Tokens: [
34
]
In
other
words
,
the
Chamber
standard
is
even
below
the
lowest
degree
of
bona
fide
suspicion
or
“
initial
suspicion
”
(
Anfangsverdacht
)
relevant
in
criminal
law
.
The
Chamber
’s
reference
to
paragraphs
259
and
261
of
Zakharov
is
misleading
,
since
the
Grand
Chamber
qualified
the
“
individual
suspicion
”
by
restricting
it
to
a
“
reasonable
suspicion
”
test
in
paragraphs
260
,
262
and
263
,
which
the
Chamber
chose
to
ignore
.
Furthermore
,
the
Chamber
’s
reference
to
a
“
sufficient
factual
basis
”
adds
nothing
,
because
this
evidentiary
“
basis
”
refers
to
the
“
supportive
materials
”
and
not
to
the
degree
of
suspicion
required
to
justify
the
application
of
any
secret
intelligence
gathering
measure
.
For
further
discussion
on
the
three
possible
degrees
of
suspicion
in
the
field
of
criminal
law
,
see
my
separate
opinion
in
Lagutin
and
Others
,
cited
above
,
page
38
,
point
9.1
)
.
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