jswizzle3737/ontario_laws_and_regs huggingface dataset:
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.5.11. Standpipe and Hose Systems (1) A standpipe and hose system conforming to the requirements of Subsection 3.2.9. shall be installed in a rapid transit station, except as otherwise required or permitted in this Article. (2) Where a rapid transit station includes more than one standpipe riser there shall be a cross-connection pipe having a diameter not less than 100 mm between each standpipe riser so that supplying of water through any fire department connection will furnish water throughout each riser. (3) There shall be identification on a fire department connection for a standpipe system in a rapid transit station to indicate that the connection is part of the station system. (4) Hose stations shall be located so that every portion of the rapid transit station can be reached by a hose stream and is within 3 m of a hose nozzle when the hose is extended. (5) In addition to the requirements in Sentence (4), hose stations shall be located in each tunnel not more than 20 m from the end of the platform. (6) The requirement for hose rack and fire hose in Sentence 3.2.9.4.(2) does not apply in a rapid transit station. (7) Each hose station shall have a 38 mm hose connection and a 65 mm hose connection. (8) All supply piping shall have a diameter not less than 100 mm. 3.13.6. Required Sanitary Facilities
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.6.1. Application (1) Except as provided in this Subsection, Subsection 3.7.4. applies to a rapid transit station.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.6.2. Washrooms Required (1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), a washroom for each sex, containing at least one water closet and one lavatory, shall be provided in each rapid transit station for use by employees. (2) Where the number of employees in a rapid transit station is not more than five, a washroom containing one water closet and one lavatory is permitted to be used by both sexes provided the door to the room can be locked from the inside. (3) Where a rapid transit station is not staffed during operating hours, a washroom is not required in the station. (4) In each rapid transit station located at the end of a line, a washroom for each sex, containing no fewer than three water closets and two lavatories, shall be provided for use by the public. 3.13.7. Emergency Ventilation
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.7.1. Application (1) Every rapid transit station shall be provided with an emergency ventilation system conforming to NFPA 130, “Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems”. 3.13.8. Barrier-Free Design
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.8.1. Application (1) Except as provided in this Subsection, the requirements in Section 3.8. apply to rapid transit stations. (2) A rapid transit station need not be provided with more than one barrier-free entrance described in Article 3.8.1.2. (3) At least one barrier-free path of travel shall be provided from a barrier-free entrance, (a) into the fare-paid area, and (b) to each platform.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.8.2. Exception (1) Where an elevator is used to comply with the requirements of Article 3.3.1.7., the provisions of Clause 3.3.1.7.(1)(a) do not apply where the elevator system complies with Article 3.13.8.3.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.8.3. Elevator Requirements (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the elevator described in Article 3.13.8.2. shall be capable of providing transportation from each platform to a barrier-free entrance described in Article 3.8.1.2. (2) Where it is necessary to change elevators to reach the entrance described in Sentence (1), the elevator system shall be designed so that not more than one change of elevator is required between, (a) a platform and a fare-paid area control, and (b) the fare-paid area control and the entrance.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.8.4. Emergency Operation of Elevators (1) Manual emergency recall operation shall be provided for all elevators. (2) Key-operated switches for emergency recall described in Sentence (1) shall be provided and shall be located on the outside of each elevator shaft at the level of the fare-paid area control. (3) In-car emergency service switches shall be provided in all elevator cars. (4) Keys to operate the switches required in Sentences (2) and (3) shall be located at, (a) the annunciator required in Clause 3.13.5.5.(1)(a), and (b) the collector’s booth designated in Clause 3.13.5.5.(1)(b).
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.13.8.5. Washrooms Required to be Barrier-Free (1) A barrier-free path of travel shall be provided to the washrooms required in Article 3.13.6.2. (2) Where a washroom required in Sentence 3.13.6.2.(1) contains only one water closet and one lavatory, the washroom shall be designed in conformance with the requirements in Article 3.8.3.12. (3) Where a washroom required in Sentence 3.13.6.2.(1) contains more than one water closet, the washroom shall be designed in conformance with the requirements in Articles 3.8.3.8. to 3.8.3.11. (4) The washroom required in Sentence 3.13.6.2.(2) shall be designed in conformance with the requirements in Article 3.8.3.12. (5) The washrooms required in Sentence 3.13.6.2.(4) shall be designed in conformance with the requirements in Articles 3.8.3.8. to 3.8.3.11. Section 3.14. Tents and Air-Supported Structures 3.14.1. Tents
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.1. Application (1) Except as provided in this Subsection, tents are exempted from complying with the requirements of this Division.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.2. General (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the requirements of this Subsection shall apply to all tents. (2) Articles 3.14.1.3., 3.14.1.7. and 3.14.1.8. do not apply to tents that, (a) do not exceed 225 m2 in ground area, (b) do not exceed 225 m2 in aggregate ground area and are closer than 3 m apart, (c) do not contain bleachers, and (d) are not enclosed with sidewalls.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.3. Means of Egress (1) Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (3), tents shall conform to Sections 3.3. and 3.4. (2) A tent need not conform to Article 3.4.6.12. except where swing type doors are provided. (3) Where the area between adjacent tents or a tent and the property line is used as a means of egress, the minimum width between stake lines shall be the width necessary for means of egress, but not less than 3 m.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.4. Clearance to Other Structures (1) Tents shall not be erected closer than 3 m to the property line. (2) Except as provided in Sentences (3), (4) and (5), tents shall not be erected closer than 3 m to other tents or structures on the same property. (3) A walkway between a building and a tent occupied by the public is permitted provided, (a) the tent is not closer than 3 m from the building, and (b) the walkway
