julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation and Technique for Delivery of Tissue Explants to the Subretinal Space
2006-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Purpose:&lt;/i&gt; The controlled orientation of subretinal or intraretinal delivery of delicate tissue sheets is a critical problem in retinal transplantation research. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; A surgical device (explant injector) was designed and built for the controlled delivery of tissue explants into the subretinal or intraretinal space via a vitrectomy approach. The technical feasibility was demonstrated in enucleated porcine eyes. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Using negative pressure, the injector allows for the fixation of an explant, such as a monolayer of cells cultured on a collagen membrane, on the carrier platform. The sheet can then be placed safely without loss of orientation in the subretinal space. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; With the aid of the explant injector, it is possible to deliver an explant with the proper orientation to a precise location in the subretinal space.
In vivo transcript profiling of Candida albicans identifies a gene essential for interepithelial dissemination
2006-01-01

Summary Candida albicans is the most common oral fungal pathogen of humans, but the mechanisms by which C. albicans invades and persists within mucosal epi- thelium are not clear. To understand oral pathogen- esis, we characterized the cellular and molecular mechanisms of epithelial-fungus interactions using reconstituted human oral epithelium (RHE). We observed that hyphal formation facilitates epithelial invasion via both active (physical penetration) and passive (induced endocytosis) processes. Genome wide transcript profiling of C. albicans experimental RHE infection was compared with that from 11 patient samples with pseudomembranous candidiasis to identify genes associated with disease development in vivo. Expression profiles reflected the morphologi- cal switch and an adaptive response to neutral pH, non-glucose carbon sources and nitrosative stress. We identified several novel infection-associated genes with unknown function. One gene, upregulated in both RHE infection and patients, named EED1, was essential for maintenance of hyphal elonga- tion. Mutants lacking EED1 showed transient cell elongation on epithelial tissue, which enabled only superficial invasion of epithelial cells. Once in- side an epithelial cell, Deed1 cells could proliferate as yeasts or pseudohyphae but remained trapped intracellularly. Our results suggest that the adaptive response and morphology of C. albicans play specific roles for host-fungal interactions during mucosal infections.
Kernel Based Functional Gene Grouping
2006-01-01

During the last years, high throughput experiments have become very popular. During the analysis of such data the need for a functional grouping of genes arises. In this paper, we propose grouping genes according to their biological function by means of kernel functions, which are similarity measures having special mathematical properties and play a crucial role e.g. in SVM classification. Thereby our kernel functions rely on functional information on the genes provided by Gene Ontology annotation. We investigate and compare several provably symmetric, positive semidefinite kernel functions in combination with spectral clustering, dual k-means and average linkage and demonstrate that our approach leads to good clustering results.
Long-term developments in Her X-1: Correlation between the histories of the 35 day turn-on cycle and the 1.24 sec pulse period
2006-01-01

We have studied the long-term (1971-2005) behaviour of the 1.24 sec pulse period and the 35 day precession period of Her X-1 and show that both periods vary in a highly correlated way (see also Staubert et al. 1997 and 2000). When the spin-up rate decreases, the 35 day turn-on period shortens.This correlation is most evident on long time scales (~2000 days),e.g.around four extended spin-down episodes, but also on shorter time scales (a few 100 days) on which quasi-periodic variations are apparent. We argue that the likely common cause is variations of the mass accretion rate onto the neutron star.The data since 1991 allow a continuous sampling and indicate a lag between the turn-on behaviour and the spin behaviour, in the sense that changes are first seen in the spin, about one cycle later in the turn-on. Both the coronal wind model (Schandl & Meyer 1994) as well as the stream-disk model (Shakura et al.999) predict this kind of behaviour.
Cystic Colon Duplication as Differential Diagnosis to Ovarian Cyst
2006-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;/i&gt; We report the case of a female fetus with a single spherical anechoic cyst on the right side of the lower abdomen first diagnosed at 22 weeks of pregnancy. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Serial ultrasound monitoring and needle aspiration of the cyst were performed. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; The cyst grew during pregnancy up to 8 cm diameter. Needle aspiration was performed at 33 and 36 weeks. At 38 weeks labor was induced and a girl was delivered spontaneously. Postnatally the child showed abdominal distention, vomiting, and an obstruction of venous return of the right leg. To improve venous circulation, another needle aspiration of the cyst was performed. Laparoscopy revealed cystic colon duplication. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Prenatal differentiation of a single round anechoic cyst in the pelvis of a female fetus can be difficult. As a rare abnormality cystic colon duplication has to be considered.
The critical path method to analyze and modify OR‐workflow: Integration of an image documentation system
2006-01-01

