jinulee-v/entailmentbank-stepwise huggingface dataset:
Premises:
the sun rising / setting occurs once per day.
the sun rising is a kind of event.
the sun setting is a kind of event.
Conclusion: the sun rising and setting is the event that occurs once per day.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a star produces light and heat.
a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something.
Conclusion: a star is a source of light.
Entailed: True
Premises:
as the source of light becomes closer, that source of light will appear brighter.
distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far.
a star is a source of light.
Conclusion: as the distance of the star to earth decreases, the star will appear brighter.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a star is a kind of celestial object / celestial body.
apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a celestial object / celestial body as observed on earth.
Conclusion: apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a star as observed on earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
united states is located in the northern hemisphere.
new york / new york state is a state located in the united states of america.
Conclusion: new york state is located in the northern hemisphere.
Entailed: True
Premises:
december is during the winter in the northern hemisphere.
new york state is located in the northern hemisphere.
Conclusion: december is during the winter for new york state.
Entailed: True
Premises:
winter has the least sunlight.
december is during the winter for new york state.
Conclusion: new york state has the least sunlight during december.
Entailed: True
Premises:
earth is a kind of planet.
the earth rotates on its tilted axis.
Conclusion: earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis.
Entailed: True
Premises:
earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis.
rotation is the circular movement of an object around a center / axis.
a planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet.
Conclusion: earth rotating on its axis causes the cycle of day and night on earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
gradens contain plants.
gardens are located outside.
Conclusion: the plants in the gardens are located outside.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the plants in the gardens are located outside.
if something is outside during the day then that something will receive sunlight.
Conclusion: the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight during the day.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight during the day.
a plant requires sunlight to grow.
Conclusion: the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight to grow during the day.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight to grow during the day.
summer has the most sunlight.
Conclusion: the plants in the gardens will receive the most sunlight in summer to grow during the day.
Entailed: True
Premises:
andy lives in southern hemisphere.
it is august.
august is during the winter in the southern hemisphere.
Conclusion: andy will experience winter in southern hemisphere in august.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the sun is a kind of star.
the earth revolves around the sun.
earth is a kind of planet.
Conclusion: earth revolving the sun is an example of a planet revolving around its star.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a complete revolution / orbit of a planet around its star takes 1 / one planetary year.
earth revolving the sun is an example of a planet revolving around its star.
Conclusion: a complete revolution of earth around the sun takes an earth year.
Entailed: True
Premises:
earth is a kind of planet.
earth rotating on its tilted axis occurs once per day.
Conclusion: the earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis once per day.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet.
the earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis once per day.
Conclusion: the earth rotating on its tilted axis causes the cycles of day and night on earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
mercury is located in the solar system.
mercury is a kind of planet.
Conclusion: mercury is a planet in the solar system.
Entailed: True
Premises:
mercury is a planet in the solar system.
planets in the solar system orbit the sun.
Conclusion: mercury is a planet orbits the sun in the solar system.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a complete revolution / orbit of a planet around its star takes 1 / one planetary year.
mercury is a planet orbits the sun in the solar system.
Conclusion: a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes one mercury year.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes one mercury year.
one mercury year is about 88 earth days.
Conclusion: a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes around 88 earth days.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the new moon is when the dark half of the moon faces the earth.
the new moon is when the moon is in between the sun and the earth.
Conclusion: the new moon is when the moon could block the earth from the sun.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a solar eclipse is when the moon blocks the earth from the sun.
the new moon is when the moon could block the earth from the sun.
Conclusion: a solar eclipse could only happen during the new moon.
Entailed: True
Premises:
objects generally are made of ice in the kuiper belt.
icy can be used to describe objects that are made of ice.
Conclusion: objects in kuiper belt are icy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a comet orbit occurs usually once per 1000 years.
a comet is a kind of celestial object.
comet orbits are elliptical.
Conclusion: comets are the kind of celestial object that has a highly elliptical orbit and has a period of over 1000 years.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the milky way galaxy appears as a glowing band across the night sky.
a student observes a glowing band across the night sky.
Conclusion: the student observes the milky way galaxy at night.
Entailed: True
Premises:
looking at bright objects has a negative impact on the eyes.
the moon is less bright than the sun.
