Tokens: 18
.
Act
no
.
CXXXV
of
1995
on
National
Security
Services
(
the
National
Security
Act
)
does
not
contain
any
requirement
that
the
persons
being
monitored
must
be
subject
to
a
“
reasonable
suspicion
”
standard
,
set
out
in
paragraphs
260
,
262
and
263
of
Roman
Zakharov
and
previously
in
paragraph
51
of
Iordachi
and
Others
[
32
]
.
The
only
standard
established
by
the
Hungarian
law
is
that
of
the
“
persons
concerned
[
to
be
]
identified
by
name
or
as
a
range
of
persons
”
(
section
57
(
2
)
(
a
)
of
the
National
Security
Act
)
,
which
inevitably
allows
for
unfettered
ministerial
discretion
and
for
a
“
strategic
,
large
-
scale
interception”[33
]
.
In
paragraph
71
of
the
present
judgment
,
the
Chamber
chose
the
lower
standard
of
an
unqualified
“
individual
suspicion
”
,
which
diminishes
significantly
the
degree
of
protection
set
out
in
Roman
Zakharov
and
previously
in
Iordachi
and
Others
[
34
]
.
Worse
still
,
the
almost
evanescent
suspicion
criterion
chosen
by
the
Chamber
is
totally
at
odds
with
the
growing
concern
of
the
United
Nations
,
the
Council
of
Europe
and
the
European
Union
with
regard
to
massive
,
indiscriminate
and
secret
“
bulk
surveillance
”
and
the
present
state
of
international
law
,
as
established
in
the
above
-
mentioned
documents
,
such
as
Parliamentary
Assembly
Resolution
2045(2015
)
and
its
Recommendation
1402(1999)1
,
the
Venice
Commission
’s
2007
and
2015
reports
,
the
European
Commission
against
Racism
’s
General
Policy
Recommendation
no
.
11
and
the
European
Parliament
Resolutions
of
12
March
2014
and
of
29
October
2015
.
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