julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Varying Scale and Capability of Envisat ASAR-WSM, TerraSAR-X Scansar and TerraSAR-X Stripmap Data to Assess Urban Flood Situations: A Case Study of the Mekong Delta in Can Tho Province
2013-10-17

Earth Observation is a powerful tool for the detection of floods. Microwave sensors are typically favored as they deliver data enabling water detection independent of solar illumination or cloud cover conditions. However, scale issues play an important role in radar based flood mapping. Depending on the flood related phenomenon under investigation, some sensors might be more suitable than others. In this study, we elucidate flood mapping at different spatial scale investigating the capability of Envisat ASAR Wide Swath Mode data at 150 m spatial resolution, as well as TerraSAR-X Scansar and Stripmap data at 8.25 m and 2.5 m resolution to especially assess urban flooding. For this purpose, we evaluate the results of automated multi-temporal water extraction from data sources of different scale against other parameters, such as settlement density, also taking a highly accurate building layer digitized from Quickbird data into consideration. Results reveal that while Envisat ASAR WSM derived flood maps are suitable to support the understanding of general flood patterns in a larger region, high resolution data of sensors such as TerraSAR-X is needed to truly assess urban flooding. However, even radar data of high spatial resolution still shows limitations; mainly in regions with a dense accumulation of corner reflectors leading to effects of layover, foreshortening, and shadowing, and hence the “over radiation” of flood affected areas.
Metabolically Stable Dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-ones as Highly Selective p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors: Optimizing Anti-Cytokine Activity in Human Whole Blood
2013-10-17

Five series of metabolically stable disubstituted dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-ones were synthesized and tested in a p38α enzyme assay for their inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release in human whole blood. Compared to the monosubstituted dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-one derivatives, it has been shown that the additional introduction of hydrophilic residues at position 9 leads to a substantial improvement of the inhibitory potency and metabolic stability. Using protein X-ray crystallography, the binding mode of the disubstituted dibenzoxepinones and the induction of a glyince flip in the hinge region were confirmed. The most potent compound of this series, 32e, shows an outstanding biological activity on isolated p38α, with an IC50 value of 1.6 nM, extraordinary selectivity (by a factor >1000, Kinase WholePanelProfiler), and low ATP competitiveness. The ability to inhibit the release of TNF-α from human whole blood was optimized down to an IC50 value of 125 nM. With the promising dibenzoxepinone inhibitor 3i, a pharmacokinetic study in mice was conducted.
Immersing carbon nanotubes in cold atomic gases
2013-10-17

We investigate the sympathetic relaxation of a free-standing, vibrating\\ncarbon nano-tube that is mounted on an atom chip and is immersed in a cloud of\\nultra-cold atoms. Gas atoms colliding with the nano-tube excite phonons via a\\nCasimir-Polder potential. We use Fermi's Golden Rule to estimate the relaxation\\nrates for relevant experimental parameters and develop a fully dynamic theory\\nof relaxation for the multi-mode phononic field embedded in a thermal atomic\\nreservoir. Based on currently available experimental data, we identify the\\nrelaxation rates as a function of atom density and temperature that are\\nrequired for sympathetic ground state cooling of carbon nano-tubes.\\n
Accuracy of endodontic working length determination using cone beam computed tomography
2013-10-18

Abstract Aim To evaluate the accuracy of endodontic working length ( WL ) measurements by cone beam computed tomography ( CBCT ). Methodology Forty‐two extracted human teeth were placed into three full jaw models. Preoperatively, CBCT scans of the models were performed (voxel size: 0.2 mm). Endodontic access cavities were prepared, and the coronal third of 70 root canals were pre‐flared. The real WL was measured by inserting a K‐file into the root canal until the tip was visible at the foramen, a silicon stopper was adjusted to the corresponding cusp tip, and the length was measured using a micrometer. CBCT WL was simply measured by tracing a line between the apical foramen and the corresponding cusp tip. When the foramen and cusp tip were not visible in one plane, the measurement was taken in two planes. To quantify measurement error, real and CBCT WL s were repeated four times by two experienced operators. Paired analysis for each variable was performed, and the mean of absolute differences and the corresponding 99% confidence intervals were calculated. The t ‐test was used for comparison. Results The coefficient of repeatability, reproducibility and interoperator agreement were &lt;0.5 mm. CBCT measurements were accurate; the mean of absolute differences between CBCT and real WL was 0.41 mm (99% CI 0.31–0.52 mm). Conclusion Using a simplified method, CBCT images of 0.2 mm voxel size can be used to accurately determine endodontic WL .
High Prevalence and Significance of Hepatitis D Virus Infection among Treatment-Naïve HBsAg-Positive Patients in Northern Vietnam
2013-10-18

