julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Iron Kα line of Kerr black holes with scalar hair
2016-07-28

Recently, a family of hairy black holes in 4-dimensional Einstein gravity\\nminimally coupled to a complex, massive scalar field was discovered~\\\\cite{hbh}.\\nBesides the mass and spin angular momentum , these objects are\\ncharacterized by a Noether charge , measuring the amount of scalar hair,\\nwhich is not associated to a Gauss law and cannot be measured at spatial\\ninfinity. Introducing a dimensionless scalar hair parameter , ranging from 0\\nto 1, we recover (a subset of) Kerr black holes for and a family of\\nrotating boson stars for . In the present paper, we explore the\\npossibility of measuring for astrophysical black holes with current and\\nfuture X-ray missions. We study the iron K line expected in the\\nreflection spectrum of such hairy black holes and we simulate observations with\\nSuzaku and eXTP. As a proof of concept, we point out, by analyzing a sample of\\nhairy black holes, that current observations can already constrain the scalar\\nhair parameter , because black holes with close to 1 would have iron\\nlines definitively different from those we observe in the available data. We\\nconclude that a detailed scanning of the full space of solutions, together with\\ndata from the future X-ray missions, like eXTP, will be able to put relevant\\nconstraints on the astrophysical realization of Kerr black holes with scalar\\nhair.\\n
Long-term photometry of IC 348 with the Young Exoplanet Transit Initiative network
2016-07-28

We present long-term photometric observations of the young open cluster IC\\n348 with a baseline time-scale of 2.4 yr. Our study was conducted with several\\ntelescopes from the Young Exoplanet Transit Initiative (YETI) network in the\\nBessel band to find periodic variability of young stars. We identified 87\\nstars in IC 348 to be periodically variable; 33 of them were unreported before.\\nAdditionally, we detected 61 periodic non-members of which 41 are new\\ndiscoveries. Our wide field of view was the key to those numerous newly found\\nvariable stars. The distribution of rotation periods in IC 348 has always been\\nof special interest. We investigate it further with our newly detected periods\\nbut we cannot find a statistically significant bimodality. We also report the\\ndetection of a close eclipsing binary in IC 348 composed of a low-mass stellar\\ncomponent ( ) and a K0 pre-main sequence\\nstar ( ). Furthermore, we discovered three\\ndetached binaries among the background stars in our field of view and confirmed\\nthe period of a fourth one.\\n
Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health
2016-07-28

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of environmental interventions (excluding taxation) targeted at sugar‐sweetened beverages or low‐calorie alternatives to sugar‐sweetened beverages on consumption levels, diet‐related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, and on any reported unintended consequences or adverse outcomes.
Decoding Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer by Multiparametric In Vivo Imaging: A Translational Study
2016-07-28

Abstract Differential diagnosis and therapy of heterogeneous breast tumors poses a major clinical challenge. To address the need for a comprehensive, noninvasive strategy to define the molecular and functional profiles of tumors in vivo, we investigated a novel combination of metabolic PET and diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI in the polyoma virus middle T antigen transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. The implementation of a voxelwise analysis for the clustering of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity in this model resulted in a multiparametric profile based on [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG)-PET and DW-MRI, which identified three distinct tumor phenotypes in vivo, including solid acinar, and solid nodular malignancies as well as cystic hyperplasia. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach for clinical use, we examined estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive breast tumors from five patient cases using DW-MRI and [18F]FDG-PET in a simultaneous PET/MRI system. The postsurgical in vivo PET/MRI data were correlated to whole-slide histology using the latter traditional diagnostic standard to define phenotype. By this approach, we showed how molecular, structural (microscopic, anatomic), and functional information could be simultaneously obtained noninvasively to identify precancerous and malignant subtypes within heterogeneous tumors. Combined with an automatized analysis, our results suggest that multiparametric molecular and functional imaging may be capable of providing comprehensive tumor profiling for noninvasive cancer diagnostics. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5512–22. ©2016 AACR.
Nocturnal sleep uniformly reduces numbers of different T-cell subsets in the blood of healthy men
2016-07-28

