text:
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 ---pagebreak--- nAPAPTHMA
 EXE8IA nay EINAI 8YNATON NA ENEPrHrOYN Qr KINHTPA
 Ta oxt61a nou napouo1a~ovTa1 KaTWTEPW txouv EntAEyEi E~a1Tia~ Twv
 ~1oμnxav1Kwv Kai Ko1vwv1Koo1Kovoμ1Kwv EntnTWOEwv Tou~. r•auT6 TO
 OTa610 TWV Epyao1wv Ba npEnEI va BEwpnBouv nEp1006TEPO w~ napa-
 6EiyμaTa napa w~ op10T1Kono1nμtvE~ npoTaOEt~, nou Ba ana1Touoav
 AERTOμEpEOTEPn E~ETaon Kai ~aBUTEPn OKE~n Kai OUVTOVI0μ6 OTOV
 onoio va ouμμETEXOUV 01 61a~opo1 nOAITIKOi, OIKOVOμIKOi Kai En1-
 0Tnμov1Ko( npwTayWVIOTE~ TWV xwpwv μEAWV Tn~ EOK.
 1. TEXVOAOyiE~ nAnpo~op1wv Kai onμaVTIKOi TOμEi~ E~apμoywv 6nw~ n
 EVOno1nμtvn napaywyn μE Tn ~onBEta UROAOYIOTn, n TEXVnTn vonμo-
 ouvn Kai O unEpunoAoy10Tn~
 2. TEXVOAOyiE~ TWV ~WVTWV opyav1oμwv, 16iw~ YEVETIKE~ Kai ~1oμop1a-
 KE~ TEXVOAOyiE~ Kai 01 E~apμoyt~ iOU~ OTnv uyEia Kai OTO yEwpyo-
 ~1oμnxav1K6 Toμta
 3. NEa UAIKa, 6nw~ 01 UnEpaywyoi Kai Ta KEpaμ1Ka
 4. OnTtKn Kai Ati~Ep
 5. En10Tnμov1Ka 6pyava μEyaAou μEytBou~, 6nw~ 01 nnvt~ owμaT16iwv
 /aKTIVO~OAiO~ KOi 01 nponyμEVE~ aEpoonpayyE~
 6. TnAERIKOIVWViE~ EUpEia~ ~wvn~
 7. Nea YEVEO μETa~OPIKWV μeowv
 8. Xpno1μonoinon TOU 6taOTnμaTO~
 9. Ka,aKT~on Tau 8aAaoo1ou nEp1~aAAovTo~ Kai E~EpEuvnon Tou ~Ao1ou
 Tn~ vn~
 ---pagebreak--- 1-1
 1. TEXNOAOfIEr nAHPO~OPIQN KAI rHMANTIKOI TOMEir E~APMOfQN
 01 EV A6yw TEXVOAoyiEC ITEPIAOμPavouv Tn μ1KponAEKTPOV1Kn KOi Tnv
 OITTIKOnAEKTPOVIKn, Tn Pioμnxovio TOU AOylKOU Kai TO OUVOAO TWV
 aAAWV KAa6wv rrou ouv6EOVTal μE Tnv ErrE~Epyaola TWV rrAnpo~op1wv
 orrwc n TEXVnT ti Nonμoouvn KA rr., μE aHa A6y Ia, 6AEC TIC TEXV I KEC
 rrou 61a6paμaTi~ouv ouo100T1K6 p6Ao y10 Tnv orr6KTnon, Tnv ErrE-
 ~Epyooio, Tn 610PiPoon KOi Tnv arro8tiKEuon TWV rrAnpo~op1wv.
 ETOV TOμEO OUT6 KOTaPaAAETOI μEyaAn rrpoorra8EIO T60o OE KOIVO-
 TIK6 600 KOi E8VIK6 ErrirrE60 y1a TnVEPEUVa Kai avarrTu~n(E&A) OTO OTa610 rrou
 rrfX)nYEiTal Tn1⁄2 avTayWVIOTIKn1⁄2 4J00n1⁄2• LE KOIVOTIKO rnirrEOO, y1a TO_rrpo-
 ypaμμa ESPRIT (European Strategic Programme for Research and
 Development in Information Technologies) txouv ouyKEVTpw8EI ErrEv-
 6uoE11⁄2, arr6 TO 6nμ6010 Kai TOV 161WTIK6 TOμEo, OUVOAIKOU U~OUC
 1,5 610EKaToμμuplwv ECU y1a Tnv rrEpio6o 84-88.
 METa~u TWV TOμewv OTOUC orroiouc XPno1μorro1ouvTOI KaTa KUPIO A6yo
 01 TEXVOAoyiE1⁄2 TWV rrAnpo~op1wv, KOi rrou KOTa OUVEITEIO, E~apTw-
 VTOI OTEVa orr6 Tnv rrp6o6o KOi Tnv ovarrTu~ti TOUC, EiVal 6UVOT6V
 VO avo~Ep8ouv Oi TnAEITIKOIVWViEC (y1a TIC avayKEC TWV orroiwv EXEi
 urroPAn8EI OTO ruμPouA10 161alTEpo Ko1voT1K6 rrp6ypoμμa), n aμuvo,
 n KaTOOKEuti μE Tn Po98e1a urr0Aoy10Tti Kai n rrAnpo~op1Kti ypa~Elou
 (6uo TOμEiC, KOAUITT6μEVOI Errlonc arr6 TO ESPRIT rrou rrapouo1a~ouv
 μEi~ova 0Tpmny1Kti onμoola y10 Tnv rrapoxti rrpo'i6vTwv Kai urrnpE01wv)
 xwplc va rropoAElrrETat n nAEKTpov1Kti EUpEio1⁄2 61a6oonc Tn1⁄2 orrolac
 n ovarrTu~n Eivo1 onμovT1Kti.
 ETO TrAaio10 auTOU TOU ouv6AOU Sa tiTav OK6rr1μ0 va Ev1oxu8ouv 01
 rrpoorra8EIE1⁄2 rrou KaTaPaAAOVTal OE 61a~opo ETrirrE6a OTnv Ko1v6TnTa
 OTOUC aK6Aoueouc 660 TOμElc: M1KponAEKTpov1Kti Kai OrrTtKonAEKTpo-
 VIKfi.
 MIKPOHAEKTPONIKH KAI OnTIKOHAEKTPONIKH
 H μIKPOnAEKTPOVIKti pp(OKETal OTn paon XIA1a6wv rrpoi6VTWV rrou Ka-
 ---pagebreak--- 1-1 Co)
 AUTTTOUV EVO EUpu q>aoμo OTT6 TO UTfe:paJY)(poVO OUOTnμoTO 6nwc;;


text:
o I TnAETT 1-
 KO l VWV l OKO { 6opuq>opo1 n 01 6opuq>6po1 YIO TTOpoTnpnOEI<;; n OK6μa 01
 UTTOAOVIOTE<;; (EnoyyEAμOTtKn<;; n npoOWTTtKn<;; XPnonc;;) EW<;; TO po}-6y10
 KOi TO no1yvi61a.
 EE TTOyK60μ10 ETTiTTE6o, 0 KUKAO<;; Epyao1wv OUTOU TOU ~1oμnxav1KOU
 TOμEa EiVOI μEV onμEpa Tn<;; Ta~nc;; TWV 30 6tOEKOToμμupiwv 60}-apiWV
 HnA, 0 TOμEac;; 4,.aiJc;; OUT6c;; pu0μi~El. μ10 TT~ TTOU UTTEp~oiVEI TO 660
 610EKOT0μμ6p1a $ HnA.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-2
 H onT1KonXEKTpov1Kri ouvioTaTa1 oTn xpno1μonoinon Tou opaTou Tμr')-
 μaTo~ TOU nXEKTpoμayvnTtKOU ,aoμaTO~ y1a Tnv ETTITEu~n TWV i61wv
 AEITOUPYIWV TTOU ETTITUYXOVOVTOI μE Tnv napa6001aKri nXEKTPOVtKri
 (61aPiPaon, EnE~Epyaoia Kai anoμvnμ6vEuon 6E6oμtvwv) txovTa~ na-
 paXXnXa, TO TTAEOVEKTnμa va 61a8ETEI μ1a IKOV6TnTa 61aPiPaon~ Ka-
 TO x1X166E~ ,opt~ μEyaXuTEPn Kai μ10 TaxuTnTa nou 8EwpnT1Ka Ei-
 va1, Enion~, 1000 ,opt~ μEyaXuTEPn-
 H ouμμEToxri Tn~ EupwnaiKri~ P1oμnxavia~ oTnv nayK60μ1a ayopa OTO
 OTPaTny1K6 auT6 Toμfo Eiva1 noXu μ1Kpr'): KaXunTEt ne:pinou TO 5% Tn~ na-
 yK60μ1a~ ayopa~ y1a Ta TTEPI006TEPO nponyμEva npoi6vTa Kai TO
 10% y1a TO ouvoXo TWV npoi6VTWV.
 o μ1Kp6~ 6yKo~ Tn~ napaywyri~ OE ouv6uaoμ6 μE Tnv Ka8uoTtpnon Tn~
 a,1~n~ OTnv ayopa TWV npoi6VTWV μ1KponXEKTPOV1Kri~,(Kupiw~ OAOKXn-
 pwμEva KuKXwμaTa ), anooTEPEi Tnv EupwnaiKri P1oμnxavia an6 μ1a
 nnyri E066wv, E,aμ I AAWV μE EKE i Va TWV KUp 1·6T EPWV OVT I TTOAWV Tn~,
 y1a Tn xpnμaTo66Tnon TWV ETTEVOUOEWV TTOU Eiva1 avayKaiE~ y1a Tn
 OUVEXtOn TOU aywva 6p6μou, r') EVVOEiTat, y1a Tn OuμμETOXr'J O'auT6V
 μE μEyaAuTEPE~ n18av6TnTE~ En1Tuxia~.
 KaTa Tn 61apKE1a TWV 6uo TEAEUTaiwv ETWV 01 EupwnaiKE~ ETTEVOUOEI~
 KUμav8nKaV μETa~u 300 Kai 400 EKOTOμμupiwv 6oXXapiwv HnA EVW Ka-
 TO TO i610 XPOVtK6 6iaoTnμa 01 aμEplKOVIKE~ KOi Di IOTTWVIKE~ E-
 TatpiE~ npayμaTonoinoav EnEv660E1~ 4 Ew~ 5 ,opt~ μEyaXuTEPE~-
 ·onw~ ano6E1KvuETa1 or')μEpa an6 TI~ HnA Kai Tnv Ianwvia n ouvEpya-
 TtKri OpOOEyy1on Tn~ EpEUVQ~ KOi OVOTTTU~n~ Ka8{0TOTQI ETTITOKTIKr')
 avayKn OTnv Eupwnn. To ESPRIT EOEl~E TO 6p6μo y1a μ1a OUVTOVIOμE-
 vn EpEuva oTnv Ko1v6TnTa: Sa r')Tav En18uμnTri μ1a KaTaXXnXn Evioxu-
 on Twv xpnμaT060T1Kwv TOU μtowv OE ouv6uaoμ6 μE op1oμtva onμa-
 vT1Ka OXEOIQ TTOU EVEpyOUV W~ KivnTpa KOi TTPOW80UV Tn OUVEVWOn
 OTOV TOμEa TWV E~onX1oμwv KOi OTOV ~oμEa TWV UAIKWV. n~ayμOTI
 n EupwnaiKri napaywyri E~apTaTa1 TOV nEp1006TEpo Ka1p6, 6oov a,o-
 pa Ta Pao1Ka UAIKO Ka8w~ KOi TOU~ (WTIK6TEpou~ E~onX1oμou~, an6
 ---pagebreak--- 1-2Ca)
 ElOOywyt~ npoEpx6μEVE~ on6 Tl~ HnA KOi TTlO np60~0TO on6 Tnv Ionwvio.
 H E~OPTnon OUT~ OUVETTOyETOI, μE op10μEVE~ E~OIPEOEI~, Ka8uOTEpnan
 TouAox10Tov Ev6~ ETou~ y1a Tnv EupwnotKD TEXVOAoylo. EvTouT01~,
 6nw~ To anE6E1~E np6a~aTo n Ionwvia, Eiva1 6uvaT~ n EnavaK081t-
 pwan (~ n Ka81tpwon) μ1a~ 0KA6vnTn~ Stan~ (KOi μaAIOTO En18ETIK~~
 OT~V TTEPlTTTWO~ Tn~ Ionwvia~) OE EVO TOμEa Tn~ ayopa~ nou ETTIAEyE-
 TOI npoOEKT1Ka Kai μETa·an6 auT6, Elva1 6uvaT6 va onμE1w8Ei vta
 np6o6o~ KOi avanTu~n OUTOU TOU TOμEa.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-3
 To au~cxv6μEVO ETrl TTE60 EVOTTO i none;;, VI a Tnv TOUT 6xpovn arr6KH)On KOAA i-
 TEpWV ETT I 660EWV KO I XaμT]AOTe:p(XJ K60TOU<;; rrapaywy{)<;;, o6nyE i OTO
 va TTEptXaμa6vETOI 6Xo KOi TTEpt006TEPn TEXVOyvwoia TWV KOTOOKEUa-
 OTWV ouoTnμ6Twv OTO μ1KpOKUKXwμa rrup1Tiou, orr6TE Ta oXoKXnpwμtva
 KUKXwμaTa yivovTa1 μ6>.Xov urroouvoXa u~nXti<;; rrpooT18£μEvn<;; a~ia<;;
 rrap6 "arrXt<;;" ouv10TWOE<;; TWV orroiwv n rrpoμ{)8E1a ii n KaTaOKEuii
 a60El 66Et0<;; ~a1v6TaV OIKOVOμIKr) KOi OKiv6uvn.
 ~UO rrapa6EiyμaTa E(VOI

type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU


text:
6uvaT6 Va ETTE~ny{)OOUV TO OVWTEpW:
 - 01 μv{)μE<;; μE r,μ1aywyou<;;
 - 01 μ1KpOETTE~EpyaoTE<;;
 01 6uo OUTOi TOμEi<;; 8a μrropoUOaV aVETO Va OTTOTEAEOOUV TO OVTIKEi-
 μEVO Ev6c;; EUpwrra'iKou rrpoyp6μμaTo<;;, ytaTi arroTEAouv TI<;; 1<1vnTti-
 p1Ec;; 6uv6μEt<;; Tn<;; av6TTTU~f1<;; Tn<;; a1oμnxavia<;; TWV OAOKAnpwμEVWV
 KUKAWμ6T WV Ka I Tn<;; ETTE~Epyao ( a<;; TWV TTAl")l:)O~OP I WV OTT OU n Eupwrrn
 E~apT6Tat o{)μEpa arr6 TI<;; HvwμEVE<;; noXtTEiE<;; ii Tf1V Iarrwvia. H
 arrwXEta TOU EXEyXou av6Xoywv urroouv6Xwv 8a o6nyouoE OE OTEipw-
 on TWV IKOVOTr)TWV KOIVOTOμ{ac;; y1a TO OXE61aoμ6 OUV8ETWV OUOTnμ6-
 TWV, 6rrou rrapa6001aK6 n Eupwrrn KOTEXEI 1oxup{) 8€0f1, μE ETTOK6Xou-
 8o Tn 61appo{) EyKE~6AWV KOi Tf1 OuppiKVWOn TOU ap18μou TWV 8EOEWV
 arraox6Xnon<;;.
 Mv{)μE<;; Tuxaiac;; npoorrtXaor,<;;. 0 OT6Xo<;; Sa μrropouoE va Eiva1 n uXo-
 rroinon μ1a<;; μv{)μr,c;; 64 megabits TO 1995, 6r,Xa6ii Ev6c;; μ1-
 KpoKuKXwμaro<;; μE arr66oon 100 ~opEc;; μEyaXuTEPn arr6 EKEivn Twv
 onμEp1vwv rrponyμEVWV KUKAWμ6TWV. AUTO μrropEi va yiVEI μ6vo μE
 Tn μEiwon TWV rrXEup1Kwv 61aoT60Ewv Twv KaTaOKEuwv (KaTwTEPEc;;
 arr6 0,5 μm), rrou 6Ev Eiva1 rrpayμaTorro1{)01μn μE Touc;; or,μEp1vouc;;
 E~OTTAIOμou<;;, Ka8wc;; KOi μE Eva VEO OXE61aoμ6 TOU onμEiou μv{)μnc;;,
 rr18av6 Tp106160TOTOU. npETTEI Va rrpoaAE~8Ei TTpOOTT68Eta Tn<;; TO~r,c;;
 TWV 2000 av8pWTTOETWV.
 - nponyμEVO<;; μ1t<pOETT~cpyaorft{;. 0 oraxoc;;- 8a r)TOV n ETTtV6non KOi n uXo-
 ---pagebreak--- 1-3(a)
 nolnon OE 61a0Tnμa nEVTE ETWV, EV6~ KUKAWμaTO~ μtKPOEnE~Epya-
 OT ot'., Eupwna 'i Kri~ e:μnvEuon~, OTO ono i o ea unripxav ouyKEVT pwμe:va
 Ta TEAEUTaia anoTEAEOμaTa OE ee:μaTa avToxri~ OTt~ BAaBE~, apx1-
 TEKTov1Kri~ KOi Eyypa~rJ~ 61EueuvOEWV. Mia an6 KOIVOU avanTu~n
 napa6ElyμaTo~ xapn μE Tn xpno1μonolnon op1oμe:vwv TEXV0Aoy1wv
 μ1KpoμETp1Kri~ napaywyri~ KOi TWV ouoTnμaTWV OXE61aoμot'., nou Bpi-
 OKOVTOI OrJμEpa OTO 0Ta6to Tn~ μEAETn~ OTO ffAOiOtO TOU npoypaμ-
 μaTO~ ESPRIT, ea riTav 6uvaT6v va 06nvrioE1, μE Tn BorieE1a μ1a~
 KaTOAAnAn~ 0TpaTny1Kri~, oTn 6nμ1oupyia Ev6~ npoTunou. H ava-
 yKaia npoona9E1a y1'auT6 To oxe:610 unoAoyi~ETat OE 1000 avepw-
 nohn.
 • .• _,.._,,,,._ • . . •,; +----'. '•~>' ,... ,..-.
 ---pagebreak--- ,~
 napaXXnXa μE auTa Ta oXoKXnpwμtva KuKXwμaTa EupEia~ 6166oon~, 01
 KaTaOKEuaOTE~ OUOTnμaTWV Err18uμouv va EAaTTWOOUV TO xp6vo Errwaon~
 Ev6~ nXEKTPOVIKOU ouv6Xou y1a va aEATIWOOUV Tnv avTayWVlOTIK6TnTa
 TOU. r1a Va yiVEI auT6, ,aiVETal 6Tt Ta ITPWT6Turra EpyaOTnp1a E,ap-
 μoywv y1a Tnv uXorrolnon OAOKXnpwμEVWV KUKAWμaTWV (foundries)arrOTE-
 AOUV Tnv KaTaXXnXn Xuan. 8E6oμEvn~ Tn~ rrapouoa~ 0TEV6TnTa~ Tn~
 Eupwrra1Kn~ ayopa~, auT6 Sa μrropOUOE va arrOTEAEOEl TO avTIKEiμEVO
 y1a 660 UAOrro1nOEI~:
 - KUKAWμaTa EITE~Epyaola~ onμaTO~ μE rrupiTIO
 - KuKXwμaTa rroX6 μEyaXn~ TaxuTnTa~ arr6 GaAs
 - To Err6μEVO anμa rrou rrpEITEI va ylvEI y1a TO oxt610 "Silicon
 Foundry" Ba nTav n ypnyopn 6nμ1oupyla (rrEpirrou 2 ETn) Ev6~ Ko1-
 vo6 Eupwrra1Kou EpyaoTnplou E,apμoywv rrou va xpno1μorro1El apx1Ka,
 μ1a EYKEKplμEvn TEXVOAOyia CMOS Kat, OTn OUVEXEla μta μtKTn
 61a61Kaola 61rroX1Kou CMOS, KaXa rrpooapμooμtvn OTI~ E,apμoyE~
 auTou TOU Turrou, 6rrw~ auTE~ nou txouv avarrTUXBEi OTO rrXa1010
 TOU ESPRIT. To onμaVTIK6TEPO onμElo rrapaμEVEI, EVTOUTOI~ n
 avarrTu~n EpyaXElwv OXE61aoμou μE Tn aon8E1a UITOAOYIOTWV Kai
 n 6nμ1oupyla a,ax108nKn~ TUnorro1nμEvwv KU~EXl6wv, y1a ypnyopo
 Kat arro6oT~K6 dXE61aoμ6 TOU oXoKXnpw~tvou KUKXwμaTo~. Kpivo-
 VTat avayKala μ1a rrpoorr68E1a Tn~ Ta~n~ Twv 1000 av0pwrroETwv
 Kai μ1a EITEV6uon y1a μ,a rrpooapμooμtvn μov66a rrapaywyn~ (150
 EKaToμμup1a ECU).
 - r,a Ta rrpoi6vTa Tn~ "GaAs foundry", n rrapouoa ayopa Elva, aK6-


