Major Problems in American Environmental History (Major Problems in American History)
Note: Each chapter concludes with Further Reading. 1. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY? Essays. Donald Worster, Doing Environmental History. Jared Diamond, Predicting Environmental History. William Cronon, Using Environmental History . Carolyn Merchant, Interpreting Environmental History. J. Donald Hughes, Global Environmental History. 2. NATIVE AMERICAN ECOLOGY AND EUROPEAN CONTACT. Documents. 1. A Spanish Explorer Views the Pueblos, 1580. 2. Spanish Explorers Observe Pueblo Irrigation, 1582. 3. A Spaniard Testifies on the Effects of Pueblo Colonization, 1601. 4. Nicholas Denys on the Micmac Fur Trade, 1672. 5. A Jesuit Missionary Recalls Micmac Hunting Rituals, 1691. 6. Lewis and Clark Describe the Great Plains, 1804. 7. Plains Indians' Pictographs, Recorded by George Catlin in 1844. Essays. Ramon Gutierrez, Pueblos and Spanish in the Southwest. Calvin Martin, Micmacs and French in the Northeast. Andrew Isenberg, Indians and Bison on the Great Plains. 3. THE NEW ENGLAND FOREST IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Documents. 1. William Bradford Faces a "Hideous and Desolate Wilderness," 1620-35. 2. John Winthrop Quotes Genesis on Subduing the Earth, 1629. 3. Thomas Morton Praises the New English Canaan, 1632. 4. William Wood on Indian Women's Housing and Horticulture, 1634. 5. Anne Bradstreet Eulogizes Nature, 1650. 6. Edward Johnson on Transforming the Wilderness, 1654. 7. A Timber Merchant's Estate, 1682. 8. Cotton Mather on the Scale of Nature, 1721. 9. A Governor Enforces the King's Forest Policy, 1730. Essays. Jim O'Brien, A Beaver's Perspective. Samuel. F. Manning, A Colonist's Perspective. Mark Stoll, Puritan Perspectives. 4. TOBACCO AND RICE IN THE COLONIAL SOUTH. Documents. 1. John White Depicts Indian Planting and Fishing in North Carolina, 1590. 2. Virginia Settlers Discover Tobacco, 1614-1617. 3. A Chesapeake Planter Describes His Holdings, 1686. 4. Robert Beverley on Indians and Nature in Virginia, 1705. 5. A Governor Explains South Carolina Rice Production, 1761. 6. A Traveler Describes Tobacco Cultivation, 1775. 7. Thomas Jefferson on the "Nature" of Blacks and Worn-Out Soils, 1787. 8. Olaudah Equiano Describes His Enslavement, 1791. Essays. Avery Craven, Tobacco and Soils in the Chesapeake. Judith Carney, Rice and Slaves in the Low Country. William Katz, Black Indians in the South. 5. FARMS AND CITIES IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC. Documents. 1. J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Asks, "What Is an American?" 1782. 2. Thomas Jefferson on the Agrarian Ideal, 1787. 3. Benjamin Rush Praises the Market Farmers of Pennsylvania, 1789. 4. Anna Howell's Farm Diary, 1820. 5. Samuel Slater's Proposal on Cotton Spinning, 1789. 6. Benjamin Henry Latrobe on Polluted Water in Philadelphia, 1798. 7. John James Audubon Depicts the Squatters of the Mississippi, 1808-1834. 8. Calvin Colton on Self-made Men, 1844. Essays. Carolyn Merchant, Farms and Subsistence. Martin Melosi, Pollution and Cities. Theodore Steinberg, Water and Industry. 6. NATURE AND THE MARKET IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Documents. 1. Phillis Wheatley Eulogizes Nature, 1773. 2. John James Audubon on Shooting Birds, 1808-1834. 3. James Fenimore Cooper Laments the "Wasty Ways" of Pioneers, 1823. 4. Hudson River Painters Depict Nature, 1836-1849. 5. George Catlin on Indians, Nature, and Civilization, 1844. 6. Ralph Waldo Emerson Expounds on Nature and Wealth, 1844. 7. Henry David Thoreau on Nature Versus Civilization, 1854. 8. Rebecca Harding Davis on Pollution and Human Life in the Iron Mills, 1861. Essays. Michael Heiman, Civilization Over Nature. Robert Kuhn McGregor, Nature Over Civilization. Elizabeth Blum, Slave Women and Nature. 7. THE COTTON SOUTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. Documents. 1. Frances Anne Kemble on Slavery and Nature in Georgia, 1838. 2. A Georgia Planter Tells Why Cotton Pays, 1847. 3. Frederick Law Olmsted Describes Cotton Production and Environmental Deterioration, 1861. 4. Sharecroppers' Contracts, 1876-1886. 5. Freed Slave Louis Hughes on Cotton and Cotton Worms, 1897. 6. A Louisiana Convention Declares War on the Boll Weevil, 1903. 7. Ex-Slaves Describe Their Means of Subsistence, 1937. 8. A Freed Slave Explains "Why That Boll Weevil Done Come," 1945. Essays. Albert Cowdrey, Soils Used. Eugene Genovese, Soils Abused. Theodore Steinberg, Soils Extracted. 8. EXTRACTING THE FAR WEST IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Documents. 1. A Russian Sailor on the Sea Otter Trade, 1813. 2. A Manager Describes the Russian American Company, 1835. 3. Thomas Hart Benton on Manifest Destiny, 1846. 4. An Federal Agent Assesses Mining's Impact on the Indians, 1853. 