He was bullied in school for being short.

(meta data) TITLE: Bullied as a Kid, This Founder Now Runs a $5 Billion Company. Here's What He's Doing to Help Others.

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(meta data) PUBLISHED DATETIME: 2016-10-20 13:30:00

# Bullied as a Kid, This Founder Now Runs a $5 Billion Company.

Andrew Nikou built his career using innovative thinking to turn around distressed and neglected companies.

Now he turns his attentions toward solving a problem with a global scale: bullying.

Born to Iranian immigrants, Andrew Nikou grew up outside of Los Angeles, where his dad worked in the city's water and power department.

The family didn't have a lot of money, and Nikou was the target of harsh bullying in elementary and middle school.

"I was shorter than most of the guys," Nikou told Entrepreneur, "And that bullying had a traumatic effect on me."

With the guidance of his father, Nikou was able to take control of the situation and ultimately turned that trauma into a great motivator.

"My father let me believe that strength wasn't a physical matter, it was an intellectual matter and that allowed me to pave the way to focus on the competitive side of me," he says.

Related: Use These Green Beret Tactics to Shut Down a Meeting Bully

Once that fuse was lit, Nikou's mind for business took off.

"When I was younger, I started trading baseball and basketball cards and began making a lot of money," he says.

"When people asked what I wanted to be, I said a CEO.

They'd say CEO of what kind of business and I said, 'I don't know, I just want to be a CEO!'"

Nikou was able to rise above his family's tough economic status, went to college, and in 2005, founded OpenGate Capital, a global private equity firm that has amassed $5 billion in total revenues over the firm's 11-year history.

The founder spoke with Entrepreneur about his path to success and the initiative he is leading to help others escape the hopelessness brought about by bullying in school and in the workplace.

Related: Don't Read This! (It's Only the Most Valuable Psychology Hack You Can Learn)

"The problem of bullying is something that is deep in my heart from the experience that I had growing up back in Woodland Hills.

I experienced it mostly on the playground, and it left me feeling defeated.

It was tough and it was embarrassing, to be honest.

So I want to find new innovative ways to confront the bullying challenges we face in classrooms and the workplace, and then, of course, cyberbullying.

"I want to give people the support they need to pivot away from the psychological and physical trauma and build from a positive place of strength."

"This anti-bullying initiative I'm exploring is a collaboration between my charitable organization, The Andrew Nikou Foundation, and XPRIZE, where I am on the Innovation Board.

We have some of the greatest minds in many industries -- Elon Musk and Larry Page, to name a few.

XPRIZE is trying to use crowdsourcing and incentivizing prizes to solve some of the planet's grandest problems in fields like education, health and technology.

"I'm going to be the sponsor of the prize.

We will put this challenge out to teams, and invite them to present their approaches and projects to the board.

The winner of that will receive an incentive prize, which can range in the millions.

Related: 9 Iconic Inventors Who Changed the World

You can imagine that this problem requires something other than a traditional solution.

You're not going to get a bunch of people in a classroom and tell them to read something and say this isn't the right way of behaving.

We need more of a disruptive, a more exponential approach to changing the way people behave.

Some of the concepts would surely include VR, taking kids and adults who are bullying and putting them in VR settings where they can experience what it feels like to be bullied."

"My father's teaching helped me through those tough times when I was a kid.

He taught me to be scrappy and smart, to use my brain rather than my muscles.

He retired early at a very low pay rate so that we could qualify to get grants to go to college.

His income was so low at that point that he had to move back to Iran in order to support himself.

That was another huge motivator for me to overachieve."

Related: 7 Tips For a Thriving, Sustainable Family Business That Lasts

"When we moved to Los Angeles, we became friends with people in the Iranian community and that helped build my confidence and made me stronger.

I never felt short with my friends -- in fact, I often felt like I was the tallest guy in the room.

The loyalty and love I felt from this group, which we called The Persian Pride, rolled into high school and we stayed tight.

They were actually the first people to invest in my first deal a decade later.

A lot of all this is implanted in the culture of my firm.

Loyalty is the number one most important thing for me."

Related: 12 Low-Cost Business Ideas for Introverts

"When I was a teenager, I wanted to go out with a group of my friends to the movies and my father insisted that I stay home and focus on my studies.

We got in the biggest fight that night, but he was insistent.

So I stayed home and later that night, some of my friends were gunned down in a drive-by shooting.

Several were hit, and one of my best friends was killed.

I wouldn't be here now if it wasn't for my father."

"In business, I try to understand where other people are coming from.

I try to understand their position, where they came from, what their history is, who their family is.

Once you get to a humanistic level, you can really start to see what the truth is.

Sure there is a give and take in every negotiation, but I don't believe that there doesn't have to be a 'winner' and a 'loser.'

Related: 25 Inspiring Entrepreneurs Under 40

"All of what we're doing, money is just a byproduct.

It is important to me that we're not just taking, but that we're giving back.

I'm 39, relatively young, so my goal is to look back and not just see that OpenGate was a bunch of financial products, but human products.

I want to be the guy they recognize when they talk about anti-bullying."

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Nikou was born in 1977 in Vancouver, British Columbia. His parents left their native Tehran before the Iranian Revolution and relocated to Canada, later moving with Nikou to California when he was four years old. His father, who majored in mathematics at a German university, worked at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. Nikou grew up with a passion for trading baseball cards and competing in breakdancing competitions.


The boys held the first concert of the tour in Seoul on the 8th and 9th in front of 25,000 fans.

(meta data) TITLE: SHINee gears up for third world tour

SHINee performs during its "SHINee World III" Seoul concert at the Olympic Park's Gymnastics Stadium on Sunday.

SM EntertainmentNearly two years since the group's previous world tour, the five members of SHINee are in full swing once again and will be taking their music and performances across borders on their new tour, "SHINee World III."

"We are about to embark on our next world tour and we are very excited to be performing outside of Korea once again," said Min-ho during a press conference held in Gymnastics Stadium at the Seoul Olympic Park on Sunday.

"The performanc for this tour is very upbeat and a lot more engaging compared to our previous ones ...

it's been a long time since we performed a solo concert so we prepared a lot for it."

"We have a lot of new songs that we are performing ... you can think of this show as a SHINee upgrade," Taemin added.

The idol stars kicked off this leg of their third world tour with two live concerts in Olympic Gymnastics Stadium over the weekend.

At the concerts, the members performed in front of a combined audience of approximately 20,000 local and international fans.

Tickets to SHINee's Seoul performances went on sale last month and sold out in less than 15 minutes.

"We were very thankful to our fans after hearing that tickets to the shows were sold out," said Jong-hyun.

"Hearing the news of our shows being sold out really affected the atmosphere while we were practicing for the concert," said Min-ho.

"Knowing this just motivated us to work even harder and to put on a great show to thank our fans."

Starting next month SHINee will be venturing across the globe, performing in the Latin American nations of Mexico, Chile and Argentina for the first time.

The members will also be making a number of stops in Asia, from Taiwan and China to a finale concert in Jakarta, Indonesia, on June 22.

"We have chosen the term 'popcorn' to describe our new concert," said Jong-hyun.

"The reason for this is because, just like the movement of popping corn, we will be energetic and jumping around the stage and enjoying the time with our fans."

During the final Seoul show on Sunday the members of SHINee electrified the group's largely teenaged female fans with 29 songs and more than two hours of onstage choreography and playful antics.

The night included throwback performances of hits such as "Juliet" and "Ring Ding Dong," as well as the group's latest singles from its third studio album, the two-disc "The Misconceptions of Us," and its fifth EP, "Everybody," both released late last year.

By Julie Jackson (juliejackson@heraldcorp.com)

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He was wounded in the face by rifle fire and was left in critical condition, but ultimately survived his injuries.

(meta data) TITLE: Philippe Lançon, PLAS Visting Fellow for AY15, Injured in the Paris Terrorist Attack | Program in Latin American Studies (PLAS)

# Program in Latin American Studies (PLAS)

## A blog about our intellectual and cultural programs, students, and faculty.

# Philippe Lançon, PLAS Visting Fellow for AY15, Injured in the Paris Terrorist Attack

Posted on January 8, 2015 by Eneida Toner

Philippe Lançon, a journalist specializing in Cuba and Latin America who is on staff at Libération, was gravely injured yesterday during the terrorist attack at Charlie Hebdo in Paris.

Philippe was attending an editorial team meeting when the two gunmen broke into the room and opened fire.

He is now in intensive care at a Paris hospital, where he is listed in critical but stable condition.

Philippe has been involved with PLAS since 2012.

He has been a guest speaker at some of our courses, attended our events, and he was recently selected as a visiting fellow for next year.

His plan was to spend the fall semester in Princeton, teaching a course on "Writers and Dictators in Latin America" and researching a new book on Cuba.

Philippe has reported extensively on Latin American culture and literature.

He is one of the most serious critics of Latin American literature in Paris and he has published extensive interviews with many writers, including Jorge Edwards and Mario Vargas Llosa.

Recently, Philippe had been covering the developments in Cuba.

His last published article is an interview with visual artist Tania Bruguera after she was detained in Havana.

As members of the Princeton community we should do everything we can to show our support for Philippe during these difficult moments.

If you want to write him a note, a postcard, or a letter, please drop it off at the PLAS office and we will send it to him by express mail.

If you prefer to use e-mail, you can address it to plas@princeton.edu; we will print it out and include it in the package.

I will post more news as soon as I can speak to Philippe, after he leaves the intensive care unit.

## 1 thought on "Philippe Lançon, PLAS Visting Fellow for AY15, Injured in the Paris Terrorist Attack"

Your email address will not be published.

'Forbearance as Redistribution': Holland explores legality and politics in Latin America

Rock stars: Exploring the ruins and royalty of ancient Maya courts

Lançon was attending a weekly meeting of "Charlie Hebdo" at the time of the attack on 7 January 2015.


In 1971, it was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, and was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) in Washington, DC.

(meta data) TITLE: Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia

A photograph taken inside the Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia shows a map of stowage locations.

#### Michael Collins' Inscription inside Apollo 11 Command Module "Columbia"

Following splashdown,while en route to Hawaii on the USS Hornet, Michael Collins crawled back into the command module (it was connected to the mobile quarantine facility by an air-tight tunnel) and wrote this short note on one of the equipment bay panels.

Spacecraft 107, alias Apollo 11, alias "Columbia.