Intraoperative image documentation is becoming more and more important for quality management in medicine, in terms of forensic documentation, research and teaching. Up to now, no software-based OR-image-documentation system fits satisfactorily into an OR-workflow. The objective of this study is to transparently show system integration in a clinical workflow for evaluating demands on future system developments. An example of the OR-workflow is presented for the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Tuebingen (Germany). Twelve representative gynecologic laparoscopic surgeries were analyzed by using the critical path method (CPM). CPM network diagrams are shown for an actual laparoscopic workflow and for a workflow including an OR-image-documentation system. With the objective not to increase the total time of actual workflow, the maximum system operation time can be calculated for each period of time. Before surgery the maximum system operation time is x(max) = 7,3 minutes. After surgery it has to be assumed that system operation will increase total workflow time. Using the CPM to analyze requirements for system integration in a medical workflow has not yet been investigated. It is an appropriate method to transparently show integration possibilities and to define workflow-based requirements for the development process of new systems.
Variations of the Ultrastructure of Neuronal Lipofuscin During Childhood and Adolescence in the Human Ammon's Horn
2006-01-01

The ultrastructure of lipofuscin (Lf) was studied in hippocampal and neocortical neurons of children and youngsters between 3 months and 24 years of age. As a standard, regions CA1 and CA4 of Ammon's horn and the gyrus centralis anterior of the left hemisphere were examined, and the ratio of the two components of Lf, the pigment part, and the usually droplet-like lipid part was looked at. Few and small granules with typical linear structures in the pigment part and little lipid droplets were found as early as at the age of 3 months in all brain regions. There were no morphological differences of Lf in the areas of Ammon's horn up to 3 years, but the Lf ultrastructure in Ammon's horn differed clearly from that in the neocortical region. Differences of Lf between the areas CA1 and CA4 were found to appear at the age of 6-8 years, to have a rather variable pattern between age 11 and about 20 years, and to be relatively constant thereafter. The Lf pigment part consisted of irregularly arranged three laminar linear structures. Some varieties could be seen in the size and shape of the Lf granules and in the lipid/pigment ratio. As to the question of Lf being an "age pigment," the findings that the number of Lf granules did not further increase after the period of early adolescence was not consistent with the age pigment hypothesis. No regional or age-dependent differences were found in the Lf of astro- and oligodendroglia.
Synthese und Untersuchung der Lanthanoidoxidnitrate LnONO3 (Ln = Pr, Nd und Sm-Yb) / Synthesis and Studies of Lanthanide Oxide Nitrates LnONO3 (Ln = Pr, Nd, and Sm-Yb)
2006-01-01

The lanthanide oxide nitrates LnONO 3 with Ln = Pr, Nd, and Sm-Yb were synthesised by thermal decomposition of hydrated lanthanide nitrates. The compounds were refined isotypically to YONO 3 in the tetragonal space group P4/nmm and the structure is closely related to the PbFCl-type. Because of the orientational disorder of NO 3 − in this structure refinement a possible superstructure is discussed. Together with the oxide ions, the metal ions form [Ln 2 O 2 ] 2+ layers, alternating with double (NO 3 )− layers. Lattice parameters were determined by powder X-ray diffraction, and the structure of HoONO 3 was refined by Rietveld analysis. Some thermoanalytical data are given and magnetic properties were measured for LnONO 3 with Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd.
Naturally Presented MHC Ligands Carrying Glycans
2006-01-01

