Lovers of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy with Integrated Readings (with Study Guide)
PREFACE. INTRODUCTION. 0. THE DAWN OF PHILOSOPHY. The Birth of Wisdom. The Legend of Socrates: Knowing the Unknown. Selection: Plato, Apology. The Wisdom of Unknowing. PART 1: THE LEGACY OF THE ANCIENTS. 1. THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS. Indian Philosophy: The Vedas, the Upanisads, and the Bhagavad-Gita. Selections: The Rg-Veda, Song of Creation. The Kena Upanisad. The Katha Upanisad. The Bhagavad Gita. Thales: The First Philosopher. Selection: Aristotle on Thales. Anaximander: The Infinite Boundless. Selection: Anaximander, The Infinite. Anaximenes: A Question of Language. Selection: Anaximenes, The Breath of the World. Confucius: The Moral Way. Selections: Confucius, Lun Yu. Karl Jaspers, The Axial Period. Lao Tzu: The Way of the Tao. Selection: Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching. Buddha: The Way of Enlightenment. Selection: Buddha, Fire Sermon. Pythagoras: Form, Limit and Number as the Basis of All Things. Selection: Aristotle on the Pythagoreans. The Rational vs. the Irrational. Heraclitus: The Way of the Logos. Selection: Heraclitan Fragments. Parmenides: The Way of Truth. Selection: Parmenides, Nature. Zeno of Elea: The Way of Paradox. Selection: Zeno, Paradoxes. Protagoras and the Sophists: The Way of Relativism. Selection: Plato, Protagoras. Democritus: The Way of Materialism. 2. PLATO. Plato. Plato's Euthyphro. Selection: Plato, Euthyphro. The Trial and Death of Socrates. Plato's Epistemology and Metaphysics: The Myth of the Cave. Selection: Plato, Republic. Plato's Next Step: The Birth of Self-Criticism. Selection: Plato, Parmenides. 3. ARISTOTLE. Aristotle: The Birth of Logic. Aristotle's Epistemology: Knowledge for Its Own Sake. Selection: Aristotle, Metaphysics. Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Ideal Forms. Selection: Aristotle, Categories. Aristotle's Theory of Mind. Selection: Aristotle, On the Soul. The Nichomachean Ethics. Selection: Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics. PART II: THE MIDDLE PERIOD. 4. THE EPICUREANS, STOICS, AND SKEPTICS. Epicurus. Selections: Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus. Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus. Epictetus. Selections: Epictetus, Echiridion. Epictetus, Discourses. Marcus Aurelius: The Philosopher King. Selection: Marcus Aurelius, Meditations. Sextus Empiricus: The Way of Skepticism. Selection: Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Nagarunja: The Way of Nirvana. Selection: Nagarunja, The Unity of Being. 5. CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY. The Fragmentation of Philosophy: Fear of the Known. Plotinus: The Twilight of Philosophy. Selection: Plotinus, Enneads. Augustine: The Beginning of Christendom. Selections: Augustine, Confessions. Augustine, Against the Manichaens. Augustine, City of God. Augustine, Self Knowledge and the Nature of Mind. Anselm: The New Scholasticism. Selections: Anselm, Proslogion: The Ontological Argument. Guanilo, On Behalf of the Fool. Anselm, Reply to Guanilo. 6. THE ISLAMIC INFLUENCE. Averroes. Selection: Averroes, Commentary on De Anima. Maimonides. 7. THE MEDIEVALS. Aquinas: The Godhead. Selection: Aquinas, Summa Theologica. Duns Scotus: The Logical Analysis of Being. Selection: Duns Scotus, Ordinatio. Ockham: The Razor's Edge. Selections: Ockham, Logic. Ockham, Theory of Knowledge and Metaphysics. 8. THE RENAISSANCE. Nicholas of Cusa: Everything is Everything. Selection: Nicholas of Cusa, Everything is Everything. Roger Bacon: The Idols of the Mind. Selections: Bacon, The Idols from Novum Organum. Bacon, On Induction from Novum Organum. Giordano Bruno: The World Soul is You. Selection: Bruno, The Cause, the Principle and the One. PART III: THE MODERN RATIONALISTS. 9. PRELUDE TO MODERN PHILOSOPHY: The Copernican Revolution. The Copernican Revolution: The Second Dawn. Selection: Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. From the Religious Authority of the Church to the Secular Authority of Science. Selections: Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution. Paul Feyerabend, How to Defend Society Against Science. Thomas Hobbes: The Materialist, the New Science, and the Quest for Secular Ethics. Selections: Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I: Of Man. Hobbes, Leviathan, Part II: Of Commonwealth. 10. DESCARTES. Descartes: The Founder of Modern Philosophy. Selection: Descartes, Discourse on Method. The Cartesian Method: The Axioms of Rationality. Selection: Descartes, Discourse on Method. The Cartesian Coordinate System and the Invention of Analytic Geometry: Toward the Unification of Perception and the Intellect. How to Become a Genius: Descartes' Rules for the Direction of the Mind. Selection: Descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind. The Revival of Skepticism: Descartes' First Meditations. Selection: Descartes, Meditation I (complete). I Think, Therefore I Am. Selection: Descartes, Meditation II (complete). The Cartesian God. Selection: Descartes, Meditations III-VI (excerpts). 11. SPINOZA. Spinoza: The Philosopher's Philosopher. Spinoza's Ethics: The World is God. Selections: Spinoza, Ethics, Book 1: On God. Spinoza, Ethics, Appendix to Book I. Ethics, Book II: The Origin and Nature of the Mind. Selections: Spinoza, Ethics, Book II, The Origin and Nature of the Mind. Spinoza, Ethics, Book III, The Origin and Nature of Emotions. 