Tokens: [
10
]
.
International
child
abduction
involves
either
the
child
’s
unlawful
removal
from
one
country
to
another
or
the
unlawful
retention
of
the
child
within
a
foreign
country
.
In
view
of
the
facts
of
the
case
,
this
opinion
will
deal
only
with
the
first
aspect
and
will
refer
to
the
left
-
behind
parent
as
the
paradigmatic
example
of
the
person
,
institution
or
other
body
envisaged
by
Article
3
a
)
of
the
Hague
Convention
.
The
two
underlying
premises
of
the
Hague
Convention
are
,
firstly
,
that
the
court
of
habitual
residence
is
best
placed
(
forum
conveniens
)
to
resolve
the
merits
of
the
custody
dispute
,
since
the
bulk
of
the
relevant
evidence
is
available
in
that
location
and
,
secondly
,
that
abduction
is
detrimental
to
the
child
’s
development
,
because
the
child
is
forced
to
leave
behind
the
primary
caregiver
parent
,
family
relatives
and
the
known
social
and
cultural
environment
.
In
fact
,
when
the
Hague
Convention
was
prepared
,
the
sociological
stereotype
of
the
abducting
parent
was
that
of
a
foreign
,
non
-
custodial
father
who
was
not
willing
to
accept
the
mother
’s
existing
custody
over
the
child
,
and
unlawfully
removed
the
child
from
his
or
her
country
of
habitual
residence
.
Since
the
1990s
this
has
no
longer
been
true
,
the
majority
of
cases
nowadays
being
the
foreign
,
custodial
mother
who
leaves
,
for
multiple
reasons
,
the
family
’s
country
of
habitual
residence
after
the
termination
of
her
relationship
with
the
child
’s
father
.
Consequently
,
if
the
evidentiary
premise
still
holds
true
today
,
the
substantive
one
does
not
.
Labels: O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O