jswizzle3737/ontario_laws_and_regs huggingface dataset:
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.2.5. Moisture Protection for Interior Finishes (1) The interior surface of foundation walls below ground level shall be protected by means that minimize the ingress of moisture from the foundation wall into interior spaces where, (a) a separate interior finish is applied to a concrete or unit masonry wall that is in contact with the soil, or (b) wood members are placed in contact with such walls for the installation of insulation or finish. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), where the protection of interior finishes required in Sentence (1) consists of membranes or coatings, (a) the membrane or coating shall extend from the basement floor surface up to the highest extent of the interior insulation or finish, but not higher than the exterior finished ground level, and (b) no membrane or coating with a permeance less than 170 ng/(Pa·s·m2) shall be applied to the interior surface of the foundation wall above ground level between the insulation and the foundation
wall. (3) Where insulation functions as both moisture protection for interior finishes and as a
vapour barrier in accordance with Subsection 9.25.4., it shall be applied over the entire interior surface of the foundation wall.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.2.6. Dampproofing of Floors-on-Ground (1) Where dampproofing is installed below the floor, it shall consist of, (a) polyethylene not less than 0.15 mm thick with joints lapped not less than 100 mm, (b) Type S roll roofing with joints lapped not less than 100 mm, or (c) rigid extruded/expanded polystyrene with sealed or ship-lapped joints that has, (i) sufficient compressive strength to support the floor assembly, and (ii) a water vapour permeance complying with Clause 9.13.2.2.(2)(b). (2) Where dampproofing is installed between a floor-on-ground and a finished floor, it shall consist of, (a) rigid extruded/expanded polystyrene with sealed or ship-lapped joints that has, (i) sufficient compressive strength to support the floor assembly, and (ii) a water vapour permeance complying with Clause 9.13.2.2.(2)(b), or (b) polyethylene not less than 0.05 mm with joints lapped not less than 100 mm.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.2.7. Dampproofing of Preserved Wood Foundation Walls (1) Preserved wood foundation walls shall be dampproofed as described in CSA S406, “Permanent Wood Foundations for Housing and Small Buildings”. 9.13.3. Waterproofing
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.3.1. Required Waterproofing (1) Where hydrostatic pressure occurs, waterproofing is required for assemblies separating interior space from the ground to prevent the ingress of water into building assemblies and interior spaces. (2) Waterproofing is required for roofs of underground structures to prevent the ingress of water into building assemblies and interior spaces.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.3.2. Waterproofing Materials (1) Materials installed to provide required waterproofing shall be, (a) compatible with adjoining materials, and (b) resistant to mechanisms of deterioration that may reasonably be expected, given the nature, function and exposure of the materials. (2) Materials used for exterior waterproofing shall conform to, (a) ASTM D1227, “Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing”, in which case, they shall be installed in accordance with Sentence 9.13.3.3.(3), (b) ASTM D3019, “Lap Cement Used with Asphalt Roll Roofing, Non-Fibered, Asbestos-Fibered, and Non-Asbestos-Fibered”, but only with respect to non-fibered and non-asbestos-fibered (Types I and III) asphalt roll roofing, (c) ASTM D4479 / D4479M, “Asphalt Roof Coatings - Asbestos-Free”, in which case, they shall be installed in accordance with Sentence 9.13.3.3.(3) and with reinforcing material, (d) ASTM D4637 / D4637M, “EPDM Sheet Used In Single-Ply Roof Membrane”, (e) ASTM D4811 / D4811M, “Nonvulcanized (Uncured) Rubber Sheet Used as Roof Flashing”, (f) ASTM D6878 / D6878M, “Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing”, (g) CGSB 37-GP-9Ma, “Primer, Asphalt, Unfilled, for Asphalt Roofing, Dampproofing and Waterproofing”, where a primer is required, (h) CAN/CGSB-37.50-M, “Hot-Applied, Rubberized Asphalt for Roofing and Waterproofing”, (i) CAN/CGSB-37.54, “Polyvinyl Chloride Roofing and Waterproofing Membrane”, (j) CGSB 37-GP-56M, “Membrane, Modified, Bituminous, Prefabricated, and Reinforced for Roofing”, (k) CAN/CGSB-37.58-M, “Membrane, Elastomeric, Cold-Applied Liquid, for Non-Exposed Use in Roofing and Waterproofing”, (l) CAN/CSA-A123.2, “Asphalt-Coated Roofing Sheets”, (m) CAN/CSA-A123.4, “Asphalt for Constructing Built-Up Roof Coverings and Waterproofing Systems”, in which case, they shall be installed with reinforcing material, or (n) CSA A123.17, “Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing”.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.3.3. Preparation of Surface (1) Surfaces to be waterproofed shall be prepared in accordance with the instructions of the waterproofing material manufacturer. (2) Where the waterproofing material is to be applied on insulating concrete form (ICF) walls, the instructions of the ICF wall manufacturer shall be followed. (3) Unit masonry walls that are to be waterproofed shall be parged on exterior surfaces below ground level with not less than 6 mm of mortar conforming to Section 9.20. coved over the footing. (4) Concrete walls that are to be waterproofed shall have all holes and recesses sealed with mortar or waterproofing material. (5) Surfaces required to be waterproofed shall be clean and dry and free of ice, snow, frost, dust, dirt, oil, grease, cracks, projections and depressions, loose particles and debris that could be detrimental to the performance of the waterproofing material.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.3.4. Application of Waterproofing Membranes (1) Unless otherwise stated in this Subsection, waterproofing shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions with regard to, (a) surface priming, (b) conditions during application, (c) the required number of layers of reinforcing fabric on foundations, footings, floors, walls and structural slabs, (d) application quantity and rate, and (e) curing times. (2) Waterproofing shall be continuous across joints and at junctions between different building elements. (3) The waterproofed surface shall be protected with a suitable material to minimize mechanical damage during backfilling. (4) The area in which the waterproofing is to be carried out shall be kept free of water during the application and curing of the waterproofing system.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.3.5. Floor Waterproofing System (1) Basement floors-on-ground to be waterproofed shall have a system of membrane waterproofing provided between 2 layers of concrete, each of which shall be not less than 75 mm thick, with the floor membrane made continuous with the wall membrane to form a complete seal. 9.13.4. Soil Gas Control
