julilili42/papers huggingface dataset:
Automatic Refinement of Syntactic Categories in Chinese Word Structures
2014-05-01

Annotated word structures are useful for various Chinese NLP tasks, such as word segmentation, POS tagging and syntactic parsing. Chinese word structures are often represented by binary trees, the nodes of which are labeled with syntactic categories, due to the syntactic nature of Chinese word formation. It is desirable to refine the annotation by labeling nodes of word structure trees with more proper syntactic categories so that the combinatorial properties in the word formation process are better captured. This can lead to improved performances on the tasks that exploit word structure annotations. We propose syntactically inspired algorithms to automatically induce syntactic categories of word structure trees using POS tagged corpus and branching in existing Chinese word structure trees. We evaluate the quality of our annotation by comparing the performances of models based on our annotation and another publicly available annotation, respectively. The results on two variations of Chinese word segmentation task show that using our annotation can lead to significant performance improvements. Keywords:Chinese word structure, automatic annotation, Chinese word segmentation 1.
The Bazaar Effect, Unbundling of Comparative Advantage, and Migration
2014-05-01

The following sections are included:IntroductionBundled Comparative AdvantageUnbundling of Comparative AdvantageMinimum WagesUnbundling and Trade PolicyOffshoring versus MigrationSummary and ConclusionReferences
Impact of antithrombotic treatment on short-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for left main disease: a pooled analysis from REPLACE-2, ACUITY, and HORIZONS-AMI trials
2014-05-01

Among patients undergoing LMD PCI, the use of bivalirudin instead of heparin+GPI resulted in significantly less major bleeding and improved short-term net clinical outcome. Bivalirudin may be the preferred anticoagulation strategy in LMD PCI patients.
Mapping of passive UHF RFID tags with a mobile robot using outlier detection and negative information
2014-05-01

In this paper we propose a novel approach to classify detection events from a stream of radio-frequency identification (RFID) measurements for the purpose of mapping RFID transponders. Since raw readings from RFID readers only provide information on positive read attempts, i.e. the detections of a tag, we propose an outlier filter method solely based on the spatial extent of the sensor model that is used for the mapping process. Furthermore, we use this filter to actually classify detections as well as non-detections of tags into valid and invalid positive as well as negative detection events. We incorporate the different classes into our mapping pipeline and introduce several extensions to improve the mapping accuracy. Experimental results including the classification and mapping accuracy are presented to prove the effectiveness of our approach.
Distributed load balancing for resilient information-centric SeDAX networks
2014-05-01

SeDAX is a publish/subscribe information-centric networking architecture where publishers send messages to the appropriate message broker over a Delaunay-triangulated overlay network. Resilient data forwarding and data redundancy enable a high level of reliability. Overlay nodes and topics are addressed via geo-coordinates. A topic is stored on primary and secondary nodes, those nodes closest and second-closest to the topic's coordinate, respectively. The overlay automatically reroutes a topic's messages to its secondary node should its primary node fail. Currently, SeDAX determines the coordinate of a topic by hashing its name. This kind of topic allocation is static, which can lead to unintended load imbalances. In this paper, we propose a topic delegation mechanism to make the assignment of topics to nodes dynamic. Our proposed mechanism is the only existing method to improve the flexibility and resource management of the SeDAX architecture so far. We define the load of SeDAX nodes and coordinates at different levels of resilience. On this basis, we develop distributed algorithms for load balancing. Simulations show that significant load imbalance can occur with static topic assignment and that the proposed algorithms achieve very good load balancing results.
WTO Membership and the Extensive Margin of World Trade: New Evidence
2014-05-01

The following sections are included:IntroductionState of the Literature: Open IssuesA Simple Model of the Extensive MarginAn Empirical ModelData and Econometric StrategyEstimation ResultsConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences
Weight loss in HCV patients can be used as a surrogate marker for evaluation of interferon (IFN-α) treatment efficacy - a prospective pilot study.
2014-05-01

