Fort Astoria

Fort Astoria (også kalt Fort George) var den primære stasjonen for pelshandel for John Jacob Astors selskap Pacific Fur Company (PFC). En maritim kontingent av PFC-mannskap ble sendt dit ombord skipet Tonquin, mens et annet reisefølge dro over fjell og land fra St. Louis. Denne sistnevnte gruppen ble i ettertid kjent som Astorekspedisjonen (Astor Expedition).
Fortet ble bygd ved munningen av Columbia River i 1811, og var den første amerikanskeide bosetting ved Stillehavskysten.
North West Company (NWC) kjøpte ut PFC i 1813, og disse omfattet Fort Astoria. De gav stedet det nye navn Fort George og tok det i bruk som hovedkvarter for sin virksomhet helt i vest, primært for Colombia-vassdraget. I 1821 inkorporerte Hudson's Bay Company Fort George i sitt nettverk av handelsstasjoner da det absorberte NWC. Åpningen av Fort Vancouver i 1825 var ment for å muliggjøre en flytting av hovedkvarteret til bedre beliggenhet. Fort George ble oppgitt i 1825, men det ble gjenåpnet senere det det ble mer av sjøfarende handelsvirksomhet.


== Litteratur ==


=== Primærkilder ===
Elliott, T. C. (1932), «Sale of Astoria, 1813», Oregon Historical Quarterly (Oregon Historical Society) 33 (1) 
Lee, Daniel; Frost, Joseph H. (1844), Ten Years in Oregon, New York: J. Collard, https://books.google.com/books?id=O3FNAAAAYAAJ 
McLoughlin, John (1948), Barker, Burt Brown, red., Letters of Dr. John McLoughlin, written at Fort Vancouver 1829-1832, Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort 
Ross, Alexander (1849), Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, London: Smith, Elder & Co., https://books.google.com/books?id=AoEFAAAAQAAJ 
Scouler, John (1905), «Dr. John Scouler's Journal of a Voyage to N. W. America. Columbia, Vancouver, & Nootka Sound», The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society (Oregon Historical Society) 6 (3),  
Tolmie, William Fraser (1963), The Journals of William Fraser Tolmie: Physician and Trader, Vancouver, B.C.: Mitchell Press Limited 


=== Sekundærlitteratur ===
Begg, Alexaner (1894), History of British Columbia from its earliest discovery to the present time, Toronto: William Briggs, arkivert fra originalen. , https://web.archive.org/web/20160305180517/http://nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=491189, besøkt 2019-03-11  Arkivert 5. mars 2016 hos Wayback Machine.
Carey, Charles Henry (1922), History of Oregon, The Pioneer Historical Publishing Company, https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUMOAAAAIAAJ 
Chittenden, Hiram M. (1902), The American Fur Trade in the Far West, 1, New York City: Francis P. Harper, https://archive.org/details/americanfurtrade01chit 
Galbraith, John S. (1957), The Hudson's Bay Company as an Imperial Factor, 1821-1869, Toronto: University of Toronto Press 
Jones, Robert F. (1997), «The Identity of the Tonquin's Interpreter», Oregon Historical Quarterly (Oregon Historical Society) 98 (3) 
Judson, Katherine B. (1919), «British Side of the Restoration of Fort Astoria-II (continued)», The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society (Oregon Historical Society) 20 (4) 
Koppel, Tom (1995), McLean, Elizabeth, red., Kanaka: The Untold Story of Hawaiian Pioneers in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, Vancouver, B.C.: Whitecap Books 
Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997), Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843, Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press 
Morris, Grace P. (1937), «Development of Astoria, 1811-1850», Oregon Historical Quarterly (Oregon Historical Society) 38 (4) 
Nisbet, Jack (1994), Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America, Sasquatch Books,  
Scholefield, E.O.S.; Howay, F.W. (1914), British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present, 1, Vancouver, B.C.: J. Clarke, arkivert fra originalen. , https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002238/http://www.nosracines.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=8612, besøkt 2019-03-11  Arkivert 4. mars 2016 hos Wayback Machine.
Victor, Frances Fuller; Bancroft, Hubert (1890), History of Oregon vol. 2, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, XXX, San Francisco: History Co., https://books.google.com/books?id=l-gNAAAAIAAJ