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.4.1. Soil Gas Control (1) Where methane or radon gases are known to be a problem, construction shall comply with the requirements for soil gas control in MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, “Requirements for Soil Gas Control”.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.4.2. Required Soil Gas Control (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), all wall, roof and floor assemblies in contact with the ground shall be constructed to resist the leakage of soil gas from the ground into the building. (2) Construction to resist leakage of soil gas into the building is not required for, (a) garages and unenclosed portions of
buildings, (b)  buildings
constructed in areas where it can be demonstrated that soil
gas does not constitute a hazard, or (c)  houses that are constructed to provide for subfloor depressurization in accordance with MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, “Requirements for Soil Gas Control”. (3) Where
soil gas control is required, a soil gas barrier shall be installed at walls and roofs in contact with the ground according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, “Requirements for Soil Gas Control”. (4) Where
soil gas control is required, it shall consist of one of the following at floors in contact with the ground: (a) a soil gas barrier installed according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, “Requirements for Soil Gas Control”, or (b) for houses,
a subfloor depressurization system installed according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-9, “Requirements for Soil Gas Control”.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.13.4.3. Material Standards (1) Materials used to provide a barrier to soil gas ingress through floors-on-ground shall conform to CAN/CGSB-51.34-M, “Vapour Barrier, Polyethylene Sheet, for Use in Building Construction”. Section 9.14. Drainage 9.14.1. Scope
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.1.1. Application (1) This Section applies to subsurface drainage and to surface drainage.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.1.2. Crawl Spaces (1) Drainage for crawl spaces shall conform to Section 9.18.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.1.3. Floors-on-Ground (1) Drainage requirements beneath floors-on-ground shall conform to Section 9.16. 9.14.2. Foundation Drainage
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.2.1. Foundation Wall Drainage (1) Unless it can be shown to be unnecessary, drainage shall be provided at the bottom of every foundation wall that contains the building interior. (2) Except as provided in Sentences (4) and (5), where the insulation on a foundation wall extends to more than 900 mm below the adjacent exterior ground level, (a) a drainage layer shall be installed adjacent to the exterior surface of a foundation
wall consisting of, (i) not less than 19 mm mineral fibre insulation with a density of not less than 57 kg/m3, or (ii) not less than 100 mm of free draining granular material, or (b) a system shall be installed that can be shown to provide equivalent performance to that provided by the materials described in Clause (a). (3) Where mineral fibre insulation, crushed rock backfill or other drainage layer medium is provided adjacent to the exterior surface of a foundation
wall, (a) the insulation, backfill or other drainage layer medium shall extend to the footing level to facilitate drainage of ground water to the foundation drainage system, and (b) any pyritic material in the crushed rock shall be limited to a concentration that will not damage the building to a degree that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments. (4) Except when the insulation provides the drainage layer required in Clause (2)(a), when exterior insulation is provided, the drainage layer shall be installed on the exterior face of the insulation. (5) The drainage layer required in Sentence (2) is not required, (a) when the foundation
wall is not required to be dampproofed, or (b) when the foundation
wall is waterproofed. (6) Where drainage is required in Sentence (1), the drainage shall conform to Subsection 9.14.3. or 9.14.4. 9.14.3. Drainage Tile and Pipe
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.3.1. Material Standards (1) Drain tile and drain pipe for foundation drainage shall conform to, (a) ASTM C4, “Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile”, (b) ASTM C412M, “Concrete Drain Tile (Metric)”, (c) ASTM C444M, “Perforated Concrete Pipe (Metric)”, (d) ASTM C700, “Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength and Perforated”, (e) CAN/CSA-B182.1, “Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe and Pipe Fittings”, (f) CAN/CSA-G401, “Corrugated Steel Pipe Products”, or (g) BNQ 3624-115, “Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings - Flexible Pipes for Drainage - Characteristics and Test Methods”. (h)  Revoked: O. Reg. 88/19, s. 236.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.3.2. Minimum Size (1) Drain tile or pipe used for foundation drainage shall be not less than 100 mm in diam.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.3.3. Installation (1) Drain tile or pipe shall be laid on undisturbed or well-compacted soil so that the top of the tile or pipe is below the bottom of the floor slab or the ground cover of the crawl space. (2) Drain tile or pipe with butt joints shall be laid with 6 mm to 10 mm open joints. (3) The top half of joints referred to in Sentence (2) shall be covered with sheathing paper, 0.10 mm polyethylene or No. 15 asphalt or tar-saturated felt. (4) The top and sides of drain pipe or tile shall be covered with not less than 150 mm of crushed stone or other coarse clean granular material containing not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve. 9.14.4. Granular Drainage Layer
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.4.1. Type of Granular Material (1) Granular material used to drain the bottom of a foundation shall consist of a continuous layer of crushed stone or other coarse clean granular material containing, (a) not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve, and (b) no pyritic material in a concentration that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.4.2. Installation (1) Granular material described in Article 9.14.4.1. shall be laid on undisturbed or compacted soil to a minimum depth of not less than 125 mm beneath the footing of the building and extend not less than 300 mm beyond the outside edge of the footings.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.4.3. Grading (1) The bottom of an excavation drained by a granular layer shall be graded so that the entire area described in Article 9.14.4.2. is drained to a sump conforming to Article 9.14.5.2.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.4.4. Wet Site Conditions (1) Where because of wet site conditions soil becomes mixed with the granular drainage material, sufficient additional granular material shall be provided so that the top 125 mm is kept free of soil. 9.14.5. Drainage Disposal
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.5.1. Drainage Disposal (1) Foundation drains shall drain to a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.5.2. Sump Pits (1) Where gravity drainage is not practical, a covered sump with an automatic pump shall be installed to discharge the water into a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well. (2) Covers for sump pits shall be, (a) designed to resist removal by children, and (b) sealed in accordance with Sentence 9.25.3.3.(16).