The aim of the study was to investigate whether weight loss followed the same pattern in HCV patients ('responders' and 'non-responders) after interferon (IFN-α) treatment. A total of 20 male HCV positive patients (mean age 33.1±9.9) in Peshawar, Pakistan participated in this study. They were initially tested as HCV positive, and were given IFN/Ribavarin treatment for 6 months. Changes in body weight (BW), lean body mass (LBM) and body fat (BF) were monitored on monthly basis. End to treatment response (ETR) was established by a final undetectable HCV RNA in serum at the end of therapy and the patients were categorized as either 'responders' or 'non-responders'. The results show a total of 12 out of 20 patients as 'responders' (60%). All patients lost weight and the mean weight loss in 'responders' and 'non-responders' was 6.2 (±1.5) and 5.8 (±1.4) Kg, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean change in BW, LBM, and BF between 'responders' and 'non-responders' during the last 3 month period only. This suggests that difference in drug response in HCV starts from month 4 and onwards (i.e. during the last 3 months). In conclusion, weight trends during treatment should be monitored as weight loss may be used as a surrogate marker for ERT to the current standard of care.
Exploring the Intensive and Extensive Margins of World Trade
2014-05-01

World trade evolves at two margins. Where a bilateral trading relationship already exists it may increase through time (intensive margin). But trade may also increase if a trading bilateral relationship is newly established between countries that have not traded with each other in the past (extensive margin). We provide an empirical dissection of post-World-War-II growth in manufacturing world trade along these two margins. We propose a “corner-solutions-version” of the gravity model to explain movements on both margins. A Tobit estimation of this model resolves the so-called “distance-puzzle”. It also finds more convincing evidence than recent literature that WTO-membership enhances trade.
GAME: GRB and All-sky Monitor Experiment
2014-05-01

We describe the GRB and all-sky monitor experiment (GAME) mission submitted by a large international collaboration (Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Brazil) in response to the 2012 ESA call for a small mission opportunity for a launch in 2017 and presently under further investigation for subsequent opportunities. The general scientific objective is to perform measurements of key importance for GRB science and to provide the wide astrophysical community of an advanced X-ray all-sky monitoring system. The proposed payload was based on silicon drift detectors (~1–50 keV), CdZnTe (CZT) detectors (~15–200 keV) and crystal scintillators in phoswich (NaI/CsI) configuration (~20 keV–20 MeV), three well established technologies, for a total weight of ~250 kg and a required power of ~240 W. Such instrumentation allows a unique, unprecedented and very powerful combination of large field of view (3–4 sr), a broad energy band extending from ~1 keV up to ~20 MeV, an energy resolution as good as ~250 eV in the 1–30 keV energy range, a source location accuracy of ~1 arcmin. The mission profile included a launch (e.g. by Vega) into a low Earth orbit, a baseline sky scanning mode plus pointed observations of regions of particular interest, data transmission to ground via X-band (4.8 Gb/orbit, Alcantara and Malindi ground stations), and prompt transmission of GRB/transient triggers.
Mark Mazower. Governing the World. The History of an Idea
2014-05-01

Mark Mazower provides us with a very readable and highly stimulating intellectual history of Western starting with the Vienna Congress in 1815 and ending in 2012 with the ongoing Syrian civil war. The historical analysis focuses not only on the philosophical and political currents at the heart of 19th and 20th century but also on how Anglo-Saxon politicians and high ranking civil servants viewed and shaped international institutions during these two centuries; all of this is full of interesting biographical findings, illustrative contemporary quotations, and insightful historical judgement. The book falls into two parts. The first part is on the Era of Internationalism and covers developments from 1815 until 1939; the second part is entitled Governing the World the American Way and deals mainly with the UN in the post-World War II era until today. Mazower traces four influential currents of internationalism in the 19th century, which are all four portrayed as intellectual and political movements arising as a counter-reaction to the holy alliance of European great powers and the associated restorative anti-liberal policies orchestrated by Metternich: Mazzini's Young Europe nationalism, Richard Cobden's free trade ideology, Marx and organized socialism, and, even though politically less influential, the Anglo-American peace movement. All of these currents are presented by Mazower through short biographical portraits of their inventors who - in the case of Mazzini and Marx as emigres - lived in London in the mid-19th century. Particularly rewarding is the description of the often tension-filled biographical and intellectual links between them. In one of the last chapters of the first part of the book Mazower introduces international law and science as a 19th century semantics of internationalism. His main focus in the chapter on international law is on the founders of the Institut de Droit International and on the rise
Effects of Lumbar Disc Degeneration at the Cartilaginous End Plate and the Annulus Fibrosus on Off-Resonant Saturation Ratios Assessed by a 3D Ultrashort Echo Time Sequence at 3 T
2014-05-01