conforms to Article 3.2.3.19. (4) Tents not occupied by the public need not be separated from one another, and are permitted to be erected less than 3 m from other structures on the same property, where such closer spacing does not create a hazard to the public. (5) Tents located on fair grounds or similar open spaces, need not be separated from one another provided such closer spacing does not create a hazard to the public.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.5. Clearances to Flammable Material (1) The ground enclosed by a tent and for not less than 3 m outside of such structure shall be cleared of all flammable or combustible
material or vegetation that will carry fire.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.6. Flame Resistance (1) Every tent, and tarpaulins, decorative materials, fabrics and films used in connection with tents, shall be certified to CAN/ULC-S109, “Flame Tests of Flame-Resistant Fabrics and Films”, or NFPA 701, “Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films”.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.7. Bleachers (1) Where bleachers are provided in tents, they shall be designed in conformance with Articles 3.3.2.8., 3.3.2.10. and Subsection 4.1.5.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.8. Sanitary Facilities (1) Except as provided in Sentence (3), the minimum number of water closets for tents shall be determined in accordance with Table 3.7.4.3.E. (2) Article 3.7.4.17. applies to sanitary facilities in Sentence (1). (3) Sanitary privies, chemical closets or other means for the disposal of human waste may be provided in lieu of toilet fixtures.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.9. Provision for Firefighting (1) Access shall be provided to all tents for the purpose of firefighting.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.1.10. Electrical Systems (1) The electrical system and equipment in a tent, including electrical fuses and switches, shall be inaccessible to the public. (2) Cables on the ground in areas used by the public in a tent shall be placed in trenches or protected by covers to prevent damage from traffic. 3.14.2. Air-Supported Structures
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.1. Application (1) Except as provided in this Subsection, the requirements of this Division apply to air-supported structures.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.2. General (1) Air-supported structures shall not be used for Groups B, C or Group F, Division 1 major occupancies or for classrooms. (2) Except where no fire separation is required between major occupancies, air-supported structures shall contain not more than one major occupancy. (3) Except as provided in Sentence (5), air-supported structures are exempt from complying with Articles 3.2.2.20. to 3.2.2.83., except for maximum building size. (4) Air-supported structures may be designed with interior walls, mezzanines, or similar construction. (5) Interior construction contained within air-supported structures must meet the construction requirements of Articles 3.2.2.20. to 3.2.2.83.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.3. Spatial Separation (1) Except as provided in Sentences (2), (3) and (4), air-supported structures shall not be erected closer than 3 m to other structures on the same property or to the property line. (2) Air-supported structures not occupied by the public need not be separated from one another, and are permitted to be erected closer than 3 m from other structures on the same property where such closer spacing does not create a hazard to the building occupants or the public. (3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), an air-supported structure is permitted to be attached to another building
provided the building to which it is attached, (a) conforms to the requirements of other Parts of this Division based on the total building areas
of the air-supported structure and the attached building, (b) is sprinklered, and (c) is separated from the air-supported structure by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating
of not less than 1 h. (4) An air-supported structure is permitted to be attached to another building provided the building to which it is attached, (a) has a building area not more than 200 m2, (b) conforms to the requirements of other Parts of the Code based on the building area
of the attached building, and (c) is sprinklered
or separated from the air-supported structure by a fire separation having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 h.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.4. Clearances to Flammable Material (1) The ground enclosed by an air-supported structure and for not less than 3 m outside of such structure shall be clear of all flammable or combustible material or vegetation that will carry fire.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.5. Flame Resistance (1) Air-supported structures shall be constructed of material conforming to CAN/ULC-S109, “Flame Tests of Flame-Resistant Fabrics and Films”, or NFPA 701, “Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films”. (2) Materials for fabrics used in connection with air-supported structures are exempt from compliance with the requirements for flame-spread ratings for interior finishes in Subsection 3.1.13.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.6. Emergency Air Supply (1) An air-supported structure designed for an assembly occupancy with an occupant load of more than 200 persons shall have either an automatic emergency engine-generator set capable of powering one blower continuously for 4 h, or a supplementary blower powered by an automatic internal combustion engine.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.14.2.7. Electrical Systems (1) The electrical system and equipment in an air-supported structure, including electrical fuses and switches, shall be inaccessible to the public. (2) Cables on the ground in areas used by the public in an air-supported structure shall be placed in trenches or protected by covers to prevent damage from traffic. Section 3.15. Signs 3.15.1. Scope
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.1.1. Application (1) Except as provided otherwise in Article 3.15.1.2. this Section shall apply to the erection of all signs.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.1.2. Exceptions (1) The following signs shall not be subject to the provisions of this Section, (a) signs for regulating traffic or similar devices, legal notices or warnings at railroad crossings, (b) signs in display windows including writing, representation, painting or lettering directly on the surface of any window or door, or other signs not affixed to the building
interior, (c) small signs displayed for the direction of the public including signs that identify rest rooms, freight entrances and such other similar directional signs, (d) signs painted directly on a building, and (e) incidental signs or other signs subject to municipal approval. 3.15.2. Alterations
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.2.1. Exceptions for Alterations (1) The changing of movable parts of signs that are designed for changes, or the repainting of display matter shall not be deemed to be alterations. 3.15.3. Structural Requirements
