johnmiceeee/5503h1 huggingface dataset:
user: In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?

assistant: the judiciary
user: What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?

assistant: Wayman v. Southard
user: Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?

assistant: John Marshall
user: When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?

assistant: the 1930s
user: The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?

assistant: National Recovery Administration
user: In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?

assistant: 1935
user: In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?

assistant: 1935
user: What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?

assistant: Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
user: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?

assistant: Army and Navy
user: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?

assistant: Senate
user: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?

assistant: quasi-judicial
user: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?

assistant: impeachment
user: What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?

assistant: INS v. Chadha
user: When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?

assistant: 1983
user: What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?

assistant: Judicial power
user: What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?

assistant: judicial power of the United States
user: What is the court case that established judicial review?

assistant: Marbury v. Madison
user: Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?

assistant: James Madison
user: In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?

assistant: Federalist 51
user: Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?

assistant: Congress
user: What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?

assistant: Tenure of Office Act
user: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?

assistant: Grover Cleveland
user: Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 

assistant: Grover Cleveland
user: Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?

assistant: national security
user: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?

assistant: checks and balances
user: Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 

assistant: the Supreme Court
user: Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?

assistant: the Florida Supreme Court
user: What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?

assistant: Architectural works
user: Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?

assistant: architectural achievements
user: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?

assistant: ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"
user: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?

assistant: as works of art
user: When did Vitruvius create these plans?

assistant: 1st century AD.
user: What are the three principles every plan should consider?

assistant: firmness, commodity and delight.
user: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?

assistant: firmitas, utilitas, venustas
user: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?

assistant: firmness, commodity and delight
user: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

assistant: Vasari
user: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?

assistant: Italian, French, Spanish and English
user: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?

assistant: architect
user: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?

assistant: Leon Battista Alberti
user: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?

assistant: proportion
user: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?

assistant: 16th
user: Who wrote the book Contrasts?

assistant: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
user: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?

assistant: John Ruskin
user: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?

assistant: to his mental health, power, and pleasure
user: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?

assistant: it is in some way "adorned"
user: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?

assistant: string courses or rustication
user: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?

assistant: 20th-century
user: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 

assistant: Le Corbusier
user: When did Le Corbusier live and write?

assistant: 20th-century
user: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?

assistant: heart
user: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?

assistant: I am happy
user: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?

assistant: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
user: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?

assistant: Vitruvius
user: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?

assistant: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
user: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?

assistant: both popularity and skepticism
user: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?

assistant: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
user: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?

assistant: their approach to building design
user: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?

assistant: late 20th century
user: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?

assistant: sustainability
user: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?

assistant: non-sustainable power sources
user: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?

assistant: shelter, security, worship
user: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?

assistant: building materials
user: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?

assistant: vernacular buildings
user: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?

assistant: trial and error
user: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?

assistant: vernacular
user: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?

assistant: urbanization
user: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?

assistant: Egypt and Mesopotamia
user: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?

assistant: the divine and the supernatural
user: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?

assistant: 7th–5th centuries BCE
user: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?

assistant: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
user: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?

assistant: the macrocosm and the microcosm
user: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?

assistant: the Shastras
user: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?

assistant: pantheistic religion
user: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?

assistant: Byzantium
user: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?

assistant: religious and social needs
user: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?

assistant: abbeys and cathedrals.
user: What were the most important buildings of the time?

assistant: abbeys and cathedrals
user: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?

assistant: clerics and tradesmen
user: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?

assistant: 900 CE onwards
user: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?

assistant: artist, architect and engineer
user: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 

assistant: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic
user: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?

assistant: pragmatic aspects
user: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?

assistant: Nunzia Rondanini
user: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?

assistant: Through its aesthetic dimension
user: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?

assistant: social life
user: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?

assistant: social development
user: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?

assistant: art for art's sake
user: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?

assistant: religious or empirical ones
user: When did Vitruvius write his canons?

assistant: 1st-century BCE
user: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?

assistant: ecclesiastical buildings
user: What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?

assistant: proportions and structure
user: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?

assistant: technical aspects of building design
user: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?

assistant: "gentleman architect"
user: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?

assistant: context and feasibility
user: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?

assistant: Aesthetics
user: What kind of books did housebuilders use?

assistant: pattern books and architectural journals
user: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?

assistant: current architectural design
user: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? 

assistant: 20th
user: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?

assistant: Modern Architecture
user: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?

assistant: 1907
user: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?

assistant: to produce better quality machine made objects
user: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?

assistant: the Bauhaus school
user: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?

assistant: the middle and working classes
user: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?

assistant: the rapidly declining aristocratic order
user: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?

assistant: functionalist
user: What details did Modernists' do away with?

