jinulee-v/entailmentbank-stepwise huggingface dataset:
Premises:
if the temperature of an animal's environment becomes too hot then that animal must cool itself.
adapting is when a living thing responds to a change in an environment.
Conclusion: an animal cooling itself is an adaptation to hot temperatures.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an animal cooling itself is an adaptation to hot temperatures.
panting and sweating are used to cool the body.
Conclusion: an example of adaptations to hot temperatures are panting and sweating.
Entailed: True
Premises:
cellular respiration is when a cell converts from oxygen and carbohydrates into carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
living things require respiration to use energy.
Conclusion: living things must convert oxygen into carbon dioxide to use energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
living things must convert oxygen into carbon dioxide to use energy.
breathing is when animals convert oxygen into carbon dioxide.
Conclusion: living things must breathe to use energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
animals are a source of carbon dioxide by exhaling.
breathing out is when animals exhale carbon dioxide from their lungs into the air.
Conclusion: animals are a source of carbon dioxide by breathing.
Entailed: True
Premises:
animals are a source of carbon dioxide by breathing.
a source of something produces that something.
Conclusion: animals produce carbon dioxide by breathing.
Entailed: True
Premises:
animals produce carbon dioxide by breathing.
living things must breathe to use energy.
Conclusion: animals produce carbon dioxide by using energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
carbohydrates are used for storing energy.
photosynthesis makes energy for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates.
Conclusion: photosynthesis stores energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something is required to use something else then that something is a source of that something else.
living things require respiration to use energy.
Conclusion: respiration is a source of energy for living things.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else.
respiration is a source of energy for living things.
Conclusion: respiration releases energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
photosynthesis stores energy.
respiration releases energy.
Conclusion: photosynthesis stores energy and respiration releases energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
digestion is when stomach acid breaks down food.
the digestive system digests food for the body.
Conclusion: the digestive system breaks down food.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else.
if something is made of something else then that something contains that something else.
Conclusion: if something contains something else then that something can be broken down into that something else.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something contains something else then that something can be broken down into that something else.
the digestive system breaks down food.
Conclusion: the digestive system breaks down food into the substances it contains.
Entailed: True
Premises:
food contains nutrients for living things.
the digestive system breaks down food into the substances it contains.
Conclusion: the digestive system breaks down food into nutrients for the body.
Entailed: True
Premises:
scales are a covering around the body of a scaled animal.
a fish is a kind of scaled animal.
Conclusion: fish is a kind of scaled animal with scales covering around the body.
Entailed: True
Premises:
scales are used for protection by scaled animals.
fish is a kind of scaled animal with scales covering around the body.
Conclusion: scales are used for protection by fish.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a human is a kind of animal.
an animal is a kind of living thing.
Conclusion: a human is a kind of living thing.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a plant is a kind of living thing.
an apple tree is a kind of plant.
Conclusion: an apple tree is a kind of living thing.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a human is a kind of living thing.
an apple tree is a kind of living thing.
all living things are made of cells according to the cell theory.
Conclusion: both the human and the apple tree are made of cells.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a plant cell is a kind of cell.
a cell nucleus is a part of a cell.
Conclusion: a cell nucleus is a part of a plant cell.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a cell wall is a part of a plant cell for supporting and protecting the cell membrane.
chloroplast is a part of a plant cell.
a cell nucleus is a part of a plant cell.
Conclusion: a cell nucleus, chloroplast and a cell wall are part of a plant cell.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a computer room is used to control the assembly process in a factory.
the cell nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell.
controlling is a kind of function.
Conclusion: a computer room in a factory has a similar function to the cell nucleus in controlling the functions.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something does not contain something else, then that something else cannot be found in that something.
a prokaryotic cell does not contain a nucleus.
Conclusion: a nucleus cannot be found in prokaryotic cells.
Entailed: True
Premises:
photosynthesis makes food for the plant.
a leaf performs photosynthesis / gas exchange.
Conclusion: a leaf makes food for the plant by performing photosynthesis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a leaf makes food for the plant by performing photosynthesis.
providing food is a kind of specific life process.
Conclusion: a leaf performs a specific life process of making food for the plants.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a leaf performs a specific life process of making food for the plants.
organs perform specific life process in organisms.
Conclusion: a leaf in a plant is performing like an organ in organisms.
Entailed: True
Premises:
taking in carbon dioxide is a stage in the photosynthesis process.
absorbing something is a kind of method for taking something in.
Conclusion: absorbing carbon dioxide is a stage in the photosynthesis process.
Entailed: True
Premises:
absorbing carbon dioxide is a stage in the photosynthesis process.
carbon dioxide can be found in the air.
Conclusion: absorbing carbon dioxide from the air is a stage in the photosynthesis process.
