jinulee-v/eqasc-stepwise huggingface dataset:
Premises:
Mammals that are viviparous are called therian mammals.
Whale sharks are viviparous , giving birth to live young.
Conclusion: Therian mammals give birth to live young, called live birth.
Valid: True
Premises:
Mammals that are viviparous are called therian mammals.
By Jurassic times, mouse-sized therians with jaws and hair had evolved.
Conclusion: Mouse-sized viviparous mammals evolved by Jurassic times.
Valid: True
Premises:
Cuticle helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Cuticles are a plant's idea of skin.
Conclusion: A plant's skin helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Valid: True
Premises:
Cuticle helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Here and on the lamina the upper epidermis has a thick cuticle.
Conclusion: The upper epidermis has a layer which helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Valid: True
Premises:
Cuticle helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Cuticles are our nail's protection.
Conclusion: the nail's protection prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Valid: True
Premises:
Cuticle helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins.
Infections are typically accompanied by the presence of white spots on the cuticle.
Conclusion: Cuticles help shield the entry inside the body to prevent disease.
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
An animal that is a predator gets food by killing and hunting other animals.
Conclusion: getting food by killing requires seeing prey
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Totally blind people see nothing.
Conclusion: Hunting would be harder for a blind animal
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
An animal is prey when another animal hunts and kills it for food.
Conclusion: hunting requires seeing an animal
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Owls see very well at night.
Conclusion: Owls can hunt at night
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Predators attack, kill and eat prey.
Conclusion: Hunting allows for predators to attack, then kill and eat.
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Predators are animals that hunt other animals.
Conclusion: predators require seeing prey
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Humans see with our eyes.
Conclusion: eyes help humans hunt
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Cat vision is designed for detecting motion, useful for hunting.
Conclusion: a cat requires vision for seeing prey
Valid: True
Premises:
hunting requires seeing prey
Vision is our ability to see.
Conclusion: Vision is important to hunt prey.
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds have a large brain relative to the size of their body.
Large brains require large skulls.
Conclusion: Birds have big skulls.
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds have a large brain relative to the size of their body.
BIRD Birds have feathers and wings.
Conclusion: Creatures with feathers and wings have a large brain relative to the size of their body
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds have a large brain relative to the size of their body.
Petrels, seagulls, and other birds snatch the eggs, babies, and very old, weak penguins.
Conclusion: Seagulls have a large brain relative to the size of their body.
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
After eating a large animal, the Bull Snake needs no food for a long time, and it rests for weeks.
Conclusion: A bull snake can go a long time between meals
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Snakes are cold-blooded reptiles.
Conclusion: Some species of snakes can go several weeks between meals.
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Snakes are cold-blooded reptiles.
Conclusion: some snakes can go several weeks between meals
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Geckos are, in fact, reptiles.
Conclusion: geckos can go several weeks between meals 
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Alligators are reptiles, and they generally only eat once a week.
Conclusion: Some alligators can go several weeks between meals.
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Meals are hot or cold prepared food.
Conclusion: Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between eating food.
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Culture can also dictate the times to eat and what to eat at certain meals.
Conclusion: Some species of reptiles can go several weeks without eating.
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Crocodiles and gharials are two of the 446 reptile species found.
Conclusion: crocodiles can go several weeks between meals
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Reptiles are cold-blooded.
Conclusion: Some species of cold blooded animals can go several weeks between meals
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Reptiles and amphibians are fed once a week.
Conclusion: Some species of amphibians are fed once a week.
Valid: True
Premises:
Some species of reptiles can go several weeks between meals.
Snakes are legless reptiles.
Conclusion: some snakes can go several weeks between meals.
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Progesterone is a natural hormone produced by the ovaries.
Conclusion: Progesterone is used in reproduction.
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Humans are produced by two-parent reproduction.
Conclusion: humans have ovaries
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Ovulation is the release of an egg from an ovary.
Conclusion: The release of an egg during ovulation is used in reproduction.
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Reproductive freedom means women can give birth to wanted' babies.
Conclusion: the ovaries are used in giving birth to babies
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Just like humans, female flowers have ovaries.