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.3.1. Structural Design (1) Except as provided in this Section, all sign structures shall be designed in accordance with Part 4. 3.15.4. Plastic Sign Facing Materials
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.4.1. Combustible Sign Faces (1) Plastic materials used in the construction of sign faces shall, (a) have an average burning rate not greater than 65 mm/min in sheets 1.5 mm thick when tested in accordance with ASTM D635, “Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position”, (b) have an average burning rate not greater than 140 mm/min when tested in accordance with ASTM D568, “Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Flexible Plastics in a Vertical Position”, and (c) have a measurement of material thickness in accordance with Method B-Machinists’ Micrometer Without Ratchet of ASTM D374, “Thickness of Solid Electrical Insulation”. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), where the exterior cladding of a wall is required to be noncombustible, a plastic sign face or a group of contiguous plastic sign faces may be placed over such cladding provided each such sign face or group of contiguous sign faces, (a) does not exceed 30% of the wall area of the storey on which it is installed, (b) does not exceed 15 m2
in area or 1 200 mm in height at each storey, and (c) when located above the first storey, is vertically separated from other plastic sign faces by 1 200 mm of noncombustible construction
unless separated by a horizontal noncombustible
projection such as a canopy, extending the full width of, and projecting at least 900 mm beyond the exterior sign face. (3) Where a plastic exterior sign is mounted as a face on a metal sign box that is at least 200 mm in depth, the requirements of Sentence (2) need not apply provided the sign box is mounted on a noncombustible
exterior wall. (4) Notwithstanding the requirements of Sentence (5), the plastic portion of an interior sign placed over or forming part of an interior wall surface in corridors, covered or enclosed walkways
at or above grade in buildings
shall, (a) not exceed 15% of the wall area in, or over which it may be installed, (b) be supported by a device that will not detrimentally affect the fire-resistance rating
of the interior wall to which it is attached or of which it may form a part, and encase the edges of the plastic sign face in metal, (c) not be positioned or sized in such a manner that it is less than 600 mm from the vertical line separating two adjacent premises, (d) be placed so that there is at least 600 mm vertical separation of noncombustible
material between the top of the plastic sign surface and the ceiling surface, (e) be permitted to have an increase of 100% in area required in Clause (a) and a decrease of 50% of the separation distances required in Clauses (c) and (d) if the area is sprinklered, and (f) have a flame-spreading rating not more than 250. (5) Signs in exits and underground walkways shall have a flame-spread rating not more than 25. 3.15.5. Location Restrictions
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.5.1. Obstructions not Permitted (1) A sign shall not be located so as to obstruct openings required for light and ventilation, any required means of egress
or required access for firefighting in accordance with Sentence 3.2.5.3.(2).
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.15.5.2. Clearance for Exterior Signs (1) An exterior sign shall not be located so as to overhang a sidewalk or other pedestrian walkway unless the vertical distance, measured from the bottom of the overhanging portion of the sign to the surface of the sidewalk, is at least 2 400 mm. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), a sign face shall not be located within 600 mm of the vehicular travelled portion of a private lane or roadway, or of a motor vehicle parking area, unless the minimum vertical distance between grade and the bottom of the overhanging sign face is at least 4.25 m. (3) Where the height of all vehicles using any private road or parking area is permanently restricted, the vertical distance in Sentence (2) may be reduced to the amount of the actual height restriction, for as long as the said height restriction is in existence on the premises. (4) A sign shall not be located in proximity to existing above ground electrical conductors, unless the sign meets the clearance requirements of Subsection 3.1.19. Section 3.16. Shelf and Rack Storage Systems 3.16.1. Scope
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.1.1. Application (1) The requirements of this Section apply to a shelf and rack storage system. (2) The requirements of Subsection 3.2.8. do not apply to a shelf and rack storage system conforming to this Section. (3) The requirements of Subsection 3.16.2. apply to a shelf and rack storage system for the storage of Class I, II, III and IV commodities as defined in NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems”. (4) The requirements of Subsection 3.16.3. apply to a shelf and rack storage system for the storage of Group A, B and C plastics and rubber tires as defined in NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems”.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.1.2. General (1) A shelf and rack storage system shall not be designed for production, manufacturing, assembling, disassembling or ancillary administrative functions. (2) A shelf and rack storage system may be designed for the storage, accessing, retrieval, packing and distribution of commodities. (3) A high hazard industrial occupancy shall not contain a shelf and rack storage system. (4) Except as required by Sentence 3.16.3.2.(3), a shelf and rack storage system shall not exceed 24 m in height.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.1.3. Construction (1) All structural components of a shelf and rack storage system, including posts, beams, decks, walkways, connections and their supports such as concrete slabs and foundations, shall be designed in accordance with Part 4. (2) Except as required by Sentence 3.16.3.2.(2), platform and walkway levels shall be of, (a) solid construction consisting of steel plate or steel roof decking with a top substrate that forms a serviceable floor area, or (b) open construction consisting of steel grating or open steel floor planking. (3) Guards and toe-boards shall be provided in accordance with Articles 3.3.1.17. and 3.3.5.8. (4) Every platform or walkway level shall be provided with fire extinguishers installed in conformance with the Fire Code made under the Fire Protection and Prevention Act, 1997.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.1.4. Signs (1) A permanent sign shall be posted in a conspicuous location to indicate the maximum permissible design loads for each shelf and rack storage system. (2) Permanent signs shall be posted in conspicuous locations with, (a) the words NO SMOKING in black lettering not less than 50 mm high with a stroke not less than 12 mm on a yellow background, or (b) a non-smoking symbol having a size not less than 150 mm by 150 mm.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.1.5. Lighting (1) Walkways and platforms shall be equipped to provide illumination to an average level not less than 50 lx at floor or tread level and at angles and intersections at changes of level where there are stairs or ramps. (2) Emergency lighting on walkways, platforms, unenclosed egress stairs and exits providing means of egress shall conform to not less than, (a) the illumination level in Sentences 3.2.7.3.(2) and (3), and (b) the duration in Sentence 3.2.7.4.(1).