HDV prevalence is high in Vietnamese individuals, especially in patients with acute hepatitis B. HDV replication activity showed a HBV-genotype dependency and could be associated with elevated liver parameters. Besides serological assays molecular tests are recommended for diagnosis of HDV. Finally, the high prevalence of HBV and HDV prompts the urgent need for HBV-vaccination coverage.
Probabilistic co-adaptive brain–computer interfacing
2013-10-18

Our results suggest that the framework of POMDPs offers a promising approach for designing BCIs that can handle uncertainty in neural signals and co-adapt with the user on an ongoing basis. The fact that the POMDP BCI maintains a probability distribution over the user's brain state allows a much more powerful form of decision making than traditional BCI approaches, which have typically been based on the output of classifiers or regression techniques. Furthermore, the co-adaptation of the system allows the BCI to make online improvements to its behaviour, adjusting itself automatically to the user's changing circumstances.
Prediction of P300 BCI Aptitude in Severe Motor Impairment
2013-10-18

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a non-muscular communication channel for persons with severe motor impairments. Previous studies have shown that the aptitude with which a BCI can be controlled varies from person to person. A reliable predictor of performance could facilitate selection of a suitable BCI paradigm. Eleven severely motor impaired participants performed three sessions of a P300 BCI web browsing task. Before each session auditory oddball data were collected to predict the BCI aptitude of the participants exhibited in the current session. We found a strong relationship of early positive and negative potentials around 200 ms (elicited with the auditory oddball task) with performance. The amplitude of the P2 (r = -0.77) and of the N2 (r = -0.86) had the strongest correlations. Aptitude prediction using an auditory oddball was successful. The finding that the N2 amplitude is a stronger predictor of performance than P3 amplitude was reproduced after initially showing this effect with a healthy sample of BCI users. This will reduce strain on the end-users by minimizing the time needed to find suitable paradigms and inspire new approaches to improve performance.
Rare‐Earth‐Metal Alkylaluminates Supported by N‐Donor‐Functionalized Cyclopentadienyl Ligands: CH Bond Activation and Performance in Isoprene Polymerization
2013-10-21

Abstract Homoleptic tetramethylaluminate complexes [Ln(AlMe 4 ) 3 ] (Ln=La, Nd, Y) reacted with HCp NMe2 (Cp NMe2 =1‐[2‐( N , N ‐dimethylamino)‐ethyl]‐2,3,4,5‐tetramethyl‐cyclopentadienyl) in pentane at −35 °C to yield half‐sandwich rare‐earth‐metal complexes, [{C 5 Me 4 CH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 (AlMe 3 )}Ln(AlMe 4 ) 2 ]. Removal of the N‐donor‐coordinated trimethylaluminum group through donor displacement by using an equimolar amount of Et 2 O at ambient temperature only generated the methylene‐bridged complexes [{C 5 Me 4 CH 2 CH 2 NMe(μ‐CH 2 )AlMe 3 }Ln(AlMe 4 )] with the larger rare‐earth‐metal ions lanthanum and neodymium. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of isostructural complexes and the CH bond activation of one aminomethyl group. The formation of Ln(μ‐CH 2 )Al moieties was further corroborated by 13 C and 1 H‐ 13 C HSQC NMR spectroscopy. In the case of the largest metal center, lanthanum, this CH bond activation could be suppressed at −35 °C, thereby leading to the isolation of [(Cp NMe2 )La(AlMe 4 ) 2 ], which contains an intramolecularly coordinated amino group. The protonolysis reaction of [Ln(AlMe 4 ) 3 ] (Ln=La, Nd) with the anilinyl‐substituted cyclopentadiene HCp AMe2 (Cp AMe2 =1‐[1‐( N , N ‐dimethylanilinyl)]‐2,3,4,5‐tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) at −35 °C generated the half‐sandwich complexes [(Cp AMe2 )Ln(AlMe 4 ) 2 ]. Heating these complexes at 75 °C resulted in the CH bond activation of one of the anilinium methyl groups and the formation of [{C 5 Me 4 C 6 H 4 NMe(μ‐CH 2 )AlMe 3 }Ln(AlMe 4 )] through the elimination of methane. In contrast, the smaller yttrium metal center already gave the aminomethyl‐activated complex at −35 °C, which is isostructural to those of lanthanum and neodymium. The performance of complexes [{C 5 Me 4 CH 2 CH 2 NMe(μ‐CH 2 )AlMe 3 }‐ Ln(AlMe 4 )], [(Cp AMe2 )Ln(AlMe 4 ) 2 ], and [{C 5 Me 4 C 6 H 4 NMe(μ‐CH 2 )AlMe 3 }Ln(AlMe 4 )] in the polymerization of isoprene was investigated upon activation with [Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ], [PhNMe 2 H][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ], and B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 . The highest stereoselectivities were observed with the lanthanum‐based pre‐catalysts, thereby producing polyisoprene with trans ‐1,4 contents of up to 95.6 %. Narrow molecular‐weight distributions ( M w / M n &lt;1.1) and complete consumption of the monomer suggested a living‐polymerization mechanism.
Metalloid Sn clusters: properties and the novel synthesis via a disproportionation reaction of a monohalide
2013-10-21

