jswizzle3737/ontario_laws_and_regs huggingface dataset:
9.18.5.1. Drainage (1) Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary, the ingress of water into a crawl space shall be controlled by grading or drainage. (2) Drainage of foundation walls shall conform to Article 9.14.2.1. (3) Drainage of the ground cover or floor-on-ground in the crawl space shall conform to Article 9.16.3.1. (4) Drains shall conform to Section 9.14. 9.18.6.Ground Cover
9.18.6.1. Ground Cover in Unheated Crawl Spaces (1) Where a crawl space is unheated, a ground cover shall be provided consisting of not less than (a) 50 mm of asphalt paving material, (b) 100 mm of 15 MPa Portland cement concrete, (c) Type S roll roofing, or (d) 0.10 mm polyethylene. (2) Joints in sheet-type ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be lapped not less than 100 mm and weighted down.
9.18.6.2. Ground Cover in Heated Crawl Spaces (1) Where a crawl space is heated, a ground cover consisting of not less than 0.15 mm polyethylene sheet conforming to CAN/CGSB-51.34-M, “Vapour Barrier, Polyethylene Sheet, for Use in Building Construction” shall be provided. (2) Joints in the ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be lapped not less than 300 mm, and (a) sealed and weighted down, or (b) covered with a concrete skim coat not less than 50 mm thick. (3) The perimeter of the ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be sealed to the foundation wall. 9.18.7.Fire Protection
9.18.7.1. Crawl Spaces as Warm Air Plenums (1) Only Crawl spaces under 1-storey portions of dwelling units shall be used as warm-air plenums. (2) Enclosing material in crawl spaces described in Sentence (1) including insulation shall have a surface flame-spread rating not greater than 150. (3) Combustible ground cover used as enclosing material in Sentence (2) shall be covered with noncombustible material. Section 9.19.Roof Spaces 9.19.1.Venting
9.19.1.1. Required Venting (1) Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary, where insulation is installed between a ceiling and the underside of the roof sheathing, a space shall be provided between the insulation and the sheathing, and vents shall be installed to permit the movement of air from the space to the exterior.
9.19.1.2. Vent Requirements (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the unobstructed vent area shall be not less than 1/300 of the insulated ceiling area. (2) Where the roof slope is less than 1 in 6 or in roofs that are constructed with roof joists, the unobstructed vent area shall be not less than 1/150 of the insulated ceiling area. (3) Required vents are permitted to be roof type, eave type, gable-end type or any combination thereof, and shall be distributed (a) uniformly on opposite sides of the building, (b) with not less than 25% of the required openings located at the top of the space, and (c) with not less than 25% of the required openings located at the bottom of the space. (4) Except where each roof joist space referred to in Sentence (2) is separately vented, roof joist spaces shall be interconnected by installing purlins not less than 38 mm by 38 mm on the top of the roof joists. (5) Vents shall be designed to prevent the entry of rain, snow and insects. (6) The unobstructed vent area required in Sentences (1) and (2) shall be determined in conformance with CAN3-A93, “Natural Airflow Ventilators for Buildings”.
9.19.1.3. Clearances (1) Where venting is provided to a roof joist space, not less than 63 mm of space shall be provided between the top of the insulation and the underside of the roof sheathing. (2) Ceiling insulation shall be installed in a manner which will not restrict a free flow of air through roof vents or through any portion of the attic or roof space.
9.19.1.4. Mansard or Gambrel Roof (1) The lower portion of a mansard or gambrel style roof need not be ventilated. (2) The upper portion of roofs described in Sentence (1) shall be ventilated in conformance with the requirements in Articles 9.19.1.1. to 9.19.1.3. 9.19.2.Access
9.19.2.1. Access (1) Every attic or roof space shall be provided with an access hatch where the attic or roof space measures (a) not less than 10 m2, in area, (b) not less than 1 000 mm in length or width, and (c) not less than 600 mm in height over at least the area described in Clauses (a) and (b). (2) The hatch required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 550 mm by 900 mm except that, where the hatch serves not more than one dwelling unit, the hatch is permitted to be reduced to 500 mm by 700 mm. (3) Hatchways to attic or roof spaces shall be fitted with doors or covers. Section 9.20.Above-Grade Masonry 9.20.1.Scope
9.20.1.1. Application (1) Except as provided in Article 9.20.1.2., this Section applies to unreinforced masonry and masonry veneer in which the wall height above the foundation wall does not exceed 11 m, and in which the roof or floor system above the first storey is not of concrete construction. (2) For buildings other than described in Sentence (1), or where the masonry is designed on the basis of design loads and allowable stresses, Subsection 4.3.2. shall apply.
9.20.1.2. Earthquake Reinforcement (1) In velocity- or acceleration-related seismic zones, of 4 or greater, loadbearing elements of masonry buildings more than 1 storey in building height shall be reinforced with at least the minimum amount of reinforcement as required in Subsection 9.20.15. (2) In velocity- or acceleration-related seismic zones, of 2 and 3, loadbearing elements of masonry buildings 3 storeys in building height shall be reinforced with at least the minimum amount of reinforcement as required in Subsection 9.20.15. 9.20.2.Masonry Units
9.20.2.1. Masonry Unit Standards (1) Masonry units shall comply with (a) ASTM C 126, “Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units”, (b) ASTM C 212, “Structural Clay Facing Tile”, (c) CAN/CSA-A82.1, “Burned Clay Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)”, (d) CSA A82.3-M, “Calcium Silicate (Sand-Lime) Building Brick”, (e) CSA A82.4-M, “Structural Clay Load-Bearing Wall Tile”, (f) CSA A82.5-M, “Structural Clay Non-Load-Bearing Tile”, (g) CAN3 A82.8-M, “Hollow Clay Brick”, (h) CAN/CSA-A165.1, “Concrete Masonry Units”, (i) CAN/CSA-A165.2, “Concrete Brick Masonry Units”, (j) CAN/CSA-A165.3, “Prefaced Concrete Masonry Units”, or (k) CAN3-A165.4-M, “Autoclaved Cellular Units”.
9.20.2.2. Used Brick (1) Used bricks shall be free of old mortar, soot or other surface coating and shall conform to Article 9.20.2.1.
9.20.2.3. Glass Blocks (1) Glass blocks shall not be used as loadbearing units or in the construction of fireplaces or chimneys.
9.20.2.4. Cellular Concrete (1) Masonry made with cellular concrete shall not be used in contact with the soil or exposed to the weather.
9.20.2.5. Stone (1) Stone shall be sound and durable.
9.20.2.6. Concrete Units Exposed to the Weather (1) Concrete units exposed to the weather shall have weight and water absorption characteristics conforming to Classes A, B or C, described in CAN/CSA-A165.1, “Concrete Masonry Units”. (2) Where cellular concrete blocks are used in situations described in Sentence (1), allowance shall be made in the design for the shrinkage characteristics of the units to be used.
9.20.2.7. Compressive Strength (1) The compressive strength of masonry units shall conform to Table 9.20.2.7. Table 9.20.2.7. Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry Units Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.2.7.(1)  Type of Unit

