Gravitation and Cogravitation: Developing Newton's Theory of Gravitation to its Physical and Mathematical Conclusion
Newton's theory of gravitation is the grandest and the most  enduring physical theory ever created. Today, more than 300 years after it  was first conceived, Newton's theory of gravitation is still the basic  working theory of astronomers and of all the scientists dealing with space  exploration and celestial mechanics. However, Newton's theory of  gravitation has serious defects: it is incapable of accounting for certain  fine details of planetary motion; it does not provide any information on  the temporal aspect of gravitational interactions; it cannot be reconciled  with the principle of causality and with the law of conservation of  momentum.This book extends and generalizes Newton's theory of  gravitation, makes it free from the above defects, and provides a large  variety of methods for calculating gravitational interactions between  moving or stationary bodies of all shapes, sizes and configurations.The  starting point of the generalization of Newton's theory of gravitation  developed in this book is the idea that gravitational interactions are  mediated by two force fields: the gravitational field proper created by all  masses and acting upon all masses, and the "cogravitational" field created  by moving masses only and acting upon moving masses only. In accordance  with the principle of causality, the two fields are represented byretardedfield integrals, which, for static or slowly-varying  gravitational systems, yield the ordinary Newtonian gravitational field.An immediate consequence of the generalized Newtonian theory of  gravitation developed on this basis is that gravitational interactions  normally involve at least five different forces associated with velocities,  accelerations and rotations of interacting bodies. The effects of these  forces are quite remarkable. Some examples: a fast-moving mass passing a  spherically-symmetric body causes the latter to rotate; a mass moving with  rapidly-decreasing velocity exerts both an attractive and a repulsive force  on neighboring bodies; a rotating mass that is suddenly stopped causes  neighboring bodies to rotate; planets orbiting the Sun cause a differential  rotation of the Sun.The generalized theory of gravitation is fully  compatible with the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. A very  important result of this compatibility is the definitive explanation of the  process of conversion of gravitational field energy into the kinetic energy  of bodies moving under the action of gravitational fields.The  generalized theory of gravitation predicts the existence of  gravitation-cogravitational waves and explains how such waves can be  generated.The generalized theory of gravitation also indicates the  existence of antigravitational (repulsive) fields and mass formations. A  cosmological consequence of such fields and mass formations is a periodic  expansion and contraction of the Universe. Another consequence is that the  actual mass of the Universe may be much larger than the mass revealed by an  analysis of gravitational attraction in the galaxies.It is natural to  compare the various consequences of the generalized theory of gravitation  with the consequences of the general relativity theory. In this regard the  following three remarks should be made.First, there are no observable  gravitational effects revealed by the general relativity theory that do not  have their counterparts in the generalized theory of gravitation.Second, the generalized theory of gravitation describes a vastly larger  number of gravitational effects than those described by the general  relativity theory.Third, numerical values for gravitational effects  predicted by the general relativity theory are usually different from the  corresponding values predicted by the generalized theory of gravitation;  the difference is almost always a consequence of greater complexity and  depth of gravitational interactions revealed by the generalized theory of  gravitation.Although this book presents the results of original  research, it is written in the style of a textbook and contains numerous  illustrative examples demonstrating various applications of the generalized  Newtonian theory of gravitation developed in the book.