In humans, numbers of circulating T cells show a circadian rhythm with peak counts during the night and a steep decline in the morning. Sleep per se appears to counter this rhythm by acutely reducing the total number of T cells. The T-cell population, however, is rather heterogeneous, comprising various subpopulations with different features and functions and also different circadian rhythms. Therefore, we examined here whether sleep likewise differentially affects these subsets. We measured eight different T-cell subsets (naïve, central memory, effector memory, and effector CD4 + and CD8 + T cells) over a 24-h period under conditions of sustained wakefulness compared with a regular sleep-wake cycle in 14 healthy young men. Sleep reduced the number of all T-cell subsets during nighttime with this effect reaching the P &lt; 0.05 level of significance in all but one subpopulation, i.e., effector CD4 + T cells, where it only approached significance. Furthermore, sleep was associated with an increase in growth hormone, prolactin, and aldosterone levels, whereas concentrations of catecholamines tended to be lower than during nocturnal wakefulness. The effect of sleep uniformly decreasing the different T-cell subsets is surprising considering their differential function and circadian rhythms, and even more so, since the sleep-induced decreases in these subsets are probably conveyed by different hormonal mediators. Although the reductions in cell numbers are rather small, they are comparable to changes seen, for example, after vaccination and are, therefore, likely to be of physiological relevance.
Real-Time Subject-Independent Pattern Classification of Overt and Covert Movements from fNIRS Signals
2016-07-28

Recently, studies have reported the use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for developing Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) by applying online pattern classification of brain states from subject-specific fNIRS signals. The purpose of the present study was to develop and test a real-time method for subject-specific and subject-independent classification of multi-channel fNIRS signals using support-vector machines (SVM), so as to determine its feasibility as an online neurofeedback system. Towards this goal, we used left versus right hand movement execution and movement imagery as study paradigms in a series of experiments. In the first two experiments, activations in the motor cortex during movement execution and movement imagery were used to develop subject-dependent models that obtained high classification accuracies thereby indicating the robustness of our classification method. In the third experiment, a generalized classifier-model was developed from the first two experimental data, which was then applied for subject-independent neurofeedback training. Application of this method in new participants showed mean classification accuracy of 63% for movement imagery tasks and 80% for movement execution tasks. These results, and their corresponding offline analysis reported in this study demonstrate that SVM based real-time subject-independent classification of fNIRS signals is feasible. This method has important applications in the field of hemodynamic BCIs, and neuro-rehabilitation where patients can be trained to learn spatio-temporal patterns of healthy brain activity.
Secretion of the Intimin Passenger Domain Is Driven by Protein Folding
2016-07-28

Intimin is an essential adhesin of attaching and effacing organisms such as entropathogenic Escherichia coli It is also the prototype of type Ve secretion or inverse autotransport, where the extracellular C-terminal region or passenger is exported with the help of an N-terminal transmembrane β-barrel domain. We recently reported a stalled secretion intermediate of intimin, where the passenger is located in the periplasm but the β-barrel is already inserted into the membrane. Stalling of this mutant is due to the insertion of an epitope tag at the very N terminus of the passenger. Here, we examined how this insertion disrupts autotransport and found that it causes misfolding of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain D00. We could also stall the secretion by making an internal deletion in D00, and introducing the epitope tag into the second Ig-like domain, D0, also resulted in reduced passenger secretion. In contrast to many classical autotransporters, where a proximal folding core in the passenger is required for secretion, the D00 domain is dispensable, as the passenger of an intimin mutant lacking D00 entirely is efficiently exported. Furthermore, the D00 domain is slightly less stable than the D0 and D1 domains, unfolding at ∼200 piconewtons (pN) compared with ∼250 pN for D0 and D1 domains as measured by atomic force microscopy. Our results support a model where the secretion of the passenger is driven by sequential folding of the extracellular Ig-like domains, leading to vectorial transport of the passenger domain across the outer membrane in an N to C direction.
Saturation of thef-mode instability in neutron stars. II. Applications and results
2016-07-28