Excerpt from After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age

The Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

The Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia on display in the Boeing Milestones of Flight Hall at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

On 16 July 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Fla., in the mammoth-sized Saturn V rocket on their way to the moon during the Apollo 11 mission.

Cmdr. Armstrong and pilot Aldrin landed the spacecraft, Eagle, on the moon's Sea of Tranquillity.

Apollo 11 booster stages were tested at Stennis Space Center.

The Apollo 11 command module Columbia is displayed at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

At 9:32 a.m. EDT, the swing arms move away and a plume of flame signals the liftoff of the Apollo 11 Saturn V space vehicle and astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A.

Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia on temporary cradle.

This object is not on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

The Apollo 11 Command Module, "Columbia," was the living quarters for the three-person crew during most of the first manned lunar landing mission in July 1969.

On July 16, 1969, Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins were launched from Cape Kennedy atop a Saturn V rocket.

This Command Module, no. 107, manufactured by North American Rockwell, was one of three parts of the complete Apollo spacecraft.

The other two parts were the Service Module and the Lunar Module, nicknamed "Eagle."

The Service Module contained the main spacecraft propulsion system and consumables while the Lunar Module was the two-person craft used by Armstrong and Aldrin to descend to the Moon's surface on July 20.

The Command Module is the only portion of the spacecraft to return to Earth.

It was physically transferred to the Smithsonian in 1971 following a NASA-sponsored tour of American cities.

The Apollo CM Columbia has been designated a "Milestone of Flight" by the Museum.

Do not reproduce without permission from the Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum

Buzz AldrinMichael CollinsNeil A. Armstrong, 1930 - 2012

Transferred from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Primary Materials: Aluminum alloy, Stainless steel, Titanium

National Air and Space Museum Collection

The final leg of the Moon rock's journey to Earth was aboard the command module America, similar to the Apollo 11 command module, Columbia.

On each Apollo mission that landed humans on the Moon (11, 12, 14, 15, and 17), the Lunar module rendezvoused with a command module in lunar orbit.

Neil Armstrong, the first human to walk on the Moon, flew in Columbia as Commander of Apollo 11 and piloted the Museum's X-15.

### Model, Space Shuttle, North American Rockwell Final...

### Rocket Engine, Liquid Fuel, Apollo Lunar Module Descent...

### Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Canister, Antenna

### Satellite, Communications, Sirius FM-4

### Gemini Paraglider Research Vehicle 1-A with Wing

The Command Module "Columbia" went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the District of Columbia, and Anchorage, Alaska.


Lower activity of CYP1A2 in South Asians appears to be due to cooking these vegetables in curries using ingredients such as cumin and turmeric, ingredients known to inhibit the enzyme.

(meta data) TITLE: News | The University of Sydney

# The University of Sydney - The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy

You are here: University of Sydney / Sydney Pharmacy School / News & Events

## South Asians and Europeans react differently to common drugs

17 October 2011 Vidja Perera, NSW winner of the AusBiotech/GlaxoSmithKline Student Excellence Awards

Vidya Perera, a final year PhD student in theFaculty of Pharmacy, has found that people from South Asia could need lower doses of these medicines because they are likely to have lower levels of CYP1A2, an enzyme that metabolises drugs.

"Vegetables such as cabbages, cauliflower and broccoli are known to increase levels of CYP1A2, as was demonstrated in this study and previous studies in people of European background.

The lower levels of CYP1A2 in South Asians, however, appears to be due to the common practice of cooking these vegetables in curries using ingredients such as cumin and tumeric, ingredients known to inhibit the enzyme, overriding the effect of the vegetables," Mr Perera explained.

Mr Perera has just been declared the NSW winner of the AusBiotech/GlaxoSmithKline Student Excellence Awards as a result of his research.

"I started out looking for genetic differences between the two groups to account for the differences in CYP1A2 activity.

What was fascinating to discover is that genetic differences only accounted for 3 per cent of variability in CYP1A2 activity, while environment and lifestyle factors accounted for 35 percent of the differences," Mr Perera said.

A total of 332 people took part in the study - 166 South Asians and 166 Europeans.

CYP1A2 levels were measured by giving participants a caffeine tablet, and analysing CYP1A2 enzyme activity in saliva samples four hours later.

Demographic, dietary and lifestyle information was obtained using a questionnaire.

"Most drugs are approved in clinical trials conducted in Europe and North America using healthy, middle-aged European men," Mr Perera explained.

"This is the first study to look at CYP1A2 activity in South Asians.

Understanding the correct dose of a medicine is crucial to achieving beneficial results and avoiding adverse drug reactions."

Professor Andrew McLachlan, Associate Dean (Research) in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Mr Perera's PhD supervisor, commented on the significance of this research.

"The development and testing of medicines is a global enterprise.

The highest population growth is occurring in South Asia, yet we know relatively little about how to translate research findings between different populations of people."

"This research, for the first time, unpacks the complex interplay of factors that can affect how people breakdown and eliminate medicines from their body."

"Past research has attributed differences between people from different geographical regions to result from genetic differences.

This important research highlights how dietary and cultural factors can impact on pharmacological response."

AusBiotech 2011 is the annual conference of AusBiotech and the premier biotechnology and life sciences conference for Australia and the Asia-Pacific, attracting over 1400 delegates from across the world each year.

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a global research-based pharmaceutical and healthcare company.

It collaborates with local researchers and doctors to discover new ways of treating and preventing disease.

Mr Perera is the recipient of the Peter Coates Postgraduate Scholarship in Ethnopharmacology, supported by GSK.

Authorised by: Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy.

Contacts | Sitemap | Jobs | Library | Disclaimer | Privacy Statement

Expression of CYP1A2 appears to be induced by various dietary constituents. Vegetables such as cabbages, cauliflower and broccoli are known to increase levels of CYP1A2.


It is currently on display at Clear Lake High School in Houston, which was attended by Onizuka's children.

(meta data) TITLE: NASA astronaut Ellison Onizuka's soccer ball that survived the Challenger explosion

## On Jan. 28,1986, the space shuttle Challenger stunned the nation when it broke apart 73 seconds into flight.

This is the story of the soccer ball that survived -- and the family that sent it into space, twice.

E:60by Tonya Malinowski Photograph by Shane Kimbrough

The last time Lorna Onizuka spoke to her husband, she mentioned milk.

She and their two daughters, Janelle and Darien, wouldn't be able to have cereal the next morning because she'd left the milk on the porch and it was frozen solid.

The temperature that night in Cape Canaveral, Florida, dropped to 18 degrees, well below the average low of 50.

This would become important later, but for now, it affected only breakfast.

It was late, later than her husband, Ellison, should have been up, but he was restless inside the crew quarters at Kennedy Space Center and wanted to know whether there was news about tomorrow.

Lorna turned on the TV at the house they had rented for the occasion and relayed what she saw: The 10th flight of the space shuttle Challenger was a go.

"I guess we're going to launch tomorrow," Ellison said on the other end of the telephone.

There on Lorna's television, inside the 4.4 million-pound launchpad assembly, inside the space shuttle, inside the crew cabin, inside a locker, inside a black duffel bag, was a soccer ball.

As the Onizuka girls woke up on Jan. 28, 1986, and found something else for breakfast, the ball sat in Ellison's locker on board the shuttle.

As the crew buckled into their seats and countdown progressed, it was just a ball.

Ellison Onizuka was the first Asian-American, the first Japanese-American and the first Hawaiian in space.

Clear Lake High School is perhaps the only place in the country where it's not all that strange to be the child of an astronaut.

Its campus is just 4 miles from Johnson Space Center in Houston, and many of the Falcons have at least one parent whose paycheck comes from NASA.

In January 1986, "Rocky IV" was in theaters, gas was 93 cents per gallon and Janelle Onizuka was sitting through her sophomore classes at Clear Lake, waiting to get to soccer practice.

All week, the team had been passing around a ball to sign.

It was just a practice ball, a little scuffed up and not the best brand.

By all accounts it was unremarkable, except for one very remarkable fact: Janelle's dad, Ellison, was going to take it into space.

Ellison and Lorna were big fans of the Lady Falcons.

El was an assistant coach for the team, though his former players said it was hard to take him seriously when he assigned drills.

Sternness just didn't suit him, especially when he was trying to avoid cracking a smile.

With Ellison's quick wit and Lorna's sweet demeanor, the two became fast friends with the other parents and coaches.

If he was on earth, Ellison tried his best to never miss a game.

"He was supposed to be in quarantine, and he would sneak out just to see a little bit of the game," Lorna says.

"None of us would know until we'd see him at the corner of the fence.

The mid-January evening that Ellison came to pick up the ball was one of those nights he was supposed to be in quarantine.

Janelle hadn't seen him for weeks; the astronauts were kept isolated before missions to avoid getting sick.

But there he was, jogging across the practice field, and suddenly the whole evening buzzed with the electric feeling of being part of something special as a kid -- literally, in this case, part of something far beyond your own small world.

The players on the team presented Ellison with the ball, looking one last time at all their names and "Good Luck, Shuttle Crew!" written in careful strokes, knowing it was a way for each of them to be a part of the great human achievement of the time -- a way to touch the heavens.

Janelle said goodbye to her dad and watched as he jogged back across the field with the ball in his hands, jumping, carefree, across a little ditch.

"I'll always remember this night," Janelle later wrote.

"I can still smell the grass on the practice field.

It is quite literally my last fond memory of my dad face-to-face."

Kealakekua, Hawaii, sits on the western side of the Big Island.

It's a rural community and was even more so when Ellison Onizuka was born there in June 1946, less than a year after the conclusion of World War II.

Hawaii wouldn't become a state for 13 more years, and the Visitors Bureau was just beginning to promote tourism.

As Ellison was growing up, the rhythm of the town rose and fell with the coffee season.

The town's high school even operated on a "coffee schedule," moving summer vacation to August through November so children could help harvest the coffee cherries.

In those fields, lying on his back in the shade of the coffee trees, Ellison first wondered what was beyond the things he could see with the naked eye, what was even higher than the birds flew.

In 1961, when Ellison was a freshman in high school, Alan Shepard became the first American in space.

Ellison didn't get to see it as it happened; it would be decades before Hawaii got same-day television broadcasts.

After graduating from high school in 1964, Ellison came to the mainland to study aerospace engineering at the University of Colorado, where he met Lorna.

"He didn't look like a nerd, but I wondered if he was one," she remembered.

"He was president of the student engineering association, but it turned out that he had a wonderful sense of humor."

