Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony (15 ta’ Frar, 1820 – 13 ta' Marzu, 1906) kienet attivista Amerikana għad-drittijiet tan-nisa u riformatur soċjali li kellha rwol kruċjali fil-moviment tal-vot tan-nisa fl-Istati Uniti. Imwielda fil-familja Quaker impenjata għall-ugwaljanza soċjali, hija ġabret petizzjonijiet kontra l-iskjavitù meta kellha 17-il sena. Fl-1856, saret ir-rappreżentant tal-istat ta’ New York għas-Soċjetà Amerikana Kontra l-Iskjavitù (American Anti-Slavery Society).

Fl-1851, hija ltaqgħet ma' Elizabeth Cady Stanton u magħha ħadmet tul il-kumplament ta' ħajjitha f'attivitajiet ta' riforma soċjali, primarjament fil-qasam tad-drittijiet tan-nisa. Fl-1852, huma waqqfu n-New York Women's State Temperance Society wara li Anthony ma tħallietx titkellem waqt konferenza dwar it-temperanza minħabba li kienet mara. Fl-1863, huma waqqfu l-Women's Loyal National League, li mexxiet l-akbar petizzjoni fl-istorja tal-Istati Uniti sa dak iż-żmien, u ġabret kważi 400,000 firma b'appoġġ għall-abolizzjoni tal-iskjavitù. Fl-1866, huma bdew l-American Equal Rights Association, li għamlet kampanja għal drittijiet ugwali kemm għan-nisa kif ukoll għall-Afro-Amerikani. Fl-1868, bdew jippubblikaw gazzetta dwar id-drittijiet tan-nisa msejħa The Revolution. Fl-1869, huma waqqfu n-National Woman Suffrage Association bħala parti minn qasma fil-moviment tan-nisa. Fl-1890, il-qasma issewwiet formalment meta l-organizzazzjoni tagħhom ingħaqdet mar-rivali American Woman Suffrage Association biex tifforma n-National American Woman Suffrage Association, b’Anthony bħala l-forza ewlenija tagħha. Fl-1876, Anthony u Stanton bdew jaħdmu ma' Matilda Joslyn Gage fuq dak li eventwalment sar pubblikazzjoni ta' sitt volumi bl-isem ta' History of Woman Suffrage. L-interessi ta' Anthony u Stanton diverġew xi ftit fis-snin ta' wara, iżda t-tnejn baqgħu ħbieb tal-qalb.

Fl-1872, Anthony ġiet arrestata talli vvotat f'belt twelidha, Rochester, fi New York, u nstabet ħatja wara li dehret fil-qorti taħt ħafna attenzjoni tal-gazzetti. Għalkemm hija rrifjutat li tħallas il-multa, l-awtoritajiet ma ħadux aktar azzjoni kontriha. Fl-1878, Anthony u Stanton irranġaw biex il-Kungress jiġi ppreżentat b’emenda li tagħti lin-nisa d-dritt tal-vot. Introdotta mis-Sen. Aaron A. Sargent (R-CA), aktar tard saret magħrufa komunament bħala l-Emenda Susan B. Anthony. Fl-1920 ġiet irratifikata bħala d-Dsatax-il Emenda għall-Kostituzzjoni tal-Istati Uniti.

Anthony ivvjaġġat ħafna b’appoġġ għas-suffraġju tan-nisa, u tat bejn 75 u 100 diskors fis-sena u ħadmet fuq ħafna kampanji statali madwar tal-Istat Uniti. Hija ħadmet internazzjonalment għad-drittijiet tan-nisa, u kellha rwol ewlieni fil-ħolqien tal-Kunsill Internazzjonali tan-Nisa, li għadu attiv.

Meta bdiet l-ewwel kampanja għad-drittijiet tan-nisa, Anthony ġiet redikolata bl-aħrax u akkużata li qed tipprova teqred l-istituzzjoni taż-żwieġ. Madankollu, il-perċezzjoni pubblika tagħha nbidlet radikalment matul ħajjitha. Għeluq it-80 sena tagħha ġie ċċelebrati fil-White House fuq stedina tal-President William McKinley. Hija saret l-ewwel mara Amerikana li x-xbieha tagħha dehret fuq il-muniti tal-Istati Uniti meta ritratt ta'  wiccha tpoġġa fuq il-munita tad-dollaru fl-1979.

