Tokens: [
153
]
It
seems
to
me
that
research
into
the
Court
’s
case
-
law
on
the
modalities
of
penalties
(
such
as
confiscation
)
imposed
in
the
absence
of
a
criminal
conviction
would
at
least
show
the
existence
of
four
groups
of
cases
:
confiscation
orders
and
similar
measures
in
the
framework
of
criminal
proceedings
imposed
on
third
parties
(
for
example
,
AGOSI
v.
the
United
Kingdom
,
24
October
1986
,
Series
A
no
.
108
,
§
66
;
and
Air
Canada
v.
the
United
Kingdom
,
5
May
1995
,
§
§
29
-
48
,
Series
A
no
.
316‑A
)
;
confiscation
orders
and
similar
measures
in
the
absence
of
criminal
proceedings
,
including
preventive
measures
against
persons
whose
property
had
been
presumed
to
be
of
unlawful
origin
(
for
example
,
Riela
and
Others
v.
Italy
(
dec
.
)
,
no
.
52439/99
,
4
September
2001
;
and
Butler
v.
the
United
Kingdom
(
dec
.
)
,
no
.
41661/98
,
27
June
2002
)
;
imposition
by
an
administrative
judge
of
an
administrative
penalty
despite
an
acquittal
or
a
discontinuance
decision
in
criminal
proceedings
(
for
example
,
Vanjak
v.
Croatia
,
no
.
29889/04
,
§
§
69
-
72
,
14
January
2010
;
Šikić
v.
Croatia
,
no
.
9143/08
,
§
§
54
-
56
,
15
July
2010
;
and
Kapetanios
and
Others
v.
Greece
,
nos
.
3453/12
and
2
others
,
§
88
,
30
April
2015
)
;
and
imposition
by
a
criminal
court
of
confiscation
orders
and
similar
measures
despite
an
acquittal
or
a
discontinuance
decision
in
criminal
proceedings
(
for
example
,
Saliba
v.
Malta
(
dec
.
)
,
no
.
4251/02
,
23
November
2004
;
Geerings
v.
the
Netherlands
,
no
.
30810/03
,
1
March
2007
;
and
Paraponiaris
,
cited
above
)
.
On
this
case
law
,
see
A.
Maugeri
,
“
La
tutela
della
proprietà
nella
CEDU
e
la
giurisprudenza
della
Corte
europea
in
tema
di
confisca
”
,
in
M.
Montagna
(
org
)
,
Sequestro
e
confisca
,
Torino
:
Giappichelli
editore
,
2017
.
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