Tokens: 12
.
In
May
2015
the
Council
of
Europe
Commissioner
for
Human
Rights
published
an
issue
paper
on
“
Democratic
and
effective
oversight
of
national
security
services
”
,
advocating
that
independent
ex
ante
authorisation
should
be
extended
to
untargeted
bulk
collection
of
information
,
the
collection
of
and
access
to
communications
data
,
including
when
held
by
the
private
sector
,
and
,
potentially
,
computer
network
exploitation
.
The
process
by
which
intrusive
measures
are
authorised
or
re
-
authorised
should
itself
be
subject
to
scrutiny
.
States
must
ensure
that
individuals
can
also
access
a
supervisory
institution
equipped
to
make
legally
binding
orders
.
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