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.5.3. Dry Wells (1) Dry wells are permitted to be used only when located in areas where the natural groundwater level is below the bottom of the dry well. (2) Dry wells shall be not less than 5 m from the building foundation and located so that drainage is away from the building. 9.14.6. Surface Drainage
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.6.1. Surface Drainage (1) The
building shall be located or the building site graded so that water will not accumulate at or near the building and will not adversely affect adjacent properties.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.6.2. Drainage away from Wells or Leaching Beds (1) Surface drainage shall be directed away from the location of a water supply well or leaching bed.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.6.3. Window Wells (1) Every window well shall be drained to the footing level or other suitable location.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.6.4. Catch Basin (1) Where runoff water from a driveway is likely to accumulate or enter a garage, a catch basin shall be installed to provide adequate drainage.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.14.6.5. Downspouts (1) Downspouts shall conform to Article 9.26.18.2. Section 9.15. Footings and Foundations 9.15.1. Application
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.1.1. General (1) Except as provided in Articles 9.15.1.2. and 9.15.1.3., this Section applies to, (a) concrete or unit masonry foundation walls and concrete footings not subject to surcharge, (i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and (ii) for buildings of wood frame or masonry construction, (b) wood frame foundation
walls and wood or concrete footings not subject to surcharge, (i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and (ii) for buildings of wood frame construction, and (c) flat insulating concrete form foundation walls and concrete footings not subject to surcharge, (i) on stable soils with an allowable bearing pressure of 75 kPa or greater, and (ii) for houses of light frame or flat insulating concrete form construction that are not more than 2 storeys in building height, with a maximum floor to floor height of 3 m. (2) Foundations for applications other than as described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Section 9.4. (3) Where a foundation is erected on filled ground, peat or sensitive clay, the footing sizes shall be designed in conformance with Section 4.2. (4) For the purpose of Sentence (3), sensitive clay means the grain size of the majority of the particles is smaller than 0.002 mm, including leda clay.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.1.2. Permafrost (1) Buildings erected on permafrost shall have foundations designed by a designer
competent in this field in accordance with the appropriate requirements of Part 4.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.1.3. Foundations for Deformation Resistant Buildings (1) Where the superstructure of a detached building conforms to the requirements of the deformation resistance test in CSA Z240.2.1, “Structural Requirements for Manufactured Homes”, the foundation
shall be constructed in conformance with, (a) this Section, or (b) CSA Z240.10.1, “Site Preparation, Foundation, and Installation of Buildings”. 9.15.2. General
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.2.1. Concrete (1) Concrete shall conform to Section 9.3.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.2.2. Unit Masonry Construction (1) Concrete block shall conform to CSA A165.1, “Concrete Block Masonry Units”, and shall have a compressive strength over the average net cross-sectional area of the block of not less than 15 MPa. (2) Mortar, grout, mortar joints, corbelling and protection for unit masonry shall conform to Section 9.20. (3) For concrete block foundation walls required to be reinforced, (a) mortar shall be Type S, conforming to CSA A179, “Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry”, (b) grout shall be coarse, conforming to CSA A179, “Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry”, and (c) placement of grout shall conform to CSA A371, “Masonry Construction for Buildings”.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.2.3. Pier Type Foundations (1) Where pier type foundations are used, the piers shall be designed to support the applied loads from the superstructure. (2) Where piers are used as a foundation system in a building of 1 storey in building height, the piers shall be installed to support the principal framing members and shall be spaced not more than 3.5 m apart along the framing, unless the piers and their footings are designed for larger spacings. (3) The height of piers described in Sentence (2) shall not exceed 3 times their least dimension at the base of the pier. (4) Where concrete block is used for piers described in Sentence (2), they shall be laid with cores placed vertically, and where the width of the building
is 4.3 m or less, placed with their longest dimension at right angles to the longest dimension of the building.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.2.4. Wood Frame Foundations (1) Foundations of wood frame construction shall conform to, (a) CSA S406, “Permanent Wood Foundations for Housing and Small Buildings”, or (b) Part 4. 9.15.3. Footings
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.3.1. Footings Required (1) Footings shall be provided under walls, pilasters, columns, piers, fireplaces and chimneys that bear on soil or
rock, except that footings are permitted to be omitted under piers or monolithic concrete walls if the safe loadbearing
capacity of the soil or rock
is not exceeded.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.3.2. Support of Footings (1) Footings shall rest on undisturbed soil, rock or compacted granular fill. (2) Granular
fill shall not contain pyritic material in a concentration that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.3.3. Application of Footing Width and Area Requirements (1) Except as provided in Sentence 9.15.3.4.(2), the minimum footing width or area requirements provided in Articles 9.15.3.4. to 9.15.3.7. shall apply to footings where, (a) the footings support, (i)  foundation walls of masonry, concrete, or flat insulating concrete form walls, (ii) above ground walls of masonry, flat insulating concrete form walls or light wood frame construction, and (iii) floors and roofs of light wood frame construction, (b) the span of supported joists does not exceed 4.9 m, and (c) the specified live load on any floor supported by the footing does not exceed 2.4 kPa. (2) Except as provided in Sentence 9.15.3.4.(2), where the span of the supported joists exceeds 4.9 m, footings shall be designed in accordance with Section 4.2. (3) Where the specified live load exceeds 2.4 kPa footings shall be designed in accordance with Section 4.2.
Notes to Table 9.12.2.2.:
9.15.3.4. Basic Footing Widths and Areas (1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3) and in Articles 9.15.3.5. to 9.15.3.7., the minimum footing width or area shall comply with Table 9.15.3.4. Table 9.15.3.4.   Minimum Footing Sizes Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.3.4.(1) Item   Column 1   Column 2   Column 3   Column 4 

