University Physics, Volume 1 (with InfoTrac)
1. PRELUDES Nature and Mathematics: Physics as Natural Philosophy / Contemporary Physics: Classical and Modern / Standards for Measurement / Units of Convenience and Unit Conversions / The Meaning of the Word Dimension / The Various Meanings of the Equal Sign / Estimation and Order of Magnitude / The Distinction Between Precision and Accuracy / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 2. A MATHEMATICAL TOOLBOX: AN INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR ANALYSIS Scalar and Vector Quantities / Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar / Parallel Transport of Vectors / Vector Addition by Geometric Methods: Tail-to-Tip Method / Determining Whether a Quantity is a Vector / Vector Difference by Geometric Methods / The Scalar Product of Two Vectors / The Cartesian Coordinate System and the Cartesian Unit Vectors / The Cartesian Representation of Any Vector / Multiplication of a Vector Expressed in Cartesian Form by a Scalar / Expressing Vector Addition and Subtraction in Cartesian Form / The Scalar Product of Two Vectors Expressed in Cartesian Form / Determining the Angle Between Two Vectors Expressed in Cartesian Form / Equality of Two Vectors / Vector Equations / The Vector Product of Two Vectors / The Vector Product of Two Vectors Expressed in Cartesian Form / Variation of a Vector / Some Aspects of Vector Calculus / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 3. KINEMATICS I: RECTILINEAR MOTION Rectilinear Motion / Position and Changes in Position / Average Speed and Average Velocity / Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity / Average Acceleration / Instantaneous Acceleration / Rectilinear Motion with a Constant Acceleration / Geometric Interpretations / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 4. KINEMATICS II: MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors in Two Dimensions / Two-Dimensional Motion with a Constant Acceleration / Motion in Three Dimensions / Relative Velocity Addition and Accelerations / Uniform Circular Motion: A First Look / The Angular Velocity Vector / The Geometry and Coordinates for Describing Circular Motion / The Position Vector for Circular Motion / The Velocity and Angular Velocity in Circular Motion / Uniform Circular Motion Revisited / Nonuniform Circular Motion and the Angular Acceleration / Nonuniform Circular Motion with a Constant Angular Acceleration / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 5. NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION Fundamental Particles / The Fundamental Forces of Nature / Newton's First Law of Motion and a Qualitative Conception of Force / The Concept of Force and Its Measurement / Newton's Second Law of Motion / Newton's Third Law of Motion / Limitations to Applying Newton's Laws of Motion / Inertial Reference Frames: Do They Really Exist? / Second Law and Third Law Force Diagrams / Weight and the Normal Force of a Surface / Tension in Ropes, Strings, or Cables / Static Friction / Kinetic Friction at Low Speeds / Kinetic Friction Proportional to the Particle Speed / Fundamental Forces and Other Forces Revisited / Noninertial Reference Frames / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 6. THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD How Did Newton Deduce the Gravitational Force Law? / Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation / Gravitational Force of a Uniform Spherical Shell on a Particle / Gravitational Force of a Uniform Sphere on a Particle / Measuring the Mass of the Earth / Artificial Satellites of the Earth / Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion and the Geometry of Ellipses / Spatial Average Position of a Planet in an Elliptical Orbit / Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion / Central Forces, Orbital Angular Momentum, and Kepler's Second Law / Newton's Form for Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion / Customized Units / The Gravitational Field / The Flux of a Vector / Gauss's Law for the Gravitational Field / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 7. HOOKE'S FORCE LAW AND SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATION Hooke's Force Law / Simple Harmonic Oscillation / A Vertically Oriented Spring / Connection Between Simple Harmonic Oscillation and Uniform Circular Motion / How to Determine Whether an Oscillatory Motion is Simple Harmonic Motion / The Simple Pendulum / Through a Fictional Earth in 42 Minutes / Damped Oscillations / Forced Oscillations and Resonance / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 8. WORK, ENERGY, AND THE CWE THEOREM Motivation for Introducing the Concepts of Work and Energy / The Work Done by Any Force / The Work Done by a Constant Force / The Work Done by the Total Force / Geometric Interpretation of the Work Done by a Force / Conservative, Nonconservative, and Zero-Work Forces / Examples of Conservative, Nonconservative, and Zero-Work Forces / The Concept