china india turkey and arab partners provided about of total official support for infrastructure through southsouth development cooperation seeking to address inefficient and costly infrastructure delivery many governments over the past two decades have turned to publicprivate partnerships ppps to build and operate infrastructure the key characteristic of ppps is the outsourcing and bundling of project delivery components eg design building financing operations to incentivise the builderoperator to incorporate longterm operatingcost considerations into the design and construction phases of a project and to reduce coordination costs