panel a uses measures of social expenditure on a range of social cash transfers housing benefits unemployment benefits incapacity benefit pension benefit a range of family benefits plus also a measure of the proportion of social spending directed to the poorest of households panel b uses measures of social cash transfers payment rates covering housing benefit social assistance and child supplements all measured as the average payment rate for a twoparent family as a percent of the average wage in all cases estimates are conditional on the pretransfer child poverty rate ie the pretransfer relative child poverty rate is included in all models as an independent variable to account for all other possible timevarying determinants of child poverty table shows result based on withincountry change