of Potential Energy / The Gravitational Potential Energy of a System near the Surface of the Earth / The General Form for the Gravitational Potential Energy / The Relationship Between the Local Form for the Gravitational Potential Energy and the More General Form / The Potential Energy Function Associated with Hooke's Force Law / The CWE Theorem / The Escape Speed / Black Holes / Limitations of the CWE Theorem: Two Paradoxical Examples / The Simple Harmonic Oscillator Revisited / The Average and Instantaneous Power of a Force / The Power of the Total Force Acting on a System / Motion Under the Influence of Conservative Forces Only: Energy Diagrams / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 9. IMPULSE, MOMENTUM, AND COLLISIONS Momentum and Newton's Second Law of Motion / Impulse-Momentum Theorem / The Rocket: A System with Variable Mass / Conservation of Momentum / Collisions / Disintegrations and Explosions / The Centripetal Acceleration Revisited / An Alternative Way to Look at Force Transmission / The Center of Mass / Dynamics of a System of Particles / Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles / The Velocity of the Center of Mass for Collisions / The Center of Mass Reference Frame / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 10. SPIN AND ORBITAL MOTION The Distinction Between Spin and Orbital Motion / The Orbital Angular Momentum of a Particle / The Circular Orbital Motion of a Single Particle / Noncircular Orbital Motion / Rigid Bodies and Symmetry Axes / Spin Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body / The Time Rate of Change of the Spin Angular Momentum / The Moment of Inertia of Various Rigid Bodies / The Kinetic Energy of a Spinning System / Spin Distorts the Shape of the Earth / The Precession of a Rapidly Spinning Top / The Precession of the Spinning Earth / Simultaneous Spin and Orbital Motion / Synchronous Rotation and the Parallel Axis Theorem / Rolling Motion Without Slipping / Wheels / Total Angular Momentum and Torque / Conservation of Angular Momentum / Conditions for Static Equilibrium / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 11. SOLIDS AND FLUIDS States of Matter / Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus for Solids / Fluid Pressure / Static Fluids / Pascal's Principle / Archimedes' Principle / The Center of Buoyancy / Surface Tension / Capillary Action / Fluid Dynamics: Ideal Fluids / Equation of Flow Continuity / Bernoulli's Principle for Incompressible Ideal Fluids / Nonideal Fluids / Viscous Flow / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 12. WAVES What is a Wave? / Longitudinal and Transverse Waves / Wavefunctions, Waveforms, and Oscillations / Waves Propagating in One, Two, and Three Dimensions / One-Dimensional Waves Moving at Constant Velocity / The Classical Wave Equation for One-Dimensional Waves / Periodic Waves / Sinusoidal (Harmonic) Waves / Waves on a String / Reflection and Transmission of Waves / Energy Transport Via Mechanical Waves / Wave Intensity / What is a Sound Wave? / Sound Intensity and Sound Level / The Acoustic Doppler Effect / Shock Waves / Diffraction of Waves / The Principle of Superposition / Standing Waves / Wave Groups and Beats / Fourier Analysis and the Uncertainty Principles / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 13. TEMPERATURE, HEAT TRANSFER, AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Simple Thermodynamic Systems / Temperature / Work, Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium / The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics / Thermometers and Temperature Scales / Temperature Conversions Between the Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales / Thermal Effects in Solids and Liquids: Size / Thermal Effects in Ideal Gases / Calorimetry / Reservoirs / Mechanisms for Heat Transfer / Thermodynamic Processes / Energy Conservation: The First Law of Thermodynamics and the CWE Theorem / The Connection Between the CWE Theorem and the General Statement of Energy Conservation / Work Done by a System on Its Surroundings / Work Done by a Gas Taken Around a Cycle / Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics: Changes of State / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 14. KINETIC THEORY Background for the Kinetic Theory of Gases / The Ideal Gas Approximation / The Pressure of an Ideal Gas / The Meaning of the Absolute Temperature / The Internal Energy of an Monatomic Ideal Gas / The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas / Complications Arise for Diatomic and Polyatomic Gases / Degrees of Freedom and the Equipartition of Energy Theorem / Specific Heat of a Solid / Some Failures of Classical Kinetic Theory / Quantum Mechanical Effects / An Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas / Chapter Summary / Summary of Problem-Solving Tactics / Questions / Problems / Investigative Projects 15. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Why Do Some Things Happen, While Others Do Not? / He...