johnmiceeee/5503h1 huggingface dataset:
user: A person can get away from samsara by doing what?

assistant: following the Buddhist path
user: What is karma according to Buddhism?

assistant: the force that drives saṃsāra
user: What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?

assistant: sīla
user: What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?

assistant: actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent
user: Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?

assistant: sīla
user: In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?

assistant: Theravada Buddhism
user: In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?

assistant: the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
user: The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?

assistant: Vajrayana
user: According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?

assistant: Amitābha
user: What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?

assistant: Theravada Buddhism
user: What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?

assistant: Mahayana
user: According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?

assistant: Amitābha
user: What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?

assistant: Rebirth
user: Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?

assistant: The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman)
user: In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?

assistant: the laws of cause and effect
user: Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?

assistant: from conception to death.
user: What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?

assistant: Rebirth
user: "dependent arising" is the meaning of what word?

assistant: pratītyasamutpāda
user: Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?

assistant: skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners)
user: Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?

assistant: those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation
user: What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu?

assistant: formless realms
user: What is the highest object of meditation called?

assistant: arūpajhānas
user: Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?

assistant: anāgāmis
user: There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?

assistant: East Asian and Tibetan
user: What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?

assistant: Theravada
user: Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?

assistant: Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon
user: Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?

assistant: East Asian
user: There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?

assistant: East Asian and Tibetan
user: What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?

assistant: the Four Noble Truths
user: What do the Four Noble Truths explain?

assistant: the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
user: What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?

assistant: the nature of dukkha
user: What is Dukkha?

assistant: "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.
user: Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?

assistant: unsatisfactoriness
user: Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?

assistant: Dukkha
user: What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?

assistant: that the origin of dukkha can be known
user: What is the origin of dukkha?

assistant: craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)
user: What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?

assistant: the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
user: What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?

assistant: identifies a path to this cessation
user: The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?

assistant: ignorance
user: The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?

assistant: true nature of things
user: The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?

assistant: dukkha
user: What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?

assistant: The Noble Eightfold Path
user: What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?

assistant: lead to the cessation of dukkha
user: What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?

assistant: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration
user: The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?

assistant: the fourth
user: What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?

assistant: the cessation of dukkha
user: The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?

assistant: eight
user: When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?

assistant: dukkha
user: Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as "a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other."?

assistant: Ajahn Sucitto
user: How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?

assistant: as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour
user: What can one's behaviour be divided into?

assistant: mental, spoken, and bodily
user: Who describes the path as "a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other"?

assistant: Ajahn Sucitto
user: During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?

assistant: the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"
user: What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?

assistant: one without egotism
user: What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?

assistant: brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables
user: What is the best known of the four immeasurables?

assistant: mettā or loving-kindness meditation
user: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?

assistant: wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
user: What are the "four Immeasurable minds"?

assistant: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity
user: Who calls the four immeasurable minds "four limitless ones"?

assistant: Pema Chödrön
user: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?

assistant: meditation
user: When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?

assistant: prior to his enlightenment
user: An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?

assistant: the Middle Way
user: What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?

assistant: Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism
user: Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?

assistant: Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.
user: Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?

assistant: Buddhist scholars
user: Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?

assistant: suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra)
user: What is the goal of the buddhist path?

assistant: nirvāṇa
user: In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?

assistant: objects
user: What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?

assistant: all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
user: According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?

assistant: in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss
user: The cycle of rebirth is also called what?

assistant: saṃsāra
user: According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?

assistant: suffering
user: The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?

assistant: suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
user: Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?

assistant: disquietude
user: Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?

assistant: realistic
user: In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?

assistant: dukkha
user: What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?

assistant: Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman)
user: The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as views that bind one to what?

assistant: suffering
user: What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?

assistant: the Buddha refused to answer
user: What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?

assistant: neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
user: In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?

assistant: Nikayas
user: Buddha rejected the assertion "I have a Self" and what other related assertion?

assistant: "I have no Self"
user: What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?

assistant: pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起)
user: Translated into English, what does pratītyasamutpāda mean?

assistant: "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
user: The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?

assistant: Buddhist
user: What is the most common application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda?

assistant: the scheme of Twelve Nidānas
user: What does the scheme of Twelve Nidānas explain?

assistant: the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.
user: An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?

assistant: Twelve Nidānas
user: What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?

assistant: The Twelve Nidānas
user: What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?

assistant: The Twelve Nidānas
user: How are sentient beings freed from suffering?

assistant: by attaining Nirvana
user: How do you free yourself of dukkha?

assistant: attaining Nirvana
user: Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?

assistant: śūnyatā
user: Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?

assistant: ātman
user: What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?

assistant: Sarvastivada teachings
user: What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?

assistant: Vasubandhu and Asanga
user: What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?

assistant: cittamatra
user: What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?

assistant: Vasubandhu and Asanga
user: According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?

assistant: Sakya
user: According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?

assistant: Jonang
user: What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?

assistant: tathāgatagarbha
user: What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?

assistant: arahant
user: What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?

assistant: Bodhi
user: In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?

assistant: nirvana
user: What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?