text:
μa rroX6 nEp1op1oμtvn, EVTOUTOI~ 01 E,apμoyt~ Eiva1 rroXXt~
 EV61aμEOE~ rrpOOWPIVE~ μvnμE~ Kai UITEpTaXEiE~ ap18μnTIKE~
 μov66E~ y1a urrepap18μoμnxavt~.
 EITE~Epyaoia Taxtwv onμaTWV Kai Tuxala Xoy1Kn rr.x. y1a Tn-
 AEITIKOIVWVIE~ EUpE!a~ ~wvn~ n y1a OAOKAnpwμEvn pa610TnXE-
 ,wvla.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-4a
 Ot £n£v660£1~ nou Elva, avayKalE~ T6oo y1a Tnv tpEuva 600 Kat
 y1a Tnv avanTu~n TWV TEXVOAOYIWV napaywy~~ KOi OXE6taoμou TWV
 KUKAwμ6Twv noAu μEy6An~ TaxuTnTa~ Elva, TET01ou μEyt0ou~, y1a
 To uA1K6 Kat y1a Tn ,a,6 ouola, WOTE n 16ta Ev6~ EupwnaiKou
 P1oμnxav1Kou ouvETa1p1oμou Elva1 6EAEOOTtK~ y1a Tn 6nμ1oupyla
 Tn~ TEXVOAoyla~ KOi μ1a~ TIElpaμaTtKn~ μova6a~. Mta npwTn EKTl-
 μnon Tn~ ana1TouμEvn~ npoon60Eta~ ea μnopouoE va Eiva1 1000
 av0pwnotTn y1a 5 xp6v1a.
 Ta 4 nponyouμEva oxt61a anoOKOTIOUV OTn 6taTnpnon n Tn PEArtwon
 Tn~ 0ton~ Tn~ Eupwnn~ OTOV TOμEa Tn~ EnayyEAμOTtKn~ nAEKTpOVIKn~.
 H EupwnaiKn P1oμnxavla y1a va KOTOAaPEI Tnv npwTn eton OTI~ ayo-
 pt~ Tn~ TnAE6paon~ TOU μEAAOVTO~ u$nA~~ TIIOT6TnTa~ avanapaywy~~
 EIKOVa~, Kai, KOTO OUVETIEta, OE tva onμavTtK6 rμnμa TOU TOμta
 Tn~ nAEKTPOVIKn~ EUpEla~ 61aooon~, npETIEI va npoPAE$El 600
 ---pagebreak--- 1-5
 y I VETO t YPllVOPOTEpa μETO TOV Ka8op I oμ6 TWV ttpOTl'.mwv, Tl']V avattTU~l']
 μ1a~ OElpO~ El6tKWV OAOKAl']pWμEVWV KUKAWμOTWV y1a Tl']V ap18μl']TIKn
 KW61KOTTOll']Ol'] Kai attOKW61KOTTOll']Ol'] Ol']μOTWV Ouμ~wva μe: OUOTnμaTa
 ttaparrXno1a EKEiVWV TTOU OUVIOTWVTat onμe:pa y1a TI'] 6opu~op1Kn Tl']-
 AE6paOI'] ( D2-MAC-.Paquet), μ:xZ'; { μe; Tl']V avattTU~l'] UA I KOU ttapaywyn~
 Kai KaTaxwpriori~ rrpoypaμμaTwv, ri arra1Touμe:v11 rrpoorr68e:1a e:tva1 6u-
 vaT6v va e:iva1 -rri~ Ta~ri~ Twv 1500 av8pwrroe:Twv y1a 7 xp6v1a.
 ---pagebreak--- TEXNHTH NOHMOrYNH KAI nPoHrMENH EnE:EPrArIA TQN nAHPO~OPIQN
 H TEXVnTn vonμoouvn arroTEAEi tva OXETIKQ VEO KAOOO, rrou yvwpi~El
 TIOAU ypnyopn avanTu~n- Ka0E μtpa ~eavouv OTnv ayopa vta, rrEp10-
 06TEPO E~EhtyμEva Kat IOXUPO OUOTnμaTa EμITEtpoyvwμoouvn~-
 Ta OUOTnμaTa auTa rraptxouv a108nTa PEATIWμEVE~ unnpEOiE~ OE noA-
 AOU~ TOμEI~ E~apμoywv: taTptKn, PtoXoyla, xnμEla, yEwXoyla, Pon-
 0Eta o~o OXE61aoμ6, avlxvEuon TWV PXaPwv OE P1oμnxav1K6 rrXaio10,
 Kai OE TIOAAOU~ 0AA0U~ TOμEt~. 0 avTiKTUrr6~ TOU~ ytvETat a108nT6~
 OE 6AOU~ TOU~ TOμEI~ Tn~ OIKOVOμia~ Kai txouv aμEon EttittTwon OTn
 P1oμnxav1Kn avTaywvt0TtK6TnTa.
 Evw n EupwrratKn TEXVOAoyia KaTEXEI OTOV TOμEa auT6v KaAn 0ton
 (EV μEpEt xapn OTO ESPRIT Kai OE μEplKO'E0VtKa OXEOta), 01 IarrWVE~
 arrt6Et~av OTO rrapEX06v 6Tt n KaTaPoAn rrpoorra0Etwv nou va ouv6ua-
 ~ouv Tn pao1Kn TEXVOAOyta Kai Tnv rrpOOEKTtKn ErrtXoyn TWV ayopwv,
 £iva1 6uvaT6v va oonvnoEt OE μ1a 1oxupn napouola OTOU~ VEOU~ TO-
 μEi~ u~nXn~ TEXVOXoyia~ (rrapa6Etyμa 01 μvnμE~). Ta TPEXOVTa Ku-
 PEPVnTtKa rrpoypaμμaTa oTnv Iarrwvia Kat OTt~ HvwμtvE~ noAtTEiE~
 Ka0w~ Kai 01 OUVTOVIOμEVE~ rrpoorra0EtE~ TWV aμEptKaVtKWV ETatptWV
 OE 0eμaTa EKA, EOTIO~OVTOI OTnv TEXVnTn vonμoouvn Kai OTnv TEXVO-
 AOyta TOU XoytKou· auT6 apKEi WOTE n Eupwnn va apxtoEt va OKETITE-
 Tat μ1a Evioxuon TWV rrpoorra8E1wv Tn~ y1a va arro~EuX0Ei (apy6TEpa)
 μ1a Errt6Eivwon Tn~ avTaywv10TtK6TnTa~ Twv P1oμnxav1wv Tn~ o'auTou~
 TOU~ 0EμEhtW6Et~ TOμEi~.
 To OUVOAO TOU TOμEa TEXVnTn vonμoouvn Kai rrponyμEvn EITE~Epyaoia
 TWV ITAnpo~optWV arroTEhEi onμEpa aVTIKElμEVO Evaox6Xnon~ OTO nXaioto
 TOU KOIVOTIKOU rrpoypaμμaTO~ ESPRIT. 0a nTav EVTOUTOI~, OK6rr1μ0
 va EVtoxu0ouv 01 rrpoona0EtE~ rrou KaTaPaAXOvTat WOTE
 - va EVIOXU0Ei'n EVOWμOTWOn TWV aITAWV OUOTnμaTWV TEXVnTn~ von-
 μoouvn~ OTa 0UV0ETa OUOTnμaTa, TIOU rrAnOta~OUV ITEPI006TEpO TOV
 av8pwn1vo Tp6rro OUAAOYl~μou Kai OVTanoKpivovTal KOAUTEpa OTI~
 EVOEX6μEVE~ avayKE~ TWV XPnOTWV
 - va PEATtw0ouv 01 ouv0nKE~


text:
OIKOVOμtKn~ rrapaywyn~ y1a va EAaT-
 TW0EI TO TEAIK6 K60TO~ auTWV T~V OUOTnμaTWV.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-7
 npayμaTl, n TTOIKIAia TWV TOμ€WV E(j)apμoync;, n n£p1op10μ€vn ~1oμn-
 xav1Kn nElpa OTn xpna,μonolnan aUTWV TWV OUOTnμaTwv, n OXETIKn
 11
 anA6TnTa" KaeEv6c; μEμovwμEva an6 Ta anμEp1va OUOTnμaTa (j)aVEpw-
 VOUV 6Tt XPEIQ~ETal va y(vouv aK6μa TTOAAE<; ETTEV6UOEI<; y1a Tnv
 EVOWμaTwan Tnc; TEXVnTnc; vonμoauvnc; OE Ot.xni'unTa TTOU μncpouv va XPrJOIIJ01TOln0ouv
 an6 EnayyEAμaTiEc; nou 6EV Elva, TEXVLKOI nAnpo(j)op1Knc;.
 AUT€c; 01 EnEV6UOEI<; npEnEt va a(j)Opouv
 1. Tn ~1oμnxavonoinon TWV npwTwv onμEp1vwv anoTEAEoμaTwv, μE
 e:μ(l)aon:
 oTnv TEXVOAoyla Tou Aoy1Kou, y1aTI, 6nwc; aAAWOTE Kat KaeE
 AOVIKO, Ta OUOTnμaTa EμnEtpoyvwμoouvnc; ea npETTEI Va avTa-
 noKplvOVTal OE KPITnp1a B1oμnxav1Knc; napaywync;"
 - OTnv apXITEKTOVIKn OuveETWV OUOTnμaTWV, yta Va 6oeE{ n
 6uvaT6TnTa OUVEpyao(ac; TWV OUOTnμaTWV EμnEtpOyVWμOOUVnc;
 μET~~u TOU<; Kai va TOU<; 6oeE( np6aBaan OE μEyaAouc; 6yKouc;
 6e6oμtvwv. Ot apx1TEKTOVIKE<; auTe:c; ea npe:nE1 E~aAAOU, va
 avTanOKplvovTal OE E~WTEPIKOU<; nep1op1oμouc; OXETtKa μE TOV
 EμntOTEUTIKO xapaKTnpa, μE TO XPOVO an6Kptonc;, μE Tn 61a-
 auv6Eon avepwnou/μnxavnc; ••• •
 - OTnv EVO~μaTwan aUTWV TWV OUVIOTWOWV OE Et6tKEUμEva auaTn-
 μaTa μe:aw EpyaAEIWV napoxnc; BoneE1ac; OTO OXE61aaμ6.
 2. Tnv Evlaxuan Twv μEAETwv yta Ttc; Baa1Ke:c; TEXVtKe:c;, 16iwc; μE
 Tnv avanTu~n TOU TμnμaTO<; "KaTapTtOn μOVTEAwv": μOVT€Aa yvw-
 OEWV, μovTEAa EKμaenonc;, μovTEAa 6taA6you, μovTEAa auAAoy1-
 aμou. H avanTu~n auTn unoBon0Ei t6tatTEpa Tnv
 np6o6o Twv TExvoAoy1wv Tnc; EKnal6Euanc;.
 3. Tnv eua,aen,onoinan Twv B1oμnxav1Kwv KUKAwv aTn xpna1μonolnan
 auTwv TWV ve:wv TEXVIKWV. AuT6 Eivat 6uvaT6v va 61EUKOAUV0EI
 161alTEpa μE Tn 61a0Ean El61KEUμe:vwv KE:VTPWV <BAe:nE napaypa(j)O
 via Touc; μeyaAouc; unoAoytaTe:c;).
 ---pagebreak--- 1-8
 ~uo napa6EtyμaTa oxE6iwv μnopo6v va xpno1μE6oouv y1a Tnv Ka~
 A6TEPn KaTav6non Twv En18uμnTwv EvEpyE1wv.
 - r6oTnμa EμnE1poyvwμoo6vn~ yta TI~ μETEWpOAOYIKE~
 npo~AE~El~ KOi TO nEpt~aAAOV
 - r6oTnμa noAua108rJTnPiwv ~ao I oμbo OT 1~ yvwoE 1~
 Ka8tva an6 auTa Ta oxt61a EnE~nyEI tva an6 Ta 660 npwTa onμEia
 nou ava~tpovTat avwTEpw.
 To npWTO OXEOIO anoOKOnEi OTn xpno1μonotnon TWV U~IOTaμEVWV
 ~aOtKWV TEXVIKWV KOi OTnv E~apμoyn TOU~ OE μta OUyKEKptμevn
 EnapKw~ o6v8ETn nEptnTwon, y1a Tn ~EATiwon TWV ~1oμnxav1Kwv
 tKaVoTnTWV OE BtμaTa Evonolnon~ KOi OPXITEKTOVtKn~ o6v8ETWV
 OUOTnμaTWV. H UAonolnon auTn E~apTaTal an6 TO anOTEAEOμa TWV
 onμEptvwv μEAETWV yta Tnv an6KTnon, Tnv avanapaOTaon KQI TO
 XEtp10μ6 TWV YVWOEWV KaBw~ KOi an6 6iKTUa aAAnAoo6v6Eon~ ou-
 OTnμaTWV. H avanTu~n 9a ava~EpETOI OTOV npoypaμμaTt0μ6 EVO~
 OUV8ETOU OUOTnμaTO~, OTnV KOTQOKEun YVWOTtKn~ ~aon~ 6E6oμEVWV,
 OTOV OXEOtaoμ6 KOi TDV E~apμoyn OPXITEKTOVIKWV npooapμooμEVWV
 OTn OUVEpyaoia OUOTnμaTWV EμnEtpoyvwμoo6vn~- 0a npEnEt Va
 npo~AE~8Ei npoona8EtQ Tn~ Ta~n~ TWV 1000 av9pWnOETWV yta 5
 tw~ 6 bn.
 To 6E6TEpo oxto,o Elva, an6 TD ~6on Tou tKav6 va Ev1ox60E1
 TI~ μEAETE~ OTI~ ~aOtKt~ TEXVIKE~• n Epyaoia auTn, 6nμ1oup-
 yWVTa~ VE~UPE~ μETO~U 660 0EμaTWV, -a108nTnPE~ KOi YVWOE1~-
 ea nTaV 6uvaT6V Va Ent~aAEI TDV EViOXUOD TWV 6paoTnp10TnTWV
 avanTu~n~ μOVTEAWV YVWOEWV y1a va TI~ KaVEI npoOITE~ OE ou-
 OTnμaTa €t066ou 6E60μEVWV μEOW 61ao6v6Eon~ μnxavn~-μnxavn~
 n av9pwnou-μnxavn~- H EVEPVEta auTn ea nTav 6uvaT6v va 61E-
 ~ax8Ei OTD 61apKE(a 3 TOUAaXtOTOV ETWV anatTWVTa~ μla npo-
 ona9Eta 250 av9pwnoETWV.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-9
 ENOnOIHMENH nAPArQrH ME TH BOH0EIA YnOAOrIETH
 H PIO (EVOlTOtnμtvn napaywyn μE Tn ~on0Eta UTTOAOytOTn), W~ OUVOAO
 TEXVOAOYIWV lTOU Ka0tOTOUV 6uvarn Tnv npayμaTonoinon TOU EVOTT01n-
 μEVOU auToμaTtOμou Epyooraoiwv OE Eva yEvtKOTEPO 1TAaio10 61oiKn-


text:
on~ Kat 61axEip1on~ Tn~ ETTIXEipnon~, ~piOKETal OTO KEVTPO μ1a~
 ayopa~ TTOU yivETal OAO Kai μEyaAUTEpn, a1TTOμEvn OTO E~n~ ~1oμn-
 xav1KWV TOμEWV TTOU OTO napEA06v rn~ nTav ayvWOTOI (n.x. Ot ~1oμn-
 xaviE~ Ev6uon~ Kai 6taTpo~n~). Ta ap18μnT1Ka OEOOμEva, TTOU TTEp10-
 pi~ovTat OTOV TOμEa TOU OXEOtaoμou Kai rn~ ~1oμnxav1Kn~ napaywyn~
 μE Tn ~on8Eta UlTOAOytorn ("CAD/CAM"), anoKaAUTTTOUV μta Eupwna'iKrJ
 ayopa 320 EKaToμμupiwv $ Kara TO 1982, TTPO~AETTOμEVO 6yKO 1.050
 EKaToμμupiwv $ y1a TO 1985 Kai npo~AETT6μEvo pu8μ6 avanru~n~ yta
 TO 1986 TTEPlTTOU 507. (1.550 EKaTOμμupta $).
 H PIO OTO OUVOAO rn~, ETTEt6n aKpt~W~ TTEPIAaμ~aVEI TTOAAOU~ npounap-
 XOVTE~ roμEi~, Eivat, npo~ ro nap6v, TTOAU 6uoKOAO va npoo61op1orEi
 TTOOOTIKO μE aKpi~Eta.
 0 TTAOUTO~ rn~ Eupwnn~, TTOU E~apr16Tav OAAOTE an6 Tnv IKav6rnTa
 Tn~ va napayEt aya0a u~nAn~ 1TP00Tt0EμEvn~ a~ia~ OE avTaywvtOTIKE~
 TtμE~, a1TEIAEiTa1 onμEpa OTTO TOV avTaywv10μ6 lTOU aOKOUV 01 Tpi-
 TE~ XWPE~ o'auT6v TOV roμta E~a1Tia~:
 - Tou xaμnA6TEpou KOOTou~ Twv EpyaT1Kwv (Aoia Kat N6Tta AμEp1KrJ)
 - Tou EVTaTIKOTEpou no10T1Kou EAEVXOU (Ianwvia)
 - TWV lTOAU onμaVTIKWV EOWTEPIKWV ayopwv (HnA)
 - Kai TWV aμEOWV xpnμaTOOOTnOEWV an6 TO KPOTO~ (HnA Kat Ianwv[a).
 H np6o6o~ lTOU ETTITEAEOTnKE OTI~ TEXVOAOVlE~ Tn~ ~toμnxavtKrJ~ na-
 paywyn~, xapn OTnv E~apμoyfi TWV TEXVOAOVIWV TWV lTAnpo~OplWV (Tn),
 lTPOKEITat OUVTOμa va ElTIOpadEI onμavTIKO OTOU~ napayOVTE~ lTOU
 EnnpEa~OUV Tnv napaywyn (aμEon ElTilTTWOn TOU EpyaTIKOU KOOTOU~
 OTO OUVOAIKO KOOTO~ Tn~ napaywyn~ n onμaoia Tn~ napaywyn~ μEya-
 An~ KAiμaKa~, TTOU aμ~,o~nTEiTat EV μEpEI an6 Ta EUEAIKTa OUOTn-
 μaTa napaywyfi~ n FMS).
 ---pagebreak--- 1-9 a
 01 yEv1KE~ ~EATIWOE1~ Tn~ anoTEAEOμaT1K6TnTa~, Tn~ a~1on10Tia~
 KOi Tn~ 6UVOTOTnTa~ npoOapμoyn~ TWV OUOTnμaTWV napaywyn~ ROU
 npoo,tpouv 01 Tn, anOTEAOOv. μova61Kn EUKa1pia y,a Tnv Eup~nn
 Va OVOKTnOEI Tnv UREPOXn Tn~ OTnv KOTOOKEU00T1Kn ~1oμnxavia, un6
 TOV opo Va KOTO~OAEI TI~ avayKatE~ npoona0EIE~.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-10
 [Tnv Ianwvia Kai OTls HnA, KaTa Tn 61apKEla TWV TEAEUTaiwv ETWV
 xpnμaTo6oTn8nKaV arr6 TO KpaTOs 6paOTIKEs EVEPVElEs OTOV TOμEa
 Tns E&A μE TTOAU ae1oonμEiWTa anOTEAEOμaTa: μ'auTOV TOV Tp6no
 6arravn8nKaV OTnV Ianwv(a μETa~U TOU 1972 Kat TOU 1982 KPOTIKO
 KE,aAata U~OUs 444 EKaToμμupiwv $ yta Tnv npow8non Tns a1oμn-
 xavias Twv EpyaAE1oμnxavwv. KaTa Tn 61apKE1a Tns 16,as nEp166ou,
 01 E~avwvts o·auT6v TOV Toμea nou avT1npoownEuav TO 501. nEpinou
 TWV E~aywywv TWV HnA, auenSnKav WOTE va ,aaoouv TO TPITTAOOIO
 EKEivwv TWV Hvwμevwv noAlTElWV.
 01 IanwVEs ,povTi~ouv μE 161aiTEpa anOTEAEOμaTtK6 TPOTTO WOTE Ol
 16EEs Kai 01 EVEPYEIEs va xpno1μonotOUVTat an6 KOIVOU, va unap-
 XEl a~tonolnon TWV 6taOTaupouμEVWV nAnpo,op1wv μETaeu TWV 61a-
 ,apwv KAa6wv, Ka, va E~ao,a\i~ETat n ouvtx1on Twv oxE6iwv.
 LTls HvwμEVE~ noAlTEiE~, 01 6anavE~ TOU YnoupyEiou Aμuvn~ (Y.A.)
 TTpOOT(8EVTal OTls XPnμaT06oTnOEls TOU μn OTpaTtWTIKOU TOμEa Kai
 En16pouv onμaVTlKa OTnv PIO. H us Air Force OTnpl~EI an6 KOlp6
 Kat μE EVEpy6 TPOTTO Tnv avanTuen OTnv PIO, npayμa TTOU ETTETPE~E
 va 6o8Ei ano,aOtOTtKn XPnμaT060TlKn Otnp1~n OE TTOAAO OXE61a o'
 auT6v Tov Toμta. An6 Tn OEKaETia Tou 70, TO Ev61a,tpov OTls
 HvwμEVEs noAtTEiE~ y1a Tl s npoonyμEVEs TEXVOAoyiEs napaywvns
 1
 auen8nKE OE onμaVTIKO aa0μ6. rEVIKO, unnp~E EVas OUVTOVIOμOs
 OTO TTAaioto TOU npoypaμμaTo~ MANTECH EK μEpOUs TOU Y.A. To
 np6ypaμμa !CAM y1a Tnv EVOno1nμtvn napaywyn μE Tn aon8E1a uno-
 XoytOTn TTOU apx10E TO 1977-78 an6 Tnv US Air


text:
Force ETUXE XPnμa-
 T06oTnOEWV TTOU aKOAou0noav TaXU pu0μ6.
 01 TEXVOAOyiEs Tns napaywyn~ 61EPXOVTOl μ1a μETaaaTtKn TTEpiooo.
 H Eupwnn 6EV npETTEI va a,noEt VO X00Ei n EUKatp(a TTOU Tn~ 6ivE-
 Tal va KE,aAono1noE1 Tls ETTEVOUOEls OE u,10TaμEVO E&A. npETTEI
 Va aEATIOTOTTOtnOEl TI~ 6uvaμEts Kat TOU~ TTOpOUs TTOU UTTapXOUV
 OTnv Ko1v6TnTa. H nayK60μ1a ayopa a,oμnxavtKOU aUTOμat1oμou
 ---pagebreak--- 1-10 a
 ea KUμaivETat TO 1989 μETa~u 65 Kal 75 EKaToμμupiwv $, EVW TO
 1983 avTtnpoawnEUE μ6vo 15 EKaToμμupta $. H OlKOVOμlKD npoana-
 ecta yta Tn OTnpt~n μta~ avanTu~n~ auTOU TOU μEyEeou~ <n Eupw-
 na1Kn ayopa Tn~ PIO ea npETIEl va 6tnAaa1aOTEi OE 6taaTnμa 4
 ETWV) npETIEl va EiVal TIOAU μEyaAn.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-11
 EvTOUTOl1⁄2, xwpi1⁄2 μ1a 6paOTlKD EVEPYElO TUTIOnornon1⁄2 KOl OUVTOVl-
 oμou, TO OTIOTEAEOμaTa nou AOμ~aVOVTOl OTl1⁄2 61a,opE1⁄2 XWPE1⁄2 6Ev Sa
 DTOV 6uvaT6v va OTIOTEAEOOUV EVtalo OUVOAO KOl Sa unnPXE μEyOAO1⁄2
 Kiv6uvo1⁄2 TIEPlTTD1⁄2 EnavaAn~n1⁄2 Tn1⁄2 EPEUVO1⁄2-
 H PIO nEp1~aAAETa1 μE ano,ao10T1Kn 01Kovoμ1Kn Kat Ko1vwv1Kn on-
 μaora, OTIW1⁄2 ,aiVETOl an6 TO napaOElyμa Tn~ FIAT. Mta OUTOK1vnTo-
 ~1oμnxavia Tou μEytSou1⁄2 Tn1⁄2 FIAT o,EiAEt, npayμaT1, Tnv t~oo6 Tn1⁄2
 an6 Tnv Kpion (nou KlVOUVEUE va oonvnoEt OTnv KOTappEuon Tn1⁄2 En1-
 XEipnon~ KOTO Tn OEKaETia TOU 70) OE μEyOAO ~a8μ6 OTn μa~lKD El-
 oaywyn Tn1⁄2 PIO OTl1⁄2 napaywytKE1⁄2 Tn1⁄2 61ao1KaOiE1⁄2- AUTO ETIE.EPE,
 npo,avw1⁄2, onμavTlKO KOlVWVlKO KAOVl0μ6, a,ou n E,apμoyn OUOTnμa-
 TO1⁄2 PIO anatTEI Tn OlEAEUOn an6 μ1a μETa~aTtKn ,aon KaTa Tnv onoia
 n ~EATfwon Tn1⁄2 avTayWVlOTlKOTnTa1⁄2 TWV μEyOAWV ETIIXEtpnoEwv, Tnv
 ono[av K08lOTa 6uvaTn, OEV EXEi w1⁄2 aμEOO avTIKpuoμa Tn 6nμ1oupy1a
 vtwv StoEwv anaox6Anon1⁄2- np6KE1Ta1 tow via tva noAu AEnT6 onμEio
 nou nptnEt va An,SEf un6~n KaTa Tnv E~ETaon Twv EupwnaiKwv oxEoi-
 wv naptμ~aon1⁄2 OTOV TOμEa Tn1⁄2 PIO.
 E~aAAOU μ1a TEXVOAOVlKn E~OPTnon an6 Tl1⁄2 HnA Kal Tnv Ianwvra Sa
 EμTIOOl~E Tnv Eupwnn VO apXIOEl μta OlaOtKaO[a SETtKn1⁄2 aVTIOpaon1⁄2
 nou Sa Tn1⁄2 ETIETPETIE va avTADOEl TO μEyaAUTEpa o,tAn an6 Tn 61Kn
 Tn1⁄2 TEXVOAOVlKn np6ooo. Eivat, rrpayμaTt, non OUVaT6 Va aVTlμE-
 TWTilOTEI TO EV6ExoμEVO UAOno(non~ OUOTnμaTWV rrapaywyn1⁄2 ~OOlOμEVWV
 OE μEyOAO ~aSμ6 OTl1⁄2 EupwnaiKE1⁄2 TEXVOAoyiE1⁄2, OTa orroia TO Epya-
 TIKO KOOTO~ avT1rrpoowrrE6E1 nooooT6 μ1Kp6TEpo arr6 101 TOU ouvoA1-
 Ko6 KOOTOU1⁄2 TOU npoi6vTO1⁄2-
 Arr6 auTE1⁄2 Tl1⁄2 OKE~El1⁄2 Eiva1 ouvaT6 va ouvaxSEi TO ouμrrtpaoμa 6T1
 μta EupwrraiKn npoonaSEta o'auT6v TOV TOμEa Eivat, EKTO1⁄2 arr6 En1-
 SuμnTn, anapaiTnTn KaSw1⁄2 μOAlOTa urrapxouv KOl napa6EiyμaTa nou
 ,avEpWVOUV Tnv opS6TnTa auTn~ Tn1⁄2 npOOEyy10n1⁄2: OTTO TO TilO rrpo-
 ,avn EIVOI TO napa6Etyμa TOU rrpoypaμμaTO1⁄2 ESPRIT 6rrou n Ko1v6TnTa
 ---pagebreak--- 1-11 a
 ano6EiXBnKE tKav~ va 61a6paμaTiaE1 anμavT1K6 KaTaAuT1K6 p6Ao
 OTnv npowBnan Tn~ E&A y1a TI~ TEXVOAoyiE~ nou Eiva, anapaiTnTE~
 OTnv avanTu~n Tn~ PIO. o, EV AOVW TEXVOAoyiE~ EiVat 6uvaT6v,
 nap'6Aa auTa, va μnv ano~Epouv an6 μ6vE~ Tou~ nAouTn, y1a
 600 61aaTnμa 6Ev Ba E~apμ6~0VTal μE anOTEAEOμaTIKO Tp6no.
 ---pagebreak--- 1-12
 r1 'auT6v TO \6yo OTO n\aioto Twv EVEPYEtwv Twv onoiwv avTtμE-
 Twni(ETat n OIE~aywyn OTOV TOμEa Tns PIO TTPOTEiVOVTat ouo oxt-
 6ta TTOU TTEptypa~OVTat TTIO KOTW. To Eva ouvioTaTat OTnv avanTu-
 ~n KEVTPWV EVOTToinons TWV OUOTaTtKWV OTOlXEiwv Tns EVOTT01nμEvns
 napaywvns μE Tn BonSEta UTTOAOytOTn, TTPOEPXOμEVWV an6 Tls EPEU-
 VEs TTOU :01E~OyOVTat an6 TO OUVOAO TWV EUPWTTaiwv napaywywv, Kai
 Sa nptnE1 va ouμBa\Et oTn


