the reason for these difficulties is primarily the multitude of other factors that come into play over greater spatial scales and time horizons a problem particularly acute for funds whose objectives are longerterm transformational impacts for example some funds objectives are focussed on bringing down the costs of lowcarbon technologies demonstrating their technological or financial viability or introducing them into new markets eg cif a these programmes or funds focus on transforming the economics of lowcarbon technologies at different scales with a view towards transformational shifts in investment patterns from carbonintensive production and consumption to lowcarbon climateresilient investments