vulnerability was higher among maleheaded households in than in femaleheaded households in this case after a common drop moving from vlss to vhlss between and probably due to the substantial difference in the sampling frame between the two surveys the riskinduced vulnerability never fell below the threshold of of the overall vep moreover differently than in the overall measure a higher share of femaleheaded households than maleheaded households are vulnerable by the riskinduced vep measure and the former share rises with more than of vulnerable femaleheaded households riskinduced in