text:
BE\Tiwon Tns SEons Taus OTts EvT6s
 Kat EKTOs Eupwnns ayopts. To OAAO a~opa μ1a TTIO OUYKEKptμtvn
 UAOTToinon, a~ou TTPOKEtTat y1a Tnv avanTu~n EVOs poμn6T, OXEOOV
 auT6voμou, nou Sa μnopEi va EAiOOETat OE EXSPtK6 TTEPtBaA\ov.
 To OEUTEpo auT6 oxto10 anoTEAEi anT6 napa6Etyμa, OE tva ETTtAEyμt-
 vo Stμa, TWV ouvaToTnTWV TWV VEWV TEXVOAOYIWV.
 ---pagebreak--- 1- 13
 vnEPYnO/\OrIHHr
 Ot VEE~ OPXITEKTOVIKE~ unOAOVIOTWV Eiva1 EKE(VE~ nou anoaAEnouv
 E(TE OTnv au~non Tn~ IOXUO~ TOU UROAOytOμou yta Tnv ERE~Epyaoia
 ap18μnTtKWV 6E6oμEVWV (unEpap18μoμnxavE~) E(TE OTO va KaTaOTnoouv
 6uvaTn Tnv EnE~Epyaoia 6E6oμEVWV nou naptOTOVOVTOI μE ouμ~OAa
 (μn ap18μnT1Ka 6E60μEva), napa6EiyμaTO~ xapn OTI~ E~apμoyE~
 Tn~ TEXVnTn~ vonμoouvn~-
 H ayopa TWV UREpap18μoμnxavwv OVTtnpOOWREUE 15 6tOEKaToμμup1a
 60Aap1a TO 1984 Kai 8a npEnEI va OUVEX(OEI va au~aVETOI μE ETno10
 pu8μ6 20 %. To μovonWAIO o'auTnv Tnv ayopa KOTEXOUV 01 HvwμEVE~
 noAtTEiE~ (IBM Kat 3 aAAE~ ETatpiE~), Evw op1oμEvE~ 1anwv1KE~
 ETatpiE~ ERIXElpouv an6 Ta TEAn TOU 1983 va KaTaAaaouv op10μEva
 "KEva". H EupwnaiKn a1oμnxav{a anouOtatEI an6 aUT~V Tnv ayopa
 EXOVTa~ EOTl60EI TI~ npoona8EIE~ Tn~ OTOU~ unOAOVIOTE~ μton~
 KOi xaμnAn~ IOXUO~. 01 XPno1μono1ouvTE~ ~OpEi~ OTnv Eupwnn
 E~apTwvTa1 OAOKAnpwTtKa an6 Tt~ Hv~μEvE~ noAtTEiE~ Kai, OE Ai-
 yo, iow~ Kat an6 Tnv Ianwvia. Kai 6μw~ 01 EV A6yw ~opEi~
 npoEpxovTa1 an6 61a~opou~ TOμEi~ Tn~ a1oμnxavia~ : nETPEAaiKn
 EPEUVa, XnμtK~ a1oμnxavia, aEpo61aOTnμ1K~ a1oμnxavia 16iw~ y1a
 TI~ E~apμoyE~ TWV aEpoonpayywv <aA. oxt610 nponyμEVE~ aEpocn-
 payyE~), μETEwpoAoyia, y1a va nEp1op10TouμE oTnv ava~opa op1oμt-
 vwv μOVOV napa6EtyμOTWV. AKoμa Kai O ap18μ6~ TWV UnEpap18μoμnxa-
 VWV nou EXOUV Tono8ETn8Ei OTnv Eupwnn Eiva, μ1Kp6~, E~alTia~ TOU
 U~OU~ TWV avayKaiwv EREV6UOEWV. KaTa OUV€REla, 8iyETal TO OUVO-
 AO TOU a1oμnxav1KOU (nvEuμaTIKOi 6nμ1oupyoi, XP~OTE~) Kai navE-
 n10Tnμ1aKOU 10Tou (KaTapT1on, EpEuva).
 ·ooov a~opa Tnv EnE~Epyaoia Twv 6E6oμEvwv nou nap10TavovTa1 μE
 OuμaoAa, n ayopa apiOKETat OTI~ apxE~ Tn~• 8a avanTUX8Ei, 6μw~,
 •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- 1 - 13a
 onμaVTIKO μE Tnv Eμ~OVtOn TWV E~apμoywv Tn~ TEXVnTn~ vonμoouvn~.
 MEAETE~ Tn~ ayopa~ 6Elxvouv OTI n avanTu~n auTn~ Tn~ ayopa~ Sa
 npETIEI va aKOAou8noE1 TOUAOXIOTOV TOV 1610 Taxu pu8μ6 TIOU aKo-
 Aou8noE n ayopa TWV UTIEpap18μoμ~xavwv. 01 laTIWVE~ unnp~av 01
 TIPWTOI TIOU avayyE1Aav TI~ npo8EOEI~ TOU~ ava~op1Ka μE aUTE~ TI~
 μnxavE~, μE TO oxt610 T~~ s~~ YEVEa~, EVW TOU~ OKOAou8noav xw-
 pi~ ~pa6unopia 01 HvwμEvE~ no\1TEtE~ 6nou noAAE~ ETatpiE~ μ1-
 KponAEKTpov1Kn~ Kai n\npo~op1Kn~ OUVEvwoav TI~ 6uvaμEl~ TOU~ •
 • • • I •• •
 ---pagebreak--- 1 - 14
 [To ESPRIT Aaμ~aVETal urr6~n o OX£61aoμ6~ Kain avarrTu~n μnxavwv
 auTou Tou Ei6ou~ oTnv Eupwrrn· 6£v rrpo~AErr£Ta1 6μw~ n 61a8£on
 TETOIWV μn:avwv y1a XPnon arr6 TOU~ XPnOTE~ OTO ~1oμnxaVIKO n
 rrav£rr10Tnμ1aK6 TOμEa. AuT6~ o rr£1paμaT10μ6~ OE ~1oμnxav1K6
 ITAOIOIO EIVOI avayKaio~ yta Va ~on0nOEI OTn ~EATiwon TOU OXE-
 61aoμou.
 'Eva oxE610 rrou ea EVEPVOUOE w~ KivnTPO y1a TI~ VEE~ OPXITEKTO-
 VIKE~ UITOAOVIOTWV Sa nTaV 6uvaTOV va KQTOPTIOTEi μ£ TOV aK6Aou8o
 Tp6rro:
 1. rxc61aoμ6~ Kai avarrTu~n VEWV apx1TEKTOVIKWV.
 Ta xpnμaT060TIKO μEoa KOi TO av8pwrrtvo 6uvaμtK6, Ka8w~ KOi TO Erri-
 rr£6o IKOVOTnTWV ITOU arratTOUVTQI y1a Tnv avarrTu~n μta~ UITEpap18μ0-
 μnxavn~ ouvnyopouv urrEp μta~ ouyKEVTpwon~ TWV 6uvaμEWV KOi μ1a~
 ouvEpyaoia~ OE EupwrraiK6 errirr£6o.
 01 μEAETE~ OT1~ apxtTEKTovtKE~ y1a Tnv ErrE~Epyaoia ouμ~6Awv
 txouv avaAn~8£1 arr6 TO ESPRIT Kat


text:
op1oμEvE~ arr6 auTE~ Tt~
 EVEPYEIE~ ~piOKOVTOI n6n OTO OTa610 Tn~ 6t£~aywyn~. H μEAETn,
 rrapaAAnAa, Tn~ Evorroinon~ auTWV TWV 660 TUITWV apxtTEKTOVIKWV
 W~ ~aon yta Tnv UAorroinon OUOTnμaTWV KOTOOKEUaOμEVWV yta TO XEl-
 p10μ6 Twv yvwoEwv Sa ~Tav 6uvaT6v va oTnPtX8Ei Kat va ouμ~aAEt
 OTI~ apXITEKTOVIKE~ OUOTnμaTWV EμrrEtpoyvwμoouvn~-
 •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- 1 - 14 a
 T"1~ EKμETOAAEua~s Twv anoTEAEOμaTwv nou npoKunTouv an6 TO ESPRIT
 Kai an6 To avwTEPW axt610, Eivat 6uvaT6v va 6nμ1oupyn0o6v E161-
 KEUμEva KEVTpa E~unnpETnan~-
 Ta EV A6yw KEVTpa 0a aAAnAoauv6EovTa1 WOTE va yivETat EnotKo6oμn-
 TIK~ EKμETOAAEuan Tn~ auμnAnpwμaTtK6TnTa~ TWV unnpEa1wv, va En1-
 TaxuvETa1 n avTaAAay~ nAnpo~optwv Kat va EUVOEtTat n xpna1μonoi-
 nan vEwv nponyμEvwv EPYOAEiwv un0Aoy1aμou.
 Ta KEVTpa auTa 0a KaTaOT~OOUV OUVaT~ Tnv napox~:
 - OTOU~ nvEuμaTIKOU~ 6nμ1oupyou~ VEWV apxtTEKTOVIKWV, TWV PaaEWV
 y1a Tnv EKTiμnan TWV TPEXOUOWV Epyaa1wv TOU~
 •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- 1- 15
 Orn TTOVETT IOTrJI.J IOKCX OTEAEXri., TWV μe:owv e:pEuvac; Ka8wc; Ka I TOU nE6 i OU
 TTE1paμaT10μ06 y1a TrjV EKnai6Euari KOi TrjV KOTCXPTIOrj
 OTtc; a, >μrixaviEc; AOYIKOU, TWV Epya>..Eiwv aaoric; TTOU Eivat avayKaia
 y1a Trj aEATiWOrj Trjc; 8e:anc; TOUc; OTrjV TEXVOAOy{a TOU AOYlKOU
 - OTouc; XPnOTEc;, TWV UTTrtPEOIWV nou XPEICX~OVTOI.
 KEVTpa OUTOU TOU Ei6ouc; 8a nTaV 6uvaT6V Va 6riμ1oupyrj80UV OE OArj
 TrjV Eupwnn μE, EV6EXO~Eva, op1aμe:vEc; El6tKEUOElc;
 unripEaia unEpap18μoμnxavwv, nou AEITOUPYEi we; μova6a KOTavo-
 μnc; Epyaa1wv (1) (service bureau)
 KEVTPO OTnpt~rjc; TWV E,apμoywv, yta TrjV EUOI08rjTOTTOirjOrj KOi TrjV
 KaTapT1ori Twv Ev6Exoμe:vwv XEtptoTwv, OXETtKa μE Trt xpria1μonoi-
 riori Twv ve:wv auTwv μe:owv uno>..oy10μ06, KOi y1a va Touc; 6waE1
 Trj 6uvaT6TrtTa va EKTtμnaouv TOV avTiKTUTTO Touc; OTlc; napouOEc;
 μE866ouc; Epyaaiac;
 - KEVTpa OTnpt~nc; TWV OXE6iwv, μE Trj OuμμETOXn TWV a1oμnxavwv
 KOi Trjc; EntTponnc;, yta Va EUVOrj0Ei rj 6tac500rj TWV wpwna'iKWV
 npoiOVTWV KOi rj OUYKAIOrj TWV auμ,Ep6VTWV TWV OuμμETEXOVTWV
 (Ka8op10μ6c; npoTvnwv •••• ).
 To u~oc; Trjc; OPXtKnc; Ene:v6uaric; nou ana1TEiTal y1a e:va axe:610 auTOU
 TOU TUTTOU Ka810Ta 6uOKOArj, av 6x1 a66vaTri, μ1a npwToaou>..ia npoEp-
 xoμEvri anOKAEIOTIKO an6 Trj a,oμrixavia. H 6riμ1oupyia μ1oc; Eupw-
 naiKnc; OUVEpyaaiac; OXETIKCX μE OUTO TO 0e:μa 8a e:6tVE Trj 6uvaT6TrjTO
 VO UTTEpnrj6rj80UV OUTCX TO Eμn66ta.
 • • I •••
 ( 1) Mova6a KaTavoμnc;; Epyao IWV (service bureau) : 6 I a8EOrj, OE e:va 6 i -
 KTUO, μtac; El6tKEUμEVrjc; UTTrjpEOiac; yta TrjV E~UTTrjpETrjOrj μEya>..ou
 ap18μ06 XPrtOTWV.
 ---pagebreak--- 1- 16
 r'auT6 TO nAaio10 6uo OXE61a Eiva1 6uvaT6v va xpno1μEuoouv y1a
 Tnv ETTE~~vnon μE napa6EiyμaTa TWV EVEPYEIWV OXETIKO μE TOU~
 UTTEPU'ITOAOVIOTE~-
 - YnEpap18μoμnxavn y1a Tnv ap18μnT1Kn ETTE~Epyaoia
 - Ap18μoμnxavt~ u~nAWV ETTIOOOEWV nou TTEPIAaμaavouv
 ETTE~EpyaoiE~ ouμaoAWV KOi ap18μwv
 To npwTO oxe:6 to anooKonE i OTO ne:paaμa OE avWTEPO ,aoμa 1oxuo~
 y1a Tnv ap1eμnT1Kn ETTE~Epyaoia (100 GFL0PS). 'Eva~ TETOIO~
 OTOXO~ OEV μnopEi va ETTITEUX0Ei napa μ6vo av aao10TEi KavEi~
 dE Eva dUVOAO ouμnAnpwμaTIKWV TOμEWV : μ1KponAEKTpov1Kn (Ta-
 XE i E~ ouv I dTWdE~ As Ga aA. a. 1-4), TEXVOAOY i a TOU AOY I KOU
 (EpyaAEia npoypaμμaTIOμou), EpyaAEia uno~on8ouμEVOU OXE01aoμou,
 Ka8w~ KOi TTOAAOi TOμEi~ y1a TI~ E,apμoye:~ (nETPEAaiKn EpEUVa,
 a1oμnxavia xnμ1KWV npotOVTWV, OEPOVOUTIKn, μETEWPOAoyia •••• ).
 'Eva TETOIO oxe:610, Aaμaavoμe:vou uno,n TOU YEYOVOTO~ OTI 01
 oμa6E~ anTOVTOI TTOAAWV ETTIOTnμoVIKWV KAOOWV, analTEi EVTOVO
 OUVTOVI0μ6" npe:nEI va


text:
npoaAE,8Ei npbona8E1a 2.500 av8pwnOETWV
 y1a 5 e:w~ 6 bn.
 To OEUTEpo OXEOIO TTOU EVOTTOIEi TI~ EnE~EpyaoiE~ ouμaoAWV KOi
 ap1eμwv Eiva1 μia μEAETn OPXITEKTOVIKn~ n μaAAOV μ1a~ KaTnyo-
 pia~ OPXITEKTOVIKWV Tn~ onoia~ 01 OUVIOTWOE~ ea Eiva1 01 unap-
 XOVTE~ un0Aoy10Te:~ (unEpunoAoy10T~~, μnxave:~ non-von Neumann)"
 ea EiVOI OUVOTOV VO npooapμOOTEI OE ,aoμaTa E,apμoywv. To EV
 AOYW dXEOIO ea EnW,EAneEi an6 TI~ μEAETE~ apXITEKTOVIKn~ dUdTn-
 μcXTWV noAuEμnE t poyvwpoauvn~ Ka t Ba npoapEf)Et To μe:oo EKTEAEan~
 yta T!~ E~apμoye:~ nou anatTOUV u,nAe:~ e:m660EI~ EiTE μ£ TOU~
 avayKaiou~ xp6vou~ an6Kp1an~, EiTE μE Tov 6yKo TWV 6E6oμe:-
 vwv nou u,ioTaVTal ETTE~Epyaoia. npe:nEt va npoaAE,eEi npoana-
 0Eta Tr,~ Ta~n~ TWV 2.000 av8pwnoETWV yta 6 e:Tn.
 ---pagebreak--- 2.1
 2 - TEXNOAOfIEE TQN IDNTQN OPfANIEMQN
 01 npwTE~ KOIVOTIKE~ npwToPouAiE~ y1a TOV EAEVXO Kai Tnv
 EKμETQAAEuan TWV ouyxpovwv PtOTEXVOAOVIWV XPOVOAOVOUVTOI an6 TO
 1982, on6TE apx10E eva np6ypaμμa EpEuva~ Kai En1μ6p~wan~ OTov
 Toμta Tn~ 81oμop1aKn~ MnxaviKn~, OKOAOU8ouμEVOU TO 1985 ano Tnv
 EyKp1an onμavTtK6TEpou npoypaμμaTO~ PtOTEXVOAoyia~. 01 opaOEI~
 auTt~ xapaKTnpi~OVTOI an6 TETOla ETIIAOVn 8EμOTWV KOi Tp6nwv
 E~apμoyn~, nou Sa KaStOTOUOav OUVaTn Tnv apon OE1pa~ npoOKoμ-
 μaTWV nou nEp1opi~ouv onμavT1Ka TI~ ouvaT6TnTE~ a~1onotnon~
 OTnv Eupwnn TWV np6a~aTWV EnlTEUyμOTWV Tn~ μoptaKn~ ~IOAOyia~,
 6nw~ Tnv avEnapKEIO Tn~ unoooμn~ Tn~ EPEUVa~, Tnv KaSUOTtpnon
 OTI~ PaOIKE~ YVWOEI~ yupw an6 TO vta EpEuvnTtKa μtaa, Tnv avE-
 napKEta OE EIOIKEuμtvo avSpWTIIVO 6uvaμ1K6, TOV KOTOKEpμOTI0μ6
 (Kai Tnv an6KA1an) TWV npoanaSEIWV nou KOTaPaAAOVTOI OTI~ 616-
 ~0PE~ XWPE~, an6 EpEuvnTtKOU~ ~OpEi~ TOU onμoaiou Kat an6 Tn
 P1oμnxavia, Kai TtAo~ Tn ouaKoAia EniTEu~n~ Twv En1ntowv EKElvwv
 nou Sa ETIETpEnav μia TOXEla avanTu~n- 01 npWTE~ auTE~ Ko1vo-
 T1Kt~ EVEPVEIE~ OVTlnpOOWTIEUOUV tva 6yKO npoanaSEIWV, n nAnpn~
 a~1onolnon TWV onolwv Sa auviOTOTO OTnv avaAn~n μEyOAWV KtvnTn-
 p1wv tpywv μE OT6XOU~ Ko1vn~ anoooxn~ Kai OUOIOOTIKO anOTEAEOμaTa.
 rnμEpa n EntTponn Elva, OE Stan va npoxwpnOEI OTnv EKTtAEOn TE-
 TOIWV epywv, PaOEI TWV TEXVOAOVIKWV YVWOEWV nou anOKTnSnKaV an6
 Tnv UAOnoinon TWV TPEX6VTWV npoypaμμaTWV, va a~1ono1nOEI, XWPi~
 61aKpiOEI~ nou avayovTal OTO xwp10μ6 TWV ETIIOTnμwv, Ta TIOAAOTIAO
 ETIIOTnμov1Ka Kai TEXVIKO EnlTEuyμaTa Tn~ Enoxn~ μa~, KOi TtAO~
 va XPn01μono1nOEI Ta U~IOTOμEva μEOa y1a ~nv EniTEu~n EV6~ OT6XOU
 npoavTayWVIOTIKOU xapaKTnpa KOi KOIVOTIKOU EVOta~tpovTO~.
 Ta Epya auTa μnopouv va unaxSouv OE TPEI~ KUPIE~ EVOTnTE~,
 01 onoiE~ op10SETOUV OWOTa TI~ 1616TnTE~ TWV ~WVTWV opyav1aμwv
 Ka, TI~ axtaE1~ Tau~ μE To nEp1PaAAov:
 1. 01 yEv~TtKE~ Kai P1oμop1aKt~ TEXVOAoyiE~ w~ μtoo 61EpEuvnon~
 TWV IOIOTnTWV TWV ~WVTWV opyav10μWV
 2. 01 yEwpyo-P·1oμnxav1KE~ TEXVOAoyiE~ w~ μtoo PEATiwan~ TOU auvTo-
 vroμou TWV VEWPYIKWV Kai P1oμnxav1KWV 6paaTnp10TnTwv
 3. o, TEXVOAoylE~ aTov Toμea Tn~ uyEla~ w~ μtoo avanTu~n~ Tn~
 npoAnnTIKn~ taTptKn~.
 ---pagebreak--- , 1 2.2 ,I
 1. fENETIKEr KAI BIOMOPIAKEL TEXNOAOfIEL
 E1oaywyii
 Ta ye:vwμaTa anoTEAOUV Tn ~aon Tnc;; 61a~oponoinonc;; TWV e:16wv
 nou KOTOIKOUV Tn YrJ, K00W<; KOi TWV OVTOVWVIOTIKWV 16tOtr}TWV TOU<;.
 Mia e:yye:vfic;; t6t6TnTa TWV ye:vwμaTWV e:ivat n IKOV6TnTa OUT0-61nAa-
 OIOOμou TOU<;. H avarrapaywyfi TOU<;, 6μwc;;, 61a μEOOU TWV ye:ve:wv KOi
 TWV ~UAAOVOVIKWV oe:1pwv, un6KEITOI oe: arre:1poe:Aax10Te:c;; μe:Ta~OAE~,
 ouve:xe:ic;; KOi ouoowpe:u6μe:ve:c;;, μe: anoTEAe:oμa TO yvwoT6 ~a1v6μe:vo
 Tnc;; e:~EA1~nc;;-e:n1Aoyfic;;. H e:~EAl~n e:yypa~e:TOI OTO ye:vwμaTa, anoTe:-
 AEi e:yye:vEc;; OT01xe:io TOU ~wvToc;; opyav10μ06. EvTouTotc;; n e:n1Aoyfi
 e:iva1 TEXVnTrJ, 6e:6oμtvou 6Tt npOKURTEI an6 TO 61aAoyo TWV


