the first one is an outwardshift of the demand curve and the second is a price reduction the shift of the demand curve can occur because of the broader penetration of high speed broadband the price reduction is a result of productivity gains and competition in the case of deployment of highspeed broadband infrastructures competition becomes effective at the applications layer this development is responsible for an increase in consumer surplus in future periods compared to former periods in figure the consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the market price