The Theory of Knowledge: Classic and Contemporary Readings
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE. Introduction. 1. Bertrand Russell, What Can We Know? Appearances and Reality. 2. Roderick Chisholm, The Problem of the Criterion. 2. SKEPTICISM. Introduction. 1. Rene Descartes, Meditations 1 to 4. 2. David Hume, Skepticism Regarding the Senses. 3. G. E. Moore, A Defense of Common Sense. 4. Keith Lehrer, Why Not Skepticism. 5. Norman Malcolm, Two Types of Knowledge. 3. PERCEPTION: OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD. Introduction. 1. John Locke, A Representational Theory of Perception. 2. George Berkeley, An Idealist Theory of Knowledge. 3 W. T. Stace, Science and the Physical World: A Defense of Phenomenalism. 4. H. Whiteley, Phenomenalism: Its Grounds and Difficulties. 5. Thomas Reid, A Defense of Direct Realism. 6. Bertrand Russell, A Defense of Representationalism. 4. ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE. Introduction. 1. Edmund Gettier, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? 2. Richard Feldman: An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counterexamples. 3. Alvin Goldman, A Causal Theory of Knowledge. 4. Keith Lehrer and Tom Paxson, Knowledge: Undefeated Justified Belief. 5. Alvin Goldman, Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge. 5. THEORIES OF JUSTIFICATION (I): FOUNDATIONALISM AND COHERENTISM. Introduction. 1. Robert Chisolm, Foundationalism. 2. Robert Audi, Contemporary Modest Foundationalism. 3. Laurence Bonjour, A Critique of Foundationalism. 4. Timothy McGrew, Ad Defense of Classical Foundationalism (commissioned). 5. Jonathan Dancy, A Defense of Coherentism. 6. Richard Fumerton, A Critique of Coherentism (revised-commissioned). 7. Ernest Sosa, The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence Versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge. 8. Susan Haack, A Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification (commissioned). 9. David Annis, A Contextual Theory of Epistemic Justification. 6. THEORIES OF JUSTIFICATION (II): EXTERNALISM AND INTERNALISM. Introduction. 1. Alvin Goldman, Reliabilism: What Is Justified Belief? 2. Keith Lehrer, A Critique of Externalism. 3. W. V. Quine, Epistemology Naturalized. 4. Earl Conee and Richard Feldman, The Generality Problem for Reliabilism. 5. Matthias Steup, A Defense of Internalism (commissioned). 6. Hilary Kornblith, Naturalistic Epistemology and its Critics. 7. David Lewis, Elusive Knowledge. 8. John Greco, Foundationalism, Coherentism, and Virtue Epistemology. 7. A PRIORI KNOWEDGE. Introduction. 1. Immanel Kant, A Priori Knowledge. 2. A. J. Ayer, An Empiricist Critique of the A Priori. 3. A. C. Ewing, In Defense of A Priori Knowledge. 4. W. V. Quine, Two Dogmas of Empiricism. 5. H. P. Grice and Peter F. Strawson, In Defense of a Dogma. 6. Roderick Chisholm, Truths of Reason. 7. Saul Kripke, A Priori Knowledge, Necessity and Contingency. 8. INDUCTION. Introduction. 1. David Hume, The Problem of Induction. 2. Bertrand Russell, On Induction. 3. Frederick Will, Will the Future Be Like the Past? 4. Hans Reichenbach, The Pragmatic Justification of Induction. 5. Peter F. Strawson, Dissolving the Problem of Induction. 6. Nelson Goodman, The New Riddle of Induction. 9. SCIENCE, JUSTIFICATION AND THE DEMARCATION PROBLEM. Introduction. 1. A.J. Ayer, The Verification Method and the Elimination of Metaphysics. 2. Karl Hempel, The Scientific Method of Hypothesis Testing. 3. Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations. 4. Imre Lakatos, Science versus Pseudoscience. 5. Paul Feyerabend, Science as Myth. 10. THE ETHICS OF BELIEF. Introduction. 1. John Locke, Of Enthusiasm. 2. W. K. Clifford, The Ethics of Belief. 3. William James, The Will to Believe. 4. Jack Meiland, What Ought We to Believe? 5. Louis Pojman, Believing, Willing, and the Ethics of Belief. 11. CHALLENGES AND ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL EPISTEMOLOGY. Introduction. 1. Lorraine Code, Is the Sex of the Knower Epistemologically Significant? 2. Helen Longino, Feminist Epistemology As Local Epistemology. 3. Susan Haack, Knowledge and Propoganda: Reflections of an Old Feminist. 4. Richard Rorty, Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity. 5. Margarita Rosa Levin, A Defense of Objectivity: A Critique of Feminist Epistemology and Rortyism (commissioned). 6. Karl Popper, Knowledge without a Knowing Subject.