this eu challenge to uk policy was reinforced in by the passing of the eu landfill directive ec with targets to reduce the quantity of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled with reference to that produced in to by by and by the first generalised response to the packaging directive was the landfill tax introduced in at gbp per tonne of active waste and gbp per tonne of inactive waste these rates were set to be equal to the estimated externalities of landfill but the rates were soon raised above