text:
yov16iwv
 μe: tva aoTa0tc;; Kai 61apKwc;; μe:TaPaAA6μe:vo ne:p1~aAAov. H 61a61Kaoia
 Tnc;; e:~EA1~nc;;-e:n1Aoyfic;; EXEi we; anoTEAe:oμa T6oo Tov e:μnAouT10μ6 Tnc;;
 ~16o~a1pac;;, μtow Tnc;; 61a~oponolnonc;; Twv xapaKTnp10T1Kwv Twv 6vTwv,
 600 KOi Tnv OTUXn KOTaAn~n OE OUVKUPIOKO Aa0n (e:~EAIKTIKO a61t~o6a
 oe: e:nine:60 YEWAOVIKWV e:noxwv, ye:ve:TIKO EAOTTWμOTO KOi e:~ao0e:vnμtva
 aToμa oe: e:nine:60 ye:ve:wv av0pwnwv). H av0pwn1vn 6paoTnp16TnTa e:ixe:
 navTOTE onμavT1Kn e:ni6paon OTOV ERIAEKTIK6 n6Ao TOU 6inTUXOU e:~E-
 A1~n-e:n1Aoyn, e:ntAEVOVTO<; A6you xap1v Ta twiKa KOi ~UTIKQ e:ion
 y1a TI<; KOAAl€pye:1tc;; Tnc;;, ouyKEVTPWVOVTO<; TO μ1KpO~lOKa OTe:Atxn
 y1a TI<; tuμWOEI<; OTO Tp6~1μa.
 To ye:yov6c;; μe: TO onoio e:lva1 avTtμe:Twnn n Kup1apxouμe:vn arr6
 Tnv Te:xvoAoyia Kotvwvia Tau TEAouc;; Tau 20ou a1wva txe:1 Tn ~aon
 TOU OTnv E~OlpETIKrJ au~non TWV OUVOTOTnTWV KOTav6nonc;;, KOi EV
 ouve:xe:ia EAEYXOU, TWV μEXPI onμe:pa μu0Tnp1w6wv μnxav1oμwv e:~€A1~nc;;
 TWV ~1oμopiWV KOi TWV EIOWV. LUViOTOTOI OE OTI<; VEE<; 6UVOT6TnTe:<;
 Tau av0pwnou va EAEY~E1 rnuT6xpova KOi rnuc;; Mo n6Aouc;; TOU 6inu-
 xou E~EA1~n-e:n1Aoyfi. To TEXVOAOVIK6 aAμa OTO onoio OTnpix0nKe:
 n OVEU nponyouμtvou auTn np6o6oc;; ouviOTOTOI OTnv TEAE1onoinon,
 e:vT6c;; 6tKa μ6vo ETwv, ap18μ06 e:~a1pe:T1Ka ano60T1Kwv μop1aKwv op-
 yavwv y1a Tn 61e:pe:6vnon rwv μnxav1oμwv nou 61Enouv Ta xapaKTnp1-
 0TtKa Tnc;; ~wiic;;, napaAAnAa μe: Tnv avanTu~n e:v6c;; ~on0nTtKOU e:~o-
 RAIOμou, OAOEVO KO! artOTEAEOμOTIK6Te:pou, y1a Tn OUVKEVTpwon KOi
 e:ne:~e:pyaoia TWV ~tOAOYIKWV 6e:6oμtvwv.
 LTO onμe:p1v6 e:nine:60 TWV ~OOIKWV TEXVOAOVIKWV yvwoe:wv, 660
 μe:yaAa tpya npo~Atne:Ta I va 0e:oouv aμe:owc;; oe: e:vtpye: 1a TI c;; apTt6Te:pe:c;;
 YEVETlKE<; Te)(VOAOyie:c;; rrpoc;; 6~AO<; Tnc;; e:n I OTnμov I Kr}<; Ka I ~ I oμnxav I Kn<;
 Ko I v6TnTCxc;; :
 - n ne:p1ypa~ii TWV ye:vwμaTWV op1oμe:vwv OVWTe:pwv opyav1oμwv, Kai
 n ye:ve:TlKrJ Kai μop1aKii 61e:pe:6vnon op1oμe:vwv AEITOUPVIKWV 1610TrJTWV
 Tot..g;, ·1 aTp I Kou ii ye:wpyo-~ 1oμnxav I Kou e:v61 a~tpovToc;;,
 - n KaTe:u0uv6μe:vn e:~EAl~n, μe: Tnv onoia e:n1Tuyxave:Ta1 0 npoypaμ-
 μaT10μ6c;; Tnc;; avanTu~nc;; Twv μopiwv Kai opyav1oμwv.
 ---pagebreak--- 2.3 .,•.•
 A. nEptypa~n, OE OptOμEVOUt OVWTEPOUt opyov1oμout, Tnt 6oμnt TWV
 yEvwμaTwv Kot Twv ~nxov,oμ~v nou Ko0op{~ouv onμovTtK6 AE1Toup-
 y1k6 xapaKTnptOTIK.
 0 OT6xot OUT6t onOKTO μEy6Xn EnlKOtp6TnTo X6yw Tnt onμooiot TWV
 6owv 6tOKUPEUOVTOI KOi Tnt ouvtpyEtOt nou onμEpo napoTnpEiTOI
 μETo~u nopo60010K6 avE~OPTnTwv En10Tnμwv 6nwt n Ka0auT6 yEVETIKD,
 n KUTTOPIKD PtoAoyta KOi n μoptaKn P10Xoyta. E161K6TEpa n μop,a-
 KD Pt0Aoy1a Elva, auTn nou onμEpa npwTaywvtOTEI OTOV aμo1Paio
 EμnAOUTL0μ6 TWV EV A6yw EntOTnμwv, 0ETOVTOt OTn 6168Eon Tnt EpEu-
 vat E~OLPETIKO EpyaXEla, 6nwt Ta tv~uμa avaOTOAnt y1a Tnv on6-
 onaon KOi Tn μETaμ60XEUOn (AEVETOI "ouvapμoyn") TWV yov16iwv,
 Tit TEXVIKEt μoptaKnt uPp16onoinont yta Tnv TOUTOnotnon TWV yov1-
 6lwv μE TOUt OVIXVEUTEt DNA, Tit TEXVIKEt 610- n Tp106160TaTnt
 nAEKTpo~6pnont yta Tnv nEp1ypa~n Tnt noAuμop~lat TWV Et6wv DNA,
 RNA, n npWTEiVWV K00Wt KOi Tnt KIVnTtKnt Tnt Eμ~avront TOUt, Tnv
 El61KD onμavon μE μOVOKAWVIKO OVTIOWμaTa, KOi, PEPalwt, TOV OAQ-
 tva au~av6μEvo ap18μ6 ~optwv μop1aKnt 6nμ1oupyfat KXwvwv nou En1-
 TptnE1 Tnv K00apon in vitro, TOV TOVI0μ6 KOi Tnv KIVnTtK6TnTa
 μETa~u 61a~6pwv ~EVIOTWV, EV6t 0EwpnTtK6 anEpt6pt0TOU ap18μou
 VEVETIKWV IOIOTDTWV.
 [TO E~nt n μEAETn TWV YEVWμOTWV TOn00ETEiTal OTO EniKEVTPO Tnt
 yEVETtKnt TEXVOAoylat, 6E6oμEVOU 6Tt :
 n nAtov aμEon a~tonoinon TWV npoava~Ep0tvTwv μoptaKwv EpyaAEiwv
 OUV(OTOTOI OTn XPn01μonofnon TOUt OTn 6tEpEuvnon TOU VEVWμOTOt
 KOi Tnt AEITOUpyiat TOU,
 - n nEpt006TEPO μaKponp60EOμn a~tonoinon


text:
TOUt 6EV 0a OUyKEKp1-
 μEvono1n8Ei OE E~apμovtt Tout oTnv 1aTptKD, Tn Pioμnxavia Kai Tn
 yEwpyia napa μ6vo E~6dov 61EpEuvn9ouv KOAUTEpa 01 6oμEt KOi 01
 Tp6no1 pu8μ1ont TWV VEVWμOTWV XPnOtμWV opyav1oμwv, TWV μova6tKWV
 nnvwv VEWV VEVETIKWV 1610TnTwv.
 To ytvwμa nEPIKAEiEI 6AEt Tit, EKnE~paoμEVEt n μn, yEVETIKEt nAn-
 po~opiEt nou rs:60E opyav10μ6t 61aP1Pa~El OTn y_EVETIKn "6E~aμEvn"
 TWV En6μEvwv yEVEWV.
 8uo Eivat 01 np6o~OPEt npOOEyyiOElt OTO tpyo auT6: an6 TO OAIK6
 YEVWμO KOi an6 Tn onμaVTtKn 1616TnTa.
 'Ooov o~opa Tnv npootyy1on an6 TO 0X1K6 vtvwμa, o oT6xot Elva,
 T60o ouv0ETOt KOi onμavTtK6t, WOTE En1P6XAOVTOI npoOEKTIKEt EntAO-
 YEt- nptnEI va ERIAEyouv tva n ouo ~wiKa Ei6n, va 6nμ1oupyn8EI
 nAnPnt TpanE~a TOU yEvwμaT6t TOUt, KOi VO OXE61aOTOUV OTa61aKa
 01 ~UOIKOI XOPTEt. Xwpit va EXEi OT08Epono1n8Ei n 6oμn TWV yEvw-
 μaTWV, npEnEI va 61EpEuvn8ouv OTn OUVEXEIO KOAUTEpa n OTa8Ep6TnTa
 Ka1 o μETaoxnμaT10μ6t Tout. [To onμEio auT6 Eiva1 161aiTEpa onμa-
 vT1K6 TO 11 01wnnp6 11 μtpn TOU yEvwμaTot, KOi TO Epyo npEnEI va nEp1-
 AaμpavEt Tn μEXtTn OEtpwv an6 YEVETIKEt nAnpo~opiEt nou Eiva1 KOt-
 VEt μETa~u 6ta~6pwv yEvwμaTwv, Tn μEXETn OEtpwv EnavaAaμpav6μEvou
 ---pagebreak--- i I , 2.3La, i ',
 ~
 '
 DNA y1a Tit onoiEt ayvoouμE TOUt A6yout nou UOTEPOUV ap18μn~1K6
 OTO (WO KOi UffEPtXOUV OTO ,uT6, Tn μEAtTn Tnt KIVnT~Knt TWV μETa-
 TOn1(6μEVWV OTOIXEiwv. MaKponp68Eaμa OE voEITa1 nAtov Kavtva
 npwT6KoAAo, TOOO y1a Tn μETa,opa yov1oiwv μETO~U xpna1μwv OTOV
 av8pwno EIOwv, 600 KOi y1a Tn 016p8won op1oμtvwv yEVETIKwv EAoT-
 TWμaTwv nou OXETi~OVTOI μE Tnv KOTQOTaOn Tnt UyEfa~ nAn8uoμ1a-
 KWV oμaowv, Eav o'auTO OE Aaμ~aVETOI un6~n n EOWTEPl~n opyavwon
 Tou KXnpovoμ1Kou uA1Kou.
 ---pagebreak--- 2.4
 ·ooov a~opa Tnv npooeyy1on an6 Tn onμavTtKn, ,o,6TnTa, anOKTO
 npwTapx1Kn, onμaoia n 6uvaT6TnTa npoo61op10μ06 Twv Ev61aμEowv μETa-
 BoX1Kwv napay6VTWV nou ouμpa~Xouv OTnv EK~paon Kano,ou xpno1μou
 xapaKTnp10TIKOU, Kain OIEpEuvnon TWV μop1aKWV 61Epyao1wv nou uno-
 B6XXouv Tn XEt~oupy(a OTov EAEVXO KaSop1oμevou ap18μ06 yov16iwv.
 npOKElTal AOtn6v y1a Tn OIEpEuvnon TOU 11 EKTIE~paOμE:VOU 11 μe:pou<;;
 TOU VEVWμaTo<;;, Kai O OuμnXnpwμaTtK6<;; RPO<; TOV nponyouμEVO OT6XO~
 auT6<;;, 6Ev Sa μnopEI va ERITEUX0Ei napa μ6vo E~6oov Eiva1 auoTnpa
 OplOSETnμEVO<;; OE TIEplOPIOμEVO ap1Sμ6 "Xpno1μWV 11 (an6 TnV ano~n
 Tn<;; EKμETOAAEUOn<;; TOU<;; an6 TOV avSpwno) lOIOTnTWV, n_, EV naon
 REPIRTWOEI, "onμaVTIKWV 11 (an6 Tnv ano~n Tn<;; uyEia<;; Kai Tn<;; avTo-
 xnc;; OTI<;; ao0e:VEIE<;;). To e:pyo auT6 0a napEiXE Xo1n6v μ(a ERIOTn-
 μOVIKn, Kai TEXVOAOVIKn, a~ETnpia nou Sa ERETPERE Tnv nEpa,te:pw
 avanTu~n Tn<;; npoXnnTtKn,<;; 1aTp1Kn<;; n Tn PEATiwon TWV ~WIKWV Kai
 ~UTlKWV EIOWV. AUTO a~opa 1olwc;; TI<; E~apμoye:<;; Tn<;; YEVETlKn<;;
 μnxav1Kn,<;; oTn yEwpyia, 01 onolE<;; aK6μn anoSappuvovTa1 an6 Tnv
 avEnapKEta Twv Pao1Kwv vvwoEwv μa<; yupw an6 Tn B1oxnμEia, Tn
 ~UOIOAOy(a Kai Tn yEVETIKn_ TWV XOPOKTnpwv ROU Ka0opi~OUV n_ Enn-
 pEO~OUV Tnv 01Kovoμ1Kn, onμaola TWV avWTEpwv ~uTwv: Tn yn,pavon,
 Tnv avanapaywyn,, Tnv uBp161Kn, pwμn, TI<; ouμP1woE1<;;, Tn ouoowpEuon
 npWTEivwv, YAUKloiwv, EAalwv, KATI. E~6oov ERIOlWKETat n au~non
 Tn<;; OROTEAEOμaTIK6TnTa<;; Tn<;; yEVETIKn<;; μnxavtKn_<;; Kai n OIEUpuvon
 TOU TIEOiOU E~apμoyWV Tn<;;, 01 xapaKTn,pE<;; aUTOi npE:REl Va np00010-
 plOTOUV EnaKptPw<;; an6 TIAEUpa<;; PaOIKWV AEITOUPVIWV Kai μnxav1oμwv
 uno6oμn,<;;.
 0 ap1Sμ6<;; TWV PaOIKWV OUTWV AEITOUPVIWV Ka0w<;; KOi TWV n1Savwv
 aOIEUKpiVIOTWV onμEiWV 600V a~opa TnV KOTavonon TOU<;; EiVal μEXPI
 on,μEpa T6oo μEyaXoc;;,


text:
wOTE oev Elva1 6uvaT6 va avaXn~SEi Kaμμia
 opSoXoy I Kn, Ka I aROTd.EOμOTI Kn npoOm:X8E I a XWP {<;; Tl']V an6 KO I VOU
 Kal OE EUpEia KAiμaKa a~1onoinon TWV YVWOEWV Kai ouvaTOTn,TWV nou
 u~iOTaVTal 61aOKOpn10μEVE<;; OE OIQ~Opa EUpWnOIKQ Epya0Tnp1a. H
 ouyKE:VTpwon 6Xwv auTwV TWV yvwoEwv OEV Eiva1 avayKaia μ6vo y1a
 Tnv EniTEu~n TWV En1ne:6wv EKEivwv nou Sa Ene:TpEnav Tnv TaXEia
 avanTu~n TWV ERIOTnμovtKWV EREVOUOEWV KOi Tn Pe:ATIOTn KaTavoμn
 TWV EPEUVnTtKWV Opa0Tnp10Tn,TWV. AnOTEAEi Enion<;; avayKaia npou-
 nOSEon y1a Tnv napaXXnXn 61Eve:pyE1a nponyμe:vwv EpEuvwv OE op,-
 oμe:va ~UTQ EUPEia<;; KaXX1e:pyE1a<;; Ta onoia anOTEAOUV e:vav an6 TOU<;;
 ~o, Kou<; ~ovE<;; Tn<;; Ko Ivn.c;; YE~y IKn,<; ooX IT IKn,<; : TO KP ISap 1, &6qJe:vnc;; Tn<;; .fuvm6-
 TnTO<;; TOU va )(prJ01μono1n0Ei we; 8e:w16oy6vo<;; ~woTpoqrJ μE ~XT1wo1μn 8pE:m:1Kn, ~la
 ~ia Caμ1v~fo), n Kuaμo<;; we; npwTE'ivwxoc;;, Ta qu-ra μE EXa1wxouc;; on6pouc;;, Ka0w<;; Kai ,-6oo
 aXXa Eion nou En1Tpe:nouv Tnv EKμeTaXXEuon Twv ~uo1Kwv 1vwv Tau<;,
 TWV 6EuTEpoyEvwv μETaPoX1Twv, 6Tav oEv anoTEXouv anXwc;; nnye:c;;
 yov16iwv xpn,01μwv y1a Ta npwT6KoXXa μETa~opa<;; ne:pav TWV ~uo1Kwv
 avanapaywylKWV Eμnooiwv (avStOTaμEva yovi61a, KAn.).
 B. Me:So601 KaTEuSuv6μEvnc;; avanTu~n<;; Twv μopiwv
 H EniTEu~n Tn<;; KOTEUSuv6μEvn<;; E~EAl~n<;; TWV μoplwv μnopEi va yivEt,
 6nwc;; nponvouμe:vw<;;, μE Tn Pon,0Eta EITE μ,ac;; npooe:yy1onc;; Tn<;; XE1Toup-
 yiac;; (μ1a RERTl91Kn, ouola n μ1a EV~uμaT1Kn, AEITOupyia), EITE
 ---pagebreak--- I
 I ,,
 2.4.a.
 μia~ npoOEyy1on~ Tou μoplou nou ~EPEi Tov KWOtKa C TO onoio,
 oTnv KAtμaKa OUT~, OEV Eiva1 Kano10 yEvwμa, OAAa Eva anAono,-
 nμEVO μop1aK6 EKμayElo, Eva RNA).
 H npooEyytOD TD~ AEITOUpyla~ OVTlμETWnl~ETOI OTO nAaio10 TOU
 yEvwμaTO~ TWV npWTElVWV, TO onoio anOTEAEI OVTIKElμEvo 6paOD~
 TD~ EntTponn~ OTO nAaio10 TOU TPEXOVTO~ npoypaμμaT6~ TD~ nEpl
 PtOTEXVOAOyta~. M0Aov6T1 D 6paOD auTn, D onoia Eiva, aK6μD
 avEnapKn~ av AD~SEI un6~n O ap18μ6~ TWV EVEpywv μoplwv TWV
 onolwv D OOμIK~ KOi AEITOUpy1Kn avaAuon Ka8!0TOTOI OK6n1μn,
 unoAoyt~ETOI va yvwpiOEI noAu μEyaAUTEPD avanTU~D an6 auTnv
 nou Tn~ EnlTpenETOI an6 TO TPEXOV np6ypaμμa, OEV ea anoTEAEOEI
 μEpo~ TOU ouv6Xou auTou OTO nAaio10 Twv vtwv tpywv nou avaμt-
 VETat va EVIOXUOOUV Ta U~lOTaμEva TEXVOAOYIKO EpEloμaTa OTnv
 Ko1v6TnTa.
 ---pagebreak--- 2. 5.
 H npo0Eyy1on Tou μopiou nou ,tpE1 TOV Kw61Ka uAono1EiTa1 μE Tnv
 avanTu~n μla~ noAu nponyμe:vn~ TEXVOAoyla~, npoop1(6μEvn~ va En1-
 TaxuvE1 Tn μoptaKn E~EAl~n, npOKElμEVOU va avanapax0ouv OE μtKp6
 xpov1K6 6160Tnμa op1oμe:vE~ an6 TI~ E~EAtKTtKe:~ 61EpyaaiE~ nou
 TOno0ETOUVTal OTn ye:vEan Tn~ (wn~ OTn vn- Elvat an6ppo1a μla~
 0Ewpla~ ("the hypercycle"), n onoia o~npi(ETat OTn ,uo1Kn CUTO-
 opyavwan TWV μopfwv, un6 TI~ ouv0nKE~ nou OIEVEpyEITat n Oap~1-
 VtKn EntAoyn.
 Op1aμEVE~ an6 TI~ apxe:~ Ent TWV onolwv OTnpt(ETat n 0Ewpla auTn
 ~PnKav Tnv TEAEla nE1paμaT1Kn TOU~ EK,paan OTI~ 1616TnTE~ OtnAa-
 a,aaμou in vitro Ev6~ μop1aK06 EKμayE!ou CRNA). To ouaTnμa auT6
 Ei va I OESe:an va avanapayayE1 Ta yEyov6Ta nou n 10av6TaTCX e:>,a~av
 xwpa OTI~ apx1KE~ ,aOEI~ Tn~ YEVEOn~ Tn~ (wn~, napayovTa~ Tuxala
 OEIPE~ YEVETIKWV nAnpo,op,wv o,'avanapaywyn~ TOU RNA. flEOoμe:vou
 OTI n EV X6yw avanapaywyn En1TpEnEt op,aμe:vE~ napEKKAIOEI~, n
 61a61KaOia auTn TOU auT061nAaa1cq.tOU anOTEAEI nnyn ,atVOTUntKWV
 napaAAaywv. H μe866o~ ano~Ae:nEt OTov npoa61op10μ6 Tou Ei6ou~
 TWV OEIPWV nou μnopouv va Eμ,avtOTOUV OE Ka0€ KUKAO 61nAaa1aaμou
 Kat OTn μEAETn Tn~ 6uvaT6TnTa~ va EntTEUX0Ei e:va ,aaμa nou


text:
va
 nEptAaμ~aVEI Ka0E Eioou~ dEtpa, WOTE va EnlAEyouv OUTE~ nou na-
 poua,a(ouv e:va ,a1v0Tun1K6 nAEoVEKTnμa Kai va npoa61op10Touv 01
 OOμE~ nou EU0UVOVTat yta TnV anOKTnan μfa~ nEpt(nTnTn~ IOIOTnTa~.
 H TExvoAoyta nou 0a xpna1μono1n8EI y1a Tnv uAonolnan Tou EV A6yw
 "μnxav1oμou EntTaxuvan~ Tn~ μop1aKn~ E~EAt~n~" npe:nEI va μnopEI
 va E,apμoOTEi OTn OtaAoyn μETQ~U μEyaAou ap18μou OEIPWV yEVETIKWV
 nAnpo,op,wv, avaAoywv μE aUTE~ nou ,e:pouv TOV KWOtKa yta TI~
 yvwoTe:~ npwTETvE~, npoKEtμe:vou va 61EvEpyouvTa1 EntAoye:~ npo~
 Tnv KaT€U8uvon Tn~ ~EATIOTonolnon~ TWV ~IOTEXVOAOVIKWV IOtoTnTwv.
 0a EnlTPE~El Tnv EntTaxuvon Tn~ napaywyn~ μaKpoμoplwv nou ,e:pouv
 "ave:KOOTE~" YEVETIKE~ nAnpo,opiE~, TWV onolwv onAaon n OUyKp6Tnon
 6Ev ETUXE va npayμaTono1nBEI oTn ,uon.
 npoKEtμe:vou va a~1ono1n8ouv op1oμe:vE~ ~10TEXVOAoy1Ke:~ E,apμoye:~
 anatTEiTat aK6μn n nponyouμEvn avanTu~n TEXVIKWV KaTaXAnAWV yta
 Tnv auT6μaTn apalwon Ev OEtpa, To ouyxpov10μ6 Tn~ Enwaon~ μop1a-
 Kwv nAn0uoμwv, y1a Ta μe:Tpa au~nan~, EVW 6AE~ 01 TEXVIKE~ ana,-
 TOUV nEplnAoKa 6pyava Ta onola xpno1μono1ouv aKTivE~ Ae:n(Ep Kat
 nAnpo,optKn. flEV E~apTWVTat 6μw~ nAEOV an6 KanotE~ uno0ETIKE~
 npo66ou~ Tn~ EntoTnμn~, OE6oμe:vou OTI EXEi ano6EtX8Ei OTI OTnpi-
 (OVTat μ6vo OTn ~10Aoy1Kn E~EAt~n Kat Tnv EntAoyn.
 2. fEQPfO-BIOMHXANIKEr TEXNOAOfIEr
 H TaXEia E~EAt~n TWV YVWOEWV Kai TWV TEXVIKWV, t6iw~ OTOU~ TOμEI~
 Tn~ ~10TEXVOAoyla~ Kat Tou auToμaT1oμou, Tponono1Ei TaxuTaTa TO
 Eupu Ko1vwv1Koo1Kovoμ1K6 nAaloto μe:aa OTO onoio AEIToupyEI n
 yEwpyla oav napaywy6~ μ1a~ μEyaAn~ no1K1Aia~ avavEwo1μwv uAwv
 ---pagebreak--- I
 1 I
 2.5.a.
 an6 TI~ onoiE~, op10μEVE~ napayovTal OE E~alpETIKQ μEyaAE~ noo6-
 TnTE~, Evw aAAE~ OE noo6TnTE~ avEnapKEI~ y1a TI~ avayKE~ μa~.
 EeaAAOU, n ~6on, 0 6yKO~ Kain Eμnop(a TWV npoi6VTWV aUTWV 6nμ1-
 oupyo6v npO~AnμaTa, OTnv EniAuon TWV onolwv Sa npEnEI va ouμ~aAEI
 n EpEuva npoo~EpovTa~ 6uvaT6TnTE~ y1a μla nEpa1TEPW 61a~oponoinon
 . Kai not OT I Kn ~EATiwon TWV napayoμEVWV npWTWV UAWV KaSw~ KOi TWV
 XPnOEWV TOU~ T60o an6 TOV KaTaVaAWTn 600 Kai an6 Tn ~toμnxav(a.
 H EeEX1en auTn OEV μnopEi nap& va Elva, EUEPYETtKn y1a TO K60TO~
 Tn~ KOIVn~ YEWpytKn~ nOAITtKn~ nOU anoppo~a En( TOU nap6VTO~ TO
 μEyaA6TEPO Tμnμa TOU KOIVOTIK06 npoun0Aoy10μ06. H nOAITIKn auTn
 Sa μnopo60E npayμaTI va EeEAtXSE( EUVOiKa Kai va anOKTnOEl VEE~
 6uvaT6TnTE~ μEOW μ1a~ μEyaA6TEPn~ ouyxwvEuon~ TWV YEWPYIKWV Kai
 ~•oμnxavlKWV opaoTnPIOTDTWV n onola KaSIOTaTat En1SuμnTn Kai ouvaTn
 XOPI~ OTnv avanTuen TWV VEWV ~IOTEXVOAOYIWV.
 ---pagebreak--- 2.6
 Xapl~ o'auTE~, E~OAAOU, Eiva1 rr18av6 VO KOTaOTEi 6uvaTn KOi n
 μETOTporrn VEWPYIKWV rrpoi6vTWV OE xnμ1Ka rrpoi6vTa rrpayμa TO orroto
 6i6EI VEa EUKaμ,ia OTn xpno1μorrolnon TWV rr6pwv Tn~ Ko1v6TnTa~.
 r1a Tnv KOAUTEPn rrpooapμoyn Tn~ yEWpy1Kn~ rropaywyn~ OTI~ OVOVKE~
 TWV KOTOVOAWTWV KOi TWV B1oμnxov1wv orrOITOUVTOI rrpoypaμμOTO rrou
 va KOAUrrTOUV TOUTOXPOVO Tn 61oxElp1on TWV VEWPVIKWV E60~WV KOi
 Tn xpno1μorrolnon Twv yEwpy1Kwv rrpoi6vTwv.
 A. 'Epyo rrou orroaxtrrouv OTn xpna1μorrolnon E6a~wv KOAUTEPO rrpo-
 aapμooμEVWV oTnv ayopo
 - AvarrTu~n TEXVIKWV TnAEaViXVEUOn~ TWV E60~WV KOi 610XE(p1-
 on~ TOU~ μE Tn Bon8EIO UTTOAOVIOTWV μE OKOrrO Tnv EntTEU~n
 Tn~ aEATICTn~ 1aopponlo~, OE EnlnE6o nEpl~EPEIWV, μETO~U
 TWV 610~6pwv KOAAIEPYnTWV, TWV aooKoT6nwv, TWV 6oowv KOi
 TWV ~WVWV OVO~UXn~.
 - BEXTiwon Twv aypovoμ1Kwv xopoKTnp10T1KWV Twv ~uTwv, y10
 va EAOTTW8o6v 01 ovayKE~ TOU~ OE X1naoμOTO (6EOμEuon TOU
 o~wTou Tn~ 0Tμ6a~o1po~) KOi OE ~uTo~apμoKo ET01 WOTE vo
 μEtWSEi TO u~o~ TWV OUVTEAEOTWV K60TOU~ K~l VO nEplOPIOTOUV
 01 6uoμEVEi~ EnlnTWOEI~ y1a TO nEp1paXXov·