Glycosylation is the most common and most diverse posttranslational modification of proteins. During tumorigenesis altered glycosylation patterns are a hallmark. In addition, changes in glycosylation are important in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. MHC class I- as well as MHC class II-presented glycopeptides have been described, and both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are able to recognize glycopeptides in a classical MHC-restricted way. Different glycosylation patterns may influence T cell responses during disease, creating neoepitopes or blocking existing T cell responses to unmodified peptides by changing epitopes or abolishing binding to MHC molecules. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge of glycosylated MHC class I and II peptides - which peptides have been described, and what is their impact on cellular immunity.
Some misleading boudin-like structures
2006-01-01

Las estructuras de boudinage son indicadoras de extensión paralela a las capas. Sin embargo, existen&#13;\\nestructuras que poseen un alto grado de similitud con los boudins pero cuyo origen no está relacionado&#13;\\ncon un estiramiento significativo paralelo a las capas, venas o diques aparentemente boudinados. En el&#13;\\npresente trabajo se discuten dos de estas estructuras: shear bands y venas en fracturas en zigzag. Las fallas&#13;\\no shear bands pueden cortar una capa separándola en bloques o «boudins» (de ahí el término clivaje de&#13;\\ncrenulación extensional). Sin embargo, en determinadas circunstancias, estas estructuras pueden formarse&#13;\\nen capas paralelas al plano de no estiramiento en cizalla simple, pudiendo así dar un impresión falsa de&#13;\\nextensión de la capa. Un segundo tipo de «falsos boudins» lo constituyen las venas formadas por la&#13;\\nabertura de grietas a lo largo de una fractura, dando lugar a una ristra de cuerpos elongados cuya geometría&#13;\\npresenta gran semejanza con los boudins reales formados por estiramiento
Licensing German negative polarity items in LTAG
2006-01-01

Our paper aims at capturing the distribution of negative polarity items (NPIs) within lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG). The condition under which an NPI can occur in a sentence is for it to be in the scope of a negation with no quantifiers scopally intervening. We model this restriction within a recent framework for LTAG semantics based on semantic unification. The proposed analysis provides features that signal the presence of a negation in the semantics and that specify its scope. We extend our analysis to modelling the interaction of NPI licensing and neg raising constructions.
Magnetic Resonance Techniques for Assessment of Body Components
2006-01-01

With the increasing interest in personal health, nutritional status and fitness, several methods of estimating body fat have been developed and used in clinical settings. Hormonal effects and changes in metabolic pathways during the development of diseases (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus) lead to specific changes in the volume fractions and distribution of fat-containing compartments in the body. Magnetic resonance (MR) has been proven to be a reliable and non-invasive tool for the assessment of fatty and lean tissue, with a high spatial resolution of approximately 1 mm. Modern MR systems with large receiver coil arrays and automatic positioning tables allow whole-body imaging in examination times of about 20 min. Special highly specific fat-selective imaging techniques provide total suppression of water signals and allow a sensitive visualization of fatty infiltration in ‘lean’ organs, such as liver or skeletal musculature. Whereas fat-selective imaging requires at least 1–2% of lipids in parenchymal tissue to provide signal intensity in the images above the noise level, volume-selective [&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H]MR spectroscopy is even more sensitive. Volume fractions of lipids down to 0.1% can be quantitatively assessed using [&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H]MR spectroscopy, and several portions of lipids (fatty septa vs. intramyocellular fat) can be distinguished in skeletal musculature.
Current Strategies for the Identification of Immunogenic Epitopes of Tumor Antigens
2006-01-01

