julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Separation of Enantiomers by Inclusion Gas Chromatography: On the Influence of Water in the Molecular Complexation of Methyl 2‐Chloropropanoate Enantiomers and the Modified γ‐Cyclodextrin Lipodex‐E
2015-12-04

Abstract A profound influence of water has previously been detected in the complexation of the enantiomers of methyl 2‐chloropropanoate (MCP) and the chiral selector octakis(3‐ O ‐butanoyl‐2,6‐di‐ O ‐pentyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin (Lipodex‐E) in NMR and sensor experiments. We therefore investigated the retention behavior of MCP enantiomers on Lipodex‐E by gas chromatography (GC) under hydrous conditions. Addition of water to the N 2 carrier gas modestly reduced the retention factors k of the enantiomers, notably for the second eluted enantiomer ( S )‐MCP. This resulted in an overall decrease of enantioselectivity ‐Δ S,R (ΔG) in the presence of water. The effect was fully reversible. Consequently, for a conditioned column in the absence of residual water, the determined thermodynamic data, i.e. Δ S,R (ΔH) = –12.64 ± 0.08 kJ mol ‐1 and Δ S,R (ΔS) = –28.18 ± 0.23 J K ‐1 mol ‐1 , refer to a true 1:1 complexation process devoid of hydrophobic hydration. Chirality 28:124–131, 2015 . © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic underpinnings of left superior temporal gyrus thickness in patients with schizophrenia
2015-12-05

<i>Objectives.</i> Schizophrenia is a highly disabling psychiatric disorder with a heterogeneous phenotypic appearance. We aimed to further the understanding of some of the underlying genetics of schizophrenia, using left superior temporal gyrus (STG) grey matter thickness reduction as an endophenoptype in a genome-wide association (GWA) study. <i>Methods.</i> Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic data of the Mind Clinical Imaging Consortium (MCIC) study of schizophrenia were used to analyse the interaction effects between 1,067,955 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease status on left STG thickness in 126 healthy controls and 113 patients with schizophrenia. We next used a pathway approach to detect underlying pathophysiological pathways that may be related to schizophrenia. <i>Results.</i> No SNP by diagnosis interaction effect reached genome-wide significance (5 × 10<sup>–8</sup>) in our GWA study, but 10 SNPs reached <i>P</i>-values less than 10<sup>–6</sup>. The most prominent pathways included those involved in insulin, calcium, PI3K-Akt and MAPK signalling. <i>Conclusions.</i> Our strongest findings in the GWA study and pathway analysis point towards an involvement of glucose metabolism in left STG thickness reduction in patients with schizophrenia only. These results are in line with recently published studies, which showed an increased prevalence of psychosis among patients with metabolic syndrome-related illnesses including diabetes.
Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Diverge in Their Expression of Cell Surface Proteins and Display Distinct Differentiation Patterns
2015-12-06

When germ‐free cell cultures became a laboratory routine, hopes were high for using this novel technology for treatment of diseases or replacement of cells in patients suffering from injury, inflammation, or cancer or even refreshing cells in the elderly. Today, more than 50 years after the first successful bone marrow transplantation, clinical application of hematopoietic stem cells is a routine procedure, saving the lives of many every day. However, transplanting other than hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is still limited to a few applications, and it mainly applies to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow. But research progressed and different trials explore the clinical potential of human MSCs isolated from bone marrow but also from other tissues including adipose tissue. Recently, MSCs isolated from bone marrow (bmMSCs) were shown to be a blend of distinct cells and MSCs isolated from different tissues show besides some common features also some significant differences. This includes the expression of distinct antigens on subsets of MSCs, which was utilized recently to define and separate functionally different subsets from bulk MSCs. We therefore briefly discuss differences found in subsets of human bmMSCs and in MSCs isolated from some other sources and touch upon how this could be utilized for cell‐based therapies.
Exercise and diabetes: relevance and causes for response variability
2015-12-07

Exercise as a key prevention strategy for diabetes and obesity is commonly accepted and recommended throughout the world. Unfortunately, not all individuals profit to the same extent, some exhibit exercise resistance. This phenomenon of non-response to exercise is found for several endpoints, including glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Since these non-responders are of notable quantity, there is the need to understand the underlying mechanisms and to identify predictors of response. This displays the basis to develop personalized training intervention regimes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on response variability, with focus on human studies and improvement of glucose homeostasis as outcome.
Full-body Movement in Numerical Trainings: A Pilot Study with an Interactive Whiteboard
2015-12-07

