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198
]
The
Court
has
already
implicitly
stated
such
a
view
on
several
occasions
,
such
as
in
Opuz
v.
Turkey
,
no
.
33401/02
,
§
163
,
9
June
2009
.
Extrajudicially
,
several
Presidents
of
the
Court
had
already
expressed
this
principle
.
For
example
,
in
the
“
Memorandum
to
the
States
with
a
view
to
preparing
the
Interlaken
Conference
”
,
3
July
2009
,
the
then
President
of
the
Court
himself
stressed
this
idea
:
“
It
is
no
longer
acceptable
that
States
fail
to
draw
the
consequences
as
early
as
possible
of
a
judgment
finding
a
violation
by
another
State
when
the
same
problem
exists
in
their
own
legal
system
.
The
binding
effect
of
interpretation
by
the
Court
goes
beyond
res
judicata
in
the
strict
sense
.
Such
a
development
would
go
hand
in
hand
with
the
possibility
for
citizens
to
invoke
the
Convention
directly
in
domestic
law
(
‘
direct
effect
’
)
and
the
notion
of
ownership
of
the
Convention
by
the
States
”
.
This
principle
is
also
endorsed
by
the
Opinion
on
the
implementation
of
the
judgments
of
the
European
Court
of
Human
Rights
,
adopted
by
the
Venice
Commission
at
its
53rd
Plenary
Session
,
2002
,
§
32
.
The
notion
of
the
“
de
facto
erga
omnes
”
effect
of
Strasbourg
judgments
has
also
been
used
(
see
President
Costa
’s
Foreword
to
the
2008
Annual
Report
of
the
European
Court
of
Human
Rights
,
2009
;
also
D.
Spielmann
,
“
Jurisprudence
of
the
European
Court
of
Human
Rights
and
the
Constitutional
Systems
of
Europe
”
in
Rosenfeld
and
Sajó
(
eds
)
,
The
Oxford
Handbook
of
Comparative
Constitutional
Law
,
Oxford
:
Oxford
University
Press
,
2012
,
Chapter
59
,
at
p.
1243
)
.
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