Lorna and Ellison were married on June 7, 1969, just one day after Ellison graduated from the University of Colorado and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Air Force.

Forty-three days later, on July 20, the Onizukas settled in front of the television to watch one of the defining moments of human history: Neil Armstrong leaving the first footprint on the moon.

It was also Lorna's birthday, and as the couple toasted both events, Ellison couldn't take his eyes off the television replays.

To no one in particular, he said simply, "I'd like to take a shot at that."

Ellison Onizuka's wife Lorna, daughters Janelle and Darien and mother Mitsue accompany him on a goodwill tour following his first mission aboard Space Shuttle Discovery.

The first time Ellison's younger daughter felt scared about her father's job was at a night viewing in January 1985.

Eight-year-old Darien Onizuka stood on the launchpad at Kennedy Space Center and looked up -- way up -- at the 184-foot-tall space shuttle system spotlighted against the darkness.

It was already poised skyward, ready to carry her dad into the cosmos.

Later, she wrote in her diary that it looked so powerful, like a monster all lit up, and that we are very small.

The next morning, Jan. 24, 1985, Ellison sat in Seat 3 on the flight deck aboard the space shuttle Discovery as countdown began.

On the roof of the launch control tower, just over the edge of the designated buffer zone, the Onizuka girls squinted against the Florida sun as 7.8 million pounds of thrust reverberated through the air and right into their chests.

Discovery rose higher and higher until it was just a dot, and they were the same.

On that mission, Ellison became the first Asian-American, the first Japanese-American and the first Hawaiian in space.

Even orbiting 212 miles above Earth, he brought along something that transported him back to his life as a boy in Hawaii: a bag of Kona coffee straight from his hometown.

When Ellison returned, Lorna noticed he was quiet.

She would find him sitting by the fire in a moment of reflection, brought back to earth only by the sound of the kids' happy chatter.

As the girls ran off and the quiet settled in around him, a simple fact kept surfacing: He wanted to go back.

Jan. 28, 1986, was cold in Cape Canaveral.

Just before dawn, the temperature on the launchpad was 22 degrees -- far colder than any previous NASA launch.

The Onizuka girls were in the reception area of the launch control tower, staying warm while the kids colored and the grown-ups visited.

There was much more media coverage than normal.

By then, shuttle launches had become almost routine, but on that day, America was putting its first civilian in space, New Hampshire schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe.

Classrooms around the country were watching live thanks to a special NASA broadcast feed.

As the count progressed, the astronauts' families were brought up to the roof to watch the launch.

Over on Launchpad 39B, Ellison was again in Seat 3 on the flight deck.

In his locker -- along with a family picture with the governor of Hawaii, a lotus charm for his Buddhist faith, a football from his alma mater, the University of Colorado, and a pennant from his high school -- sat the soccer ball.

The countdown approached zero, the solid rocket boosters ignited and somewhere in the right booster, a 0.280-inch-wide O-ring failed due to the cold.

The failure allowed heated, pressurized propellants to leak out onto the external fuel tank, causing catastrophic structural failure.

Seventy-three seconds into its 10th flight, the space shuttle Challenger broke apart, killing all seven members of its crew.

On the roof of the launch control tower, the families of the crew desperately searched the twin trails of smoke that twisted skyward for signs of the crew cabin.

They were rushed back inside, purses and cameras left behind.

The last thing Lorna remembers about that day is being brought into a conference room with the other families to be told the crew was lost.

Upon hearing the news, she fainted, hitting the light switch as she slid down the wall.

"At that very moment," Lorna says, "all the lights went out because all the lights did go out in all of us."

The Challenger explosion was the first national tragedy broadcast on live television.

In the days and weeks that followed, life for Lorna, Janelle and Darien was sharply divided into a before and an after.

Television and radio were full of coverage about the Challenger disaster.

For a stunned nation, it quickly became a defining "where were you when" moment.

A personal loss for seven families became a public moment of mourning for American identity of the time, as the explosion rocked confidence in NASA and the shuttle program.

It was the first national tragedy broadcast live on television and the first in-flight loss of astronauts in NASA history.

Then-President Ronald Reagan addressed the country and paid tribute to the seven crew members -- Francis Scobee, Michael Smith, Ronald McNair, Judith Resnik, Gregory Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe and Ellison Onizuka -- who "slipped the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of God."

There were memorial services, and the fate of future space travel was contemplated.

The Onizukas' mail carrier delivered bundle after bundle of letters from around the world.

The nightly news featured shots of the U.S. Coast Guard pulling pieces of wreckage from the Atlantic -- large, anonymous chunks of metal that didn't resemble the whole.

In total, 14 tons of debris was recovered, the largest salvage operation in Coast Guard history.

What didn't make the news was a small duffel bag that was plucked from the surface of the blue-black water, one of the few items recovered intact.

The months wore on, and life began to take on a new semblance of normal for the Onizukas.

Janelle's sophomore year at Clear Lake wound to a close.

Then, with the investigation into the accident completed, NASA began to notify the families of any recovered personal effects.

Lorna was told about the ball and was asked if she'd like it back.

"I wouldn't have wanted the ball to become a recovered artifact sitting in a locked vault somewhere, archived forever," Lorna says.

"If there was any speak left in these items, El would have wanted it to speak."

What she remembers most about seeing the ball for the first time after the accident is the ink.

So much had happened, so much pain had been felt since each player had held this ball steady and written her name.

How could this blue ink still be so bright?

She cried the tears that make your face burn and your body ache.

She cried for all the complicated things that came with losing her father so publicly and for the memory of him suddenly so alive, taking the ball from her and jogging across the practice field.

She cried as she presented the ball back to Clear Lake High School, displaying it proudly during a ceremony that was supposed to have been led by her father.

For the rest of Janelle's time at Clear Lake, the space shuttle program remained on hiatus.

The ball found a home in a trophy case in the hallway opposite the main office, where thousands of students and their parents -- many a part of the NASA community in one way or another -- passed by it.

They had vowed to continue the mission of the Challenger Seven, to keep the human spirit of exploration alive.

But just as the Onizukas struggled to find their way without Ellison, NASA struggled to regain the confidence of the public.

Lorna Onizuka gave the soccer ball back to Clear Lake High School after it was recovered from the Challenger wreckage.

Clear Lake High School in 2016 wasn't all that different from what it was when Janelle walked its halls in 1986.

There were updates to the building, new technology was on display and children replaced their parents as the student body -- but it was still the place where the astronauts' kids went to school.

In the 30 years since the Onizukas lost Ellison, the soccer ball was dwarfed in its case by newer, bigger trophies as Clear Lake collected accomplishments worthy of display.

The signatures, once so clear and vibrant, faded so badly that they were almost unreadable.

Year by year, it settled deeper into the background of the life that bustled past it.

That is until the Clear Lake High School principal, Karen Engle, got an email from a parent.

He was leaving a booster club meeting and stopped to look at the ball, remembering it from so long ago.

He figured it should have its own display case, and he offered to build it.

There was no way a soccer ball survived that -- and if it had, there was no way it had been sitting in a display case just outside her office.

She walked out into the hallway and looked at it closely through the glass.

There was no plaque or dedication, nothing explaining what it was or all that it had survived.

Maybe the parent was mistaken; maybe it was just an old championship ball.

But as she looked closer, there in faded ink were the words that made her realize what she'd unknowingly walked by since her first day as principal: "Good Luck, Shuttle Crew!"

A few days later, there was a basketball game at Clear Lake.

There to see his twin daughters perform on the dance team was Col. Shane Kimbrough, an astronaut on the International Space Station.

Karen's husband worked closely with Shane at NASA, and they stopped to catch up at the game.

Shane's second mission to the ISS was coming up soon, and he extended an offer: Was there anything at the school that Karen would like him to bring up to space?

When Karen mentioned the ball, Shane knew it was a great idea.

He knew what Lorna had known -- the ball still had so much to say.

After Karen gave it to Shane, she noticed the date: Jan. 28, 2016.

It was exactly 30 years after the Challenger disaster.

Three decades later, Janelle Onizuka and her teammates' signatures can still be seen on the soccer ball.

On Oct. 19, 2016, Expedition 49 launched successfully -- carrying two Russian astronauts, Shane and the soccer ball into low earth orbit, eventually docking aboard the International Space Station.

On earth, Janelle Onizuka's soccer ball weighed 14.5 ounces.

Two hundred and fifty-four miles above Clear Lake, Shane placed the ball into the ISS observatory to take a photo.

It stayed there, suspended against the backdrop of the earth -- finally weightless.

"It was a bit emotional just thinking about where this came from and what had transpired over these many years to get to that point," Shane says.

"I started thinking about their family and what it meant to them, and as a result, took some pictures and sent some down to them."

In its age, the ball is worn and flaked and looks almost tired against the vibrant blue of Earth and the metallic shine inside the ISS.

It looks like a time traveler, a relic from another era, continuing on a mission in place of the Challenger Seven.

"It was a little bit of an old ache that comes back, but at the same time, it's all the feelings that I felt when El flew," Lorna says.

"Happy, gratified, thankful, very thankful that it's finally made its way to where El would have wanted it to go."

The ball spent 173 days in space on board the ISS.

It orbited the earth nearly 3,000 times, passing auroras and constellations, wonders of the ancient world and sprawling cities of the modern.

On April 10, 2017, it returned to Earth, its mission completed.

Shane returned the ball to the Onizuka girls, but Lorna knew it ultimately belonged in the place where its journey began.

In a November ceremony, she dedicated it back to Clear Lake High School, where it once again rests in a display case -- this time all its own -- and is passed by thousands of students per day, including Ellison's grandchildren.

In 1980, Ellison went back to his high school in Kona, Hawaii, to deliver a commencement address.

You may not know it, but you carry some of his words with you in your own earthly exploration, printed in every U.S. passport.

"Every generation has the obligation to free men's minds for a look at new worlds ... to look out from a higher plateau than the last generation.

Your vision is not limited by what your eye can see, but what your mind can imagine.

If you accept these past accomplishments as commonplace, then think of the new horizons that you can explore.

... Make your life count, and the world will be a better place because you tried."

Additional reporting by E:60 features producer Max Brodsky

Tonya MalinowskiTonya Malinowski is an Emmy- and Edward R. Murrow-award-winning associate producer for ESPN.

She is based in Charlotte, N.C., and can be reached at Tonya.Malinowski@espn.com.