Conclusion: female flowers are part of reproduction
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Reproduction Organisms create young of their species by reproduction.
Conclusion: The ovaries are used in creating the young of a species
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system that prevents the conception of children.
Conclusion: The ovaries are used to have children.
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Egg released by the ovary.
Conclusion: eggs are used in reproduction
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Reproductive freedom means women can give birth to wanted' babies.
Conclusion: The ovaries are used for women to give birth to babies.
Valid: True
Premises:
the ovaries are used in reproduction
Plant reproduction is similar to animal reproduction.
Conclusion: the ovaries are used by animals and plants  
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Infection of the bladder is called cystitis.
Conclusion: cystitis can be treated with antibiotics
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Penicillin and tetracycline are potent antibiotics.
Conclusion: bladder infections can be treated with penicillin
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
People can be infected or killed by the bacteria.
Conclusion: antibiotics can prevent people from being killed
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Blame Doctors Doctors are human, and make mistakes.
Conclusion: Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by some humans that make mistakes.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Bladder infections are technically infections of the kidneys.
Conclusion: kidney infection can be treated with antibiotics
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Bladder infection is usually accompanied by urinary frequency and painful urination.
Conclusion: painful urination can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Infection of the bladder is called cystitis.
Conclusion: Cystitis can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Antibiotics are drugs used to kill bacteria.
Conclusion: Bladder infections can be treated with bacteria-killing drugs
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Bacteria are killed by antibiotics.
Conclusion: Bacteria can be killed with what is prescribed by a doctor.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
If the bladder is infected, it is called cystitis.
Conclusion: cystitis negatively affects the bladder
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
If it is viral, no antibiotics are indicated.
Conclusion: bladder infections are not viral in nature
Valid: True
Premises:
Bladder infections can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.
Bladder infections are technically infections of the kidneys.
Conclusion: Kidney infections can be treated with antibiotics
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Mosses and liverworts are bryophytes.
Conclusion: mosses occupy niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Animals and plants that live in the same place and share resources form a community biome niche .
Conclusion: Bryophytes find a place and share resources in moist habitats.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: Liverworts occupy niches in moist habitats.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts occupy niches in moist habitats.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: mosses, lichens, and hornworts occupy niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Centipedes require moist habitats.
Conclusion: Bryophytes occupy similar niches as centipedes.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: mosses can occupy niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: mosses live in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: liverworts can occupy niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes include the mosses and liverworts.
Conclusion: Mosses occupy niches in moist habitats.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: hornworts occupy niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Terrestrial forms live in moist soil and damp areas.
Conclusion: Bryophtes occupy niches in damp habitats.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Mosses and liverworts are bryophytes.
Conclusion: Moss occupies niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Conclusion: Mosses, liverworts and hornworts occupy niches in moist habitats.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bryophytes occupy niches in moist habitats.
Bryophytes lack vessels.
Conclusion: organisms lacking vessels occupy niches in moist habitats
Valid: True
Premises:
Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive.
Premature babies are the most common low birth weight babies.
Conclusion: premature births are less likely to survive
Valid: True
Premises:
Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive.
Survival is to live, to live means hope.
Conclusion: Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to live.
Valid: True
Premises:
Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive.
Survival is to live, to live means hope.
Conclusion: babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to live
Valid: True
Premises:
Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive.
By then the babies weigh about 7 pounds, the size of a human baby at birth.
Conclusion: Human infants at birth weigh 7 pounds, infants smaller or larger are less likely to survive
Valid: True
Premises:
Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive.
Poor nutrition while in the womb is the major reason why babies are small at birth.
Conclusion: Babies who had poor nutrition while in the womb are less likely to survive.
Valid: True
Premises:
Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive.
Premature babies are often very small, especially if they are born very premature.
Conclusion: very premature babies are less likely to survive
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Friction slows things down.
Conclusion: scales allow fish to move through the water without slowing down too much
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Friction causes the decline of speed.
Conclusion: Scales give fish more speed
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Fish include trout and other fish.
Conclusion: scales protect trout from predators and parasites
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Over the tops of their scales, fish secrete a mucous covering.