Minimum Compressive Strength Over Net Area, Mpa


Exposed to Weather

Not Exposed to Weather


Solid or hollow concrete units 

15

10


Solid loadbearing cellular units

Not permitted

5


Solid non-loadbearing cellular units

Not permitted

2


Column 1

2

3 9.20.3.Mortar
9.20.3.1. Mortar Materials (1) Cementitious materials and aggregates for mortar shall comply with (a) ASTM C 5, “Quicklime for Structural Purposes”, (b) ASTM C 207, “Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes”, (c) CAN/CSA-A5, “Portland Cement”, (d) CAN/CSA-A8, “Masonry Cement”, or (e) CSA A82.56-M, “Aggregate for Masonry Mortar”. (2) Water and aggregate shall be clean and free of significant amounts of deleterious materials. (3) Lime used in mortar shall be hydrated. (4) If lime putty is used in mortar, it shall be made by slaking quicklime in water for not less than 24 h or soaking hydrated lime in water for not less than 12 h.
9.20.3.2. Mortar Mixes (1) Except as provided in Sentences (3) and (4), mortar mixes shall conform to Table 9.20.3.2. (2) Mortar containing portland cement shall not be used later than 2.5 h after mixing. (3) Mortar for sand-lime brick and concrete brick is permitted to consist of 1 part masonry cement to not less than 3 or not more than 3.5 parts of aggregate by volume in addition to those mixes permitted in Table 9.20.3.2. Table 9.20.3.2. Mortar Mix Proportions (By Volume) Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.3.2.(1)  Permissible Use of Mortar

Portland Cement

Masonry Cement

Lime

Aggregate


All locations but not for use with sand-lime or concrete brick

0.5 to 1

1

—

Not less than 2.25 and not more than 3 times the sum of the volumes of the cement and the lime


 

1

—

0.25 to 0.5


All locations except foundation walls and piers, but not for use with sand-lime or concrete brick

—

1

—


 

1

—

0.5 to 1.25


All locations except loadbearing walls of hollow units, parapet walls and chimneys

1

—

1.25 to 2.5


All non-loadbearing interior walls and all loadbearing walls of solid units, except foundation walls, parapet walls and chimneys

1

—

2.25 to 4


 

—

—

1

 


