Tokens: 21
.
Journalistic
activity
and
journalistic
purpose
can
not
be
matters
to
be
decided
by
domestic
courts
,
regardless
of
the
fact
that
these
are
context
-
bound
concepts
.
It
then
follows
that
domestic
authorities
can
not
be
granted
a
margin
of
appreciation
to
make
such
a
decision
.
A
similar
approach
is
being
taken
with
regard
to
the
concept
of
“
responsible
journalism
”
,
which
has
been
used
,
albeit
not
explicitly
,
to
allow
a
less
strict
analysis
of
the
balancing
performed
by
the
State
and
the
proportionality
of
the
measure
adopted
(
see
,
respectively
,
Pentikäinen
v.
Finland
[
GC
]
,
no
.
11882/10
,
§
90
,
ECHR
2015
;
and
more
recently
,
Erdtmann
v.
Germany
(
dec
.
)
,
no
.
56328/10
,
§
20
,
5
January
2016
)
.
“
Responsible
journalism
”
has
recently
been
used
as
one
of
the
factors
to
grant
a
wider
margin
of
appreciation
,
resulting
in
undermining
the
freedom
of
the
press
(
see
Rusu
v.
Romania
,
no
.
25721/04
,
§
24
,
8
March
2016
,
where
Pentikäinen
was
reinterpreted
and
extensively
applied
;
Bédat
v.
Switzerland
[
GC
]
,
no
.
56925/08
,
§
§
49
-
54
,
ECHR
2016
;
Salihu
and
Others
v.
Sweden
(
dec
.
)
,
no
.
33628/15
,
§
§
53
-
56
,
10
May
2016
;
Kunitsyna
v.
Russia
,
no
.
9406/05
,
§
45
,
13
December
2016
;
and
Travaglio
v.
Italy
(
dec
.
)
,
no
.
64746/14
,
§
36
,
24
January
2017
)
.
Allowing
States
to
determine
the
boundaries
of
these
concepts
is
to
implicitly
endorse
a
position
,
which
is
emerging
in
some
member
States
,
that
journalistic
activity
that
critical
of
the
State
is
not
journalistic
but
plainly
illegal
as
a
form
of
terrorism
or
a
threat
to
national
security
.
Article
10
does
not
endow
national
courts
with
such
fundamental
authority
,
and
neither
should
this
Court
.
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