Abstract Metalloid cluster compounds of tin of the general formulae Sn n R m with n&gt;m (R=organic ligand), where beside ligand-bound tin atoms also “naked” tin atoms, that only bind to other tin atoms, are present, represent a novel class of cluster compounds in tin chemistry. As the “naked” tin atoms inside these clusters exhibit an oxidation state of 0, the average oxidation state of the tin atoms within such metalloid tin clusters is in between 0 and 1. Thus, these cluster compounds may be seen as intermediates on the way to the elemental state. Therefore, interesting properties are expected for these compounds, which might complement results from nanotechnology. During the last years, different syntheses of such novel cluster compounds have been introduced, leading to several metalloid tin cluster compounds, which exhibit new and partly unusual structure and bonding properties. In this review, recent results in this novel field of group 14 chemistry are discussed, whereby special attention is focused on the novel synthetic route applying a disproportionation reaction of metastable Sn(I) halides.
Reactivity of Yttrium Carboxylates Toward Alkylaluminum Hydrides
2013-10-21

Abstract Yttrocene‐carboxylate complex [Cp* 2 Y(OOCAr Me )] (Cp*=C 5 Me 5 , Ar Me =C 6 H 2 Me 3 ‐2,4,6) was synthesized as a spectroscopically versatile model system for investigating the reactivity of alkylaluminum hydrides towards rare‐earth‐metal carboxylates. Equimolar reactions with bis‐neosilylaluminum hydride and dimethylaluminum hydride gave adduct complexes of the general formula [Cp* 2 Y(μ‐OOCAr Me )(μ‐H)AlR 2 ] (R=CH 2 SiMe 3 , Me). The use of an excess of the respective aluminum hydride led to the formation of product mixtures, from which the yttrium‐aluminum‐hydride complex [{Cp* 2 Y(μ‐H)AlMe 2 (μ‐H)AlMe 2 (μ‐CH 3 )} 2 ] could be isolated, which features a 12‐membered‐ring structure. The adduct complexes [Cp* 2 Y(μ‐OOCAr Me )(μ‐H)AlR 2 ] display identical 1 J (Y,H) coupling constants of 24.5 Hz for the bridging hydrido ligands and similar 89 Y NMR shifts of δ =−88.1 ppm (R=CH 2 SiMe 3 ) and δ =−86.3 ppm (R=Me) in the 89 Y DEPT45 NMR experiments.
Chronotype-related differences in childhood and adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior – A review of the literature
2013-10-22