text:
nopoxn 6UVOTOTn-
 TWV rrpooopμoyn~ OE OUOKOAE~ OIKO-KAlμaTOAOVIKE~ ouvSnKE~.
 - AvanTu~n ~UTWV rrou avTanoKpivovTal KOAUTEpa OTI~ avayKE~
 TOU KaTaVOAWTn (n.x. BEATiwon TWV SpEnTIKWV KOi opyavoAn-
 nTIKWV 1610TnTwv) KOi TWV a1oμnxav1wv (rr.x. nOAUOaKxapiTE~,
 EAOla KOi Airrn μE El61KO xapaKTnp10TIKO, μ6p10 μE u~nXn
 npooT18EμEvn o~io, ivE~, •••• ).
 B. 'Epya rrou anoaAErrouv oTnv KOAUTEPn xpno1μonoinon TWV npoi6vTWV
 - Xpno1μorrolnon Tou oμ6Aou Ko1 Tn~ ~axapn~ w~ rrpwTE~ UAE~
 6uvaμEVE~ un6 op10μEVE~ ouv0nKE~ Tn~ ayopa~, va onOTEAEOOUV
 Tn Baon y10 μ1a μEyaXn OElpa P1oμnxovlKWV rrpoioVTWV (orrw~
 TO opyOVIKO O~EO KOi TO avT1a10T1Ka).
 - 8lOXWPI0μ6~, EnE~Epyooio KOi XPnCTE~ VEWV rropaywyWV TOU
 yaAOKTO~.
 - AvarrTu~n "a1oa108nTnplwv" y10 TOV EAEVXO Tn~ rro16TnTo~
 TWV Tpo~lμwv Ko8'6Xo TO μnKo~ Tn~ OAUOOU rropaywyn~ TWV
 1
 VEWPYIKWV rrpo16vTWV 610Tpo~n~, μE 0Korr6 V 0VTOilOKpivovTa1
 OTI~ orro1TnOEl~ TWV KOTOVOAWTWV 6oov o~opa Tnv rro16TnTo.
 - H μnxav1Kn TOU TOμEO Tn~ yEwpyio~ KOi TWV VEWPYIKWV rrpo-
 'i6vTWV 610Tpo~n~ y10 Tnv TEAEIOrroinon KUPiW~ TWV μEOWV ava-
 Xuon~ KOi EAEyxou, μE 0Kon6 Tnv ovarrTu~n TEXVIKWV rrapoKoXo6-
 8non~ Tn~ rropoywyn~ KOi EAEVXOU Tn~ rro16TnTa~.
 ---pagebreak--- ii I 1· ,I
 2.6a
 r. 'Epya Eni6E1~n~
 - KaXX1lpyE1E~ Ka1 EKμETaXXEuon OE aypoKTnμa, ~1oμnxav1Kwv
 napaywywv, xpno1μono1wvTa~ oav ~aon ~EXT1wμeva ~ TEAEiw~
 VEa Eion, μE OKOno Tnv TEXVIK~ Kai OIKOVOμIK~ Tru<; ~IOAOvrJClll.
 - NEE~ μe80601 ouyK0μ16~~ Kai EnE~Epyaoia~ nTo aypoKTnμa,
 OTO nvE6μa TWV YEWPYIKWV "610X10Tnp(wv" nou nEp1ypa~ouv
 01 Rexen ·Kai Munck (1).
 (1) "Cereal crops for industrial use in Europe",.by F. Rexen
 and L. Munck, report prepared for the CEC, EUR 9617, 1984.
 ---pagebreak--- 2.7
 3. TEXNOAOrIEr [TON TOMEA TH[ vrEIAr
 H 8EaμaT1Kn np6o6o~ nou onμEIWVETOI OTOU~ TOμEi~ Tn~ yE-
 VETtKn~ μnxavtKn~, Tn~ na8oAoyia~ TOU KUTTapou KOi TWV EntOTnμo-
 VIKWV opyavwv avaμEVETOI OTI Ba ouμ~aAEI OTnv a108nTn ~€ATiwon
 TWV μE806WV 61ayvwon~ (16iw~ Tn~ npwiμn~ 6tayvwon~) K08W~ KOi
 OTnv TOXEIO 8€pan€UTtKn aywyn TWV €~€AIOOOμEVWV a08EV€1WV n OTnv
 npooTaoia aT6μwv nou napouo1a~ouv 161aiTEPn Eua108noia OE op1-
 oμEVE~ npod~oAE~ npoEpx6μEvE~ an6 To nEptPaAAov.
 01 VE€~ TEXVOAoyiE~ μnopouv va PonBnoouv Tnv npoAnnT1Kn
 IOTPIKn μ€ nOAAOU~ Kai ffOIKiAAOU~ Tponou~. E6w nEptAaμpavoVTOI
 PaOtKE~ E~apμoyE~ Tn~ YEVETtKn~ μnxav1Kn~, KOi VE€~ €~€Al~EI~
 OTOU~ TOμEi~ TWV EntoTnμovtKWV opyavwv KOi TOU taTptKOU E~o-
 n>.,oμou.
 H_naeaoKEun_anoTEAEO~aT1Kwv_E~~oAiwv_nou_oTEEOUVTa1_navTEAw5
 ~2l~2Y2Y2~_§egQ~~5
 'EXEi KaTOOTEi ffAEOV 6uvaTn n napaywyn, €IT€ 61a 6nμ1oupyia~ KAw-
 vwv 0€ PaKTDPIO EiTE μE Tnv nAnPn ouv8Eon TWV ffOAUn€nTt6iwv,
 avTty6vwv (Kupiw~ an6 1ou~) Ta onoia 61a8ETouv anoTEAEOμaTtKE~
 Eμ~OAIOOTIKE~ 1616TnTE~ xwpi~ va anatTEITOI n 6taTnpnon 6anavn-
 pwv KUTTap1Kwv KaAA1EpyE1wv Kat xwpi~ va napouo1a~ouv kiv6uvo
 61aonopa~ ~WVTWV μ1Kpoopyav1oμwv. 0 a~8w6n~ nupETO~, n AUOOa,
 01 €VTEPIKE~ AOlμw~EI~ EK corona virus ouyKaTOAEYOVTat μETa~u
 TWV oopapwv Kai €~a1p€TtKa μETa60TIKWV ao8€V€1WV yta TI~ onoiE~
 o Tp6no~ auT6~ napaOKEUD~ EμPoAiwv μnopEi va anoPEi TOXUTaTa
 anOT€AEOμaTtK6~ OTnv Ko1v6TnTa.
 Ta μovOKAWVO aVTIOWμaTa EXOUV Tnv IKOVOTnTa va anoPaAAOUV TI~
 xnμtKE~ OUOiE~ nou npoKaAEOaV Tn OUV8Eon TOU~. rxnμaTi~OVTOI
 an6 uPp16wμaTa (6n>.. KUTTapa uPpi61a Ta onoia ouvTiBEvTat OTO
 EpyaoTnP I O KO I ~6ua~OJV Tn 6uvOTOTnTCX €V~ OyKOU va avanapayETat anep10-
 p, OTa Kat Tn 6uvmmnTa Ev~ Kavov IKou ,OTOU va ouv9bE I tva OUyKEKp q.ivo avT i-
 a.iμa). Ta μovoowva avTtOWl<J)Ta wno11.101To1ouvTm nM:ov OTnV TPEXOUOO qJOAoyia y1a
 TOV K08ap10μ6 TWV IJlKPC)μq)IWV, y1a TnV ~apEOr] TOU KUTTOPI KOU Tunou


text:
KOi Tn~ oμa6a~ aiμaTO~ KOi yta Tn 61ayvwon TWV μOAUOμOTIKWV
 v6awv. Mta KOIVOTtKn EVEpyEIO E & A ea μnopoUO€ va ouμPaAEI
 OTnv EKμETOAAEuan TOU~ OTO Eyyu~ μEAAOV, y1a Tnv avooonoinan
 EVOVTI TWV 009EVEIWV nou O~EiAOVTat 0€ IOU~ n ~OKTnpta, yta Tn
 ---pagebreak--- 2. 8
 pu9μ1on TWV OVOOOAOVIKWV OVTIOpaoewv, y10 TOV EVTOn10μ6 KOi TOV
 npoo61op10μ6 TWV 6yKwv KOi y10 Tn 9eponeto ouToovooono1nT1Kwv
 KOi KOPKIVOVEVWV 009EVEIWV.
 01 av1xvEUTE~ DNA(~ RNA) nou ovonopayouv μio Ko9op1oμtvn oe1p6
 CaAAnhouxio) yev1kwv nhnpo~op1wv tKovwv vo avoyvwpioouv TI~ i61e~
 nhnpo~opie~ KOi VO ouv6e9ouv μa1⁄2i TOU~, TTOPEXOUV Eva eupuTaTO
 ne6io e~apμoy~~ y10 Tn B1oμnxovio Tou ToμEo Tn~ uyeio~. Xap1~
 o'Eva EV1⁄2uμo, Tnv avTiOTpo~o TpovoKpinTaon (transcriptase reve-
 rse) nou en1TpEnet TDV avaouoTaon μ10~ yeveT1Kn~ nhnpo~opio~ pe
 ~aon To npo16v Tn~, KaTEOTe1 ouvaT6 vo onoμovw0ei n yevet1K~
 auTn nAnpo~opia, va 6nμ1oupyn9ouv KAWVOI KOi VO avayKOOTei va
 nopaye1 nohunenTi61a (1voouhtvn, au~nT1KE~ opμ6ve~ ••• ) nou no-
 pouo161⁄2ouv Tep60T10 ev61o~Epov y10 TO ~apμoKeuT1K6 toμEo.
 'Ooov a~opa Tnv npoAnnTtKn IOTPIK~, n μE0o6o~ TWV OVIXVEUTWV
 ETTITpEne1 TOV npoo61op10μ6 op1oμevwv npoaBOAWV (on6 IOU~ n
 ~aKT~p1a) nou OEXETOI O opyov10μ6~ KaTa Tp6no anOTEAEOμaTtK6-
 TEPO EKEivou Twv avT1yov1Kwv μeTo~oAwv, Kai Tnv To~1v6μnon
 ouvenw~ TWV OTEAEXWV ovaAoyo μe Tnv TO~IKoTnTa TOU~ Ka0w~ KOi
 Tnv 161oiTepn TOU~ npoTiμnon y10 TO EVO n TO OAAO 1⁄2WIKO Ei6o~
 n y10 Tn μtan Tnv OAAn KaTnyopia OT6μwv. Mia KOIVOTIKn Epeuvo
 ea μnopouoe va ouμ~ahet oTnv Kahutepn eKμeTaAheuon Tn~ μe066ou
 TWV OVIXVEUTWV KOi 16iw~ OTnv e~apμov,n Tn~ y1a TOV Ka8op1aμ6
 TOU TUnou noAAWV IWV n BaKTnp16iwv y1a TOU~ onoiou~ 01 en16nμ1-
 0A6yo1 ea en19uμouoav va en1BaBa1woouv Tn 016yvwon TOU~-
 s~ En10Tnμov1Ka 6pyovo Kot 10Tp1K6~ e~onA10μ6~
 H npoAnnTtKn IOTPIKn μnopei enton~ VO ~on0n0ei onμaVTIKO an6
 Tnv avanTu~n, nou eiva, non nOAU npoxwpnμEvn OTI~ HnA, entOTn-
 μOVIKWV opyavwv (1aTp1Kn nAEKTPOVIKn 16iw~) KOi ~apEO~ IOTp1-
 KOU e~OTTAIOμou. r1a Tnv ovanTu~n auTn anatTEiTal μ1a onμavT1Kn
 uno6oμn OE nAEKTPOVIKO UAIKO KOi UTTOAOVIOTE~ n onoio anouc,a1⁄2El
 an6 Tnv Eupwnn. 0 nupnv1K6~ μayvnTtKO~ OUVTOVI0μ6~ (TEXVIKn
 nou ETTITpEnet Tnv EnlAEKTIKn nopoTnpnon opyavwv ETTi o06vn~, n
 Tnv E~WTEPIKn μETpnon TOU μeTO~OAtoμou TOU~, Bao11⁄26μEVD nep10-
 00TEPO Oil~ XnμtKE~ TOU~ IOloTnTE~ napa OTnv TTUKVOTnTa TOU~
 OTI~ aKtivE~ X) onoTeAei Eva KoA6 nopa6E1yμa 61ayvwoT1Kou μEoou
 μe enovaoTaTtKE~ tKov6TnTe~ TO onoio ovonTux0nKe ouo1aoT1K6
 OTnV Eupwnn (MeyaAn BpETavta) KOi XPn01μono1eiTa1 OE μeyaAn
 KAiμaKCT OTI~ HnA KOi OTnv Ianwvio. T6oo OTOV TOμEa auT6 600
 KOi OE noAAOU~ OAAOU~ (nopoxn ~on0eia~ OTOU~ naoxovTE~ an6
 nμ1nAnyia, 0epaneio Tn~ KW~WOEW~ KOi TWV 61aTapaxwv Tn~ opa-
 OEW~, napaKOAOu0non TWV 000EVWV, avayvwon TWV OKTIVOypO~IWV ••• )
 eiva1 OK6n1μ0 va ouv6uoOTEi n np6o6o~ nou EXEi en1TeAeOTEI
 OTnv TEXVOAoyia TWV 1⁄2WVTWV opyov,oμwv μE Tn onμovT1Kn E~EA1~n
 Tn~ nAEKTPOVtKn~ Kai Tn~ nAnpo~op1Kn~. Kai OTnv nEpinTwOn OUTn
 01 TEPOOTIE~ npoona8e1e~ nou npEnEI VO KOTOBAn0ouv anOITOUV
 onwoonnoTE Eva oxe61aoμ6 oe KOIVOTIKO enine6o.
 ---pagebreak--- 2.9
 T6oo OTO EninEOO TWV E~apμoywv Tn~ yEVETIKn~ μnxav1Kn~
 600 KOi OTO EninEOO TOU IOTPIKOU E~OffAIOμou ~aiVETOI 6Tt n Ka-
 OTEPnon Tn~ Eupwnn~ oEv o~EiAETat oTnv EAAEt~n E~EupETtK6TnTa~
 EK μEpou~ TWV Eupwnaiwv EpEuvnTwv· Eivat anOTEAEOμa TOU KOTOTE-
 μax1oμou KOi Tn~ anoμ6vwon~ TWV npoonaSEtWV TOU~ Ka8w~ KOi TOU
 x6oμaTO~ nou xwpi~El ouxv& Tnv navEntoTnμ~aKn EPEUVO an6 Tn


text:
B1oμnxav1Kn E~apμoyn. To Kpio1μ0 6uvaμ1K6 nou anatTEiTal y1a
 Tnv np6ooo Tn~ npoAnnTtKn~ IOTPtKn~ Sa EnlTEUX8Ei μ6vo μE Tn
 ouyKEVTpwon TWV IKOVOTnTwv KOi urroooμwv 6AWV TWV KPOTWV μEAWV
 KOi μE Tn OUOTnμaTtKn KOi op00AOytKn EKμETaAAEUOn TOU~ OOV ano-
 TEAEOμa μta~ KOIVOTtKn~ npoorra8Eta~.
 ---pagebreak--- 3-1
 ,,I I I
 I'·
 I
 3. NEA YAIKA
 Ta UAIKa KOTaAaμ~avouv Kupiapxl'J 8EOI') OE 6Aa Ta EITITEUyμaTa, y1aTi Ka8w~
 YEVIKa, arrOTEAOUV 6EOμEUTIK6 rrapayovTa y1a Tl')V TE)(VOAOy1Knrrp6060.
 Ka8E KPOTO~ D oμa6a KPOTWV rrou ea txavE TOV EAEVXO OTOV TOμEa OUTO
 Sa OVTlμETWITl~E E~apTl')OI') arr6 TO E~WTEPIKO 6x1 μ6vo OE ErrirrE6o
 E~o61aoμou μE Ta UAIKO Ka8EOUTO aXAa, aK6μn, y1a Ta TEXVOAOVIKO
 EITITEuyμaTa rrou E~apTWVTOI arr6 TO UAIKO QUTO.
 To μEAAOV ~IOμl')XOVIKWV KA06WV 6rrw~ TO OUTOKiVl')TO n I') aEpOVOUTIKn,
 I') EITITUXlO TWV 61aOTl')μIKWV rrpoypaμμOTWV, I') KOTOOKEun poμrroT
 μE urrEp-TEAEIOITOtl')μEVI') KIVl')μOTIKn, 01 ~IOTEXVOAOVIKE~ μE80601
 Crr. x. 6 1a · μ E o o u Twv μEμ~pavwv), ll avanu~n ~ 1oouμ~aTwv
 TEXVl'JTWV opyavwv 6Xa OUTa ouv6EOVTOI μE Tl')V rrp6o6o OTOVTOμEa
 TWV UAIKWV.
 H PD~ll TWV UAIKWV arr6 KOITWOI') n I') ~Sop& TOU~ arr6 TI') 61a~pwon
 KOOTi~ouv OTl')V EupWITI') rrEp!006TEPO arr6 200 6tOEKOTOμμupta ECU
 K08E xp6vo. H avarrTU~I') VEWV TUITWV rroAUμEpW~ rr.x., KOi Ol OUTOμaTo-
 rro I l')μEVE~ TEXV I KE~ μa~ l Kn~ rrapaywyn~, Sa o61')youoav OE Ol')μOVT I Kn
 μEiwon TWV 01Kovoμ1Kwv arrwAE1wv.
 H iota I') rrapaywyn rrpol')yμEVWV n VEWV UAlKWV arrOTEAEi μia Ol')μOVTIKn
 O(KOV0μ1Kn 6paOTl'JPIOTl')Ta. H rrayK60μta ayopa TWV KE paμ 1-
 KWV rrou avT1rrpoowrrEuE1 rrEp1006TEpa arr6 4 610EKaToμμup1a
 60Xap1a rrpot TO rrap6v (60% 1arrwv1Ka rrpoi6vTa) ea rrperrE1 va
 ~8aOEl Ta 20 OIOEKaTOμμupta OE 10 xp6v1a. ErriOI')~, y1a TO 2.000,
 urroAoyi~ETa1 OE rroAXE~ OEKa6Et 610EKaToμμupiwv 6oAapiwv n ayopa
 TWV OUV0e:TWV uAwv Kai OE 10 μE)(pl 20 610€KaTq..μjp1a ll aycpa TWV TE)(VIK~ rroAuμe:~.
 H avarrTU~I') TWV UAIKWV OTl')pi~ETOI OE μaKp6xpovl') rrapaOOOI') OTl')V
 Eupwrrn, 6rrou E~aKOAouSouv va urrapxouv E~alPETlKO Epya0Tnp1a
 UAIKWV. LE 6,TI a~opa TO ErrirrEOO TWV EPEUVl')TWV, n Eupwrrl') OEV
 EXEi TirroTE va ~l'JAE~El arr6 Tout urrEpaTAaVTIKOUt avTaywv10T£t
 TI')~. Ot ETno101 rrpourr0Xoy1oμoi E KOi A y1a Ta UAIKO TOU OUVOAOU
 ---pagebreak--- 3-2
 TWV KPOTWV μe:>.wv EXOUV TO i610 UljJO<; μe: EKe:ivo TWV Hvwμe:vwv floAIT€l~
 (OμOOROV6lOKO<; npOUffOAOytaμ6<;: rv 1 6tOE:μOTOμμUplO 60>.ap1a)
 ~ Tnc; Ianwviac; <np6ypaμμa "Nita u>.1Ka Tou Ynoupye:iou B1oμnxaviac;
 KOl n1e:6VOU<; Eμnopiou": 5.400 E:KOTOμμUpta 60>..apta yta 10 xp6vta).
 nap'6>..a auTa n e:upwnaiKn ltpe:uva y1a Ta UAIKO xave:1 0Ta0e:pa
 e:6mpoc;:
 TO e:upwnaiKa e:pyaOTnpta EXOUV aa~W<; ~e:ne:paOTe:i OTOU<; TOμe:i<; TWV
 ve:wv u>..1Kwv nou 6nμ1oupy~6nKav np1v an6 e:iKoa1 xp6v1a·
 01 μe:ya>.e:c; npwTonoptaKE<; avaKOAUljle:1<; OTO UAtKa a1xμnc; 6nwc; TO
 aμop~a μETOAAO, TO KpaμaTa μe: μvnμn, Ta no>.uμe:pn aywyoi TOU nAe:-
 KTp10μ06, Ol ive:c; an6 avepaKa, KAR., npon>..eav an6 Tl<; HnA
 Kat Tnv Ianwvia.
 Kai 6μwc; 01 e:upwnaio1 e:pe:uvnTt<; npayμaTono1ouv no>.>..e:c; 6nμoo1e:u-
 ae:1c; a>.>.a 6e:v e:v61a~e:povTa1 y1a Tn μe:Ta~opa Tnc; Te:xvo>.oyiac;.
 - TP i a OTa Te:aoe:pa 6 1n>iwμaTa e:upe:a t Te:xv i ac; nru CX<pOp(lUV ve:a u>..tKa
 EXOUV KOTOTe:0e:i an6 aμe:p1Kavou<; n tanwve:<; e:pe:uvnTE<;"
 - Ka0e: XPOVO 6anaVWVTOI E:KOTOVTa6e:<; EKOTOμμupiwv 60>..apiwv EiTe:
 y1a va e:1aax8ouv ane:u0e:ia<; OTnv EK ve:a UAtKa n e:v61aμe:oa
 npotOVTa,e:iTE yta VO ayopaOTOUV a6e:1e:<; KOTOOKe:unc; an6 TI<;
 HnA KOl Tnv Ianwvia"
 XIA