      Number of Floors Supported   Minimum Width of Strip Footings, mm   Minimum Footing Area for Columns Spaced 3 m o.c.(1), m2 

          Supporting Exterior Walls(2)   Supporting Interior Walls(3) 

  1.   1   250   200   0.40 

  2.   2   350   350   0.75 

  3.   3   450   500   1.0
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.3.5. Adjustments to Footing Widths for Exterior Walls (1) The strip footing widths for exterior walls shown in Table 9.15.3.4. shall be increased by, (a) 65 mm for each storey of masonry veneer over wood frame construction supported by the foundation wall, (b) 130 mm for each storey of masonry construction supported by the foundation wall, and (c) 150 mm for each storey of flat insulating concrete form wall construction supported by the foundation wall.
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.3.6. Adjustments to Footing Widths for Interior Walls (1) The minimum strip footing widths for interior loadbearing
masonry walls shown in Table 9.15.3.4. shall be increased by 100 mm for each storey of masonry construction supported by the footing. (2) Footings for interior non-loadbearing masonry walls shall be not less than 200 mm wide for walls up to 5.5 m high and the width shall be increased by 100 mm for each additional 2.7 m of height.
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.3.7. Adjustments to Footing Area for Columns (1) The footing area for column spacings other than shown in Table 9.15.3.4. shall be adjusted in proportion to the distance between columns.
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.3.8. Footing Thickness (1) Footing thickness shall be not less than the greater of, (a) 100 mm, or (b) the width of the projection of the footing beyond the supported element.
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.3.9. Step Footings (1) Where step footings are used, (a) the vertical rise between horizontal portions shall not exceed 600 mm, and (b) the horizontal distance between risers shall be not less than 600 mm. 9.15.4. Foundation Walls
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.4.1. Permanent Form Material (1) Insulating concrete form units shall be manufactured of polystyrene conforming to the performance requirements of CAN/ULC-S701.1, “Thermal Insulation, Polystyrene Boards”, for Type 2, 3 or 4 polystyrene.
Notes to Table 9.15.3.4.:
9.15.4.2. Foundation Wall Thickness and Required Lateral Support (1) Except as required in Sentence (2), the thickness of foundation walls made of unreinforced concrete block or solid concrete and subject to lateral earth pressure shall conform to Table 9.15.4.2.A. for walls not exceeding 3.0 m in unsupported height. Table 9.15.4.2.A.   Thickness of Solid Concrete and Unreinforced Concrete Block Foundation Walls Forming Part of Sentence 9.15.4.2.(1) Item   Column 1   Column 2   Column 3   Column 4   Column 5   Column 6 

