jpd459/healthver_resplit_larger huggingface dataset:
Claim: There's an evidence that pets are playing a role in spreading COVID-19
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Vitamin C infusion can help improve the prognosis of patients with SARI.
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: A lot has been written around the novel Coronavirus and how it impacts lungs, but in recent few months, experts have observed a rise in cardiac arrest cases during the pandemic.
Question: are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?
Evidence: The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: a person can also get the coronavirus if they touch a surface or object that has viral particles on it and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Animals don't appear to play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Currently, the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly understood and the clinical utility of serological testing is unclear 
Question: are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?
Evidence: At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Tylenol (acetaminophen) is only effective at relieving pain and fever, but Advil (ibuprofen) relieves inflammation in addition to pain and fever.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Favipiravir, an antiviral drug used for influenza in Japan, is currently being studied in humans for treating COVID-19 in over 30 clinical trials (as of July 31, 2020). It is not known whether it is safe or helpful for this disease.
Question: Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?
Evidence: In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Namely, winter is coming. On the minds of many restaurant owners is the fact that this month's mild weather is just weeks away from becoming a cold, windy, rainy mess, perhaps heavily impacting outdoor dining - one of the few ways restaurants have been able to (barely) scrape by.
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence:  According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Vitamin C may help shorten the duration and severity of colds caused by other viruses, but this is no guarantee that it will have the same effect on the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Our study shows that camostat mesylate blocks infection of cells with SARS-CoV-2-like particles and with authentic, patient-derived SARS-CoV-2. 
Question: are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?
Evidence: We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: In covid-19 patients especially old people, those who had sufficient levels of vitamin D were more than 51% less likely to die than patients who were deficient.
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: children are unlikely to die from COVID-19
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Masks prevent the spread of COVID-19
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The pandemic coronavirus will wane with warmer weather, like some other respiratory
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: individuals with hypertension get more serious cases of COVID-19
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?
Evidence: obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The COVID-19 disease can infect anyone at any age. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, COPD, diabetes and heart disease appear to be more at risk.
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes
Evidence: the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: The science is clear: Face masks can prevent coronavirus transmission and save lives.
Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?
Evidence: The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Several already approved drugs, including lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir, an antiviral awaiting approval have been repurposed and their efficacy in fighting COVID-19 is being evaluated
Question: are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?
Evidence: Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: not all masks confer equal levels of protection
Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?
Evidence: The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: certain marijuana strains could possibly prevent COVID-19 infection.
Question: Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: elderly or people with underlying medical conditions are in high risk with covid-19
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Cell that Ab8 is highly effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and hamsters. Its tiny size not only increases its potential for diffusion in tissues to better neutralize the virus, but also makes it possible to administer the drug by alternative routes, including inhalation. Importantly, it does not bind to human cells -- a good sign that it won't have negative side-effects in people.
Question: are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?
Evidence: The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: coronavirus may originated in a lab
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Samples from the lungs of patients show a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: there is also growing evidence that smaller particles called aerosols can hang in the air longer and travel farther.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: wear cloth face coverings in public can stop spreading coronanvirus when social distancing is difficult. This advice is based on evidence that people with COVID-19 can transmit the COVID-19 virus before they realize they have it.
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Dexamethasone cures covid-19
Question: what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?
Evidence: To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: vitamin C can prevent or treat COVID-19 (coronavirus)
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: simple cloth face coverings help prevent transmission of COVID-19 by people who have the virus but don't know it
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. 
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: VITAMIN D LEVELS increase COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: A headache isn't a common symptom of the virus, but about 14% of people infected with corna have experienced it
Question: Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Children are not COVID-19 super spreaders
Question: what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?
Evidence: Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Yes, kids can get COVID-19
Question: Can children get COVID-19?
Evidence: Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: a study reports the potential contribution of vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of COVID-19 in a subset of health care workers in the UK
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: people can spread coronavirus even if they don't have symptoms (called asymptomatic) or before they have symptoms (called presymptomatic).
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: VITAMIN D LEVELS MAY IMPACT COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19
Question: Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?
