johnmiceeee/5503h1 huggingface dataset:
user: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?

assistant: Solar Impulse
user: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?

assistant: 1974
user: When was the first solar powered manned flight made?

assistant: 29 April 1979
user: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?

assistant: California to North Carolina
user: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?

assistant: 36 hours
user: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?

assistant: hydrogen production from protons
user: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?

assistant: Solar chemical processes
user: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?

assistant: artificial photosynthesis
user: What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?

assistant: The Solzinc process
user: What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?

assistant: Hydrogen production technologies
user: What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?

assistant: uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures
user: What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?

assistant: Solzinc process
user: What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?

assistant: Thermal mass systems
user: What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?

assistant: water, earth and stone
user: What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?

assistant: reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
user: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?

assistant: thermal
user: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?

assistant: The "Dover House"
user: What are some examples of phase change materials?

assistant: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
user: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?

assistant: 64 °C or 147 °F
user: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?

assistant: Dover House
user: Why are salts good  for thermal storage?

assistant: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
user: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?

assistant: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)
user: Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?

assistant: rechargeable batteries
user: What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?

assistant: rechargeable batteries
user: What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?

assistant: Net metering programs
user: How is the credit to households accomplished?

assistant: by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
user: Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?

assistant: Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
user: When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?

assistant: a hydroelectric power generator
user: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?

assistant: water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
user: How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?

assistant: by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator
user: The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?

assistant: 1973
user: What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?

assistant: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis
user: What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?

assistant: the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan
user: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?

assistant: SERI, now NREL
user: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?

assistant: NEDO
user: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?

assistant: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
user: The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?

assistant: the 1920s
user: Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?

assistant: 20% per year
user: When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?

assistant: in the 1890s
user: Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?

assistant: falling petroleum prices
user: Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999

assistant: 20%
user: What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?

assistant: 154 GW
user: Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?

assistant: The International Energy Agency
user: Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?

assistant: The International Energy Agency
user: ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?

assistant: materials used in solar water heaters
user: What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?

assistant: ISO 9050
user: What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?

assistant: ISO 10217
user: What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?

assistant: passive solar or active solar
user: What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?

assistant: photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating
user: What is an example of a passive solar technique?

assistant: orienting a building to the Sun
user: What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?

assistant: 559.8 EJ
user: What is solar energy's yearly potential?

assistant: 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)
user: What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>

assistant: The large magnitude of solar energy available
user: Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?

assistant: The United Nations Development Programme
user: How will solar energy increase energy security?

assistant: through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource
user: What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?

assistant: learning investments
user: What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?

assistant: keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise
user: Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?

assistant: geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans
user: Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?

assistant: areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
user: What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?

assistant: photovoltaics
user: Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?

assistant: during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb
user: What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?

assistant: clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
user: Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?

assistant: solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
user: Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?

assistant: many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
user: What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?

assistant: insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans
user: What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?

assistant: 1,575–49,837 EJ per year
user: How is sunlight converted into electricity?

assistant: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)
user: What does a concentrated solar power system use?

assistant: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
user: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?

assistant: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
user: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?

assistant: photoelectric effect
user: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?

assistant: toward the south
user: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?

assistant: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force
user: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?

assistant: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high
user: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?

assistant: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce
user: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?

assistant: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
user: According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?

assistant: 2060
user: What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?

assistant: could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters
user: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?

assistant: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
user: What other culutres has ruled the area?

assistant: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
user: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?

assistant: city of Sarazm
user: What years did the civil war take place?

assistant: 1992 to 1997
user: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?

assistant: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
user: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?

assistant: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
user: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?

assistant: 1991
user: What years did the war last through?

assistant: 1992 to 1997
user: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?

assistant: 1939
user: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?

assistant: 260,000 Tajik
user: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?

assistant: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
user: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?

assistant: living conditions, education and industry
user: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?

assistant: by clan loyalties
user: What did the ceasefire guaranteed?

assistant: 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
user: Who came into power in 1992?

assistant: Emomali Rahmon
user: Why did more than half a million people flee?

assistant: because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities
user: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?

assistant: at the Dushanbe Airport
user: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?

assistant: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe
user: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?

assistant: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
user: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?

assistant: 28 Tajik soldiers
user: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?

assistant: 2015
user: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?

assistant: November 2010
user: Why was there concerns in 2010?

assistant: that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August
user: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?

assistant: Kokhir Rasulzoda
user: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?

assistant: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
user: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?

assistant: November 1994
user: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?

assistant: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
user: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?

assistant: independent press outlets remain restricted
user: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?

assistant: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
user: What access is blocked?