Conclusion: fish secrete a mucous covering over their exterior to help protect from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Fur, feathers, scales, and beaks all are made from a versatile group of proteins called keratin.
Conclusion: keratin protects fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Friction is the resisting force to motion.
Conclusion: Scales enable fish reduce resisting force to motion.
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Water reduces friction, and allows the ice to move faster.
Conclusion: Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and allow them to move faster.
Valid: True
Premises:
Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water.
Scales provide protection and camouflage.
Conclusion: Scales provide camouflage and reduce friction with the water
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Good health is vital to a good life.
Conclusion: balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes things vital to a good life
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
When eating in any situation, try to balance variety with a small portion.
Conclusion: Eating a variety of small portions is a way of eating that promotes good health
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Good health depends on good nutrition.
Conclusion: Balanced eating depends on good nutrition.
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Good health is good living.
Conclusion: Balanced eating aids in a good living
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Good health is vital to a good life.
Conclusion: Balanced eating promotes a good life.
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Health means physical health, mental health, social health and spiritual health.
Conclusion: Balanced eating makes you thrive physically.
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Good health is good living.
Conclusion: Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good living. 
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Experts suggest a balanced diet.
Conclusion: dieting is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Food labels a 'tremendous tool' for achieving balance and variety in eating style NWSB225.
Conclusion: Something food labels are a tool for promotes good health
Valid: True
Premises:
Balanced eating is a way of eating that promotes good health.
Healthy eating is all about motivation, balance, and flexibility.
Conclusion: Healthy eating is promoted by eating a well rounded diet
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
An example of a cartilaginous fish is a shark.
Conclusion: Jaws makes sharks an excellent predator
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Sharks are cartilaginous fish.
Conclusion: Jaws also make sharks excellent predators.
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Sharks are cartilaginous fish.
Conclusion: jaws make sharks excellent predators
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Alligators have jaws designed for ripping and tearing flesh rather than for chewing it.
Conclusion: Excellent predators can rip and tear flesh.
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Cartilage fish have a skeleton of cartilage and a jaw.
Conclusion: fish have skeletons
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
All cartilaginous fishes are carnivores.
Conclusion: Jaws make some carnivores excellent predators.
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
All sharks and rays belong to the class of cartilaginous fishes.
Conclusion: Jaws also make shark excellent predators.
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
All sharks and rays belong to the class of cartilaginous fishes.
Conclusion: Jaws make sharks excellent predators.
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Sharks, rays, and skates are cartilaginous.
Conclusion: Jaws make sharks, rays, and skates excellent predators
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Cartilaginous fishes have rows of teeth that grow throughout life.
Conclusion: some excellent predators  have jaws that have rows of teeth that grow throughout life.
Valid: True
Premises:
Jaws also make cartilaginous fish excellent predators.
Shelled animals and other marine invertebrates evolved, then fish, then jawed fishes diversified.
Conclusion: Shelled animals and other marine invertebrates are not considered excellent predators
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Experiments are fundamental to the progress of science.
Conclusion: things that are fundamental to the progress of science are often done in a lab
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Lab assistants, please prepare the chemicals.
Conclusion: Experiments are often done where chemicals are prepared
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Experiments are central to the sciences.
Conclusion: labs are where science is done
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Controlled experiments are essential for scientific inquiry.
Conclusion: Scientific inquiry is often done in a lab.
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Labs is the research and development arm for the company.
Conclusion: experiments are often done for research and development
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Experiments yield controlled experiences.
Conclusion: Controlled manipulation can often take place in a lab.
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
UWM's Computer Science labs and facilities are located here.
Conclusion: Experiments are often done in a science facility.
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Science classes are lab oriented.
Conclusion: Experiments are often done during science classes
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Some researchers work in a lab.
Conclusion: some researchers do experiments
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
An experiment is a trial run.
Conclusion: Trial runs are often done in labs
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Science is the study of the natural world through experience and experiment.
Conclusion: science is often done in a lab
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Lab is short for Laboratory.
Conclusion: Experiments are often done in a laboratory.
Valid: True
Premises:
Experiments are often done in a lab.
Chemicals are properly stored during and at the end of each lab period.