Column 1

2

3

4

5 (4) Mortar for glass block shall consist of 1 part portland cement and 1 part hydrated lime to not more than 4 parts aggregate by volume. 9.20.4.Mortar Joints
9.20.4.1. Thickness (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), mortar joint thickness for burned clay brick and concrete masonry units shall be 10 mm. (2) Permitted tolerances in head and bed joints shall be −5 mm to +10 mm.
9.20.4.2. Solid Masonry Units (1) Solid masonry units shall be laid with full head and bed joints.
9.20.4.3. Hollow Masonry Units (1) Hollow masonry units shall be laid with mortar applied to head and bed joints of both inner and outer face shells. 9.20.5.Masonry Support
9.20.5.1. Masonry Support (1) All masonry shall be supported on masonry, concrete or steel, except that masonry veneer walls are permitted to be supported on foundations of wood frame constructed in conformance with Sentence 9.15.1.3.(3). (2) Every masonry wall shall be at least as thick as the wall it supports, except as otherwise permitted in Article 9.20.12.2.
9.20.6.1. Thickness of Exterior Walls (1) Masonry exterior walls, other than cavity walls, in 1 storey buildings and the top storeys of 2- and 3-storey buildings shall be not less than 140 mm thick provided the walls are not more than 2 800 mm high at the eaves and 4.6 m high at the peaks of gable ends. (2) The exterior walls of the bottom storeys of 2 storey buildings, and exterior walls of the bottom 2 storeys of 3 storey buildings shall be not less than 190 mm thick. (3) In exterior walls composed of more than one wythe, each wythe shall be not less than 90 mm thick.
9.20.6.2. Cavity Walls (1) Cavity walls shall be made with not less than 90 mm wide units if the joints are raked and not less than 75 mm wide units if the joints are not raked. (2) The width of a cavity in a cavity wall shall be not less than 50 mm nor greater than 150 mm. (3) The minimum thickness of cavity walls above the supporting base shall be 230 mm for the top 7.6 m and 330 mm for the remaining portion, except that where 75 mm wide units are used, the wall height above the top of the foundation wall shall not exceed 6 m.
9.20.6.3. Thickness of Interior Walls (1) The thickness of loadbearing interior walls shall be determined on the basis of the maximum lateral support spacing as provided in Sentences 9.20.10.1.(2) and (3). (2) The thickness of interior non-loadbearing walls shall be (a) determined on the basis of the maximum lateral support spacing as provided in Sentences 9.20.10.1.(2) and (3), and (b) in any case not less than 65 mm.
9.20.6.4. Masonry Veneer Walls (1) Except for masonry veneer individually supported by the back-up material, masonry veneer shall be of solid units not less than 70 mm thick. (2) Veneer described in Sentence (1) over wood-frame walls shall have not less than a 25 mm air space behind the veneer. (3) Masonry veneer less than 90 mm thick shall have unraked joints. (4) Masonry veneer individually supported by the back-up material shall conform to Subsection 4.3.2.
9.20.6.5. Parapet Walls (1) The height of parapet walls above the adjacent roof surface shall be not more than 3 times the parapet wall thickness. (2) Parapet walls shall be solid from the top of the parapet to not less than 300 mm below the adjacent roof level.
9.20.6.6. Stone or Concrete Facings (1) Limestone slab facings and precast concrete panel facings shall conform to Subsection 4.3.2. 9.20.7.Chases and Recesses
9.20.7.1. Maximum Dimensions (1) Except as permitted in Sentence 9.20.7.2.(2) and Article 9.20.7.4., the depth of any chase or recess shall not exceed one third the thickness of the wall, and the width of the chase or recess shall not exceed 500 mm.
9.20.7.2. Minimum Wall Thickness (1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2) and Article 9.20.7.4., no chase or recess shall be constructed in any wall 190 mm or less in thickness. (2) Recesses may be constructed in 190 mm walls provided they do not exceed 100 mm in depth, 750 mm in height and 500 mm in width.
9.20.7.3. Separation of Chases and Recesses (1) Chases and recesses shall be not less than (a) 4 times the wall thickness apart measured from centre to centre, and (b) not less than 600 mm away from any pilaster, cross wall, buttress or other vertical element providing required lateral support for the wall.
9.20.7.4. Non-Conforming Chases or Recesses (1) Chases or recesses that do not conform to the limits specified in Articles 9.20.7.1. to 9.20.7.3. shall be considered as openings, and any masonry supported above such a chase or recess shall be supported by a lintel or arch as provided in Article 9.20.5.2.
9.20.7.5. Chases or Recesses Cut into Walls (1) Chases or recesses shall not be cut into walls made with hollow units after the masonry units are in place. 9.20.8.Support of Loads
9.20.8.1. Capping of Hollow Masonry Walls (1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), loadbearing walls of hollow masonry units supporting roof or floor framing members shall be capped with not less than 50 mm of solid masonry or have the top course filled with concrete. (2) Capping required in Sentence (1) may be omitted where the roof framing is supported on a wood plate not less than 38 mm by 89 mm.
9.20.8.2. Cavity Walls Supporting Framing Members (1) Floor joists supported on cavity walls shall be supported on solid units not less than 57 mm high. (2) Floor joists described in Sentence (1) shall not project into the cavity. (3) Roof and ceiling framing members bearing on cavity walls shall be supported on (a) not less than 57 mm of solid masonry, bridging the full thickness of the wall, or (b) a wood plate not less than 38 mm thick, bearing not less than 50 mm on each wythe.
9.20.8.3. Bearing of Beams and Joists (1) The bearing area under beams and joists shall be sufficient to carry the supported load. (2) In no case shall the minimum length of end bearing of beams supported on masonry be less than 90 mm. (3) The length of end bearing of floor, roof or ceiling joists supported on masonry shall be not less than 40 mm.
9.20.8.4. Support of Beams and Columns (1) Beams and columns supported on masonry walls shall be supported on pilasters where the thickness of the masonry wall or wythe is less than 190 mm. (2) Not less than 190 mm depth of solid masonry or concrete shall be provided under the beam or column referred to in Sentence (1). (3) Pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be bonded or tied to masonry walls. (4) Concrete pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 50 mm by 300 mm. (5) Unit masonry pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 100 mm by 290 mm.
9.20.8.5. Distance to Edge of Supporting Members (1) Masonry veneer of hollow units resting on bearing support shall not project more than (a) 30 mm beyond the supporting base where the veneer is not less than 90 mm thick, and (b) 12 mm beyond the supporting base where the veneer is less than 90 mm thick. (2) Masonry veneer of solid units resting on bearing support shall not project more than one third of the width of the veneer. (3) Where the masonry veneer described in Sentence (2) is rough stone masonry (a) the projection shall be measured as the average projection of the units, and (b) the width of the veneer shall be measured as the average width of the veneer. 9.20.9.Bonding and Tying
9.20.9.1. Joints to be Offset or Reinforced (1) Vertical joints in adjacent masonry courses shall be offset unless each wythe of masonry is reinforced with the equivalent of not less than 2 corrosion-resistant steel bars of 3.76 mm diam placed in the horizontal joints at vertical intervals not exceeding 460 mm. (2) Where joints in the reinforcing referred to in Sentence (1) occur, the bars shall be lapped not less than 150 mm.
9.20.9.2. Bonding or Tying of Other than Masonry Veneer (1) Masonry walls, other than masonry veneer walls, that consist of 2 or more wythes shall have the wythes bonded or tied together with masonry bonding units as described in Article 9.20.9.3. or with metal ties as described in Articles 9.20.9.4.
9.20.9.3. Bonding (1) Where wythes are bonded together with masonry units, the bonding units shall comprise not less than 4 per cent of the wall surface area. (2) Bonding units described in Sentence (1) shall be spaced not more than 600 mm vertically and horizontally in the case of brick masonry and 900 mm o.c. in the case of block or tile. (3) Units described in Sentence (1) shall extend not less than 90 mm into adjacent wythes.
9.20.9.4. Tying (1) Where 2 or more wythes are tied together with metal ties of the individual rod type, the ties shall conform to the requirements in Sentences (3) to (6). (2) Other ties may be used where it can be shown that such ties provide walls that are at least as strong and as durable as those made with the individual rod type. (3) Metal ties of the individual rod type shall (a) be corrosion-resistant, (b) have a minimum cross-sectional area of not less than 17.8 mm2, and (c) have not less than a 50 mm portion bent at right angles at each end. (4) Metal ties of the individual rod type shall (a) extend from within 25 mm of the outer face of the wall to within 25 mm of the inner face of the wall, (b) be completely embedded in mortar except for the portion exposed in cavity walls, and (c) be staggered from course to course. (5) Where 2 or more wythes in walls other than cavity walls and masonry veneer/masonry back-up walls are tied together with metal ties of the individual rod type, the space between wythes shall be completely filled with mortar. (6) Ties described in Sentence (5) shall be (a) located within 300 mm of openings and spaced not more than 900 mm apart around openings, and (b) spaced not more than 900 mm apart horizontally and 460 mm apart vertically at other locations. (7) Except as required in Sentences (8) and (9), where the inner and outer wythes of cavity walls are tied with individual wire ties, the ties shall be spaced not more than 900 mm apart horizontally and 400 mm apart vertically. (8) Within 100 mm of the bottom of each floor or roof assembly where the cavity extends below the assemblies, the ties described in Sentence (7) shall be spaced not more than 600 mm apart horizontally. (9) Within 300 mm of any openings, the ties described in Sentence (7) shall be spaced not more than 900 mm apart.
9.20.9.5. Ties for Masonry Veneer (1) Masonry veneer 70 mm or more in thickness and resting on a bearing support shall be tied to masonry back-up or to wood framing members with straps that are (a) corrosion-resistant, (b) not less than 0.76 mm thick, (c) not less than 22 mm wide, (d) shaped to provide a key with the mortar, and (e) spaced in accordance with Table 9.20.9.5. Table 9.20.9.5. Veneer Tie Spacing Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.9.5.(1)  Maximum Vertical Spacing, mm