Entailed: True
Premises:
absorbing carbon dioxide from the air is a stage in the photosynthesis process.
plants perform photosynthesis.
Conclusion: a plant absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to perform photosynthesis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a plant absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to perform photosynthesis.
when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is reduced in the atmosphere.
Conclusion: plant photosynthesis reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sunlight is a kind of solar energy.
photosynthesis means green plants convert from carbon dioxide and water and solar energy into carbohydrates and food and oxygen for themselves.
Conclusion: photosynthesis means plants convert carbon dioxide and water and sunlight into carbohydrates and food and oxygen.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if an orgnism uses a process to convert something into something else, then that something is used for that process.
photosynthesis means plants convert carbon dioxide and water and sunlight into carbohydrates and food and oxygen.
Conclusion: a plant uses sunlight for photosynthesis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a plant uses sunlight for photosynthesis.
in the photosynthesis process sunlight has the role of raw material.
Conclusion: a plant uses the raw material sunlight for photosynthesis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
using a raw material sometimes requires absorbing that raw material.
a plant uses the raw material sunlight for photosynthesis.
Conclusion: a plant absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a leaf absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis.
chlorophyll is found in the cells of leaves.
Conclusion: chlorophyll is found in the cells of parts of plants that absorb sunlight to perform photosynthesis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
chlorophyll is found in the cells of parts of plants that absorb sunlight to perform photosynthesis.
a plant absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis.
Conclusion: chlorophyll is used for absorbing sunlight by plants.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sunlight is a kind of light.
light is a kind of energy.
Conclusion: sunlight is a kind of light energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sunlight is a kind of light energy.
chlorophyll is used for absorbing sunlight by plants.
Conclusion: chlorophyll is used for absorbing light energy by plants.
Entailed: True
Premises:
some microorganisms have a positive impact on human body.
if something has a positive impact on another thing, then the relationship is benificial.
Conclusion: some microorganisms are benificial to human body.
Entailed: True
Premises:
disease-causing microbes have a negative impact on the body.
if something has a negative impact on another thing, then the relationship is harmful.
Conclusion: some disease-causing microbes are harmful to human body.
Entailed: True
Premises:
some disease-causing microbes are harmful to human body.
some microorganisms are benificial to human body.
Conclusion: the relationship between human and microorganisms is sometimes beneficial and sometimes harmful.
Entailed: True
Premises:
water is a kind of nonliving thing.
a river is a kind of body of water.
Conclusion: a river is a nonliving thing.
Entailed: True
Premises:
preferences are generally learned characteristics.
a food preference is a kind of preference.
Conclusion: food preference is a kind of learned characteristics.
Entailed: True
Premises:
food preference is a kind of learned characteristics.
learned characteristics are similar to acquired characteristics.
Conclusion: food preference is a kind of acquired characteristics.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an animal is a kind of organism.
a dog is a kind of animal.
Conclusion: a dog is a kind of organism.
Entailed: True
Premises:
food preference is a kind of acquired characteristics.
an organism's environment affects that organism's acquired characteristics.
a dog is a kind of organism.
Conclusion: the food preference of a dog is affected by its environment.
Entailed: True
Premises:
following orders is a learned characteristic.
an example of following orders is coming when called.
Conclusion: a dog coming when called is a kind of learned characteristic.
Entailed: True
Premises:
hunting is a kind of skill.
skills are learned characteristics / behaviors.
Conclusion: hunting is a kind of learned behaviors.
Entailed: True
Premises:
inherited characteristics are the opposite of learned characteristics.
inheriting is when an inherited characteristic is passed from parent to offspring by genetics / dna.
Conclusion: learned characteristics are not inherited from parents.
Entailed: True
Premises:
learned characteristics are not inherited from parents.
food preference is a kind of learned characteristics.
Conclusion: food preference is not inherited from parents.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a human is a kind of animal.
the intelligence of animals is an acquired characteristic.
Conclusion: the intelligence of a human is an acquired characteristic.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the intelligence of a human is an acquired characteristic.
inherited characteristics are the opposite of acquired characteristics.
Conclusion: the intelligence of a human is not an inherited characteristic.
Entailed: True
Premises:
genes is a vehicle for passing inherited characteristics from parent to offspring.
a father is a kind of male parent.
a mother is a kind of female parent.
Conclusion: genes are a vehicle for passing inherited characteristics from a mother and a father to offspring.
Entailed: True
Premises:
genes are a vehicle for passing inherited characteristics from a mother and a father to offspring.
in sexual reproduction sperm is a vehicle for the genes from the father to the offspring.
in sexual reproduction the egg is a vehicle for the genes from the mother to the offspring.
Conclusion: genes are passed from a mother and a father to offspring through the egg and sperm.