Peptide-based cancer immunotherapy relies on the identification of epitopes recognized by T-lymphocytes. Because of the high degree of polymorphism of human leukocyte antigens and issues of tumor escape from the immune response, the availability of a wide choice of diverse epitopes is essential for the therapist. There are a number of different approaches for identifying new class I- and class II-restricted target antigens appropriate for immunotherapy and as discussed in this volume, several of these are complimentary. The strategy of "reverse immunology," which is presented in this chapter, is applied for prediction of tumor-associated antigens by in silico screening sequences of selected proteins for peptides with high binding affinity to different human leukocyte antigen molecules. Subsequently, these peptides are synthesized and tested experimentally. Here, we outline some of the most prominent current algorithms and methods for assessing the immunogenicity of the predicted peptides in vitro and in vivo. We also describe the complimentary approach of isolating major histocompatibility complexassociated peptides from target cells followed by sequencing using reverse phase highpressure liquid chromatography fractionation and mass spectrometric analysis. We conclude by discussing some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of these methods and problems associated with their application.
View-dependent Tetrahedral Meshing and Rendering using Arbitrary Segments.
2006-01-01

We present a meshing and rendering framework for tetrahedral meshes that constructs a multi-resolution representation and uses\\nthis representation to adapt the mesh to rendering parameters. The mesh is partitioned into several segments which are simplified\\nindependently. A multi-resolution representation is constructed by merging simplified segments and again simplifying the\\nmerged segments. We end up with a (binary) hierarchy of segments whose parent nodes are the simplified versions of their\\nchildren nodes. We show how the segments of arbitrary levels can be connected efficiently such that the mesh can be adapted\\nfast to rendering parameters at run time. This hierarchy is stored on disc and segments are swapped into the main memory as\\nneeded. Our algorithm ensures that the adapted mesh can always be treated like a not-segmented mesh from outside and thus\\ncan be used by any renderer. We demonstrate a segmentation technnique that is based on an octree although the multi-resolution\\nrepresentation itself does not rely on any paticular segmentation technique.
Studying unquenching effects in QCD with Dyson-Schwinger equations
2006-01-01

We summarise recent results on the properties of gluons, quarks and light mesons from the Green's functions approach to QCD. We discuss a self-consistent, infrared power law solution for the Schwinger-Dyson equations of the 1PI Greens functions of Yang-Mills theory. The corresponding running coupling has a universal fixed point at zero momentum. Based on these analytical results a truncation scheme for the coupled system of Schwinger-Dyson equations for the propagators of QCD and the Bethe-Salpeter equation for light mesons has been formulated. We compare numerical results for charge eigenstate vector and pseudoscalar meson observables with corresponding lattice data. The effects of unquenching the system are found to be small but not negligible.
Treebank Data as Linguistic Evidence - Coordination in T¨ uBa-D/Z
2006-01-01

Linguists use treebanks as resource for collecting evidence of phenomena which cannot be easily recovered from data that is annotated at word level only, this includes collecting quantitative data, getting non-categorical information such as heaviness or finding natural sounding counter examples 1 (e.g. Uszkoreit et al. (1998); Arnold et al. (2000); Bresnan et al. (to appear)) 2. Tools such as TIGERSearch allow us easy access to the encoded information. 3 This poster presents work on the Tübinger Baumbank deutscher Zeitungssprache (Tüba-D/Z). It describes the encoding of coordination phenomena in the treebank and gives a qualitative and quantitative survey. 2 The TüBa-D/Z Treebank It is a corpus of newspaper texts which currently comprises about 22 000 sentences (more than 381 000 tokens) taken from the Wissenschafts-CD of ’die tageszeitung ’ (taz). The annotation combines information on inflectional morphology, part of speech, phrase structure (or rather recursive chunking), grammatical dependencies and topological fields. In addition, it includes marking of named entities and annotation of anaphoric and coreference relations (cf. Hinrichs et al. (2004)).
Affekt contra ars: Wege der Rhetorikgeschichte um 1700
2006-01-01

