johnmiceeee/5503h1 huggingface dataset:
user: A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?

assistant: devaluation of the group
user: What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?

assistant: humanizing a devalued group
user: When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?

assistant: 1943
user: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?

assistant: penicillin and erythromycin
user: What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?

assistant: survive high doses of antibiotics
user: Who made the demonstration in 1943?

assistant: Luria–Delbrück
user: What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?

assistant: bacterial growth phase
user: What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?

assistant: division of bacterial cells
user: What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?

assistant: host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
user: How do you predict the clinical result?

assistant: several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy
user: Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?

assistant: penicillins and cephalosporins
user: Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?

assistant: polymyxins
user: What 3 types go after protein synthesis?

assistant: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines
user: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?

assistant: mechanism of action
user: What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?

assistant: penicillins and cephalosporins
user: How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/

assistant: four
user: What three ways are antibiotics classified?

assistant: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
user: What type of antibiotics include penicilin?

assistant: beta-lactam antibiotics
user: What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?

assistant: aminoglycosides
user: How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?

assistant: synthesis
user: Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?

assistant: various natural compounds
user: What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?

assistant: 2000 atomic mass units
user: What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?

assistant: penicillins
user: What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?

assistant: tuberculosis
user: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?

assistant: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
user: What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'

assistant: World Health Organization
user: What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?

assistant: anyone, of any age, in any country
user: What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??

assistant: World Health Organization
user: Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? 

assistant: antibiotic resistance
user: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?

assistant: vaccination
user: What is a common problem in antibiotic use?

assistant: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
user: What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?

assistant: empirical therapy
user: What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?

assistant: broad spectrum antibiotic
user: At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?

assistant: While the microorgainsim is being identified
user: What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?

assistant: broad spectrum antibiotic
user: What happens in empirical therapy?

assistant: a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
user: When is empirical started?

assistant: before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim
user: What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?

assistant: fever and nausea
user: What causes diarrhea?

assistant: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
user: What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?

assistant: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
user: What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?

assistant: alter the host microbiota
user: What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?

assistant: microbial organisms
user: Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?

assistant: Adverse effects
user: What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?

assistant: host microbiota
user: Name some adverse effects?

assistant: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
user: What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?

assistant: Additional side-effects
user: What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?

assistant: increased body mass
user: What does STAT stand for?

assistant: subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
user: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?

assistant: penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
user: Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? 

assistant: weighed against the beneficial effects
user: What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?

assistant: increased body mass
user: Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?

assistant: The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills
user: What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?

assistant: about 1%
user: What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?

assistant: reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
user: What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?

assistant: extra contraceptive measures
user: What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?

assistant: about 1%
user: In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?

assistant: oral contraceptives
user: What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?

assistant: extra contraceptive measures
user: Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?

assistant: moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics
user: Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?

assistant: there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects
user: How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?

assistant: widespread
user: What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?

assistant: decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
user: What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?

assistant: alcohol consumption
user: What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?

assistant: specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects
user: Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?

assistant: alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
user: What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?

assistant: Intrinsic antibacterial resistance
user: What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?

assistant: antibacterial resistance genes
user: What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?

assistant: vertical transmission of mutations
user: What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?

assistant: superbugs
user: What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?

assistant: tuberculosis
user: What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?

assistant: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse
user: What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?

assistant: prophylactic antibiotics
user: What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?

assistant: failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage
user: What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?

assistant: failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
user: What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?

assistant: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment
user: What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?

assistant: prescribe antibiotics
user: What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?

assistant: US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance
user: Which agencies control this task force?

assistant: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
user: When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?

assistant: 2002
user: When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?

assistant: 2003
user: What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?

assistant: Swann report 1969
user: What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?

assistant: American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)
user: Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?

assistant: S.742 and H.R. 2562
user: What 3 medical associations supported the bills?

assistant: American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)
user: When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?

assistant: 1977
user: When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?

assistant: March 2012
user: When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?

assistant: over 2000 years ago
user: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?

assistant: mold and plant materials and extracts
user: Who came up with the term antibiosis?

assistant: Jean Paul Vuillemin
user: Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?

assistant: Alexander Fleming
user: What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?

assistant: penicillin
user: Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?

assistant: Gerhard Domagk
user: What prize did Domagk get for his work?

assistant: 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine
user: What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?

assistant: start of World War II,
user: What was tyrothricin used for during the war?

assistant: wounds and ulcers
user: When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?

assistant: 1945
user: Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?

assistant: Norman Heatley
user: When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?

assistant: 1945
user: Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?

assistant: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
user: What types of vaccines have been phased out?

assistant: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates
user: What is a worry of using phages?

assistant: phages will infect "good" bacteria
user: How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?

assistant: 2
user: What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?

assistant: 2013
user: What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?

assistant: economic incentives
user: Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?

assistant: Allan Coukell,
user: In what area was Frédéric born in?

assistant: Duchy of Warsaw
user: At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?

assistant: 20
user: What was Chopin's full name?

assistant: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
user: How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?

assistant: 30
user: In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France?

assistant: 1835
user: In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place?

assistant: Majorca
user: What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death?

assistant: tuberculosis
user: How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?

assistant: 30
user: What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?

