To fill this gap, I use multilevel logistic regression models to analyse the data from the 2003 cohort of the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth. My results show that students’ mathematics achievement, occupational expectations and self-assessed mathematical competence are crucial in explaining why boys are considerably more likely than girls to enrol in advanced mathematics subjects. The gender gap would decrease greatly if girls were as likely as boys to perform well in mathematics, to aspire to mathematically intensive careers and to have more confidence in their mathematical abilities when they were 15 years old.
Evidence of probable subadult scurvy in the Early Medieval cemetery of Castel Tirolo, South Tyrol, Italy
2018-07-23

Abstract The study of subadult scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), also known as Möller‐Barlow's disease, is of growing interest in palaeopathology. However, in Italy, there is still a paucity of knowledge on nutritional stress diseases in human skeletal remains. In the present work, the anthropological and palaeopathological study on subadults found in the Early Medieval cemetery of Castel Tirolo, in South Tyrol (Italy) is reported. Referring to the macroscopic and palaeopathological features described in the literature, abnormal pores, and abnormal new bone formations were analysed in multiple cranial and postcranial skeletal regions. Based on our study, 58% individuals ( N = 14/24) displayed abnormal lesions: three subadults were nonspecific pathological cases; nine showed few indicative, but not diagnostic, lesions; and two cases (TCT13 and TCT14) exhibited abnormal lesions highly consistent with scurvy. As a reliable diagnosis of vitamin C deficiency is still challenging, we conducted a differential diagnosis of the recorded lesions that supported the probable presence of scurvy in the two cases. This work presents the first documentation of scurvy in Early Medieval Italy revealing new insights into the health condition and nutritional stress in historical communities in the Eastern Italian Alps.
Phase diagrams and crystal-fluid surface tensions in additive and nonadditive two-dimensional binary hard-disk mixtures
2018-07-23

Using density functionals from fundamental measure theory, phase diagrams and crystal-fluid surface tensions in additive and nonadditive (Asakura-Oosawa model) two-dimensional binary hard-disk mixtures are determined for the whole range of size ratios q=smalldiameter/largediameter, assuming random disorder (lattice points or interstitial occupied by large or small disks at random) in the crystal phase. The fluid-crystal transitions are first order due to the assumption of a periodic unit cell in the density-functional calculations. Qualitatively, the shape of the phase diagrams is similar to the case of three-dimensional hard-sphere mixtures. For the nonadditive case, a broadening of the fluid-crystal coexistence region is found for small q, whereas for large q a vapor-fluid transition intervenes. In the additive case, we find a sequence of spindle-type, azeotropic, and eutectic phase diagrams upon lowering q from 1 to 0.6. The transition from azeotropic to eutectic is different from the three-dimensional case. Surface tensions in general become smaller (up to a factor 2) upon addition of a second species and they are rather small. The minimization of the functionals proceeds without restrictions and optimized graphics card routines are used.