Abstract This paper pursues the thesis that there was a break in the history of rhetoric around 1700, when the traditional concept of rhetoric as an ars was replaced by that of a rhetoric of emotion. The argument goes back to Quintilians notion of an artificiosa eloquentia. It is demonstrated how, in the early enlightenment, the ars-centered concept of rhetoric was carried over into that of a natural rhetoric which placed the fertile power of emotion above rhetorical tradition. As a result, the currency of ancient theories was permanently diminished.
Introducing a Novel Technique to Remove Accidentally Stitched or Entrapped Urethral Catheters after Radical Prostatectomy
2006-01-01

&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;/i&gt; A crucial step during radical prostatectomy is anastomosing the bladder neck to the urethral stump after specimen removal. For this purpose, a Foley catheter is inserted transurethrally to achieve a patent and watertight anastomosis. The catheter should be removed 6–10 days after the procedure to avoid ascending infection and stricture formation. On occasion, catheter removal is not possible due to fixation by one of the anastomotic sutures. In this case, a longer catheterization period may increase the risk of infection and formation of an anastomotic stricture. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/i&gt; In the present report, we suggest a technique to overcome this problem by using an endoscopic laser dissection of the anastomotic suture. In 2 patients, a 4.8-Fr pediatric ureteroscope was passed through the urethra along the fixated catheter. After carefully inspecting the anastomosis, a laser fiber was brought in direct contact with the responsible suture. &lt;i&gt;Results and Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; By activating the laser, the suture was cut immediately, and the catheter could be removed. Both patients showed no signs of anastomotic leakage or stricture on cystography. Fixation of the catheter after radical prostatectomy is a rare, but bothering complication, which can compromise the functional outcome of the procedure. Using a pediatric ureteroscope and a laser fiber is an elegant, minimally invasive method to solve this problem. It can be easily and safely performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting.
Control is Good–Trust is Better: Freedom and Security in a “Free World”
2006-01-01

“Trust is good, control is better,” said Lenin and those who want the total surveillance state. But who controls the controllers? This ancient question is unanswered. No control works without trust. After looking into different levels of trust from psychology to politics, we ask about trust in God. Only a God who bears the sins and sufferings of the world is trustworthy. Can trust be restored when it is broken? Repentance, confession of guilt, change of the heart and reparation of damages can restore trust on the personal level as well as on the political.
What is real about simulation? Different modes of thinking about the ‘as-if’.
2006-01-01

During simulation real people interact with real devices and a real simulator. Some actions and consequences of these actions are said to be real, others simulated. A basic difference concerns the 'as-if' of simulation. Participants interact with the simulator manikin as if it were a patient, they engage in diagnostic reasoning like they would with a patient and experience the situation in many respects as if they would experience a similar situation in the clinical setting. Their physical actions do not have physical consequences in many cases, but these consequences are represented as if they would occur. During a simulation scenario a reality is constructed based on 'human agreement'. Instructors need competence to construct meaningful scenarios and participants need competence to interpret scenarios in order to reach this agreement. Different physical set ups (a manikin is not a patient) allow for meaningful interpretation as well as adequate involvement. The three modes of thinking about reality by Uwe Laucken allow for ordering reality and realism of scenarios into physical, semantical and phenomenal aspects. This order helps in analysing what happens during scenarios as well as designing and running scenarios goal oriented. Implications of these modes of thinking for tailoring simulation fidelity to training goals will be pointed out.
Robustness Assessment for Composite Indicators
2006-01-01

I Help identify key sources of variability (to assist policy making, risk management strategy) I Help identify key sources of uncertainty (to prioritize additional data collection to reduce uncertainty) I Variance of an output I What causes worst/best outcomes I What are critical control points, critical limits Local vs. Global Sensitivity Analysis Model Dependent vs. Model Independent Sensitivity Analysis Applicability of methods often depends upon characteristics of a model (e.g., nonlinear, thresholds, categorical inputs, etc.)