Evidence: Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: There's an evidence that pets are playing a role in spreading COVID-19
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: only 6% of deaths have COVID-19 as the only cause mentioned, revealing that 94% of patients who died from coronavirus also had other health conditions and contributing causes.
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: there is also growing evidence that smaller particles called aerosols can hang in the air longer and travel farther.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: coronavirus originate in a Chinese laboratory
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Can coronavirus be transmitted over surfaces? Yes. 
Question: Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?
Evidence: The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The new coronavirus can infect organs throughout the body, including lungs, throat, heart, liver, brain, kidneys and the intestines
Question: Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?
Evidence: Since COVID-19 spread all over the world becoming a pandemic illness, researchers have better characterized route of virus transmissibility and clinical signs and symptoms of the disease.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: it is safe for you to defer taking anti-fever like ibuprofen medicines for minor illnesses.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: While there is no evidence that infected animals can spread COVID-19 to humans, some pet owners might be concerned, understandably so, that their pet could become infected with COVID-19 and fall ill.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?
Evidence: It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread. However, due to the widespread host diversity, a detailed examination of the role of animals in this pandemic is essential to effectively fight against the outbreak.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: no clinical evidence on vitamin D in COVID-19
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Animals don't appear to play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Can people who are asymptomatic spread coronavirus? The answer is NO
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Evidence: Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: When the immune system's next stage kicked in, both adults and children made antibodies targeting the coronavirus.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: SARS-CoV-2 is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The new coronavirus can infect organs throughout the body, including lungs, throat, heart, liver, brain, kidneys and the intestines
Question: Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?
Evidence: The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus) indicate that the virus is targeting the endothelium, one of the largest organs in the human body.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: it is safe for you to defer taking anti-fever like ibuprofen medicines for minor illnesses.
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Consumption of alcohol will not kill the virus in the inhaled air; it will not disinfect your mouth and throat; and it will not give you any kind of protection against COVID-19.
Question: Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19
Question: are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?
Evidence:  current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: The new coronavirus may cause migraine attacks. Headaches in general may be a symptom. Learn more about the new coronavirus, migraine, and COVID-19 symptoms.
Question: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: Based on the evidence to date, there are several treatment options to consider for the relief of fever (acetaminophen, NSAID, oral glucocorticoids), cough (morphine), breathlessness (morphine, oxygen, fan), anxiety (benzodiazepines) and pain (NSAID, morphine).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Scientific data shows dogs can become infected, but do not seem to show symptoms and it is not thought they spread the COVID-19 virus effectively.
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: immune responses to coronavirus in severely ill and critically ill patients are as strong or stronger than those of patients with milder illness.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: fear and anxiety about a new disease and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. 
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: SARS-CoV-2, the official name of the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread by respiratory droplets produced when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough.
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: diabetes more than doubles your risk of dying from coronavirus.
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes
Evidence: obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes
Verdict: Supports
Claim: People with mild symptoms of COVID-19 can quickly become seriously ill. Experts say these worsening conditions are usually caused by an overreaction of the immune system after symptoms first appear.
Question: What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?
Evidence: COVID-19, a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly presents as fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: do surgical masks actually prevent the spread of COVID-19? No, absolutely not.
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: there is evidence that routine use of ibuprofen associated with higher covid-19 mortality
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Yes, the novel coronavirus can survive on surfaces. No, it doesn't seem to matter.
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Vitamin D may improve odds of survival from COVID-19.
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Coronavirus can Be Crushed By Warmer Weather
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Before preparing or eating food it is important to always wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds for general food safety.
Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Evidence: Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: We know that COVID-19 is a coronavirus and there are other types of human coronaviruses that circulate. 
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The coronavirus can live on a surgical mask for 7 days, cloth for 2 days, and paper for 3 hours. 
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials
Verdict: Supports
Claim: I think it is not really far from the truth to say that you can use extracts of ginger, garlic and many other medicinal plants to take care of the associated symptoms of viral infections, including COVID-19. 
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Evidence: Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: budesonide, commonly prescribed in the United States under the name Pulmicort, is a good treatment for COVID-19.