Eveningness has been found to negatively affect adolescents' sleep and daytime functioning. Furthermore, eveningness is associated with greater impulsivity than morningness. Externalizing behavior could be chronotype-related, implying that the alteration of the circadian rhythm itself is connected to aspects of emotion and emotion regulation. The present study investigated chronotype-related differences in emotional and behavioral problems, especially aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. We conducted a comprehensive search via web of knowledge (MEDLINE, web of science), EBSCO, Ovid, PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINDEX using the keywords: chronotype, chronobiology, morningness, eveningness, owls and larks as well as diurnal preference to fully capture every aspect of chronotype. For aggression we used the search terms: aggression, anger, hostility, violence, anti-social behavior, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, delinquency, social adjustment and externalizing behavior. N = 13 studies were included concerning chronotype, childhood, adolescence and antisocial behavior. Results showed that children and adolescents being E-types were more affected by daytime impairments. Additionally, behavioral and emotional problems as aggression or antisocial behavior were more pronounced in E- than in M-types. Our findings support an association of eveningness and the impact of aggression on children and adolescents. Longitudinal investigations should be conducted in order to insure causality of the effects in question. In addition, the elevated vulnerability toward aggression in evening types demonstrates the need for prevention and intervention programs that educate youths in proper sleep hygiene and evoke an awareness of the consequences of a habitually diminished sleep quality.
Status and Challenges of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) Experiment at FAIR
2013-10-22

The CBM experiment is one of the four scientific pillars of the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany.Its discovery potential -complementary to heavy-ion experiments at colliders -is based on high-luminosity ion beams.This enables access to extremely rare probes such as charmed particles, vector mesons or multi-strange hyperons with high statistics.However, 3rd generations readout systems and detectors are required to handle the large interaction rates (up to 10 MHz for Au+Au) with sufficient precision and bandwidth.In this contribution we will outline the unique CBM physics program and its relation to other, existing (RHIC-BES, SPS-NA61) or future (NICA-MPD) heavy-ion experiments in a similar energy range (2-35 AGeV).We will further elaborate on the demands and challenges, which are imposed by the high collision rates and event multiplicities on the different CBM detectors systems.
Functional Outcome in Subretinal Electronic Implants Depends on Foveal Eccentricity
2013-10-23

Subfoveal placement of active subretinal visual implants allows superior measurable outcomes compared to para- or nonfoveal placement locations. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01024803, NCT00515814.).
Altered Intrinsic Neuronal Interactions in the Visual Cortex of the Blind
2013-10-23

In congenital blindness, the brain develops under severe sensory deprivation and undergoes remarkable plastic changes in both structure and function. Visually deprived occipital cortical regions are histologically and morphologically altered and exhibit a strikingly remodeled functional state: absolute levels of neural activity are heightened and are modulated by nonvisual sensory stimulation as well as higher cognitive processes. However, the neuronal mechanisms that underlie this altered functional state remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the visual cortex of the congenitally blind exhibits a characteristic gain in frequency-specific intrinsic neuronal interactions. We studied oscillatory activity in 11 congenitally blind humans and matched sighted control subjects with magnetoencephalography at rest. We found increased spontaneous correlations of delta band (1–3 Hz) and gamma band (76–128 Hz) oscillations across the visual cortex of the blind that were functionally coupled. Local delta phase modulated gamma amplitude. Furthermore, classical resting rhythms (8–20 Hz) were reduced in amplitude but showed no altered correlation pattern. Our results suggest that both decreased inhibition and circuit mechanisms that support active processing are intrinsic features underlying the altered functional state of the visual cortex in congenitally blind individuals.
Effect of Thioridazine on Erythrocytes
2013-10-23

Background: Thioridazine, a neuroleptic phenothiazine with antimicrobial efficacy is known to trigger anemia. At least in theory, the anemia could result from stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and by phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-concentration ([Ca2+]i) and activation of p38 kinase. The present study explored, whether thioridazine elicits eryptosis. Methods: [Ca2+]i has been estimated from Fluo3-fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin-V-binding, and hemolysis from hemoglobin release. Results: A 48 hours exposure to thioridazine was followed by a significant increase of [Ca2+]i (30 μM), decrease of forward scatter (30 μM), and increase of annexin-V-binding (≥12 μM). Nominal absence of extracellular Ca2+ and p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 (2 μM) significantly blunted but did not abolish annexin-V-binding following thioridazine exposure. Conclusions: Thioridazine stimulates eryptosis, an effect in part due to entry of extracellular Ca2+ and activation of p38 kinase.
Calcification intensity in planktonic Foraminifera reflects ambient conditions irrespective of environmental stress
2013-10-23