Maximum Horizontal Spacing, mm


400

800


500

600


600

400


Column 1

2 (2) The straps described in Sentence (1) which are fastened to the wood framing members shall be (a) bent at a right angle within 6 mm from the fastener, and (b) fastened with corrosion resistant 3.18 mm diam. screws, or spiral nails having a wood penetration of not less than 30 mm. (3) Masonry veneer individually supported by masonry or wood-frame back-up shall be secured to the back-up in conformance with Subsection 4.3.2. (4) The straps described in Sentence (1) may be installed against one of the sheathings listed in Table 9.23.16.2.A. provided that (a) the tie is in contact with the exterior surface of the sheathing, and (b) the sheathing beneath the tie is not compressed.
9.20.9.6. Reinforcing for Glass Block (1) Glass block shall have horizontal joint reinforcement of 2 corrosion-resistant bars of not less than 3.76 mm or expanded metal strips not less than 75 mm wide (a) spaced at vertical intervals of not more than 600 mm for units 190 mm or less in height, and (b) installed in every horizontal joint for units higher than 190 mm. (2) Reinforcement required in Sentence (1) shall be lapped not less than 150 mm. 9.20.10.Lateral Support
9.20.10.1. Lateral Support Required (1) Masonry walls shall be laterally supported by floor or roof construction or by intersecting masonry walls or buttresses. (2) The spacing of supports required in Sentence (1) shall be not more than (a) 20 times the wall thickness for all loadbearing walls and exterior non-loadbearing walls, and (b) 36 times the wall thickness for interior non-loadbearing walls. (3) In applying Sentence (2), the thickness of cavity walls shall be taken as the greater of (a) two-thirds of the sum of the thicknesses of the wythes, or (b) the thickness of the thicker wythe. (4) Floor and roof constructions providing lateral support for walls as required in Sentence (1) shall be constructed to transfer lateral loads to walls or buttresses approximately at right angles to the laterally supported walls. 9.20.11.Anchorage of Roofs, Floors and Intersecting Walls
9.20.11.1. Anchorage of Floor or Roof Assemblies (1) Where required to receive lateral support, masonry walls shall be anchored to each floor or roof assembly at maximum intervals of 2 m, except that anchorage of floor joists not more than 1 m above grade may be omitted. (2) Anchors required in Sentence (1) shall be corrosion-resistant and be not less than the equivalent of 40 mm by 4.76 mm thick steel straps. (3) Anchors required in Sentence (1) shall be shaped to provide a mechanical key with the masonry and shall be securely fastened to the horizontal support to develop the full strength of the tie. (4) When joists are parallel to the wall, anchors required in Sentence (1) shall extend across not less than 3 joists.
9.20.11.2. Bonding and Tying of Intersecting Walls (1) Where required to provide lateral support, intersecting walls shall be bonded or tied together. (2) Where bonding is used to satisfy the requirements of Sentence (1), 50% of the adjacent masonry units in the intersecting wall, distributed uniformly over the height of the intersection, shall be imbedded in the laterally supported wall. (3) Where tying is used to satisfy the requirements of Sentence (1), the ties shall be (a) corrosion-resistant metal, (b) equivalent to not less than 4.76 mm by 40 mm steel strapping, (c) spaced not more than 800 mm o.c. vertically, and (d) shaped at both ends to provide sufficient mechanical key to develop the strength of the ties.
9.20.11.3. Wood Frame Walls Intersecting Masonry Walls (1) Wood-frame walls shall be tied to intersecting masonry walls with not less than 4.76 mm diam corrosion-resistant steel rods spaced not more than 900 mm o.c. vertically. (2) Ties required in Sentence (1) shall be anchored to the wood framing at one end and shaped to provide a mechanical key at the other end to develop the strength of the tie.
9.20.11.4. Wood Frame Roof Systems (1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), roof systems of wood-frame construction shall be tied to exterior walls by not less than 12.7 mm diam anchor bolts (a) spaced not more than 2 400 mm apart, (b) embedded not less that 90 mm into the masonry, and (c) fastened to a rafter plate of not less than 38 mm thick lumber. (2) The roof system described in Sentence (1) is permitted to be anchored by nailing the wall furring strips to the side of the rafter plate.
9.20.11.5. Cornices, Sills and Trim (1) Cornices, sills or other trim of masonry material which project beyond the wall face shall have not less than 65% of their mass, but not less than 90 mm, within the wall or shall be adequately anchored to the wall with corrosion-resistant anchors.
9.20.11.6. Piers (1) Where anchor bolts are to be placed in the top of a masonry pier, the pier shall conform to the requirements of Sentence 9.15.2.4.(4) and shall be capped with concrete or reinforced masonry not less than 200 mm thick. 9.20.12.Corbelling
9.20.12.1. Corbelling (1) All corbelling shall consist of solid units. (2) The units referred to in Sentence (1) shall be corbelled so that the horizontal projection of any unit does not exceed 25 mm and the total projection does not exceed one-third of the total wall thickness.
9.20.12.2. Corbelling for Cavity Walls (1) Cavity walls of greater thickness than the foundation wall on which they rest shall not be corbelled but may project 25 mm over the outer face of the foundation wall disregarding parging. (2) Where the foundation wall referred to in Sentence (1) is unit masonry, it is permitted to be corbelled to meet flush with the inner face of a cavity wall provided (a) the projection of each course does not exceed half the height or one-third the width of the corbelled unit, and (b) the total corbel does not exceed one-third of the foundation wall thickness.
9.20.12.3. Corbelling for Masonry Veneer (1) Masonry veneer resting on a bearing support shall not project more than 25 mm beyond the supporting base where the veneer is at least 90 mm thick, and 12 mm beyond the supporting base where the veneer is less than 90 mm thick. (2) In the case of rough stone veneer, the projection, measured as the average projection of the stone units, shall not exceed one-third the bed width beyond the supporting base. 9.20.13.Control of Rain Water Penetration
9.20.13.1. Materials for Flashing (1) Material used for flashing shall conform to Table 9.20.13.1. (2) Aluminum flashing in contact with masonry or concrete shall be effectively coated or separated from the masonry or concrete by an impervious membrane. Table 9.20.13.1. Flashing Material Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.13.1.(1)  Material

