Tokens: Generally
speaking
,
in
the
majority
of
European
legal
systems
but
not
in
Germany
,
the
principle
of
the
fruit
of
the
poisonous
tree
acts
as
an
absolute
obstacle
to
the
use
of
such
evidence
in
criminal
proceedings
against
the
applicant
or
the
possibility
for
a
court
to
base
its
final
conclusions
(
conviction
)
on
it
.
I
have
no
doubt
that
the
criminal
proceedings
started
from
the
moment
when
the
relevant
authorities
took
the
first
steps
in
the
criminal
investigation
against
the
applicant
.
In
many
European
legal
systems
the
admission
in
criminal
proceedings
against
the
applicant
of
evidence
acquired
in
violation
of
criminal
procedure
laws
or
of
human
rights
would
lead
to
the
removal
of
this
evidence
from
the
case
file
.
In
Germany
,
a
very
small
number
of
legal
provisions
contain
a
ban
on
the
use
of
evidence
.
Hence
,
any
prohibition
on
the
use
of
evidence
has
to
be
explicitly
provided
for
by
law
or
result
from
weighing
the
public
interest
in
prosecuting
the
perpetrators
of
criminal
acts
against
the
legal
interests
of
the
defendant
.
We
,
as
judges
of
the
European
Court
,
have
to
be
aware
of
certain
limitations
even
when
our
own
legal
background
is
different
,
but
in
these
cases
the
emphasis
should
be
on
two
core
principles
of
the
European
Convention
,
namely
subsidiarity
and
the
margin
of
appreciation
.
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