text:
I a6e:c; 0foe: I<; e:pyao i a<; X<lVOVTO I Ka0e: XPOVO y Ia Tnv e:upwna 'j Kn
 OIKOVOμia.
 AUTO TO a>.n81v6 11
 TE:XVOAOYIK6 xaoμa" OTO UAIK<l e:~nve:iTat μ6vo
 μe: Kanota 61ap8pwT1Kn a6uvaμia Tn<; e:upwnaiKn<; e:pe:uvac; (EAAElljln
 OUVTOVIOμou, 6taOnopa TliN npoOna0e:tWV, e:nava>.nljln, OTe:yava avaμe:Oa
 aTn 61oiKnon KOi OTI<; ~1oμnxavie:c; TWV KPOTWV μe:>.wv).
 ---pagebreak--- 3-3
 H Eupwna'iKn £AAEl(jlr] avavEWOI')<; OE TTPOl')yμEva UAIKfl 61nXao1al;ETal
 Ev6Ex6μEva an6 Tl'JV EAAEl~l'l P1oμrixav1Kwv ETTEv6uoEwv o'evav Toμea
 lTOU napouo1al;E1 apKETOU<; KIVOUVOU<;.
 r1a va OVTlμETWlTIOTEt I') KOTOOTaOI') auTn Kai y1a Va npayμaTOlTOll')SOUV
 Ofl.lCXVTIKE<; KatVOToμiE<; ri va 61')μ 1oupyriSouv VEa UA: 1Ka, lTPETTE I va
 ouvEx10Touv T6oo ri EpEuva y1a Tl'J o.JVExri TEXE1orroiriori Twv uX1Kwv rrou
 KUKAO~opouv n TWV "npol')yμevwv" UAIKWV 600 Kai μla OUOTl')μaTtKr}
 Pao1Kri epEuva Eupeoc; ~aoμaTo<;. 'EXEi npayμaTono1riSEi oriμaVTtKri
 rrp6o6o<; OTa EpEUVl')TIKfl μEOa nou OXETtZ°;OVTal μE Ta UAIKa1 μE
 Tl')V KaTaOKEUr} ri TOV npoypaμμaT10μ6 ElTIOTl')μOVIKWV KOi T€XVIKWV
 opyavwv μEyaXou μEyeSouc; 6nwc; 01 TTl'JYE<; owμaT16iwv ri aKTtvoPoAiac;
 <PA.§ 5 "EntOTl')μOVtKQ 6pyava μEyaAOU μEyESouc;"). H lTAOTEta
 xprio1μonoiriori TWV VEWV aUTWV μEOWV OE KOIVOTtK6 ETTilTEOO Sa
 o6riyouOE OE oriμavT I KE<; npo66ouc; OTOV ToμEa TWV UA I KWV. 01 EPEUVE<;
 npenE1 va anooKonouv 6x1 μ6vo OTl'J PEATiwori Twv 1610TriTwv Twv
 UAIKWV aAAfl Ka1 OTI<; μES66ouc; napaywyric;, OTI<; TEXVIKE<; E~apμo-
 vric; (K6AAl')OI'), μop~onoiriori, KATT •••• ) KaSwc; Kai OTI<; TEXVIKE<;
 60K1μwv. Ta Eiori UAIKWV lTOU TTPETTEI va E~ETaOTOUV Elva, Ta KEpa-
 μ1Kfl μE E~a1pETIKQ xapaKTl'JPIOTIKfl, 01 npol')yμEVE<; OUVSETE<;
 UAE<; (μETaAAO, iva, KATT.), Ta TTOAUμEpri (aywyoi n.x.) Ta Ka1voupy1a
 KpaμaTa KaSW<; Kai Ta opyaVIKfl μ6p1a r} 01 lTpWTEfVE<; lTOU rrpoopil;o-
 VTat y1a Ka1voupy1a "P10μ1KpOKUKAWμaTa".
 rTo 1TAaio10 auT6 μnopEi va E~ETOOTEi μia μ6vo EIOIKr} E~apμoyri,
 6riXa6ri 01 xryμ1Koi ri P1oμrixav1Koi a10SriTriPES, nou XE1Toupyouv
 lTOVW OTa 1TP6Tu1Ta TWV avSpwniVWV a10Sl')Tl')piwv opyOVWV Kai μnopOUV
 va E~apμoOTouv T6oo OTl'JV 1aTp1Kri (n.x. 61aPriTl'J<;) 600 Ka1 OTov
 tXEyxo Twv P1oμrixav1Kwv μrixav1oμwv <PX.§ 2 "TEXVOAoyiE<; Twv
 Z°;WVTWV opyav1oμwv").
 rxET, Ka μE Tov Toμro TWV uX I Kwv, Sa μnopouoE va ~E°K I vrioE 1 μ i a
 E161Kr} 6paori lTQVW OTl')V UlTEpaywy1μ6Tl')Ta. H TEXVOAoyia auTri OUVOEETal
 μE TTOAUap1SμE<; E~apμoy£<;: EKTO<; an6 TI<; E~apμoyE<; OE EpEUVl')TIK6
 EnirrE6o, 6nwc; ri ~uo1Kri TWV u~riXwv EVEPYEtwv ri ri OUVTl'J~l'l, npenE1
 ---pagebreak--- 3-4
 va avT1μETwn10Touv Kat nEp1006TEpo P1oμDxav1Ke:~ E~apμoye:~ 16iw~
 OTI~ μETa~ope:~ (TpEva μayVDTIKfi~ avapTDOD~) Kai OTDV napaywyn
 Kai μETa~opa TD~ DAEKTPIKn~. EVEPYEta~ (EvaAAaKTE~, KaAw61a).
 I91aiTEpa D EnE~Epyaoia Kpuoy6vwv ouOTDμaTwv μE avTaywv10T1K6
 K60TO~ KaSw~ Kai D avanTU~D μ{a~ EUpwnaiKn~ TEXVOAOy(a~ Kai
 6uvaμtKOU napaywyn~ unEpaywywv μayVDTWV Eni napayyEAia,
 Sa μnopouoav va anoTEAeoouv Ev61a~tpouoE~ 6tE~66ou~ y1a TDV
 EupwnaiKn PioμDxavia, nou 61aSETEt aAAWOTE avayvwp1oμe:vn avTaywv1-
 0T1K6TDTa OTou~ ToμEi~ Tn~ μETaAAoupyia~, TWV μETaAAtKwV KaTa-
 OKEuwv Kai TWV xaμDAWV SEpμOKpaOtWV. 'Eva OUVTOVIOμEVO np6ypaμμa
 y I a TDV avanTU~D VEWV unEpaywywv UA I KWV (n. X- KpaμaTa "A15"
 KaooiTEpo~ v10Piou), y1a TO i610 ouOTDμa Kpuoye:vEOD~ <tiA10
 II) Kai y1a TI~ TEXVIKE~ KaTaOKEUti~ TWV unEpaywywv μayVDTW~
 μnopEi va 06DvtioE1 OE ODμavT1Kt~ npo66ou~ OTO xwpo auT6.
 Te:Ao~, μia aAAD EIOtKti 6pa0D nou OUVOEETal μE TOV Toμe:a TWV
 UAIKWV Sa μnopouOE va Eivat D μEAETn EV6~ npODYμEvou OUOTnμaTO~
 aEpo61aOTDμ1Kti~ npowenoD~, n.x. Ev6~ aEpoSEpμo5uvaμ1Kou auAonpowSn-
 Tti y1a unEPDXDTIKE~ TaXUTDTE~- H KaTaOKeun Ev6~ nap6μ01ou
 ouoTfiμaTo~,


text:
nou ea XPD01μono1Ei μaAAov TO uopoy6vo oav Kauo1μ0,
 Sa anOTEAOUOE ouyKEKp1μe:vD EnlOTDμOVtKti Kai TEXVOAoy1Kti npCKX.nan
 y1a TDV EupwnaiKti En10TDμov1Kti Kat P1oμDxav1Kti Ko1v6TDTa. O
 ouvouaoμ6~ TWV e:pywv navw OTa UAIKO, Ta ~a1v6μEva KaUOEWV,
 TI~ Ooμe:~ Kai Tnv aEpo6uvaμtKfi 1 ea E~aO~OAl~E OTnv EupwnD μ{a
 avE~ClPTDTD TEXVOAOy I Kti PaOD XPtiO IμD KUP i w~ aTOv ToμECX TWV Eμnop I KWV
 nTDOEWV μE noAU μEyaAE~ TaXUTDTE~. 0 napanavw TOμe:a~ Sa μnopouOE
 va ~«vaKEPO i OE I To EVO Ia~e:pov av 61 v6rnv D anapa iTDTD npoooxti
 OTa npoPAfiμaTa TD~ ayopa~ Kai OTI~ n1e:OEI~ nou OXETi~OVTat
 μE TnvnpooTaoia Tou nEp1PaAAovTo~. Eiva1 ~avEp6 nw~ D EupwnaiKti
 aEpo61aoTDμ1Kti P1oμDxavia 6Ev μnopEI va ~EPEi μ6vD To Papa~
 TD~ XPDμaT066TDOD~ Ev6~ TET01ou tpyou nou Eiva1 μaKpon6eEoμo
 Kai TauT6xpova nEptKAEiEt μEyaAOU~ KIVOUVOU~-
 ---pagebreak--- 4-1 i
 1 i ' I ! ! I',: I' I
 4. OnTIKH KAI AEIZEP
 H EupWffl1 e:ixe: y1a OIWVE~ TO μOVOffWAIO 0Tl1V avaffTU~l1 Tl1~ OffTtKn~
 - avanTu~11 T6oo Tl1~ 0e:wpia~ 600 Kai Twv opyavwv Kat OT01xe:lwv.
 KaTa Tl1 61apKEIO 6μw~ TWV TEAEUTOiWV 6EKOETIWV 11 EupWRl1 EXOOE
 auT6 TO μoVOffWAIO: ffOAuap10μE~ 011μavTIKE~ E~EAi~EI~ KOi VEE~
 E~apμoyt~ npayμaTono1n811KaV Kupiw~ OTI~ HnA KOi, μEXP• Eva
 Pa0μ6, 0Tl1V Ianwv(a. H EupwnatKn P10μ11xavia E~OKOAOU0Ei ffOVTW~
 va Eiva1 E~aywy1Kn OE op1oμtvou~ KAa6ou~. Ot P10μ11xaviE~ OUTE~,
 OE a~v6uaoμ6 μE Tl1V avEpx6μe:v11 P10μ11xavia TWV AEt~Ep, TO u~11A6
 YEV I K<l rnirrECO El<TrOiOCUCJr)~ OTrJV ORT I Kn KO I OTOU~ OXET I KOU~ TOμe: i ~
 Ka I TI~ ffOAUap I 0μe:~ 6uvaT6Tl1TE.~ e:~apμoywv OTO XWPO OUTO, OffOTE-
 AOUV y6vqJO E6atpo~ y1a EUpE(a~ KAiμaKa~ KOIVOTtKn 6p<X011 ffOU
 ea OTOXEUEI 0Tl1V avaKTl1011 μEpou~ an6 TO xaμevo E6a~o~ Ka0w~
 KOi 0Tl1V OVTlμETWffl011 TOU OVTOyWVIOμOU an6 TO E~WTEptK6.
 npayμaTtKa, 11 E KOi A ffOU KOTEU0UVETOI npo~ Tl1V OVOffTU~l1 Tl1~
 OffTtKn~ KOi 16iw~ TWV AEl~E~μnopEl va PEATIWOEI Tl1V OVTaywv1-
 0TIKOTl1TO EVO~ μe:yaAOU ap10μou OIKOVOμIKWV 6paOTl1PlOTnTWV μE
 Tl1V TEAEIOff0111011 TWV ouμPaTtKWV TEXVIKWV KOi μe: T11V e:1aaywyn
 VEWV TEXVIKWV. LTl1 OUVEXEta ne:p1ypa~OVTOI μe:ptKE~ an6 TI~ 6uvaT6-
 Tl1TE~ OUTE~ KOi μe:ptKO 0EμaTa E KOi A.
 Ta P10μ11xav1Ka AE14e:p (Kup(w~ co 2 Kai ND. YAG) y1a Tl1V KaTEpyaoia
 TWV μe:TOAAWV (61aTp11011, Konn, auyK6A11011, auyKOA11011 μe: ope:ixaAKO,
 ~aAi61oμa, EffE~Epyao(a T11~ Effl~OVEIO~) KOOTi~OUV onμe:pa an6
 50 μEXPI 200$/WATT. Ta nAnPl1 OUOTnμaTa OVTtnpoowne:uouv e:ntv6ua11
 100.000 μexp• 1.000.000 $. ·oaov Kai av o ap10μ6~ Twv P10μ11xav1Kwv
 AE1(e:p au~aVETOI - Kupiw~ e:ne:16n 11 e:pyaola μe: AE!(Ep npoO~EPEI
 EUEAl~ia
 TWV ouμPaTtKWV ouoT11μaTwv, TOUAOXtOTov y1a Ta μ11 μe:TaAAtKa
 uA1Ka - nptne:1 va μe:1w0e:i aK6μa TO K60TO~ Tou~ Kai va e:n1Te:ux0e:i
 μe:yaAUTEPrJ an660011 KOi a~tOfflOTia Ka0w~ KOi aKptPEOTEpa OUOTnμaTa
 OK6ffEU011~- nptne:1 va ppe:0ouv e:t61K€~ AUOEI~ y1a Ta μETOAAa
 μe: ave:napKn anopp6~11011 6nw~ 0 xpua6~, 0 apyupo~, 0 xaXK6~,
 o ope:ixaXKo~, To apyiX10.
 ---pagebreak--- 4-2
 [Tn xnμEia, n avanTu~n Tn~ EKAEKTIKn~ ,wToxnμEia~ μE AEl~EP
 Sa PEATiWVE Tnv avTaywy10T1K6TnTa OTnv napQ.QcEU~ μ1KponoooTnTWV.
 0 IOOTORIKO~ 61axwp10μ6~, n KOTEpyaoia TWV paOIEVEpywv anoPAnTWV
 KOi TWV xnμ1KWV ano~AnTwv, n ouvSEon xnμ1KWV npo16VTWV ROAU
 μEyaAn~ a~(a~ Kai ,apμOKEUTIKWV npoi6vTWV ROAU μEyaAn~ KaSap6TnTa~
 Eiva1 apKETa 6uvaTE~ E,apμoyE~ nOAAE~ an6 TI~ onoiE~ E~apTWVTa1
 on6 Tnv OVORTu~n TWV AEttEp OTnV nEptoXn TOU UnEp1w6ou~.
 [Tnv IOTp1Kn, 6nou n xpno1μonoinon TWV


text:
AEl~EP ROAAORAOOIO~ETOI
 μE Tp6no OXE06v EKSETtK6 Ka1 6nou, OE μEptKE~ ouyKEKp1μEVE~
 REPIRTWOEI~, n SEpOnEia μE AEttEP EXEi non onooei~EI Tnv unEpoxn
 Tn~ ontvovT1 OT1~ ouμPaTtKE~ TEXVtKE~, n avanru~n Sa μnopouoE
 va o6nynOEI OE OUOTnμaTO ORTIKWV IVWV y1a TO ,wT10μ6, Tnv anE1K6-
 v1on KOi Tn XElpOupy1Kn OE OUOnp60tTO onμE(O TOU ovSpwn(vou
 owμoTo~. I61oiTEpo n avanTu~n Twv AEt~EP μE EAEuSEpa nAEKTp6v1a
 μ01atE1 va npoo,epETOI OROAUTO VIO IOTPIKE~ E,apμoye~ xapn
 OTn μEyaAn ERlAOYn ouxvoTnTWV, ornv u~nAn EVTaon Tn~ 1oxuo~
 TOU~ KOi OTnv 1616TnTa TOU~ va EntTpEnouv TOV EAEVXO OIOOTOOEWV
 Tn~ OEOμn~ KCI Tn~ OtapKEIOSTWV naAμWV.
 Ka1voupy1E~ E~EA(~EI~ OTO AEl~EP μnopouv va EREKTEivouv TO
 POAO TOU~ OTOU~ TOμEi~ 6nou non XPnOtμOnOIOUVTOI ROAU,6nw~
 OT1~ TnAEn1Ko1vwviE~, OTov npoo61op10μ6 μE aKpiPE1a KOi an6
 onOOToOn TWV 6100TOOEWV, TWV oxnμaTWV, Tn~ TOXUTnTo~ KOi Tn~
 ERITaxuvon~ K00w~ Enion~ KOi OTO μn KOTOOT·pETTTIKO EAEVXO.
 TEAo~, OTov EvEpyE10K6 Toμeo, EKT6~ on6 Tnv Tpexouoa xpno1μonoinon
 TWV AEl~EP OTI~ EPEUVE~ y10 SEpμonupnv1Kn OUVTn~n μE nEp1op10μ6
 a6pavE10~,So μnopouOE VO μEAETnSEi n avanTu~n AEl~Ep ROAU μEyaAn~
 1oxuo~ OE ouv6uooμ6 μE Tnv napaAAnAn avanTu~n nOAU μEyOAWV
 KOTOnTpwv y1a VO KOTaAn~ouv OTO μEAAOV OE vta OUOTnμaTa μETa,opa~
 EVEPYEIO~ OE μEyOAE~ anOOTOOEI~ xwpi~ KOAW01a, OUOTnμaTO an6
 TO onoio Sa μnopouoav VO EnW,EAnSouv 01 avanTuoo6μEVE~ XWPE~
 <A,p1Kn, NoT,o AμEp•Kn>.
 ---pagebreak--- I 4-3 !
 , I ./ ! I
 ' I
 .I I I,
 ',,
 ! .I I.
 noXXE~ an6 TI~ E~apμoyt~ auTE~ E~apTWVTa1 an6 Tnv avanTu~n
 uX1Kwv, OTOIXEiwv Kai TEXVIKW~ 6nw~: uX1Ka nou napouo1a~ouv
 KXion 6EiKTOU 61a8XaOEW~, OffTIKa UAIKO u~nXn~ rro16TnTa~ OTnv
 TTEp1oxn TOU UTTEpu8pou (OTa μnKn KUμaTO~ TOU AEl~EP COz), TEXVIKE~
 Ka80~1Kn~ KOV1onoinon~ (SPUTTERING) yta KaAUTEPn np6o~uon TWV
 ETTEV6UOEWV En1~avEia~, OffTIKE~ μ€80601 KaTaOKEun~ unEpaywywv
 uX1Kwv, 0Xoypa~1Ka OTOIXEia μE E161KE~ AEtToupyiE~, 6nou nEp1Xaμ-
 PavovTa1 Ta OT01xeia y1a Tn 6nμ1oupyia oXoypaμμaTwv nou oxnμaTi~o-
 vTa1 an6 nXEKTpov1Kou~ un0Xoy10TE~, uX1Ka μE μn ypaμμ1K6 onT1K6
 anOTEAEOμa y1a Tnv KaTaOKEun OffTIKWV μ1Kpoun0Xoy10Twv, ffAaOTtKa
 μE OTTTIKn no16TnTa, TEXVIKE~ KaTaOKEun~ ao~a1plKWV OTOIXEiwv,
 KATT ••••
 H Eni6paon OTnv OIKOVoμia ea Eiva1 PlPa1a onμaVTIKn: n TTP00T(8EμEvn
 . a~ia Tn~ ~WTOV1Kn~ P1oμnxavia~ (16iw~ Ta AEl~Ep Kai OffTIKa
 6pyava) E~TaOE Ta 2,7 610EKaToμμup1a 60Xap1a nEpinou OT1~
 HnA TO 1981. 'QX01 01 OEiKTE~ ayopa~ 6EiXVOUV onμaVTIKn au~non:
 n ayopa y1a Ta AEl~EP aOTIKWV XPnOEWV nou npoPAEffETal OTI~
 HnA ea nptnE1 va au~n8Ei an6 210 EKaToμμup1a 60Xap1a To 1982
 OE 1,6 610EKaToμμup1a 60Xap1a TO 1995. YnoAoyi~ETal OTl, OTnv
 lanwvia, n ayop& TWV AEi~Ep, TWV IVWV, TWV aVIXVEUTWV Kai TWV
 nXnpwv E~onX1oμwv ea npEnEl va nEpaOEI an6 460 EKaToμμup1a
 60Xap1a TO 1980 OE 65 OIOEKaToμμup1a 60Xap1a TO 2.000.
 Mia TET01a au~no~ ea EXEi Ev6exoμlvw~ En1nTwoE1~ oTnv anaox6Anon:
 OT(~ HnA n.x. ~ anaox6Anon OTn ~WTOVIKn P1oμnxavia au~n8nKE
 KaTa 20% nEpinou oTnv nEpio6o 1978-1982.
 ·ooo Kai av Ta napa6EiyμaTa nou ava~tp8nKav napanavw 6Ev Eiva1
 EVTEXw~ np6o~aTa Ka1 ava~tpovTa1 μ6vo oTnv KaTaOTaon OT1~ HnA, E1va1
 npo~avE~OTI n ~WTOVIKn Eiva1 Eva~ TOμEa~ μE μEyaXn TEXVOAOVtKn
 avanTu~n TTOU μnopEi va PEATIWOEI Tnv no16TnTa ~wn~, Tn P1oμnxav1Kn
 avTaywvlOTIKOTnTa Kai Tnv anaox6Xnon.
 ---pagebreak--- 4-5
 ~uo Ol']μCXVT I KCX CJ)(e:61CX 0a μ1Topouoav va e:~e:TCXOTOUV:
 - ea μ1TopOUOE: va E:lTIXE:lprJee:i OE KOIVOTtK6 E1Ti1TE60.rJ ClVCXlTTU~rJ
 e:v6~ ouve:xou~ AEtte:p co2 μe: 1oxu TrJ~ TCX~EW~ TWV


