Tokens: Confirming
the
Varvara
v.
Italy
judgment
,
the
Court
reiterates
that
for
the
imposition
of
a
penalty
to
be
compliant
with
Article
7
,
it
is
necessary
for
personal
criminal
liability
to
be
established
.
It
goes
on
to
explain
,
however
,
that
personal
criminal
liability
may
be
established
even
in
the
absence
of
a
formal
conviction
.
Thus
“
confiscation
measures
need
not
necessarily
be
accompanied
by
convictions”.[5
]
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