johnmiceeee/5503h1 huggingface dataset:
user: What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?

assistant: Eastern Docks
user: Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?

assistant: Bluestar
user: What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?

assistant: Uni-link
user: What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?

assistant: midnight
user: What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?

assistant: Pound Tree Road
user: Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?

assistant: Uni-link
user: What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?

assistant: Wilts & Dorset
user: Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?

assistant: Hanover Buildings
user: How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?

assistant: the rules are the same
user: What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?

assistant: live up to their obligations
user: Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?

assistant: international law
user: What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?

assistant: willing
user: What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?

assistant: obligations
user: What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?

assistant: A treaty
user: What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?

assistant: A treaty
user: Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?

assistant: themselves
user: What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?

assistant: a fairly consistent format
user: Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?

assistant: readability
user: Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?

assistant: a verb
user: In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?

assistant: any underlying events (such as a war)
user: What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?

assistant: boilerplate
user: What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?

assistant: full powers
user: In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?

assistant: sovereign titles
user: How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?

assistant: in good or proper form.
user: Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?

assistant: their representatives
user: What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?

assistant: the substance of the parties' actual agreement
user: The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?

assistant: A long treaty
user: Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?

assistant: articles
user: Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?

assistant: their interpretation
user: Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?

assistant: the final authentic copies
user: What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?

assistant: the eschatocol
user: What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?

assistant: the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)
user: How is the date typically written in a treaty?

assistant: its most formal, longest possible form
user: What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?

assistant: equally authentic
user: A clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof" typically signals what in a treaty?

assistant: The end
user: Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?

assistant: the parties' representatives
user: Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?

assistant: in a collection of treaties currently in effect
user: Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?

assistant: an editor
user: Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?

assistant: ratified the treaty
user: Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?

assistant: came into effect
user: Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?

assistant: It is possible
user: The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?

assistant: the European Economic Area agreement
user: Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?

assistant: it does not
user: The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?

assistant: bilateral
user: Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?

assistant: each party and every other party
user: The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?

assistant: attack
user: Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?

assistant: region
user: What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?

assistant: Reservations
user: What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?

assistant: Reservations
user: When must reservations be included in a treaty?

assistant: at the time of signing or ratification
user: What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?

assistant: add a reservation
user: A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?

assistant: exclude or to modify
user: A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?

assistant: reservations
user: Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?

assistant: inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty
user: Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?

assistant: all parties
user: Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?

assistant: expressly
user: When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?

assistant: accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them
user: Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?

assistant: other parties to the treaty
user: What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?

assistant: drop out completely
user: What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?

assistant: no legal obligations
user: If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?

assistant: the reserving state is a party to the treaty
user: What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?

assistant: the ratification process
user: What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?

assistant: a procès-verbal
user: Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?

assistant: the terms they both agreed upon
user: In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?

assistant: some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty
user: A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?

assistant: add additional provisions
user: Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?

assistant: not required
user: What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?

assistant: an "optional protocol"
user: A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?

assistant: amend the previous treaty
user: The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty?

assistant: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
user: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol?

assistant: the Kyoto Protocol
user: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what?

assistant: binding greenhouse gas emission limits
user: While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what?

assistant: the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon
user: The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty?

assistant: Protocol
user: A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?

assistant: self-executing
user: What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?

assistant: implementing legislation
user: What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?

assistant: a change in the domestic law of a state party
user: A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?

assistant: non-self-executing
user: Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?

assistant: puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action
user: What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?

assistant: a non-self-executing treaty
user: A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?

assistant: pass the necessary domestic laws
user: What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?

assistant: its legislature
user: The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?

assistant: politicized
user: A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?

assistant: not clear
user: What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties?

assistant: principle of maximum effectiveness
user: The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties?

assistant: the fullest force and effect
user: What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?"

assistant: The Vienna Convention
user: What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear?

assistant: The language
user: Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty?

assistant: a perhaps unforeseen circumstance
user: No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?

assistant: impose its particular interpretation of the treaty
user: What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?

assistant: Consent
user: Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?

assistant: complaint
user: Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?

assistant: adding another clause to the treaty
user: The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?

assistant: an 'authentic interpretation'
user: What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?

assistant: substantial disputes over treaty interpretations
user: What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?

assistant: International tribunals and arbiters
user: In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?

assistant: the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty
user: For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?

assistant: To establish the meaning in context
user: In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?

assistant: the final, signed treaty itself
user: What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?

assistant: memoranda of understanding
user: In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?

assistant: memoranda of understanding
user: Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?

assistant: a sovereign state
user: Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?

assistant: international law
user: Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what?

assistant: international law
user: Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law?

assistant: North Korea and the United States
user: Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics?

assistant: security guarantees and nuclear proliferation
user: North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation?

assistant: to create an obligation under international law
user: What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?

assistant: documents under domestic law
user: What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?

assistant: convention, protocol, or simply agreement
user: What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?

assistant: named something other than a treaty,
user: What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?

assistant: the Treaty of Waitangi
user: Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?

assistant: terminology
user: Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?

assistant: consent
user: What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?

assistant: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
user: Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?

assistant: Article 56
user: What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?

assistant: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
user: What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?

assistant: North Korea
user: Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?

assistant: the Secretary-General of the United Nations
user: What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?

assistant: the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire
user: The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?

assistant: The possibility of withdrawal
user: What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?

assistant: sovereignty
user: What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?

assistant: how other states will react
user: What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?

assistant: impose sanctions or go to war
user: Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?

assistant: In practice
user: What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?

assistant: terminated
user: What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?

assistant: a bilateral treaty
user: What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?

assistant: remain in force
user: After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated?

assistant: withdrawal
user: Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty?

assistant: agreed upon between the remaining states parties
user: What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?

assistant: A material breach
user: In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?

assistant: temporarily suspending their obligations to that party
user: In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?

assistant: terminating the treaty itself
user: Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?

assistant: the other parties
user: What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?

assistant: suspending their obligations to that party
user: What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?

assistant: the seriousness of a breach
user: Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?

assistant: a tribunal or other independent arbiter
user: What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?

assistant: how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it
user:  A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?

assistant: how they resolve to respond to it
user: Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?

assistant: self-termination
user: What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?

assistant: set to expire on a given date
user: In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?

assistant: certain defined conditions are met
user: What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?

assistant: automatically terminated
user: What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?

assistant: temporarily binding
user: What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?

assistant: a fundamental change in circumstances
user: A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?

assistant: its own breach of the treaty
user: The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?

assistant: political boundaries
user: The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?

assistant: the extent of obligations
user: In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?

assistant: unforeseen
user: The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?

assistant: the Banu Qaynuqa tribe
user: Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?

assistant: the Constitution of Medina
user: Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?

assistant: Abdullah ibn Ubayy
user: Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?

assistant: stripped naked
user: What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?

assistant: revenge killings
user: What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza?

assistant: Gabriel
user: Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart?

assistant: Al-Waqidi
user: How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham?

assistant: 600-900
user: According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers?

assistant: all Males and 1 woman
user: How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza?

assistant: Two
user: When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?

assistant: at the formation of the treaty
user: What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void?

assistant: the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910
user: In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907, and 1910 confirmed as "already null and void?"

assistant: the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea
user: Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905, 1907, and 1910 to be already void?

assistant: Japan and the Republic of Korea
user: An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty?

assistant: a binding international agreement
user: A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?

assistant: that state's domestic law
user: For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?

assistant: his proper authority