assistant: Franz Liszt
user: What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?

assistant: Maria Wodzińska
user: During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?

assistant: 30
user: In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?

assistant: Jane Stirling
user: Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?

assistant: Jane Stirling
user: Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?

assistant: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
user: What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique?

assistant: nuance and sensitivity
user: What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?

assistant: Paris salons
user: What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?

assistant: nuance and sensitivity
user: What three composers influenced Chopin's work?

assistant: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
user: Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?

assistant: Polish
user: What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?

assistant: J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
user: What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?

assistant: Polish
user: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?

assistant: indirect
user: What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?

assistant: his love life and his early death
user: In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?

assistant: Romantic era
user: In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?

assistant: films and biographies
user: In what village was Frédéric born in?

assistant: Żelazowa Wola
user: On what date was Frédéric born on?

assistant: 22 February 1810
user: Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?

assistant: 1 March
user: What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?

assistant: Fridericus Franciscus
user: How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?

assistant: 29
user: Chopin's given names in Latin are what?

assistant: Fridericus Franciscus
user: Chopin's birth is recorded as when?

assistant: 22 February 1810
user: What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?

assistant: 1 March
user: What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?

assistant: Fridericus Franciscus
user: Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?

assistant: Żelazowa Wola
user: Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?

assistant: Justyna Krzyżanowska
user: On what date was Frédéric baptised?

assistant: 23 April 1810
user: What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?

assistant: Polish
user: Chopin's father married who?

assistant: Justyna Krzyżanowska
user: What is the name of Chopin's godfather?

assistant: Fryderyk Skarbek
user: What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?

assistant: Ludwika
user: During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?

assistant: October
user: What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?

assistant: French
user: Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?

assistant: the Palace grounds
user: What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time?

assistant: flute and violin
user: What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?

assistant: illnesses
user: Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?

assistant: Warsaw Lyceum
user: Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?

assistant: Wojciech Żywny
user: Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?

assistant: Ludwika
user: At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?

assistant: 7
user: What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?

assistant: two polonaises
user: What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?

assistant: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821
user: Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?

assistant: Wojciech Żywny
user: Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?

assistant: Ludwika
user: During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?

assistant: 1816 to 1821
user: What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?

assistant: Wojciech Żywny
user: Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?

assistant: Ludwika
user: How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?

assistant: 7
user: Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?

assistant: Wojciech Żywny
user: In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?

assistant: 1817
user: What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?

assistant: Warsaw University
user: What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?

assistant: Kazimierz Palace
user: What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?

assistant: Belweder Palace
user: What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?

assistant: Nasze Przebiegi
user: The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?

assistant: 1817
user: The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?

assistant: Kazimierz Palace
user: As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?

assistant: Grand Duke Constantine
user: In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?

assistant: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
user: What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?

assistant: Belweder Palace
user: What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?

assistant: Grand Duke Constantine
user: What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?

assistant: a march
user: Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?

assistant: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
user: During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?

assistant: 1823 to 1826
user: Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?

assistant: Józef Elsner
user: What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?

assistant: eolomelodicon
user: Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?

assistant: Alexander I
user: On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?

assistant: 10 June 1825
user: Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?

assistant: Józef Elsner
user: What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?

assistant: eolomelodicon
user: What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?

assistant: diamond ring
user: What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? 

assistant: Rondo Op. 1
user: Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?

assistant: Wilhelm Würfel
user: What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?

assistant: Józef Elsner
user: What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?

assistant: eolomelodicon
user: What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?

assistant: a diamond ring.
user: What is the title of his first commercially successful work?

assistant: Rondo Op. 1.
user: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?

assistant: Dominik Dziewanowski
user: In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?

assistant: Szafarnia
user: To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?

assistant: his family
user: What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?

assistant: Warsaw newspapers
user: During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?

assistant: Dominik Dziewanowski
user: What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?

assistant: Polish rural folk music
user: What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?

assistant: Dominik Dziewanowski
user: What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?

assistant: The Szafarnia Courier
user: Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?

assistant: Szafarnia
user: During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?

assistant: 1827
user: What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?

assistant: Krakowskie Przedmieście
user: What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?

assistant: 1830
user: What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?

assistant: a museum
user: Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?

assistant: Ambroży Mieroszewski
user: What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?

assistant: 1827
user: What artist painted the Chopin family?

assistant: Ambroży Mieroszewski
user: Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?

assistant: sister Emilia
user: What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?

assistant: Chopin Family Parlour
user: What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?

assistant: Ambroży Mieroszewski
user: Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris?

assistant: Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana
user: Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to?

assistant: Konstancja Gładkowska
user: What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?

assistant: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana
user: Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?

assistant: Konstancja Gładkowska
user: Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?

assistant: Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)
user: When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?

assistant: July 1829
user: Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?

assistant: Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana
user: What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?

assistant: Konstancja Gładkowska
user: To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?

assistant: Tytus Woyciechowski
user: What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?

assistant: Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)
user: How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?

assistant: Four
user: Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?

assistant: Feliks Jarocki
user: Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?

assistant: Gaspare Spontini
user: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?

assistant: Prince Antoni Radziwiłł
user: What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?

assistant: Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3
user: With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?

assistant: Feliks Jarocki
user: While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?

assistant: Gaspare Spontini