it briefly reviews what such monitoring and evaluation frameworks may look like in theory and practice the chapter also considers notions of climate risk vulnerability and resilience as well as the need to establish baselines and targets for monitoring and evaluation this however requires a flexible adaptation process that can respond to changing climate circumstances as climate uncertainty decreases and data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity improve the focus may gradually shift towards an evaluation of current levels of adaptation against projected climate change fifty least developed countries ldcs have formulated national adaptation programmes of action napas which identify the countries urgent and immediate adaptation needs