Minimum Thickness, mm


Exposed Flashing

Concealed Flashing


Aluminum

0.48

—


Copper

0.46

0.46


Copper or aluminum laminated to felt or kraft paper

—

0.05


Hot dipped or galvanized steel

0.33

0.33


Lead sheet

1.73

1.73


Polyethylene

—

0.50


Roll roofing, Type S

—

standard


Zinc

0.46

0.46


Column 1

2

3
9.20.13.2. Fastening of Flashing (1) Fastening devices for flashing shall be corrosion-resistant and where metal flashing is used, shall be compatible with the flashing with respect to galvanic action.
9.20.13.3. Location of Flashing (1) Flashing shall be installed in masonry and masonry veneer walls (a) beneath jointed masonry window sills, (b) over the back and top of parapet walls, (c) over the heads of glass block panels, beneath weep holes, and (d) over the heads of window and door openings in exterior walls when the vertical distance between the top of a window or door frame and the bottom edge of the eave exceeds one-quarter of the horizontal eave overhang. (2) Throughwall flashing shall be provided in a masonry veneer wall such that any moisture which accumulates in the air space will be directed to the exterior of the building.
9.20.13.4. Extension of Flashing (1) A flashing may be deleted when the masonry at the sill of a wall opening or the top of a wall is protected by an impervious non-jointed masonry coping which conforms to Article 9.20.13.12. (2) When installed beneath jointed masonry window sills and jointed masonry copings or over the heads of openings, flashing shall extend from the front edge of the masonry up behind the sill or lintel.
9.20.13.5. Flashing for Weep Holes in Masonry Veneer/Masonry Walls (1) Flashing beneath weep holes in cavity walls and masonry veneer/masonry back-up walls shall (a) be bedded not less than 25 mm in the inside wythe, (b) extend to not less than 5 mm beyond the outer face of the building element below the flashing, and (c) be installed with a nominally horizontal slope toward the outside wythe.
9.20.13.6. Flashing for Weep Holes in Veneer (1) Flashing beneath weep holes in masonry veneer over masonry back-up walls shall conform to the flashing requirements for cavity walls and masonry veneer/masonry back-up walls in Article 9.20.13.5. (2) Flashing beneath weep holes in masonry veneer over wood-frame walls shall be installed so that it extends from a point not less than 5 mm beyond the outer face of the building element below the flashing to a point 150 mm up the wood frame wall. (3) Where the frame wall is sheathed with a sheathing membrane, a non-wood-based rigid exterior insulating sheathing or a semi-rigid insulating sheathing with an integral sheathing membrane, the flashing shall be installed behind the sheathing membrane or insulating sheathing. (4) Flashing described in Sentence (2) is permitted to conform to the requirements for concealed flashing in Table 9.20.13.1.
9.20.13.7. Flashing Joints (1) Joints in flashing shall be made watertight.
9.20.13.8. Required Weep Holes (1) Weep holes spaced not more than 800 mm apart shall be provided at the bottom of (a) cavities in cavity walls, and (b) cavities or air spaces in masonry veneer walls. (2) The cavities or air spaces described in Sentence (1) shall include those above lintels over window and door openings required to be flashed in conformance with Article 9.20.13.4. (3) The weep holes required in Sentence (1) shall be in a location such that any water that collects in the cavity or space will be directed to the exterior of the building.
9.20.13.9. Protection of Interior Finish (1) Except as provided in Sentence (3), where the interior finish of the exterior walls of a building is a type which may be damaged by moisture, exterior masonry walls, other than cavity walls or walls that are protected for their full height by a roof of a carport or porch, shall be (a) parged on the interior surface, (b) covered with No. 15 breather-type asphalt-saturated paper conforming to CAN2-51.32, “Sheathing, Membrane, Breather Type”, and (c) the paper referred to in Clause (b) shall be lapped not less than 100 mm at the joints (2) In situations described in Sentence (1), flashing shall be provided where water will accumulate, to lead it to the exterior. (3) Where the insulation effectively limits the passage of water vapour and is applied by a waterproof adhesive or by mortar directly to the masonry, the requirements for sheathing paper do not apply.
9.20.13.10. Mortar Droppings (1) Cavity walls shall be constructed so that mortar droppings are prevented from forming a bridge to allow the passage of rain water across the cavity.
9.20.13.11. Caulking at Door and Window Frames (1) The junction of door and window frames with masonry shall be caulked in conformance with Subsection 9.27.4.
9.20.13.12. Drips Beneath Window Sills (1) Except for wall openings located less than 150 mm above ground level, where a concealed flashing is not installed beneath window and door sills, such sills shall be provided with an outward slope and a drip located not less than 25 mm from the wall surface. 9.20.14.Protection during Work
9.20.14.1. Laying Temperature of Mortar and Masonry (1) Mortar and masonry shall be maintained at a temperature not below 5°C during installation and for not less than 48 h after installation. (2) No frozen material shall be used in the mortar mix.
9.20.14.2. Protection from Weather (1) The top surface of uncompleted masonry exposed to the weather shall be completely covered with a waterproofing material when construction is not in progress. 9.20.15.Reinforcement for Earthquake Resistance
9.20.15.1. Amount of Reinforcement (1) Where reinforcement is required in this Section, masonry walls shall be reinforced horizontally and vertically with steel having a total cross-sectional area of not less than 0.002 times the horizontal cross-sectional area of the wall, so that not less than one-third of the required steel area is installed either horizontally or vertically and the remainder in the other direction.
9.20.15.2. Installation Standard (1) Where reinforcement for masonry is required in this Section, it shall be installed in conformance with the requirements for reinforced masonry as contained in CAN3-A371, “Masonry Construction for Buildings”. 9.20.16.Corrosion Resistance
9.20.16.1. Corrosion Resistance of Connectors (1) Carbon steel connectors required to be corrosion-resistant shall be galvanized to at least the minimum standards in Table 9.20.16.1. Table 9.20.16.1. Minimum Requirements for Galvanizing Forming Part of Sentence 9.20.16.1.(1)  Connector Material