Conclusion: looking at the moon has less of a negative impact on the eyes.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the surface of the earth contains mountains.
the surface of the moon contains mountains.
Conclusion: both the surface of the moon and the surface of the earth contain mountains.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the asteroid belt is located between mars and jupiter.
the asteroid belt contains the largest concentration of asteroids in the solar system.
Conclusion: the asteroid belt that contains the most asteroids is located between mars and jupiter.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the sun is average in temperature for a star in our galaxy.
the sun is average in size for a star in our galaxy.
Conclusion: the sun is average in siza and average in temperature in our galaxy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the surface gravity of that celestial object weakens.
as the force of gravity decreases, the weight of the object will decrease.
Conclusion: as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the weight of an object on that celestial object will decrease.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the earth has more mass than the moon.
as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the weight of an object on that celestial object will decrease.
Conclusion: an object weighs more on earth than on the moon because earth has more mass than the moon.
Entailed: True
Premises:
less is the opposite of more.
an object weighs more on earth than on the moon because earth has more mass than the moon.
Conclusion: an object will weigh less on the moon than on the earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an astronaut is a kind of object.
an object will weigh less on the moon than on the earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.
Conclusion: an astronaut will weigh less on the moon than on earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
using a telescope to photograph solar events requires a light filter.
a solar flare is a kind of solar event.
a solar prominence is a kind of solar event.
Conclusion: using a telescope to photograph a solar prominence and a solar flare requires a light filter.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something is required for something else then that something allows that something else.
detailed observation of celestial objects requires a telescope.
Conclusion: telescopes allow the detailed observation of celestial objects.
Entailed: True
Premises:
telescopes allow the detailed observation of celestial objects.
a planet is a kind of celestial object / celestial body.
Conclusion: telescopes allow the detailed observation of planets.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the earth revolves around the sun.
gravity causes orbits.
Conclusion: gravity causes the earth to revolve around the sun.
Entailed: True
Premises:
gravity causes orbits.
the moon orbits the earth.
Conclusion: gravity causes the moon to orbit the earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
gravity causes the moon to orbit the earth.
gravity causes the earth to revolve around the sun.
Conclusion: gravity causes both the orbit of the earth around the sun and the orbit of the moon around the earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
spring tide is when the distance between high tide and low tide is the greatest.
spring tides occur during a full moon.
Conclusion: the highest tides occur during a full moon.
Entailed: True
Premises:
marine fossils means fossils of marine animals.
marine animals are water animals.
Conclusion: marine fossils are fossils of water animals.
Entailed: True
Premises:
marine fossils are fossils of water animals.
marine fossils are found in mountains.
Conclusion: fossils of water animals are found in mountains.
Entailed: True
Premises:
fossils of water animals are found in mountains.
if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past.
Conclusion: the mountains used to be covered by water in the past.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a mountain is a kind of environment.
the mountains used to be covered by water in the past.
if something used to be in the past then that something has changed.
a body of water is a kind of environment.
Conclusion: the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains.
Entailed: True
Premises:
environments are found on the crustal surface of earth.
the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains.
Conclusion: the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains.
Entailed: True
Premises:
organisms remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock.
fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms.
Conclusion: fossils are mostly found in sedimentary rock.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a mineral usually has a crystal structure.
a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals.
Conclusion: quartz is a kind of mineral.
Entailed: True
Premises:
different classes of rocks are formed by different methods.
class is a measure of how a rock is formed.
Conclusion: the method by which a rock is formed can be used to classify rocks.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the origin of a rock means the method by which a rock is formed.
the method by which a rock is formed can be used to classify rocks.
Conclusion: the origin of rocks can be used to classify rocks.
Entailed: True
Premises:
rock formation can be used to study the history of rocks on earth.
the formation of something is a kind of process.
Conclusion: studying rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
structural geologists study rock formations.
studying rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.
Conclusion: structural geologists study the history and processes of earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
how earth's environment changed is a part of the history of earth's environment.
fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth.
Conclusion: studying fossils in rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
studying fossils in rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.
paleontologists study fossils in rock formations.
Conclusion: paleontologists study the history and processes of earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
structural geologists study the history and processes of earth.
paleontologists study the history and processes of earth.
Conclusion: structural geologists and paleontologists both study the history and processes of earth.