Conclusion: Experiments are often done where chemicals are properly stored
Valid: True
Premises:
forming coal requires decaying vegetation
Coal, oil and natural gas are all fossil fuels.
Conclusion: Forming fossil fuels requires decaying vegetation
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Brakes are also helpful to stop or slow down for turns.
Conclusion: Stopping or slowing for turns can cause skidding. 
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Skids occur when the car's speed overcomes tire traction.
Conclusion: car brakes rely on the tire traction to reduce speed
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Non-skid feet prevent sliding.
Conclusion: braking can cause sliding
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Tires leave skid marks and sometimes smoke.
Conclusion: braking can leave marks
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Race cars have brakes.
Conclusion: race cars can skid
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Harsh braking increases the wear of the brakes and the tyres.
Conclusion: Harsh stops can cause skidding and tire wear
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Many wet weather accidents result from skidding on bald or nearly bald tires.
Conclusion: braking on bald tires can cause wet weather accidents.
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
With the antilock brakes turned on, the car stops.
Conclusion: Stopping a car can cause skidding.
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Brakes work because friction acts against slip.
Conclusion: friction can cause skidding
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Brakes are great at stopping.
Conclusion: Stopping the car quickly can cause skidding.
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Skids occur when the car's speed overcomes tire traction.
Conclusion: Braking can cause a car's speed to overcome tire traction.
Valid: True
Premises:
braking can cause skidding
Skids occur when the car's speed overcomes tire traction.
Conclusion: Braking and the car's speed overcoming traction causes cars to slide
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
Radiographers are X-Ray Technologists.
Conclusion: radiographers use medical technology
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
An X-ray is a negative image.
Conclusion: negative images are used in medical technology
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
Radiographs are X-Ray pictures.
Conclusion: Radiographs are pictures used in medical technology
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
Now, medical knowledge and technology provide the means to save their lives.
Conclusion: x-rays are used to save lives
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
Medical technology connected to diagnostics.
Conclusion: x-rays are used in diagnostics
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
X-Rays are used to see whether bone has been damaged or destroyed.
Conclusion: Seeing whether bone has been damaged is used in medical technology.
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic energy, or radiation.
Conclusion: Electromagnetic energy is used in medical technology
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
X rays can compliment surgery and medical oncology.
Conclusion: x-rays are used in oncology
Valid: True
Premises:
x-rays are used in medical technology
Tests X-rays show bone deformities.
Conclusion: bone deformities can be found using medical technology
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Placental mammals give birth to live young, and house the embryo until it is complete.
Conclusion: Placental mammals house the embryo until it is complete and birth large and mature infants.
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Humans are also placental mammals.
Conclusion: humans give birth to relatively large and mature infants
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Infants are a particularly vulnerable group.
Conclusion: placental mammals give birth to vulnerable young
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Humans are placental mammals.
Conclusion: Humans give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Humans are also placental mammals.
Conclusion: Humans give birth to relatively large and mature infants
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Placental Mammals Placental mammals have wombs.
Conclusion: mammals with wombs give birth to relatively large and mature infants
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Cows, horses, dogs, cats and people are all placental mammals.
Conclusion: cows give birth to relatively large and mature infants
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Humans are also placental mammals.
Conclusion: Humans give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
Valid: True
Premises:
Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants.
An elephant baby can weigh 200 pounds at birth.
Conclusion: an elephant probably has a placenta
Valid: True
Premises:
stomata closing reduces water loss
Transpiration is the loss of water vapor by plants.
Conclusion: Stomata closing reduces transpiration. 
Valid: True
Premises:
stomata closing reduces water loss
Plants are able to close stomata.
Conclusion: plants are able to reduce water loss
Valid: True
Premises:
stomata closing reduces water loss
Plants have stomata on both their leaves and their stems.
Conclusion: Parts on the leaves and stems close to reduce water loss.
Valid: True
Premises:
stomata closing reduces water loss
More carbon dioxide means fewer stomata and vice versa.
Conclusion: The more carbon dioxide a plant receives, the more likely it is to suffer water loss.
Valid: True
Premises:
stomata closing reduces water loss
On the underside of the leaf are small openings or pores called the stomata.