assistant: historical references and ornament
user: What are two of Wright's designs?

assistant: Robie House and Fallingwater
user: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?

assistant: the Industrial Revolution
user: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?

assistant: steel-frame construction
user: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?

assistant: decorative richness
user: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?

assistant: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
user: What school was a response to Brutalism?

assistant: the school of metaphoric architecture
user: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?

assistant: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
user: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?

assistant: nature
user: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?

assistant: expressionist architecture
user: When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?

assistant: the late 1950s and 1960s
user: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?

assistant: Robert Venturi
user: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?

assistant: "ducks"
user: What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? 

assistant: Modernism and Postmodernism
user: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?

assistant: Buckminster Fuller
user: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?

assistant: The U.S. Green Building Council
user: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?

assistant: New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
user: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?

assistant: solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
user: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?

assistant: smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
user: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?

assistant: modernist and globally uniform architecture
user: Which three statistics does the HDI compile?

assistant: life expectancy, education, and income per capita
user: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?

assistant: longer
user: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?

assistant: longer
user: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?

assistant: 2010
user: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?

assistant: the IHDI
user: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?

assistant: the HDI
user: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?

assistant: 1990
user: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?

assistant: Amartya Sen
user: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?

assistant: people-centered policies
user: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?

assistant: 1990
user: What does GNIpc stand for?

assistant: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
user: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?

assistant: the United Nations Development Programme
user: On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?

assistant: December 14, 2015
user: Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?

assistant: 2014
user: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?

assistant: July 24, 2014
user: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?

assistant: 2013
user: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? 

assistant: the average level
user: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?

assistant: Cuba
user: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?

assistant: very high
user: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?

assistant: lack of necessary data
user: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?

assistant: North Korea
user: On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?

assistant: March 14, 2013
user: Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?

assistant: 2012
user: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?

assistant: the average level
user: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?

assistant: Barbados
user: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?

assistant: 2011
user: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?

assistant: unavailability of certain crucial data
user: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?

assistant: North Korea
user: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?

assistant: November 4, 2010
user: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?

assistant: 2010
user: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?

assistant: income, life expectancy, and education
user: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?

assistant: unavailability of certain crucial data
user: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?

assistant: Cuba
user: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?

assistant: High Human Development country
user: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?

assistant: October 5, 2009
user: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?

assistant: period up to 2007
user: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?

assistant: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
user: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?

assistant: very high human development
user: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?

assistant: developed countries
user: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?

assistant: being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
user: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?

assistant: statistical update
user: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?

assistant: an accompanying Human Development Report
user: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?

assistant: up to 2006
user: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?

assistant: November 27, 2007
user: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?

assistant: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
user: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?

assistant: 2005
user: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?

assistant: 2005
user: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?

assistant: Brasília, Brazil
user: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?

assistant: 0.5
user: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?

assistant: Africa
user: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?

assistant: Gabon and South Africa
user: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?

assistant: 0.8
user: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?

assistant: red arrows
user: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?

assistant: green arrows
user: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?

assistant: Blue dash
user: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?

assistant: national performance and ranking
user: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?

assistant: Western
user: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?

assistant: global
user: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?

assistant: egalitarianism
user: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?

assistant: three
user: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?

assistant: 2010
user: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?

assistant: The Economist
user: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?

assistant: 182
user: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?

assistant: 169
user: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?

assistant: Iberian peninsula
user: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?

assistant: Balkan countries
user: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?

assistant: political, economic, and cultural attributes
user: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?

assistant: geography, climate, and flora
user: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?

assistant: Western and Southern coastal regions
user: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?

assistant: vegetations and landscapes
user: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?

assistant: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
user: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?

assistant: Atlantic climate
user: What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?

assistant: phytochoria
user: Who coined the term phytochoria?

assistant: Armen Takhtajan
user: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?

assistant: classical antiquity
user: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?

assistant: city-states
user: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?

assistant: Alexander the Great
user: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?

assistant: AD 476
user: By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?

assistant: 300 AD
user: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?

assistant: the Byzantine Empire
user: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?

assistant: kingdoms and empires of their own
user: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?

assistant: the Crusades
user: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?

assistant: Genoa and Venice
user: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?

assistant: The Reconquista
user: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?

assistant: the Ottoman Empire
user: When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?

assistant: 14th century
user: What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?

assistant: science and theology
user: The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?

assistant: Greek and Roman
user: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?

assistant: Portugal and Spain
user: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?

assistant: Spain and France
user: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?

assistant: Guglielmo Marconi
user: What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?

assistant: the rise of colonial empires
user: What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?

assistant: the Columbian Exchange
user: What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?

assistant: manufacturing