Entailed: True
Premises:
metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils.
nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock.
Conclusion: fossils are lost / destroyed when sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic rock.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if fossils are destroyed in rock transition, then there will be gaps in the fossil record.
fossils are lost / destroyed when sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic rock.
Conclusion: sedimentary rock changing to metamorphic rock causes gaps in the fossil record.
Entailed: True
Premises:
heat is a kind of energy.
metamorphic rocks are formed by rocks being exposed to extreme heat and pressure.
Conclusion: heat energy can change igneous rock into metamorphic rock.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a tree is a kind of habitat.
cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest.
Conclusion: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat to decrease.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an animal requires a habitat for survival.
cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat to decrease.
Conclusion: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat required by animals for survival to decrease.
Entailed: True
Premises:
humans changing ecosystems usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem.
humans building homes in an ecosystem causes that ecosystem to change.
Conclusion: humans building homes in an ecosystem has a negative impact on an ecosystem and organisms living in the ecosystem.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a wetland is a kind of ecosystem.
humans building homes in an ecosystem has a negative impact on an ecosystem and organisms living in the ecosystem.
Conclusion: humans building homes in a wetland has a negative impact on a wetland and organisms living in the wetland.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if an animal eats other animals for food, then the animal will be the predator.
tuna eat fish.
Conclusion: tuna is a kind of predator.
Entailed: True
Premises:
tuna is a kind of fish.
tuna is a kind of predator.
Conclusion: tuna is a kind of predatory fish.
Entailed: True
Premises:
commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused populations of large predatory fish to decrease.
tuna is a kind of predatory fish.
Conclusion: commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused the populations of tuna to decrease.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an organism becoming extinct causes a change in the organism's food web.
a change in a food web can cause damage to an ecosystem.
Conclusion: extinctions of organisms can cause damage to an ecosystem by changing the food web.
Entailed: True
Premises:
california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates.
earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries.
massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates.
Conclusion: earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the oceanic plate is a kind of tectonic plate.
the subduction of tectonic plates may cause magma to surface from underneath.
Conclusion: the subduction of an oceanic plate may cause magma to surface from underneath.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the subduction of an oceanic plate may cause magma to surface from underneath.
magma cools down when it comes to the surface from underneath.
Conclusion: the subduction of an oceanic plate will cause magma to surface and cool down.
Entailed: True
Premises:
magma cooling can form volcanic mountains.
the subduction of an oceanic plate will cause magma to surface and cool down.
Conclusion: the subduction of an oceanic plate can form volcanic mountians.
Entailed: True
Premises:
emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.
volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun.
an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere.
Conclusion: a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature.
Entailed: True
Premises:
europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783.
a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature.
Conclusion: a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the earth's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass.
most means over 50% of something.
Conclusion: the earth's atmosphere is made of mostly nitrogen.
Entailed: True
Premises:
most means over 50% of something.
oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth.
Conclusion: oceans cover most of earth's surface.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an ocean is a kind of body of water.
oceans cover most of earth's surface.
Conclusion: water covers most of earth's surface.
Entailed: True
Premises:
oceans contain most of earth's water.
water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Conclusion: ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Entailed: True
Premises:
oxygen is more common than hydrogen on earth.
ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Conclusion: oxygen is the most common element found in the compounds that make up ocean water.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something is permeable, then the water will flow through something easily.
soil is permeable.
Conclusion: water will flow through soil easily.
Entailed: True
Premises:
color of the soil can be used to indicate the soil component.
high humus content causes the soil to be brown.
brown is a kind of color.
Conclusion: if the soil has high humus content, then the soil will be brown in color.
Entailed: True
Premises:
mountains can cause the water in the air mass to condense.
mountain is a kind of geographic obstacles.
Conclusion: mountain is the geographic obstacle that can cause the water in the air mass to condense.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if something causes a process then that something is required for that process.
condensation causes clouds to form.
Conclusion: condensation is required for clouds to form.
Entailed: True
Premises:
erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance.
sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand.
Conclusion: wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches.
Entailed: True
Premises:
rain causes erosion.
erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil.
Conclusion: rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil.
Entailed: True
Premises:
as the availability of water decreases, the environment will become more dry.
drought is when available water decreases in an environment.
