Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers
1. THE ATMOSPHERE Introduction / Meteorological Conventions / Thermodynamic State / Equation of State - Ideal Gas Law / Hydrostatic Equilibrium / Hypsometric Equation / Atmospheric Structure / Process Terminology / Summary / Exercises 2. RADIATION Orbital Factors / Flux / Radiation Principles / Surface Radiation Budget / Summary / Exercises 3. HEAT Sensible and Latent Heats / Lagrangian Heat Budget - Part 1: Unsaturated / Thermodynamic Diagrams - Part 1: Dry Adiabatic Processes / Eulerian Heat Budget / Surface Heat Budget / Apparent Temperatures / Summary / Exercises 4. BOUNDARY LAYERS Static Stability - A Preview / Boundary-Layer Formation / ABL Structure and Evolution / Temperature / Wind / Turbulence / Summary / Exercises 5. MOISTURE Saturation Vapor Pressure / Humidity Variables / Total Water Mixing Ratio / Lagrangian Water Budget / Thermo Diagrams - Part 2: Isohumes / Eulerian Water Budget / Lagrangian Heat Budget - Part 2: Saturated / Thermo Diagrams - Part 3: Saturated Adiabats / Summary / Exercises 6. STABILITY Thermodynamic Diagrams - Part 4: Applications / Parcels vs. Environment / Buoyancy / Static Stability / Thermo Diagrams for Boundary Layers / Brunt-Vaisala Frequency / Dynamic Stability / Summary / Exercises 7. CLOUD FORMATION Cloud Development / Cloud Sizes / Fractal Cloud Shapes / Processes Causing Saturation / Clouds and Upslope Fog / Other Fogs / Summary / Exercises 8. PRECIPITATION Nucleation of Liquid Droplets / Nucleation of Ice Crystals / Droplet Growth by Diffusion / Ice Growth by Diffusion / Collision and Collection / Precipitable Water / Rainfall Estimated by Radar / Summary / Exercises 9. DYNAMICS Newton's Second Law of Motion / Forces / Full Equations of Motion / Height Contours on Isobaric Surfaces / Winds / Full Equations of Motion - Revisited / Mass Conservation / Summary / Exercises 10. LOCAL WINDS Scales of Motion / Wind-Speed Probability / Wind Turbines and Power Generation / Vertical Equation of Motion / Thermally Driven Circulations / Streamlines, Streaklines, and Trajectories / Bernoulli's Equation / Mountain Waves / Foehns (again) and Chinooks / Summary / Exercises 11. GLOBAL CIRCULATION Nomenclature / Differential Heating / Thermal Wind Relationship / Jet Stream / Vorticity / Midlatitude Troughs and Ridges / Focus: Rossby Radius of Deformation and Geostrophic Adjustment - Part 1 / Three-Band General Circulation / Ekman Spiral in the Ocean / Summary / Exercises 12. AIR MASSES & FRONTS Anticyclones or Highs / Air Masses / Synoptic Weather Maps / Surface Fronts / Geostrophic Adjustment - Part 2 / Frontogenesis / Occluded Fronts and Mid-Tropospheric Fronts / Dry Lines / Summary / Exercises 13. CYCLONES Case Study of a Cyclone over North America / Cyclogenesis / Lee Cyclogenesis / Cyclone Spin-Up / Upward Motion / Sea-level Pressure Tendency / Self Development of Cyclones / Iso-surfaces and Their Utility / Case Study of a Cyclone (Continued) / Summary / Exercises 14. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION Solutions to Atmospheric Equations / Grid Points / Finite-Difference Equations / Numerical Stability / The Numerical-Forecast Process / Forecast Quality / Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos / Useful Indicators on Weather Maps Produced By NWP / Elements of a Good Weather Briefing / Summary / Exercises 15. THUNDERSTORMS Convective Conditions / CAPE / Severe-Thunderstorm Environment / Downbursts and Gust Fronts / Lightning and Thunder / Tornadoes / Doppler Radar / Summary / Exercises 16. HURRICANES Dynamics / Thermodynamics / A Hurricane Model / Storm Surge / Surface Wind-Waves / Summary / Exercises 17. AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION Dispersion Factors / Air Quality Standards / Turbulence Statistics / Dispersion Statistics / Taylor's Statistical Theory / Dispersion in Neutral & Stable Boundary Layers / Dispersion in Unstable Boundary Layers / Summary / Exercises 18. CLIMATE CHANGE Relative Equilibrium / Greenhouse Effect / Atmospheric Window / Water Vapor and Cloud Feedbacks / Ice-Albedo-Temperature Feedback / Daisyworld / GCMs / Sensitivity / Summary / Exercises 19. OPTICS Ray Geometry / Liquid Drop Optics / Ice-Crystal Optics / Scattering / Diffraction / Mirages / Summary / Exercises / APPENDIX A: FUNDAMENTALS OF SCIENCE / Dimensions and Units / Functions and Finite Difference / Relationships and Graphs / On Doing Science / Summary / Exercises / APPENDIX B: CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS / Universal Constants / Earth Characteristics / Air and Water Characteristics / Conversion Factors & Combined Parameters / Other Information / APPENDIX C: NOTATION / Roman Symbols, Acronyms & Contractions / Greek Symbols / Operators / Superscripts / Subscripts / Special Symbols / APPENDIX D: ADDITIONAL READING MATERIAL / The Atmosphere / Radiation, Thermodynamics & Moisture / Cloud & Satellite Pictures / Cloud & Storm Processes / Dynamics of Atmospheres & Oceans / Boundary-Layers & Air Pollution / Synoptics / Numerical Weather Prediction & Chaos / Hurricanes / Climate Change / Optics / APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES / Answers for Chapters 1 to 6 / Answers for Chapters 6 to 13 / Answers for Chapters 13 to 19 / Answers for Appendices A & H / APPENDIX F: SYLLABUS / The Student Mix / Tests & Grading / Textbooks & Homework / Lectures & Weekly Schedule / APPENDIX G: CHAPTER CORRESPONDENCES / Ahrens' Essentials / Ahrens' Meteorology Today / Holton's Dynamic Meteorology / Wallace and Hobbs' Atmospheric Science / APPENDIX H: TURBULENCE CLOSURE / Turbulence Closure Types / K-Theory / Transilient Turbulence Theory / Summary / Exercises / INDEX