assistant: bodhisattva
user: In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?

assistant: nirvana
user: What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?

assistant: parinirvana
user: Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?

assistant: a Buddha
user: How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?

assistant: 28
user: A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?

assistant: Maitreya
user: A person can awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by acknowledging the true nature of what?

assistant: reality
user: At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?

assistant: arahants
user: What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?

assistant: anagami
user: In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?

assistant: Buddha
user: In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?

assistant: Mahayana
user: Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?

assistant: existence
user: Who is permitted to offer "new truths" based on Buddhas input?

assistant: monks
user: What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?

assistant: śūnyatā
user: Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?

assistant: bodhisattvas
user: What is characterized by the deep truts in the "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha

assistant: Pure Land
user: What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?

assistant: Amitabha
user: What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?

assistant: A Buddha era
user: Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?

assistant: Gautama Buddha
user: Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?

assistant: Mahayana Buddhists
user: What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?

assistant: Theravada
user: What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?

assistant: Pure Land
user: What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?

assistant: bodhicitta
user: What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?

assistant: Mahayana
user: The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?

assistant: Mahayana
user: What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?

assistant: Mahayana
user: What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?

assistant: bodhisattva vow
user: What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?

assistant: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā
user: Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?

assistant: the 14th Dalai Lama
user: Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?

assistant: Buddhists
user: What are the devotional practices?

assistant: bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting
user: The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?

assistant: the Buddha
user: The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?

assistant: Brahminic
user: According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?

assistant: liberating
user: In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?

assistant: mindfulness and clear awareness
user: There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?

assistant: transcendent wisdom
user: What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?

assistant: Upanishads
user: In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?

assistant: meditation
user: What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?

assistant: Nasadiya Sukta
user: What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?

assistant: the Three Jewels
user: What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?

assistant: Majjhima Nikaya
user: The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?

assistant: essence.
user: What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?

assistant: Dharma
user: What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?

assistant: Sangha
user: What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?

assistant: Śīla
user: What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?

assistant: keeping the precepts
user: What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?

assistant: Śīla
user: What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?

assistant: keeping the precepts
user: Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?

assistant: asceticism.
user: Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?

assistant: training rules
user: Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?

assistant: lower
user: What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?

assistant: a precept of celibacy
user: In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?

assistant: seventh
user: Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?

assistant: counts
user: Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?

assistant: islands unto themselves
user: Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?

assistant: Mahayana Brahmajala
user: Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?

assistant: Japan
user: Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?

assistant: jhānas
user: Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?

assistant: defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
user: What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?

assistant: vipassanā
user: Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?

assistant: insight
user: Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?

assistant: idea
user: In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?

assistant: craving
user: What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?

assistant: Nibbāna
user: Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?

assistant: bodhi
user: What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?

assistant: Prajñā
user: Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?

assistant: sermons
user: In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?

assistant: at any point
user: What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?

assistant: conceptual understanding
user: Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?

assistant: Rinzai
user: What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?

assistant: Thinking and thought
user: What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?

assistant: Mahayana
user: What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?

assistant: Tantric
user: What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?

assistant: second half of the first millennium BCE
user: Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?

assistant: non-Vedic
user: Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?

assistant: Rajagrha
user: What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?

assistant: 2nd or 3rd centuries
user: Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?

assistant: in the Upanishads
user: The movement included atomists such as what?

assistant: Pakudha Kaccayana
user: What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?

assistant: Jains
user: The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?

assistant: hymn of the cosmic man
user: The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?

assistant: animal sacrifices
user: The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?

assistant: Vedas
user: What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?

assistant: The reliability
user: A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?

assistant: insight
user: Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?

assistant: Rupa Jhanas
user: Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?

assistant: Majjhima Nikaya
user: According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?

assistant: rebirth
user: Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?

assistant: karma
user: Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? 

assistant: meditative
user: A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?

assistant: liberating insight
user: What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?

assistant: Nirvāna
user: Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?

assistant: Nikayas
user: A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?

assistant: the middle way
user: The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?

assistant: eightfold
user: Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?

assistant: prajna
user: Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?

assistant: person
user: The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?

assistant: five
user: Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?

assistant: rebirth
user: Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?

assistant: Buddhist
user: Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?

assistant: abhidhamma
user: The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?

assistant: the Second
user: According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?

assistant: the Second Council
user: The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?

assistant: 100 BCE
user: The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?

assistant: Mahasanghikas
user: The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?

assistant: Mahasanghika
user: The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?

assistant: the vinaya
user: Who gave rise to the Theravada school?

assistant: Sthaviras
user: Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?

assistant: monasteries
user: By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?

assistant: doctrinal
user: What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?

assistant: Abhidharma
user: The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?

assistant: summaries or numerical lists
user: The Abhidharma texts are from what time?

assistant: 3rd century BCE
user: There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?

assistant: Mahasanghika
user: Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?

assistant: Prajñāpāramitā
user: The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?

assistant: Āndhra
user: The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?

assistant: Prajñāpāramitā
user: Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?

assistant: 1st century BCE
user: Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?

assistant: Āndhra
user: The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?

assistant: third
user: Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?

assistant: South