Conclusion: drought causes the environment to be dry.
Entailed: True
Premises:
drought causes the environment to be dry.
dry conditions can cause fire.
Conclusion: drought may cause wildfires.
Entailed: True
Premises:
drought may cause wildfires.
a prairie is a kind of ecosystem.
Conclusion: drought may cause wildfires to a prairie.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a barometer is a kind of instrument.
a barometer is used to measure air pressure.
Conclusion: a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a property is a kind of information.
temperature is a property of weather.
Conclusion: temperature is a kindof information about weather.
Entailed: True
Premises:
temperature is a kindof information about weather.
a thermometer is used to measure temperature.
Conclusion: a thermometer is used to measure the information about weather on temperature.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a property is a kind of information.
wind direction is a property of weather.
Conclusion: wind direction is a kind of information about weather.
Entailed: True
Premises:
wind direction is a kind of information about weather.
a station model is used for displaying information about weather in a particular point and time.
Conclusion: wind direction in a particular point and time is displayed in a station model.
Entailed: True
Premises:
sleet is a kind of precipitation.
hail is a kind of precipitation.
Conclusion: hail and sleet are different kinds of precipitation.
Entailed: True
Premises:
when one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy, the total amount of energy is constant.
energy transformation means one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy.
Conclusion: when energy transformation happens, the total amount of energy is constant.
Entailed: True
Premises:
when energy transformation happens, the total amount of energy is constant.
energy transformation means energy conversion.
Conclusion: when energy conversion happens, the total amount of energy is constant.
Entailed: True
Premises:
solid is a kind of state of matter.
heat energy can change the state of matter.
liquid is a kind of state of matter.
Conclusion: heat can change a substance from a solid to liquid.
Entailed: True
Premises:
melting means a substance changes from a solid into a liquid by increasing heat energy.
heat can change a substance from a solid to liquid.
Conclusion: heat can cause a solid substance to melt.
Entailed: True
Premises:
heat can cause a solid substance to melt.
ice is a kind of solid.
Conclusion: heat can cause ice to melt.
Entailed: True
Premises:
heat can cause ice to melt.
the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight.
Conclusion: the heat energy from the sunlight cause ice to melt.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a wagon is a kind of vehicle.
a vehicle is a kind of object.
Conclusion: a wagon is a kind of object.
Entailed: True
Premises:
rolling is a kind of motion.
a wagon is a kind of object.
Conclusion: a wagon rolling is an example of an object in motion.
Entailed: True
Premises:
an example of mechanical energy is an object in motion.
a wagon rolling is an example of an object in motion.
Conclusion: a wagon rolling is an example of mechanical energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
loud means high in sound energy / sound intensity.
sound is a kind of energy.
a classroom is a kind of area.
Conclusion: the sound in a loud class room is an example of high sound energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
if an object / something is in the sunlight then that object / that something will absorb solar energy.
a sidewalk is located outside.
Conclusion: a sidewalk located outside will absorb solar energy.
Entailed: True
Premises:
absorbing sunlight causes objects to heat.
a sidewalk located outside will absorb solar energy.
Conclusion: the sidewalk located outsie will heat.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the sidewalk located outsie will heat.
if something heat, it will feel hot.
Conclusion: the sidewalk located outside will feel hot.
Entailed: True
Premises:
there is a person in a dark room looking out a window in the day.
if something is in a dark place, then that something will not reflect enough light to be seen.
Conclusion: the person in the dark room will not reflect enough light to be seen.
Entailed: True
Premises:
the person in the dark room will not reflect enough light to be seen.
there is a person outside in the day looking into the dark room.
Conclusion: the person outside cannot see the person in the dark room.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a prism refracts light.
refracting sunlight / light causes sunlight / light to split into different colors.
Conclusion: a prism can refract light and split the light into different colors.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a prism can refract light and split the light into different colors.
white light is made of all colors of visible light combined.
Conclusion: a prism can refract white light and split the light into all colors of visible light.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a vacuum has no matter in it.
sound requires matter to travel.
Conclusion: sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
Entailed: True
Premises:
metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor.
a spoon sometimes is made of metal.
Conclusion: a metal spoon is a thermal conductor.
Entailed: True
Premises:
a hot substance is a source of heat.
a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup.
Conclusion: the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon.
Entailed: True