Tokens: Subsequently
,
the
Court
confirmed
that
Article
7
was
applicable
in
such
cases,[18
]
without
giving
any
reasons
other
than
by
referring
to
the
Sud
Fondi
judgment
.
On
the
merits
,
it
found
that
three
consequences
stemmed
from
the
principle
of
no
punishment
without
law
:
a
prohibition
on
an
extensive
interpretation
of
criminal
-
law
provisions
;
a
prohibition
on
punishing
a
person
when
the
offence
has
been
committed
by
a
third
party
;
and
a
prohibition
on
imposing
a
sanction
when
the
person
’s
liability
has
not
been
established
.
On
that
last
point
,
the
Court
uses
rather
equivocal
language
:
it
sometimes
speaks
more
generally
of
“
liability
”
and
sometimes
more
specifically
of
a
“
conviction
”
,
a
term
which
is
also
used
in
the
strictly
criminal
context
of
Article
5
§
1
(
a
)
,
or
“
a
verdict
as
to
guilt
”
.
The
concluding
paragraph
of
the
Varvara
judgment
illustrates
this
ambiguity
,
because
it
emphasises
the
fact
that
the
applicant
’s
liability
“
had
not
been
established
in
a
verdict
as
to
his
guilt”.[19
]
Applying
that
latter
principle
to
the
facts
of
that
case
,
the
Court
found
:
“
the
criminal
penalty
which
was
imposed
on
the
applicant
despite
the
fact
that
the
criminal
offence
had
been
statute
-
barred
and
his
criminal
liability
had
not
been
established
in
a
verdict
as
to
his
guilt
,
is
incompatible
with
the
...
legality
principle
laid
down
in
Article
7
of
the
Convention”.[20
]
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