at the same time the geopolitical challenges to ocean governance are growing not least the increasing multipolarity and fragmentation of power structures and the emergence of new state and nonstate players the signs are that ocean governance is expected to continue to evolve along mainly sectoral lines rather than through comprehensive approaches yet there is a clear need for more integrated ocean management to address the interconnected nature of ecosystems growing economic activity mounting pressures on ocean resources and increasingly crowded ocean space innovation in governance greater use of economic tools and a stronger scientific knowledge base are among key strategies to be pursued the trends identified in chapter including for example the growing importance of emerging and developing countries and shifts in the centre of economic gravity suggest that humankind is progressing ever further towards a distinctly multipolar world