The Advanced Grammar Book, Second Edition
PREFACE 1: AMERICAN CULTURE. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Count Nouns. II. Noncount Nouns. A. Mass Nouns. B. Abstract Nouns. III. Nouns that are Both Count and Noncount. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. I. Count and Noncount Expressions of Quantity. II. (A) Few/ (A) Little. III. Special Problems. Focus on Writing: Possessive Nouns. Composition Topics 2. A QUICK REVIEW. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Overview of the Simple Present and Simple Past Tenses. II. Special Problem 1: Time Words and the Simple Present. III. Special Problem 2: Irregular Verbs. A. Possible Spelling Patterns for Irregular Verbs. IV. Future Forms. Focus on Writing: Spelling Rules. Composition Topics 3. TAKING IT EASY. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Perfect Aspect. A. Forms. B. A Comparison: Simple vs. Perfect Tenses. C. Uses: The Present Perfect. D. Time Words: Present Perfect. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. I. Past Perfect Tense. II. Time Words: Past Perfect. III. Future Perfect Tense. IV. Special Problems with Simple and Perfect Tenses. Focus on Writing: Shifting Time Frames. Composition Topics 4.MAKING IT! Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Simple Progressives. A. Forms. B. Uses of Simple vs. Simple Progressive: A Comparison. II. Perfect Progressives. A. Forms. B. Uses. C. Uses of Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Progressive: A Comparison. D. A Comparison: Future Perfect Progressive vs. Future Perfect. III. Time Expressions. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Verbs Not Used in the Progressive. A. Voluntary and Involuntary Verbs. B. Other Verbs Not Used in the Progressive. II. Special Problems with the Progressive. Focus on Writing: Using the Present Progressive for Contemporary Issues. Composition Topics. Verb Integration Exercises 5. HEALTH AND FITNESS I. Preview. Grammatical Patterns. I. Phrases and Clauses. II. The Parts of a Sentence. A. The Subject. B. The Verb. C. Direct Objects. D. Complements. III. Sentence Types. A. Sentence Types According to Function. B. Sentence Types According to Structure. Focus on Writing. A: Sentence Fragments. B: Run-on Sentences. C: Special Problems. Composition Topics 6. EXPANDING HORIZONS. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Forms of Noun Clauses. A: Noun Clauses. B: Connecting Words. II. Functions of Noun Clauses. III. Direct Speech. IV. Reporting Speech.A. Reporting Statements. B. Reporting Questions. C. Indirect Questions. D. Reporting Imperatives. V. Reporting Connected Discourse. A. Reporting Phrases and Exclamations. B. Reporting Several Statements by One Speaker. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Special Considerations in Indirect Speech. A. Optional Cases. B. Other Cases. II. The Subjunctive Form After Expressions of Urgency. III. The Subjunctive Form After Verbs of Request. IV. Reduction of Noun Clauses. V. Noun Clauses in Subject Position. VI. Special Problems with Noun Composition Topics 7. MAKING A DIFFERENCE. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Adjective Clause: Form. II. Types of Adjective Clauses. III. Restrictive Clauses: Relative Words. A. Whose. B. Object of Prepositions. C. Relative Words of Place and Time. D. Special Uses of Restrictive Adjective Clauses. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses. A. Test for Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses. II. When to Use Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses. III. Adjective Clauses That Modify Sentences. IV. Nonrestrictive Clauses After Expressions of Quantity. V. Adjective Clause Reduction of Restrictive Clauses. VI. Adjective Clause Reduction of Nonrestrictive Clauses. VII. Special Problems with Adjective Clause Use. Focus on Writing: Sentence Combining. Composition Topics 8. MAKING CHOICES. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Adverb Clauses: Position and Punctuation. II. Summary Chart of Adverb Clause Use. III. Time Clauses. IV. Place Clauses. VI. Result Clauses. A. Such...that Constructions. B. So...that Constructions. VII. Direct Contrast and Opposition Clauses. VIII. Reduction of Contrast and Cause Clauses to Prepositions. IX. Purpose Clauses. A. Modal Choice with So That Constructions. X. Manner Clauses. