user: How does Free and Open Source Software differ from Closed Source software? Please explain to me why (or if) it is important for society.

assistant: Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) is software that is freely available to use, and also has the source code freely available and licensed to use or modify.
By contrast, closed-source software is often proprietary, and often has the code hidden from its users.

The free in FOSS means both *libre*, meaning free in the same sense as "free speech", and *gratis*, meaning free in the same sense as "free pizza." The Free Software Foundation has the "Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software," four criteria used to distinguish whether a piece of software can be considered FOSS:

 - The freedom to run the software as one wishes, for any purposes
 - The freedom to study and modify the software, including being able to see the source code
 - The freedom to distribute copies of the original software freely
 - The freedom to distribute *modified* versions of the original software, so that the wider community can benefit from the changes

Closed-source or Proprietary software has its own advantages, being able to charge for a product creates more incentive for creating and researching new software. However, FOSS has advantages in cost, security, privacy and user control.

In the long run, FOSS code can be modified for more use cases by more people for a longer period of time, where closed source software will eventually stop being maintained once the developers stop development for any number of reasons. FOSS therefore becomes comparatively more beneficial to society over time. The most prominent example of these benefits of longevity and adaptability is the Linux kernel, which over the last thirty years has gone from a simple personal computer operating system to becoming the heart of most servers and all Android smartphones.

user: Do you have any real examples of Open source software being used in a professional setting?

assistant: Yes, there are many examples of open-source software being used in professional settings. Here are a few examples:

1. Linux Operating System: Linux is a popular open-source operating system that is widely used in professional settings. Many companies and organizations use Linux to run their servers, web applications, and other IT infrastructure.

2. Apache Web Server: Apache is an open-source web server that is widely used in professional settings. It is estimated that Apache is used to host around 40% of all websites on the internet.

3. MySQL Database: MySQL is an open-source database management system that is widely used in professional settings. Many websites, applications, and other software systems use MySQL to store and manage data.

4. Mozilla Firefox Web Browser: Mozilla Firefox is a popular open-source web browser that is widely used in professional settings. Many organizations use Firefox as their default web browser due to its speed, security, and customizable features.

5. WordPress Content Management System: WordPress is an open-source content management system (CMS) that is widely used in professional settings to create and manage websites. It is estimated that around 40% of all websites on the internet use WordPress as their CMS.

These are just a few examples of the many open-source software tools and systems that are widely used in professional settings.