Entailed: True
Premises:
genes are passed from a mother and a father to offspring through the egg and sperm.
genes determine the traits for the living things.
Conclusion: traits are passed from a mother and a father to offspring through the egg and sperm.
Entailed: True
Premises:
dna is a kind of nucleic acid.
thymine is found in dna.
thymine cannot be found in rna.
Conclusion: if thymine is found in a strand of nucleic acid, then the nucleic acid is dna.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if thymine is found in a strand of nucleic acid, then the nucleic acid is dna.
a researcher found thymine in a strand of nucleic acid.
Conclusion: the researcher found a strand of dna.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if a pure dominant organism is crossed a recessive organism, then the offspring will have a 100% probability of being heterozygous dominant.
a scientist crosses a red-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant, and all offspring have red flowers.
Conclusion: all the offspring with red flowers are heterozygous dominant.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the offspring with red flowers are crossed with pure recessive white flowered plants.
all the offspring with red flowers are heterozygous dominant.
Conclusion: heterozygous dominant red flowered plants are crossed with pure recessive white flowered plants.
Entailed: True
Premises:
crossing a heterozygous dominant organism with a homozygous recessive organism causes their offspring to be dominant or recessive with either of 50% probability.
heterozygous dominant red flowered plants are crossed with pure recessive white flowered plants.
Conclusion: the offspring will have either dominant red flowers or recessive white flowers with either of 50% probability.
Entailed: True
Premises:
each parent carries one sickle cell allele.
sickle cell anemia is a recessive trait in human.
Conclusion: each parent has one dominant gene and a recessive gene for sickle cell anemia.
Entailed: True
Premises:
heterozygous dominant organisms have one dominant gene and one recessive gene.
each parent has one dominant gene and a recessive gene for sickle cell anemia.
Conclusion: both parents are heterozygous dominant for sickle cell anemia.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed with a heterozygous dominant organism, then the offspring will have a 25% probability of being homozygous recessive.
both parents are heterozygous dominant for sickle cell anemia.
Conclusion: the offspring of heterozygous dominant parents will have 25% probability of being homozygous recessive for sickle cell anemia.
Entailed: True
Premises:
homozygous recessive organisms will show the recessive trait.
the offspring of heterozygous dominant parents will have 25% probability of being homozygous recessive for sickle cell anemia.
Conclusion: the offspring of heterozygous dominant parents will have 25% probability of having sickle cell anemia.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the offspring of heterozygous dominant parents will have 25% probability of having sickle cell anemia.
one in four is the same as 25%.
Conclusion: one in four of the offspring of heterozygous dominant parents will have sickle cell anemia.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a plant is a kind of organism.
flower is a part of a plant.
the colors of parts of an organism are inherited characteristics.
Conclusion: the color of plants' flowers is a kind of inherited characteristic.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the color of plants' flowers is a kind of inherited characteristic.
inheriting is when an inherited characteristic is passed down from parent to offspring by genetics / dna.
Conclusion: plants offspring can inherit the flower color from their parents.
Entailed: True
Premises:
yellow is a kind of color.
the plant offspring has yellow flowers.
plants offspring can inherit the flower color from their parents.
Conclusion: the parents of the plant are likely to have yellow flowers.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a newly hatched sea turtle walks toward the ocean.
if an animal hatches from an egg then that animal is born.
Conclusion: a sea turtle that is just born walks toward the ocean.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a sea turtle that is just born walks toward the ocean.
an animal knows how to do instinctive behaviors when it is born.
Conclusion: walking toward the ocean is sea turtles' instinct behavior.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a chicken is a kind of bird.
a chick is a kind of young / baby chicken.
Conclusion: a chick is a kind of baby bird.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an example of an instinctive behavior is a baby bird pecking at its shell to hatch.
a chick is a kind of baby bird.
Conclusion: a chick pecking at its shell to hatch is an example of an instictive behavior.
Entailed: True
Premises:
receiving the recessive gene for a trait from each parent causes the offspring to have that recessive trait.
blue eye is a recessive trait in human.
Conclusion: to have blue eyes requires receiving the recessive gene from each parent.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an egg cell is a kind of sex cell.
a sperm cell is a kind of sex cell.
a mutation in the sex cells of a parent can cause a new trait to appear in the parent's offspring.
Conclusion: a mutation in sperm or egg of a parent can cause a new trait to appear in the parent's offspring.
Entailed: True
Premises:
smaller dogs have genetic trait of smaller size.
human are breeding german shepherd dogs to other smaller dogs.
Conclusion: human are breeding german shepherd dogs with dogs with genetic trait of smaller size.
Entailed: True
Premises:
selective breeding is when an organism receives selective genetic traits from its parents by human design.
human are breeding german shepherd dogs with dogs with genetic trait of smaller size.