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.1.6. Sprinkler System (1) An automatic sprinkler system conforming to this Article shall be installed in a floor area containing a shelf and rack storage system. (2) The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed, constructed, installed and tested in conformance with NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems” or the appropriate NFPA sprinkler standard for the most severe hazard to which the storage system is exposed. (3) Sprinkler protection shall be provided under all platforms and walkways. (4) Except where the platforms or walkways are of open construction, any openings for egress stairs shall be protected by noncombustible draft stops not less than 450 mm below the floors above. (5) The automatic sprinkler system shall be electrically supervised to indicate a trouble signal on the building fire alarm system annunciator or where the building does not have a fire alarm system, to notify the person controlling the operation of the building for each of the situations listed in Sentence 3.2.4.10.(3). (6) The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed to notify the fire department that a waterflow switch has been activated. (7) The notification to the person controlling the building and the fire department referred to in Sentences (5) and (6) shall be provided in accordance with Sentence 3.2.4.8.(4). (8) A permanent sign shall be posted, at or near the sprinkler control valve, containing, (a) the word NOTICE in contrasting letters, (b) a description of the commodity class as defined in NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems”, and (c) the sprinkler design criteria used for the shelf and rack storage system.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.2.1. Application (1) The requirements in this Subsection apply to a shelf and rack storage system intended for the storage of Class I, II, III and IV commodities as defined in NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems”.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.2.2. Construction (1) Where the height of a shelf and rack storage system, measured from the floor supporting the system to the topmost portion of the shelf, exceeds 18 m, (a) a fire alarm and detection system conforming to Subsection 3.2.4. shall be installed with, (i) pull stations located at all exit doors including exit doors serving elevated decks and walkways, and (ii)  smoke detectors located, at the ceiling of all rooms and areas containing the shelf and rack storage system, within exit stair enclosures at the top, and at every third level of elevated deck or walkway, and (b) the fire alarm and detection system required by Clause (a), shall be designed to notify the fire department upon activation, and (c) the shelf and rack storage system shall be designed only for the storage of Class I, II and III commodities as defined in NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems”. 3.16.3. Storage of Group A, B and C Plastics and Rubber Tires
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.16.3.1. Application (1) The requirements in this Subsection apply to a shelf and rack storage system intended for the storage of Group A, B and C plastics and rubber tires as defined in NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems”.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.17.1.1. Application (1) This Section applies where proposed construction, (a) in respect of an existing building will result in any of the following changes of use of all or part of the building: (i) a change of the major occupancy of all or part of a building
that is designated with a “Y” in Table 1.3.1.4. of Division C, (ii) a suite of a Group C major occupancy
is converted into more than one suite of a Group C major occupancy, (iii) a suite or part of a suite of a Group A, Division 2 or a Group A, Division 4 major occupancy is converted to a gaming premises, (iv) a farm building or part of a farm building is changed to a major occupancy, (v) a building or part of a building
is changed to a post-disaster building, (vi) a building or part of a building
is changed to a retirement home, or (vii) the use of a building or part of a building
is changed and the previous major occupancy of the building or part of the building
cannot be determined, or (b) in respect of an existing building of combustible construction
will extend the building by adding a storey or storeys such that the extended building will be more than four storeys in building height. (2) For the purposes of this Section and Sentences 11.4.2.1.(1) and 11.4.2.5.(4), the changes of use set out in Subclauses (1)(a)(ii) to (iv) and (vi) shall also be deemed to constitute a change in major occupancy. (3) The requirements of this Section are in addition to the requirements of other Parts of this Division as they apply to the proposed construction. 3.17.2. Additional Construction
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.17.2.1. Change of Use and Compensating Construction (1) Where proposed construction will result in a change of use described in Subclauses 3.17.1.1.(1)(a)(i) to (iv) and (vi), additional construction shall be required in order that the building or part of a building subject to the change of use conforms to the requirements of Subsection 3.2.6. and Sections 3.7., 3.11. and 3.12. as they apply to the new major occupancy that the building or part of a building
is to support. (2) For the purposes of this Article, existing buildings
shall be classified as to their construction and occupancy as provided for in Sentence 11.2.1.1.(1).
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
3.17.2.2. Performance Level and Compensating Construction (1) The performance level of a building after construction shall not be less than the performance level of the building prior to construction. (2) For the purposes of Sentence (1), reduction of performance level shall be determined in accordance with Articles 11.4.2.1., 11.4.2.3., 11.4.2.5. and 11.4.2.6. (3) Where proposed construction would reduce the performance level of an existing building, compensating construction
shall be required in conformance with Articles 11.4.3.1., 11.4.3.2., 11.4.3.4., 11.4.3.6. and 11.4.3.7. (4) Section 11.5. applies in respect of the requirements of Sentences 11.4.3.4.(1), (3) and (4). O. Reg. 332/12, Division B, Part 3; O. Reg. 151/13, ss. 3-27; O. Reg. 361/13, ss. 5-25; O. Reg. 368/13, ss. 3, 5, 7-12, 14-22, 25-32; O. Reg. 191/14, ss. 8-53; O. Reg. 139/17, ss. 11-48; O. Reg. 563/17, s. 1; O. Reg. 88/19, s. 5-104; O. Reg. 762/20, s. 4; O. Reg. 451/22, s. 4-16, 17 (2), 18-21; O. Reg. 30/23, s. 5, 6; O. Reg. 89/23, s. 3-12. Part 4   Structural Design Section   4.1.   Structural Loads and Procedures 