assistant: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru
user: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?

assistant: Tajikistan
user: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?

assistant: the Pamir range
user: Where is Dushanbe located?

assistant: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
user: Where exactly is Tajikistan?

assistant: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
user: What area is under sea level?

assistant: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
user: Where did the word Tajik come from?

assistant: the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
user: What does Tajikistan mean?

assistant: "Land of the Tajiks"
user: What does the suffix -stan mean?

assistant: "place of" or "country"
user: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?

assistant: because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
user: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?

assistant: 650–680
user: Who took control of the regin in 710?

assistant: Umayyads
user: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?

assistant: Khorasan
user: When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?

assistant: 650–680
user: When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?

assistant: 710
user: Who conquered Tansaxania?

assistant: The Kara-Khanid Khanate
user: When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?

assistant: The Samanid Empire
user: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?

assistant: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era
user: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?

assistant: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
user: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?

assistant: gaining access to a supply of cotton
user: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?

assistant: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan
user: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?

assistant: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara
user: What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?

assistant: an Islamic social movement throughout the region
user: When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?

assistant: between 1910 and 1913
user: Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?

assistant: the threat of forced conscription during World War I
user: Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?

assistant: guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi
user: What did they go to war against Bolshevick?

assistant: to maintain independence
user: What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?

assistant: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
user: In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?

assistant: Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
user: What happeded between 1927-1934?

assistant: collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
user: What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?

assistant: Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement
user: What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?

assistant: grew from less than 1% to 13%
user: What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?

assistant: subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary
user: What happened in the Feb 2010 election?

assistant: PDPT lose four seats in Parliament
user: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?

assistant: accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
user: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?

assistant: "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
user: What was the Tajikistan governments response?

assistant: The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people
user: How many people are living in Tajikistan?

assistant: 8 million people
user: What is the area of Tajikistan?

assistant: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
user: How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?

assistant: 8 million
user: What is the area of Tajikistan?

assistant: 143,100 km2
user: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?

assistant: the Achaemenid Empire
user: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?

assistant: Alexander the Great
user: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?

assistant: Yuezhi tribes
user: What empire brought Islam practices with them?

assistant: Hephthalite Empire,
user: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?

assistant: Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
user: What was the rate that the GDP expanded?

assistant: an average rate of 9.6%
user: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?

assistant: aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
user: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?

assistant: Tajik Aluminum Company
user: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?

assistant: the government
user: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?

assistant: hydropower potential
user: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?

assistant: CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan
user: What is the average amount lived on per day?

assistant: US$1.25 per day
user: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?

assistant: estimated $2.1 billion US dollars
user: How did Tajikistan change their economy?

assistant: by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor
user: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?

assistant: remittances
user: What all has helped with the fight against drugs?

assistant: with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities
user: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?

assistant: heroin and raw opium confiscations
user: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?

assistant: strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
user: What are the majority of transportation options?

assistant: via roads, air, and rail.
user: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?

assistant: Iran and Pakistan
user: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?

assistant: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
user: What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?

assistant: Khorog Airport
user: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?

assistant: 7,349,145
user: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?

assistant: 70%
user: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?

assistant: 35%
user: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?

assistant: Tajik
user: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?

assistant: Tajikistanis
user: What people live in the southeast area of the country?

assistant: The Pamiri people
user: How are they different than most Tajiks?

assistant: distinct linguistically and culturally
user: What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?

assistant: Pamir Mountains
user: What school has been recognized by the government?

assistant: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi
user: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?

assistant: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion
user: What are the two national Islamic holidays?

assistant: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
user: What concerns for the religions institutions are there?

assistant: a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere
user: What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?

assistant: Hizb ut-Tahrir
user: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?

assistant: aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state
user: What do religions communities have to register with?

assistant: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
user: What does the SCRA require?

assistant: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
user: What can happen if you do not register?

assistant: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship
user: What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?

assistant: , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies
user: How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?

assistant: 104,272
user: What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?

assistant: World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
user: How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?

assistant: 11 years of primary and secondary education
user: What do they want to impliment in 2016?

assistant: a 12-year system
user: What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?

assistant: Khujand State University
user: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?

assistant: social
user: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?

assistant: physical
user: When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?

assistant: 1869
user: What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?

assistant: empirical foundation
user: What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?

assistant: anthropological societies
user: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?

assistant: 48
user: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?

assistant: late 19th and early 20th centuries
user: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?

assistant: cross-cultural comparisons
user: What did Boas' argue against?

assistant: 19th-century racial ideology
user: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?

assistant: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
user: What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?

assistant: humanities, social, and natural sciences