      Type of Foundation Wall   Minimum Wall Thickness, mm   Maximum Height of Finish Ground Above Basement Floor or Crawl Space Ground Cover, m 

              Height of Foundation Wall Laterally Unsupported at the Top(1)(2)   Height of Foundation Wall Laterally Supported at the Top(1)(2) 

              ≤3.0 m   ≤2.5 m   >2.5 m and ≤2.75 m   >2.75 m and ≤3.0 m 

  1.   Solid concrete, 15 MPa min. strength   150   0.8   1.5   1.5   1.4 

          200   1.2   2.15   2.15   2.1 

          250   1.4   2.3   2.6   2.5 

          300   1.5   2.3   2.6   2.85 

  2.   Solid concrete, 20 MPa min. strength   150   0.8   1.8   1.6   1.6 

          200   1.2   2.3   2.3   2.2 

          250   1.4   2.3   2.6   2.85 

          300   1.5   2.3   2.6   2.85 

  3.   Unreinforced concrete block    140   0.6   0.8   -   - 

          190   0.9   1.2   (3)   (3) 

          240   1.2   1.8   (3)   (3) 

          290   1.4   2.2   -   -
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.3. Foundation Walls Considered to be Laterally Supported at the Top (1) Sentences (2) to (4) apply to lateral support for walls described in Sentence 9.15.4.2.(1). (2) Foundation walls shall be considered to be laterally supported at the top if, (a) such walls support solid masonry superstructure, (b) the floor joists are embedded in the top of the foundation walls, or (c) the floor system is anchored to the top of the foundation walls with anchor bolts, in which case the joists may run either parallel or perpendicular to the foundation walls. (3) Unless the wall around an opening is reinforced to withstand earth pressure, the portion of the foundation wall beneath an opening shall be considered laterally unsupported, if, (a) the opening is more than 1.2 m wide, or (b) the total width of the openings in the foundation wall constitutes more than 25% of the length of the wall. (4) For the purposes of Sentence (3), the combined width of the openings shall be considered as a single opening if the average width is greater than the width of solid wall between them. (5) Flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall be considered to be laterally supported at the top if the floor joists are installed according to Article 9.20.17.5.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.4. Foundation Walls Considered to be Laterally Supported at the Bottom (1) Flat insulating concrete form foundation walls shall be considered to be laterally supported at the bottom where the foundation wall, (a) supports backfill not more than 1.2 m in height, (b) is supported at the footing by a shear key and is supported at the top by the ground floor framing, or (c) is dowelled to the footing with not less than 15M bars spaced not more than 1.2 m o.c.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.6. Extension above Ground Level (1) Exterior
foundation walls shall extend not less than 150 mm above finished ground level.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.7. Reduction in Thickness (1) Where the top of a foundation wall is reduced in thickness to permit the installation of floor joists, the reduced section shall be not more than 350 mm high and not less than 90 mm thick. (2) Where the top of a foundation wall is reduced in thickness to permit the installation of a masonry exterior facing, the reduced section shall be, (a) not less than 90 mm thick, and (b) tied to the facing material with metal ties conforming to Sentence 9.20.9.4.(3) spaced not more than, (i) 200 mm o.c. vertically, and (ii) 900 mm o.c. horizontally. (3) The space between wall and facing described in Sentence (2) shall be filled with mortar.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.8. Corbelling (1) Corbelling of masonry foundation walls supporting cavity walls shall conform to Article 9.20.12.2.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.9. Crack Control Joints (1) Crack control joints shall be provided in foundation
walls more than 25 m long at intervals of not more than 15 m. (2) Joints required in Sentence (1) shall be designed to resist moisture penetration and shall be keyed to prevent relative displacement of the wall portions adjacent to the joint.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.4.10. Interior Masonry Walls (1) Interior masonry foundation walls not subject to lateral earth pressure shall conform to Section 9.20. 9.15.5. Support of Joists and Beams on Masonry Foundation Walls
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.5.1. Support of Floor Joists (1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), foundation walls of hollow masonry units supporting floor joists shall be capped with, (a) not less than 50 mm of concrete, (b)  solid masonry units that are 100% solid and not less than 50 mm high, or (c) semi-solid or hollow solid masonry units that have the top course completely filled with mortar, grout or concrete. (2) Capping required in Sentence (1) is permitted to be omitted, (a) in localities where termites are not known to occur, (b) when the joists are supported on a wood plate not less than 38 mm by 89 mm, and (c) when the siding overlaps the foundation wall not less than 12 mm.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.5.2. Support of Beams (1) Not less than a 190 mm depth of solid masonry shall be provided beneath beams supported on masonry. (2) Where the beam referred to in Sentence (1) is supported below the top of the foundation walls, the ends of such beams shall be protected from the weather.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.5.3. Pilasters (1) Pilasters shall be provided under beams that frame into unit masonry foundation walls 140 mm or less in thickness. (2) Pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 90 mm by 290 mm and shall be bonded or tied into the wall. (3) The top 200 mm of pilasters required in Sentence (1) shall be solid masonry with the cells of hollow or semi-solid units filled with mortar, grout or concrete. 9.15.6. Parging and Finishing of Foundation Walls
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.6.1. Foundation Walls Below Ground (1) Concrete block foundation walls shall be parged on the exterior face below ground level as required in Section 9.13.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.6.2. Foundation Walls Above Ground (1) Exterior surfaces of concrete block foundation walls above ground level shall have tooled joints, or shall be rendered, parged or otherwise suitably finished.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.15.6.3. Form Ties (1) All form ties shall be removed at least flush with the concrete surface. Section 9.16. Floors-on-Ground 9.16.1. Scope