      4.1.1.   General 

      4.1.2.   Specified Loads and Effects 

      4.1.3.   Limit States Design 

      4.1.4.   Dead Loads 

      4.1.5.   Live Loads Due to Use and Occupancy 

      4.1.6.   Loads Due to Snow and Rain 

      4.1.7.   Wind Load 

      4.1.8.   Earthquake Load and Effects 

            

  Section   4.2.   Foundations 

      4.2.1.   General 

      4.2.2.   Subsurface Investigations and Reviews 

      4.2.3.   Materials Used in Foundations 

      4.2.4.   Design Requirements 

      4.2.5.   Excavations  

      4.2.6.   Shallow Foundations 

      4.2.7.   Deep Foundations 

      4.2.8.   Special Foundations 

            

  Section   4.3.   Design Requirements for Structural Materials 

      4.3.1.   Wood 

      4.3.2.   Plain and Reinforced Masonry 

      4.3.3.   Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete 

      4.3.4.   Steel 

      4.3.5.   Aluminum 

      4.3.6.   Glass 

            

  Section   4.4.   Design Requirements for Special Structures 

      4.4.1.   Air-Supported Structures 

      4.4.2.   Parking Structures  

      4.4.3.   Guards over Retaining Walls 

      4.4.4.   Anchor Systems on Building Exterior 

      4.4.5.   Manure Storage Tanks Section 4.1. Structural Loads and Procedures 4.1.1. General
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
4.1.1.1. Scope (1) The scope of this Part shall be as described in Subsection 1.1.2. of Division A.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
4.1.1.2. Reserved
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
4.1.1.3. Design Requirements (1) Buildings and their structural members and connections including formwork and falsework shall be designed to have sufficient structural capacity and structural integrity to safely and effectively resist all loads, effects of loads and influences that may reasonably be expected, having regard to the expected service life of buildings, and shall in any case satisfy the requirements of this Section. (2) Buildings and their structural members shall be designed for serviceability, in accordance with Articles 4.1.3.4. to 4.1.3.6. (3) All permanent and temporary structural members, including formwork and falsework of a building, shall be protected against loads exceeding the specified loads during the construction period except when, as verified by analysis or test, temporary overloading of a structural member would result in no impairment of that member or any other member. (4) Precautions shall be taken during all stages of construction to ensure that the building
is not damaged or distorted due to loads applied during construction.
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
4.1.1.4. Design Basis (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), buildings and their structural members shall be designed in conformance with the procedures and practices provided in this Part. (2) Provided the design is carried out by a person especially qualified in the specific methods applied and provided the design demonstrates a level of safety and performance in accordance with the requirements of this Part, buildings
and their structural components falling within the scope of this Part that are not amenable to analysis using a generally established theory may be designed by, (a) evaluation of a full-scale structure or a prototype by a loading test, or (b) studies of model analogues. 4.1.2. Specified Loads and Effects
Notes to Table 3.13.4.5.:
4.1.2.1. Loads and Effects (1) Except as provided in Article 4.1.2.2., the categories of loads, specified loads and effects set out in Table 4.1.2.1.A. shall be taken into consideration in the design of a building and its structural members and connections. Table 4.1.2.1.A.   Categories of Loads, Specified Loads and Effects Forming Part of Sentence 4.1.2.1.(1) Item   Column 1 Symbol   Column 2 Loads, Specified Loads and Effects (1) 