Conclusion: The pores on the undersides of leaves close to reduce water loss
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Smallpox is an acute infectious disease caused by a virus.
Conclusion: The intentional release of smallpox would be bioterrorism.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Variola major, the virus that causes smallpox, is considered a potential bioterrorism agent.
Conclusion: The intentional release of smallpox is considered bioterrorism
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Bioterrorism is always a criminal act.
Conclusion: the intentional release or spread of agents of disease is always a criminal act
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
With mounting threats of bioterrorism, anthrax has become a rather frightening topic.
Conclusion: Anthrax can be intentionally released to spread disease
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Pathogens are disease-causing agents.
Conclusion: Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of pathogens.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Bioterrorism is always a criminal act.
Conclusion: the intentional release or spread of agents of disease is a criminal act
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Pathogens are disease-causing agents.
Conclusion: Bioterrorism is the spread of pathogens. 
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Pathogens are disease-causing agents.
Conclusion: Bioterrorism is the intentional release pathogens 
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Second, microbes can be abused for the purpose of bioterrorism.
Conclusion: microbes are agents of disease
Valid: True
Premises:
Bioterrorism is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
Bioterrorism is always a criminal act.
Conclusion: it is a criminal act to intentionally release or spread agents of disease
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds fly using wings.
Conclusion: Birds use muscles in the chest to fly
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds have very large chest muscles called pectorals which are used to flap the wings.
Conclusion: Birds use pectorals to move their wings
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds fly using wings.
Conclusion: Birds fly using muscles in their chest.
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Eagles are large birds.
Conclusion: eagles move their wings using muscles in the chest
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
To move faster, birds flap their wings more quickly.
Conclusion: Bird flap their wings more quickly to fly faster
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Bats move their wings by using the large muscles in their backs and chests.
Conclusion: Birds move their wings using large back muscles
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds fly using wings.
Conclusion: birds use muscles for flight
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Flight requires wings.
Conclusion: flight in birds uses chest muscles
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds fly using wings.
Conclusion: birds fly using muscles in the chest
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds build their nests in the Trees.
Conclusion: Something that builds nests in trees moves their wings using muscles in the chest
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Birds also steer by changing their wing configuration.
Conclusion: Birds steer by using muscles in their chest
Valid: True
Premises:
Birds move their wings using muscles in the chest.
Eagles are a big bird.
Conclusion: eagles move their wings using muscles in the chest
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Fine particulates are tiny pieces of soot and dust that lodge deeply in the lungs.
Conclusion: smog contains tiny pieces of soot and dust
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Particulates penetrate deep into lungs.
Conclusion: Smog can penetrate deep into lungs.
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Another common pollutant is airborne particulate matter.
Conclusion: Smog is an airborne pollutant 
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
And where there's ozone, there's smog.
Conclusion: ozone contains particulates
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Particulates are fine dust particles.
Conclusion: smog can contain fine dust particles
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Incinerators also generate particulate air pollution.
Conclusion: Incinerators generate smog
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Particulate emissions are increasingly dangerous.
Conclusion: Smog emmisions are dangerous.
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Particulates are matter suspended in air.
Conclusion: Smog contains matter suspended in air
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Particulates are fine dust particles.
Conclusion: smog contains fine dust particles
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog contains particulates.
Sulfur dioxide is a gas and sulfate particulate is a solid.
Conclusion: Smog contains sulfur.
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Lemon juice is acidic.
Conclusion: Lemon juice changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Acids turn blue litmus paper red and have a sour taste.
Conclusion: Acids that taste sour will change a litmus paper red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Examples are citric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid and malic acid.
Conclusion: citric compounds will turn the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
For example vinegar is dilute acetic acid.
Conclusion: Vinegar changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Acids cause color changes in acid-base indicators.
Conclusion: acid-base indicators can go from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Another name for color is hue.
Conclusion: an acid changes the hue of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Acidity is traditionally measured with litmus paper which changes color at a certain acidity.
Conclusion: Acid changes the color of certain paper at different acidity.
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Acids turn blue litmus paper red and have a sour taste.
Conclusion: Sour tasting things changes litmus paper from blue to red.