### Chicago White Sox grounds crew member Nevest Coleman's journey to freedom

Most of the initially considered failure modes were soon ruled out and by May 1, enough of the right solid rocket booster had been recovered to determine the original cause of the accident, and the major salvage operations were concluded. While some shallow-water recovery efforts continued, this was unconnected with the accident investigation; it aimed to recover debris for use in NASA's studies of the properties of materials used in spacecraft and launch vehicles. The recovery operation was able to pull 15 short tons (14 t) of debris from the ocean; this means that 55% of "Challenger", 5% of the crew cabin and 65% of the satellite cargo are still missing. Some of the missing debris continued to wash up on Florida shores for some years, such as on December 17, 1996, nearly 11 years after the incident, when two large pieces of the shuttle were found at Cocoa Beach. Under 18 U.S.C. § 641 it is against the law to be in possession of "Challenger" debris, and any newly discovered pieces must be turned over to NASA.
 On board "Challenger" was an American flag, dubbed the Challenger flag, that was sponsored by Boy Scout Troop 514 of Monument, Colorado. It was recovered intact, still sealed in its plastic container. A soccer ball from the personal effects locker of Mission Specialist Ellison Onizuka was also recovered intact from the wreckage, and was later flown to the International Space Station aboard Soyuz Expedition 49 by American astronaut Robert S. Kimbrough.


In 1641, Pym was elected Member of Parliament for Bere Alston in the Long Parliament after the previous member was expelled.

(meta data) TITLE: PYM, Charles (c.1615-71), of Broad Sanctuary, Westminster and Brymore, Som. | History of Parliament Online

Home Research > Members > 1660-1690 > PYM, Charles (c.1615-71)

# PYM, Charles (c.1615-71), of Broad Sanctuary, Westminster and Brymore, Som.

Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690, ed. B.D. Henning, 1983Available from Boydell and Brewer

1660-1690 Members 1660-1690 Constituencies 1660-1690 Parliaments 1660-1690 Surveys

b. c.1615, 2nd s. of John Pym† of Brymore and Holborn, Mdx.

by Anne, da. of John Hooke of Bramshott, Hants. educ. St. Catherine's, Camb. 1632; L. Inn 1635, called 1644. m. lic. 24 Feb. 1663, 'aged 35', Katherine, da. of Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Bt. of Flambards, Mdx., 1s. 1da. suc. bro. 1661; kntd. 14 Feb. 1663; cr. Bt. 14 July 1663.2

Capt. of dgns. (parliamentary) 1642-5; commr. for militia, Som. and Westminster, Mar. 1660, sewers Som. and Westminster Aug. 1660, assessment, Som. 1661-9.3

Pym came from a Somerset family which had resided on their small estate with complete lack of distinction from the reign of Edward I until his father became a minor Exchequer official and the famous opposition leader of the early Stuart Parliaments.

Pym seems to have been of a more sociable and active temper than his elder brother, and perhaps more discreet in sowing his wild oats, though both served in the parliamentary army during the Civil War.

After Pride's Purge, he went to the West Indies, and acted as one of the commissioners for the surrender of Barbados by Lord Willoughby of Parham to the Commonwealth fleet in 1652.

There is no evidence that he practised as a barrister on his return to England; probably his West Indian interests provided a sufficient income for a bachelor.

Pym remained a member of Willoughby's presbyterian-royalist circle; in November 1659 he and his friend Robert Harley I transmitted an offer from Henry Cromwell to use his interest in Ireland on behalf of the King.

He was pardoned shortly before the Restoration.4

Pym was elected to the Convention both at Bossiney, presumably on the interest of Lord Robartes, and at Minehead, but chose to sit for the latter with his niece's husband, Francis Luttrell I.

Marked as a friend by Lord Wharton, he was named to only three committees, but was probably fairly constant in attendance, living as he did close at hand 'at the next house to the north door of the Abbey'.

He was appointed to the committee of elections and privileges when the Convention met, and on 3 July 1660 he was added to the committee considering the moneys due to Willoughby among others.

He was in his place when the House met after the adjournment, though without any great hope, as he wrote, of a satisfactory religious settlement.

He was named to the committee for the militia bill.

He supported two west-country Puritans, Thomas Bampfield and Sir John Northcote in resisting the restoration of the dukedom of Norfolk.5

In 1661 Pym's seat at Minehead was required for his Cavalier kinsman Sir Hugh Wyndham, and he does not appear to have stood elsewhere.

After succeeding to the Brymore estate he married the sister of his colleague at Bossiney in 1660, understating his age on the marriage licence by at least a decade, and was created a baronet.

He apparently remained a Presbyterian and was never appointed to the commission of the peace.

His will, dated 8 Mar. 1671, was proved on the following 8 Jan.

His only son, the last of the family, was killed in a tavern brawl in 1688, and Brymore passed to his daughter and her husband, Sir Thomas Hales.6

### Authors: M. W. Helms / Irene Cassidy

1. Did not sit after Pride's Purge 6 Dec. 1648, readmitted 21 Feb. 1660.

2. Genealogical Magazine, ii. 363-4; St. Margaret Westminster (Harl. Soc. Reg. lxiv) 194.

3. P. Young, Edgehill, 306; E. F. Eliott-Drake, Fam. and Heirs of Drake, i. 334; C181/7/38.

4. Collinson, Som. i. 233; Keeler, Long Parl. 317-18; Genealogical Magazine, ii. 477; Eliott-Drake, i. 334, 392; Mordaunt Letter Bk. (Cam. Soc. ser. 3, lxix), 96; Cal. Cl. SP, iv. 602.

5. BL Loan 29/85, Pym to Harley, 9 Nov. 1660; HMC 5th Rep. 196.

6. London Mar. Lic. ed. Foster, 1104; PCC 6 Eure

Sir Charles Pym, 1st Baronet (c. 1615 – 1671) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1641 to 1648 and in 1660. He served in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War.
 Pym was the son of John Pym and his wife Anna Hooker or Hooke.


Surah Ya Sin (the 'Heart of the Quran') is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent.

(meta data) TITLE: The Dome of the Rock | Islamic Landmarks

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/islamiclandmarks

HomePalestine: Masjid al-AqsaThe Dome of the Rock

The Dome of the Rock (Qubbatus Saqqara) is often mistakenly referred to as the al-Aqsa mosque but is actually part of Masjid al-Aqsa.

This structure was built by Caliph Abd al-Malik from 688 to 691 CE and houses the sacred rock from which it is said the Prophet Muhammed (ﷺ) ascended to heaven (Mi'raj) after the night journey to Jerusalem (Isra').

The octagon shaped building was the cutting edge of design at the time, built on a marble base with the remainder being made out of wood rather than stone.

Four of the eight sides have doors and there are seven windows on each side.

The dome itself is 25 meters high and covered with gold.

The interior is decorated with mosaic, marble and verses from the Quran.

The architecture is regarded as a masterpiece due to the mathematical rhythm of its proportions.

For example, each of the outer walls is 67 feet long, which is exactly the same as the dome's diameter and which is also the height from the base to the drum.

Aerial view of the Dome of the Rock – Photo: Getty Images

When the Crusaders took over Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock mosque was re

-named Templum Domini and had a cross placed on top of the golden dome.

The rock inside was covered to make an altar and the Quranic inscriptions were covered with Latin texts.

This kingdom was to last 87 years, during which time neither Jew nor Muslim was allowed to dwell within the walls of the city.

Close up detail of the Dome of the Rock – Photo: benedikternstmg (Instagram)

Ibn Kathir (Allah show mercy on him) writes in his book Kamil at-Tawarikh (The Perfect History) of the scene when the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders: "…At the top of the cupola of the Dome of the Rock there was a great gilded cross.

When the Muslims entered the city on the Friday, some of them climbed the top of the cupola to take down the cross……a great cry went up from the city and from outside the walls, the Muslims crying 'Allahu-akbar' in their joy, the Franks groaning in consternation and grief.

So loud and piercing was the cry that the earth shook. …

Salahuddin ordered that the shrines should be restored to their original state.

The Templars had built their living quarters against al-Aqsa, with storerooms and latrines…

This was all restored to its former state.

The Sultan ordered that the Dome of the Rock should be cleansed of all pollution, and this was done…".

Interior of the Dome of the Rock – Photo:Y.Isap

The beautiful external tile work which can be seen today was commissioned by Sulayman II Qanuni (the Lawgiver), known throughout Europe as Sulayman the Magnificent.

With the incomparable skills of Persian master ceramicists, 40,000 tiles were fired and put into place, crowned by the inscription of Surah Yasin, the 36th chapter and regarded as the heart of the Quran.

Inside the Dome, the major Quranic inscription over the arches of the inner arcade is addressed to the "Followers of the Gospel", i.e. Christians, denying the shocking notion that God had sired a son.

It warns them against inaccurate and dangerous statements about God (in Surah An-Nisa):"O People of the Scripture! Do not exaggerate in your religion nor utter aught concerning Allah save the truth.

The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a Messenger of Allah, and His word which He conveyed unto Mary, and a spirit from Him.

So believe in Allah and His messengers, and say not "Three" – Cease! (it is) better for you! – Allah is only One God.

Far is it removed from His transcendent majesty that he should have a son.

His is all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth.

great golden dome that crowns the Dome of the Rock was originally made of gold, but was replaced with copper and then aluminum.

The aluminum is now covered with gold leaf, a donation from the late King Hussein of Jordan.

The dome is topped by a full moon decoration which is aligned so that if you could look through it, you would be looking straight towards Makkah.

Jews and Christians believe this is the place where the Prophet Ebrahim (upon him be peace) was prepared to sacrifice his son Ishaq (upon him be peace) after seeing a dream indicating for him to do so.

This is a fundamental difference to the Muslim belief that it was actually his elder son Ismail (upon him be peace) who he was prepared to sacrifice and that this happened in Mina, Saudi Arabia.

Orthodox Jews believe the Dome of the Rock to be the centre of the world.

References: Palestine: Beginner's guide – Ismail Adam Patel, Al-Quds – Mohammed Abdul Hameed Al-Khateeb, The Crusades – Christine Hatt, HUMA'S travel guide to Palestine

## The Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet Mosque)


In Game Three, Lehner stopped 25 of 26 shots helping the Islanders win 4–1.