  1.   D   dead load – a permanent load (2) due to the weight of building components as specified in Subsection 4.1.4. 

  2.   E   earthquake load and effects – a rare load (4) due to an earthquake, as specified in Subsection 4.1.8. 

  3.   H   a permanent load (2) due to lateral earth pressure, including groundwater 

  4.   L   live load – a variable load (3) due to intended use and occupancy (including loads due to cranes and the pressure of liquids in containers), as specified in Subsection 4.1.5. 

  5.   LXC   live load exclusive of crane loads 

  6.   C   live load due to cranes including self weight 

  7.   Cd   self weight of all cranes positioned for maximum effects 

  8.   C7   crane bumper impact load 

  9.   P   permanent effects caused by prestress 

  10.   S   variable load (3) due to snow including ice and associated rain, as specified in Article 4.1.6.2., or due to rain, as specified in Article 4.1.6.4. 

  11.   T   effects due to contraction, expansion, or deflection caused by temperature changes, shrinkage, moisture changes, creep, ground settlement, or a combination of them 

  12.   W   wind load – a variable load (3) due to wind, as specified in Subsection 4.1.7.
Notes to Table 4.1.2.1.A.:
4.1.2.2. Loads Not Listed (1) Where a building or structural member can be expected to be subjected to loads, forces or other effects not listed in Article 4.1.2.1., such effects shall be taken into account in the design based on the most appropriate information available. 4.1.3. Limit States Design
Notes to Table 4.1.2.1.A.:
4.1.3.1. Definitions (1) In this Part, the term, (a) “limit states” means those conditions of a building structure that result in the building ceasing to fulfill the function for which it was designed. (Those limit states concerning safety are called ultimate limit states (ULS) and include exceeding the load-carrying capacity, overturning, sliding and fracture; those limit states that restrict the intended use and occupancy of the building are called serviceability limit states (SLS) and include deflection, vibration, permanent deformation and local structural damage such as cracking; and those limit states that represent failure under repeated loading are called fatigue limit states), (b) “specified loads (C, D, E, H, L, P, S, T and W)” mean those loads set out in Table 4.1.2.1.A., (c) “principal load” means the specified variable load or rare load that dominates in a given load combination, (d) “companion load” means a specified variable load that accompanies the principal load in a given load combination, (e) “service load” means a specified load used for the evaluation of a serviceability limit state, (f) “principal-load factor” means a factor applied to the principal load in a load combination to account for the variability of the load and load pattern and the analysis of its effects, (g) “companion-load factor” means a factor that, when applied to a companion load in the load combination, gives the probable magnitude of a companion load acting simultaneously with the factored principal load, (h) “importance factor, I,” means a factor applied in Subsections 4.1.6. to 4.1.8. to obtain the specified load and take into account the consequences of failure as related to the limit state and the use and occupancy of the building, (i) “factored load” means the product of a specified load and its principal-load factor or companion-load factor, (j) “effects” refers to forces, moments, deformations or vibrations that occur in the structure, (k) “nominal resistance, R,” of a member, connection or structure, is based on the geometry and on the specified properties of the structural materials, (l) “resistance factor, Φ,” means a factor applied to a specified material property or to the resistance of a member, connection or structure, and that, for the limit state under consideration, takes into account the variability of dimensions and material properties, workmanship, type of failure and uncertainty in the prediction of resistance, and (m) “factored resistance, ΦR,” means the product of nominal resistance and the applicable resistance factor.
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.3.3. Fatigue (1) A building and its structural components, including connections, shall be checked for fatigue failure under the effect of the cyclical loads, as required in the standards listed in Section 4.3. (2) Where vibration effects, such as resonance and fatigue resulting from machinery and equipment, are likely to be significant, a dynamic analysis shall be carried out.
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.3.4. Serviceability (1) A building and its structural components shall be checked for serviceability limit states as defined in Clause 4.1.3.1.(1)(a) under the effect of service loads for serviceability criteria specified or recommended in Articles 4.1.3.5. and 4.1.3.6. and in the standards listed in Section 4.3.
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.3.5. Deflection (1) In proportioning structural members to limit serviceability problems resulting from deflections, consideration shall be given to, (a) the intended use of the building or member, (b) limiting damage to non-structural members made of materials whose physical properties are known at the time of design, (c) limiting damage to the structure itself, and (d) creep, shrinkage, temperature changes and prestress. (2) The lateral deflection of buildings due to service wind and gravity loads shall be checked to ensure that structural elements and non-structural elements, whose nature is known at the time the structural design is carried out, will not be damaged. (3) Except as provided in Sentence (4), the total drift per storey under service wind and gravity loads shall not exceed 1/500 of the storey height unless other drift limits are specified in the design standards referenced in Section 4.3. (4) The deflection limits required in Sentence (3) do not apply to industrial buildings or sheds if experience has proven that greater movement will have no significant adverse effects on the strength and function of the building. (5) The building structure shall be designed for lateral deflection due to E, in accordance with Article 4.1.8.13.
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.3.6. Vibration (1) Floor systems susceptible to vibration shall be designed so that vibrations will have no significant adverse effects on the intended occupancy of the building. (2) Where the fundamental vibration frequency of a structural system supporting an assembly occupancy used for rhythmic activities, such as dancing, concerts, jumping exercises or gymnastics, is less than 6 Hz, the effects of resonance shall be investigated by means of a dynamic analysis. (3) A building susceptible to lateral vibration under wind load shall be designed in accordance with Article 4.1.7.2. so that the vibrations will have no significant adverse effects on the intended use and occupancy of the building. 4.1.4. Dead Loads