In this pilot study, we introduce an effective spatial-numerical training to improve children’s arithmetic abilities. We designed this training based on previous successful trainings of spatial-numerical associations (such as number line estimation) and introduced a full-body response movement. Children responded to a number line estimation task presented on an interactive whiteboard by moving their whole body to the left or right. In a pilot study with a small group of children (total sample size N = 27), this experimental training was compared to two control trainings, one training the same task without the full-body movement and one training a different task with full-body movement. The experimental training led to significant improvement in all dependent measures and was most effective in enhancing performance in a spatial-numerical task. Furthermore, full-body movement helped children maintain their performance level in multi-digit addition. We conclude that full-body movement can enhance the efficiency of numerical trainings, which could also be successfully utilized in serious games and incorporated into the classroom.
Involvement of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte gene sets in migraine
2015-12-07

Background Migraine is a common episodic brain disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of severe unilateral headache and additional neurological symptoms. Two main migraine types can be distinguished based on the presence of aura symptoms that can accompany the headache: migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Multiple genetic and environmental factors confer disease susceptibility. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) indicate that migraine susceptibility genes are involved in various pathways, including neurotransmission, which have already been implicated in genetic studies of monogenic familial hemiplegic migraine, a subtype of migraine with aura. Methods To further explore the genetic background of migraine, we performed a gene set analysis of migraine GWAS data of 4954 clinic-based patients with migraine, as well as 13,390 controls. Curated sets of synaptic genes and sets of genes predominantly expressed in three glial cell types (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes) were investigated. Discussion Our results show that gene sets containing astrocyte- and oligodendrocyte-related genes are associated with migraine, which is especially true for gene sets involved in protein modification and signal transduction. Observed differences between migraine with aura and migraine without aura indicate that both migraine types, at least in part, seem to have a different genetic background.
keyValuate
2015-12-07

We propose a general-purpose framework for the implementation and evaluation of adaptive virtual keyboards based on unprocessed sensory information from an interactive surface. We furthermore describe an implementation on a commercially available optical touchscreen that features real-time visualization of the underlying key classification process. The typing application, which uses support vector machine classifiers and bivariate Gaussian distributions to differentiate between keys, was evaluated in a user study with 24 participants. The adaptive keyboard performed significantly better in terms of typing speed and error rates compared to a standard onscreen keyboard (approximately 40% speedup and 25% reduced error rates). We also performed evaluations with reduced sensor resolutions and additive noise in order to verify the generalizability of the presented approach for other sensing techniques. Our approach showed high robustness in both conditions. Based on these findings, we discuss possible implications for future implementations of virtual keyboards.
The FKBP5 polymorphism rs1360780 influences the effect of an algorithm-based antidepressant treatment and is associated with remission in patients with major depression
2015-12-08

Objective: The FKBP5-gene influences the HPA-system by modulating the sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The polymorphism rs1360780 has been associated with response in studies with heterogeneous antidepressant treatment. In contrast, several antidepressant studies with standardized antidepressant treatment could not detect this effect. We therefore compared patients with standardized vs naturalistic antidepressant treatment to (a) investigate a possible interaction between FKBP5-genotype and treatment mode and (b) replicate the effect of the FKBP5-genotype on antidepressant treatment outcome. Methods: A total of 298 major depressive disorder (MDD) inpatients from the multicentred German project and the Zurich Algorithm Project were genotyped for their FKBP5 status. Patients were treated as usual ( n=127) or according to a standardized algorithm ( n=171). Main outcome criteria was remission (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21&lt;10). Results: We detected an interaction of treatment as usual (TAU) treatment and C-allele with the worst outcome for patients combining those two factors (HR=0.46; p=0.000). Even though C-allele patients did better when treated in the structured, stepwise treatment algorithm (SSTR) group, we still could confirm the influence of the FKBP5-genotype in the whole sample (HR=0.52; p=0.01). Conclusions: This is the first study to show an interaction between a genetic polymorphism and treatment mode. Patients with the C-allele of the rs1360780 polymorphism seem to benefit from a standardized antidepressant treatment.
THE TRANSIENT ACCRETING X-RAY PULSAR XTE J1946+274: STABILITY OF X-RAY PROPERTIES AT LOW FLUX AND UPDATED ORBITAL SOLUTION
2015-12-08