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Adverb Clause Reduction: An Overview. II. Clause Reduction: Time. III. Clause Reduction: Reason. IV. Clause Reduction: Opposition. V. Clause Reduction: Having + Past Participle. VI. Clause Reduction: The Passive. VII. Special Problems with Adverb Clause Use. Focus on Writing: Sentence Combining. Composition Topics 9. HEALTH AND FITNESS II. Preview. Grammatical Patterns. I. Sentence Variety. A. Addition. B. Concession. C. Opposition. D. Cause/Effect. E. Comparison. II. Special Problems with Sentences. Focus on Writing: Parallelism. Analysis of an Authentic Text. Focus on Writing 10. GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS PART 1. I. Article Use: An Overview. A. Using A / An (The Indefinite Articles). B. Using The (Definite Article). C. No Article. D. Making Generalizations. E. Some Exceptions to the Article Rules. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Subject-Verb Agreement. A. General Principles. B. Some Special Cases. C. Collective Nouns. II. Special Problems with Article Usage and Subject-Verb Agreement. Focus on Writing: Definitions. Composition Topics 11. THE SPIRIT OF AMERICA. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Active to Passive Transformation. II. Passive Voice in Different Verb Tenses. III. Verbs that can be Passive. IV. Modals, Infinitives and Gerunds in the Passive Voice. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. I. When to use the Passive. II. When to use the Agent. III. Differences Between the Be passive and the Get passive. IV. Special Problems with the Passive. Focus on Writing: Passive Voice. Composition Topics 12. DATING AND MARRIAGE. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. Modal Forms. II. The Functions of Modals. A. Expectations and Conclusion: Should/ Ought to/ Must. B. Suggestion/ Recommendation/ Advice. C. Description: Should. D. Present and Past Habitual Activity: Used To/ Would. E. The Communicative Functions of Can/ Could/ Be Able To. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Perfect Modals. A. Perfect Modal Forms. B. The Functions of Perfect Modals. Focus on Writing: Passive and Progressive After Modals. Analysis of an Authentic Text. Composition Topics 13. URBAN LIVING. Preview. Grammatical Patterns Part One. I. The Structure of the Conditional Sentence. II. The Function of Conditional Sentences. A. Future Conditional. B. Low Probability in the Future Conditional. C. Present Unreal Conditional. D. Past Unreal Conditional. E. Habits and Facts. Grammatical Patterns Part Two. Preview. I. Mixed Time References in Conditional Sentences. II. Wish and Hope. A. Wish and Hope for Present Time References. B. Wish and Hope for Past Time References. C. Wish and Hope for Future Time References. III. Making Inferences. IV. Shortened Forms. V. Special Problems with Conditional Sentences. Focus on Writing: Expressing Ideas. Analysis of an Authentic Text. Composition Topics 14. AGE IS A STATE OF MIND. Preview. Grammatical Patterns: Part One. I. Infinitives. A. Infinitive as Subject of the Sentence. B. Infinitive as Direct Object. II. Infinitive as Complement of an Adjective. III. Gerunds. A. Gerund as Subject of a Sentence. B. Gerund as Direct Object. C. Gerund as Object of a Preposition. Grammatical Patterns: Part Two. Preview. I. Type C Verbs: Followed by an Infinitive or Gerund. II. Infinitives and Gerunds as Complements. III. Infinitive of Purpose. IV. Causative Verbs: Let, Make, Help, Get. V. Special Problems with Gerunds and Infinitives. Focus on Writing: Perfect and Passive Infinitives and Gerunds. Analysis of an Authentic Text. Composition Topics 15. THE FUTURE IS IN OUR HANDS. Preview. Grammatical Patterns: Part One. I. Review of Comparative Forms.A. Comparative Forms of Adjectives. B. Comparative Forms of Adverbs. II. Comparative Patterns. A. The Basic Comparative Pattern. B. Substitutions, Omissions, and Additions in the Comparative Pattern. III. Superlative Constructions. Grammatical Patterns: Part Two. Preview. I. Using As...As for Equal Comparative Constructions. II. Conditional Comparative Constructions. III. Expressing a Progressive Change of State. IV. Other Words Used in Comparative Constructions. V. Special Problems with the Comparative. Focus on Writing: Comparative Structures. Analysis of an Authentic Text. Composition Topics.