Tokens: The
obligation
to
criminalise
child
pornography
derives
from
Articles
16
,
19
and
34
(
c
)
of
the
United
Nations
Convention
on
the
Rights
of
the
Child[5
]
and
Article
3
of
the
Optional
Protocol
to
the
United
Nations
Convention
on
the
Rights
of
the
Child
,
on
the
sale
of
children
,
child
prostitution
and
child
pornography[6
]
.
Articles
6
and
7
§
1
of
the
International
Labour
Organisation
Worst
Forms
of
Child
Labour
Convention
(
no
.
182
)
oblige
States
Parties
to
take
steps
to
eliminate
,
with
the
necessary
penal
sanctions
,
the
sale
of
children
,
child
prostitution
and
child
pornography
,
including
the
use
,
procuring
or
offering
of
a
child
for
prostitution
,
for
the
production
of
pornography
or
for
pornographic
performances[7
]
.
The
criminalisation
of
child
pornography
is
also
obligatory
under
Article
20
of
the
Council
of
Europe
Convention
on
the
Protection
of
Children
against
Sexual
Exploitation
and
Sexual
Abuse[8
]
and
Article
9
of
the
Council
of
Europe
Convention
on
Cybercrime[9
]
.
The
Council
of
the
European
Union
adopted
,
in
2003
,
the
Framework
Decision
on
combating
the
sexual
exploitation
of
children
and
child
pornography
(
2004/68
/
JHA
)
according
to
which
member
States
are
obliged
to
criminalise
the
production
,
distribution
,
dissemination
,
transmission
,
supplying
or
making
available
,
acquisition
and
possession
of
child
pornography
and
provide
for
a
minimum
level
of
maximum
penalties
incurred
for
these
offences[10
]
.
The
European
Parliament
and
the
Council
approved
Directive
2011/93
/
EU
of
13
December
2011
on
combating
the
sexual
abuse
and
sexual
exploitation
of
children
and
child
pornography
,
which
replaced
the
Council
Framework
Decision
of
2004
,
but
maintained
the
criminalisation
obligation[11
]
.
In
Europe
,
forty
-
one
countries
have
criminalised
child
pornography
,
and
in
the
United
States
both
the
federal
law
and
the
law
of
all
fifty
States
make
provision
for
the
same
offence[12
]
.
In
view
of
this
broad
consensus
and
constant
practice
,
the
criminalisation
of
child
pornography
,
namely
,
any
representation
,
by
whatever
means
,
of
a
child
engaged
in
real
or
simulated
explicit
sexual
activities
or
any
representation
of
the
sexual
parts
of
a
child
for
primarily
sexual
purposes
,
is
now
part
of
international
customary
law
,
binding
on
all
States
.
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