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Acid rain Coal-fired power plants create precipitation that deposits nitric or sulfuric acids.
Conclusion: Rain downwind from a coal-fired power plant is likely to change the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
For example vinegar is dilute acetic acid.
Conclusion: Vinegar changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red.
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Nitric acid contributes to acid rain.
Conclusion: some rain can changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
HCl is a strong acid.
Conclusion: HCl changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
an acid changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Lemons and oranges are obviously acid.
Conclusion: lemon changes the color of litmus paper from blue to red
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
Ozone and particulates are lung irritants.
Conclusion: smog contains lung irritants
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
Smoke, smog and exhaust all contain carbon particles which are breathed in and stay in the lungs.
Conclusion: Smog is made up of carbon particles.
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
Particulates have also been linked with cancer, especially lung cancer.
Conclusion: Smog has been linked with lung cancer
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
And where there's ozone, there's smog.
Conclusion: ozone contains particulates
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
By burning natural gas, the plants produce minimal emissions of sulfur dioxide and particulates.
Conclusion: Smog also contains sulfur dioxide.
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
Aerosol is a collection of particulates.
Conclusion: aerosol contributes to smog
Valid: True
Premises:
Smog also contains particulates.
Particulates Particulates are very small or liquid particles in the air.
Conclusion: Smog contains very small or liquid particles in the air.
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Beaks are in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the bird's diet.
Conclusion: A fowls beak can vary in size depending on the prey they eat.
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Worms are prey for birds.
Conclusion: a beak is used for catching worms by birds
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Worms are prey for birds.
Conclusion: a beak is used for catching worms by some birds
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Hunting often at night, caracals depend on stealth to catch prey.
Conclusion: a beak is used for Hunting by some birds
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
All hawks are birds.
Conclusion: a beak is a body part used for catching prey by some hawks
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Eagles are a big bird.
Conclusion: a beak is used for catching prey by eagles
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Pelicans are migratory birds.
Conclusion: Pelicans use beaks for catching prey.
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Anglers catch a wide variety of delicious fish and many eat the fish they catch.
Conclusion: a beak is used for eating fish by some birds
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Carnivorous birds like hawks, owls and eagles have strong hooked beaks for tearing flesh.
Conclusion: hawks use a beak to catch prey
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Small prey, like a mouse or vole, is carried back to a feeding perch where it is swallowed whole.
Conclusion: Some birds catch mice using their beak
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Birds have a beak or a bill.
Conclusion: A bill is used to catch prey by some birds.
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Beaks and bills Instead of a mouth, birds have a hard beak or bill.
Conclusion: A bill is used for catching prey by some birds.
Valid: True
Premises:
a beak is used for catching prey by some birds
Bird beaks differ in structure and shape depending on the food and feeding techniques of the bird.
Conclusion: structure and shape depends on the food and feeding techniques that are based on catching prey
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Nerve impulses travel through the nerve cell as electrical impulses.
Conclusion: neurons transmit electrical impulses to other cells
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Nerves send electrical impulses to the muscles.
Conclusion: neurons transmit electricity
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Neurons transmit nerve messages.
Conclusion: neurons transmit impulses to cells
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Nerve impulses are received by the dendrites.
Conclusion: Neurons transmit to dendrites
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Neurons are individaul nerve cells.
Conclusion: individual nerve cells transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Local anesthetics block nerve impulses.
Conclusion: anesthetics block neuron transmissions
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Axons are the structures which transmit a signal from one neuron to another cell.
Conclusion: Neurons send signals from axons to cells
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Axons are spiny extensions of neurons that carry brain impulses.
Conclusion: Axons transmit brain impulses to other cells
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Neurons are the basic functional unit of the brain.
Conclusion: the basic functional unit of the brain transmit nerve impulses to other cells
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
Neurons initiate and conduct electrochemical impulses.
Conclusion: neurons transmit electrochemicals
Valid: True
Premises:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
When radio stations transmit, they send out electromagnetic signals in all directions.
Conclusion: Neurons send nerve impulses to other cells.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Pollen bees have diversified to occupy all habitats, except underwater and in Antarctica.
