jpd459/healthver_resplit huggingface dataset:
Question: Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?
Claim: FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.
Evidence: Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?
Claim: number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public
Evidence: Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Claim: Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.
Evidence: Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?
Claim: China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C
Evidence: We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. 
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: Spraying alcohol or chlorine over my body will kill the coronavirus.
Evidence: While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Can people recover from COVID-19?
Claim: Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection
Evidence: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?
Claim: scientists recommend against using dexamethasone in patients
Evidence: dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?
Claim: And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19
Evidence: Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. 
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.
Verdict: Supports
Question: what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?
Claim: children make up more than 7% of all coronavirus cases in the US
Evidence: More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. 
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?
Claim: 20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.
Evidence: APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members
Verdict: Supports
Question: Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?
Claim: Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever
Evidence: For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.
Verdict: Supports
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Claim: Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.
Evidence: In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim:  the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Neutral
Question: Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? 
Claim: Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.
Evidence: This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus
Verdict: Supports
Question: Does garlic protect against covid-19
Claim: I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs
Evidence: In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: Try to limit alcohol consumption to a moderate level to avoid vitamin deficiencies and lowered immunity.
Evidence: While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.
Verdict: Supports
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?
Claim: Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.
Evidence: The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products
Verdict: Supports
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?
Claim: studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.
Evidence: Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.
Verdict: Supports
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?
Claim: Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed
Evidence: Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.
Verdict: Refutes
Evidence: Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?
Claim: N95 mask helps protect the wearer from getting the covid-19, while a surgical or cloth mask is really to help protect others in case the wearer has the virus.
Evidence: We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.
Verdict: Neutral
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.
Evidence: Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death
Verdict: Supports
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.
Verdict: Supports
Question: how do people die from the coronavirus?
Claim: Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Evidence: Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.
Verdict: Refutes
Question: How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?
Claim: Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.
Evidence: We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Verdict: Neutral
Evidence: We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.
Verdict: Neutral