for example in uganda female farm owners reported higher manure use than males while the reverse was true in nigeria and ethiopia peterman et al there are numerous examples of farmers having converted from chemicalintensive farming to agroecology with resulting improvement in food security and sovereignty for both genders fao and pan watts and williamson de schutter this could partly result from increased household income but more importantly it derives from increased crop diversity which provides a wider range of food over a longer part of the year