Abstract. Planktonic Foraminifera are important marine calcifiers, and the ongoing change in the oceanic carbon system makes it essential to understand the influence of environmental factors on the biomineralization of their shells. The amount of calcite deposited by planktonic Foraminifera during calcification has been hypothesized to reflect a range of environmental factors. However, it has never been assessed whether their calcification only passively responds to the conditions of the ambient seawater or whether it reflects changes in resource allocation due to physiological stress. To disentangle these two end-member scenarios, an experiment is required where the two processes are separated. A natural analogue to such an experiment occurred during the deposition of the Mediterranean sapropels, where large changes in surface water composition and stratification at the onset of the sapropel deposition were decoupled from local extinctions of planktonic Foraminifera species. We took advantage of this natural experiment and investigated the reaction of calcification intensity, expressed as mean area density (MAD), of four species of planktonic Foraminifera to changing conditions during the onset of Sapropel S5 (126–121 ka) in a sediment core from the Levantine Basin. We observed a significant relationship between MAD and surface water properties, as reflected by stable isotopes in the calcite of Foraminifera shells, but we failed to observe any reaction of calcification intensity on ecological stress during times of decreasing abundance culminating in local extinction. The reaction of calcification intensity to surface water perturbation at the onset of the sapropel was observed only in surface-dwelling species, but all species calcified more strongly prior to the sapropel deposition and less strongly within the sapropel than at similar conditions during the present-day. These results indicate that the high-salinity environment of the glacial Mediterranean Sea prior to sapropel deposition induced a~more intense calcification, whereas the freshwater injection to the surface waters associated with sapropel deposition inhibited calcification. The results are robust to changes in carbonate preservation and collectively imply that changes in normalized shell weight in planktonic Foraminifera should reflect mainly abiotic forcing.
Simulation of a metallic SNOM tip illuminated by a parabolic mirror
2013-10-23

We investigate numerically a Scanning Near field Optical Microscope (SNOM) that uses a Parabolic Mirror (PM) to focus a radially polarized beam on a metallic tip. In order to overcome problems--like overestimated near fields or resonances--that arise when only considering finite tips, we have introduced a semi-infinite continuation of the tip, which incorporates the analytic solution of surface waves. For a realistic modeling the right description of the incident field is essential and we have complied with this requirement by a Bessel expansion of the focal fields, which is also applicable to an aplanatic objective. The established numerical model is used for an extensive study of model parameters like tip geometry, illumination directions and tip materials (Ag, Au, Al and Cu). Compared with a simplified inverted microscope configuration, the PM setup shows an increased field enhancement (factor of 2-2.5), which can be ascribed to the efficient coupling of the exciting field to tip surface plasmons.
CALCULATING THE HABITABLE ZONE OF BINARY STAR SYSTEMS. II. P-TYPE BINARIES
2013-10-24

We have developed a comprehensive methodology for calculating the\\ncircumbinary HZ in planet-hosting P-type binary star systems. We present a\\ngeneral formalism for determining the contribution of each star of the binary\\nto the total flux received at the top of the atmosphere of an Earth-like\\nplanet, and use the Sun's HZ to calculate the locations of the inner and outer\\nboundaries of the HZ around a binary star system. We apply our calculations to\\nthe Kepler's currently known circumbinary planetary system and show the\\ncombined stellar flux that determines the boundaries of their HZs. We also show\\nthat the HZ in P-type systems is dynamic and depending on the luminosity of the\\nbinary stars, their spectral types, and the binary eccentricity, its boundaries\\nvary as the stars of the binary undergo their orbital motion. We present the\\ndetails of our calculations and discuss the implications of the results.\\n
CALCULATING THE HABITABLE ZONE OF BINARY STAR SYSTEMS. I. S-TYPE BINARIES
2013-10-24

We have developed a comprehensive methodology for calculating the boundaries\\nof the habitable zone (HZ) of planet-hosting S-type binary star systems. Our\\napproach is general and takes into account the contribution of both stars to\\nthe location and extent of the Binary HZ with different stellar spectral types.\\nWe have studied how the binary eccentricity and stellar energy distribution\\naffect the extent of the habitable zone. Results indicate that in binaries\\nwhere the combination of mass-ratio and orbital eccentricity allows planet\\nformation around a star of the system to proceed successfully, the effect of a\\nless luminous secondary on the location of the primary's habitable zone is\\ngenerally negligible. However, when the secondary is more luminous, it can\\ninfluence the extent of the HZ. We present the details of the derivations of\\nour methodology and discuss its application to the Binary HZ around the primary\\nand secondary main sequence stars of an FF, MM, and FM binary, as well as two\\nknown planet-hosting binaries alpha Cen AB and HD 196886.\\n