ASTM Standard

Coating Class


Wire ties and continuous reinforcing (hot-dipped galvanizing)

A153

Class B2 or 458 g/m2


Hardware and bolts

A153

See A153


Strip, plate, bars, and rolled sections (not less than 3.18 mm thick)

A123

610 g/m2


Sheet (less than 3.18 mm thick)

A123

305 g/m2 on material 0.76 mm thick(1)


Column 1

2

3 Note to Table 9.20.16.1.: (1) ASTM A123 does not apply to metal less than 3.18 mm thick. Galvanizing coatings may be interpolated for thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 0.76 mm. Section 9.21.Chimneys and Flues 9.21.1.General
9.21.1.1. Application (1) Except when otherwise specifically stated herein, this Section applies to (a) rectangular chimneys of brick masonry or concrete not more than 12 m in height serving fireplaces or appliances having a combined total rated heat output of 120 kW or less, and (b) flue pipes serving appliances regulated by Article 9.33.5.3. (2) Chimneys and flue pipes other than those described in Sentence (1) shall conform to Section 6.3.
9.21.1.2. Factory-Built Chimneys (1) Factory-built chimneys serving solid fuel-burning appliances, and their installation, shall conform to CAN/ULC-S629, “650°C Factory-Built Chimneys”.
9.21.1.3. Chimneys, Gas Vents or Flue Pipes (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), chimneys (other than those described in Sentences 9.21.1.1.(1) and 9.21.1.2.(1)), gas vents and flue pipes serving gas-, oil- or solid fuel-burning appliances and associated equipment shall conform to Subsection 9.33.10. (Note: vents for gas- or oil-burning appliances are regulated by Standards administered by other agencies.) (2) Flue pipes serving solid fuel-burning stoves, ranges and space heaters shall conform to CAN/CSA-B365-M, “Installation Code for Solid-Fuel Burning Appliances and Equipment”.
9.21.1.4. Chimney or Flue Pipe Walls (1) The walls of any chimney or flue pipe shall be constructed to be smoke- and flame-tight. 9.21.2.Chimney Flues
9.21.2.1. Chimney Flue Limitation (1) A chimney flue serving a fireplace or incinerator shall not serve any other appliance.
9.21.2.2. Connections of More Than One Appliance (1) Except as required in Article 9.21.2.1., two or more fuel-burning appliances are permitted to be connected to the same chimney flue provided adequate draft is maintained for the connected appliances and the connections are made as described in Sentences (2) and (3). (2) Where 2 or more solid fuel-burning appliances are connected to the same chimney flue, the appliances must be located on the same storey. (3) The connection referred to in Sentence (2) for a solid fuel-burning appliance shall be below connections for appliances burning other fuels. (4) Solid fuel-burning appliances shall not be connected to a chimney flue serving a gas-burning appliance.
9.21.2.3. Inclined Chimney Flues (1) Chimney flues shall not be inclined more than 45° to the vertical.
9.21.2.4. Size of Chimney Flues (1) Except for chimneys serving fireplaces, the size of a chimney flue shall conform to the requirements of the solid fuel-burning appliance installation standards referenced in Sentence 6.2.1.4.(1) and Article 9.33.1.2. (2) Where a chimney flue serves only one solid fuel-burning appliance, the flue area shall be at least equal to that of the flue pipe connected to it.
9.21.2.5. Fireplace Chimneys (1) The size of a chimney flue serving a masonry fireplace shall be within the allowable range specified in Table 9.21.2.5.A. or Table 9.21.2.5.B. Table 9.21.2.5.A Diameter of Round Flues for Fireplace Chimneys Forming Part of Sentence 9.21.2.5.(1)  Fireplace Opening, m2

Chimney Height, m


3.0 to 4.5

> 4.5 to 5.9

> 5.9 to 8.9

> 8.9 to 12


Flue diameter, mm


Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.


