immediate action is needed to make vietnamese roads safer through better regulated motorcycle traffic address noise and air pollution through promoting the use of ebikes and escooters and allocate a greater proportion of the real cost of car usage to the owners of the vehicles themselves particularly through fiscal measures such as congestion and parking charges longerterm transport investments should explore such financing means as publicprivate partnerships and value capture mechanisms bus rapid transit brt initiatives in ha noi and elsewhere require specific efforts to harmonise with the principles of transitoriented development tod and intermodal connectivity to ensure ridership and maximise the investment benefit nonetheless under the unprecedented urbanisation process access to affordable and highquality housing is one of the foremost challenges for viet nam s urban areas