We present a timing and spectral analysis of the X-ray pulsar XTE J1946+274 observed with Suzaku during an outburst decline in 2010 October and compare with previous results. XTE J1946+274 is a transient X-ray binary consisting of a Be-type star and a neutron star with a 15.75 s pulse period in a 172 days orbit with 2–3 outbursts per orbit during phases of activity. We improve the orbital solution using data from multiple instruments. The X-ray spectrum can be described by an absorbed Fermi–Dirac cut-off power-law model along with a narrow Fe Kα line at 6.4 keV and a weak Cyclotron Resonance Scattering Feature (CRSF) at ~35 keV. The Suzaku data are consistent with the previously observed continuum flux versus iron line flux correlation expected from fluorescence emission along the line of sight. However, the observed iron line flux is slightly higher, indicating the possibility of a higher iron abundance or the presence of non-uniform material. We argue that the source most likely has only been observed in the subcritical (non-radiation dominated) state since its pulse profile is stable over all observed luminosities and the energy of the CRSF is approximately the same at the highest (~5 × 10^(37) erg s^(−1)) and lowest (~5 × 10^(36) erg s^(−1)) observed 3–60 keV luminosities.
The Reputational Consequences of Failed Replications and Wrongness Admission among Scientists
2015-12-09

Scientists are dedicating more attention to replication efforts. While the scientific utility of replications is unquestionable, the impact of failed replication efforts and the discussions surrounding them deserve more attention. Specifically, the debates about failed replications on social media have led to worry, in some scientists, regarding reputation. In order to gain data-informed insights into these issues, we collected data from 281 published scientists. We assessed whether scientists overestimate the negative reputational effects of a failed replication in a scenario-based study. Second, we assessed the reputational consequences of admitting wrongness (versus not) as an original scientist of an effect that has failed to replicate. Our data suggests that scientists overestimate the negative reputational impact of a hypothetical failed replication effort. We also show that admitting wrongness about a non-replicated finding is less harmful to one's reputation than not admitting. Finally, we discovered a hint of evidence that feelings about the replication movement can be affected by whether replication efforts are aimed one's own work versus the work of another. Given these findings, we then present potential ways forward in these discussions.
Spatially Tuned Neurons in Corvid Nidopallium Caudolaterale Signal Target Position During Visual Search
2015-12-09

The avian pallial endbrain area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) shows important similarities to mammalian prefrontal cortex in connectivity, dopamine neurochemistry, and function. Neuronal processing in NCL has been studied with respect to sensory, cognitive, and reward information, but little is known about its role in more direct control of motor behavior. We investigated NCL activity during the choice period of a delayed match-to-sample task, as 2 trained crows searched and selected a previously remembered visual target among an array of 4 pictures. The crows exhibited behavioral response patterns consistent with serial visual search. Many single NCL neurons were spatially tuned to specific target positions during visual search and directed motor behavior. Moreover, single NCL neurons dynamically changed their tuning properties to represent different behaviorally relevant task variables across the trial. In consecutive task periods, single neurons responded to visual stimuli, stored stimulus information in working memory, guided goal-directed behavior depending on the remembered target picture, and encoded trial outcomes. This flexible encoding of all task-relevant aspects in the executive control of goal-directed behavior represents a striking convergence to neuronal encoding in primate prefrontal cortex. These data highlight key properties of associative endbrain areas underlying flexible cognitive behavior in corvids and primates.
Information-theoretic model comparison unifies saliency metrics
2015-12-10

Significance Where do people look in images? Predicting eye movements from images is an active field of study, with more than 50 quantitative prediction models competing to explain scene viewing behavior. Yet the rules for this competition are unclear. Using a principled metric for model comparison (information gain), we quantify progress in the field and show how formulating the models probabilistically resolves discrepancies in other metrics. We have also developed model assessment tools to reveal where models fail on the database, image, and pixel levels. These tools will facilitate future advances in saliency modeling and are made freely available in an open source software framework ( www.bethgelab.org/code/pysaliency ).
Circulating Follistatin Is Liver-Derived and Regulated by the Glucagon-to-Insulin Ratio
2015-12-10

In conclusion, in humans, the liver secretes follistatin at rest and during exercise, and the glucagon-to-insulin ratio is a key determinant of circulating follistatin levels. Circulating follistatin may be a marker of the glucagon-to-insulin tone on the liver.
Human IgG detection in serum on polymer based Mach-Zehnder interferometric biosensors
2015-12-10

We report a new method for detecting human IgG (hIgG) in serum on integrated-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer biosensors realized in a high index contrast polymer material system. In the linear range of the sensor (5-200 nM) we observed excellent signal recoveries (95-110%) in buffer and serum samples, which indicate the absence of matrix effects. Signal enhancement was reached by using secondary anti-human IgG antibodies, which bind to immobilized target IgGs and allow detecting concentrations down to 100 pM. This polymer based optical sensor is fully compatible with cost-efficient mass production technologies, which makes it an attractive alternative to inorganic optical sensors. Graphical abstract of the hIgG measured on polymer based photonic sensors using a direct binding assay and a signal enhancement strategy with secondary antibodies.
A Population-Based Gaussian Mixture Model Incorporating 18F-FDG PET and Diffusion-Weighted MRI Quantifies Tumor Tissue Classes
2015-12-10