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.4.1. Dead Loads (1) The specified dead load for a structural member consists of, (a) the weight of the member itself, (b) the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be supported permanently by the member, (c) the weight of partitions, (d) the weight of permanent equipment, and (e) the vertical load due to earth, plants and trees. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (5), in areas of a building
where partitions other than permanent partitions are shown on the drawings, or where partitions might be added in the future, allowance shall be made for the weight of such partitions. (3) The partition weight allowance in Sentence (2) shall be determined from the actual or anticipated weight of the partitions
placed in any probable position, but shall be not less than 1 kPa over the area of floor being considered. (4) Partition loads used in design shall be shown on the drawings. (5) In cases where the dead load of the partition
is counteractive, the load allowances referred to in Sentences (2) and (3) shall not be included in the design calculations. (6) Except for structures where the dead load of soil is part of the load-resisting system, where the dead load due to soil, superimposed earth, plants and trees is counteractive, it shall not be included in the design calculations. 4.1.5. Live Loads Due to Use and Occupancy
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.5.1. Loads Due to Use of Floors and Roofs (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), the specified live load
on an area of floor or roof depends on the intended use and occupancy, and shall not be less than whichever of the following loads produces the most critical effect: (a) the uniformly distributed load patterns listed in Article 4.1.5.3., (b) the loads due to the intended use and
occupancy, or (c) the concentrated loads listed in Article 4.1.5.9. (2) For buildings in the Low Importance Category as described in Table 4.1.2.1.B., a factor of 0.8 may be applied to the live load.
Notes to Table 4.1.3.2.B.:
4.1.5.2. Uses Not Stipulated (1) Except as provided in Sentence (2), where the use of an area of floor or roof is not provided for in Article 4.1.5.3., the specified live loads
due to the use and occupancy of the area shall be determined from an analysis of the loads resulting from the weight of, (a) the probable assembly of persons, (b) the probable accumulation of equipment and furnishings, and (c) the probable storage of materials. (2) For buildings in the Low Importance Category as described in Table 4.1.2.1.B., a factor of 0.8 may be applied to the live load.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.4. Loads for Occupancy Served (1) The following shall be designed to carry not less than the specified load required for the occupancy they serve, provided they cannot be used by an assembly of people as a viewing area: (a) corridors, lobbies and aisles not more than 1 200 mm wide, (b) all corridors above the first storey of residential areas of apartments, hotels and motels, and (c) interior balconies and mezzanines.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.5. Loads on Exterior Areas (1) Exterior areas accessible to vehicular traffic shall be designed for their intended use, including the weight of firefighting equipment, but not for less than the snow and rain loads prescribed in Subsection 4.1.6. (2) Except as provided in Sentences (3) and (4), roofs shall be designed for the uniform live loads specified in Table 4.1.5.3., the concentrated live loads listed in Table 4.1.5.9., or the snow and rain loads prescribed in Subsection 4.1.6., whichever produces the most critical effects in the members concerned. (3) Exterior areas accessible to pedestrian traffic, but not vehicular traffic, shall be designed for their intended use, but not for less than the greater of, (a) the live load
prescribed for assembly areas in Table 4.1.5.3., or (b) the snow and rain loads prescribed in Subsection 4.1.6. (4) Roof parking decks shall be designed for the uniformly distributed live loads specified in Table 4.1.5.3., the concentrated live loads listed in Table 4.1.5.9., or the roof snow load, whichever produces the most critical effect in the members concerned.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.6. Loads for Dining Areas (1) The minimum specified live load listed in Table 4.1.5.3. for dining areas may be reduced to 2.4 kPa for areas in buildings that are being converted to dining areas, provided that the floor area does not exceed 100 m² and the dining area will not be used for other assembly purposes, including dancing.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.7. More Than One Occupancy (1) Where an area of floor or roof is intended for 2 or more occupancies at different times, the value to be used from Table 4.1.5.3. shall be the greatest value for any of the occupancies
concerned.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.8. Variation with Tributary Area (1) An area used for assembly occupancies designed for a live load of less than 4.8 kPa and roofs designed for the minimum loading specified in Table 4.1.5.3. shall have no reduction for tributary area. (2) Where a structural member supports a tributary area of a floor or a roof, or a combination of them, that is greater than 80 m² and either used for assembly occupancies designed for a live load of 4.8 kPa or more, or used for storage, manufacturing, retail stores, garages or as a footbridge, the specified live load due to use and occupancy is the load specified in Article 4.1.5.3. multiplied by, 0.5 + where, “A” is the tributary area in square metres for this type of use and occupancy. (3) Where a structural member supports a tributary area of a floor or a roof or a combination of them, that is greater than 20 m² and used for any use or occupancy other than assembly occupancies and those indicated in Sentences (1) and (2), the specified live load due to use and occupancy, is the load specified in Article 4.1.5.3. multiplied by, 0.3 + where, “B” is the tributary area in square metres for this type of use and occupancy. (4) Where the specified live load for a floor is reduced in accordance with Sentence (2) or (3), the structural drawings shall indicate that a live load reduction factor for tributary area has been applied.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.9. Concentrated Loads (1) The specified live load due to possible concentrations of load resulting from the use of an area of floor or roof shall not be less than that listed in Table 4.1.5.9. applied over the loaded area noted in Table 4.1.5.9. and located so as to cause maximum effects, except that for occupancies not listed in Table 4.1.5.9., the concentrations of load shall be determined in accordance with Article 4.1.5.2. Table 4.1.5.9.   Specified Concentrated Live Loads on an Area of Floor or Roof Forming Part of Sentence 4.1.5.9.(1) Item   Column 1 Area of Floor or Roof   Column 2 Minimum Specified Concentrated Load, kN   Column 3 Loaded Area, mm × mm 

