additional information on specific country data and on the methodology used for calculations is reported in appendix a table provides the final results on a countrybycountry basis the values used in our model lie in that range with the exception of those for the united kingdom above usd mwh at penetration level and double at penetration redpoint this probably reflects the challenge of balancing wind in small isolated electricity market no studies have reported balancing costs for solar technology thus this study works with balancing costs that are similar to those calculated for wind power this is not unreasonable ramping rates tend to be smoother with solar energy while forecast accuracy is lower barth