jpd459/healthver_resplit huggingface dataset:
Question: what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?
Claim: Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths
Evidence: Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.
Verdict: Supports
Question: what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?
Claim: No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19
Evidence: It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described
Verdict: Refutes
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?
Claim: we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.
Evidence: To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: There are currently no approved medications or vaccines which have been claimed to be effective in COVID-19 prevention or treatment.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19
Evidence: Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51
Verdict: Refutes
Question: are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus
Claim: As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.
Evidence: Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: With more and more patients diagnosed, China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection, including antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, virus vaccine, and other Western drugs, while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Claim: Everyone who get the coronavirus will die
Evidence: Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Claim: Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C
Evidence: The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?
Claim: Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.
Evidence: In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Based on the evidence to date, there are several treatment options to consider for the relief of fever (acetaminophen, NSAID, oral glucocorticoids), cough (morphine), breathlessness (morphine, oxygen, fan), anxiety (benzodiazepines) and pain (NSAID, morphine).
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19 is challenged. NSAIDs may interfere with the defense process against viral infection and are best avoided. 
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Claim: COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No
Evidence: In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?
Claim: For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter.
Evidence: Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.
Evidence: This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. 
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?
Claim: Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19.
Evidence: remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?
Claim: Fever is the first symptom of covid-19
Evidence: A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Claim: vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications
Evidence: A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: No, Drinking Tonic Water Won't Protect You Against Coronavirus
Evidence: Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.
Verdict: Supports
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Claim: Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin
Evidence: Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?
Claim: Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes
Evidence: Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can children get COVID-19?
Claim: Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes
Evidence: Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. 
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: We wish to remind readers that children and adolescents can have COVID-19 disease and that the disease may be extra-pulmonary.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Claim: Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air
Evidence: Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. 
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: The lockdown declared to prevent the spread of Covid 19 in India created unforeseen problems, including severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the need to manage them.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Claim: Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus
Evidence: SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. 
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Claim: Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms
Evidence: In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather
Claim: During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.
Evidence: COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.
Verdict: Neutral