Assessing Students with Special Needs (7th Edition)
PREFACEAssessment is at the center of all good teaching, and this book is designed to provide a clear, comprehensive guide to the assessment of students with mild disabilities. This book will give you an understanding of the assessment process as well as the practical skills needed to assess students with special needs successfully so that you can teach them well. To structure the process, we offer an assessment question model and we have developed the idea of the Individualized Assessment Plan (IAP). Our basis for the assessment questions and suggested procedures is a combination of best professional practices and legal mandates. This functional approach allows you sufficient flexibility to explore the areas and types of assessment in which you are particularly interested. In accordance with our belief that educators need useful information, we maintain a strong educational orientation toward assessment.   NEW TO THE FIFTH EDITIONThis is the fifth edition of Assessing Students with Special Needs, and it reflects many changes in professional thought and practice in both special education and general education. Topics new to this edition include recent legislation (e.g., the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments), reform movements in general and special education, techniques for ongoing classroom assessment (e.g., functional assessment of behavior), test accommodations for students with disabilities, assessment for grading and report cards, evaluation of new areas of interest such as phonological processing, and the development of collaborative parent-professional partnerships in the assessment process.The fifth edition is organized somewhat differently from previous editions, although the content covered is the same. The entire book has been thoroughly updated with current literature and coverage of pertinent issues, trends, and professional practices. Throughout we maintain our interest in the promotion of nonbiased assessment of culturally and linguistically diverse students. Chapter 14, in particular, focuses on strategies for the assessment of students who speak dialects of English and those who speak languages other than English.Part One of the fifth edition, Introduction to Special Education Assessment, includes information on the purposes of assessment, laws and regulations governing assessment, the team approach to assessment, the organization of the assessment process using the assessment question model, and the steps in assessment. Part Two, Assessment Skills for Special Educators, contains chapters on selecting the tools for assessment, administration and scoring of standardized tests, and design and use of informal assessment techniques and procedures. A new chapter has also been introduced–Chapter 6, Classroom Assessment Techniques–and it describes a range of techniques for evaluating student progress in the classroom instructional program. These techniques include functional behavioral assessment, curriculum-based measurement, action research, and portfolio assessment. This chapter also discusses important issues in ongoing assessment such as managing student data, grading and report cards, and test accommodations.Part Three of the fifth edition, Assessment of General Performance Areas, centers around the general performance areas most relevant to eligibility assessment: school performance, learning aptitude, specific learning abilities and strategies, and classroom behavior. Part Four, Assessment of Academic Areas, focuses on the assessment of academic skills: reading, mathematics, written language, and oral language and bilingual assessment. Part Five, Special Considerations, provides information on three important topics: parent and family involvement in assessment, assessment during the preschool years, and assessment for transition planning.This edition also features new tests and assessment procedures, many of which are revised versions of measures described in earlier editions. More than 80 new published measures are included. Among the new instruments we discuss are:Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised/Normative Update Hammill Multiability Achievement Test Wide Range Achievement Test-Revision 3 BRIGANCE® Diagnostic Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills-Revised Bateria Woodcock-Muñoz-Revisada Hammill Multiability Intelligence Test Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (3rd ed.) Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude (4th ed.) Developmental Test of Visual Perception (2nd ed.) Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (4th ed.) Conners' Rating Scales–Revised Child Behavior Checklist The Instructional Environment Scale-II Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Test of Reading Comprehension (3rd ed.) Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised/Normative Update Monitoring Basic Skills Progress KeyMath Revised/Normative Update Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics Test (4th ed.) Test of Mathematical Abilities (2nd ed.) Mather-Woodcock Group Writing Tests Oral and Written Language Scales Test of Adolescent and Adult Language-3 Test of Written Language-3 Test of Written Spelling-4 Test of Language Development-3, Primary and Intermediate Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System for Infants and Children Hawaii Early Learning Profile BRIGANCE® Employability Skills Inventory Transition Planning Inventory   FEATURESOur goal in this book is to provide you with a foundation for understanding the assessment process and with the skills necessary for carrying out meaningful assessments. The chief strength of this text remains its balanced coverage of formal and informal assessment. Critiques of the strengths and weaknesses of formal tests and informal procedures help you to select the tools that will supply the information you need.We have chosen to speak about popular assessment procedures as well as less well known, but distinctive, measures. Popular instruments are discussed in some depth, not necessarily because they are always the best techniques, but because they reflect current practice. On the other hand, information about less well known tests and techniques is provided to acquaint you with promising procedures. With this comprehensive coverage, you will find out not only what is currently being done (and how well) but also what needs to be changed and how to do that.In addition, we provide the connection between gathering assessment information and using it to make decisions. There are regular reminders to consider assessment data in relation to the classroom setting and suggestions for making sense out of all the information gathered. This process is described in the context of a team approach to educational assessment but with particular emphasis on the role of the special education teacher.To make our book a more practical classroom resource, we have included several useful case reports, sample test profiles, checklists, and illustrations. Also, information boxes throughout the chapters summarize the important characteristics of tests discussed in depth. We have tried to give you a feel for the procedures you will use in assessment and to critique and relate them to one another so that you can better understand how to use them. Each chapter begins with a brief topical outline of its contents and ends with a Study Guide containing factual review questions, applied activities, and discussion questions focusing on critical issues addressed in the chapter.  Companion WebsiteA companion website is available for both students and professors. Students can take self-quizzes and submit their responses online to the professor as well as view their scores and obtain page references in the text for answers to questions marked incorrect. Students also have access to chat rooms and bulletin boards for peer discussion. Instructors will have a Syllabus Builder™ which allows them to develop and customize a syllabus for their course. The address of the companion website for Assessing Students with Special Needs is: prenhall/mcloughlin.   Support Materials for InstructorsThe instructor support package for the fifth edition includes an Instructor's Manual, Computerized Test Banks in both Macintosh and Windows formats, and the companion website described above.Instructor's ManualThe Instructor's Manual, organized by chapter, contains a chapter overview, a detailed outline, glossary terms, a set of questions appropriate for class discussions, and suggested activities. Also within the manual are objective test questions (multiple-choice, true-false, and completion) as well as a set of instructional aids that could be used in teaching an assessment course to prospective special educators.Computerized Test BankIn addition to the printed test bank of questions found in the Instructor's Manual, the Prentice Hall Custom Test is available in either Macintosh® or Windows® format. This software is available upon request from your Prentice Hall sales representative.   AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS FOR THE FIFTH EDITIONRevisions for the fifth edition were completed primarily by Rena B. Lewis, one of the co-authors of the first four editions. James M. McLoughlin was unable to participate in the revision, although his contributions to previous editions continue to add to the strength of this book.Three contributors also participated in the development of the fifth edition, and we thank them for their willingness to share their perspectives and expertise. They are Eleanor W. Lynch, author of Chapter 15, Parent and Family Involvement; Laura J. Hall, author of Chapter 16, Early Childhood Assessment; and Jeanne B. Repetto, author of Chapter 17, Assessment for Transition Planning.   OUR THANKSWe would like to express our appreciation to the people who assisted in the preparation of this fifth edition. First of all, thanks go to the field reviewers for their feedback and suggestions: Jane Adams, Keys for Networking, Inc. (formerly at Washburn U., KS), Robert J. Evans, Marshall University (WV), Darcy Miller, Washington State University, Robert D. Morrow, University of the Pacific.Second, we would like to thank the many publishers and agencies who answered our questions and gave us permission to reproduce their materials.Third, we extend our appreciation to Debra Faris-Cole, who assisted in the revision of the Instructor's Manual and Test Bank that accompany this text.Fourth, special thanks to Ann Castel Davis of Merrill/Prentice Hall, whose gentle but insistent prodding helped bring this revision into the world, and to Pat Grogg, her ever helpful assistant.--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.