text:
50 KW μEOCX
 oe: 61CXOTrJμCX 5 ETWV, μe: Eμ~aori OTa lTPOaAnμaTa lTOU ouv6EOVTCXI
 μe: TrJV a1oμrJXCXVtKn a~tOlTOirJOrJ TOU e:pyaAEiou CXUTOU (K60TO~,
 CX~IOlTIOTia, OUOTrJμCX μe:TCX~OpCX~ TrJ~ 6EOμrJ~, E:VE:pye:1aKn CX1T6600rJ
 KCXI EAEVXO~ IOXUO~, Al.JOEi~ yta TrJ μrJXCXVtKn KCXTE:pyaoia TWV
 avTavaKAaOTtKwv μe:TCXAAW~ 61Tw~ TO aAouμiv10, o xpuo6~, o xaAK6~ •• >,
 YICX TrJ μrJXCXVIKn KCXTEpyaOia Kai ElTl~CXVE:laKn E:lTE~e:pyaoia TWV
 μe:TaAAIK~V n μri UAIKWV. 'Eva TETOIO μtoo ea μ1Topouoe: e:1Tiori~
 va XPrJOlμe:uoe:1 OTO μEAAOV Kai oe: CXAAOU~ 0K01TOU~01TW~ rJ μe:Ta~opa
 E:VEpye:1a~ avaμe:oa OTrJ YrJ Kai TOU~ 6opu~6pou~ n aKoμa rJ 61aOTrJ-
 μ1Kn cxμuva.
 'Eva~ 6e:6Te:po~ cx~ovd~ e:iva1 ri avcx1TTu~ri Atite:p 1Tou e:K1TEμ1Touv
 oe: μIKPCX μnKrJ KUμaTO~ (CXlTW U1Te:p1w6e:~ n aK6μa aKTive:~ X).
 H AUOrJ lTOU UlTOOXE:Tat Ta 1Te:p1006Te:pa e:iva1 TO AEite:p a1T6 61μe:pn
 rJAE:KTPOVtKn~ 61eye:pOrJ~ lTOU, μe: TrJ μe:yCXArJ lTOt~IAia TOU μtoou
 AEite:p e:1TtTPE1Te:1 TrJ 6riμ1oupyfa μla~ μe:yaXri~ KAiμaKa~ μrJKWv
 KUμaTO~ lTOU 1TpoO~EPETa1 yta TrJV E:KAE:KTtKn ~WTOXrJμe:ia: IOOTOlTIKO
 61axwp10μ6, ouvee:ori 1Tpoi6vTwv lTOAU μe:yCXArJ~ Ka8ap6TrJTa~T6oo
 ,apμaKEUTIKWV 000 KCXI XrJμIKWV, μe:e66ou~ 1Tapaywyn~ OAOKArJpWμEVWV
 KuKXwμaTwv CX1eoypa,ia, e:va1T6ee:ori 6trJAEKTPtKwv oTpwμaTwv).
 'Eva~ OT6io~ 8a μlTOpOUOE: va e:ivat rJ KaTaOKe:un AEtte:p lTOU
 va E:K1TEμ1Te:1 1 KW oe: μnKo~ KUμaTO~ μ1Kp6Te:po CXlTO 200nm μeoa
 oe: 61cxOTrjμCX 5 E:TWV.
 napaAAl"jAa μe: TI~ rrapCXlTOVW e:16tKE~ 1Tp001TCXee:1e:~, 1TPE1TE:I va
 E:1Tt61wxee:i e:ve:pycx rJ tpe:uva TWV UAIKWV lTOU lTpoopitovTat 1T-X-
 y1a OlTTtKa OT01xe:ia, y1a eupi6e:~ Kat e:1Te:v6uoe:1~ 1Tpooapμooμe-
 ve:~ OTa μnKrJ KUμCXTO~ TWV AEtte:p, TWV TEXVIKWV 1Tapaywy6~,
 lT.x. e:1Te:v6uoe:wv n ao~atptKWV OTOIXe:iw~ Kaew~ Kai TrJ~ re:AEIOTTOirJOrJ~
 e:rr1μtpou~ OT01xe:iwv.
 Eiva1 lTpo,avE~ 6T1 Ta lTPOTE:IVOμe:va Epyd., TOOO OTrJV OlTTtKn
 600 Kai, oe: op1oμtve:~ 1Te:p11TTwoe:1~, y1a Ta Atite:~ ea txouv
 E:lT l lTTWOE: I~ OTOV TOμECX TWV OUOTrJμCXTWV 1TapaTnPrJOrJ~ TrJ~ YrJ~ rrou
 ava,tpovTal TTIO lTCXVW OTO oriμe:io 2.6.
 ---pagebreak--- 5-1
 5. EnIITHM0NIKA 0PrANA MErAA0Y MErE80YI
 nHrEI IQMATI~IQN/AKTIN0B0AIAI
 KaTa Tn 61apKEta Tn~ TEAEUTala~ TPIOKOVTOETia~ 01 YVWOEI~ μa~
 yta TO TEAIKQ OUOTOTIKQ Tn~ UAn~ KOi yta TI~ 6uvaμEl~ ITOU TO
 ouvotouv μETa~u TOu~ rrpayμaTorroinoav onμavTtKE~ rrpo66ou~. 01
 rrp6000I OUT€~ μrr6pEOOV VO EITITEUX00UV xapn OTnV E~apμoyn OAO
 KOi ITIO 1oxupwv EITITOXUVTWV KOi OOKTUAlwv y1a OUVKPOUOEI~ owμa-
 Tt6iwv. EVTOUTOI~, Ta arrOTEAEOμaTa Tn~ 0EwpnTtKn~ EpEuva~ EVO~
 EVtaiou μOVTEAOU, 600 TO 6uvaT6v ITIO arrAOU, aao1oμtvou OE rrEp10-
 p10μ€VO ap18μ6 owμaT16iwv KOi 6uvaμEWV, OEV ea En1BEBa1w806v rra-
 pa μE ITEtpaμaTa ITOU OIE~ayOVTOI OE TEpQOTIOU~ OOKTUAiou~, 61a-
 μETPOU rroAAWV x1A1oμETpwv, rrou arra1To6v Tnv KtvnTorroinon μtowv
 rrpayμaTorro1no1μwv μ6vo OE EUpwrraiKn KAiμaKa KOi TEXVIKWV rrou
 avarrTuooovTat Kat Eu60K1μ06v OE 6Aou~ Tou~ TEXVOAOVIKOu~ TOμEi~
 a1xμn~ (uAtKa, UrrEpaywy1μ01 μayvnTE~, TEXVOAoyia KEVOU KArr •• ).
 Ta μEyaAa OUVXPOTpa ITOU rrpoopi~OVTOI y1a TnV rrapaywyn IOXUPWV
 6Eoμwv ~wT6~, 01 orroiE~ 6nμ1oupyo6vTa1 arr6 Tnv Err1Taxuvon owμa-
 T16iwv <nAEKTpoviwv) un6 Tnv Erriopaon E~WTEPIKWV μayvnTtKWV rrE-
 6iwv, avnKOUV OTnv iota KaTnyop{a OUOKEUWV. To ~W~ ITOU onμ1oup-
 yEiTat KOT auTOV TOV Tp6rro xpno1μEUEI y1a μ1a OAOKAnPn OEtpa
 E~apμoywv, TOOO OTOV TOμEa Tn~ EpEuva~, 600 Kai OTO a1oμnxav1K6
 Toμta (μEAETn Err1~avE1wv, ~aoμaToμETpia, KaTaAUTE~, rrEpi0Xaon,
 At0oypa~ia μE OKTiVE~ X, KArr •• ).
 01 μEyaAOI EITITOXUVTE~, 6rrw~ KOi OAE~ 01 OAAE~ μEyOAE~ EpEuvnT1-
 KEC ouOKEUE~ rrou 61Eu86vovta1 arr6 e:va ouvoXo KpaTwv, ouμBaXAouv
 onμaVTIKa OTn OU~Eu~n Tn~ EITIOTnμov1Kn~ KOIVOTnTa~ TWV xwpwv rrou
 ouμμETEXOUV. E~aHou, TO 1610 TO μEyE0o~ aUTWV TWV oXEOiwv, Ka0w~


text:
KOi n onμaoia Kai O KOIVOTOμO~ xapaKTnpa~ TWV EITIOTnμovtKWV ava-
 ---pagebreak--- 5-1 a
 KOAU~EWV TIOU ETIITPETIOUV, an0Ka810TOUV Tnv EμTIIOTOOuvn OTO TIETipw-
 μEvo Tn~ Eupwnn~ Ka1 oTnv 1Kav6TnTa Tn~ va ETil~An8Ei OE nayK60μ10
 ETilTIE6o 8ETOVTa~ OTa61aKa Ta μEOa Tn~ OE av8pwn1vo 6uvaμ1K6 Kai
 UAIKa aya8a UTI6 OUVEXW~ TIIO KOIV~ 61axEip1on.
 ---pagebreak--- EE TTIO 6μEOa aTTT6 tTT{TTE6o, n KOTaOKEUn Kai XPn01μ0TToinon μtat
 μEy6Ant yEvvnTptat ,wT6t TUTTOU ouyxp6Tpou ea EXEi onμavTIKEt
 KOIVWVIKOOIKOVOμIKEt ETTITTTWOElt TTOU 16iwt OXETi~ovTal μE Tit
 ~1oμnxavtKEt e,apμoyEt auTnt Tnt aKTIVO~OAia~ Kai μE TOV TTOAU-
 KAa6tK6 ETTIOTnμovtKO xapaKTnpa .TWV e,apμoywv aUTWV Kai ea KaTa-
 OTnOEI auTnV TnV EyKaTOOTaon T6TTO OUYKAtOn~ Kai aμo1~aiat EU6o-
 Kiμnons TWV TTpaKTIKWV e,apμoywv OE 6AOU~ TOUs TOμEis Tns ~1oμn-
 xav1Kn~ Xnμ1Knt EPEUVat (K1vnT1Kn TWV avT16p60EWV, E,apμOYEt Tns
 ,wToxnμEias, av6Auon TTpo16vTwv KATT.), OTov Toμta Twv UAtKwv Cμe-
 AETn Kai EAEYXDt Tnt 6oμn~ TOUt, TWV 61a,6pwv ,aoEWV TTapaOKEUns
 Taus, TWV ETTr,avE1aKwv xapaKTnp10T1Kwv Taus KATT.) Ka1 OTov TOμEa
 Tns ~IOTEXVOAoyias (6oμn OuveETWV μop(wv, ~1oxnμe(a, EAEYXDs Kai
 av6Auon TWV TTpof6vTWV KATT.).
 ---pagebreak--- 5-3
 AEPOrHPArrEr nPOHrMENHr TEXNOAOrIAr
 H avanTu~n Tns aEpOVaUTtKns anatTEi Tn XPnOtμonoinon nponyμEVWV
 aEpoonpayywv nou Va npoooμOtWVOUV Tls OuvSnKEs nTnOns OTls uno-,
 61- Kat unEpnxnTtKEs nEptOXEs TaxuTnTwv. Ot onpayyEs anOTEAOUV
 anapaiTnTEs EyKaTaOTOOEls y1a Tnv avanTu~n VEWV aEpOOKa~w~ 6oov
 a~opa TOOO TO nEpl~Anμa 600 Kat TOUs KtvnTnPEs. 0 E~o61aoμ6s OE
 EupwnctiK6 EninE6o μE μta aEpo6uvaμtKn onpayya nponyμEvns TEXVOAO-
 yias anOTEAEi avayKa(o 6po yta va 6taTnpnSE( n avTayWVlOTtKn EUpw-
 naiKn Ston OTOV TOμEa Tns aEpovauTtKns • napOAAnAa npEnEt va ava-
 nTuxSouv 01 μEAETE~ y1a~p1SμnTtKEs aepoonpayyE~; nou 6Ev Eivat
 TinoTE aAAo napa Tp1061aoTaT01 npoooμo1wTEs nou anatTouv tOXEis
 un0Aoy1oμou nou Sa npEnEt va txouv EntTEUXSEi OTts apxts Tns 6E-
 KaETias TOU 1990. Ot aptSμnTtKEs aUTEs aEpoonpayyEs Sa EnlTPE$OUV
 va KOTOOKEUaOTEl Eva μOVTEAO Tns aEpoouvaμtKns pons yupw an6 Eμn6-
 6ta nOAUnAoKns yewμETptKns μop~ns KOi TOUTO Eivat ~WTtKns onμaoi-
 as y1a Tnv avanTu~n μEAAOVTlKWV KCXTaOKEUWV nou va EVOW-
 μaTWVOUV OE μEyaAo ~aSμ6 Tns npowoTtKEs μnxavts Kat Tts KaTaOKEUEs-
 01 npoooμo1waE1s auTEs Sa EntTPE$ouv ouven~ va nep1op10TEi orμavTtKa
 0 au~av6μEVOs ap1Sμ6s TWV Wpwv AElTOupyias Tns aEpoonpayyas nou
 oTnv avTiSETn nEpinTwon ouvToμa Sa y1v6Tav anayopEuTtK6s.
 ---pagebreak--- - 6.1 -
 6. THAEnIK0INQNIEr EYPEIAr ZQNHr.
 6.1. H ouyKA1on TWV TnAEHIKOIVWVIWV, Tn~ HAnpo~oplKn~ Kai TOU OHTl-
 KOaKOUOTIKOU TOμEa 8a μETaaaAEI tn ~uon TWV tnAEHIKOIVWVIWV,
 0a a~tOHOtnOEl Tn XPn01μ0Hoinon TWV E~OTTAIOμWV HAnpo~op1Kn~
 (TnAEμaT1Kn) Kai 0a 6tEUPUVEl ohμ~VTIK6 TO ~&oμa TWV uHnpE-
 OIWV HOU HpOO~EPOVT~I T60o 6oov a~opa TI~ EHIXElp~OEI~, 600
 Kat Tou~ 161wTE~.
 01 EHEV6UOEl~ OTOV TOμEa TWV TnAEHlKOlVWVlWV OTnv Ko1v6TnTa, y1a
 Ta EH6μEva 15 xp6v1a, UHoAoyi~ovTa1 OE 500 tw~ 1.000 610. ECU.
 01 EHEVOUOEI~ auTE~ 0a HPEHEI Kupiw~ va EHITPE~OUV Tnv avTtKaTa-
 OTaon TWV TWPlVWV μETaywyEWV Kai ypaμμwv μETaa(aaon~ μE VEa Hpo1-
 0VTa HOU EXOUV aEATtwμtva TEXVlKO KOi OIKOVOμtKa xapaKTnPtOTIKO.
 01 EHEv6uoE1~ auTE~ Kat 01 ouva~tf~ uHnPEOIE~ 0a txouv aμEon
 EHiHTwon OE 0tμaTa aHaox6Anon~- npayμar1, n 6nμ1oupyia "auTo-
 K1vnT06p6μwv OEOOμEvwv" 0a ouyKEKp1μ€VOHOtnOEI TO 6uvaμ1K6 ava-
 HTu~n~ Ka I EHEv6uoEwv OTOV' :Toμta rwv TEpμaT I KWV Ka I TWV vtwv
 uHnPEOIWV, OUVTEAWVTa~ OTnv T6vwon Tn~ aHaox6Anon~ μtow TOU E~o-
 HAlOμou TWV nAEKTPOVIKWV a1oμnxav1wv KOi Tn~ 6nμ1oupyia~ VEWV
 11
 a1oμnxav1KWV uHnPEOlWV. H aHo~aOtOT{Kn


text:
Hp6o6o~ OE 0tμaTa K6-
 CTOU~ Kat EK66cEwv" TWV nponyμtvwv TnAEHtKotvwvtaKwv uHnpE01wv
 0a 6woE1 oTnv Ko1v6rnra tva onμavTtK6 HAEovEKTnμa y1a Tnv EyKa-
 raoTaon VEWV n avavEWμEVWV OlKOVOμlKWV 6paaTnp1ornTwv.
 H HP00Ha0El0 HPEHEl, AOlHOV, va ouyKEVTpw0Ei OTn aEATiwon Tn~
 oxton~ no16TnTalT1μn TWV TnAEHlKOlVWVlOKWV E~OHAtoμwv KO{ uHn-
 pEOlW~ Kat orn Hpoo,op6 Hponyμtvwv utnpEdt~v
 μE OHOOEKTO KOOTO~. ME TO·v TpOHO aUTO 0a EHaKoAou0noE t μ 1a Euvo-
 i Kn avaHTu~n Tn~ KUKAo~op[a~, 61ao~aAi~ovTa~, ETOl KaAou~ 6pou~
 aHooaEon~ yta Tl~ EHEVOUOEl~ TWV Opyav1oμwv TnAEHlKOlVWVlWV •
 • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- - 6-1 a -
 H avanTU~D TWV TOμEWV aUTWV E~apTaTal an6 TI~ npo66ou~ nou
 ea npayμaTOnOID0o6v dE e~μaTa μIKPODAEKTPOVIK~~, onTIKODAE-
 KTPOVIK~~ Kai Aoy1Kwv OTO nE6io Twv En1Ko1vwv1wv. 0a ana1Tn-
 806v CDμavTIKE~ npoana8E1E~, 6x1 μ6vo y1a TD 6nμ1oupyia 6oμwv
 nponyμEVD~ μop~~~ nou En1TpEnouv Tn μETa~i~aan Twv nADPO~op1wv,
 aAAa EnidD~ y1a TDV avanTu~n E~OnA1dμo6 TEpμaTIKWV, UnDPEdlWV
 Kai TWV vEwv XP~dEwv TOU~.
 • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- - 6.2 -
 6.2. E'ETa(6μEVE1⁄2 an6 Tnv TEXVOAOVlK~ ~no,n, 01 E'EAlKTlKE:1⁄2 Ta-
 OEl1⁄2 TWV OUOTnμaTWV TnAETilKOlVWVl~V KUptapxo6VTOl a~Ev61⁄2 an6
 Tr] YEV i KEuon Tn1⁄2 xpnon1⁄2 TWV •n•o I aK1:1v anμa'r'wv- 'dE /lVT l KaTCXOTaori TWV ravaAoy1K~N
 Kat atpETE:/XlLJ an6 Tn xi::iion onT, KWV μe:awv OE avT IKtxi'aoTaon Ka8ap:x rJAEKTfX>V IKWV
 μE:OWV y1a Tn μETaaiaaon KOi Tn 61axEip1on TWV onμaTWV OUTWV.
 H μETaaaon an6 Tnv nAEKTPOVlKn TIPO1⁄2 Tnv OTITtKn npod~E:pEl onμa-
 VTIKCX TIAEOVEKTnμaTa y1a Tl1⁄2 61a~OPE1⁄2 (WTIKE:~ AElTOupyiE~ TWV
 TnAETilKOlVWVlWV μETaaiaaan, μETaywyn, ETIE,Epyaoia KOi ano8n-
 KEUOn TWV onμaTWV. H TEXVOAoyia Tn1⁄2 OTITlKn1⁄2 μETaa(aaon1⁄2 TWV on-
 μaTWV apiOKETOl non OE OXETlKa TIPOXWPnμE:VO OTCXOIO (TOUAaXlOTO
 OTOV TOμE:a TWV OTITIKWV lVWV), EVW 01 CXAAE1⁄2 AElTOUpyiE1⁄2 apiOKo-
 VTOl aK6μn OTO npoKaTapKTtK6 OTa610 Twv EpyaoTnp1aKwv avanT6,Ewv.
 0EwpnTtKa, 01 OTITIKE:1⁄2 μETOYWYE:~, n OTITIKn ETIE,Epyaoia onμaTWV
 KOi n OTITlKn ano8nKEuOn Sa E:TIPETIE va txouv KaTa TIOA6 avWTEPE1⁄2
 En1660E11⁄2 an6 TI1⁄2 avTiOTOlXE~ nXEKTpovtKE:1⁄2 XE1Toupy[E1⁄2• AuT6
 o~EiAETa1 OTO onμavT1K6 TIAEOVE:KTnμa nou npoa~e:pE1 TO ~w1⁄2 6oov
 a~opa TOX6TnTa, KIVnTtKoTnTa Kai μnKo1⁄2 K6μaTO1⁄2, OE OXE:On μE
 Ta nXEKTp6v1a. 'Eva o6oTnμa OTITlKn1⁄2 μETaywyn1⁄2 EVO~ TETpaywv1-
 K06 EKaTOOT06 μnopEi va ETIE,EpyaOTEi 10 EKaT0μμ6p1a avE,CXPTn-
 TE1⁄2 ~WTElVt1⁄2 OE:OμEt KOi va OVTlμETa8E:OEl K08Eμia an6 OUTE:t
 OE XPOVO μlKPOTEpO an6 30 PSEC. 'Evat OTITlKOt ETIE,EpyaoTnt
 TOU lOiou μEyE:80U1⁄2 8a μnopo60E, KOTapxn, va XElPlOTEi Tp1a-
 KOOE1⁄2 XlAlaOE1⁄2 gigabits ava OEUTEPOAETITO, npayμa TIOU OVTlOTOl-
 XEi OTnv KUKAO~opia TIOU 6nμ1oupyEi TO nμ10U Tnt av8pwn6TnTa1⁄2
 OE TnAEOTTTlKO~WVlKn OUVOlCXAE,n μE TO UTIOAOITIO nμ1au.
 01 OTITIKE:1⁄2 TEXVOAoyfEt npoo~e:pouv μEoo/μaKponp68Eoμa TI1⁄2 npoo-
 TITIKE:~ y1a Tn oxton ETilOOOElt/KoOTOt TIOU 8a ETIE:TPETiav Tnv napo-
 xn TiponyμE:VWV TrJAETilKOlVWVlaKWV unnpEOlWV (EupEia (wvn) OE TI-
 ._ •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- - 6.2 a -
 μt~ 1006uvaμ€~ npo~ EKEiVE~ TOU onμEplVOU TnAE~wvou, 6nAa6~
 npoo1TE~ OTO μEyaAUTEpo μtpo~ TOU Ko1vou.
 • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- - 6.3 -
 0 EnE~EpyaOTn~ OUTO~ anOTEAEi TO aaOIKO OTOIXEiO yupw
 an6 TO onoio Sa OIK060μ11SEi TO OUVOAO TOU OUOTnμaTO~
 onTIKWV En1Ko1vwv1wv.
 Eioo6o~/E~o6o~ (noAunAE~ia, anonoAunAE~ia, avayvwp1011
 KOi μETOTpon~ OflμOTWV, EKnoμnn KOi A~$ll OflμOTWV, KAn ••• ).
 METaywyn.
 'EAEVXO~ (EnE~Epyaoia TWV OflμOTWV, 61axEiplOfl Tfl~ KUKAO-
 ~opia~, OUVTnPflOfl KOi EniaAE$fl TWV OUOTflμOTWV).
 81aAoyo~ μETa~u TWV XPflOTWV KOi TOU nEp1aaAAOVTO~.
 01 AEITOupylE~ auTE~ Sa EKTEAOUVTat/EAEVXOVTa1 an6 Aoy1Ka


text:
U$flAWV
 En 1660EWV μE unOOTnPl~fl an6 apx I TEKTOV I KE~ E~EA I KT I KWV KO I EUPEW~
 61a6oμtvwv ouOTflμaTwv.
 Yn0Aoy1~6μEvo1 avayKalo1 n6po1: 1500 avSpwnolTll Eni 10 ETfl.
 a.
 H KIVflTIKOTflTO Kai 11 6uvaTOTflTO np6oaaon~ ano~EAOUV 6uo ~WTI-
 Ka OflμEia Tfl~ avanTU~ll~ TWV EnlKOIVWVIWV. Ta unEpEAa~pa npo-
 own1Ka TEpμaTIKO Sa Eiva1 TO aao1Ka OTOIXEia Tfl~ E~EAl~ll~
 auTn~ OTO nAaio10 Tfl~ 611μ601a~ OAOKAflpWμEVfl~ pa6tOTflAE~wvia~.
 H avanTU~ll auTn anatTEi ooaapE~ npoonaSEtE~ OTOU~ OKOAouSou~
 TOμEi~ :
 Pa61onoμnoi/6EKTE~ E~atpETtKa μ1Kpwv 61aoTaOEwv xaμflA~~
 KOTOVOAW0fl~-
 0AOKAflpWμEva OUOTnμaTa pa6toEnlKOIVWVla~ U$flAn~ nUKVOTfl-
 TCX~.
 • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- - 6.3a -
 EUKaμnTn μE0060~ 61axEip1an~ TWV OUXVOTnTWV KOi Tn~
 KUKAO(f)Opia~.
 Yno>-.oy1~6μEvo1 avayKaio1 n6po1
 •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak--- - 6.4 -
 6.4. H E,apμoyn TEXVOAOYlKWV OXE61~v av6nTu~nt Ev6,El Tnt ElOaywyn~
 OAOKAnpwμtvwv ERlKOlVWVlWV EUpEl~t ~wvnt, auyKEVTPWVEl 6Aa Ta
 KPlTnp1a EV6~ μEy6AOU EUpWnaiKo6 OXE61ou nou napouo16~El OE
 EupEia KAlμaKa 01Kovoμ1K6 Kat Ko1vwv1K6 Ev61a,tpov. 0a TOVWOEl
 Tl~ TEXVOAOytKt~ npo66out OE 616,opou~ ~WTl~06t TOμEit (16iwt
 OTn μtKponAEKTPOVtKn Kal ORTlKOnAETPOVtKn). 0a iXEl notKiAn
 XPnan, 8a OTnpi~ETOl OE anμaVTlKft ~toμnxavtKEt 6uv6μElt Kal
 ea μnopEi va auv6E8Ei OE un6pxovTa npoyp6μμaTa Cn.x ESPRIT,
 Ta E8VtK6 npoyp6μμaTa 6nwt ALVEY, TO np6ypaμμa nAEKTPOV!K06
 TOμfa OTn faAAia Kal TO np6ypaμμa μtKponAEKTPOVtKnt Kal TEXVl-
 KWV TWV nAnpo,op1wv Kal TWV ERlKOlVWVlWV Tn~ o~r, KAR ••••• ).
 TtAo~, n EV A6yw E,apμoyn ea auμ~6AEl OTnv npayμaTonolnan TWV KOt-
 VOTIKWV OT6XWV OOOV a,op6 Tnv nEpl,EPElaKn av6nTu~n KOi Tn
 6nμ1oupyla etaEwv anaax6Anont Kat E~aywywv.
 ---pagebreak--- 7-1
 7. NEA rENEA META~OPIKQN MErQN
 H ao,aAEla, n npoOTaoia TOU nEp1aaAAOVTOt, n TaxuTnTa Kai n E~o1-
 KOv6μnon EVEpyE1a, anOTEAOUV TOUt KUPIOUt Eff(TaKTIKOUt napayo-
 VTEt ffOU Sa xapaKTnpi~OUV Ta μEAAOVTIKa μETa,op1Ka μEOa.
 01 VEEt TEXVOAoyiEt Twv nAnpo,op1wv Kat Tnt Evono1nμevnt napayw-
 Ynt μE XPnon n~EKTPOVIKWV UffOAOVIOTWV Sa EiXaV Tn 6uvaT6Tnta va
 aonenoouv, μE tnv avantu~n VEWV UAIKWV Kai aaOIKWV TEXVOAOYIWV,
 va ouμa1aaoTOUV 01 KUPIOI autoi EfflTaKTIKOl napayOVTEt.
 'Ooov a,opa Tnv taXUTnTa (nou va Ouμaao(~El μE tnv ao,aAEta Kai
 Tnv npOOTaoia TOU nEp1aaAAOVTOt), auTn ea EnpEnE va Ev61a,EpE1
 npwt10Ta Tit unepnxnt1KEt aEponoptKEt μETa,opet (16t § 3 "vta
 uA1Ka") Kat tit 016npo6poμ1KEt μETa,opt, μe Tpaiva μEyaAwv Taxu-
 TnTwv CTGV).
 01 napayOVTEt Tnt ao,aAElat, Tnt npoOtaoiat TOU nEp1aaAAOVTOt
 Kai Tnt E~OIKOV6μnont EVEpyEtat Sa EffpEnE KaT'apxat va An,Souv
 un6~n OTlt OOIKE' μETa,opEt npOKElμEVOU Va μEIW90UV KaTa Tp6no
 6paOTIK6 oTnv En6μEvn 0€KaETia O ap18μ6t TWV ouyKpOUOEWV, n aTμo-
 a,a1p1Kn punavon Kai n KaTaVaAWOn EVEPYEtat. 0a μnopouoav E~ioou
 va npayμaTOno1n8ouv OTOV TOμta TWV aOTIKWV μETa,opwv a108nTEt
 np60601 aao10μEVEt OTlt VEEt TEXVOAoyiEt.
 r1a napa6e1yμa OTOV TOμEa Tnt ao,aAEtat Kai Tnt avEOnt TWV 061-
 KWV μEta,opwv ea EnpEnE va a,1Epw8ei Eva K1vnTnp10 np6ypaμμa
 OTnv avanTu~n OUOKEUWV ffAonynont OTnv ~npa μE Tn aon9Eta 6opu-
 ,6pou, nou napouo16~EI TO ffAEOVEKTnμa, an6 a1oμnxav1Kn ano~n,
 OTI Eiva1 tva ouv8ETO OUOTnμa. AUTO TO xapaKTnp10TtK6 TOU ou-
 OTnμaTOt Sa EXEi EfflffTWOEtt OE μEyCJAO (Xp1!3μ6 anwv a1oμnxa-
 VIKWV KAa6wv OIOTI OUVEnayETat Tn Stan OE AEITOUpyia ~n,1aKWV
 OOIKWV xapTWV (TEXVOAoyiEt oeovwv μEyaAnt EUKPlVEtat Ka( μ1Kpwv
 61aotaOEwv), Tnv e,apμoyn ~n,1aKWV pa61o~EU~EWV μE OtaTIKOUt
 OEKTEt Kai tn aEATiwon tnt aKpiae1a, TOU onμaTOt (Ta μn noA1-
 ---pagebreak--- 7-2
 TtKa OUOTnμaTa rrAonvnonc rrou Eivat n6n 61a0EOtμa EXOUV aKp(-


