General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
PART I: GENERAL CHEMISTRY. 1. Basic Concepts About Matter. Chemistry: The Study of Matter. Physical States of Matter. Properties of Matter. Changes in Matter. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Use of the Terms Physical and Chemical. Pure Substances and Mixtures. Elements and Compounds. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Classes of Matter. Discovery and Abundance of the Elements. Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements. Atoms and Molecules. Chemical Formulas. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: "Good" Versus "Bad" Properties for a Chemical Substance Elemental Composition of the Human Body. 2. Measurements in Chemistry. Measurement Systems. Metric System Units. Exact and Inexact Numbers. Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Significant Figures. Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations. Scientific Notation. Conversion Factors. Dimensional Analysis. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Conversion Factors. Density. Temperature Scales. Heat Energy and Specific Heat. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Body Density and Percent Body Fat; Normal Human Body Temperature. 3. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table. Internal Structure of an Atom. Atomic Number and Mass Number. Isotopes and Atomic Masses. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Atomic Structure. The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table. Metals and Nonmetals. Electron Arrangements Within Atoms. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Shell-Subshell-Orbital Interrelationships. Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams. The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table. Classification of the Elements. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Element Classification Schemes and the Periodic Table. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium: The Three Isotopes of Hydrogen; Metallic Elements and the Human Body; Iron: The Most Abundant Transition Element in the Human Body. 4. Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model. Chemical Bonds. Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols. The Octet Rule. The Ionic Bond Model. The Sign and Magnitude of Ionic Charge. Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds. Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds. The Structure of Ionic Compounds. Recognizing and Naming Binary Ionic Compounds. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds. Polyatomic Ions Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Fresh Water, Seawater, Hard Water, and Soft Water: A Matter of Ions; Tooth Enamel: A Combination of Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions. 5. Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model. The Covalent Bond Model. Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds. Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds. Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed. Coordinate Covalent Bonds. Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structures. Bonding in Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Present. Molecular Geometry. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: The Geometry of Molecules. Electronegativity. Bond Polarity. Molecular Polarity. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Compounds. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Nitric Oxide: A Molecule Whose Bonding Does Not Follow "The Rules"; The Chemical Senses of Smell and Taste. 6. Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations. Formula Masses. The Mole: A Counting Unit for Chemists. The Mass of a Mole. Chemical Formulas and the Mole Concept. The Mole and Chemical Calculations. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations. Chemical Equations and the Mole Concept. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Relationships Involving the Mole Concept. Chemical Calculations Using Chemical Equations. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Carbon Monoxide Air Pollution: A Case of Combining Ratios Chemical Reactions on an Industrial Scale: Sulfuric Acid. 7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory and Physical States. Gas Law Variables. Boyle's Law: A Pressure-Volume Relationship. Charles's Law: A Temperature-Volume Relationship. The Combined Gas Law. The Ideal Gas Law. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: The Gas Laws. Changes of State. Evaporation of Liquids. Vapor Pressure of Liquids. Boiling and Boiling Point. Intermolecular Forces in Liquids. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Intermolecular Forces. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: The Importance of Gas Densities; Blood Pressure and the Sodium Ion/Potassium Ion Ratio; Hydrogen Bonding and the Density of Water. 8. Solutions. Characteristics of Solutions. Solubility. Solution Formation. Solubility Rules. Solution Concentration Units. Dilution. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Solutions. Colloidal Dispersions and Suspensions. Colligative Properties of Solutions. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Summary of Colligative Property Terminology. Dialysis. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Factors Affecting Gas Solubility; Solubility of Vitamins; Controlled-Release Drugs: Regulating Concentration, Rate, and Location of Release; The Artificial Kidney: A Hemodialysis Machine. 9. Chemical Reactions. Types of Chemical Reactions. Redox and Nonredox Chemical Reactions. