jpd459/healthver_resplit_larger huggingface dataset:
Claim: there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19
Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?
Evidence: A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.
Question: Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?
Evidence: UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication
Verdict: Supports
Claim: How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence:  Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Covid-19 kills also young people
Question: what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations
Evidence: A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.
Question: What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?
Evidence: Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: SARS-CoV-2 originally jumped from animals to humans. So too did the virus responsible for SARS and MERS. 
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes
Evidence: diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.
Question: are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?
Evidence: Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue
Question: what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?
Evidence: By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes
Evidence: Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES
Question: Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not
Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Evidence: Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19
Question: are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?
Evidence: This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: scientists do not recommend that people should begin smoking simply to attempt to avoid a severe case of COVID-19. Smoking is still a leading cause of preventable death across the globe.
Question: Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19
Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?
Evidence: The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.
Question: are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?
Evidence: Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects "in addition to their blood pressure benefits.
Question: are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?
Evidence: among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; 
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?
Evidence: obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.
Question: Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: It is correct to call the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS.
Question: Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?
Evidence: The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.
Question: Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: The present study corroborates that compound "I" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: it is "significantly" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19
Question: does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?
Evidence: There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not
Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Evidence: Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?
Evidence: Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.
Question: How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?
Evidence: Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.
Question: does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?
Evidence: patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon
Question: Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Question: How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?
Evidence: Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.
Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Evidence: For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible
Verdict: Supports
Claim: COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No
Question: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no current standard of care.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Evidence: 51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed
Question: Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? 
Evidence: This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.
Question: What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?
Evidence: Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.
Question: Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?
Evidence: Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus
Question: what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?
Evidence: When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.
Question: What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?
Evidence: Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes
Evidence: Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)
Question: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Preliminary evidence suggests potential benefit with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus
Verdict: Supports
Claim: If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.
Question: what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?
Evidence: Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus
Question: Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. 
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold
Question: Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?
Evidence: Severe patients (n=38) develop a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, including IgG and IgA antibodies.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)
Question: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: ACE inhibitors and ibuprofen have been suggested to exacerbate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.
Question: does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?
Evidence: hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.
Question: Can children get COVID-19?
Evidence: At present, though the limited data on the effects of COVID 19 in pediatric patients, children seem to count for a little proportion of SARS-COV 2 infection, and present with less severe disease and effects However infants and toddlers are at risk of developing critical course. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Evidence: In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.
Question: What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?
Evidence: Typical presentations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) including respiratory symptoms (cough, respiratory distress and hypoxia), fever and dyspnea are considered main symptoms in adults, but atypical presentation children could be a diagnostic challenge We report three children whose initial presentation was gastrointestinal, and in whom COVID-19 infection was found, concluding that cases of acute appendicitis, mesenteric adenitis and flank tenderness may mask and infection with this virus, which should therefore be investigated.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects "in addition to their blood pressure benefits.
Question: are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?
Evidence: Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Evidence: In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.
Question: does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?
Evidence: The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: coronavirus is man-made
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)
Question: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: We discuss evidence regarding role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment and prophylaxis, use of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, safety of ibuprofen, unusual clinical features like gastrointestinal symptoms and interpretation of tests for cardiac enzymes and biomarkers.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not
Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Evidence: Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.
Question: How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?
Evidence: The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?
Evidence: There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed
Question: Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? 
Evidence: In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.
Verdict: Supports