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.1.1. Application (1) This Section applies to floors that are supported on ground or granular fill and that do not provide structural support for the superstructure.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.1.2. Structural Floor Slabs (1) Floors-on-ground that support loads from the superstructure shall be designed in conformance with Part 4.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.1.3. Required Floors-on-Ground (1) All spaces within dwelling units, except crawl spaces, shall be provided with a floor-on-ground, where, (a) access is provided to the space, and (b) a floor supported by the structure is not provided.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.1.4. Dampproofing and Waterproofing (1) Dampproofing and waterproofing shall conform to Section 9.13. 9.16.2. Material Beneath Floors
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.2.1. Required Installation of Granular Fill (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), not less than 100 mm of coarse clean granular material containing not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve shall be placed beneath floors-on-ground. (2) Granular material need not be installed under, (a) slabs in garages, carports or accessory
buildings, or (b)  buildings
of industrial occupancy where the nature of the process contained in the occupancy permits or requires the use of large openings in the building
envelope even during the winter.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.2.2. Support of Floors (1) Material that is susceptible to changes in volume due to variations in moisture content or chemical-microbiological oxidation shall not be used as fill beneath floors-on-ground in a concentration that will damage the building to a degree that would adversely affect its stability or the performance of assemblies separating dissimilar environments. (2) Material that is susceptible to changes in volume due to freezing shall not be used as fill beneath floors-on-ground that will be subjected to freezing temperatures. (3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), fill beneath floors-on-ground shall be compacted. (4) Fill beneath floors-on-ground need not be compacted where the material is clean coarse aggregate containing not more than 10% of material that will pass a 4 mm sieve. 9.16.3. Drainage
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.3.1. Control of Water Ingress (1) Except as provided in Article 9.16.3.2. or where it can be shown to be unnecessary, ingress of water underneath a floor-on-ground shall be prevented by grading or drainage.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.3.2. Hydrostatic Pressure (1) Where
groundwater levels may cause hydrostatic pressure beneath a floor-on-ground, the floor-on-ground shall be, (a) a cast-in-place concrete slab, and (b) designed to resist such pressures.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.3.3. Floor Drains (1) When floor drains are required, the floor surface shall be sloped so that no water can accumulate. 9.16.4. Concrete
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.4.1. Surface Finish (1) The finished surface of concrete floor slabs shall be trowelled smooth and even. (2) Dry cement shall not be added to the floor surfaces to absorb surplus water.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.4.2. Topping Course (1) Where a topping course is provided for a concrete floor slab, it shall consist of 1 part cement to 2.5 parts clean, well graded sand by volume, with a water/cement ratio approximately equal to that of the base slab. (2) When concrete topping is provided it shall not be less than 20 mm thick.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.4.3. Thickness (1) Concrete slabs shall be not less than 75 mm thick exclusive of concrete topping.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.4.4. Bond Break (1) A bond-breaking material shall be placed between the slab and footings or rock.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.4.5. Compressive Strength (1) Where dampproofing is not provided, the concrete used for floors-on-ground shall have a compressive strength of not less than 25 MPa after 28 days. (2) Where dampproofing is provided as described in Article 9.13.2.7., the concrete used for floors-on-ground shall have a compressive strength of not less than 15 MPa after 28 days. 9.16.5. Wood
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.16.5.1. Wood Frame Floors (1) Floors-on-ground constructed of wood shall conform to CSA S406, “Permanent Wood Foundations for Housing and Small Buildings”. Section 9.17. Columns 9.17.1. Scope
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.1.1. Application (1) This Section applies to columns used to support, (a) beams carrying loads from not more than 2 wood frame floors where, (i) the supported length of joists bearing on such beams does not exceed 5 m, and (ii) the live load on any floor does not exceed 2.4 kPa, (b) beams or header joists carrying loads from not more than 2 levels of wood frame balconies, decks or other accessible exterior platforms, or 1 level and the roof, where, (i) the supported length of joists bearing on such beams or joists does not exceed 5 m, (ii) the sum of the specified snow load and the load due to use and occupancy
does not exceed 4.8 kPa, and (iii) the platform serves only a single suite of residential occupancy, or (c) carport roofs. (2) Columns for applications other than as described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Part 4. 9.17.2. General
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.2.1. Location (1) Columns shall be centrally located on a footing conforming to Section 9.15.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.2.2. Lateral Support (1) Columns shall be securely fastened to the supported member to reduce the likelihood of lateral differential movement between the column and the supported member. (2) Except as permitted by Sentence (3), columns shall be laterally supported, (a) directly, or (b) by connection to the supported members. (3) Columns need not be provided with lateral support as described in Sentence (2) where, (a) the length of the columns are not more than 600 mm measured from the finished ground to the underside of the supported member, and (b) the columns support a deck with no superstructure. 9.17.3. Steel Columns
