by contrast women in the informal sector experience a statistically significant motherhood wage penalty in all of the specifications we find that the wage penalty is not the same for all mothers as having more children increases the estimated penalty for one child for two children and for three or more children the coefficient estimates for the motherhood wage penalty as reported in table appear to be relatively stable over time showing a higher penalty in the period before the shock versus for one child versus fortwo children and versus for three or more children the estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are nonsignificant across all the formalsector regressions as in the ols results formalsector women workers do not experience statistically significant motherhood wage penalties across the full time period of the data two different specifications of motherhood one by the number of children and one by their age show no significant wage penalties for mothers working in the formal sector