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Types of Chemical Reactions. Terminology Associated with Redox Processes. Collision Theory and Chemical Reactions. Exothermic and Endothermic Chemical Reactions. Factors That Influence Chemical Reaction Rates. Chemical Equilibrium. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Factors That Increase Reaction Rates. Equilibrium Constants. Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Chatelier's Principle. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Combustion Reactions, Carbon Dioxide, and Global Warming; "Undesirable" Oxidation-Reduction Processes: Metallic Corrosion; Stratospheric Ozone: An Equilibrium Situation. 10. Acids, Bases, and Salts. Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory. Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory. Mono-, Di-, and Triprotic Acids. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Acid-Base Definitions. Strengths of Acids and Bases. Ionization Constants for Acids and Bases. Salts. Acid-Base Neutralization Chemical Reactions. Self-Ionization of Water. The pH Concept. The pKa Method for Expressing Acid Strength. The pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Acids and Acidic Solutions. Buffers. The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Buffer Systems. Electrolytes. Equivalents and Milliequivalents of Electrolytes. Acid-Base Titrations. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Excessive Acidity Within the Stomach: Antacids and Acid Inhibitors; Acid Rain: Excess Acidity; Blood Plasma pH and Hydrolysis; Buffering Action in Human Blood; Electrolytes and Body Fluids. 11. Nuclear Chemistry. Stable and Unstable Nuclides. The Nature of Radioactive Emissions. Equations for Radioactive Decay. Rate of Radioactive Decay. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Radioactive Decay. Transmutation and Bombardment Reactions. Radioactive Decay Series. Chemical Effects of Radiation. Biochemical Effects of Radiation. Detection of Radiation. Sources of Radiation Exposure. Nuclear Medicine. Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Characteristics of Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear and Chemical Reactions Compared. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Tobacco Radioactivity and the Uranium-238 Decay Series; Preserving Food Through Food Irradiation; The Indoor Radon-222 Problem. PART II: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 12. Saturated Hydrocarbons. Organic and Inorganic Compounds. Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom. Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives. Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons. Structural Formulas. Alkane Isomerism. Conformations of Alkanes. IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes. Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Structural Representations for Alkane Molecules. Classification of Carbon Atoms. Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups. Cycloalkanes. IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes. Isomerism in Cycloalkanes. Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Nomenclature and Properties of Halogenated Alkanes. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: The Occurrence of Methane; The Physiological Effects of Alkanes; Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer. 13. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Characteristics of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes. IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkenes and Cycloalkenes. Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkenes. Constitutional Isomerism in Alkenes. Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes. Naturally Occurring Alkenes. Physical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes. Chemical Reactions of Alkenes. Polymerization of Alkenes: Addition Polymers. Alkynes. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Chemical Reactions of Alkenes 383. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes. Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Names for Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Physical Properties and Sources. Chemical Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Ethene: A Plant Hormone and High-Volume Industrial Chemical; Cis-Trans Isomerism and Vision; Carotenoids: A Source of Color; Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer. 14. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers. Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds. Structural Characteristics of Alcohols. Nomenclature for Alcohols. Isomerism for Alcohols. Important Commonly Encountered Alcohols. Physical Properties of Alcohols. Preparation of Alcohols. Classification of Alcohols. Chemical Reactions of Alcohols. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Alcohols. Polymeric Alcohols. Structural Characteristics of Phenols. Nomenclature for Phenols. Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols. Occurrence of and Uses for Phenols. Structural Characteristics of Ethers. Nomenclature for Ethers. Isomerism for Ethers. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers. Cyclic Ethers. Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols. Sulfur Analogs of Ethers. CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS: Menthol: A Useful Naturally Occurring Terpene Alcohol; Ethers as General Anesthetics; Marijuana: The Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug; Garlic and Onions: Odiferous Medicinal Plants. CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, and Thioethers. 15. Aldehydes and Ketones. The Carbonyl Group. Compounds Containing a Carbonyl Group. The Aldehyde ...--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.