Tokens: It
is
true
that
in
the
Construction
Code
the
penalties
in
the
strict
sense
of
the
word
(
Article
44
§
1
)
and
the
confiscation
orders
(
Article
44
§
2
)
are
regulated
in
the
same
Article
,
under
the
heading
“
Criminal
sanctions
”
.
At
first
sight
,
this
may
seem
to
be
a
strong
argument
.
However
,
upon
closer
analysis
,
we
do
not
believe
that
this
can
be
an
argument
at
all
.
First
of
all
,
such
a
conclusion
manifestly
contradicts
the
consistent
interpretation
of
the
nature
of
the
confiscation
order
by
the
domestic
courts
.
Secondly
,
the
Construction
Code
is
the
result
of
a
codification
of
existing
statutory
provisions
by
presidential
decree
(
decree
no
.
380
of
6
June
2001
;
see
paragraph
105
of
the
judgment
)
.
A
mere
codification
by
the
executive
can
not
alter
the
meaning
of
the
statutory
provisions
that
are
codified
.
It
is
therefore
relevant
to
look
at
the
original
provisions
on
criminal
sanctions
and
confiscations
,
as
they
were
contained
in
Act
no
.
47
of
28
February
1985
.
Sections
19
and
20
of
that
Act
made
a
clear
distinction
between
,
respectively
,
confiscation
measures
and
criminal
penalties
.
Confiscation
was
not
mentioned
under
the
criminal
penalties
(
see
paragraphs
103
and
104
of
the
judgment
)
.
We
therefore
accept
the
Government
’s
submission
that
the
authors
of
the
codification
made
a
mistake
(
see
paragraph
202
of
the
judgment
)
,
and
consider
that
this
mistake
can
not
have
any
consequence
as
to
the
characterisation
of
a
confiscation
measure
.
Finally
,
it
is
questionable
whether
the
wording
of
the
heading
of
an
Article
in
a
legislative
or
regulatory
text
can
be
relevant
at
all
.
According
to
the
maxim
“
rubrica
non
fit
ius
”
(
a
heading
does
not
create
law
)
,
there
is
nothing
normative
that
can
flow
from
a
heading
.
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