Introduction Biological disc replacement demands a distinct understanding of referring pathologies and states of degeneration. Clinical imaging modalities are needed to apply such measurements to potential patients. The introduction of UTE sequences to whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for quantitative characterization of tissue consisting of components with fast signal decay. We hypothesize that UTE will enable us to differentiate states of degeneration within the EP and the AF. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of LDD on ORS ratios in the cartilaginous EP and the AF. Materials and Methods A total of 20 human lumbar motion segments of seven fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens (median age 66, range 49-66 years) were assessed using a whole-body MRI scanner. A sagittal 3D UTE sequence with an isotropic submillimeter resolution of 0.7 mm (TE 0.07 ms, TR 10.3 ms, FoV 128 mm, FA 10 degrees) with and without off-resonant saturation preparation pulse at 3 T was used. The off-resonance frequency was varied between 1 and 5 kHz. OSRs of images with and without preparation pulse were calculated for the upper and the lower EP as well as for the AF. Intervertebral discs were classified healthy (CO, n = 9), mildly degenerated (MIL, n = 6) and severely degenerated (SEV, n = 8) concerning morphology and signal alteration in conventional MR sequences. A nonparametric U-test was performed to report the level of significance. The relationship between OSR and grade of degeneration was estimated using multiple regression analysis in respect to age and body mass index (BMI). Results Upper and lower EP as well as AF in controls revealed no significant differences concerning OSR from 1 to 5 kHz. Regarding all regions (EPs and AF), the SEV group showed significantly increased OSRs ranging from 0.37 ± 0.01 (1 kHz) to 0.22 ± 0.01 (5 kHz), compared with the CO group, ranging from 0.33 ± 0.01 (1 kHz) to 0.2 ± 0.01 (5 kHz), and the MIL group, ranging from 0.32 ± 0.01 (1 kHz) to 0.2 ± 0.01 (5 kHz) ( p &lt; 0.05). The MIL group showed a tendency toward lower OSR compared with the CO group. This was underlined by the results of multiple regression analysis after adjusting for age (Table A). [Table: see text] Conclusion UTE sequences reveal clear images of human lumbar EP and AF and allow for quantitative assessment of free water. EP and AF of lumbar discs with major degeneration showed a loss of free water content compared with healthy and slightly degenerated discs, indicating a change toward a more condensed structure. EP and AF of slightly degenerated discs, however, showed a tendency to higher OSR, indicating an increase of free water. This might have occurred due to edema or focal destruction of EP and AF in early stages. Focused repair strategies and potential outcome predictors may result from this imaging modality. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Momentum or kinetic energy - how do substrate properties influence the calculation of rainfall erosivity?
2014-05-01

Summary Rainfall erosivity is a key component in soil erosion by water. While kinetic energy and momentum are used to describe the erosivity of rainfall, and both are derived from mass and velocity of raindrops, it is not clear how different substrates transform this energy. In our study we conducted rainfall simulation experiments to determine splash detachment amounts of five substrates (coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, PE balls, silt) for seven different rainfall intensities (52–116 mm h−1). We used linear mixed-effect modeling (LME) to calculate erosivity predictors for each substrate. Additionally, we separated drop-size-velocity relationship into lower left and upper right quarter to investigate the effect of small and slow just as big and fast raindrops on splash detachment amounts. We suggest using momentum divided by drop diameter as a substrate-independent erosivity predictor. To consider different substrates specific erosivity parameters are needed. Heavier substrates like sand are best described by kinetic energy multiplied by diameter whereas lighter substrates like silt point to momentum divided by diameter to the power of 1.5. Furthermore, our results show that substrates are differently affected by the size and velocity of drops. While splash detachment of light substances can be reliably predicted by drop size and velocity for small and slow drops, drop size and velocity loses its predictive power in heavier substrates like sand.
Linking N2O emissions from biochar-amended soil to the structure and function of the N-cycling microbial community
2014-05-01

