strong growth in ict infrastructure connectivity access and use promise great development opportunities but the full potential of the internet remains untapped as over half the worlds population remains offline unless policymakers address infrastructure affordability but also broader socioeconomic challenges outside the ict ecosystem the internet is liable to reinforce existing inequalities instead of addressing them this chapter analyses progress but also the gaps that exist in developing countries and in particular the least developed countries in terms of infrastructure connectivity and quality of service particularly for mobile and fixedbroadband internet it addresses some key connectivity bottlenecks and points to recommendations to overcome these