on that basis the negative relationship between the number of firms and the size of the shadow economy is traced in quadrant where it can be seen that a reduction in the tariff from to to t causes the shadow economy to grow from so to s quadrant shows the line used to construct the positive relationship between manu and the tariff shown in quadrant this is where higher tariffs correspond to higher shares of value added by the manufacturing sector in gdp quadrant traces the line used to show the shadow economy on the x axis in quadrant where they axis represents the murder rate