Up to 0.150

110

170

100

160

90

150

90

150


0.151 to 0.250

150

210

130

190

130

190

120

180


0.251 to 0.350

180

240

160

220

150

210

140

200


0.351 to 0.500

220

280

200

260

190

250

170

230


0.501 to 0.650

260

320

230

290

220

280

200

260


0.651 to 0.800

290

350

260

320

240

300

220

280


0.801 to 1.00

330

390

290

350

270

330

250

310


1.01 to 1.20

360

420

320

380

300

360

270

330


1.21 to 1.40

390

450

350

410

330

390

300

360


1.41 to 1.60

420

480

380

440

350

410

320

380


1.61 to 1.80

—

—

400

460

370

430

340

400


1.81 to 2.00

—

—

—

—

400

460

360

420


2.01 to 2.20

—

—

—

—

—

—

380

440


Column 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 Table 9.21.2.5.B Rectangular Flue Sizes for Fireplace Chimneys Forming Part of Sentence 9.21.2.5.(1)  Fireplace Opening, m2

Chimney Height, m


3.0 to 4.5

> 4.5 to 5.9

> 5.9 to 8.9

> 8.9 to 12


Flue Size, mm


Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.


Up to 0.150

200 x 200

200 x 200

100 x 200

100 x 200

100 x 200

100 x 200

100 x 200

100 x 200


0.151 to 0.250

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200


0.251 to 0.350

200 x 300

200 x 300

200 x 200

200 x 300

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200

200 x 200


0.351 to 0.500

300 x 300

300 x 300

200 x 300

200 x 300

200 x 300

200 x 300

200 x 200

200 x 300


0.501 to 0.650

300 x 300

300 x 400

300 x 300

300 x 300

300 x 300

300 x 300

200 x 300

200 x 300


0.651 to 0.800

300 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 300

300 x 400

300 x 300

300 x 300

300 x 300

300 x 300


0.801 to 1.00

400 x 400

400 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 300

300 x 300


1.01 to 1.20

400 x 400

400 x 400

400 x 400

400 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400


1.21 to 1.40

—

—

400 x 400

400 x 400

400 x 400

400 x 400

300 x 400

300 x 400


1.41 to 1.60

—

—

—

—

400 x 400

400 x 400

400 x 400

400 x 400


1.61 to 1.80

—

—

—

—

—

—

400 x 400

400 x 400


1.81 to 2.00

—

—

—

—

—

—

400 x 400

400 x 400


Column 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
9.21.2.6. Oval Chimney Flues (1) The width of an oval chimney flue shall be not less than two-thirds its breadth. 9.21.3.Chimney Lining
9.21.3.1. Lining Materials (1) Every masonry or concrete chimney shall have a lining of clay, concrete, firebrick or metal.
9.21.3.2. Joints in Chimney Liners (1) Joints of chimney liners shall be sealed to provide a barrier to the passage of flue gases and condensate into the cavity between the liner and the surrounding masonry. (2) Joints of clay, concrete or firebrick chimney liners shall be struck flush to provide a straight, smooth, aligned chimney flue.
9.21.3.3. Clay Liners (1) Clay liners shall conform to CAN/CSA-A324-M, “Clay Flue Linings”. (2) Liners referred to in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 15.9 mm thick and shall be capable of resisting, without softening or cracking, a temperature of 1 100°C.
9.21.3.4. Firebrick Liners (1) Firebrick liners shall conform to ASTM C27, “Classification of Fireclay and High Alumina Refractory Brick”. (2) Firebrick liners shall be laid with high temperature cement mortar conforming to CAN/CGSB-10.3, “Air Setting Refractory Mortar”.
9.21.3.5. Concrete Liners (1) Concrete flue liners shall conform to Clause 4.2.6.4. of CAN/CSA-A405, “Design and Construction of Masonry Chimneys and Fireplaces”.
9.21.3.6. Metal Liners (1) Metal liners shall be constructed of at least 0.3 mm thick stainless steel. (2) Except as permitted in Sentence 9.22.10.1.(3), metal liners referred to in Sentence (1) shall only be used in chimneys serving gas- or oil-burning appliances.
9.21.3.7. Installation of Chimney Liners (1) Chimney liners shall be installed when the surrounding masonry or concrete is placed.
9.21.3.8. Spaces between Liners and Surrounding Masonry (1) A space not less than 10 mm wide shall be left between a chimney liner and the surrounding masonry. (2) The space required in Sentence (1) shall not be filled with mortar.
9.21.3.9. Mortar for Chimney Liners (1) Chimney liners used in chimneys for solid fuel-burning appliances shall be laid in a full bed of (a) high temperature cement mortar conforming to CAN/CGSB 10.3, “Air Setting Refractory Mortar”, or (b) mortar consisting of 1 part portland cement to 3 parts sand by volume. (2) Chimney liners used in chimneys for oil- or gas-burning appliances shall be laid in a full bed of mortar consisting of 1 part portland cement to 3 parts sand by volume.
9.21.3.10. Extension of Chimney Liners (1) Chimney liners shall extend from a point not less than 200 mm below the lowest flue pipe connection to a point not less than 50 mm or more than 100 mm above the chimney cap. 9.21.4.Masonry and Concrete Chimney Construction
9.21.4.1. Unit Masonry (1) Unit masonry shall conform to Section 9.20.
9.21.4.2. Concrete (1) Concrete shall conform to Section 9.3.
9.21.4.3. Footings (1) Footings for masonry chimneys and concrete chimneys shall conform to the requirements in Section 9.15.
9.21.4.4. Height of Chimney Flues (1) A chimney flue shall extend not less than (a) 900 mm above the highest point at which the chimney comes in contact with the roof, and (b) not less than 600 mm above the highest roof surface or structure within 3 m of the chimney.
9.21.4.5. Lateral Stability (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), chimneys shall be braced to provide lateral stability for wind loads in accordance with CAN3-S304-M, “Masonry Design for Buildings”. (2) A chimney need not be laterally braced provided (a) no horizontal outside dimension is less than 400 mm, and (b) the chimney extends not more than 3.6 m above a roof or the masonry wall of which it forms a part.