(meta data) TITLE: Islanders shut down Penguins in Game 3, one win from sweep | NHL.com

##### Islanders shut down Penguins in Game 3, one win from sweep

## Lehner makes 25 saves; Eberle scores for third consecutive game

#### NYI@PIT, Gm3: Eberle snipes wrister from tough angle

Jordan Eberle receives a pass from Ryan Pulock on the doorstep and fires a sharp-angle shot past Matt Murray to tie the game at 1

The New York Islanders moved within one victory of eliminating the Pittsburgh Penguins from the Stanley Cup Playoffs with a 4-1 victory in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference First Round at PPG Paints Arena on Sunday.

Robin Lehner made 25 saves for New York, which leads the best-of-7 series 3-0 and can complete its first series sweep since defeating the Edmonton Oilers in the 1983 Stanley Cup Final by winning Game 4 here on Tuesday (7:30 p.m. ET; NBCSN, CBC, TVAS2, ATTSN-PT, MSG, MSG+).

"This group, we've talked about just worrying about one game," Islanders coach Barry Trotz said.

"You just want to compete so you can continue to play.

[WATCH: Islanders vs. Penguins Game 3 highlights | Complete series coverage]

Jordan Eberle and Brock Nelson scored 1:02 apart in the first period for the Islanders after Garrett Wilson had given the Penguins a 1-0 lead.

Leo Komarov scored midway through the third period, and Anders Lee scored into an empty net for New York, which has outscored Pittsburgh 11-5 through three games.

Video: NYI@PIT, Gm3: Lehner alertly stands tall to deny Pens

Matt Murray made 32 saves for Pittsburgh, which last lost the first three games of a series in 2013, when it was swept by the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference Final.

Penguins center Sidney Crosby has been held without a point in the first three games.

"You've got to find ways to score goals this time of year," Crosby said.

"It's not easy, but you have to find a way to do it.

Obviously, we haven't done a good enough job of that these first three games."

Wilson gave the Penguins a 1-0 lead by deflecting a shot from Marcus Pettersson past Lehner at 12:54 of the first period.

He took a pass from Ryan Pulock just above the goal line to the left of the net, and his wrist shot hit Murray's shoulder and went into the top corner at 13:22 to make it 1-1.

Eberle has scored a goal in each of the first three games.

Nelson put the Islanders ahead 2-1 at 14:24, finishing off a 2-on-1 rush by taking a snap shot that beat Murray to the blocker side for his second goal of the playoffs.

Video: NYI@PIT, Gm3: Nelson buries wrister on odd-man rush

"Another good response by us," Nelson said.

"There's been lots of talking from the coaching staff and the players of just sticking with it, staying even.

Not getting too high or too low, especially now.

In the playoffs, there's a lot of emotion and high intensity.

So great job by us and good job in the second and third period of keeping it going."

Komarov made it 3-1 at 10:27 of the third period after Anthony Beauvillier tipped a pass from Valtteri Filppula to him in the right face-off circle.

He scored on a wrist shot past Murray's glove for the first playoff goal of his NHL career.

Lee made it 4-1 by scoring into an empty net with 1:28 remaining.

They're going to have their spurts in the game where they come hard and they're going to create.

We're just doing a really good job right now of staying tight and helping each other out with rebounds and loose pucks."

"In the first period, we get a big goal at the end of our power play.

They were able to come back and answer it in a fairly short time frame.

It seems like, in each game at this point, that's occurred.

We have to do a better job of hanging onto the momentum when we get it."

Teams that lead a best-of-7 NHL playoff series 3-0 have a series record of 186-4. ...

The goals by Eberle and Nelson were the fastest pair of playoff goals scored by the Islanders since Kip Miller and Mariusz Czerkawski scored 38 seconds apart in Game 6 of the 2002 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals against the Toronto Maple Leafs.

... Eberle is the second player in Islanders history to score in each of his first three playoff games with New York; Ray Ferraro did it in 1993.

Penguins forward Jared McCann returned after missing Game 2 with an upper-body injury.

He had two shots and five hits in 14:23. ...

Murray has lost his past five starts in the playoffs, including Games 5 and 6 of the 2018 Eastern Conference Second Round against the Washington Capitals.

... The Penguins have had the lead twice in the series for a combined 3:17.

Game 4 of the Eastern Conference First Round at PPG Paints Arena on Tuesday (7:30 p.m. ET; NBCSN, CBC, TVAS2, ATTSN-PT, MSG, MSG+)

Video: Isles top Pens 4-1 to grab commanding 3-0 series lead

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First Round.:Eastern Conference First Round.:(M2) New York Islanders vs. (M3) Pittsburgh Penguins.

The New York Islanders finished second in the Metropolitan Division with 103 points. The Pittsburgh Penguins earned 100 points to finish third in the Metropolitan Division. This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams with New York winning three of the four previous series. They last met in the 2013 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, which Pittsburgh won in six games. These teams split their four-game regular season series.
 The Islanders defeated the Penguins in a four-game sweep. This was the first Islanders sweep since 1983. In Game One, New York goalie Robin Lehner made 41 saves and Josh Bailey scored 4:39 into overtime to give the Islanders a 4–3 victory. Jordan Eberle had a goal and an assist in Game Two, leading the Islanders to a 3–1 victory.


Jabba the Hutt's musical theme throughout the film, composed by John Williams, is played on a tuba.

(meta data) TITLE: Filmtracks: Star Wars: Return of the Jedi (John Williams)

Composed, Conducted, and Co-Produced by:

1993, 1997, and 2004 Albums Produced by:

RCA Re-Recording Produced and Conducted by:

RCA Victor (Gerhardt)(1989)20th Century Fox (Anthology)(November 9th, 1993)RCA Victor (Special Edition)(January 14th, 1997)RCA Victor (S.E. Re-Pressing)(August 26th, 1997)Sony Classical (Individual and Set)(September 21st, 2004)Sony Classical (Corellian Edition)(October 2nd, 2007)Sony Classical (30th Ann. Edition)(November 6th, 2007)

All of the CD albums were regular commercial releases at

Both the original 1986 album and 1989 RCA Gerhardt album

historically have been available used for about $5 to $7.

The 1993 Fox Anthology was believed at the time to be the most

collectible soundtrack CD set in existence, and has retained its

original street value because of its relative scarcity and

The 1997 RCA Special Edition albums came in two forms, the black booklet

format available early that year and the slimline format in August,

1997 to coincide with the VHS release of the revised films

albums (with poster art on the covers) have fallen completely out of

print, and while new copies of the 'black book' formatted RCA albums of

early 1997 are also difficult to find, they have remained readily available

for sub-retail price on the used market.

The 2004 Sony Classical products are bargain priced, though you receive

no additional packaging benefits from buying the trilogy as a set outside

The 2007 Sony Classical albums contain no additional new contents or remastering.

The "Corellian Edition" compilation, which was leaked as a promotional teaser

in some 2005 pressings of Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith, is sold alone as

a regular commercial release (with two different cover art variants) and is included

as CD7 in the concurrently offered "30th Anniverary Collector's Edition."

featuring original LP packaging, was electronically numbered up to 10,000 copies and

Its value soon plunged, in part due to production problems

that caused the wrong combination of CDs to be included in the set.

temporarily pulled the product due to complaints.

Nominated for an Academy Award and a Grammy Award.

•The Empire Strikes Back•The Phantom Menace•Attack of the Clones•Revenge of the Sith•E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial•Raiders of the Lost Ark

Availability | Awards | Viewer Ratings |

Buy it... on the 1997 "Special Edition" albums over all others

because they feature the best combination of outstanding packaging and a

nearly complete presentation of John Williams' slightly diminished but

Avoid it... on the 1985 to 1993 albums because of poorer, archival

sound quality and incomplete presentations, as well as the 2004 and 2007

re-pressings that are identical to the 1997 albums in contents but

Star Wars: Return of the Jedi: (John Williams) The

tagline "The Saga Continues" meant only one thing in the early 1980's:

hysteria over George Lucas' franchise of Star Wars films.

1983's Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, the phenomenon had

saturated the mainstream with a seemingly unlimited quantity of toys and

poster, featuring the production title of "Revenge of the Jedi" and

intriguingly swapping the colors of lightsabers in its depiction of the

famous duel from The Empire Strikes Back, became a wildly hot one

While some of the problems that Lucas faced

with the production of The Empire Strikes Back had been

alleviated by his departure from industry unions as a method of

maintaining more control over his movies, Return of the Jedi

suffered as a result, its costs driven up because of that independence.

More than half of its $32 million budget was consumed by the special effects

work of Industrial Light & Magic, the screen wizards' time booked to

capacity to meet the ever-increasing demands of the saga's plotline.

Although relatively few new worlds were developed for Return of the

Jedi, the immense scope of the battle sequences in its latter half

(aided by the invention of THX sound technology) drove the spectacle to

Much disagreement during the script's finalization about

the fate of several major characters eventually succumbed to Lucas' wish

for a purely happy ending to the trilogy.

the Rebel Alliance and Galactic Empire in Return of the Jedi

follows the resolution of the events of The Empire Strikes Back,

a second Death Star again requiring the rebels to attack.

with the evil Emperor on the battle station, Luke Skywalker risks his

own destruction by willingly engaging with Darth Vader and Emperor to

bring the former back from the "dark side" of the Force.

subsequent re-releases of the film, Lucas stirred controversy by

tinkering repeatedly with Return of the Jedi, eventually adding

scenes and characters from the prequel trilogy to neatly wrap up the

film marginally passed The Empire Strikes Back in gross profits

but failed to garner the same astonishing, record-setting success in

audiences' and critics' books as its predecessors.

universally considered the weakest of the three original Star

Wars films, despite being very entertaining and necessarily

For most enthusiasts of the Star Wars universe, the

series never got better than The Empire Strikes Back, and the

same argument could be made about John Williams' music for the

By the time Return of the Jedi opened in theatres in

1983, seven out of the top ten grossing films of all time featured a

Williams score, and his conducting work with the Boston Pops had

increased his mainstream visibility even further.

world once again with The Empire Strikes Back, Williams had

written the classics Raiders of the Lost Ark and E.T. The

-Terrestrial in successive years, the latter earning the

significant challenge by producing a score for the first Star

Wars sequel that eclipsed the original classic; if the standard of

excellence for Return of the Jedi were to have been raised any

higher, then Williams would have had no choice but to conjure the

greatest score ever written for Hollywood.