Conclusion: human breeding german shepherd dogs with dogs with genetic trait of smaller size is an example of selective breeding.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sexual reproduction requires both sperm and egg.
the sperm production is prevented in male insects.
if something required for a process is not produced then that process is prevented from occurring.
Conclusion: the sexual reproduction process is prevented in the insects.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the sexual reproduction process is prevented in the insects.
preventing reproduction decreases the rate of reproduction.
sexual reproduction is a kind of reproduction.
Conclusion: the reproduction rate in the insects will decrease.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the reproduction rate in the insects will decrease.
as the rate of reproduction decreases, the population will decrease.
Conclusion: the population of the insects will decrease.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a hammer often is made of metal.
when a metal rusts, that metal becomes flaky on the surface.
Conclusion: when a hammer rusts, the hammer will becom flaky on the surface.
Entailed: True
Premises:
kim's hammer is flaky on the surface.
when a hammer rusts, the hammer will becom flaky on the surface.
Conclusion: the hammer has rusted.
Entailed: True
Premises:
rust forming is a kind of chemical change.
the hammer has rusted.
Conclusion: the hammer has undergone a chemical change.
Entailed: True
Premises:
element 3 turns to a greenish color.
an element is a kind of substance.
Conclusion: element 3 turning green is an example of a substance turning green.
Entailed: True
Premises:
element 3 turning green is an example of a substance turning green.
if the color of a substance changes then a chemical change may have occurred.
Conclusion: a chemical change may occur to element 3.
Entailed: True
Premises:
fire is a kind of chemical reaction.
fire causes burning.
Conclusion: burning something with fire is a kind of chemical reaction.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a lit candle is a source of fire.
burning something with fire is a kind of chemical reaction.
Conclusion: burning something with a lit candle is a kind of chemical reaction.
Entailed: True
Premises:
burning something with a lit candle is a kind of chemical reaction.
magnesium is a kind of substance.
Conclusion: burning magnesium with a lit candle is a kind of chemical reaction.
Entailed: True
Premises:
burning magnesium with a lit candle is a kind of chemical reaction.
chemical reactions cause chemical change.
Conclusion: burning magnesium with fire will lead to a chemical change.
Entailed: True
Premises:
chemical reactions cause new materials to form.
chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction.
Conclusion: chemical changes cause new materials to form.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an example of a chemical property is the elements making up a compound.
water is a kind of compound.
Conclusion: an example of chemical property is the elements making up water.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an example of chemical property is the elements making up water.
water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Conclusion: a chemical property of water is that it is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a compound can be chemically separated into the elements that it is made of.
a chemical property of water is that it is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Conclusion: water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen.
Entailed: True
Premises:
carbon dioxide is a new substance produced by sodium bicarbonate.
chemical reactions cause new substances to form.
Conclusion: sodium bicarbonate releasing carbon dioxide is a chemical reaction.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sodium bicarbonate releasing carbon dioxide is a chemical reaction.
an example of a chemical property is how a material reacts chemically.
Conclusion: releasing carbon dioxide is a kind of chemical property of sodium bicarbonate.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a pencil is a kind of object.
sharpening a pencil changes the shape of the pencil.
Conclusion: sharpening a pencil changes the shape of an object.
Entailed: True
Premises:
tearing paper changes the shape of the paper.
paper is a kind of object.
Conclusion: tearing paper changes the shape of an object.
Entailed: True
Premises:
tearing paper changes the shape of an object.
sharpening a pencil changes the shape of an object.
Conclusion: sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the shape of the object.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the shape of the object.
shape is a property of the appearance of an object.
Conclusion: sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the appearance of the object.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the appearance of the object.
appearance is a kind of physical property.
Conclusion: sharpending a pencil and tearing paper both change the physical property of the object.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sharpending a pencil and tearing paper both change the physical property of the object.
if something undergoes a physical change then the physical properties of that something will change.
Conclusion: pencil and paper underwent a physical change.
Entailed: True
Premises:
heat means temperature increases.
a solid is heated.
Conclusion: the temperature of the solid increases.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a solid is a kind of substance.
the temperature of the solid increases.
Conclusion: the temperature of the solid substance increases.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the temperature of the solid substance increases.
as the temperature of a substance increases, the molecules in that substance will move faster.
Conclusion: the molecules in the solid substance moves faster.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the molecules in the solid substance moves faster.
faster means an increase / higher in speed.
Conclusion: the molecules in the solid substance increases in speed.
Entailed: True
Premises:
proton is a kind of subatomic particles.
neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle.
atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons numbers in an atom.
Conclusion: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons particle numbers.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a proton has a positive 1 electric charge.
a electron has a negative -1 electric charge.
Conclusion: equal numbers of protons and electrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge.
Entailed: True