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.3.1. Size and Thickness (1) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), steel pipe columns shall have an outside diameter of not less than 73 mm and a wall thickness of not less than 4.76 mm. (2) Columns of sizes other than as specified in Sentence (1) are permitted to be used where the loadbearing capacities are shown to be adequate.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.3.2. End Bearing Plates (1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), steel columns shall be fitted with not less than 100 mm by 100 mm by 6.35 mm thick steel plates at each end, and where the column supports a wooden beam, the top plate shall extend across the full width of the beam. (2) The top plate required in Sentence (1) need not be provided where a column supports a steel beam and provision is made for the attachment of the column to the beam.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.3.3. Paint (1) Exterior steel columns susceptible to corrosion shall be treated on the outside surface with at least one coat of rust-inhibitive paint.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.3.4. Design of Adjustable Steel Columns (1) Where the imposed load does not exceed 36 kN, adjustable steel columns shall conform to CAN/CGSB-7.2, “Adjustable Steel Columns”. (2) Adjustable steel columns other than those described in Sentence (1) shall be designed in accordance with Part 4. 9.17.4. Wood Columns
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.4.1. Column Sizes (1) The width or diameter of a wood column shall be not less than the width of the supported member. (2) Except as provided in Article 9.35.4.2., columns shall be not less than 184 mm for round columns and 140 mm by 140 mm for rectangular columns, unless calculations are provided to show that lesser sizes are adequate.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.4.2. Materials (1) Wood columns shall be either solid, glue-laminated or built-up. (2) Built-up columns shall consist of not less than 38 mm thick full-length members, (a) bolted together with not less than 9.52 mm diam bolts spaced not more than 450 mm o.c., or (b) nailed together with not less than 76 mm nails spaced not more than 300 mm o.c. (3) Glued-laminated columns shall conform to Section 4.3.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.4.3. Columns in Contact with Concrete (1) Wood columns shall be separated from concrete in contact with the ground by 0.05 mm polyethylene film or Type S roll roofing.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.4.4. Wood Column Termite Protection (1) Where termites are known to exist, exterior wood columns, such as porch supports, shall be, (a) pressure-treated with a chemical that is toxic to such termites, in accordance with Article 9.3.2.9., or (b) supported on non-cellulosic material extending not less than 150 mm above the finished ground and shall be located not less than 50 mm from the exterior wall of an adjacent building. 9.17.5. Unit Masonry Columns
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.5.1. Materials (1) Unit masonry columns shall be built of masonry units, (a) conforming to CSA A165.1, “Concrete Block Masonry Units”, and (b) having a compressive strength over the net area of the block of not less than 15 MPa.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.5.2. Sizes (1) Unit masonry columns shall be not less than 290 mm by 290 mm or 240 mm by 380 mm in size. 9.17.6. Solid Concrete Columns
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.6.1. Materials (1) Concrete shall conform to Section 9.3.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.17.6.2. Sizes (1) Concrete columns shall be not less than 200 mm by 200 mm for rectangular columns and 230 mm diam for circular columns. Section 9.18. Crawl Spaces 9.18.1. General
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.1.1. Application (1) In this Section, a crawl space refers to an enclosed space between the underside of a floor assembly and the ground cover directly below, with a clearance less than 1 800 mm in height.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.1.2. Foundations (1) Foundation walls enclosing crawl spaces shall conform to Section 9.15.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.1.3. Heated and Unheated Crawl Spaces (1) Crawl spaces shall be considered to be heated where the space, (a) is used as a warm air plenum, (b) contains heating ducts or heating pipes that are not sealed and insulated to minimize heat loss to the space, or (c) is not separated from heated space in accordance with Section 9.25. (2) Heating of heated crawl spaces shall conform to Section 9.33. (3) Insulation, an air barrier system and a vapour barrier shall be installed in the walls of heated crawl spaces in accordance with Section 9.25. 9.18.2. Access
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.2.1. Access Openings (1) An access opening of not less than 500 mm by 700 mm shall be provided to each crawl space where the crawl space serves a house or an individual dwelling unit in a house, and not less than 550 mm by 900 mm for other crawl spaces. (2) Access openings shall be fitted with a door or hatch, except when the crawl space is heated and the access opening into the crawl space is from the adjacent heated space. 9.18.3. Ventilation
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.3.1. Ventilation of Unheated Crawl Spaces (1) Unheated crawl spaces shall be ventilated by natural or mechanical means. (2) Where an unheated crawl space is ventilated by natural means, ventilation shall be provided to the outside air by not less than 0.1 m² of unobstructed vent area for every 50 m² of floor area. (3) Vents shall be, (a) uniformly distributed on opposite sides of the building, and (b) designed to prevent the entry of snow, rain and insects.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.3.2. Ventilation of Heated Crawl Spaces (1) Heated crawl spaces shall be ventilated in accordance with Section 9.32. 9.18.4. Clearance