that Williams accomplished this feat, but at the very least, the maestro

maintained a level of outstanding quality for Return of the Jedi

that many listeners still consider superior to any of the prequel scores

London Symphony Orchestra and the same crew, Williams pumped out a score

even longer than The Empire Strikes Back, with more material

eventually released on album than the total length of the film.

lingering note of dissatisfaction about Return of the Jedi has

always involved its restricted sound quality, which, despite

improvements industry wide by the 1980's, has always suffered from a

dull soundscape that defied those technological advances (this flaw is

especially noticeable in the cue "Into the Trap"). Nevertheless, if you

allow yourself to become enveloped in the score's four new themes, the

interpolation of the previous themes, and the usual excellent standard

, then the merits of the score's ideas will easily

counter such quibbles for most listeners.

logistical nightmare of attempting to weave more than ten major themes

together into one score, the immense length of the recording is not much

Some might argue, though, that Return of the Jedi

is a more cluttered and less focused overall product than the others in

The score has the disadvantage of lacking a

singular thematic identity that was able to become the kind of

powerhouse to rival the title theme and "Imperial March," a reality made

Among the new thematic ideas are Jabba the Hutt's

surprisingly jovial tuba piece (playing along the politically incorrect

lines of belching tubas representing fatness), an equally cute and

percussively creative theme for the Ewoks, an identity for Luke and

Leia's changing familial understanding, and finally a demonic

Ewok and Luke & Leia themes were the ones that you'd hear most often in

Also arranged for easy public consumption were the "Sail Barge

Assault" and "Forest Battle" cues (as well the occasional Jabba the Hutt

Williams' emphasis on the two aforementioned themes is

clearly defined more specifically by their appearance in the end credits

Williams' earlier quality, neither addition was as attractive to the

Leia is similar in pleasant atmosphere and instrumentation to the

Princess and Han Solo themes from the previous films, weaving in pieces

of those ideas in auxiliary performances but understandably never

surprisingly the least palatable idea in the score, becoming downright

irritating for some listeners with its frenetic energy and perkiness.

Attached to it are the native-like source drum cues associated with the

little Wookie stand-ins, and these appropriately primitive contributions

resemble little of Williams' other motifs for the trilogy.

interesting aspect of all these themes is that the other two lesser

ideas eventually proved to have the far better shelf life, both the

themes for the Emperor and Jabba the Hutt jumping immediately to the

prequel trilogy (and the former theme quite extensively).

best choice Williams made in regards to Return of the Jedi was

the extensive development afforded to the major identities from the

The "Imperial March" still commands a significant presence,

expressed in massive statements involving the two Death Star arrival

scenes and reinventing itself in a whimper during Darth Vader's demise.

The infamous march for the Empire once again steals the show, most

obviously in the ambitious full statement during the Emperor's special

effects-driven landing upon the Death Star.

conflict within Vader's character allowed Williams the opportunity to

experiment with softer, less bombastic representations of the theme that

would remain confined to Return of the Jedi and in hints during

Its final powerful statement in this trilogy is a

remarkable fragment during the height of "Into the Trap.

"Also resurrected in Return of the Jedi from the

previous scores are the ideas for "Han Solo and the Princess" (in their

long-awaited reunion at Jabba's palace and the revelation at the

conclusion of the battle of Endor), Princess Leia's theme from the

original film (dramatically as she is wounded), and Yoda's tender and

thoughtful melody (for his revelatory death scene).

the theme for the Force makes two extremely prominent appearances (among

others) in the film, first at the moment of contemplation about the

"dark side" when Luke defeats Vader in the final duel and secondly with

grand and somber beauty during the funeral pyre for Vader at the end

(nicely bringing the theme back full circle to the burning of Luke's

overarching demeanor of the music in Return of the Jedi and

individual moments of interest merit some attention as well.

intangible detraction from Williams' work here is the lack of the

weighty drama that was heard in The Empire Strikes Back

previous score's desperation, built into its constant rhythmic movement,

does not transfer to the third score, probably because the situation in

Return of the Jedi is less dire in a romantic sense.

general characteristic of the score is its capacity for chaos above and

Williams was forced to jump around significantly

within cues during the film's last 30 minutes because of the juxtaposed

battle sequences happening simultaneously in the story.

was used extensively again by Lucas in The Phantom Menace, and in

both cases the constant shifts caused the music to sound artificially

cut in places (which it really was in some places), harming the

narrative flow so vital in the first two scores of the franchise.

final observation about Return of the Jedi is both a positive and

negative, and it involves the fact that the score has significantly more

"singular" cues, whether it involves background source music, outright

Unlike the contained "Cantina Band" scene in the

first film, Return of the Jedi applies source-like songs or

primordial music in Jabba's palace and in the forest with the Ewoks.

both cases, this material conflicts with the orchestral music

"Lapti Nek" and its subsequent replacement song for the

Special Edition are both curious but insufferable, and the Ewok feast

source music serves only to slow the pace of the score in and apart from

In fact, the film's badly dragging Ewok feast and storytelling

sections owe some of their dull appeal to the basic thumping of

It is perhaps no coincidence that the two major

non-orchestral cues in Return of the Jedi were both replaced for

the Special Edition release of the film in 1997.

material actually got worse, the groovy celebration music is now less

specific to the Ewoks than the original so that it could generally cover

scenes of rowdy crowds on Bespin, Tatooine, and Coruscant.

celebration music fits well with the similarly conceived cue at the end

method of providing party music, but the sound quality is far too rich

here for the end credits suite that follows.

between them makes for an uncomfortable ending for the revised film as

On the upside, though, are a number of singular cues of

The ensemble bravado of the major action scenes in

A New Hope is revisited in "Sail Barge Assault," "The Fleet

Enters Hyperspace," and "The Main Reactor," each of those cues worthy of

continued appreciation on the complete album presentations

hidden nugget in Return of the Jedi is Williams' "death motif,"

heard with somber nobility in "The Death of Yoda" but developed with far

more interesting consequences in "The Dark Side Beckons."

cue, the theme is chillingly expressed by the deep adult chorus from the

Emperor's theme during the reigniting of the final duel sequence between

One has to wonder why Williams didn't utilize this theme

for Anakin's last duel with Obi-Wan Kenobi in Revenge of the Sith

to finish off the trilogies with similar thematic bookends, especially

given how incredibly powerful its impact is on that one scene in

Another questionable decision by Williams

along those same lines is the lack of some sort of reprise of the

"Throne Room" identity for the Rebel Alliance when it proves victorious;

in fact, it could have informed the conclusion of "The Main Reactor"

just as well as the brassy expressions of glee and relief as the last

rebel ships exit the exploding Death Star.

Jedi is an outstanding score on its own despite the flaws that any

collector of the franchise's music will find in it.

to write one major overarching melodic identity for the film and his

continued fragmentation as he attempted to address so many ideas on a

limited canvas was a recipe for disappointment.

linger as well, the strings often deemphasized to the point of

ineffectiveness in the mix of certain cues.

expectations, Williams did about as well as one could hope, and there

are enough brilliantly addressed sequences (especially in the reprises

of established themes) to warrant the highest rating for this final

Extremely tough competition in 1983 made it no surprise

when the score for Return of the Jedi failed to capitalize on its

Its diminished stature carried over to its original

information about the history of the soundtrack for Return of the

Jedi on album applies once again, but with a continuing twist in the

By 1983, the future of LPs was in doubt and the technology

was first breaking into commercial markets.

viability of an LP release questionable at best, the original album was

restrained to only a single record in length

the Jedi is longer than the other two scores in the classic trilogy,

this presentation caused an immediate and crushing shortage of music

Return of the Jedi on album, with the eventual stream of CD

offerings proving that every time you think you've purchased the

definitive and final version of this score (and the others from

the classic trilogy), you can wait a few years and be treated to yet

music from the classic Star Wars scores is taken for granted

today, the first fifteen years were quite lean for fans of the composer

In fact, it would take a full twenty years before the

entire finished products (with nearly every available cue released)

finally reached fans in time for the Special Editions in theatres.

of the information that follows in regards to each of the various

releases of the music is relevant to not only this score, but the others

in the classic trilogy as well, so you'll read very similar accounts in

releases on LP records and their early CDs, the editions of the scores

on subsequent discs have always been released as a trilogy, despite your

ability to usually buy them separately upon each update of all three.

carbon copy of the Return of the Jedi LP was translated onto the

score's debut CD in 1986 at the same time as A New Hope (whereas

The Empire Strikes Back had already been available on an

inexplicably shortened CD for over a year).

sound quality that prevailed on that LP is also a painful hindrance on

the Polydor CD, making it an extremely frustrating 45-minute listening

experience even aside from the wealth of music missing from the product.

As they had done with both Star Wars and The Empire Strikes

Back, aficionados of the series once again searched for comfort in

the only other recording of music from the series: Charles Gerhardt and

The only substantial alternative source of music from

this score (and the others in the saga before 1993) was the Gerhardt

re-recording of 46 minutes of the score with the NPO.

Gerhardt and the NPO had recorded famous film scores from mostly the

Golden Age of Hollywood, but as a few of their final collaborations,

they recorded the three classic Star Wars scores near the times

In fact, Return of the Jedi turned out to be

very final entry in this magnificent series.

New Hope and Return of the Jedi were both released in 1989 by

RCA, with superb sound quality and an usually excellent standard of

performance that Williams himself had claimed to be honored by

brass section did make some noticeable mistakes in this performance,

although it's compensated for by a rousing instrumental version of the

the only digital source for some cues absent from the official 1986

release, including Williams' extended concert arrangement of Jabba the

Hutt's theme (with strikingly whimsical strings) and the presentation of

"Fight in the Dungeon" as an extra bonus.

tracks, only one fifth of the total music from Return of the Jedi

ultimate Star Wars trilogy Anthology released by 20th Century Fox

in 1993 was considered a godsend by fans.

103 minutes of music from the film, including several vital cues from

the middle section of the story that had been completely neglected by

While the addition of material from Return of the

Jedi was significant, it was not as earth-shatteringly important as

the Anthology had been for The Empire Strikes Back.

the Anthology (produced by some of the biggest names in film score

production) featured additional music that was certainly welcomed with

There were, however, problems with the presentation

despite the best intentions of those producers

placed as much music as possible from each film on an individual CD for

each of the three scores but then pressed additional unreleased cues on

memorable "Leia is Wounded/Luke and Vader Duel" and lengthy "Brother and

Sister/Father and Son/The Fleet Enters Hyperspace" you had to seek the

fourth CD to enjoy them separately in the era prior to the digitization

Add on a large, custom-sized package (roughly DVD set

size by today's standards) and hard-to-read individual CD covers within,

and you had some ill-received protests from some fans.

