these required attributes are also on occasion expanded to include leadership motivation discipline selfconfidence self awareness networking entrepreneurship and capacity to embrace change these skills are regarded as generic or transferable since they are seen as having a broad application across a wide range of employment contexts and as transcending individual subjects and are argued to be the basis for a flexible and multiskilled workforce keep and payne using average years of schooling as an education measure implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system for example a year of schooling in papua new guinea is assumed to create the same increase in productive human capital as a year of schooling in japan