12. LEIBNIZ. Leibniz (1648-1727): The Great Calculator. Leibniz and the Origin of the Modern World View. Selection: John Dewey, Leibniz's New Essays Concerning Human Understanding. Infinite Realities: The Monadology. Selection: Leibniz, The Monadology. The Calculus: The Mathematics of Reality. The Machine Within the Machine Within the Machine. Selections: Leibniz, The Monadology. Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics. PART IV: THE MODERN EMPIRICISTS. 13: LOCKE. Locke: In Search of the Mind's Eye. Selection: Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding. The Political Philosopher: Locke's Legacy. Selection: Locke, Two Treatises of Civil Government (Second Treatise). 14. BERKELEY. Berkeley: The Thoroughly Modern Idealist. The Primacy of Language. To Be Is to Be Perceived: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. Selection: Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the principles of Human Knowledge (Introduction). Newton (1642-1727): The World According to Modern Physics. Selection: Newton, Fundamental Principles of Natural Philosophy (from Principia). Would the Real World Please Reveal Itself? 15. HUME. Hume: The Skeptical Inquirer. Hume's Theory of Ideas. Selections: Hume, Treatise of Human Nature. Hume, Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Hume's Fork: The Analytic-Synthetic Distinction. Selection: Hume, Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Cause and Effect: Dissolving the Cement of the Universe. Selection: Hume, Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. The Problem of Induction. Selection: Hume, Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. The Death of God. Selection: Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. I Do Not Exist. Selections: Hume, Of the Idea of Exstence and of External Existence. Hume, Of Personal Identity. PART V: KANT AND THE GOLDEN AGE OF GERMAN PHILOSOPHY. 16. KANT. Kant. Awakening From Dogmatic Slumbers. Selection: Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Transcendental Idealism. Selection: Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Kant's Copernican Revolution. Selection: Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. The Phenomenal and Noumenal Worlds. Rousseau: The Romantic Influence. Selection: Rousseau, The Social Contract. The Moral Law Within. Selection: Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. 17. HEGEL AND THE GERMAN IDEALISTS. Fichte: The Subjective Idealist. Selection: Fichte, The Science of Knowledge. Schelling: The Objective Idealist. Selection: Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism. Hegel: The Absolute Idealist. Selections: Hegel, Logic. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History. Schopenhauer: The Will of the World. Selection: Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea. 18. KIERKEGAARD AND NIETZSCHE. Kierkegaard: Prelude to Radical Subjectivity. Selections: Kierkegaard, Either/Or. Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Nietzsche: The Philosopher as Superman. Selections: Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil. Nietzsche, The Will to Power. PART VI: THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHERS. 19. THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHERS: WOLLSTONECRAFT, COMTE, BENTHAM, MILL AND MARX. The Shift to the Social Arena. Wollstonecraft: The Rights of Women. Selection: Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Comte: The Founder of Sociology and Positivism. Selection: Comte, Course of the Positive Philosophy. Bentham and Mill: The Utilitarians. Selections: Mill, Utilitarianism. Mill, On Liberty. Marx: The Birth of Communism. Selections: Marx, Communist Manifesto. Marx, Alienation. Marx, The Power of Money. PART VII: THE 20th CENTURY. 20. THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: PEIRCE, JAMES, DEWEY AND ROYCE. Perice: The American Pragmatist. Selections: Peirce, The Fixation of Belief. Perice, How to Make Our Ideas Clear. James: The Radical Empiricist. Selections: James, The Will to Believe. James, Does 'Consciousness' Exist? Dewey: Epistemology Naturalized. Selections: Dewey, The Quest for Certainty. Dewey, Thought and Experience. Royce: The American Idealist. Selections: Royce, The Spirit of Modern Philosophy. Royce, The World and the Individual. THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE. Brentano: The Intentional Philosopher. Husserl: The Founder of Phenomenology. Selections: Brentano, Intentionality. Husserl, The Phenomenology of Internal-Time Consciousness. Husserl, The Idea of Phenomenology. Husserl, Ideas. Heidegger: In Search of Being. Selections: Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics. Heidegger, Being and Time. Sartre: The French Existentialist. Selections: Sartre, Existentialism. Sartre, Being and Nothingness. 22. THE NEW METAPHYSICIANS: BRADLEY, BERGSON, AND WHITEHEAD. Bradley: The Absolute Idealist. Selection: Bradley, Appearance and Reality. Bergson: The Spiritual Metaphysician. Selection: Bergson, Introduction to Metaphysics. Whitehead: The Process Philosopher. Selection: Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead. 23. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY: FREGE, RUSSELL, WITTGENSTEIN AND QUINE. The Legacy of Frege: Sense and Reference. Selections: Frege, The Basic Laws of Arithmetic. Frege, Sense and Reference. Russell: Upon the Wings of Logic. Selections: Russell, the Problems of Philosophy. Russell, The Principles of M...