given the potential impact of widespread av use in urban areas eg in terms of congestion environment road safety user behaviour and infrastructure development it will be important for cities to assume a more prominent role regarding av policies if this does not occur the promised impacts of av adoption may not materialise or even generate negative impacts eg if people shift from walking and cycling to personal av use it is therefore important to judiciously frame the introduction of avs in order to ensure that this technology benefits rather than hinders mobility in urban areas accomplishing this represents a significant challenge while avs are an attractive choice for users their attractiveness could in fact lead to overpurchasing low utilisation capacities congestion urban sprawl loss of public space as well as the decreased use of public transit walking and cycling along with the accompanying health implications