We present the first results on the saturation of the f-mode instability in neutron stars, due to nonlinear mode coupling. Emission of gravitational waves drives the f-mode (fundamental mode) unstable in fast-rotating, newborn neutron stars. The initial growth phase of the mode is followed by its saturation, because of energy leaking to other modes of the star. The saturation point determines the strain of the generated gravitational-wave signal, which can then be used to extract information about the neutron star equation of state. The parent (unstable) mode couples via parametric resonances with pairs of daughter modes, with the triplets' evolution exhibiting a rich variety of behaviors. We study both supernova- and merger-derived neutron stars, simply modeled as polytropes in a Newtonian context, and show that the parent may couple to many different daughter pairs during the star's evolution through the instability window, with the saturation amplitude changing by orders of magnitude.
Reclassification of Pseudomonas sp. PB-6250T as Lysobacter firmicutimachus sp. nov.
2016-07-28

Strain PB-6250T, isolated from soil in Japan, was first identified in 1992. In contrast to its original taxonomic classification, its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarity (99.2 %) to the sequence of Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043T, with Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044T being the next most closely related species (98.7 %) with a validly published name. Chemotaxonomic data (fatty acid profile, quinone and polar lipid composition) and the G+C content of strain PB-6250T were compared with those of the closely related type strains L. enzymogenes LMG 8762T, L. antibioticus LMG 8760T, L. capsici DSM 19286T and L. gummosus LMG 8763T; this supported the affiliation of strain PB-6250T to the genus Lysobacter. Phylogenetic analyses, DNA-DNA-hybridization data, biochemical and physiological characteristics strongly supported the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain PB-6250T from species of Lysobacter with validly published names. Strain PB-6250T, therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Lysobacter firmicutimachus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PB-6250T (=LMG 28994T=DSM 102073T).
Entrepreneurship, Crisis and Socio-Economic Development in the Mediterranean: Formal and Informal Institutions and Entrepreneurial Activity
2016-07-28

In the past decade entrepreneurship, and especially social entrepreneurship, has experienced a global boom and has made it onto the agendas of international organizations, governments, policymakers...
Antibiotic drug discovery
2016-07-29

Summary Due to the threat posed by the increase of highly resistant pathogenic bacteria, there is an urgent need for new antibiotics; all the more so since in the last 20 years, the approval for new antibacterial agents had decreased. The field of natural product discovery has undergone a tremendous development over the past few years. This has been the consequence of several new and revolutionizing drug discovery and development techniques, which is initiating a ‘New Age of Antibiotic Discovery’. In this review, we concentrate on the most significant discovery approaches during the last and present years and comment on the challenges facing the community in the coming years.
Antiparallel protocadherin homodimers use distinct affinity- and specificity-mediating regions in cadherin repeats 1-4
2016-07-29

Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion and signaling proteins used by neurons to develop and maintain neuronal networks, relying on trans homophilic interactions between their extracellular cadherin (EC) repeat domains. We present the structure of the antiparallel EC1-4 homodimer of human PcdhγB3, a member of the γ subfamily of clustered Pcdhs. Structure and sequence comparisons of α, β, and γ clustered Pcdh isoforms illustrate that subfamilies encode specificity in distinct ways through diversification of loop region structure and composition in EC2 and EC3, which contains isoform-specific conservation of primarily polar residues. In contrast, the EC1/EC4 interface comprises hydrophobic interactions that provide non-selective dimerization affinity. Using sequence coevolution analysis, we found evidence for a similar antiparallel EC1-4 interaction in non-clustered Pcdh families. We thus deduce that the EC1-4 antiparallel homodimer is a general interaction strategy that evolved before the divergence of these distinct protocadherin families.
Stress reactivity in childhood functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome
2016-07-29