Sorsi

Sorsi sekondarji
 Bacon, Margaret Hope (1986).  Mothers of Feminism: The Story of Quaker Women in America. San Francisco: Harper & Row. 
 Baker, Jean H. Sisters: The Lives of America's Suffragists (2006)  pp 55–92
 Barry, Kathleen (1988). Susan B. Anthony: A Biography of a Singular Feminist. New York: Ballantine Books.  .
 Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). The Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, second edition. New York: Facts on File. .
 Debs, Eugene V. "Susan B. Anthony: Pioneer of Freedom," Pearson's Magazine, vol. 38, no. 1 (July 1917), pp. 5–7.
 DuBois, Ellen Carol (1978).  Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.  .
 Dudden, Faye E (2011). Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
 Flexner, Eleanor (1959). Century of Struggle. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.  .
 Gordon, Ann D. "Susan B. Anthony" American National Biography (2000) Online
 Griffith, Elisabeth (1984).  In Her Own Right: The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. New York: Oxford University Press. 
 Hewitt, Nancy A., 2001. Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872. Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland.  .
 Hull, N. E. H. (2012).  The Woman Who Dared to Vote: The Trial of Susan B. Anthony. University Press of Kansas.  .
 Lutz, Alma (1959). Susan B. Anthony: Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian. Boston: Beacon Press. . Text provided by Project Gutenberg.
 McKelvey, Blake (April 1945). "Susan B. Anthony". Rochester History (Rochester Public Library) VII (2).
 McPherson, James (1964).  The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.  .
 Million, Joelle (2003).  Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman's Rights Movement. Westport, CT: Praeger.  .
  Ridarsky, Christine L. and Mary M. Huth, eds. Susan B. Anthony and the Struggle for Equal Rights (2012) essays by scholars excerpt
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn; Harper, Ida (1881–1922). History of Woman Suffrage in six volumes. Rochester, NY: Susan B. Anthony (Charles Mann Press).
 Tetrault, Lisa. The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women's Suffrage Movement, 1848–1898. University of North Carolina Press, 2014.  
 Troncale, Jennifer M., and Jennifer Strain. "Marching with Aunt Susan: Susan B. Anthony and the Fight for Women's Suffrage." Social Studies Research & Practice (2013) 8#2.
 Venet, Wendy Hamand (1991). Neither Ballots nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. .
 Ward, Geoffrey C., with essays by Martha Saxton, Ann D. Gordon and Ellen Carol DuBois (1999).  Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. New York: Alfred Knopf.

Sorsi primarji
 DuBois, Ellen C. ed. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony: Correspondence, Writings, Speeches (rev. ed., 1992).
 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (1997).  The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: In the School of Anti-Slavery, 1840 to 1866. Vol. 1 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .
 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2000).  The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Against an aristocracy of sex, 1866 to 1873. Vol. 2 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .
 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2003).  The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: National protection for national citizens, 1873 to 1880. Vol. 3 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .
 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2006).  The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: When clowns make laws for queens, 1880–1887. Vol. 4 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .
 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2009).  The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Place Inside the Body-Politic, 1887 to 1895. Vol. 5 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .
 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2013).  The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: An Awful Hush, 1895 to 1906. Vol. 6 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .
 Harper, Ida Husted (1898–1908). The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony in three volumes. Indianapolis: Hollenbeck Press. 
 Volume I: Internet Archive, Internet Archive  u Project Gutenberg
 Volume 2: Internet Archive, Internet Archive u  Project Gutenberg
 Volume 3: Internet Archive u Google Books

 Rakow, Lana F. and Kramarae, Cheris, editors (2001). The Revolution in Words: Righting Women 1868–1871, Volume 4 of Women's Source Library. New York: Routledge.  .
 Sherr, Lynn (1995).  Failure Is Impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words. New York: Random House. 
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady.  Eighty Years and More (1815–1897): Reminiscences of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1898. European Publishing Company, New York.
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; DuBois, Ellen Carol (1992).  The Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Reader. Boston: Northeastern University Press.  . This book provides more than 70 pages of history written by DuBois in addition to important documents by Stanton and Anthony.

Ħoloq esterni 
 Susan B. Anthony: Celebrating "A Heroic Life"
 "Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony ", ibbażat fuq il-film ta' Ken Burns
 "The Trial of Susan B. Anthony: An Account" ta' Douglas O. Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
 Susan B. Anthony Papers, 1820–1906, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.
 Michals, Debra "Susan B. Anthony". National Women's History Museum. 2017.

Nies Amerikani
Twieldu fl-1820
Mietu fl-1906