Regardless of its issues, the Anthology set of 1993 is

looked upon with fondness by many Star Wars fans today simply

because it filled a major void in collections at the time.

later, however, the Anthology was rendered largely outdated by the

massive, highly advertised RCA "Special Edition" releases of 1997.

January of that year, George Lucas had announced the production of

The Phantom Menace and revealed newly enhanced versions of the

original three films for a 20th anniversary theatrical release.

album, enthusiasts were treated to double-CD releases of each Star

Wars score in film order with alternative cues and extensive

attention to detail in the mixing and arrangement of the contents.

Including several source and alternate cues, a whopping total of 148

minutes of music from Return of the Jedi on its Special Edition

the previous two scores, there still remains 15 to 20 minutes of music

from Return of the Jedi that is not heard on even the most

Most of that music, however, is not vital (or

was previously released elsewhere), and a list of that material can be

both the 1993 and 1997 releases, with the glittery CDs of the latter

and offered in slimline alternatives that feature the Special Edition

poster art, but these fell out of print about five years later.

the Sony Classical label, which had been releasing the prequel scores,

acquired the rights to the classic trilogy's music and decided to

-press the 1997 releases with new artwork.

Sony's Direct Stream Digital remastering, and while this technique does

provide some minimal extra clarity on high-end stereo systems, casual

listeners will notice no significant differences from the 1997 albums.

Thus, if you own the Special Edition albums and don't require slightly

improved sound, there is no reason to seek the 2004 ones.

2004 re-pressings are badly lacking in packaging compared to previous

releases, with absolutely none of the fantastic notes and pictorials

shameless 2007 releases (the "Corellian Edition" compilation and "30th

Anniverary Collector's Edition"), both of which redundant, unnecessary, and

Overall, owning Return of the Jedi is perhaps

not as necessary in a very casual soundtrack collection when contrasted

against its siblings in the classic trilogy

film music enthusiast, it is a must-have score, and with its outstanding

packaging and mostly complete presentation of the music, the 1997

Special Edition album (the original full version bound in black

booklets) continues to be the best Return of the Jedi product

Music as Heard on the 1986 Polydor Album: *

Music as Heard on the 1989 RCA Gerhardt Album: ****

Music as Heard on the 1993 Fox Anthology: ****

Music as Heard on the 1997 RCA Special Edition: *****

Music as Heard on the 2004 Sony Classical Album: ****

Music as Heard on the 2007 Sony Classical Albums: **

For John Williams reviews at Filmtracks, the average editorial rating is 3.78

Older Editions of the score have BETTER sound quality, not WORSE.

Expand >>Faleel - September 11, 2012, at 4:37 p.m.

3 comments (2703 views)Newest: July 7, 2015, at 9:14 p.m. by Mr. Big

Using tubas to represent fatness Expand >>Lawrence Yang - October 6, 2011, at 7:50 a.m.

2 comments (2926 views)Newest: April 8, 2012, at 2:50 p.m. by cs^tbl

Unknown track Expand >>sam - May 6, 2007, at 3:26 p.m.

3 comments (5777 views)Newest: October 12, 2008, at 6:53 p.m. by avcastner

Although not as good as other SW scores,still worthy to listen Expand >>Sheridan - August 20, 2006, at 4:56 a.m.

3 comments (4907 views)Newest: July 18, 2006, at 7:48 a.m. by Don

The Emperor's Theme Expand >>Abel - March 25, 2006, at 1:30 p.m.

2 comments (5279 views)Newest: October 12, 2008, at 7:05 p.m. by avcastner

CD3, 2. Approaching the Death Star (0:30)

CD4, 3. The Fleet Goes into Hyperspace (0:32)

1986 Polydor Album Tracks ▼Total Time: 45:37

• 1. Main Title (The Main Story Continues) (5:09)

• 5. Han Salo Returns (at the Court of Jabba the Hutt) (4:07)

• 6. Lapti Nek (by Jabba's Palace Band) (2:48)

• 11. Ewok Celebration and Finale (7:57)

1989 RCA Gerhardt Album Tracks ▼Total Time: 46:25

• 1. Main Title/Approaching the Death Star (3:27)

• 8. Into the Trap/Fight in the Dungeon (4:20)

1993 Fox Anthology Album Tracks ▼Total Time: 103:11

• 1. Twentieth Century Fox Fanfare with CinemaScope Extension*** (0:22)

• 2. Main Title/Approaching the Death Star (5:18)

• 3. Han Solo Returns (at the Court of Jabba the Hutt) (4:06)

• 10. The Emperor Confronts Luke** (3:26)

• 12. First Ewok Battle/Fight with the Fighters** (7:18)

• 14. Final Duel/Into the Death Star** (3:37)

• 18. Leia Breaks the News/Funeral Pyre for a Jedi (2:19)

CD4: (74:59, 28:26 from Return of the Jedi)

• 2. Star Wars: Main Title (Alternate)** (2:16)

• 3. Return of the Jedi: Heroic Ewok/The Fleet Goes into Hyperspace** (3:05)

• 4. Star Wars: A Hive of Villainy** (2:12)

• 5. Star Wars: Destruction of Alderaan** (1:31)

• 6. The Empire Strikes Back: Drawing the Battle Lines/Leia's Instructions** (

• 7. Return of the Jedi: The Ewok Battle** (2:48)

• 8. The Empire Strikes Back: Attack Position** (3:04)

• 9. The Empire Strikes Back: Crash Landing** (3:35)

• 11. Return of the Jedi: Lapti Nek (2:48)

• 12. Star Wars: Cantina Band #2** (3:44)

• 13. Return of the Jedi: Faking the Code** (4:10)

• 14. Return of the Jedi: Brother and Sister** (3:08)

• 16. Return of the Jedi: Leia is Wounded/Luke and Vader Duel** (2:57)

• 17. The Empire Strikes Back: Carbon Freeze/Luke Pursues the Captives/Departure of Boba Fett* (11:08)

• 18. The Empire Strikes Back: Losing a Hand** (5:20)

• 19. Return of the Jedi: The Return of the Jedi (Alternate)** (5:03)

• 20. Return of the Jedi: Leia Breaks the news (Alternate)/Funeral Pyre for a Jedi (Film Version)* (2:27)

• 21. Return of the Jedi: Ewok Celebration (Film Version)/The Empire Strikes Back: End Credits (Film Version)* (6:22)

* Contains previously unreleased material

1997 RCA Special Edition Tracks ▼Total Time: 148:01

• 1. 20th Century Fox Fanfare (Alfred Newman, 1954) (0:22)

• 2. Main Title/Approaching the Death Star/Tatooine Rendezvous* (9:21)

• 6. Luke Confronts Jabba*/Den of the Rancor/Sarlacc Sentence* (8:51)

• 7. The Pit of Carkoon*/Sail Barge Assault (6:02)

• 8. The Emperor Arrives/The Death of Yoda/Obi-Wan's Revelation* (10:58)

• 10. Shuttle Tydirium Approaches Endor (4:09)

• 11. Speeder Bike Chase*/Land of the Ewoks* (9:38)

• 12. The Levitation*/Threepio's Bedtime Story* (2:46)

• 15. Sail Barge Assault (Alternate) (5:04)

• 3. Brother and Sister/Father and Son*/The Fleet Enters Hyperspace**/Heroic Ewok (10:40)

(Into the Trap/Forest Ambush*/Scout Walker Scramble/Prime Weapon Fires)

• 6. The Lightsaber*#/The Ewok Battle (4:31)

(Leia is Wounded/The Duel Begins/Overtaking the Bunker*/The Dark Side Beckons/The Emperor's Death)

(Superstructure Chase*/Darth Vader's Death/The Main Reactor)

• 9. Leia's News/Light of the Force*** (3:24)

• 10. Victory Celebration*$/End Title (8:34)

• 11. Ewok Feast*/Part of the Tribe* (4:02)

• 12. The Forest Battle (concert suite) (4:05)

*** Alternate recording for "Light of the Force"

# Contains partial film version of "The Emperor Arrives"

$ Composed and Recorded by Williams in 1996 for the Special Edition

@ Composed and Arranged by Jerry Hey in 1996 to replace "Lapti Nek"

2004 Sony Classical Album Tracks ▼Total Time: 148:01

• 1. 20th Century Fox Fanfare (Alfred Newman, 1954) (0:22)

• 2. Main Title/Approaching the Death Star/Tatooine Rendezvous (9:21)

• 6. Luke Confronts Jabba/Den of the Rancor/Sarlacc Sentence (8:51)

• 7. The Pit of Carkoon/Sail Barge Assault (6:02)

• 8. The Emperor Arrives/The Death of Yoda/

• 10. Shuttle Tydirium Approaches Endor (4:09)

• 11. Speeder Bike Chase/Land of the Ewoks (9:38)

• 12. The Levitation/Threepio's Bedtime Story (2:46)

• 15. Sail Barge Assault (Alternate) (5:04)

• 3. Brother and Sister/Father and Son/The Fleet Enters Hyperspace/Heroic Ewok (10:40)

(Into the Trap/Forest Ambush/Scout Walker Scramble/Prime Weapon Fires)

• 6. The Lightsaber/The Ewok Battle (4:31)

(Leia is Wounded/The Duel Begins/Overtaking the Bunker/The Dark Side Beckons/The Emperor's Death)

(Superstructure Chase/Darth Vader's Death/The Main Reactor)

• 9. Leia's News/Light of the Force (3:24)

• 10. Victory Celebration/End Title (8:34)

• 11. Ewok Feast/Part of the Tribe (4:02)

• 12. The Forest Battle (concert suite) (4:05)

2007 Sony Corellian Edition Tracks ▼Total Time: 54:57

• 1. The Phantom Menace: Star Wars Main Title and The Arrival at Naboo (2:56)

• 2. The Phantom Menace: The Flag Parade (2:12)

• 3. The Phantom Menace: Qui-Gon's Noble End (3:48)

• 4. Attack of the Clones: Jango's Escape (3:49)

• 5. Attack of the Clones: Yoda and the Younglings (3:57)

• 6. Revenge of the Sith: General Grievous (4:07)

• 7. Revenge of the Sith: Anakin's Dark Deeds (4:05)

• 9. A New Hope: Ben Kenobi's Death/TIE Fighter Attack (3:55)