Question: Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?
Evidence: We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: if you do not have covid-19 symptoms, you can not spread the virus
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Evidence: Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: COVID-19 is shedding new light on how viruses can kick some patient's immune system into overdrive to deadly effect in what is known as a cytokine storm syndrome.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The COVID-19 disease can infect anyone at any age. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, COPD, diabetes and heart disease appear to be more at risk.
Question: what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes
Evidence: obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes
Verdict: Supports
Claim: 5G networks facilitate the spread of the coronavirus.
Question: Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?
Evidence: The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Consuming alcohol stimulates the immune system
Question: Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?
Evidence: It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The CORONAVIRUS is not of natural origin
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: There is no evidence taking vitamin D supplements will protect people from Covid-19.
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: people develop abdominal discomfort or nausea when calcium gets too high
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The virus that causes COVID-19 appears to spread more efficiently than influenza but not as efficiently as measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to affect people.
Question: has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?
Evidence: The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: BCG vaccine can boost the immune system enough to prevent healthcare workers from catching coronavirus.
Question: are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus
Evidence: In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Face masks could be giving people Covid-19 immunity
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: The science is clear: Face masks can prevent coronavirus transmission and save lives.
Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?
Evidence: three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Still, supplementation like vitamin d is not a bad idea to fight covid-19
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: BCG vaccine can boost the immune system enough to prevent healthcare workers from catching coronavirus.
Question: are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus
Evidence:  Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: only people with symptoms can spread the the new coronavirus
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Evidence: Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: if you do not have covid-19 symptoms, you can not spread the virus
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Evidence: The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Chimps and gorillas may catch COVID-19
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Can my pet spread the coronavirus? Yes it can
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: there is evidence that routine use of ibuprofen associated with higher covid-19 mortality
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Evidence: As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: headache was a symptom in some COVID-19 patients.
Question: Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?
Evidence: A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. 
Verdict: Supports
Claim: A central player in the fight against the novel coronavirus is our immune system.
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: around 40% of people who contract SARS-CoV-2 most likely remain symptom-free.
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Evidence: APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Favipiravir, an antiviral drug used for influenza in Japan, is currently being studied in humans for treating COVID-19 in over 30 clinical trials (as of July 31, 2020). It is not known whether it is safe or helpful for this disease.
Question: Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?
Evidence: So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Duo of antiviral drugs strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in the lab
Question: are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?
Evidence: When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Scientific data has shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and can spread it to other cats. 
Question: Can animals spread COVID-19?
Evidence: Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Researchers have found that remdesivir is highly effective at fighting the novel coronavirus in isolated cells
Question: is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?
Evidence: remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Many experts believe that the rapid decline in certain COVID-19 patients, including those who need support from a ventilator, comes down to an individual's immune system
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Long-term health conditions and aging weaken your immune system
Question: will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?
Evidence: Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The coronavirus can live on a surgical mask for 7 days, cloth for 2 days, and paper for 3 hours. 
Question: touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick
Evidence: Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: wearing a face mask do not stopped person-to-person spread of the virus.
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria with known safety and efficacy, also limit acidification of endosomes, Golgi vesicles, and lysosomes. These molecules significantly reduce SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
Question: are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?
Evidence: At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: Other viral respiratory diseases, such as influenza, are seasonal in that cases decrease in the spring and summer. But unlike the flu, no one knows what to expect from COVID-19
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Evidence: The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Can coronavirus be transmitted over surfaces? Yes. 
Question: Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?
Evidence: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. 
Verdict: Neutral
Claim: The analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus
Question: what is the origin of COVID-19
Evidence: Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).
Verdict: Supports
Claim: wearing a face mask do not stopped person-to-person spread of the virus.
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: Coronavirus does not cause heart Damage
Question: are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?
Evidence: Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.
Verdict: Refutes
Claim: Masks prevent the spread of COVID-19
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Evidence: Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.
Verdict: Supports
Claim: a study reports the potential contribution of vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of COVID-19 in a subset of health care workers in the UK
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Evidence: Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.
Verdict: Supports