Abstract Background Frequent abdominal pain ( AP ) in childhood has been shown to be associated with elevated experience of stress and with deficits in stress coping, but psychophysiological stress reactivity has been studied rarely. Methods We examined whether children with frequent AP show altered reactions of the parasympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal ( HPA ) axis during and following an afternoon laboratory social stress task in comparison to healthy children and children with anxiety disorders. Twenty‐four children with frequent AP (18 with functional AP and six with irritable bowel syndrome; M = 9.9 years), and 24 healthy controls underwent stressful free speech and arithmetic tasks. Twelve children with anxiety disorders served as second comparison sample. Groups were compared regarding parasympathetic reaction and saliva cortisol concentration. Results We found no differences in parasympathetic withdrawal between the groups. Concerning the HPA axis, we detected an attenuated cortisol reactivity in children with AP compared to both other groups. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that childhood AP is not associated with altered parasympathetic withdrawal during stress. It seems to be related to a down‐regulated reactivity of the HPA axis. This pattern was ascertained in comparison to healthy children and also in comparison to children with anxiety disorders. Significance Childhood abdominal pain could be related to down‐regulated HPA axis reactivity to stress but not to altered parasympathetic reaction. Children with abdominal pain and children with anxiety disorders exhibit a divergent stress‐related HPA axis reaction.
The second report of a new hypomyelinating disease due to a defect in the VPS11 gene discloses a massive lysosomal involvement
2016-07-29

Abstract Vesicular protein sorting‐associated proteins (VPS, including VPS11) are indispensable in the endocytic network, in particular the endosome‐lysosome biogenesis. Exome sequencing revealed the homozygous variant p.Leu387_ Gly395del in the VPS11 gene in two siblings. On immunoblotting, the mutant VPS11 protein showed a distinctly reduced immunostaining intensity. The children presented with primary and severe developmental delay associated with myoclonic seizures, spastic tetraplegia, trunk and neck hypotonia, blindness, hearing loss, and microcephaly. Neuro‐imaging showed severe hypomyelination affecting cerebral and cerebellar white matter and corpus callosum, in the absence of a peripheral neuropathy. Electron microscopy of a skin biopsy revealed clusters of membranous cytoplasmic bodies in dermal unmyelinated nerve axons, and numbers of vacuoles in eccrine sweat glands, similar to what is seen in a classic lysosomal storage disease (LSD). Bone marrow cytology showed a high number of storage macrophages with a micro‐vacuolated cytoplasm. Biochemically, changes in urinary glycosphingolipids were reminiscent of those in prosaposin deficiency (another LSD). The clinical and neuro‐imaged features in our patients were almost identical to those in some recently reported patients with another variant in the VPS11 gene, p.Cys846Gly; underlining the presumed pathogenic potential of VPS11 defects. A new feature was the morphological evidence for lysosomal storage in VPS11 deficiency: This newly characterised disease can be viewed as belonging to the complex field of LSD.
Is Upregulation of Aquaporin 4-M1 Isoform Responsible for the Loss of Typical Orthogonal Arrays of Particles in Astrocytomas?
2016-07-29

The astrocytic endfoot membranes of the healthy blood-brain barrier—contacting the capillary—are covered with a large number of the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4). They form orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs), which consist of AQP4 isoform M1 and M23. Under pathologic conditions, AQP4 is distributed over the whole cell and no or only small OAPs are found. From cell culture experiments, it is known that cells transfected only with AQP4-M1 do not form OAPs or only small ones. We hypothesized that in astrocytomas the situation may be comparable to the in vitro experiments expecting an upregulation of AQP4-M1. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of different graded astrocytomas revealed an upregulation of both isoforms AQP4 M1 and M23 in all astrocytomas investigated. In freeze fracture replicas of low-grade malignancy astrocytomas, more OAPs than in high-grade malignancy astrocytomas were found. In vitro, cultured glioma cells did not express AQP4, whereas healthy astrocytes revealed a slight upregulation of both isoforms and only a few OAPs in freeze fracture analysis. Taken together, we found a correlation between the decrease of OAPs and increasing grade of malignancy of astrocytomas but this was not consistent with an upregulation of AQP4-M1 in relation to AQP4 M23.
The Ethylhexanoate Route to Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: Synthesis of CoO Nanooctahedra from CoII 2‐Ethylhexanoate
2016-07-29

