Tokens: 91
.
Under
the
heading
of
lex
certa
,
the
Court
deals
with
the
clarity
,
foreseeability
and
accessibility
requirements
of
criminal
law
.
As
can
be
seen
for
example
in
Kokkinakis
,
[
238
]
Grigoriades
[
239
]
and
Flinkkilä
and
Others
,
[
240
]
the
clarity
standard
is
often
assessed
at
the
time
of
conviction
,
under
the
lawfulness
test
of
Articles
8
to
11
of
the
Convention
,
and
not
at
the
time
of
commission
of
the
offence.[241
]
The
accessibility
requirement
is
only
examined
thoroughly
when
there
are
clear
signs
to
the
contrary
,
accessibility
being
assumed
when
the
offence
is
included
in
a
criminal
code.[242
]
Furthermore
,
the
case
-
law
has
been
rather
undemanding
on
the
review
of
the
wording
of
the
statutory
provision
for
the
purpose
of
assessing
its
foreseeability
,
often
accepting
vaguely
worded
offences
,
because
the
impugned
statutory
concepts
are
“
matters
of
common
knowledge
and
widely
understood”.[243
]
The
Court
’s
limited
standard
of
protection
is
further
loosened
by
the
consideration
of
sufficiently
consistent
interpretative
case
-
law
at
the
time
of
the
offence
,
which
can
satisfy
the
foreseeability
requirement
in
case
of
vaguely
worded
offences[244
]
or
even
of
common
-
law
offences
,
which
breach
the
lex
scripta
requirement.[245
]
The
same
philosophy
had
been
applied
to
the
increase
of
penalties
consistent
with
a
certain
line
of
case
-
law
on
the
effects
of
recidivism.[246
]
In
sum
,
the
acceptance
of
multiple
sources
of
law
and
case
-
law
for
the
purposes
of
the
lex
certa
requirement
leads
to
legal
uncertainty
.
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