this was highlighted in the first case study in which the wellestablished institutional framework for water management in the netherlands was highly conducive to the successful introduction of effluent charges in contrast the different management traditions in denmark france and germany complicated the use of similar economic instruments in those countries andersen experience with watertrading initiatives suggests that successful trading regimes tend to be built on preexisting institutions and are integrated into traditional regulatory regimes this may entail tradable permits being combined with other policy instruments taxes charges environmental quality objectives etc