9.21.4.6. Chimney Caps (1) The top of a chimney shall have a waterproof cap of reinforced concrete, masonry or metal. (2) The cap required in Sentence (1) shall slope from the lining and be provided with a drip not less than 25 mm from the chimney wall. (3) Cast-in-place concrete caps shall be separated from the chimney liner by a bond break and be sealed at that location. (4) Jointed precast concrete or masonry chimney caps shall have flashing installed beneath the cap extending from the liner to the drip edge.
9.21.4.7. Cleanout (1) Except for a chimney flue constructed to serve a masonry fireplace, a cleanout opening with a metal frame and tight-fitting metal door shall be installed near the base of the chimney flue.
9.21.4.8. Wall Thickness (1) The walls of a masonry chimney shall be built of solid units not less than 70 mm thick.
9.21.4.9. Separation of Flue Liners (1) Flue liners in the same chimney shall be separated by not less than 70 mm of masonry or concrete exclusive of liners where clay liners are used, or 90 mm of firebrick where firebrick liners are used. (2) Flue liners referred to in Sentence (1) shall be installed to prevent significant lateral movement.
9.21.4.10. Flashing (1) Junctions with adjacent materials shall be adequately flashed to shed water. 9.21.5.Clearance from Combustible Construction
9.21.5.1. Clearance from Combustible Materials (1) The clearance between masonry or concrete chimneys and combustible framing material shall be not less than (a) 50 mm for interior chimneys, and (b) 12 mm for exterior chimneys. (2) A clearance of not less than 150 mm shall be provided between a cleanout opening and combustible material. (3) Combustible flooring, subflooring and ceiling finishes shall have not less than a 12 mm clearance from masonry or concrete chimneys.
9.21.5.2. Sealing of Spaces (1) All spaces between masonry or concrete chimneys and combustible material shall be sealed top or bottom with noncombustible material.
9.21.5.3. Support of Joists or Beams (1) Joists or beams may be supported on masonry walls which enclose chimney flues provided the combustible members are separated from the flue by a minimum of 290 mm of solid masonry. Section 9.22.Fireplaces 9.22.1.General
9.22.1.1. Application (1) Except as otherwise specifically stated herein, this Section applies to masonry fireplaces constructed on site.
9.22.1.2. Masonry and Concrete (1) Except as otherwise stated in this Section, unit masonry shall conform to Section 9.20 and concrete to Section 9.3. (2) Masonry above openings shall be supported by steel lintels conforming to Sentence 9.20.5.2.(2), reinforced concrete or a masonry arch.
9.22.1.3. Footings (1) Footings for masonry and concrete fireplaces shall conform to Section 9.15.
9.22.1.4. Combustion Air (1) Every solid fuel-fired fireplace, including a factory-built fireplace, shall have a supply of combustion air from outdoors in accordance with Sentences (2) to (7). (2) The combustion air shall be supplied by a noncombustible and corrosion-resistant supply duct. (3) The supply duct shall have (a) a diameter of not less than 100 mm or equivalent area, and (b) an exterior intake for entry of air from the outdoors. (4) The supply duct shall contain a tight-fitting damper that shall be located close to the interior outlet and be operable from the room containing the fireplace. (5) The operating mechanism shall clearly indicate the actual position of the damper. (6) The interior outlet shall (a) be located as close as possible to the opening in the face of the fireplace, and (b) be designed to prevent embers from entering the supply duct. (7) Where a supply of combustion air is provided directly to the fire chamber of a fireplace, including a factory-built fireplace or a steel fireplace liner, the installation shall comply with the “Outdoor Air Supply” requirements provided in CAN/CSA-A405-M, “Design and Construction of Masonry Chimneys and Fireplaces”. 9.22.2.Fireplace Liners
9.22.2.1. Brick or Steel Liners (1) Except where a fireplace is equipped with a steel liner, every fireplace shall have a firebrick liner.
9.22.2.2. Firebrick Liners (1) Fireplace liners shall be not less than (a) 50 mm thick for the sides and back, and (b) 25 mm thick for the floor. (2) Firebrick liners shall be laid with high temperature cement mortar conforming to CAN/CGSB 10.3, “Air Setting Refractory Mortar”. (3) Joints between a firebrick liner and the adjacent back-up masonry shall be offset.
9.22.2.3. Steel Liners (1) Steel liners for fireplaces shall conform to CAN/ULC-S639M, “Standard for Steel Liner Assemblies for Solid-Fuel Burning Masonry Fireplaces”, and shall be installed in accordance with the installation instructions in that Standard. 9.22.3.Fireplace Walls
9.22.3.1. Thickness of Walls (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the thickness of the back and sides of a fireplace, including the thickness of any firebrick liner, shall consist of not less than 190 mm thick where a metal liner or a firebrick liner less than 50 mm is used. (2) When a steel fireplace liner is used with an air circulating chamber surrounding the firebox, the back and sides of the fireplace shall consist of (a) solid masonry units not less than 90 mm thick, or (b) hollow masonry units not less than 190 mm thick. 9.22.4.Fire Chamber
9.22.4.1. Fire Chamber Dimensions (1) The distance from the back of the fire chamber to the plane of the fireplace opening shall be not less than 300 mm. 9.22.5.Hearth