The complementary information of (18)F-FDG and ADC longitudinal measurements in xenograft tumors allows for segmentation into distinct tissues when using the novel GMM pipeline. Leveraging the power of multiparametric PET/MRI in this manner has the potential to take the assessment of disease outcome beyond RECIST and could provide an important impact to the field of precision medicine.
Variation in the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Gamma Gene Affects Plasma HDL-Cholesterol without Modification of Metabolic or Inflammatory Markers
2015-12-10

We could demonstrate that common genetic variation in the PIK3CG locus, possibly via altered PIK3CG gene expression, determines plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Since HDL2-, but not HDL3-, cholesterol is influenced by PIK3CG variants, PI3Kγ may play a role in HDL clearance rather than in HDL biogenesis. Even though the molecular pathways connecting PI3Kγ and HDL metabolism remain to be further elucidated, this finding could add a novel aspect to the pathophysiological role of PI3Kγ in atherogenesis.
Driving with Homonymous Visual Field Defects: Driving Performance and Compensatory Gaze Movements
2015-12-10

Aim of this pilot study was to assess the driving performance and its relationship to the visual search behavior, i.e., eye and head movements, of patients with homonymous visual field defects (HVFDs) in comparison to healthy-sighted subjects during a simulated driving test. Eight HVFD patients and six healthy-sighted age- and gender-matched control subjects underwent a 40-minute driving test with nine hazardous situations. Eye and head movements were recorded during the drive. Four out of eight patients passed the driving test and showed a driving performance similar to that of the control group. One control group subject failed the test. Patients who passed the test showed an increased number of head and eye movements. Patients who failed the test showed a rightwards-bias in average lane position, probably in an attempt to maximize the safety margin to oncoming traffic. Our study supports the hypothesis that a considerable subgroup of subjects with HVFDs show a safe driving behavior, because they adapt their viewing behavior by increased visual scanning.
Asynchronous timing of extension and basin formation in the South Rhodope core complex, SW Bulgaria, and northern Greece
2015-12-11

Abstract Upper crustal extensional structures range from steep normal faults to shallow‐dipping detachments. The relationship between extension and formation of synkinematic hanging wall basins including their relative timing is not well understood. The South Rhodope core complex, Southern Balkans, has experienced extension for &gt;40 Ma leading to a number of extensional structures and Cenozoic sedimentary basins. We present new bedrock and basin detrital zircon and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He ages from the Pirin and Rila Mountains and the Sandanski basin. Results identify three episodes of Cenozoic extension in SW Bulgaria accommodated by (1) the Eocene/Oligocene Mesta detachment; (2) the early to middle Miocene Gorno Spanchevo fault (circa 18–15 Ma), which is the northern prolongation of the Strymon low‐angle detachment; and (3) the late Miocene West Pirin fault (≤10 Ma). Detachment faulting on the Strymon fault accommodated tens of kilometers of ENE‐WSW extension and created ~1500 m topographic relief, but because the resulting hillslopes were gentle (≤10°), extension did not lead to enhanced footwall erosion or formation of a hanging wall basin. In contrast, the West Pirin normal fault resulted in mostly vertical motion of its footwall causing steep topography, rapid erosion, and formation of the synrift Sandanski basin. Digital topographic analysis of river channel profiles identifies the latest episodes of deformation including westward tilting of the Sandanski and Strymon basins and Quaternary N‐S extension. This study demonstrates that basin formation in the South Rhodope core complex is related to normal faulting postdating the main episode of crustal stretching by detachment faulting.
Heterocycles [h]-fused to 4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. Part XI: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 4-fluoro-6-oxoimidazo[4,5-h]quinoline-7-carboxylic acids
2015-12-11

Abstract A series of 2-hetaryl-4-fluoro-9-cyclopropyl-6-oxo-1 H -imidazo[4,5- h ]quinoline-7-carboxylic esters ( 3a–f ) and their corresponding acids 4a – f have been prepared via microwave-assisted cyclocondensation reaction with some hetarene carboxaldehydes. The structures for these new esters and acids are based on spectral (IR, MS, and NMR) data. The in vitro antimicrobial assay of 4a – f hetaryl derivatives, their aryl analogues 1d – g , and the imidazo-unsubstituted acid 1a showed that all of these tricyclic heterocycles possess a good level of antibacterial activity. Among them, compound 1a exhibited the highest effect against both, Gram-positive (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs] 0.15–3.0 μg mL –1 ) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs 0.7–3.0 μg mL –1 ). An excellent activity was recorded also for the halo-phenyl derivatives 1f , g and for the furan derivatives 4e , f , especially toward Gram-positive strains and Bacillus subtilis and Haemophilus influenzae , respectively.