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.
In
Berlusconi
and
Others
,
the
Court
of
Justice
of
the
European
Union
held
that
the
principle
of
the
retroactive
application
of
the
more
lenient
penalty
formed
part
of
the
constitutional
traditions
common
to
the
member
States
(
see
the
judgment
of
3
May
2005
in
joined
cases
C-387/02
,
C-391/02
and
C-403/02
)
.
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