  1.   Roof surfaces   1.3   200 × 200 

  2.   Floors of classrooms   4.5   750 × 750 

  3.   Floors of offices, manufacturing buildings, hospital wards and stages   9.0   750 × 750 

  4.   Floors and areas used by vehicles not exceeding 4000 kg gross weight   18   120 × 120 

  5.   Floors and areas used by vehicles exceeding 4000 kg but not exceeding 9000    36   120 × 120 

      kg gross weight         

  6.   Floors and areas used by vehicles exceeding 9000 kg gross weight   54   250 × 600 

  7.   Driveways and sidewalks over areaways and basements   54   250 × 600
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.10. Sway Forces in Assembly Occupancies (1) The floor assembly and other structural elements that support fixed seats in any building used for assembly occupancies accommodating large numbers of people at one time, such as grandstands, stadia and theatre
balconies, shall be designed to resist a horizontal force equal to not less than 0.3 kN for each metre length of seats acting parallel to each row of seats, and not less than 0.15 kN for each metre length of seats acting at right angles to each row of seats, based on the assumption that these forces are acting independently of each other.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.3.:
4.1.5.11. Crane-Supporting Structures and Impact of Machinery and Equipment (1) The minimum specified load due to equipment, machinery or other objects that may produce impact shall be the sum of the weight of the equipment or machinery and its maximum lifting capacity, multiplied by an appropriate factor listed in Table 4.1.5.11. Table 4.1.5.11.   Factors for the Calculation of Impact Loads Forming Part of Sentence 4.1.5.11.(1) Item   Column 1 Cause of Impact   Column 2 Factor 

  1.   Operation of cab or radio-operated cranes   1.25 

  2.   Operation of pendant or hand-operated cranes   1.10 

  3.   Operation of elevators   (1) 

  4.   Supports for light machinery, shaft or motor-driven   1.20 

  5.   Supports for reciprocating machinery (e.g. compressors)   1.50 

  6.   Supports for power-driven units (e.g. piston engines)   1.50
Notes to Table 4.1.5.11.:
4.1.5.12. Bleachers (1) Bleacher seats shall be designed for a uniformly distributed live load of 1.75 kN for each linear metre or for a concentrated load of 2.2 kN distributed over a length of 750 mm, whichever produces the most critical effect on the supporting members. (2) Bleachers shall be checked by the erector after erection to ensure that all structural members, including bracing specified in the design, have been installed. (3) Telescopic bleachers shall be provided with locking devices to ensure stability while in use.
Notes to Table 4.1.5.11.:
4.1.5.13. Helicopter Landing Areas (1) Helicopter landing areas on roofs shall be constructed in conformance with the requirements for heliports contained in Part III of the Canadian Aviation Regulations made under the Aeronautics Act (Canada).