Nitrous oxide (N2O) contributes 8% to global greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural sources represent about 60% of anthropogenic N2O emissions. Most agricultural N2O emissions are due to increased fertilizer application. A considerable fraction of nitrogen fertilizers are converted to N2O by microbiological processes (that is, nitrification and denitrification). Soil amended with biochar (charcoal created by pyrolysis of biomass) has been demonstrated to increase crop yield, improve soil quality and affect greenhouse gas emissions, for example, reduce N2O emissions. Despite several studies on variations in the general microbial community structure due to soil biochar amendment, hitherto the specific role of the nitrogen cycling microbial community in mitigating soil N2O emissions has not been subject of systematic investigation. We performed a microcosm study with a water-saturated soil amended with different amounts (0%, 2% and 10% (w/w)) of high-temperature biochar. By quantifying the abundance and activity of functional marker genes of microbial nitrogen fixation (nifH), nitrification (amoA) and denitrification (nirK, nirS and nosZ) using quantitative PCR we found that biochar addition enhanced microbial nitrous oxide reduction and increased the abundance of microorganisms capable of N2-fixation. Soil biochar amendment increased the relative gene and transcript copy numbers of the nosZ-encoded bacterial N2O reductase, suggesting a mechanistic link to the observed reduction in N2O emissions. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of biochar on the nitrogen cycling microbial community and the consequences of soil biochar amendment for microbial nitrogen transformation processes and N2O emissions from soil.
Corporate Taxes and Internal Borrowing within Multinational Firms
2014-05-01

This paper develops a theoretical model of multinational firms with an internal capital market. Main reasons for the emergence of such a market are tax avoidance through debt shifting and the existence of institutional weaknesses and financial frictions across host countries. The model serves to derive hypotheses regarding the role of local versus foreign characteristics such as profit tax rates, lack of institutional quality, financial underdevelopment, and productivity for internal debt at the level of a given foreign affiliate. The paper assesses hypotheses in a panel data-set covering the universe of German multinational firms and their internal borrowing. Numerous novel insights are gained. For instance, the tax-sensitivity found in this paper is many times higher than previous research suggests. This accrues mainly to three things: the consideration of the boundedness of the internal debt ratio as a dependent variable in comparison to its treatment as an unbounded variable in most of the previous work; the coverage of all (small and large) multinationals here rather than a focus on large units in previous work; and the inclusion of endogenous characteristics in other countries multinationals are invested in (due to endogenous weights) while previous work did not consider such effects at all or assumed them to be exogenous. Moreover, local and foreign (at other locations of a given affiliate) market conditions matter more or less symmetrically and in the opposite direction. There is a nonlinear trade-off between institutional quality or financial development on the one hand and higher profit tax rates on the other hand, and the strength of this trade-off depends on the characteristics of one location relative to the other ones a multinational firm has affiliates (or the headquarters) in.
TeV -ray observations of the young synchrotron-dominated SNRs G1.9+0.3 and G330.2+1.0 with H.E.S.S.
2014-05-02