Conclusion: Bees do not live underwater
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Antarctica's climate is that of a cold desert.
Conclusion: Bees are naturalized on every continent except the cold desert.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Bees are essential for pollination.
Conclusion: pollination occurs naturally on every continent except Antarctica.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
An ice sheet is a body of ice that covers an entire land mass or continent.
Conclusion: Bees are naturalized on every land mass except Antarctica.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Bees make honey.
Conclusion: Honey is made on every continent except Antarctica.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Flowers that are pollinated by bees reflect UV to attract bees.
Conclusion: Flowers pollinated in Antarctica reflect uv for different pollinators than other continents
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Bees are the most important pollinators in nature.
Conclusion: Bees are important pollinators on most continents.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Climate of the Antarctica Region Antarctica is the coldest continent.
Conclusion: bees are naturalized on every continent except the coldest
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
With the onset of cold weather, the bees seek overwintering shelter.
Conclusion: Antarctica is too cold to provide overwintering shelter for some species.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Climate of the Antarctica Region Antarctica is the coldest continent.
Conclusion: bees are naturalized on every continent except the coldest one.
Valid: True
Premises:
Bees are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica.
Bees are effective pollinators.
Conclusion: pollinators are naturalized on every continent except Antarctica
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Bacteria, in contrast to viruses, respond to antibiotic treatment.
Conclusion: Antibiotics have an effect on bacteria
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Antibiotics Suspected bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics.
Conclusion: Bacterial infections are not caused by viruses
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria.
Conclusion: bacteria and viruses are not related
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Where most viruses are DNA, HIV is an RNA virus.
Conclusion: antibiotics have no effect on HIV
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Viruses are immune to antibiotics.
Conclusion: viruses are immune to some drugs
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Antibiotics are effective against bacteria.
Conclusion: An effective treatment against bacteria has no effect on viruses
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Influenza Virus Inluenza virus are negative-strand RNA viruses with a segmented genome.
Conclusion: Antibiotics have no effect on Influenza.
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Penicillins are classified as antibiotics .
Conclusion: Penicillins have no effect on viruses.
Valid: True
Premises:
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
Infection with Cyclospora is treatable with antibiotics.
Conclusion: Cyclospora is not a virus
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
Around 500 BC, the abacus, the first mechanical calculator, was developed.
Conclusion: an abacus is used for adding
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
Calculator Use an online calculator.
Conclusion: adding can be done online
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
For each row, form two sums by adding every other number.
Conclusion: A calculator is used for getting sums.
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
From our Calculators page, click on Financial Calculator.
Conclusion: Financial figures require adding
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
Unlike that calculator, the abacus is a simple and much-affordable device.
Conclusion: An abacus is used for adding.
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
Calculation Calculations are made on the timesheet.
Conclusion: Adding can be done on a timesheet
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
If closing costs are financed, they are added to the base loan amount .
Conclusion: a calculator is used in finance
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
Subtraction can also be thought of as adding the opposite.
Conclusion: a calculator is used for subtracting
Valid: True
Premises:
a calculator is used for adding
Calculator performs basic arithmetic, such as addition and subtraction.
Conclusion: arithmetic includes uses for subtraction
Valid: True
Premises:
Fractures heal when osteoclasts form new bone.
Bone cells called osteoblasts add calcium to bones, then osteoclasts pull the calcium out of bones.
Conclusion: fractures need calcium to heal
Valid: True
Premises:
Fractures heal when osteoclasts form new bone.
Bones are made of calcium and protein.
Conclusion: Fractures heal when osteoclasts form new tissue made of calcium and protein.
Valid: True
Premises:
Fractures heal when osteoclasts form new bone.
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.
Conclusion: Fractures heal when bones resorb and form new bones
Valid: True
Premises:
Fractures heal when osteoclasts form new bone.
Fractures A fracture is a broken or cracked bone.
Conclusion: Cracked bones heal when osteoclasts form new bone
Valid: True
Premises:
Fractures heal when osteoclasts form new bone.
Pre-osteoclasts float freely in bones' marrow canals and mature into osteoclasts.
Conclusion: The cells that eventually develop the ability to heal fractures are found free floating in bone marrow.
Valid: True