• 10. The Empire Strikes Back: Yoda and the Force (4:06)

• 11. The Empire Strikes Back: The Clash of Lightsabers (4:10)

• 12. Return of the Jedi: Sail Barge Assault (5:05)

• 13. Return of the Jedi: End Title (6:04)

2007 Sony 30th Ann. Edition Tracks ▼Total Time: 148:00

• 1. 20th Century Fox Fanfare (Alfred Newman, 1954) (0:22)

• 2. Main Title/Approaching the Death Star/Tatooine Rendezvous (9:21)

• 6. Luke Confronts Jabba/Den of the Rancor/Sarlacc Sentence (8:51)

• 7. The Pit of Carkoon/Sail Barge Assault (6:02)

• 8. The Emperor Arrives/The Death of Yoda/

• 10. Shuttle Tydirium Approaches Endor (4:09)

• 11. Speeder Bike Chase/Land of the Ewoks (9:38)

• 12. The Levitation/Threepio's Bedtime Story (2:46)

• 15. Sail Barge Assault (Alternate) (5:04)

(Into the Trap/Forest Ambush/Scout Walker Scramble/Prime Weapon Fires)

• 6. The Lightsaber/The Ewok Battle (4:31)

(Superstructure Chase/Darth Vader's Death/The Main Reactor)

• 9. Leia's News/Light of the Force (3:24)

• 10. Victory Celebration/End Title (8:34)

• 11. Ewok Feast/Part of the Tribe (4:02)

• 12. The Forest Battle (Concert Suite) (4:05)

CD7: (54:57, 11:09 from Return of the Jedi)

• 2. The Phantom Menace: The Flag Parade (2:12)

• 3. The Phantom Menace: Qui-Gon's Noble End (3:48)

• 4. Attack of the Clones: Jango's Escape (3:49)

• 5. Attack of the Clones: Yoda and the Younglings (3:57)

• 6. Revenge of the Sith: General Grievous (4:07)

• 7. Revenge of the Sith: Anakin's Dark Deeds (4:05)

• 9. A New Hope: Ben Kenobi's Death/TIE Fighter Attack (3:55)

• 10. The Empire Strikes Back: Yoda and the Force (4:06)

• 11. The Empire Strikes Back: The Clash of Lightsabers (4:10)

• 12. Return of the Jedi: Sail Barge Assault (5:05)

• 13. Return of the Jedi: End Title (6:04)

(total time only reflects unique material from Return of the Jedi)

The 1986 Polydor and 1989 RCA Gerhardt albums contain no

information about the film, score, or recording.

has extensive notes and pictorials in an oversized booklet with

information written by John Williams, Nicholas Meyer, and Lukas Kendall.

The 1997 RCA Special Edition albums with the black book format include

extensive notation from album arranger Michael Matessino regarding the

Wars in this 1997 album also includes information about each take.

The 1997 RCA Special Edition slimline format lacks the same level of

detail. The 2004 Sony Classical products (available both as a set and

individually) include a fold-out poster, but sadly no extra information

"Corellian Edition" is minimal, though the label's "30th Anniversary

Collector's Edition" includes the original LP packaging for each score

and a bonus CD-ROM with additional material.

notes about the scores are once again missing from the 2007 products.

Music from Return of the Jedi not contained on 1997, 2004, or 2007 albums:

• Lapti Nek (English Version, "Fancy Man") (2:46)

• Ewok Celebration (Film Version)* (1:56)

• Ewok Celebration (Album Version)* (1:56)

• Jabba the Hutt (Concert Arrangement)** (

• Max Rebo Band Instrumental Music*** (3:00)

• Unused Source Music (Not in Film)*** (1:30)

* Cue is included on the 1993 Anthology set

** About (1:20) of this recording was tracked into "Han Solo Returns" on the 1986 album and 1993 Anthology.

*** These selections were not included because they could not be found.

error, some copies of the 1997 RCA release may have two "Disc 1"s and

If you are purchasing one of the remaining new copies of

them now, be sure to check your set immediately to make sure you

The same problem reportedly existed with

some copies of the 2007 "30th Anniversary Collector's Edition."

Concept and creation.:Production and design.

Tony Cox, who also played an Ewok, would assist as well. The eyes and facial expressions were operated by radio control.
 Lucas voiced displeasure in the puppet's appearance and immobility, complaining that the puppet had to be moved around the set to film different scenes. In the DVD commentary to the Special Edition of "Return of the Jedi", Lucas notes that if the technology had been available in 1983, Jabba the Hutt would have been a CGI character similar to the one that appears in the Special Edition scene of "A New Hope".
 Jabba the Hutt only speaks Huttese on film, but his lines are subtitled in English. His voice and Huttese-language dialogue were performed by voice actor Larry Ward, whose work is not listed in the end credits. A heavy, booming quality was given to Ward's voice by pitching it an octave lower than normal and processing it through a subharmonic generator. A soundtrack of wet, slimy sound effects was recorded to accompany the movement of the puppet's limbs and mouth.


He then served as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Butuan, Philippines and as titular bishop of "Arba" from 11 June 2003 until his death.

(meta data) TITLE: Diocese of Pagadian, Philippines

BishopsYoungest BishopsOldest BishopsRetiring BishopsAge ≥75Age

. John LateranSt. Peter in the VaticanSt. Paul Outside-the-WallsSt. Mary MajorChurches by NameChurches by

By LanguageBy NameBy TagEucharistLiturgyMarriageMaryPriestSocial...By

Statistics: 24 parishes, 1 mission, 51 priests (41 diocesan, 10 religious), 73 lay religious (17 brothers, 56 sisters), 41 seminarians (2015)

Neighbouring Dioceses: Ipil (←), Dipolog (↑), Ozamis (↗), Iligan (→)

1971.11.12: Established as Diocese of Pagadian / Pagadianen(sis) (Latin) (from Metropolitan Archdiocese of Zamboanga)1995.01.01: Gained territory from Territorial Prelature of Ipil

Cathedral: Santa Niño Cathedral, Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Peninsula

Bishop (2018.11.22 – ...):Bishop Ronaldo Ignacio Lunas (52)

Bishop Ronaldo Ignacio Lunas (52) (2018.11.22 – ...)

Bishop of Pagadian (Philippines) (2018.11.22 – ...)

Bishop Emmanuel Treveno Cabajar, C.SS.R. (76) (2004.05.14 – 2018.11.22)

Bishop emeritus of Pagadian (Philippines)

Bishop of Pagadian (Philippines) (2004.05.14 – 2018.11.22)

Bishop Zacharias Cenita Jimenez (1994.12.02 – 2003.06.11)

Bishop of Pagadian (Philippines) (1994.12.02 – 2003.06.11)

Auxiliary Bishop of Butuan (Philippines) (2003.06.11 – 2009.05.07)

Bishop Antonio Realubin Tobias (78) (1984.09.14 – 1993.05.28)

Bishop emeritus of Novaliches (Philippines)

Titular Bishop of Tipasa in Numidia (1982.11.03 – 1984.09.14)

Auxiliary Bishop of Zamboanga (Philippines) (1982.11.03 – 1984.09.14)

Bishop of Pagadian (Philippines) (1984.09.14 – 1993.05.28)

Bishop of San Fernando de La Union (Philippines) (1993.05.28 – 2003.11.25)

Apostolic Administrator sede plena of Novaliches (Philippines) (2003.06.21

Bishop of Novaliches (Philippines) (2003.11.25 – 2019.06.06)

Bishop Jesus Balaso Tuquib (later Archbishop) (1973.02.24 – 1984.03.31)

Bishop of Pagadian (Philippines) (1973.02.24 – 1984.03.31)

Coadjutor Archbishop of Cagayan de Oro (Philippines) (1984.03.31 – 1988.01.05)

Metropolitan Archbishop of Cagayan de Oro (Philippines) (1988.01.05 – 2006.03.04)

Born in 5 November 1947 in Inabanga, Bohol in the Philippines, Jimenez was ordained to the priesthood in 17 April 1973 at the St. Joseph's Cathedral in Tagbilaran. He was consecrated as bishop in 6 January 1995 at the St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pagadian, Philippines, from 2 December 1994 to 11 June 2003.


The host along with the top eight teams in the world ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics, while all other teams have an opportunity to qualify for the remaining three spots in the Olympics.

Click here for the ice hockey websites of the most recent Olympic Winter Games:

For the 2022 Olympic men's ice hockey tournament the top-8 nations of the 2019 IIHF Men's World Ranking will be automatically qualified and together with host China and the three qualifiers be seeded according to the 2020 IIHF Men's World Ranking.

The three qualifiers will be determined in four stages of the Olympic Qualification starting in the 2019/2020 season according to the schematic below.

The 2022 Olympic men's ice hockey tournament will be played according to the same format used in PyeongChang 2018, Sochi 2014 and Vancouver 2010 with three groups of four teams each.

The best four teams from an overall 12-team ranking – the group winners and the second-ranked team with the best record – will advance to the quarter-finals while the other teams will play a qualification playoff game.

Olympic Winter Games, Men's Ice Hockey Tournament

The tournament will include the top-8 nations according to the 2019 IIHF Men's World Ranking (Canada, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, USA, Germany, Switzerland), host China and three qualifiers.

Final Olympic Qualification (27-30 August 2020)

Group D: Slovakia, Belarus, Austria, Qualifier 6.

Group E: Latvia, France, Italy, Qualifier 5.

Group F: Norway, Denmark, Korea, Qualifier 4.

Olympic Pre-Qualification Round 3 (6-9 February 2020)

Group G: Slovenia, Japan, Lithuania, Qualifier 9.

Group H: Kazakhstan, Poland, Ukraine, Qualifier 8.

Group J: Great Britain, Hungary, Estonia, Qualifier 7.

Olympic Pre-Qualification Round 2 (12-15 December 2019)

Group K: Romania, Iceland, Israel, Qualifier 11.

Group L: Netherlands, Spain, Mexico, Qualifier 10.

Group M: Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey.

Olympic Pre-Qualification Round 1 (7-10 November 2019)

Group N: Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kyrgyzstan.

Group O: Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Kuwait, Thailand.

The 2022 Olympic women's ice hockey tournament will for the first time be played with 10 teams.

The qualification process will be determined at the Annual Congress in May 2020 and be based on the 2020 IIHF Women's World Ranking.

Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's qualification

Qualification for the men's tournament at the 2022 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2019 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.