5. James Marshall Tells How He Discovered Gold, 1857. 6. Joaquin Miller Describes Environmental Deterioration in the Gold Country, 1890. 7. A Fish Commissioner on the Need for Salmon Protection, 1885. 8. A Capitalist Advocates Salmon Hatcheries, 1893. 9. An Indian Woman Deplores the Soreness of the Earth, Recorded in 1925. Essays. James Gibson, Otters versus Russians in Alaska. Robert Kelley, Miners versus Farmers in California. Richard White, Salmon versus Fishers in the Northwest 9. GREAT PLAINS GRASSLANDS EXPLOITED. Documents. 1. Pioneer Women Portray the Plains Environment, 1860-86. 2. The Homestead Act, 1862. 3. Joseph G. McCoy on the Chisholm Trail and Abilene Stockyards, 1874. 4. Frederick Jackson Turner on the Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1893. 5. John Steinbeck Depicts the Dust Bowl, 1939. 6. Plenty-Coups Mourns the Vanishing Buffalo, Recorded in 1950. 7. An Editor Bids Good Riddance to Buffalo, 1979. Essays. Walter Prescott Webb, Great Plains Ecology. Donald Worster, Cowboy Ecology. William Cronon, Telling Stories About Ecology. 10. RESOURCE CONSERVATION IN AN INDUSTRIALIZING SOCIETY. Documents. 1. George Perkins Marsh on Man and Nature, 1864. 2. John Wesley Powell Advocates Reclamation, 1878. 3. The Reclamation Act, 1902. 4. George L. Knapp Opposes Conservation, 1910. 5. Mrs. Marion Crocker on the Conservation Imperative, 1912. 6. Robert Marshall on the People's Forests, 1933. 7. Hugh Bennett Presses for Soil Conservation, 1947. 8. Gifford Pinchot Recalls the Origins of the Cosnervation Movement, 1947. Essays. Samuel P. Hays, From Conservation to Environment. Marc Reisner, Conservation as Reclamation. Carolyn Merchant, Women and Conservation. 11. WILDERNESS PRESERVATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Documents. 1. Florence Merriam Bailey on the Early Audubon Women, 1900. 2. Mary Austin on the Wonders of the Desert, 1903. 3. John Muir Advocates Wilderness Preservation, 1912. 4. The National Parks Act, 1916. 5. Chief Luther Standing Bear Gives an Indian View of Wilderness, Recorded in 1933. 6. The Wilderness Act, 1964. 7. Edward Abbey on Industrial Tourism in the National Parks, 1968. Essays. Roderick Nash, The Value of Wilderness. Philip Burnham, Indians and Wilderness. William Cronon, The Trouble with Wilderness. 12. URBANIZING THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Documents. 1. A Woman Advocates Civic Cleanliness, 1901. 2. Upton Sinclair on the Chicago Stockyards, 1905. 3. Jane Addams on Garbage in Chicago, 1910. 4. Cartoonists depict Gender and Environmental Politics, 1915-1919. 5. A Black Migrant Experiences the Urban Environment, 1927. 6. Alice Hamilton on Industrial Poisons, 1943. 7. Dwight D. Eisenhower Promotes the Interstate Highway System, 1955. Essays. Robert Gottlieb, Industrial Pollution and Reform. Adam Rome, Gender and Environmental Reform. Paul Sutter, Automobiles and the Environment. 13. THE EMERGENCE OF ECOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Documents. 1. Ellen Swallow Richards on Human Ecology, 1907. 2. Frederic Clements on Plant Succession, 1916. 3. Henry Gleason on Plant Associations, 1926. 4. Arthur Tansley Introduces the Ecosystem, 1935. 5. Aldo Leopold Proposes a Land Ethic, 1949. 6. Rachel Carson Warns of a Silent Spring, 1962. 7. Eugene Odum on the Stability of the Ecosystem, 1969. 8. Pickett and White on Patch Dynamics, 1985. Essays. Robert Clarke, Ellen Swallow's Human Ecology. Donald Worster, Organic, Economic, and Chaotic Ecology. Linda Lear, Rachel Carson on Ecology. 14. WATER AND ENERGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Documents. 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt Dedicates Hoover Dam, 1935. 2. The National Environmental Policy Act, 1969. 3. Senator Gaylord Nelson Promotes the First Earth Day, 1970. 4. Hopi Leaders on the Desecration of Their Sacred Lands, 1970. 5. Barry Commoner on the Costs of Nuclear Energy, 1971. 6. David Brower Protests the Damming of the West, 1990. 7. A Reporter on the Human Costs of the Four Corners Coal Plant, 2007. Essays. Charles Wilkinson, Water and the Environment. David E. Nye, Energy and the Environment. Adam Rome, The Environmental Movement. 15. GLOBALIZATION: THE UNITED STATES IN THE WIDER WORLD. Documents. 1. Carl Anthony Explains Why African-Americans Should Be Environmentalists, 1990. 2. Principles of Environmental Justice, 1991. 3. Winona LaDuke on Native Struggles for Land and Life, 1999. 4. Reporters Announce a World Population of Six Billion, 1999. 5. Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, 2002. 6. Rosemary Ruether on Ecofeminism and Globalization, 2005. 7. Al Gore Explains Why Global Warming is a Global Crisis, 2006. 8. The Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change, 2009. Essays. Eileen McGurty, Environmental Justice. Peter Borelli, Environmental Philosophy. Spencer Weart, Global Climate Change.