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.4.1. Access Way to Services (1) Where equipment requiring service such as plumbing cleanouts, traps and burners is located in crawl spaces, an access way with a height and width of not less than 600 mm shall be provided from the access door to the equipment and for a distance of 900 mm on the side or sides of the equipment to be serviced. 9.18.5. Drainage
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.5.1. Drainage (1) Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary, the ingress of water into a crawl space shall be controlled by grading or drainage. (2) Drainage of foundation walls shall conform to Article 9.14.2.1. (3) Drainage of the ground cover or floor-on-ground in the crawl space shall conform to Subsection 9.16.3. (4) Drains shall conform to Section 9.14. 9.18.6. Ground Cover
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.6.1. Ground Cover in Unheated Crawl Spaces (1) Where a crawl space is unheated, a ground cover shall be provided consisting of not less than, (a) 50 mm of asphalt paving material, (b) 100 mm of 15 MPa Portland cement concrete, (c) Type S roll roofing, or (d) 0.10 mm polyethylene. (2) Joints in sheet-type ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be lapped not less than 100 mm and weighted down.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.6.2. Ground Cover in Heated Crawl Spaces (1) Where a crawl space is heated, a ground cover consisting of not less than 0.15 mm polyethylene sheet conforming to CAN/CGSB-51.34-M, “Vapour Barrier, Polyethylene Sheet, for Use in Building Construction”, shall be installed as part of an air barrier system in accordance with Subsection 9.25.3. (2) The ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall, (a) have its joints lapped not less than 300 mm, and sealed and weighted down, or (b) be covered with a concrete skim coat not less than 50 mm thick. (3) The perimeter of the ground cover required in Sentence (1) shall be sealed to the foundation wall. 9.18.7. Fire Protection
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.18.7.1. Crawl Spaces as Warm Air Plenums (1) Only crawl spaces under 1-storey portions of dwelling units shall be used as warm air plenums. (2) Enclosing material in crawl spaces described in Sentence (1), including insulation, shall have a surface flame-spread rating not greater than 150. (3) Combustible ground cover used as enclosing material in Sentence (2) shall be covered with noncombustible
material. (4) Noncombustible material described in Sentence (3) shall, (a) extend not less than 300 mm beyond the projection of a register opening, and (b) have turned-up edges. Section 9.19. Roof Spaces 9.19.1. Venting
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.19.1.1. Required Venting (1) Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary, where insulation is installed between a ceiling and the underside of the roof sheathing, a space shall be provided between the insulation and the sheathing, and vents shall be installed to permit the movement of air from the space to the exterior.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.19.1.2. Vent Requirements (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the unobstructed vent area shall be not less than 1/300 of the insulated ceiling area. (2) Where the roof slope is less than 1 in 6 or in roofs that are constructed with roof joists, the unobstructed vent area shall be not less than 1/150 of the insulated ceiling area. (3) Required vents are permitted to be roof type, eave type, gable-end type or any combination of them, and shall be distributed, (a) uniformly on opposite sides of the
building, (b) with not less than 25% of the required openings located at the top of the space, and (c) with not less than 25% of the required openings located at the bottom of the space. (4) Except where each roof joist space referred to in Sentence (2) is separately vented, roof joist spaces shall be interconnected by installing purlins not less than 38 mm by 38 mm on the top of the roof joists. (5) Vents shall comply with CAN3-A93-M, “Natural Airflow Ventilators for Buildings”.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.19.1.3. Clearances (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), where venting is provided to a roof joist space, not less than 63 mm of space shall be provided between the top of the insulation and the underside of the roof sheathing. (2) Where venting is provided at the junction of sloped roofs and exterior walls and where preformed baffles are used to contain the insulation, the baffles shall, (a) provide an unobstructed air space between the insulation and the underside of the roof sheathing, that is, (i) not less than 25 mm in dimension, and (ii) of sufficient cross area to meet the attic or roof space venting requirements of Article 9.19.1.2., and (b) extend vertically not less than 50 mm above the top of the insulation. (3) Ceiling insulation shall be installed in a manner that will not restrict a free flow of air through roof vents or through any portion of the attic or roof space.
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.19.1.4. Mansard or Gambrel Roof (1) The lower portion of a mansard or gambrel style roof need not be ventilated. (2) The upper portion of roofs described in Sentence (1) shall be ventilated in conformance with the requirements in Articles 9.19.1.1. to 9.19.1.3. 9.19.2. Access
Notes to Table 9.15.4.2.B.:
9.19.2.1. Access (1) Every
attic or roof space shall be provided with an access hatch where the attic or roof space, (a) measures not less than, (i) 10 m² in area, (ii) 1 000 mm in length or width, and (iii) 600 mm in height over at least the area described in Subclauses (i) and (ii), or (b) contains a fuel-fired appliance. (2) Except where an attic or roof space contains a fuel-fired appliance, the hatch required in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 550 mm by 900 mm except that, where the hatch serves a house or an individual dwelling unit
in a house, the hatch may be reduced to, (a) 0.32 m2 in area with no dimension less than 545 mm, or (b) 500 mm by 700 mm. (3) Hatchways to attic or roof spaces shall be fitted with doors or covers. Section 9.20. Masonry and Insulating Concrete Form Walls Not in Contact with the Ground 9.20.1. Application