The non-thermal nature of the X-ray emission from the shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs) G1.9+0.3 and G330.2+1.0 is an indication of intense particle acceleration in the shock fronts of both objects. This suggests that the SNRs are prime candidates for very-high-energy (VHE; E &gt; 0.1 TeV) γ-ray observations. G1.9+0.3, recently established as the youngest known SNR in the Galaxy, also offers a unique opportunity to study the earliest stages of SNR evolution in the VHE domain. The purpose of this work is to probe the level of VHE γ-ray emission from both SNRs and use this to constrain their physical properties. Observations were conducted with the H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System) Cherenkov Telescope Array over a more than six-year period spanning 2004–2010. The obtained data have effective livetimes of 67 h for G1.9+0.3 and 16 h for G330.2+1.0. The data are analysed in the context of the multiwavelength observations currently available and in the framework of both leptonic and hadronic particle acceleration scenarios. No significant γ-ray signal from G1.9+0.3 or G330.2+1.0 was detected. Upper limits (99 per cent confidence level) to the TeV flux from G1.9+0.3 and G330.2+1.0 for the assumed spectral index Γ = 2.5 were set at 5.6 × 10−13 cm−2 s−1 above 0.26 TeV and 3.2 × 10−12 cm−2 s−1 above 0.38 TeV, respectively. In a one-zone leptonic scenario, these upper limits imply lower limits on the interior magnetic field to BG1.9 ≳ 12 μG for G1.9+0.3 and to BG330 ≳ 8 μG for G330.2+1.0. In a hadronic scenario, the low ambient densities and the large distances to the SNRs result in very low predicted fluxes, for which the H.E.S.S. upper limits are not constraining.
Synthesis of Metastable SiIIX2 Solutions (X = F, Cl). A Novel Binary Halide for Synthesis
2014-05-02

Abstract Thermodynamic data for gaseous SiF 2 and SiCl 2 known from literature show that these binary subhalides are formed nearly quantitatively at 1376 °C and 1076 °C, respectively, as products of the reaction of elemental silicon with SiF 4 or SiCl 4 at 1 × 10 –2 mbar. Applying the co‐condensation technique SiF 2 as well as SiCl 2 can be trapped at –196 °C and prepared in synthetic scale. Herein, first analysis of metastable SiF 2 and SiCl 2 solutions are presented, showing that SiF 2 is more reactive than SiCl 2 leading to compounds of low boiling point of so far unknown composition. The metastable SiCl 2 solution can be used as a SiCl 2 source, which is shown by the trapping reaction with Idipp [Idipp = 1, 3‐bis(2, 6‐ i Pr 2 ‐C 6 H 3 )imidazol‐2‐ylidene] leading to Idipp‐SiCl 2 . The reactivity of the solution might be fine‐tuned by changing the donor opening the door for further applications.
Curved artificial compound-eyes for autonomous navigation
2014-05-02

Natural compound-eyes consist of a large number of ommatidia that are arranged on curved surfaces and thus are able to detect signals from a wide field of view. We present an integrated artificial compound-eye sensor system with enhanced field of view of 180 ° × 60 ° due to the introduction of curvature. The system bases on an array of adaptive logarithmic wide-dynamic-range photoreceptors for optical flow detection and compound-eye optics for increasing sensitivity and expanding the field of view. Its assembling is mainly done in planar geometry on a flexible printed circuit board. The separation into smaller ommatidia blocks by dicing enables flexibility and finally allows for mounting on curved surfaces. The signal processing electronics of the presented system is placed together with further sensors into the concavity of the photoreceptor array, and facilitates optical flow computation for navigation purposes.
TALENs facilitate targeted genome editing in human cells with high specificity and low cytotoxicity
2014-05-03

Designer nucleases have been successfully employed to modify the genomes of various model organisms and human cell types. While the specificity of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and RNA-guided endonucleases has been assessed to some extent, little data are available for transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALENs). Here, we have engineered TALEN pairs targeting three human loci (CCR5, AAVS1 and IL2RG) and performed a detailed analysis of their activity, toxicity and specificity. The TALENs showed comparable activity to benchmark ZFNs, with allelic gene disruption frequencies of 15-30% in human cells. Notably, TALEN expression was overall marked by a low cytotoxicity and the absence of cell cycle aberrations. Bioinformatics-based analysis of designer nuclease specificity confirmed partly substantial off-target activity of ZFNs targeting CCR5 and AAVS1 at six known and five novel sites, respectively. In contrast, only marginal off-target cleavage activity was detected at four out of 49 predicted off-target sites for CCR5- and AAVS1-specific TALENs. The rational design of a CCR5-specific TALEN pair decreased off-target activity at the closely related CCR2 locus considerably, consistent with fewer genomic rearrangements between the two loci. In conclusion, our results link nuclease-associated toxicity to off-target cleavage activity and corroborate TALENs as a highly specific platform for future clinical translation.