avoid or reduce the need to travel and the trip length by improving the efficiency of the overall transport system through integrated landuse planning and transport demand management eg through compact mixeduse development planning traffic restrictions mobility management and marketing and national subsidies for lowcarbon transport metropolitan design and planning shift or maintain tools to improve trip efficiency by encouraging modal shift to lowcarbon transport modes such as public transport eg through parking restrictions road space allocation public awareness campaigns on alternatives to private vehicles procurement of public transport improve fuel and vehicle efficiency and technologies eg through vehicle standards speed limits labelling of vehicles environmental performance and fiscal incentives for electric or hybrid vehicles