text:
~Eta 100 m ITOU EIVOt OVEITOPKnt y1a TOU~ o6nyout 061KWV oxnμaTWV
 aK6μn KOi OTOUC μEyaAOUC a~OVEC ctUTOKtVnTo6p6μwv) •. E~aAAOU Eva
 TETOIO rrp6ypaμμa 0a EXEi ITOAAOITAEC EITIITTWOEIC OE aAAOUC TOμEit
 E,apμoync (61axE(p1on EVOC OTOAidKOU μtTa~optKWV oxnμaTWV, XPn-
 Otμorroinon oTn yEwpyia y1a Tnv auToμaTorroinon TWV aypoT1Kwv μn-
 xavwv KArr.). H E,apμoyn EVOC TETOIOU rrpoypaμμaTOC 0a arratTOUOE
 6w6EKa μnvEt y1a TOV Ka0op10μ6 TWV rrpo61aypa,wv, 6uo ETn y1a Tn
 μEAETn OKorr1μ6TnTat rrou 0a E~ETa~SI rrapaAAnAa 6uo n TPEIC EVaA-
 AaKTIKEC 6uvaT6TnTEt Kai Tpia twc TEOOEpa ETn y1a va avarrTuX0Ei
 OE rrpo~1oμnxav1K6 OTOOIO TO dUOTnμa rrou ErrtAtx0nKE μE Tn An~n
 Tnt 6EuTEPnt ~aon~- H ,aon y1a Tov Ka0op10μ6 rwv rrpo61aypa,wv
 0a arra1TouoE Epyaoia 30 av0pwnoETWV. r1a TI~ Err6μEvE~ ,aoE1t
 o 6yKot Tn~ Epyaoiac E~apTaTat arr6 TIC rrpo61aypa,tc rrou KaTap-
 TioTnKav oTnv npwTn ~aon.
 'Eva OEUTEPO KtvnTnpto rrp6ypaμμa OTOV TOμEa Tnt 061Knt ao,aAEta~
 0a μrropouOE Va a,opa Tn OKOrrtμoTnTa EVOC OUOTnμaTO~ OUTOKtVnTo-
 6p6μou μE ouToμaTorro1nμEVEt μETa,opEc. To rrp6ypaμμo auT6 Eivot
 EUpUTEPO OITO TO rrponyouμEVO arr6 TnV ano~n TWV avayKOlWV npoc
 6ta0Eon μtowv KOi TWV n10avwv EnlnTWOEWV KOi 0a ElXE w~ OTOXO
 Tn AElTOupyia OTnv rrpa~n Ev6c rrpWTOTUnou auToμaTorro1nμEVOU OUTO-
 KtVnTo6p6μou. Ta npoc EniAuon ~nTnμaTa y10 Eva TETOlO OTOXO
 0o nrnv apa :
 - n Entv6non TOU OUOTnμaTO~,
 - n avanTu~n opyavwv y1a TO ouvoAtK6 EAEVXO Tn~ KUKAo-
 ,opia~ TWV OUTOμOTOTT01nμEVWV oxnμaTWV,
 - n aton OE AElTOUpyia OUOTnμaTWV npoOnEAaon~ KOi 610-
 0IKOOIWV pu0μ10nt (OE rrEptnTWOn OTUXnμoTO~ n orrp6-
 ~AEnTWV ~Ao~wv),
 - n ovanTu~n EOWTEPIKWV μova6wv EAEYXOU OTO 6xnμo,
 - n ErriAuOn TWV rrpo~AnμaTWV npooopμoync TWV KOIVWV oxn-
 μaTWV OTO K00EOTWC Tnt OUT6μ0Tn~ Kivnonc-
 ---pagebreak--- 7-3
 'Eva TET010 np6ypaμμa E(va1 npolj)avw~ lj)tA6oo~o Kat oanavnp6 aAAa,
 EKTO~ Tau yEyov6To~ OTl Eiva1 ouvaT6v an6 Tl~ EpEuvE~ Kat Tl~ Ka-
 TaOKEUE~ va m111>.:n8ou11 Olj)EAn y la TOV Toμe:a Tn~ auToμaTono i non~
 TWV 01onpoopoμ1KWV Kai aOTIKWV μETalj)opwv (6nou n Eupwnn EXEi npo-
 OOEUOE I no Au), nPEf(Et rnion~ va N7<P8ouv um:xiJn 01 onμavT I KE~ En I nwoE 1~
 OTn aEATiwon Tn~ aO(j)aAEla~ Kal Tn~ OUVOAtKn~ an6ooon~ TWV OOIKWV
 μETalj)OpWV.
 To OEUTEpo auT6 np6ypaμμa Ba anatTouoE μ1a nEpiooo UAonoinon~
 μEyaAUTEPn,Tn~ Ta~EW~ TWV OKTW e:w~ OEKa ETWV, ~OU nEptAaμaa-
 VE l :
 - μ1a lj)aon OEKaOKTW μnvwv y1a TOV KaBop10μ6 TWV
 npoo1aypalj)WV,
 μta lj)aon TPIWV ETWV y1a Tn μEAETn OKon1μ6TnTa~,
 KaTa Tnv onoia Ba avanTUXBEi aμtAAa μETa~u TWV
 oμaOWV TWV ETTlXEtpnOEWV Kal TWV onμoOlWV Kal lOl-
 WTlKWV lj)OPEWV (1opuμaTa EPEUVWV Eni TWV μETalj)opwv,
 opyav10μ0( OOIKn~ aO(j)aAEla~, KaTaOKEUaOTE~ auTo-
 KlVnTwv oxnμaTWV, KaTaOKEUaOTE~ ElOlKOU EnlOTnμo-
 VlKOU E~OTTAlOμou KAn.),
 - μta TTEtpaμaTtKn Elj)apμoyn OE npayμaTtKn TOnOBEOla
 XPOVtKn~ OtapKEla~ TEOOapwv EW~ nEVTE ETWV (Elj)ap-
 μoyn Kai EyKaTaOTaon TOU E~OnAtOμou, OOKlμE~, EAEy-
 XOl Kal OUμnEpaoμaTa).
 H lj)aan y1a TOV KaBop10μ6 TWV npoo1aypalj)WV Sa anatTOUOE e:va 6yKO
 Epyaoia~ 200 avSpwnoETWV nEpinou.
 Ta npoypaμμaTa OTOV TOμe:a auT6 Sa anE(j)Epav μEyaAO KOlVWVlKO Kai
 nOAlTlKO Olj)EAO~ Kai Sa npowSouoav Tnv TEXVOAOYtKn avanTu~n- 0a
 Eixav OUVEnW~ BETlKE~ EnlITTWOEl~, . toiw~ OTO a,oμnxavtKO KAaOo TWV auTo-
 KtvnTwv oxnμaTWV,Kat Ba OUVEaaAaV OTnv Evioxuon Tn~ a1oμnxavia~
 nAEKTPOVlKWV nou Sa XPEta~6TaV va OUVOOEUOEI Tnv avanTu~n auTn.
 ---pagebreak--- 8-1 ·
 8. XPH[IMOnOIHEH TOY 6IAETHMATOr
 H ETTtTaxuvan, AOVW


text:
TWV aμEptKaVtKWV CTpOTlWTlKWV rrpoypaμμaTWV,
 Tnc; avarrTufnc; VEWV auaTnμaTWV a~IXVEuanc; (urrtpuepEc; aKTlvEc;,
 opaTn TTEplOXn TOU ,aaμaTOC.: TOU ,wTOC.:, μtKPOK~μaTa) OE Cuv6ua-
 aμ6 μE 6opu,op1Ka CUCTnμaTa ETTEfEpyaa(ac; KOi avaAuanc; TWV Aaμ-
 BavoμEVWV anμaTwv oe KAiμaKa npayμaT1Ko6 xp6vou, ea auμBa6i~E1
 napaAAnAa μE Tnv aufnan TWV TTEp1op1oμwv OTn μETa,opa TEXVOAoy(ac;
 oTov noAu euaioenTo auT6v Toμta.
 AV AOlTTOV n Eupwnn OEV ETTITOXUVEI Kai auTnV Tnv avanTufn 6opu,a-
 PIKWV a1oenTnpwv KOl OVlXVEUTWV Kaewc; KOi OUOTnμaTWV ETTE~EpyaO[ac;
 Ka1 avaAuonc; 6e6oμtvwv, ea txe1 0Ta61aKa 6Ao Kai μeyaAuTepn TE-
 xv0Aoy1Kn KaeuoTtpnon OTOV ETTIOTnμov1K6 TOμEa Tnc; napaTnpnonc; Tnc;
 vnc;.
 0I TEXV I KEC.: μteo6o I napaTnpnonc; Tnc; YnC.: QμWt, TTapEXOUV TTArpo<pop(Ec; TTOAU
 μEyaAnc; onμaolac; y1a TTOAUap1eμouc; TOμEic; : Tnv TTPOOTao[a TOU TTEp1-
 BaAAOVTOC.:,Tnv KA1μaTOAOyia, Tn μETEWPOAoyia, Tnv WKEavoypa,ia,
 Tnv u6poAoyia, Tn yewpy(a (np6BAE~n μEyeewv ouyK0μ16nc; Kai xpnoe1c;
 vnc.:>, TIC.: npwTec; UAEC.: (μtow Tnc; yEwAoyiac;), Tic; μeTa,aptc;, Tnv aA1-
 eia KOi TnV EV[oxuon Otnv OVOTTTufn.
 AUTEC.: 01 TTAnpo,opiEc; a,ev6c; ea ETTlTPE~OUV Tnv e,apμoyn KaTa Tp6no
 n10 anoTEAEOμaTtK6 TWV KOIVOTIKWV TTOAITIKWV OTouc; Toμe[c; nou npo-
 ava,tpenKav. EfaAAOU, OE EUa(oenTouc; TOμE[c; 6nwc; n.x. OTOV TOμta
 Tnc; yEwpy(ac;, n Eupwnn 6Ev μnope( va ETTITPE~EI OTOV EOUTO Tnc; va
 ayvoEI tic; rrAnpo,opiec; EKEivec; rrou ea 61aetTouv 01 avTaywvtOTEC.:
 Tnc;.
 To 6taOTnμa OVTlTTPOOWTTEUEI tva EKAEKTO TOTTO UTTEpEev1Knc; tpeuvac;,
 Ol ETTlTTTWOElC.: Tnc; ono[ac; arr6 Tnv ano~n TOU KOlVOU o,EAOUC.: (Kotvtc;
 noAtTtKtc;) 6tKatoAoyouv Tn xpnμaTo66Tnon an6 6nμ6010 ,apta, txouv
 xapaKTnpa nou npoweEi aAAEC.: 6paoTnp16TnTec; Kat npao,tpouv 6uvat6-
 TntEc; ouvepyaoiac; μe Tpirn Kpamn.
 ---pagebreak--- 8-2
 Ot ano,aOEtt nou An,enKav TOV Iavouapto OTa RAaiota TOU Eupwnai-
 KOU Opyavtcμ:i, 8taOTnμaTOt (ESA) ano~AEROUV OTnv Evioxuon Tnt
 aUTOVOμiat Tnt Eupwnnt OTnv EKμETOAAEUOn TOU OtaOTnμaTO~ (napa-
 T~pnon Tnt vn~, TnAERlKOlVWViEt, aoeEVEt nEoio ~apuTnTat, ota-
 OTnμtK~ ERlOTnμn Kat TEXVOAOy(a) Kaewt Kat OTn OtaT~pnon μta~
 avE~apTnoiat OTOV TOμEa TWV OUOTnμaTWV EKT6~EuOnt oopu,6pwv
 (np6ypaμμa Ariane).
 npoKEtμEvou va avanTuxeouv 01 TEXVtKEt auTEt μteooot OE eupwna1-
 K6 EninEoo, ea μnopouOE va unap~Et OKE~n EV6t OAOKAnpwμEVOU ou-
 OT~μaTOt napaT~pnont Kat TnAERlKOlVWVIW~ nou va ouvoua~El YEVEEt
 oopu,6pwv nou EXOUV ~on a,0μ01weEi, 6nwt TO SPOT craAAia) n TO
 ERS-1 ( ESA), μE VEEt E~EAi~Ett, toiwt μg μ1a μEyaAn ROAtKn
 OtaOTnμtK~ E~EOpa napaTnpnont Tnt Ynt Tnv onoia VO ERtOKERTOVTat
 aOTpovauTEt ava TaKTO XPOVtKa OtaOT~μaTa (nEplOOtKWt Enavopou-
 μEvn -"mantended"). AuT~ n E~Eopa Eivat ~on un6 ou~~Tnon OTa
 RAaiota Tn~ EupwnatK~t ouμμETOX~t OTO np6ypaμμa TOU aμEptKaVtKOU
 OtaOTnμtKOU OTaeμou.
 EntnAtov ot TnAERtKotvwvtaKo( oopu,6pot, ntpav Tou ~aotKou p6Aou
 nou ea EXOUV OTnv avanTU~~ EVOt OtaKOtVOTlKOU TnAERlKOIVWVtaKOU
 OlKTUOU EUPEiat ~wvnt OUXVOT~TWV, ea Eivat anapaiTnTot yta Tnv
 npow8non npot Ta Ktvrpa avaAuont Twv nAnpo,op1wv nou npotpxovTat
 ano OOpu,opOUt napaTnpnont Tnt Ynt •
 H paotoaOTpovoμia μE XPnOn OUμ~OAOμETp(a~ OE EUpE(a ~aon yvwplOE
 μEyaAn avanTu~n OTa EniyEta paotoTnAEOK6n1a CnapaoEiyμaTa: TO
 Cambridge, TO Very Large Array OT1t HvwμEVEt noAtTEiE~) Kai EnE-
 TPE~E va npoaxeEi n E~EpEuvnon TOU ouμnaVTOt. H TOnoetTnon OE
 vn1vn Tpoxta EVOt TETOlOU ouμ~OAOμETPOU Sa ERETPERE Tnv anaAAa-
 vn an6 optOμEVE~ OUOXEPElEt 6nwt O nEptop10μ6t TWV ,uotKWV 01a-
 OTOOEWV Tn~ ~aont. ntpav TWV μE86owv u~nA~~ TEXVoAoyia~ nou
 anatTEI oTov TOμEa Twv μ1KpoKuμaTwv, n npayμaTonoinon auTou TOU
 EYXElp~μaTOt XPEta(ETat ROAU nponyμEVEt TEXVIKEt μE86oout yta
 Tn ouvapμoA6ynon KaTaOKEuwv OTO 01a0Tnμa Kai y1a


text:
Tov E~atpETtK~t
 OKpi~Eta~ EVTOntoμ6
 TPOXtO.
 ---pagebreak--- 8.,-3
 KaT·avaAoyia ea μnopo6oE va E~ETOOTEI E~loou n TonoetTnon OE
 Tpox1a Ev6c;; onTtKo6 ouμ~oA6μETpou nou ea anatTouoE EntnAtov Tnv
 avanTu~n vtwv TEXVtKWV OTnV OTTTtKn (KaTOTTTpa, KOl OUVOVIXVEUTE<;,
 t6t § 3.12 aKTivEc;; MtC:EP Kat onTtK& μtea). Ot TEXVtKec;; μteo6ot
 Tnc;; ouμ~OAOμETpiac;; ea OUVETTOYOVTOV avaμ~i~OAO tva OTOtXElo 6tEe-
 vo6c;; OUVEpyao(ac;; OTO ETTITTE60 TWV napaTnpnOEWV t6iwc;; μE Ttc;; Hvw-
 μEVE<; noAtTEIE<; KOi Tn LO~tETtKn 'Evwon.
 nEptμtVOVTO<; VO Tnc;; 6oeE( n 6UVOT6TnTa OUμμETOXnc;; OTnv OVQTITU~n
 Ev6c;; 6taoTnμtK06 OTaeμou TIOU ea ETIPETIE VO TEeEi OE TPOXta TO 1992,
 n Eupwnn xapn OTO np6ypaμμa Spacelab μn6pEOE n6n VO anOKTnOEI TTE(-
 pa OTnv KOTOOKEUn UAtKWV OTO 6taOTnμa. METa TO 1988 n Eupwnn ea
 μnopEOEt va ouμμETOOXEt OE anoOTOAE<; μEyaAnc;; XPOVtKnc;; 61apKEtac;;
 0
 (6 μnvwv) OTO 6taOTnμa,μE TOV 11
 Eupwna iK6 AVOKTnOtμo METa~opta 11
 ("European Retrievable Carrier"). npoTEiVETat tva np6ypaμμa 6pa-
 onc;; μe OKOTTO VO EVtOXUOEt TO OUVTOVI0μ6 TWV ~toμnxavtWV TTOU n1ea-
 vwc;; Va EV6ta~EPOVTOt yta napaywyn npo16VTWV OTO 6taOTnμa (~apμa-
 KEUTtKa TTpOlOVTa, napaywyn KPUOTOAAWV, ~IOAOYIKn 6ta61KaO(a ••• )
 TTOU ea TOU<; ETTETpETTE va au~noouv Ttc;; YVWOEI<; TOU<; y1a Ttc;; unapxou-
 OEc;; 6uvaT6TnTEc;;.
 napoμoiwc;;, OTO EupwnatK6 61a0Tnμ1K6 np6ypaμμa unapxouv Enionc;; 01
 OT6xo1 Ev6c;; EupwnaiKo6 TEXVOAOytKou npoypaμμaToc;;. Ba tnpEnE &pa
 va EvtoxueEi μE etpμn n avanTu~n ev6c;; Enav6pwμtvou 61a0Tnμ1Ko6
 oxnμaTO<; μE TnV ovoμao(a 11
 Epμnc;; 11 μal;{ μE Ttc;; TTOIKiAE<; TEXVOAOyt-
 KE<; TTPOKAnoe1c;; TTOU avTtTTpOOWTTEUEt, Kaewc;; KOi O onμavTtK6c;; TTOAITt-
 K6c;; OT6xoc;; yta TOV onoio EXEi An~eEi an6~aon, va 6oeEi 6nAa6n
 OTnv Eupwnn TTAnPnc;; OVE~apTnO(a OTOV TOμEa Tnc;; EKμETOAAEUOnc;; TOU
 61aoTnμaTO<; μE ETTav6pWμEVOU<; 0Taeμo6c;;.
 H 6paon OTOV TOμea Tnc;; napaywync;; OTO 61a0Tnμa ea ETTpETTE Va EXEi
 we; Kup1ouc;; OT6xouc;;:
 - Va au~nOEt Ttc;; YVWOEtc;; Tnc;; ~toμnxav(ac;; OXETtKa μE Tnv EKμETOA-
 AEUOn TWV TEXVlKWV μEe66wv KOTOOKEunc;; KOl ~EAT(wonc;; TWV npoi6-
 VTWV UTT6 OuvenKE<; aoeEvouc;; TTE6iou ~apuTnTac;; KOi u~nAOU KEVOU.
 ---pagebreak--- 8-4
 Va OUVTOμEUOEI Tn XPn01μonoinon Tn<; KaTaOKEUn<; npot6VTWV OTO
 61 CXOTnμa μe:aw Tn<; an6KTnon<; EμnE Ip i a<; μE np6TUTTE<; OOKlμE:<; lTOU ea
 avoiyOUV TO 6p6μo npo<; TI<; 6paOTnp16TnTE<; OE ~1oμnxav1Kn KAi-
 μaKa.
 flpq3MnETat 6T I auT6 ea μnopouOE va ElT I TEUX0E i μe:ow
 TOU OUVTOV l OμOU TCU OUV6AOU μla<; 1T l 0avn<; KO l V6TnTa<; XPnOTWV,
 Tn<; avayvwp1on<; uno~n~iwv ~1oμnxav1wv nou μtxp1 Twpa 6Ev Ei-
 xav oxton μE To EupwnaiK6 61a0Tnμ1K6 np6ypaμμa, a>-.Aa nou ea
 μnopouoav va μETCXOXOUV OTI<; VEE<; 6paoTnp16TnTE<; y1a TI<; onoi-
 E<; 6ivETa1 Twpa 6uvaT6TnTa,
 Tn<; Ta~ 1v6μnon<; TWV EμlTE Ip I WV an6 np6TU1TE<; OOKlμE<; Ka I Tn<; ava-
 lTTU~n<; Kai E~apμoyn<; TOU<; OE OUVEpyao(a μE TI<; apμ661E<; 61a-
 OTnμ1KE<; EupwnatKE<; apxt<;.
 M1a lTPWTn EVEPYEla ea nTaV:
 va ouyKAn0ei μ1a ouoKE~n Twv ~1oμnxav1wv-ne>-.aTwv nou Ev6exo-
 μe:vw<; ea Ev61a~e:povTav, OE OUVEpyaoia μE TOV ESA Kai Tn 61a-
 OTnμ1Kn ~1oμnxav{a, lTOU OTn OUVEXEla ea KaeopiOEl e:va unoeE-
 T I K6 np6ypaμμa Epyao i a<; TO onoio ea lT~PE OT 1<; EV >-.6yw ~ 1oμn-
 xav t E<; Tn 6uvaT6TnTa an6KTnOn<; 61aOTnμ1Kn<; EμlTElpta<;.
 H Eve:pye1a auTn ea μnopOUOE va ouμn>-.npwee{ an6:
 Tnv E16onoinon Twv ~1oμnxav1wv nou an6 Tn ~uon Tou<; Ev61a~e:-
 povTa1 y1a 1TE1paμaTlKE<; 6uvaT6TnTE<; 0
 Tnv ElTIAOYn μ1a<; lTPWTn<;