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1
.
In
its
report
in
the
Hokkanen
case
the
Commission
found
a
fundamental
difference
between
the
reunification
obligation
resulting
from
the
termination
of
de
jure
care
and
the
obligation
to
terminate
de
facto
care
based
on
defiance
of
law
and
court
orders
:
although
in
the
latter
situation
too
coercion
should
be
avoided
as
far
as
possible
so
as
not
to
contravene
the
interests
of
the
child
,
it
is
clear
that
the
threshold
for
enforcing
can
not
be
the
same
as
in
the
first
-
mentioned
situation
.
A
contrary
approach
could
have
the
effect
of
encouraging
child
abduction
as
a
means
of
eventually
obtaining
parental
rights
and
would
be
incompatible
with
the
rule
of
law
(
see
the
opinion
of
the
Commission
appended
to
the
Hokkanen
judgment
cited
above
,
p.
36
,
§
134
)
.
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