CoO nanocrystals were prepared by solvothermal processing of Co 2‐ethylhexanoate in oleylamine at 250 °C. The obtained products, identified as CoO by X‐ray diffraction, had an octahedral shape, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, reflecting the cubic symmetry of the CoO crystallographic phase. The materials were converted into the Co 3 O 4 phase after heat treatment at 400 °C. The nanocrystal evolution was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. It was concluded that weak oleylamine bonding to the nanocrystal surface during the synthesis step favored the exchange with 2‐ethylhexanoato ligands, and that the interplay between the two ligands favored the kinetic control of the growth, resulting in the finally observed octahedral morphology. The Co 3 O 4 phase obtained from the heat treatment at 400 °C was used to process chemoresistive sensors, which were able to detect ethanol under dry and humid conditions (0 and 50 % r.h. H 2 O at 25 °C) at low temperatures (100 °C).
Continuity results and estimates for the Lyapunov exponent of Brownian motion in stationary potential
2016-07-29

We collect some applications of the variational formula established by Schroeder [J. Funct. Anal. 77 (1988) 60–87] and Rueß [ALEA Lat. Am. J. Probab. Math. Stat. 11 (2014) 679–709] for the quenched Lyapunov exponent of Brownian motion in stationary and ergodic nonnegative potential. We show, for example, that the Lyapunov exponent for nondeterministic potential is strictly lower than the Lyapunov exponent for the averaged potential. The behaviour of the Lyapunov exponent under independent perturbations of the underlying potential is examined. And with the help of counterexamples, we are able to give a detailed picture of the continuity properties of the Lyapunov exponent.
MEMORY AND MEANING IN THE LATE-ANTIQUE FORUM - G. Kalas The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity. Transforming Public Space. Pp. xviii + 228 ills, maps. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015. Cased, US$60. ISBN: 978-0-292-76078-3.
2016-07-29

MEMORY AND MEANING IN THE LATE-ANTIQUE FORUM - G. Kalas The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity. Transforming Public Space. Pp. xviii + 228 ills, maps. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015. Cased, US$60. ISBN: 978-0-292-76078-3. - Volume 66 Issue 2
Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality
2016-08-01

Many experiments have shown that loss of biodiversity reduces the capacity of ecosystems to provide the multiple services on which humans depend. However, experiments necessarily simplify the complexity of natural ecosystems and will normally control for other important drivers of ecosystem functioning, such as the environment or land use. In addition, existing studies typically focus on the diversity of single trophic groups, neglecting the fact that biodiversity loss occurs across many taxa and that the functional effects of any trophic group may depend on the abundance and diversity of others. Here we report analysis of the relationships between the species richness and abundance of nine trophic groups, including 4,600 above- and below-ground taxa, and 14 ecosystem services and functions and with their simultaneous provision (or multifunctionality) in 150 grasslands. We show that high species richness in multiple trophic groups (multitrophic richness) had stronger positive effects on ecosystem services than richness in any individual trophic group; this includes plant species richness, the most widely used measure of biodiversity. On average, three trophic groups influenced each ecosystem service, with each trophic group influencing at least one service. Multitrophic richness was particularly beneficial for 'regulating' and 'cultural' services, and for multifunctionality, whereas a change in the total abundance of species or biomass in multiple trophic groups (the multitrophic abundance) positively affected supporting services. Multitrophic richness and abundance drove ecosystem functioning as strongly as abiotic conditions and land-use intensity, extending previous experimental results to real-world ecosystems. Primary producers, herbivorous insects and microbial decomposers seem to be particularly important drivers of ecosystem functioning, as shown by the strong and frequent positive associations of their richness or abundance with multiple ecosystem services. Our results show that multitrophic richness and abundance support ecosystem functioning, and demonstrate that a focus on single groups has led to researchers to greatly underestimate the functional importance of biodiversity.